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when did tiger woods win his last pga tournament | Tiger Woods Woods in June 2014 Full name Eldrick Tont Woods Nickname Tiger ( 1975 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Cypress , California Height 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) Weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Nationality United States Residence Jupiter Island , Florida Spouse Elin Nordegren ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Children Career College Stanford University ( did not graduate ) Turned professional Current tour ( s ) PGA Tour ( joined 1996 ) Professional wins 106 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 79 ( 2nd all time ) European Tour 40 ( 3rd all time ) Japan Golf Tour Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Other 16 Best results in major championships ( wins : 14 ) Masters Tournament Won : 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 U.S. Open Won : 2000 , 2002 , 2008 The Open Championship Won : 2000 , 2005 , 2006 PGA Championship Won : 1999 , 2000 , 2006 , 2007 Achievements and awards PGA Tour Rookie of the Year PGA Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour leading money winner 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Vardon Trophy 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Byron Nelson Award 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 FedEx Cup Champion 2007 , 2009 ( For a full list of awards , see here ) | 2007 | Tiger Woods | tiger woods | Eldrick Tont Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) better known as Tiger Woods , is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time . He has been one of the highest - paid athletes in the world for several years . | Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur career , Woods was 20 years old when he turned professional at the end of summer in 1996 . By the end of April 1997 , he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major , the 1997 Masters . Woods won this tournament by 12 strokes in a record - breaking performance and earned $486,000 . He first reached the number one position in the world rankings in June 1997 , less than a year after turning pro . Throughout the 2000s , Woods was the dominant force in golf -- he won the 2000 U.S. Open by an incredible 15 - shot margin . He was the top - ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) . Woods took a hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 in order to focus on difficult issues in his marriage . He and his estranged wife Elin eventually divorced . His many alleged extramarital indiscretions were revealed by several women , through many worldwide media sources . This was followed by a loss of golf form , and his ranking gradually fell to a low of No. 58 in November 2011 . He ended a career - high winless streak of 107 weeks when he triumphed in the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011 . After winning the Arnold Palmer Invitational on March 25 , 2013 , he ascended to the No. 1 ranking once again , holding the top spot until May 2014 . Woods had back surgery in April 2014 and September 2015 and has struggled since to regain his dominant form . By March 29 , 2015 , Woods had fallen to # 104 , outside of the top 100 for the first time since 1996 . In May 2016 , Woods dropped out of the world top 500 for the first time in his professional career . In July 2017 , the Official World Golf Ranking placed Woods at number 1,005 , the worst of his career and only time he has ever been out of the top 1,000 . He had ranked number one for a total of 683 weeks , more than any other player in history . Woods has broken numerous golf records . He has been World Number One for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer . He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times , the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times , and has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons . He has won 14 professional major golf championships , where he trails only Jack Nicklaus who leads with 18 , and 79 PGA Tour events , second all - time behind Sam Snead ( 82 ) . Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins . He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam , and the youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour . Additionally , Woods is only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times . Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships , and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999 . Woods and Rory McIlroy are the only golfers to win both The Silver Medal and The Gold Medal at The Open Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and family 2 Early life and amateur golf career 3 College golf career 4 Professional career 4.1 Honors 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Accumulated wealth 4.4 Tiger - proofing 5 Career achievements 5.1 Major championships 5.1. 1 Wins ( 14 ) 5.1. 2 Results timeline 5.1. 3 Summary 5.2 World Golf Championships 5.2. 1 Wins ( 18 ) 5.2. 2 Results timeline 5.3 PGA Tour career summary 5.4 Guinness Book of Records 6 Playing style 7 Equipment 8 Other ventures 8.1 Tiger Woods Foundation 8.2 Tiger Woods Design 8.3 Writings 9 Personal life 9.1 Marriage and children 9.2 Infidelity scandal and fallout 9.3 2017 arrest 9.4 Other pursuits 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and family Woods and his father Earl at Fort Bragg in 2004 Woods was born in 1975 in Cypress , California , to Earl ( 1932 -- 2006 ) and Kultida `` Tida '' Woods ( b . 1944 ) . He is the only child of their marriage ; however , he does have two half - brothers , Earl Jr. ( b . 1955 ) and Kevin ( b . 1957 ) , and a half - sister , Royce ( b . 1958 ) from the 18 - year marriage of Earl Woods and his first wife , Barbara Woods Gray . Kultida ( née Punsawad ) is originally from Thailand , where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968 . She is of mixed Thai , Chinese , and Dutch ancestry . Earl was a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran who was mostly African American with traces of European descent . Earl 's mother Maude Carter was of light skin . Some people suggested that she had Native American and Chinese ancestry . Tiger refers to his ethnic make - up as `` Cablinasian '' ( a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian , Black , American Indian , and Asian ) . Woods ' first name -- Eldrick -- was coined by his mother because it began with `` E '' ( for Earl ) and ended with `` K '' ( for Kultida ) . His middle name Tont is a traditional Thai name . He was nicknamed Tiger in honor of his father 's friend Col. Vuong Dang Phong , who had also been known as Tiger . Woods ' niece , Cheyenne Woods , played for the Wake Forest University golf team and turned professional in 2012 , when she made her pro debut in the LPGA Championship . Early Life and Amateur golf career Woods grew up in Orange County , California . He was a child prodigy who was introduced to golf before the age of two by his athletic father , Earl Woods . Earl was a single - digit handicap amateur golfer who was also one of the earliest African - American college baseball players at Kansas State University . Tiger 's father was a member of the military and had playing privileges at the Navy golf course beside the Joint Forces Training Base in Los Alamitos , which allowed Tiger to play there . Tiger also played at the par 3 Heartwell golf course in Long Beach , as well as some of the municipals in Long Beach . In 1978 , Tiger putted against comedian Bob Hope in a television appearance on The Mike Douglas Show . At age three , he shot a 48 over nine holes at the Navy course . At age five , he appeared in Golf Digest and on ABC 's That 's Incredible ! Before turning seven , Tiger won the Under Age 10 section of the Drive , Pitch , and Putt competition , held at the Navy Golf Course in Cypress , California . In 1984 at the age of eight , he won the 9 -- 10 boys ' event , the youngest age group available , at the Junior World Golf Championships . He first broke 80 at age eight . He went on to win the Junior World Championships six times , including four consecutive wins from 1988 to 1991 . Woods ' father Earl wrote that Tiger first defeated him at the age of 11 years , with Earl trying his best . Earl lost to Tiger every time from then on . Woods first broke 70 on a regulation golf course at age 12 . When Woods was 13 years old , he played in the 1989 Big I , which was his first major national junior tournament . In the final round , he was paired with pro John Daly , who was then relatively unknown . The event 's format placed a professional with each group of juniors who had qualified . Daly birdied three of the last four holes to beat Woods by only one stroke . As a young teenager , Woods first met Jack Nicklaus in Los Angeles at the Bel - Air Country Club , when Nicklaus was performing a clinic for the club 's members . Woods was part of the show , and he impressed Nicklaus and the crowd with his skills and potential . Earl Woods had researched in detail the career accomplishments of Nicklaus and had set his young son the goals of breaking those records . Woods was 15 - years - old and a student at Western High School in Anaheim when he became the youngest - ever U.S. Junior Amateur champion ; this was a record that stood until it was broken by Jim Liu in 2010 . He was named 1991 's Southern California Amateur Player of the Year ( for the second consecutive year ) and Golf Digest Junior Amateur Player of the Year . In 1992 , he defended his title at the U.S. Junior Amateur Championship , becoming the tournament 's first two - time winner . He also competed in his first PGA Tour event , the Nissan Los Angeles Open ( he missed the 36 - hole cut ) , and was named Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year , Golf World Player of the Year , and Golfweek National Amateur of the Year . The following year , Woods won his third consecutive U.S. Junior Amateur Championship ; he remains the event 's only three - time winner . In 1994 , at the TPC at Sawgrass in Florida , he became the youngest - ever winner of the U.S. Amateur Championship , a record he held until 2008 when it was broken by Danny Lee . He was a member of the American team at the 1994 Eisenhower Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships ( winning ) , and the 1995 Walker Cup ( losing ) . Woods graduated from Western High School at age 18 in 1994 and was voted `` Most Likely to Succeed '' among the graduating class . He had starred for the high school 's golf team under coach Don Crosby . Woods overcame difficulties with stuttering as a boy . This was not known until he wrote a letter to a boy who contemplated suicide . Woods wrote , `` I know what it 's like to be different and to sometimes not fit in . I also stuttered as a child and I would talk to my dog and he would sit there and listen until he fell asleep . I also took a class for two years to help me , and I finally learned to stop . '' College golf career Woods was heavily recruited by college golf powers . He chose Stanford University , the 1994 NCAA champions . He enrolled at Stanford in the fall of 1994 under a golf scholarship and won his first collegiate event , the 40th Annual William H. Tucker Invitational , that September . He selected a major in economics and was nicknamed `` Urkel '' by college teammate Notah Begay III . In 1995 , he successfully defended his U.S. Amateur title at the Newport Country Club in Rhode Island and was voted Pac - 10 Player of the Year , NCAA First Team All - American , and Stanford 's Male Freshman of the Year ( an award that encompasses all sports ) . At age 19 ( two years before he won the tournament ) , Woods participated in his first PGA Tour major , the 1995 Masters , and tied for 41st as the only amateur to make the cut . At age 20 in 1996 , he became the first golfer to win three consecutive U.S. Amateur titles and won the NCAA individual golf championship . In winning the silver medal as leading amateur at The Open Championship , he tied the record for an amateur aggregate score of 281 . He left college after two years in order to turn professional in the golf industry . In 1996 , Woods moved out of California , stating in 2013 that it was due to the state 's high tax rate . Professional career Main article : Professional golf career of Tiger Woods Woods in 2001 Woods turned pro at age 20 in August 1996 and immediately signed advertising deals with Nike , Inc. and Titleist that ranked as the most lucrative endorsement contracts in golf history at that time . Woods was named Sports Illustrated 's 1996 Sportsman of the Year and PGA Tour Rookie of the Year . In April 1997 , he won his first major , the Masters , in record - breaking fashion and became the tournament 's youngest - ever winner at age 21 . Two months later , he set the record for the fastest - ever ascent to No. 1 in the Official World Golf Rankings . After a lackluster 1998 , Woods finished the 1999 season with eight wins , including the PGA Championship , a feat not achieved since 1974 . In 2000 , Woods won six consecutive events on the PGA Tour , which was the longest winning streak since Ben Hogan did it in 1948 . One of these was the 2000 U.S. Open , where he broke or tied nine tournament records in what Sports Illustrated called `` the greatest performance in golf history '' , in which Woods won the tournament by a record 15 - stroke margin and earned a check for $800,000 . At age 24 , he became the youngest golfer to achieve the Career Grand Slam . At the end of 2000 , Woods had won nine of the twenty PGA Tour events he entered and had broken the record for lowest scoring average in tour history . He was named the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year , the only athlete to be honored twice , and was ranked by Golf Digest magazine as the twelfth - best golfer of all time . Woods at the 2004 Ryder Cup When Woods won the 2001 Masters . he became the only player to win four consecutive major professional golf titles , although not in the same calendar year . Following a stellar 2001 and 2002 in which Woods continued to dominate the tour , Woods ' career hit a slump . He did not win a major in 2003 or 2004 . In September 2004 , Vijay Singh overtook Woods in the Official World Golf Rankings , ending Woods ' record streak of 264 weeks at # 1 . Woods rebounded in 2005 , winning six official PGA Tour money events and reclaiming the top spot in July after swapping it back and forth with Singh over the first half of the year . Woods began dominantly in 2006 , winning his first two PGA tournaments but failing to capture his fifth Masters championship in April . Following the death of his father in May , Woods took a nine - week hiatus from the tour and appeared rusty upon his return at the U.S. Open at Winged Foot , where he missed the cut . However , he quickly returned to form and ended the year by winning six consecutive tour events . At the season 's close , Woods had 54 total wins that included 12 majors ; he had broken the tour records for both total wins and total majors wins over eleven seasons . Woods at the 2006 Masters Woods continued to excel in 2007 and the first part of 2008 . In April 2008 , he underwent knee surgery and missed the next two months on the tour . Woods returned for the 2008 U.S. Open , where he struggled the first day but ultimately claimed a dramatic sudden death victory over Rocco Mediate that followed an 18 - hole playoff , after which Mediate said , `` This guy does things that are just not normal by any stretch of the imagination , '' and Kenny Perry added , `` He beat everybody on one leg . '' Two days later , Woods announced that he would miss the remainder of the season due to additional knee surgery , and that his knee was more severely damaged than previously revealed , prompting even greater praise for his U.S. Open performance . Woods called it `` my greatest ever championship . '' In Woods ' absence , TV ratings for the remainder of the season suffered a huge decline from 2007 . Woods competing at the third annual Earl Woods Memorial Pro-Am ( July 1 , 2009 ) Woods had a much anticipated return to golf in 2009 , when he performed well . His comeback included a spectacular performance at the 2009 Presidents Cup , but he failed to win a major , the first year since 2004 that he had not done so . After his marital infidelities came to light and received massive media coverage at the end of 2009 ( see further details below ) , Woods announced in December that he would be taking an indefinite break from competitive golf . In February 2010 , he delivered a televised apology for his behavior , saying `` I was wrong and I was foolish . '' During this period , several companies ended their endorsement deals with Woods . Woods returned to competition in April at the 2010 Masters , where he finished tied for fourth place . He followed the Masters with poor showings at the Quail Hollow Championship and the Players Championship , where he withdrew in the fourth round , citing injury . Shortly afterward , Hank Haney , Woods ' coach since 2003 , resigned the position . In August , Woods hired Sean Foley as Haney 's replacement . The rest of the season went badly for Woods , who failed to win a single event for the first time since turning professional , while nevertheless finishing the season ranked No. 2 in the world . Woods at a Chevron World Challenge charity event ( 2011 ) In 2011 , Woods ' performance continued to suffer ; this took its toll on his ranking . After falling to No. 7 in March , he rebounded to No. 5 with a strong showing at the 2011 Masters Tournament , where he tied for fourth place . Due to leg injuries incurred at the Masters , he missed several summer stops on the PGA Tour . In July , he fired his longtime caddy Steve Williams ( who was shocked by the dismissal ) , and replaced him on an interim basis with friend Bryon Bell . After returning to tournament play in August , Woods continued to falter , and his ranking gradually fell to a low of # 58 . He rose to No. 50 in mid-November after a third - place finish at the Emirates Australian Open , and broke his winless streak with a victory at December 's Chevron World Challenge . Woods began his 2012 season with two tournaments ( the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship and the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ) where he started off well , but struggled on the final rounds . Following the WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship , where he was knocked out in the second round by missing a 5 - foot putt , Woods revised his putting technique and tied for second at the Honda Classic , with the lowest final round score in his PGA Tour career . After a short time off due to another leg injury , Woods won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , his first win on the PGA Tour since the BMW Championship in September 2009 . Following several dismal performances , Woods notched his 73rd PGA Tour win at the Memorial Tournament in June , tying Jack Nicklaus in second place for most PGA Tour victories ; a month later , Woods surpassed Nicklaus with a win at the AT&T National , to trail only Sam Snead , who accumulated 82 PGA tour wins . The year 2013 would bring a return of Woods ' dominating play . In January , he won the Farmers Insurance Open by four shots for his 75th PGA Tour win . It was the seventh time he had won the event . In March , he won the WGC - Cadillac Championship , also for the seventh time , giving him his 17th WGC title and first since 2009 . Two weeks later , he won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , winning the event for a record - tying 8th time . The win moved him back to the top of the world rankings . To commemorate that achievement , Nike was quick to launch an ad with the tagline `` winning takes care of everything '' . During the 2013 Masters , Woods was up for disqualification over allegations that he took an illegal drop on the par - 5 15th hole after his third shot had bounced off of the pin and into the water . After further review , Woods was assessed a two - stroke penalty for the drop and was not disqualified . He finished tied for fourth in the event . Woods won The Players Championship in May 2013 , his second career win at the event , notching his fourth win of the 2013 season . It was the quickest he had ever gotten to four wins in any season in his professional career . Woods had a poor showing at the 2013 U.S Open as a result of an elbow injury sustained at The Players Championship . In finishing at 13 - over-par , he recorded his worst score ever as a professional and finished 12 strokes behind winner Justin Rose . After a prolonged break because of the injury , during which he missed the Greenbrier Classic and his own AT&T National , he returned at the Open Championship at Muirfield . Despite being in contention all week and beginning the final round only two strokes behind Lee Westwood , he struggled with the speed of the greens and could only manage a 3 - over-par 74 that left him tied for 6th place , five strokes behind eventual winner Phil Mickelson . Two weeks later , Woods returned to form at the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational , recording his 5th win of the season and 8th win at the event in its 15 - year history . His second round 61 matched his record score on the PGA Tour and could easily have been a 59 were it not for some short missed birdie putts on the closing holes . This gave him a seven stroke lead that he held onto for the rest of the tournament . Woods would never contend at the PGA Championship at Oak Hill Country Club and would come short of winning a major for the 5th full season , only contending in two of the four majors in 2013 . After a slow start to 2014 , Woods injured himself during the final round of the Honda Classic and was unable to finish the tournament . He withdrew after the 13th hole , citing back pain . He subsequently competed in the WGC - Cadillac Championship but was visibly in pain during much of the last round . He was forced to skip the Arnold Palmer Invitational at the end of March 2014 , and after undergoing back surgery , he announced on April 1 that he would miss the Masters for the first time since 1994 . Woods returned at the Quicken Loans National in June , however he stated that his expectations for the week were low . He would struggle with nearly every aspect of his game and miss the cut . He next played at The Open Championship , contested at Hoylake , where Woods had won eight years prior . Woods fired a brilliant 69 in the first round to put himself in contention , but shot 77 on Friday and would eventually finish 69th . Despite his back pain , he played at the 2014 PGA Championship where he failed to make the cut . On August 25 , 2014 , Woods and his swing coach Sean Foley parted ways . In the four years under Foley , he won eight times but no majors . He had previously won eight majors with Harmon and six with Haney . Woods said there is currently no timetable to find a replacement swing coach . On February 5 , 2015 , Woods withdrew from the Farmers Insurance Open after another back injury . Woods stated on his website that it was unrelated to his previous surgery and he would take a break from golf until his back healed . He returned for the Masters , finishing in a tie for 17th . In the final round , Woods injured his wrist after his club hit a tree root . He later stated that a bone popped out of his wrist , but he adjusted it back into place and finished the round . Woods then missed the cut at the 2015 U.S. Open and Open Championship , the first time ever Woods missed the cut at consecutive majors , finishing near the bottom of the leaderboard both times . He finished tied for 18th at the Quicken Loans National on August 2 . In late August 2015 , Woods played quite well at the Wyndham Championship finishing the tournament at 13 - under , only four strokes behind the winner , and tied for 10th place . Woods offered only a brief comment on the speculation that he was still recovering from back surgery , saying it was `` just my hip '' but offering no specifics . Woods had back surgery on September 16 , 2015 . In late March 2016 , he announced that he would miss the Masters while he recovered from the surgery ; he had also missed the 2014 Masters due to a back problem . `` I 'm absolutely making progress , and I 'm really happy with how far I 've come , '' he explained in a statement . `` But I still have no timetable to return to competitive golf . '' However , he did attend the Masters Champions Dinner on April 5 , 2016 . For the first time in his career , he missed all four majors in one year due to problems with his back . In October 2016 , he told Charlie Rose on PBS that he still wanted to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles . Woods underwent back surgery in December 2016 and spent the next 15 months off the Tour . He made his return to competitive golf in the Hero World Challenge . Woods ' back problems continued to hinder him in 2017 , as he missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open in January , and pulled out of a European Tour event in Dubai on February 3 . On March 31 , Woods announced on his website that he would not be playing in the 2017 Masters Tournament despite being cleared to play by his doctors . Woods said that although he was happy with his rehabilitation , he did not feel `` tournament ready . '' On April 20 , Woods announced that he had undergone his fourth back surgery since 2014 to alleviate back and leg pain . Recovery time required up to six months , meaning that Woods would spend the rest of the year without playing any professional golf . Woods returned to competitive golf at the Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas . He went 69 - 68 - 75 - 68 and finished at 8 under tied for 9th . His world ranking went from 1,199 th to 668th , which was the biggest jump in the world rankings in his career . On Sunday , March 11 , 2018 , he finished one - shot back and tied for second at the Valspar Championship in Florida . Honors Woods checking his drive in 2007 On August 20 , 2007 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver announced that Woods would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame . He was inducted December 5 , 2007 at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts in Sacramento . In December 2009 , Woods was named `` Athlete of the Decade '' by the Associated Press . He was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year a record - tying four times , and is one of only two people to be named Sports Illustrated 's Sportsman of the Year more than once . Since his record - breaking win at the 1997 Masters , Woods became the biggest name in golf , and his presence in tournaments drew a huge fan following . Some sources have credited him for dramatically increasing prize money in golf , generating interest in new PGA tournament audiences , and for drawing the largest TV ratings in golf history . Endorsements During the first decade of his professional career , Woods was the world 's most marketable athlete . Shortly after his 21st birthday in 1996 , he signed endorsement deals with numerous companies , including General Motors , Titleist , General Mills , American Express , Accenture , and Nike , Inc . In 2000 , he signed a 5 - year , $105 million contract extension with Nike , which was the largest endorsement package ever signed by a professional athlete at that time . Woods ' endorsement has been credited with playing a significant role in taking the Nike Golf brand from a `` start - up '' golf company earlier in the previous decade to becoming the leading golf apparel company in the world and a major player in the equipment and golf ball market . Nike Golf is one of the fastest growing brands in the sport , with an estimated $600 million in sales . Woods has been described as the `` ultimate endorser '' for Nike Golf , frequently seen wearing Nike gear during tournaments , and even in advertisements for other products . Woods receives a percentage from the sales of Nike Golf apparel , footwear , golf equipment , golf balls , and has a building named after him at Nike 's headquarters campus in Beaverton , Oregon . Woods visiting aircraft carrier USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) in the Persian Gulf before participating in the 2004 Dubai Desert Classic In 2002 , Woods was involved in every aspect of the launch of Buick 's Rendezvous SUV . A company spokesman stated that Buick was happy with the value of Woods ' endorsement , pointing out that more than 130,000 Rendezvous vehicles were sold in 2002 and 2003 . `` That exceeded our forecasts , '' he was quoted as saying , `` It has to be in recognition of Tiger . '' In February 2004 , Buick renewed Woods ' endorsement contract for another five years , in a deal reportedly worth $40 million . Woods collaborated closely with TAG Heuer to develop the world 's first professional golf watch , which was released in April 2005 . The lightweight , titanium - construction watch , designed to be worn while playing the game , incorporates numerous innovative design features to accommodate golf play . It is capable of absorbing up to 5,000 Gs of shock , far in excess of the forces generated by a normal golf swing . In 2006 , the TAG Heuer Professional Golf Watch won the prestigious iF product design award in the Leisure / Lifestyle category . Woods preparing for a photo shoot in 2006 Woods also endorsed the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series of video games ; he has done so since 1999 . In 2006 , he signed a six - year contract with Electronic Arts , the series ' publisher . In February 2007 , Woods , Roger Federer and Thierry Henry became ambassadors for the `` Gillette Champions '' marketing campaign . Gillette did not disclose financial terms , though an expert estimated the deal could total between $10 million and $20 million . In October 2007 , Gatorade announced that Woods would have his own brand of sports drink starting in March 2008 . `` Gatorade Tiger '' was his first U.S. deal with a beverage company and his first licensing agreement . Although no figures were officially disclosed , Golfweek magazine reported that it was for five years and could pay him as much as $100 million . The company decided in early fall 2009 to discontinue the drink due to weak sales . In July 2011 , Woods appeared on a 15 - second Japanese television commercial , endorsing a heat backrub by Kowa Co. , the Vantelin Kowa rub . Details of the deal , which was made in late 2010 , were not disclosed . In October 2012 , it was announced that Woods had signed an exclusive endorsement deal with Fuse Science , Inc , a sports nutrition firm . In 1997 , Woods and golfer Arnold Palmer initiated a case against Bruce Matthews ( the owner of Gotta Have It Golf , Inc . ) and others in the effort to stop the unauthorized sale of their images and alleged signatures in the memorabilia market . Matthews and associated parties counterclaimed that Woods and his company , ETW Corporation , committed several acts including breach of contract , breach of implied duty of good faith , and violations of Florida 's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act . Palmer was also named in the counter-suit , accused of violating the same licensing agreement in conjunction with his company Arnold Palmer Enterprises . On March 12 , 2014 , a Florida jury ruled in favor of Gotta Have It on its breach of contract and other related claims , rejected ETW 's counterclaims , and awarded Gotta Have It $668,346 in damages . The award may end up exceeding $1 million once interest has been factored in , though the ruling may be appealed . In August 2016 , Woods announced that he would be seeking a new golf equipment partner after the news of Nike 's exit from the equipment industry . It was announced on January 25 , 2017 , that he would be signing a new club deal with TaylorMade . He added the 2016 M2 driver along with the 2017 M1 fairway woods , with irons to be custom made at a later date . He also added his Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS , a club he used to win 13 of his 14 majors . Also , in late 2016 , he would add Monster Energy as his primary bag sponsor , replacing MusclePharm . Accumulated wealth According to Golf Digest , Woods made $769,440,709 from 1996 to 2007 , and the magazine predicted that Woods would pass one billion dollars in earnings by 2010 . In 2009 , Forbes confirmed that Woods was indeed the world 's first athlete to earn over a billion dollars in his career , after accounting for the $10 million bonus Woods received for the FedEx Cup title . The same year , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $600 million , making him the second richest person of color in the United States , behind only Oprah Winfrey . In 2015 , Woods ranked ninth in Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , being the top among Asian Americans or the fourth among African Americans . Woods is currently considered to be the highest - paid golfer . Tiger - Proofing Early in Woods ' career , a small number of golf experts expressed concern about his impact on the competitiveness of the game and the public appeal of professional golf . Sportswriter Bill Lyon of Knight Ridder asked in a column , `` Is n't Tiger Woods actually bad for golf ? '' ( though Lyon ultimately concluded that he was not ) . At first , some pundits feared that Woods would drive the spirit of competition out of the game of golf by making existing courses obsolete and relegating opponents to simply competing for second place each week . A related effect was measured by University of California economist Jennifer Brown , who found that other golfers scored higher when competing against Woods than when he was not in the tournament . The scores of highly skilled ( exempt ) golfers are nearly one stroke higher when playing against Woods . This effect was larger when he was on winning streaks and disappeared during his well - publicized slump in 2003 -- 04 . Brown explains the results by noting that competitors of similar skill can hope to win by increasing their level of effort , but that , when facing a `` superstar '' competitor , extra exertion does not significantly raise one 's level of winning while increasing risk of injury or exhaustion , leading to reduced effort . Many courses in the PGA Tour rotation ( including major championship sites like Augusta National ) have added yardage to their tees in an effort to reduce the advantage of long hitters like Woods , a strategy that became known as `` Tiger - Proofing '' . Woods said he welcomed the change , in that adding yardage to courses did not affect his ability to win . Career achievements Main article : List of career achievements by Tiger Woods Woods has won 79 official PGA Tour events , including 14 majors . He was 14 -- 1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead . Multiple golf experts have heralded Woods as `` the greatest closer in history '' . He owns the lowest career scoring average and the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history . Woods ' victory at the 2013 Players Championship also marked a win in his 300th PGA Tour start . He also won golf tournaments in his 100th ( in 2000 ) and 200th ( in 2006 ) tour starts . Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings . He is one of five players ( along with Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four professional major championships in his career , known as the Career Grand Slam , and was the youngest to do so . Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row , accomplishing the feat in the 2000 -- 2001 seasons . PGA Tour wins ( 79 ) European Tour wins ( 40 ) Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) Other professional wins ( 16 ) Amateur wins ( 21 ) Major Championships Wins ( 14 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1997 Masters Tournament 09 9 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 12 strokes Tom Kite 1999 PGA Championship 00 Tied for lead - 11 − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 01 1 stroke Sergio García 2000 U.S. Open 10 10 shot lead - 12 − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 The Open Championship 06 6 shot lead - 19 − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 08 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) 01 1 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) 00 Playoff Bob May 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) 01 1 shot lead - 16 − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 02 2 strokes David Duval 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) 00 Tied for lead - 12 − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 03 3 strokes Retief Goosen 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) 04 4 shot lead - 03 − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 03 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) 03 3 shot lead - 12 − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) 00 Playoff Chris DiMarco 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) 02 2 shot lead - 14 − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 05 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) 01 1 shot lead - 18 − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 02 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) 00 Tied for lead - 18 − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 05 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) 03 3 shot lead - 08 − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 02 2 strokes Woody Austin 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) 01 1 shot lead - 01 − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) 00 Playoff Rocco Mediate Defeated May in three - hole playoff by 1 stroke : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) Defeated DiMarco in a sudden - death playoff : Woods ( 3 ) and DiMarco ( 4 ) . Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18 - hole playoff was tied at even par Results timeline Tournament 1995 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament T41 LA CUT T8 T18 U.S. Open WD T82 T19 T18 T3 The Open Championship T68 T22 LA T24 T7 PGA Championship T29 T10 Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Masters Tournament 5 T15 T22 T3 T2 T6 U.S. Open T12 T20 T17 CUT T2 T6 The Open Championship T25 T28 T4 T9 T12 CUT PGA Championship T29 T39 T24 T4 Tournament 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament T4 T4 T40 T4 T17 U.S. Open T4 T21 T32 CUT The Open Championship T23 T3 T6 69 CUT PGA Championship T28 CUT T11 T40 CUT CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut WD = withdrew `` T '' indicates a tie for a place Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 11 13 17 20 19 U.S. Open 7 8 14 19 16 The Open Championship 0 6 9 14 19 17 PGA Championship 0 7 8 10 18 15 Totals 14 6 31 38 55 76 67 Most consecutive cuts made -- 39 ( 1996 U.S. Open -- 2006 Masters ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 8 ( 1999 U.S. Open -- 2001 Masters ) World golf Championships Wins ( 18 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1999 Invitational 1 ! WGC - NEC Invitational 05 5 shot lead - 10 − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 01 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1999 Championship 1 ! WGC - American Express Championship - 03 1 shot deficit - 06 -- 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) 00 Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 Invitational 2 ! WGC - NEC Invitational ( 2 ) 09 9 shot lead - 21 − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 2001 Invitational 3 ! WGC - NEC Invitational ( 3 ) - 02 2 shot deficit - 12 − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) 00 Playoff Jim Furyk 2002 Championship 2 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 2 ) 05 5 shot lead - 25 − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 01 1 stroke Retief Goosen 2003 Match play 1 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship n / an / a n / a2 & 1 n / an / a David Toms 2003 Championship 3 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 3 ) 02 2 shot lead - 06 − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 02 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh Match play 2 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) n / an / a n / a3 & 2 n / an / a Davis Love III 2005 Invitational 4 ! WGC - NEC Invitational ( 4 ) 00 Tied for lead - 06 − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 01 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 2005 Championship 4 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 4 ) - 02 2 shot deficit - 10 − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) 00 Playoff John Daly 2006 Invitational 5 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) - 03 1 shot deficit - 10 − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) 00 Playoff Stewart Cink 2006 Championship 5 ! WGC - American Express Championship ( 5 ) 06 6 shot lead - 23 − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 08 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 2007 Championship 6 ! WGC - CA Championship ( 6 ) 04 4 shot lead - 10 − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 02 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 2007 Invitational 6 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) - 03 1 shot deficit - 08 − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 08 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 2008 Match play 3 ! WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) n / an / a n / a8 & 7 n / an / a Stewart Cink 2009 Invitational 7 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) - 01 3 shot deficit - 12 − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 04 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 2013 Championship 7 ! WGC - Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) 04 4 shot lead - 19 − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 02 2 strokes Steve Stricker 2013 Invitational 8 ! WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) 07 7 shot lead - 15 − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 07 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson Won on the first hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the seventh hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the second hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the fourth hole of a sudden - death playoff Results Timeline Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 Match Play QF R64 R32 R16 R16 R32 DNP R64 R32 R64 Championship T5 NT 9 5 T9 T10 WD T25 Invitational T4 T2 T78 T37 T8 WD Champions T6 T6 Canceled following the September 11 attacks . Win Top 10 Did not play QF , R16 , R32 , R64 = Round in which player lost in match play WD = withdrew NT = No tournament `` T '' = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009 . PGA Tour career summary Season Starts Cuts made Wins ( majors ) 2nd 3rd Top 10 Top 25 Earnings ( $ ) Money list rank 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1993 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1995 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 11 10 0 5 8 790,594 24 1997 21 20 4 ( 1 ) 9 14 2,066,833 1998 20 19 13 17 1,841,117 1999 21 21 8 ( 1 ) 16 18 6,616,585 2000 20 20 9 ( 3 ) 17 20 9,188,321 2001 19 19 5 ( 1 ) 0 9 18 5,687,777 2002 18 18 5 ( 2 ) 13 16 6,912,625 2003 18 18 5 0 12 16 6,673,413 19 19 14 18 5,365,472 2005 21 19 6 ( 2 ) 13 17 10,628,024 2006 15 14 8 ( 2 ) 11 13 9,941,563 2007 16 16 7 ( 1 ) 0 12 15 10,867,052 2008 6 6 4 ( 1 ) 0 6 6 5,775,000 2009 17 16 6 0 14 16 10,508,163 12 11 0 0 0 7 1,294,765 68 2011 9 7 0 0 0 660,238 128 2012 19 17 9 13 6,133,158 2013 16 16 5 0 8 10 8,553,439 2014 7 5 0 0 0 0 108,275 201 2015 11 6 0 0 0 448,598 162 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a Career * 328 300 79 ( 14 ) 29 19 186 249 110,061,012 * As of the 2017 season . Guinness book of records Woods claimed 17 Guinness World Records , within golf and 3 other records related to his appearance in the video game . After Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps , he holds the third highest number of Guinness World Records claimed by a sportsman within one discipline . Most consecutive US Amateur golf titles Most US PGA Tour tournament wins in the modern era Lowest score under par in the Open golf championships Most awards for Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Player of the Year Youngest winner of the golf US Masters Highest career earnings on the US Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Largest margin of victory in the golf US Masters Largest margin of victory in a golf major championships Most wins of the PGA Player of the Year award Most consecutive golf Major tournaments won Highest annual earnings for a golfer ( ever ) Longest golf drive on the PGA Tour Lowest total score ( 72 holes ) at the golf US Masters Longest drive in Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Golf , World Cup - Lowest individual score Lowest total score ( first 54 holes ) in the golf US Masters Highest annual earnings for an athlete ( ever ) Playing style Woods practicing before 2004 Ryder Cup at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township , Michigan When Woods first joined the PGA Tour in 1996 , his long drives had a large impact on the world of golf . However , when he did not upgrade his equipment in the following years ( insisting upon the use of True Temper Dynamic Gold steel - shafted clubs and smaller steel clubheads that promoted accuracy over distance ) , many opponents caught up to him . Phil Mickelson even made a joke in 2003 about Woods using `` inferior equipment '' , which did not sit well with Nike , Titleist or Woods . During 2004 , Woods finally upgraded his driver technology to a larger clubhead and graphite shaft , which , coupled with his clubhead speed , made him one of the Tour 's lengthiest players off the tee once again . Despite his power advantage , Woods has always focused on developing an excellent all - around game . Although in recent years he has typically been near the bottom of the Tour rankings in driving accuracy , his iron play is generally accurate , his recovery and bunker play is very strong , and his putting ( especially under pressure ) is possibly his greatest asset . He is largely responsible for a shift to higher standards of athleticism amongst professional golfers , and is known for utilizing more hours of practice than most . From mid-1993 ( while he was still an amateur ) until 2004 , Woods worked almost exclusively with leading swing coach Butch Harmon . From mid-1997 , Harmon and Woods fashioned a major redevelopment of Woods ' full swing , achieving greater consistency , better distance control , and better kinesiology . The changes began to pay off in 1999 . From March 2004 to 2010 , Woods was coached by Hank Haney , who worked on flattening his swing plane . Woods continued to win tournaments with Haney , but his driving accuracy dropped significantly . Haney resigned in May 2010 and was replaced by Sean Foley . Fluff Cowan served as Woods ' caddie from the start of his professional career until Tiger fired him in March 1999 . He was replaced by Steve Williams , who became a close friend of Woods and is often credited with helping him with key shots and putts . In June 2011 , Woods fired Williams and replaced him with friend Bryon Bell on an interim basis . Joe LaCava , a former caddie of both Fred Couples and Dustin Johnson , was hired by Woods shortly after and has remained Woods ' caddie since then , but he has seen very limited work . Equipment As of 2017 Omega Dubai Desert Classic : Driver : TaylorMade M2 ( 9.5 - degree ; Mitsubishi Rayon Tensei CK Pro White 70TX ) Fairway woods : TaylorMade M1 15 & 19 Degree ( Mitsubishi Rayon Tensei CK Pro White 90TX ) Irons : Nike VR Pro ( 3 - PW ) ( True Temper Dynamic Gold Tour Issue X100 ) All irons are 1 - degree upright , have D4 swingweight , standard size Tour Velvet grips and True Temper Dynamic Gold X-100 shafts . He announced he is working with TaylorMade to build custom irons Wedges : Nike VR Forged ( 56 and 60 - degree ; True Temper Dynamic Gold S400 shafts ) Putter : Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS with Ping Blackout PP58 Grip Ball : Bridgestone B330S ( with `` Tiger '' imprint ) Golf glove : Nike Dri - FIT Tour glove Golf shoes : Nike TW ' 17 Driver club cover : Frank , a plush tiger head club cover created by his mother . Frank has appeared in several commercials . Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo . Putter cover : Nike Putter Cover . Other ventures Tiger Woods Foundation The Tiger Woods Foundation was established in 1996 by Woods and his father Earl , with the primary goal of promoting golf among inner - city children . The foundation has conducted junior golf clinics across the country , and sponsors the Tiger Woods Foundation National Junior Golf Team in the Junior World Golf Championships . As of December 2010 , TWF employed approximately 55 people . The foundation operates the Tiger Woods Learning Center , a $50 million , 35,000 - square - foot ( 3,250 m2 ) facility in Anaheim , California , providing college - access programs for underserved youth . The TWLC opened in 2006 and features seven classrooms , extensive multi-media facilities and an outdoor golf teaching area . The center has since expanded to four additional campuses : two in Washington , D.C. ; one in Philadelphia ; and one in Stuart , Florida . Woods giving a speech at We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial ( January 2009 ) The foundation benefits from the annual Chevron World Challenge and AT&T National golf tournaments hosted by Woods . In October 2011 , the foundation hosted the first Tiger Woods Invitational at Pebble Beach . Other annual fundraisers have included the concert events Block Party , last held in 2009 in Anaheim , and Tiger Jam , last held in 2011 in Las Vegas after a one - year hiatus . Tiger Woods Design In November 2006 , Woods announced his intention to begin designing golf courses around the world through a new company , Tiger Woods Design . A month later , he announced that the company 's first course would be in Dubai as part of a 25.3 million - square - foot development , The Tiger Woods Dubai . The Al Ruwaya Golf Course was initially expected to finish construction in 2009 . As of February 2010 , only seven holes had been completed ; in April 2011 , The New York Times reported that the project had been shelved permanently . In 2013 , the partnership between Tiger Woods Design and Dubai Holding was dissolved . Tiger Woods Design has taken on two other courses , neither of which has materialized . In August 2007 , Woods announced The Cliffs at High Carolina , a private course in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Asheville , North Carolina . After a groundbreaking in November 2008 , the project suffered cash flow problems and suspended construction . A third course , in Punta Brava , Mexico , was announced in October 2008 , but incurred delays due to issues with permits and an environmental impact study . Construction on the Punta Brava course has not yet begun . These projects have encountered problems that have been attributed to factors that include overly optimistic estimates of their value , declines throughout the global economy ( particularly the U.S. crash in home prices ) , and the decreased appeal and marketability of Woods following his 2009 infidelity scandal . Writings Woods wrote a golf instruction column for Golf Digest magazine from 1997 to February 2011 . In 2001 he wrote a best - selling golf instruction book , How I Play Golf , which had the largest print run of any golf book for its first edition , 1.5 million copies . In March 2017 , he published a memoir , The 1997 Masters : My Story , co-authored by Lorne Rubenstein , which focuses on his first Masters win . Personal Life Marriage and children In November 2003 , Woods became engaged to Elin Nordegren , a Swedish former model and daughter of former minister of migration Barbro Holmberg and radio journalist Thomas Nordegren . They were introduced during The Open Championship in 2001 by Swedish golfer Jesper Parnevik , who had employed her as an au pair . They married on October 5 , 2004 , at the Sandy Lane resort in Barbados , and lived at Isleworth , a community in Windermere , a suburb of Orlando , Florida . In 2006 , they purchased a $39 - million estate in Jupiter Island , Florida , and began constructing a 10,000 - square - foot home ; Woods moved there in 2010 following the couple 's divorce . The first child of Woods and Nordegren , a daughter who they named Sam Alexis Woods , was born in 2007 . Woods chose the name because his own father had always called him Sam . Their son , Charlie Axel Woods , was born in 2009 . Infidelity scandal and fallout In November 2009 , the National Enquirer published a story claiming that Woods had an extramarital affair with New York City nightclub manager Rachel Uchitel , who denied the claim . Two days later , around 2 : 30 a.m. on November 27 , Woods was driving from his Florida mansion in his Cadillac Escalade SUV when he collided with a fire hydrant , a tree , and several hedges near his home . He was treated for minor facial lacerations and received a ticket for careless driving . Following intense media speculation about the cause of the accident , Woods released a statement on his website and took sole responsibility for the accident , calling it a `` private matter '' and crediting his wife for helping him from the car . On November 30 , Woods announced that he would not be appearing at his own charity golf tournament , the Chevron World Challenge , nor any other tournaments in 2009 , due to his injuries . On December 2 , following Us Weekly 's prior day reporting of a purported mistress and subsequent release of a voicemail message allegedly left by Woods for the woman , Woods released a further statement ; there , he admitted `` transgressions '' and apologized to `` all of those who have supported ( him ) over the years '' , while reiterating his and his family 's right to privacy . Over the next few days , more than a dozen women claimed in various media outlets to have had affairs with Woods . On December 11 , he released a third statement admitting to infidelity and apologizing again , as well as announcing that he would be taking `` an indefinite break from professional golf . '' In the days and months following Woods ' admission of multiple infidelities , several companies re-evaluated their relationships with him . Accenture , AT&T , Gatorade and General Motors completely ended their sponsorship deals , while Gillette suspended advertising featuring Woods . TAG Heuer dropped Woods from advertising in December 2009 and officially ended their deal when his contract expired in August 2011 . Golf Digest suspended Woods ' monthly column beginning with the February 2010 issue . In contrast , Nike continued to support Woods , as did Electronic Arts , which was working with Woods on the game Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online . A December 2009 study estimated the shareholder loss caused by Woods ' affairs to be between $5 billion and $12 billion . On February 19 , 2010 , Woods gave a televised statement in which he said he had been in a 45 - day therapy program since the end of December . He again apologized for his actions . `` I thought I could get away with whatever I wanted to , '' he said . `` I felt that I had worked hard my entire life and deserved to enjoy all the temptations around me . I felt I was entitled . Thanks to money and fame , I did n't have to go far to find them . I was wrong . I was foolish . '' He said he did not know yet when he would be returning to golf . He announced a few weeks later on March 16 that he would be returning at the 2010 Masters Tournament on April 8 . After six years of marriage , Woods and his wife Elin divorced on August 23 , 2010 . 2017 arrest On May 29 , 2017 , Woods was arrested near his Jupiter , Florida home by the Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office at about 3 : 00 a.m. EDT for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs . He was asleep in his car that was stopped in a traffic lane with its engine running . He later stated that he was taking prescription drugs and did not realize how they might interact together . On July 3 , 2017 , Woods tweeted that he had completed an out - of - state intensive program to tackle an unspecified issue . On August 9 , 2017 , Woods , who skipped his arraignment , entered a not guilty plea through his attorney Douglas Duncan and agreed to take part in a first time DUI offender program and hold another arraignment on October 25 . At a hearing on October 27 , Woods pled guilty to reckless driving . He received a year of probation , was fined $250 , and ordered to undergo 50 hours of community service along with regular drug tests , and was not allowed to drink alcohol during his time of probation . If he violated his probation , he would have been sentenced to 90 days in jail with an additional $500 fine . Other pursuits United States President Barack Obama and Woods meet in the Oval Office , April 2009 Woods shoots a handgun at a shooting range outside San Diego . From childhood , Woods was raised as a Buddhist , and he actively practiced this faith from childhood until well into his adult professional golf career . In a 2000 article , Woods was quoted as saying he `` believes in Buddhism ... Not every aspect , but most of it . '' He has attributed his deviations and infidelity to his losing track of Buddhism . He said , `` Buddhism teaches me to stop following every impulse and to learn restraint . Obviously I lost track of what I was taught . '' Woods is registered to vote as an independent . In January 2009 , Woods delivered a speech commemorating the military at the We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial . In April 2009 , Woods visited the White House while in the Washington , D.C. , area promoting the golf tournament he hosts , the AT&T National . In December 2016 and again in November 2017 , Woods played golf with President Donald Trump at the Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach . Woods underwent laser eye surgery in 1999 . Before this surgery , he was severely myopic his eyesight being - 11 diopters . He considered the surgery a big help in his career and a good alternative to the glasses and contact lenses . He immediately started winning tour events after the surgery . He received money from TLC Laser Eye Centers to endorse them . In 2007 , he had a second laser eye surgery when his vision began to deteriorate again . On March 18 , 2013 , Woods announced that he and Olympic gold medal skier Lindsey Vonn were dating . They split up in May 2015 . See also Career Grand Slam Champions List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event List of longest PGA Tour win streaks List of men 's major championships winning golfers Most PGA Tour wins in a year Biography portal Golf portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods -- Profile '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This is calculated by adding Woods ' 79 PGA Tour victories , 8 regular European Tour titles , 2 Japan Tour wins , 1 Asian Tour crown , and the 16 other wins in his career . Jump up ^ These are the 14 majors , 18 WGC events , and his eight tour wins . Jump up ^ 2009 European Tour Official Guide Section 4 Page 577 PDF 21 . European Tour . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Archived January 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Divorce decree '' ( PDF ) . August 23 , 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sounes , Howard ( 2004 ) . The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf . Harper Collins . pp. 120 -- 121 , 293 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Biography : Golfer ( 1975 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dahlberg , Tim ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` Two weeks that shattered the legend of Tiger Woods '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Westwood becomes world number one '' . BBC News . October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods moves to 50th in rankings '' . ESPN . November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Undergoes Successful Back Surgery , Is Hopeful To Return In Early 2016 '' . TigerWoods.com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods decides to play in the Masters '' . USA Today . April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods falls out of world top 500 '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Zak , Sean ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods no longer a top 1,000 player in the world golf ranking '' . Golf.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Woods Clinches PGA Player of the Year Award '' . About.com : Golf . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Tiger '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Biography - childhood , children , parents , name , history , mother , young , son , old , information , born '' . Notablebiographies.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods ' father , Earl , succumbs to cancer '' . Espn.com . May 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Tiger Woods ' Parents : Meet Mom and Dad '' . Thoughtco.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ His Father 's Son : Earl and Tiger Woods , by Tom Callahan , 2010 ; The Wicked Game , by Howard Sounes , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Earning His Stripes '' . AsianWeek . October 11 , 1996 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 1998 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Woods '' ( obituary ) . Telegraph ( June 5 , 2006 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woods stars on Oprah , says he 's ' Cablinasian ' '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Associated Press . April 23 , 1997 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Tom ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger 's dad gave us all some lessons to remember '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Rick ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' niece makes her major pro golf tourney debut today '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Training a Tiger : Raising a Winner in Golf and in Life , by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Play Golf Where Tiger Became Tiger '' . Golf.com . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Timeline '' . Infoplease . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Training A Tiger , by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel , 1997 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes , 2004 , William Morrow , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 , p. 187 ; originally appeared in The Wall Street Journal , Nike 's Tiger Woods professional career launch advertisement , August 1996 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Training A Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life , by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel , 1997 , Harper Collins , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 270178 - 9 , p. 23 ; Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes . ^ Jump up to : His Father 's Son : Earl and Tiger Woods , by Tom Callahan , 2010 Jump up ^ Training A Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life , by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel , 1997 , Harper Collins , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 270178 - 9 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Jack Nicklaus : Memories and Mementos from Golf 's Golden Bear , by Jack Nicklaus with David Shedloski , 2007 , Stewart , Tabori & Chang , New York , ISBN 1 - 58479 - 564 - 6 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods '' . IMG Speakers . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes , p. 277 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Past Players '' . International Golf Federation . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( September 9 , 1995 ) . `` Ailing Woods Unsure for Walker Cup '' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes , 2004 , William Morrow , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 , information listed on inset photos between pages 168 and 169 . Jump up ^ `` Famous People -- Speech Differences and Stutter '' . Disabled World . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods writes letter of support to fellow stutterer '' . The Guardian . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Former stutterer Tiger Woods writes letter to young boy being bullied '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Writes Letter to Boy With Stuttering Problem '' . ABC News . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Men 's Golf Team -- Tiger Woods '' . Stanford Men 's Golf Team . April 8 , 2003 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosaforte , Tim ( 1997 ) . Tiger Woods : The Makings of a Champion . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 84 , 101 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 96437 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` PAC - 10 Men 's Golf '' ( PDF ) . PAC - 10 Conference . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods through the Ages ... '' Geocities . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sounes , p. 277 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Captures 1996 NCAA Individual Title '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosaforte 1997 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods admits he left California because of high tax rates after rival Phil Mickelson apologizes for saying he may quit West Coast '' . Daily Mail . January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Robert W. ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Moved Too , Says Mickelson Was Right About Taxes '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martosko , David ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods : I left California over tax rates too '' . Daily Caller . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 1 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` Golf 's first Billion - Dollar Man '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Rick ( December 23 , 1996 ) . `` 1996 : Tiger Woods '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 2 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods scoops world rankings award '' . London : BBC Sport . March 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Jaime . `` The Truth about Tiger '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods is PGA Tour player of year '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garrity , John ( June 26 , 2000 ) . `` Open and Shut '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 3 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Price , S.L. ( April 3 , 2000 ) . `` Tunnel Vision '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yocom , Guy ( July 2000 ) . `` 50 Greatest Golfers of All Time : And What They Taught Us '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The remarkable drive of Tiger Woods '' . CNN . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shedloski , Dave ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` Woods is starting to own his swing '' . PGA Tour . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hard labor pays off for Singh '' . Sports Illustrated . Reuters . September 7 , 2004 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Verdi , Bob . `` A Rivalry is Reborn '' . Golf World . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morfit , Cameron ( March 6 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's Rivals Will Be Back . Eventually '' . Golf Magazine . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` Golf : Notebook ; Trouble on Greens Keeps Woods From His Fifth Green Jacket '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Earl Woods , 74 , Father of Tiger Woods , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Year '' . PGA . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes knee surgery '' . Agence France - Presse. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger puts away Mediate on 91st hole to win U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Savage , Brendan ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Rocco Mediate still riding U.S. Open high into Buick Open '' . The Flint Journal . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Mediate makes the most of his brush with Tiger '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Mark ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Tiger Woods to Undergo Reconstructive Knee Surgery and Miss Remainder of 2008 Season '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dorman , Larry ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` Woods to Have Knee Surgery , Ending His Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Woods savours ' greatest triumph ' after epic duel with brave Mediate '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Return Expected To Make PGA Ratings Roar '' . The Nielsen Company 2009 . February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dahlberg , Tim ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Anything can happen : It did in Tiger 's return '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Americans win the Presidents Cup '' . Cumberland Times - News . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barber , Phil ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` Americans win the Presidents Cup '' . The Press Democrat . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods apologises to wife Elin for affairs '' . BBC Sport . London . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T cuts connection with Woods '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson wins Masters ; Tiger 5 back '' . ESPN . April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` Woods misses sixth PGA Tour cut '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pgatour.com , Official World Golf Ranking for March 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ pgatour.com , Official World Golf Ranking for April 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ pgatour.com , 2011 Masters tournament data Jump up ^ http://www.tigerwoods.com , June 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Howard Sounes : The Wicked Game Jump up ^ pgatour.com , December 4 , 2011 , Tiger ends two - year winless streak Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Nick Watney eliminates Tiger Woods '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger wins Memorial to match Nicklaus on 73 wins '' . The Times of India . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods wins AT&T to pass Jack Nicklaus record '' . BBC Sport . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger takes Torrey for 75th tour win '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods prevails at Doral '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger returns to No. 1 , wins Bay Hill '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Nike ad causes a stir with `` winning takes care of everything '' message `` . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Is Tiger Woods facing disqualification at Masters ? '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods walks off at Honda Classic '' . bunkered . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods a doubt for the Masters '' . bunkered . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods out of the Masters '' . bunkered. April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods splits with swing coach Sean Foley '' . USA Today . August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Sickle , Gary ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Withdraws From the Farmers Insurance Open With Bad Back '' . Golf.com . Jump up ^ `` His back feeling better , Tiger plans to work on his game and play again soon '' . tigerwoods.com . February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods hurts his wrist after hitting a root at the Masters '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods improves with 76 , but misses cut badly at 2015 US Open '' . CBS Sports . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 British Open : Tiger Woods cut at consecutive majors for first time ever '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger confident after results at Quicken Loans National '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velin , Bob ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods falls short , ends season at Wyndham '' . USA Today . Tyson 's Corners , Virginia . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalland , Bobby ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods sputters in final round , shoots 70 at Wyndham Championship '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grez , Matias ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods : Golfer to miss the Masters '' . CNN International . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods chooses health over Masters '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Christine ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Brennan : Tiger Woods is n't playing in Masters but still very much present '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Wood 's bold vision to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles '' . Golf Channel . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods looks to the positives after fading following flying start '' . Irish Independent . Press Association . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods to miss Masters for third time in four years '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger not ' tournament ready , ' will miss Masters '' . www.tigerwoods.com . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zak , Sean ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking : Tiger Woods undergoes back surgery to alleviate ongoing pain '' . Golf Magazine . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods has a 4th back surgery '' . MSN News . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/11/sports/golf/tiger-woods-valspar-championship.html Jump up ^ `` Apple CEO among latest inductees to California Hall of Fame '' . U-T San Diego . August 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` California Hall of Fame : 2007 Inductees '' Archived January 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , californiamuseum.org . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods named top athlete of decade '' . ESPN . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger named AP 's Athlete of the Decade '' . NY Daily News . Associated Press . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Carol ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger 's Tour , 10 years after his Masters breakthrough '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ; Garrity , John ; Diaz , Jaime ( April 1 , 1997 ) . `` Tiger 1997 : The buzz that rocked the cradle '' . Golf Magazine . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` With Tiger not a factor , preliminary ratings down for PGA '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . August 20 , 2001 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ziemer , Tom ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` PGA jungle needs its Tiger on prowl '' . The Badger Herald . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitmer , Michael ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Woods shows mettle again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Brian. , `` Nike Golf Extends Contract with Tiger Woods '' , Sports Business Radio , December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : DiCarlo , Lisa ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Six Degrees Of Tiger Woods '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Branding and Celebrity Endorsements '' Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , VentureRepublic.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Alice. , `` Member of the Club '' , Time , April 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ AP , `` Nike sees dollar signs in Woods ' magical shot '' , MSNBC , April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Krakow , Gary. , `` Tiger Woods watch is a technological stroke '' , MSNBC.com , November 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tag Heuer 's Innovative Creation Wins Prestigious Award '' Archived September 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , best-watch.net Watch News , January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ; Rothman , Wilson ( September 26 , 2004 ) . `` Q&A with Tiger Woods '' . Time . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods to play another six with EA '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Jenn ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gillette lands a trio of star endorsers '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gatorade Unveils a Taste of Tiger '' . The Washington Post . October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gatorade confirms it is dropping Tiger Woods drink , but decided to before fateful car wreck '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Is that really an appropriate item to be advertising ? First look at Tiger Woods endorsing Japanese ' heat rub ' '' . Daily Mail . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports nutrition firm Fuse Science signs on as sponsor of Woods ' bag '' . PGA of America . Associated Press . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palmer v. Gotta Have It Golf Collectibles , Inc '' . 106 F. Supp. 2d 1289 ( 2000 ) United States District Court , S.D. Florida . June 22 , 2000 . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Batterman , L. Robert ; Cardozo , Michael ; Freeman , Robert E. ; Ganz , Howard L. ; Katz , Wayne D. ; Leccese , Joseph M. ( May 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tiger Woods Misses the Cut in Golf Memorabilia Dispute '' . National Law Review . Proskauer Rose LLP . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotta Have It Golf , Inc. v. Arnold Palmer Enterprises , Inc. , No. 03 - 19490 ( Fla . Cir . Ct . Jury Verdict ) '' . March 12 , 2014 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McEwan , Michael ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods to seek new equipment partner '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Dennett , Craig ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Nike to exit golf equipment industry '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' move to TaylorMade '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Sobel , Jason ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger adds Cameron back into bag '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods picks up Monster Energy '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Freedman , Jonah ( 2007 ) . `` The Fortunate 50 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron ( February 2008 ) . `` The Golf Digest 50 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tiger richest athlete in history '' . ESPN . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Woods is sports ' first billion - dollar man '' . Forbes . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Wealthiest Black Americans '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , Forbes . Jump up ^ How Much Do The World 's Top 10 Golfers Earn Per Shot ? Jump up ^ Lyon , Bill ( August 16 , 2000 ) . `` Woods bad for golf ? There 's an unplayable lie '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Brown , Jennifer ; Quitters Never Win : The ( Adverse ) Incentive Effects of Competing with Superstars Archived April 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Job Market Paper , November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Press Conference : The Open Championship '' . TigerWoods.com . ASAP Sports . July 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Celizic , Mike ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger is greatest closer ever '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maginnes , John ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Goliath will surely fall one day . Or will he ? '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cabrera wins devilish battle at U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods shows off his command '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romine , Brentley ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` 5 Things : Woods captures fourth Tour title in ' 13 '' . Golfweek . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights : How Dufner won the 95th PGA Champ '' . Golf Channel . August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Andy ( July 24 , 2000 ) . `` Woods moves majestically to grand slam '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Career Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records online registry , the result of the linked search will display higher number of records , however many of those displayed contain the name of Usain Bolt in the description of the record but do n't belong to him '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Woods threatens all records at the Masters '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Associated Press . April 12 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger had more than just length in annihilating Augusta '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . April 14 , 1997 . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Polinski , Cara ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` True Temper Wins Again ! '' . The Wire . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods , Mickelson clear the air , put spat behind them '' . ESPN . February 13 , 2003 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson clarifies Tiger comments '' . Golf Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Tiger Woods '' . Linkage Incorporated . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` When Par is n't good enough '' . APMP.org . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Ed ( September 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods Up Close And Personal '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Butch ( 2006 ) . The Pro : Lessons About Golf and Life from My Father , Claude Harmon , Sr. Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 307 - 33804 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Swing Coach Foley Helping Tiger At PGA Championship '' . Canadian Press . August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Woods Dismisses His Caddie Cowan '' . The New York Times . March 9 , 1999 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Caddie Reflects on `` Defining '' Moment at Medinah `` . Golf Channel . Associated Press . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods hires caddie Joe LaCava '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gray , Will ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Woods signs with TaylorMade for woods , irons '' . Golf Channel . Jump up ^ Wall , Jonathan ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger to debut TW ' 17 shoe at Hero World Challenge '' . PGA Tour . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger Pitch Ad - Nauseam '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger WITB 2017 '' . GolfWRX . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo '' . Archived from the original Check url = value ( help ) on July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mattingly Expected to Retire After Sitting Out 1996 Season '' . The Los Angeles Times . January 22 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Patricia ( April 13 , 1997 ) . `` The Changing Face of Golf ; A CBS Profile of the Hottest Guy on the Links '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` With Clinton at his side , Woods opens his learning center '' . GolfWeb Wire Services . February 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Programs : TWLC : Junior Golf Team '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harig , Bob ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' foundation suffered greatly '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lamport - Stokes , Mark ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger eyes legacy away from sport '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger visits new TWLC Florida campus in Stuart '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Events : Tiger Woods Invitational '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The fifth annual Block Party raises more than $500,000 '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . October 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Speaks About Injury , PGA Tour Athlets During Jam '' . GolfLasVegasNow.com. April 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Eric ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger Woods takes hiatus from OC foundation '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Soltau , Mark ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' next step : Design golf courses '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfensberger , Marc ( December 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods Will Design First Golf Course in Dubai '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's Dubai Golf Resort Will Be Completed , Builder Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Paul ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` For Tiger Woods , a Golf Course Design Business Is in the Rough '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGinley , Shane ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Dubai Holding ' dissolves ' Tiger Woods partnership '' . arabianbusiness.com . ITP Publishing Group . Jump up ^ `` Tiger to design his first U.S. course '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Louis , Brian ; Taub , Daniel ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Tiger Woods and Flagship to Build Mexico Golf Resort '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New deal includes instruction , Web pieces '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 8 , 2002 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` Tiger Woods joins the club of golf book authors '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stachura , Mike ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' new book is a vivid but cautious reflection on his landmark win '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five things you did n't know about Elin Nordegren '' . CNN . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Woods ties the knot '' . BBC Sport . October 6 , 2004 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods buys $40 million estate '' . The New York Times . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` As Tiger Woods completes his £ 30m new home Elin reminds him what he HASN 'T got '' . Daily Mail . October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` Woods played U.S. Open while wife was in hospital '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger becomes dad for second time '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Exclusive : Woman at Center of Tiger Woods Cheating Scandal Exposed ! ! '' . National Enquirer . November 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods admits `` transgressions , '' apologizes `` . Reuters . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DiMeglio , Steve ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` Woods crash did $3,200 damage to hydrant , tree '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger injured in late - night car accident '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods issues statement on crash '' . USA Today . Associated Press . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Statement from Tiger Woods '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Cancels Tourney Appearance '' . CBS News . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Tiger Panic to Mistress : `` My Wife May Be Calling You '' `` . Us Weekly . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger comments on current events '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GM ends car loans for Tiger Woods '' . BBC News . London . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods loses Gatorade sponsorship '' . BBC News . February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Another major blow for Tiger Woods as $10 m sponsor Tag Heuer gives him the elbow '' . Daily Mail . August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Golf Digest , February 2010 . Jump up ^ Klayman , Ben ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` EA Sports moves forward with Tiger game rollout '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldiner , Dave ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' mistress scandal costs shareholders of sponsors like Nike , Gatorade $12 billion '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Tiger 's public statement '' . Web.tigerwoods.com . ASAP Sports . February 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rude , Jeff ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Woods ' return shows he 's ready to win '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helling , Steve ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren 's Divorce Is Final '' . People . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Booking Blotter '' . Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office . May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ; Curtis , Ben ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods blames driving arrest on ' prescribed medications ' , not alcohol '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods found asleep in car at time of arrest ; no alcohol found in breath test '' . ESPN . May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods announces that he 's completed a ' private intensive program ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Winsor , Morgan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods pleads not guilty to DUI charges '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Greenlee , Will ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods to take part in DUI first - offender program -- Videos '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Curt ; Spencer , Terry ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods found guilty of reckless driving '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods makes emotional apology for infidelity '' . BBC News . London . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( July 24 , 2000 ) . `` Gandhi and Tiger Woods '' . Slate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Returns to Buddhism '' . ISKCON News . February 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abcarian , Robin ( December 13 , 2009 ) . `` How did Tiger keep his secrets ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger to speak at Lincoln Memorial '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods gives speech at Obama inauguration '' . Golf Today . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montopoli , Brian ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger Woods in the White House '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` President Trump plays post-Thanksgiving golf with Tiger Woods and Dustin Johnson '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes second laser eye surgery '' . Golf Today . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bestrom , Craig ; Strege , John . `` Eyes of the Tiger : Tiger Woods -- LASIK laser eye surgery '' . Eyesurgeryusa.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woods has second laser eye surgery '' . Golf Magazine . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods announces his relationship with Lindsey Vonn '' . USA Today . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Vonn on Facebook ) '' . May 3 , 2015 . Further reading Andrisani , John ( 1997 ) . The Tiger Woods Way : An Analysis of Tiger Woods ' Power - Swing Technique . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80139 - 2 . OCLC 55124056 . Clary , Jack ( 1997 ) . Tiger Woods . Twickenham , England : Tiger Books International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85501 - 954 - 6 . OCLC 40859379 . Feinstein , John ( 1999 ) . The Majors : In Pursuit of Golf 's Holy Grail . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 27971 - 0 . OCLC 40602886 . Londino , Lawrence J. ( 2006 ) . Tiger Woods : A Biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33121 - 3 . OCLC 61109403 . Rosaforte , Tim ( 2000 ) . Raising the Bar : The Championship Years of Tiger Woods . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27212 - 8 . OCLC 45248211 . Woods , Tiger ( 2001 ) . How I Play Golf . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 52931 - 0 . OCLC 46992172 . Woods , Earl ; McDaniel , Pete ( 1997 ) . Training a Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270178 - 7 . OCLC 35925055 . External links Find more aboutTiger Woodsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Tiger Woods at the PGA Tour official site Tiger Woods at the European Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Japan Golf Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Official World Golf Ranking official site Tiger Woods Foundation Tiger Woods Learning Center Tiger Woods on IMDb Works by or about Tiger Woods in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Tiger Woods ' Videos on mReplay Tiger Woods Video on ESPN Video Archive Tiger Woods Video on FoxSports Video Archive Tiger Woods Family Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) Earl Woods ( father ) Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) Golf achievements Professional career Career achievements Tournament performances Foundation Quicken Loans National Learning Center Hero World Challenge Tiger Woods Design The Cliffs at High Carolina Al Ruwaya Golf Course Punta Brava Other ventures PGA Tour Monday Night Golf Films and television The Tiger Woods Story Related Steve Williams ( caddie ) Tiger Woods in the major championships Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire U.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson † 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson † 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod † 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith † 1911 John McDermott † 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet # † 1914 ‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers # 1916 Chick Evans # 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Walter Hagen † 1920 Ted Ray 1921 ‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones # † 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane † 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 Tommy Armour † 1928 Johnny Farrell † 1929 Bobby Jones # † 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Billy Burke † 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman # 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks , Jr . 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson † 1940 Lawson Little † 1941 Craig Wood 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Lloyd Mangrum † 1947 Lew Worsham † 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan † 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 ‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck † 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer † 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus † 1963 Julius Boros † 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player † 1966 Billy Casper † 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 ‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino † 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham † 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange † 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin † 1991 Payne Stewart † 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els † 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen † 2002 ‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods † 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014 ‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur The Open Championship champions 1860 Willie Park Sr . 1861 Tom Morris Sr . 1862 Tom Morris Sr . 1863 Willie Park Sr . 1864 Tom Morris Sr . 1865 Andrew Strath 1866 Willie Park Sr . 1867 Tom Morris Sr . 1868 Tom Morris Jr . 1869 Tom Morris Jr . 1870 Tom Morris Jr . 1871 No championship 1872 Tom Morris Jr . 1873 Tom Kidd 1874 Mungo Park 1875 Willie Park Sr . 1876 Bob Martin † 1877 Jamie Anderson 1878 Jamie Anderson 1879 Jamie Anderson 1880 Bob Ferguson 1881 Bob Ferguson 1882 Bob Ferguson 1883 Willie Fernie † 1884 Jack Simpson 1885 Bob Martin 1886 David Brown 1887 Willie Park Jr . 1888 Jack Burns 1889 Willie Park Jr. † 1890 John Ball # 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 1892 Harold Hilton # 1893 William Auchterlonie 1894 John Henry Taylor 1895 John Henry Taylor 1896 Harry Vardon † 1897 Harold Hilton # 1898 Harry Vardon 1899 Harry Vardon 1900 John Henry Taylor 1901 James Braid 1902 Sandy Herd 1903 Harry Vardon 1904 Jack White 1905 James Braid 1906 James Braid 1907 Arnaud Massy 1908 James Braid 1909 John Henry Taylor 1910 James Braid 1911 Harry Vardon † 1912 ‡ Edward Ray 1913 John Henry Taylor 1914 Harry Vardon 1915 -- 19 No Championships due to World War I 1920 George Duncan 1921 Jock Hutchison † 1922 Walter Hagen 1923 Arthur Havers 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Jim Barnes 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 ‡ Bobby Jones # 1928 Walter Hagen 1929 Walter Hagen 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 ‡ Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute † 1934 ‡ Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 Henry Cotton 1938 Reg Whitcombe 1939 Dick Burton 1940 -- 45 No Championships due to World War II 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke † 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson † 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles † 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto De Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus † 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 ‡ Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson † 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia † 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Ian Baker - Finch 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Greg Norman 1994 Nick Price 1995 John Daly † 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Justin Leonard 1998 Mark O'Meara † 1999 Paul Lawrie † 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 David Duval 2002 Ernie Els † 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton † 2005 ‡ Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Pádraig Harrington † 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Stewart Cink † 2010 Louis Oosthuizen 2011 Darren Clarke 2012 Ernie Els 2013 Phil Mickelson 2014 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2015 Zach Johnson † 2016 Henrik Stenson 2017 Jordan Spieth † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire in 72 - holes ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur PGA Championship champions Match play era 1916 Jim Barnes 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Jim Barnes 1920 Jock Hutchison 1921 Walter Hagen 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Gene Sarazen 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Walter Hagen 1926 Walter Hagen 1927 Walter Hagen 1928 Leo Diegel 1929 Leo Diegel 1930 Tommy Armour 1931 Tom Creavy 1932 Olin Dutra 1933 Gene Sarazen 1934 Paul Runyan 1935 Johnny Revolta 1936 Denny Shute 1937 Denny Shute 1938 Paul Runyan 1939 Henry Picard 1940 Byron Nelson 1941 Vic Ghezzi 1942 Sam Snead 1943 Cancelled due to World War II 1944 Bob Hamilton 1945 Byron Nelson 1946 Ben Hogan 1947 Jim Ferrier 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Chandler Harper 1951 Sam Snead 1952 Jim Turnesa 1953 Walter Burkemo 1954 Chick Harbert 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Lionel Hebert Stroke play era 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Bob Rosburg 1960 Jay Hebert 1961 Jerry Barber † 1962 Gary Player 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 ‡ Bobby Nichols 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Al Geiberger 1967 Don January † 1968 Julius Boros 1969 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1970 Dave Stockton 1971 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Gary Player 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Lee Trevino 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Dave Stockton 1977 Lanny Wadkins † 1978 John Mahaffey † 1979 David Graham † 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 Larry Nelson 1982 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1983 ‡ Hal Sutton 1984 Lee Trevino 1985 Hubert Green 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Larry Nelson † 1988 Jeff Sluman 1989 Payne Stewart 1990 Wayne Grady 1991 John Daly 1992 Nick Price 1993 Paul Azinger † 1994 Nick Price 1995 Steve Elkington † 1996 Mark Brooks † 1997 Davis Love III 1998 Vijay Singh 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods † 2001 David Toms 2002 Rich Beem 2003 Shaun Micheel 2004 Vijay Singh † 2005 Phil Mickelson 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Y.E. Yang 2010 Martin Kaymer † 2011 Keegan Bradley † 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Jason Dufner 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jason Day 2016 Jimmy Walker 2017 Justin Thomas † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Men 's Career Grand Slam Champion Golfers 1930 Bobby Jones ( 1 ) 1935 Gene Sarazen ( 1 ) 1953 Ben Hogan ( 1 ) 1965 Gary Player ( 1 ) 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 1 ) 1971 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) 1978 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) 2000 Tiger Woods ( 1 ) 2005 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) 2008 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) World Golf Championships champions WGC - Championship 1999 Tiger Woods † 2000 Mike Weir 2001 Cancelled 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Ernie Els 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Geoff Ogilvy 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Ernie Els 2011 Nick Watney 2012 Justin Rose 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Patrick Reed 2015 Dustin Johnson 2016 Adam Scott 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Phil Mickelson WGC - Match Play 1999 Jeff Maggert 2000 Darren Clarke 2001 Steve Stricker 2002 Kevin Sutherland 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Tiger Woods 2005 David Toms 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Henrik Stenson 2008 Tiger Woods 2009 Geoff Ogilvy 2010 Ian Poulter 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Hunter Mahan 2013 Matt Kuchar 2014 Jason Day 2015 Rory McIlroy 2016 Jason Day 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Bubba Watson WGC - Invitational 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods † 2002 Craig Parry 2003 Darren Clarke 2004 Stewart Cink 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods † 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Vijay Singh 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Hunter Mahan 2011 Adam Scott 2012 Keegan Bradley 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Shane Lowry 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Hideki Matsuyama WGC - Champions 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Francesco Molinari 2011 Martin Kaymer 2012 Ian Poulter 2013 Dustin Johnson 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 Russell Knox 2016 Hideki Matsuyama 2017 Justin Rose WGC - World Cup 2000 David Duval / Tiger Woods 2001 Ernie Els / Retief Goosen 2002 Toshimitsu Izawa / Shigeki Maruyama 2003 Trevor Immelman / Rory Sabbatini 2004 Paul Casey / Luke Donald 2005 Stephen Dodd / Bradley Dredge 2006 Bernhard Langer / Marcel Siem No longer WGC event † indicates the event was won in a playoff Players Championship champions 1974 Jack Nicklaus 1975 Al Geiberger 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Mark Hayes 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Lanny Wadkins 1980 Lee Trevino 1981 Raymond Floyd † 1982 Jerry Pate 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Fred Couples 1985 Calvin Peete 1986 John Mahaffey 1987 Sandy Lyle † 1988 Mark McCumber 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Jodie Mudd 1991 Steve Elkington 1992 Davis Love III 1993 Nick Price 1994 Greg Norman 1995 Lee Janzen 1996 Fred Couples 1997 Steve Elkington 1998 Justin Leonard 1999 David Duval 2000 Hal Sutton 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Craig Perks 2003 Davis Love III 2004 Adam Scott 2005 Fred Funk 2006 Stephen Ames 2007 Phil Mickelson 2008 Sergio García † 2009 Henrik Stenson 2010 Tim Clark 2011 K.J. Choi † 2012 Matt Kuchar 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Martin Kaymer 2015 Rickie Fowler † 2016 Jason Day 2017 Kim Si - woo † indicates the event was won in a playoff Tiger Woods in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 1997 Fred Couples Brad Faxon Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Lee Janzen Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Tom Kite ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1999 David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Payne Stewart Hal Sutton Tiger Woods Ben Crenshaw ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2002 Paul Azinger Mark Calcavecchia Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Hal Sutton David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Curtis Strange ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 12.5 -- 15.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2004 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry Chris Riley David Toms Tiger Woods Hal Sutton ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2006 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Jim Furyk J.J. Henry Zach Johnson Phil Mickelson Vaughn Taylor David Toms Scott Verplank Brett Wetterich Tiger Woods Tom Lehman ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2010 Stewart Cink Rickie Fowler Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Jeff Overton Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Corey Pavin ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2012 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Davis Love III ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 Tiger Woods in the Presidents Cup United States Presidents Cup team -- 1998 Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch John Huston Lee Janzen Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 20.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2000 Paul Azinger Notah Begay III Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Loren Roberts Hal Sutton Kirk Triplett Tiger Woods Ken Venturi ( non-playing captain ) Won : 21.5 -- 10.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2003 Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Charles Howell III Jerry Kelly Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Tied : 17 -- 17 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2005 Stewart Cink Fred Couples Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2007 Woody Austin Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Charles Howell III Zach Johnson Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Steve Stricker David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2009 Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Zach Johnson Anthony Kim Justin Leonard Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Sean O'Hair Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2011 Jim Furyk Bill Haas Dustin Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Steve Stricker David Toms Nick Watney Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19 -- 15 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2013 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Bill Haas Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 U.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H.J. Whigham 1897 H.J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert A. Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr . 1911 Harold Hilton † 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert A. Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 S. Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse P. Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max R. Marston † 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Harrison R. Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 John Fischer † 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop † 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta † 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr . 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan † 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods † 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney † 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan † 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong - hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox † 2013 Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman † indicates the event was won in extra holes . Tiger Woods awards and achievements World Number One golfers since 1986 Seve Ballesteros Fred Couples Jason Day Luke Donald David Duval Ernie Els Nick Faldo Dustin Johnson Martin Kaymer Bernhard Langer Tom Lehman Rory McIlroy Greg Norman Nick Price Adam Scott Vijay Singh Jordan Spieth Lee Westwood Tiger Woods Ian Woosnam Player in bold denotes current number one Official World Golf Ranking PGA Tour Rookies of the Year 1990 Robert Gamez 1991 John Daly 1992 Mark Carnevale 1993 Vijay Singh 1994 Ernie Els 1995 Woody Austin 1996 Tiger Woods 1997 Stewart Cink 1998 Steve Flesch 1999 Carlos Franco 2000 Michael Clark II 2001 Charles Howell III 2002 Jonathan Byrd 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton 2005 Sean O'Hair 2006 Trevor Immelman 2007 Brandt Snedeker 2008 Andrés Romero 2009 Marc Leishman 2010 Rickie Fowler 2011 Keegan Bradley 2012 John Huh 2013 Jordan Spieth 2014 Chesson Hadley 2015 Daniel Berger 2016 Emiliano Grillo 2017 Xander Schauffele PGA and PGA Tour Players of the Year PGA Players of the Year 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Jerry Barber 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 No award 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Billy Casper 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Johnny Miller 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Tom Watson 1979 Tom Watson 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Tom Watson 1985 Lanny Wadkins 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Paul Azinger 1988 Curtis Strange 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Corey Pavin 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas PGA Tour Players of the Year 1990 Wayne Levi 1991 Fred Couples 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000 -- 01 : Tiger Woods 2002 : Michael Schumacher 2003 : Lance Armstrong * 2004 : Michael Schumacher 2005 -- 08 : Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 : Usain Bolt 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Usain Bolt 2014 : Sebastian Vettel 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Usain Bolt 2018 : Roger Federer PGA Tour FedEx Cup Playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Seasons and winners 2007 : Tiger Woods 2008 : Vijay Singh 2009 : Tiger Woods 2010 : Jim Furyk 2011 : Bill Haas 2012 : Brandt Snedeker 2013 : Henrik Stenson 2014 : Billy Horschel 2015 : Jordan Spieth 2016 : Rory McIlroy 2017 : Justin Thomas 2018 : Point distributions Current Former Awards and achievements Preceded by Maurice Greene BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2000 Succeeded by Goran Ivanišević Preceded by Andre Agassi L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2000 Succeeded by Michael Schumacher VIAF : 85369508 LCCN : n95039225 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 6380 GND : 119501562 SUDOC : 035588519 BNF : cb13323178f ( data ) NLA : 49785943 NDL : 00649830 NKC : xx0010570 BNE : XX1083888 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Woods&oldid=834033270 '' Categories : Tiger Woods 1975 births Living people African - American Buddhists African - American golfers American male golfers American people of Dutch descent American people of Dutch - Indonesian descent American people of Native American descent American philanthropists American sportspeople of Chinese descent American sportspeople of Thai descent Golf writers and broadcasters Golfers from California Laureus World Sports Awards winners Men 's Career Grand Slam champion golfers Native American sportspeople People from Cypress , California People from Jupiter Island , Florida People from Windermere , Florida PGA Tour golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sportspeople from Anaheim , California Stanford Cardinal men 's golfers Winners of men 's major golf championships People named in the Panama Papers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with URL errors Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 15 : 59 . 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where was the newhart show filmed in vermont | The Waybury Inn is an inn at 457 East Main Street in Middlebury , Vermont , United States . The inn was built in 1810 , and is one of the oldest operating traveler 's accommodations in the state . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . It is well known for its use in exterior shots of the Newhart television series . | The Waybury Inn | Waybury inn | waybury inn | The Waybury Inn is an inn at 457 East Main Street in Middlebury , Vermont , United States . The inn was built in 1810 , and is one of the oldest operating traveler 's accommodations in the state . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . It is well known for its use in exterior shots of the Newhart television series . | Contents 1 Description 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) The Waybury Inn is located on the north side of East Main Street ( Vermont Route 125 ) , near the eastern end of East Middlebury village . It is set near the westernmost end of one of the major routes across the Green Mountains in central Vermont . It consists of a 2 - 1 / 2 story gable - roofed main block , from which a two - story block extends to the rear . A single - story porch , covered by a hip roof , extends across the front and around to one side . The interior is arranged in a central hall plan , with large rooms , extending the full depth of the main block , on either side of the main staircase . History ( edit ) The inn was built in 1810 by John Foot ( or Foote ) . The pass to the east had opened as a toll road ( turnpike ) in 1808 , and Foot sought to capitalize on the traffic it would bring . However , the turnpike never brought a high volume of traffic , and efforts to develop a glassworks in the village also cramped growth in the area . Moderate growth in the village by 1850 prompted its second proprietor , Royal Farr , to expand the premises in 1867 by adding the ell to the rear . This included a ballroom , and far added other amenities to make the inn a local site for social events . The inn was variously known as the Glen House and Green Mountain House before being given its present name in the 20th century . The only period of time in which the inn was closed was during World War II . The inn maintains a tradition in which , in room 9 , there is an antique desk with a secret drawer . Following the lead of a couple who found the drawer in 1987 , guests often put notes in the drawer . The Waybury Inn was also used as a location for exterior shots on the Bob Newhart television series , Newhart , from 1982 to 1990 . Featured as the Stratford Inn , the Waybury Inn was painted white for the show . After the show went off the air in 1990 , the inn was repainted green to match the nearby Green Mountains . See also ( edit ) National Register of Historic Places listings in Addison County , Vermont References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Henry ( 1983 ) . `` NRHP nomination for Waybury Inn '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . with photos from 1983 Jump up ^ Douglas Anderson . `` The Secret in Room no . 9 '' . Yankee Magazine . wayburyinn.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Historic Waybury Inn '' . Vermont Living . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Waybury Inn website U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waybury_Inn&oldid=751560913 '' Categories : Hotel buildings completed in 1810 Hotels in Vermont Middlebury , Vermont Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont Buildings and structures in Addison County , Vermont National Register of Historic Places in Addison County , Vermont Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 November 2016 , at 13 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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who sings the song in the man in the high castle | A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used as the opening sequence music for the Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle . | Jeanette Olsson | Edelweiss ( song ) | edelweiss ( song ) | `` Edelweiss '' is a show tune from the 1959 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music . It is named after the edelweiss , a white flower found high in the Alps ( Leontopodium alpinum ) . It was created for the 1959 Broadway production of The Sound of Music in the role originated by performer Theodore Bikel as a song for the character of Captain Georg Ludwig von Trapp . In the musical , Captain von Trapp and his family sing this song during the concert near the end of Act II as a statement of Austrian patriotism in the face of the pressure put upon him to join the navy of Nazi Germany following the Anschluss . It is also Captain von Trapp 's subliminal goodbye to his beloved homeland , using the flower as a symbol of his loyalty to Austria . In the 1965 film adaptation , the song is also sung by the Captain earlier in the film when he rediscovers music with his children . | Contents 1 Writing of the song 2 Film adaptation 3 Misconceptions about the song 4 Legal problems 5 Other versions 6 References Writing of the song ( edit ) While The Sound of Music was in tryouts in Boston , Richard Rodgers felt Captain von Trapp should have a song with which he would bid farewell to the Austria he knew and loved . Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II decided to write an extra song that Captain von Trapp would sing in the festival concert sequence towards the end of the show . As they were writing it , they felt that this song could also utilize the guitar - playing and folk - singing talents of Theodore Bikel , who had been cast as the Captain . The Lindsay and Crouse script provides the metaphor of the simple edelweiss wildflower as a symbol of the Austria that Captain von Trapp , Maria , and their children knew would live on , in their hearts , despite the Nazi annexation of their homeland . The metaphor of this song builds on an earlier scene when Gretl presents a bouquet of edelweiss flowers to Baroness Elsa Schräder during her visit to the von Trapp household . Rodgers provided a simple , yet haunting and affecting waltz - time melody , to the simple Italian style ritornello lyric that Hammerstein wrote about the appearance of the edelweiss flower . This song turned out to be one of the most beloved songs in the musical , and also one of the best - loved songs of Rodgers and Hammerstein . This song was the last song that Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together ; Hammerstein was suffering from stomach cancer , which would take his life nine months after The Sound of Music opened on Broadway . Film adaptation ( edit ) Although the stage production uses the song only during the concert sequence , Ernest Lehman 's screenplay for the film adaptation uses the song twice . Lehman created a scene that makes extra use of the song . This scene , inspired by a line in the original script by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse , calls for Captain von Trapp to sing this song with his children in their family drawing room and rediscover the love he felt for them , with Liesl accompanying him . Lehman also expanded the scope of the song when it was sung in the Salzburg Festival concert scene so that Captain von Trapp and his family would call the crowds to join in the song with him , in defiance of the Nazi soldiers posted around the arena . Misconceptions about the song ( edit ) The great popularity of the song in the Anglophone world has led many of its audience to believe that it is an Austrian folk song or even the official national anthem . Austria 's official anthem is in fact `` Land der Berge , Land am Strome '' and the anthem used from 1929 until the Anschluss was `` Sei gesegnet ohne Ende . '' The edelweiss is a popular flower in Austria and was featured on the old 1 Schilling coin . It can also now be seen on the 2 cent Euro coin . The flower is protected in Austria and illegal to pick . An `` edelweiss '' is also worn as a cap emblem by certain Austrian Army and the German Gebirgsjäger ( mountain troopers ) units stationed in the nearby Bavarian Alps . There is similar confusion about another song co-authored by Hammerstein , `` Ol ' Man River '' from the musical Show Boat , which is widely ( though erroneously ) believed to be an African - American spiritual . The similarity in misconception about the two songs has been noted by two writers , both of whom see it as tribute to Hammerstein 's talents . Alyson McLamore in her book Musical Theater : An Appreciation writes , `` The last song to be written for the show was ' Edelweiss , ' a tender little homage to a native flower of Austria that has the effect of authentic Austrian folksong , much as ' Ol ' Man River ' struck listeners as a genuine African American spiritual . '' Hugh Fordin in his biography of Oscar Hammerstein speaks of `` the ability of the authors to simulate the quality of an authentic folk song ... ' Ol ' Man River ' had the ring of a black laborer 's song ... Thirty years later , ' Edelweiss ' was widely believed to be an old Austrian song , though Oscar ... composed it for the Sound of Music . '' Theodore Bikel , in his autobiography , Theo ( 2002 ) , wrote that , after performances , he was once approached by a native Austrian who said `` I love that Edelweiss '' , and then added with total confidence , `` of course , I have known it for a long time , but only in German '' Legal problems ( edit ) The estates of Rodgers and Hammerstein have not authorized the use of alternative lyrics with the melody of the song , making certain commercial uses of those versions potentially infringing if they do not fall under fair use . Rodgers stated that `` he would take legal action against any group '' using the `` Edelweiss '' melody with altered words ; the current rightsholders comply with his wishes , refusing to grant permission for these commercial requests , which are `` inconsistent with the creators ' intentions '' . Other versions ( edit ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( July 2017 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Theodore Bikel , who originated the role of Captain von Trapp on Broadway , performed `` Edelweiss '' ( as a duet with Mary Martin ) on the original cast album , and included it in his album , In My Own Lifetime - 12 Musical Theater Classics . Playback singer Bill Lee dubbed the singing voice of Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp in the 1965 film adaptation , and its soundtrack album , which included this song . Josephine Siao Fong - Fong ( 蕭芳芳 ) performed a Chinese ( Cantonese ) version of the song in the 1967 film , Lightning Killer ( 閃電 煞 星 ) . The Belgian performer Michael Junior performed this song in his concerts . German Americans play the same tune every year during the Oktoberfest in Hard Bargain Farm , Maryland , with the ringing of cowbells . The Irish group Tony and The Graduates had a # 7 hit in the Irish Charts with their cover version in November 1966 . The English singer Vince Hill reached # 2 in the UK Singles Chart in 1967 with his cover version of the track . The Canadian singer Sarah Slean has performed the song as a singalong in her concerts . Linda Eder recorded a version of the song for her 2003 album , Broadway , My Way . 10 - year - old Hollie Steel performed the song on the third series of Britain 's Got Talent and infamously broke down halfway through due to nerves . It is also due to be her second single , for her album , Hollie , which was released on 29 March 2010 . Elaine Paige recorded the song for her 2006 album , Essential Musicals . The virtual singer Megurine Luka performed this song . The song was featured in a comedy skit performed by Seth MacFarlane and Alex Borstein on Seth and Alex 's Almost Live Comedy Show , in which Borstein opposes MacFarlane 's singing of the song , only to be jokingly reminded that , as a result of the Holocaust , Borstein 's only competition as a female Jewish comedian in Hollywood is Sarah Silverman . Borstein then joins MacFarlane in singing the song . Bryn Terfel has included this song in his 1996 Rodgers & Hammerstein album , Something Wonderful : Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein . Julie Andrews has recorded it for her Richard Rodgers tribute album Broadway : The Music of Richard Rodgers . Iranian singer Farhad Mehrad performed it in both Persian and English in opposition to Iran 's post-revolutionary regime , pointing the similarities between Iran after revolution and Austria under Nazi occupation . Austrian singers , Sigrid & Marina made a recording of the song in 2009 . André Rieu has recorded his own arrangement and released it on his 2002 album , Dreaming . Tanya Donelly , best known for her work with Throwing Muses , The Breeders , and Belly recorded a version of the song which was self - released as a free download on her website , circa 2001 . Joe Junior and Sire Ma performed this song in their roles as Louis Kim and Kim Yee - Wah respectively in TVB 's 2012 series Bullet Brain . The Voice Australia contestant Celia Pavey performed and recorded Edelweiss in May 2013 . Andy Conaghan recorded the song for ABC Classics as part of a compilation album , I Dreamed a Dream : The Hit Songs of Broadway in 2013 . Stephen Moyer performed the song as part of his role as Captain Georg von Trapp during the December 2013 television broadcast of The Sound of Music Live ! on NBC . The song is frequently performed by The von Trapps , the real life great - grandchildren of the Captain and Maria . It appears on their A Capella album and on their 2014 album , the latter of which is also a duet with Charmian Carr ( who played Liesl in the movie ) . A performance by Jeanette Olsson is used as the opening sequence music for the Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle . Singer / songwriter Lady Gaga performed the song along with a medley of others from the musical as part of a tribute to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the film at the 87th Academy Awards . Victor Garber , as his character Martin Stein impersonating Max Lorenz in a Nazi - run Parisian Nightclub , sang a cover of this song in Legends of Tomorrow . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Was `` Edelweiss '' Based on an Austrian Folk Song ? `` . Entertainment Urban Legends Revealed . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maslon , Lawrence ( 2007 ) , The Sound of Music Companion , New York : Simon and Schuster , p. 177 , ISBN 1416549544 Jump up ^ `` Oscar Hammerstein II Is Dead '' . The New York Times . August 23 , 1960 . p. 1 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria '' . BBC . November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meriam , Ray ( 1999 ) . Gebirgsjaeger : Germany 's Mountain Troops . World War II Arsenal. 3 . Merriam Press . p. 44 . ISBN 1576381633 . Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( December 5 , 1997 ) . `` Where Have You Gone , Oscar Hammerstein ? '' . Slate . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLamore , Alyson ( 2004 ) . Musical theater : an appreciation . Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 156 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 048583 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fordin , Hugh ( 1995 ) . Getting to know him : a biography of Oscar Hammerstein II . Da Capo Press . p. 102 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80668 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bikel , Theodore ( 2014 ) . Theo : An Autobiography . University of Wisconsin Pres . p. 210 . ISBN 9780299300548 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Dean ( 2001 ) . `` The Edelweiss Benediction : It 's Still Against the Law '' . General Board of Discipleship . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Benedict , Jr. ( 1999 ) . `` '' Edelweiss '' - A Song We Love But Must Not Abuse `` . General Board of Discipleship . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 閃電 煞 星 ( 全 片 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ 閃電 煞 星 ( 1967 ) Lightning Killer Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 253 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hollie Steel - 1st + 2nd Attempts , Britain 's Got Talent Semi-Final on YouTube Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed A Dream -- Hit Songs of Broadway '' . ABC . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Edelweiss ' : An American Song for Global Dystopia '' . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Ca n't Tell Which of These Two Moments From Last Night 's Legends of Tomorrow I Love More '' . io9 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Trapp Family Singers Members Maria von Trapp Georg von Trapp Rupert Agathe Maria Franziska Werner Hedwig Johanna Martina Johannes Memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Films The Trapp Family ( 1956 ) The Trapp Family in America ( 1958 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The von Trapp Family : A Life of Music ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Sound of Music ( 1959 musical ) Trapp Family Story ( 1991 anime ) The Sound of Music Live ! ( 2013 ) The Sound of Music Live ( 2015 ) Songs `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` Edelweiss '' `` Something Good '' Albums The Groovy Sound of Music ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event ( 2013 ) Related Elisabeth von Trapp The von Trapps Trapp Family Lodge Trapp Family Austrian Relief Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_(song)&oldid=864844062 '' Categories : 1959 songs Harry Connick Jr. songs Hollie Steel songs Songs from The Sound of Music Songs with music by Richard Rodgers Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II Songs about plants Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Articles with too many examples Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 21 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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harry potter and the cursed child part 1 movie release date in india | Harry Potter and the Cursed Child | harry potter and the cursed child | Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Official banner of the 2018 West End production Written by Jack Thorne ( script & story ) J.K. Rowling ( story ) John Tiffany ( story ) Characters Harry Potter Albus Severus Potter Date premiered 30 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 30 ) Place premiered Palace Theatre , London Original language English Series Harry Potter Genre Fantasy Adventure Drama Setting Wizarding World Official site Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part stage play written by Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne , J.K. Rowling and John Tiffany . Previews of the play began at the Palace Theatre , London on 7 June 2016 , and it premiered on 30 July 2016 . The play opened on Broadway on 22 April 2018 at the Lyric Theatre , with previews starting on 16 March 2018 . Its cast is similar to that of the first year on West End , with returning actors Anthony Boyle , Sam Clemmett , Noma Dumezweni , Poppy Miller , Jamie Parker , Alex Price , and Paul Thornley . The story begins nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter , who is about to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . At the 2017 Laurence Olivier Awards , the London production received a record - breaking eleven nominations and an again record - breaking nine awards , including Best New Play , Best Actor , Best Actor in a Supporting Role , Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Director . At the 2018 Tony Awards , the Broadway production won six awards , including Best Play . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Act 1 1.2 Act 2 1.3 Act 3 1.4 Act 4 2 Background 2.1 # KeepTheSecrets 3 Productions 3.1 West End 3.2 Broadway 3.3 Melbourne 4 Cast and principal roles 4.1 West End cast replacements 5 Script publication 5.1 Editions 5.2 Sales 6 Critical reception 6.1 Response within the Harry Potter fandom 6.2 Identity of the `` Cursed Child '' 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original London Production 7.2 Original Broadway production 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) In the opening scene , set during the epilogue of Deathly Hallows in the year 2017 , Harry Potter and Ginny Potter send their second son , Albus Severus Potter , on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts . Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic , while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of The Daily Prophet . Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger - Weasley on the train . Hermione is now Minister of Magic , while Ron manages Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley . Albus makes an unlikely friendship in Scorpius Malfoy , the son of Harry 's former nemesis Draco Malfoy and Astoria Malfoy ( née Greengrass ) . The school is stunned when , in a break with the tradition of Potters being sorted into Gryffindor , Albus is sorted into Slytherin alongside Scorpius . Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years , Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents , Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort . In addition , Albus and Harry begin to drift apart , owing to Albus 's struggles with his father 's shadow and Harry 's uncertainty on how to deal with his son 's issues . Albus also drifts apart from Rose , with whom he was friends before meeting Scorpius and was sorted into Gryffindor . Prior to Albus and Scorpius 's fourth year , Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry 's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron . During the fight , Harry accidentally says that he sometimes wishes Albus was not his son , and Albus spills the potion on the blanket . Harry obtains a prototype of a more powerful version of the Time - Turner , built by a Slytherin contemporary of Harry 's , Theodore Nott , that allows one to travel back several years into the past and change history . Simultaneously , Harry 's scar begins to hurt again , causing him to become concerned that Voldemort may somehow be returning . Amos Diggory , who has become old and is cared for by his niece , Delphi Diggory , asks Harry to use the Time - Turner to prevent the death of his son , Cedric Diggory . After overhearing Harry refuse to help the Diggorys , Albus is inspired to do so himself and convinces Scorpius to help him . The two escape from the Hogwarts Express and the trolley operator , who is revealed to be a monster placed on the train to prevent students from escaping . The two arrive at St. Oswald 's Home for Old Witches and Wizards in Yorkshire , where Amos lives , and team up with Delphi to steal the Time - Turner from Hermione 's office , in the Ministry of Magic , while disguised with Polyjuice Potion . Act 2 ( edit ) Knowing that Cedric 's death was the result of him winning the Triwizard Tournament alongside Harry , the boys use the Time - Turner to travel back to the first challenge of the Triwizard Tournament in 1994 and sabotage Cedric during the tournament 's first task in the hope of preventing his victory . Instead , they only succeed in creating an alternate reality in which Ron and Hermione never married , and thus Rose was never born , and Albus was sorted into Gryffindor . Albus discovers that this was because they chose to disguise themselves as Durmstrang students , causing Hermione to become suspicious of Viktor Krum and go to the Yule Ball with Ron instead of Viktor . As a result , Ron never experienced the jealousy fundamental to his relationship with Hermione , fell in love with Padma Patil at the Ball , and eventually became married to her , having a son named Panju . Hermione , in turn , became a frustrated and mean professor at Hogwarts , teaching Defense Against the Dark Arts . At around the same time , Harry 's fear increases that Voldemort may return as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort - related nightmares . After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore , and being told by centaur Bane that a `` dark cloud '' is around Albus , he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing a reluctant Minerva McGonagall , now Headmistress of Hogwarts , to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauder 's Map , threatening to shut down the school otherwise . Albus and Scorpius 's friendship is destroyed , but the two eventually reconcile after Albus steals Harry 's old Invisibility Cloak from James Sirius ( Albus ' older brother ) , and after McGonagall refuses to enforce Harry 's request . Harry himself is persuaded to relent after a conversation with Draco and Ginny . Meanwhile , Albus and Scorpius decide to make another attempt to use the Time - Turner to change Cedric 's fate , this time by humiliating him during the Triwizard Tournament 's second task . When Scorpius returns to the present day , however , Albus is not with him , and Scorpius finds himself in a reality in which Harry is dead , and Lord Voldemort rules the wizarding world . Act 3 ( edit ) Scorpius discovers that -- as a result of his actions -- an embittered Cedric joined the Death Eaters and killed Neville Longbottom during the events of Deathly Hallows , preventing him from killing Nagini and allowing Voldemort to win the Battle of Hogwarts . With Harry now dead , Albus subsequently never existed , while Voldemort was able to completely consolidate power and transform the Ministry of Magic into a dictatorial regime . In the new timeline , Scorpius became a popular Head Boy and Quidditch star , helping the staff and students torment Muggle - borns . Dolores Umbridge became the new Headmistress of Hogwarts , and patrols the school with Dementors and a revived Inquisitorial Squad led by Scorpius . Draco Malfoy occupies Harry 's old position as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement , using his post to encourage routine attacks on Muggles and bribe the Prime Minister to remain silent on the actions of the Death Eaters . A powerful dark figure called `` The Augurey '' leads the Ministry of Magic . With help from Ron , Hermione , and Severus Snape , now the final members of a dwindling anti-Voldemort resistance movement , Scorpius is able to use the Time - Turner to prevent the interference of Albus and his past self and restore the events of the original timeline , the alternate Ron , Hermione , and Snape sacrificing themselves to the Dementors in order to allow him to do so . Scorpius reunites with Albus , and the two boys are eventually found by their parents , as well as Ron and Hermione . Following these events , Harry scolds Albus for his actions , but the two nevertheless begin to reconcile . Realising the danger the Time - Turner poses and deciding their parents will continue to keep it ( as Hermonie had done in the Ministry of Magic ) , Scorpius and Albus attempt to destroy it themselves , but they are joined by Delphi Diggory . Scorpius realizes that Delphi was in charge of the Ministry of Magic in the alternate timeline ( from her tattoo of the wings of a magical bird , which she says is called an Augurey ) , and she takes them captive , later revealing her intention of restoring the alternate timeline . After the adults learn Albus and Scorpius were seen disappearing with Delphi , they confront Amos , only to discover Delphi is not his niece , but the daughter of Lord Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange . Delphi had placed Amos under a `` confundus '' charm . Searching her room , they discover she is following a prophecy that , if fulfilled , would lead to Lord Voldemort 's return . Delphi takes the boys to the final challenge of the Triwizard Tournament , but Albus and Scorpius prevent her from acting , and Delphi uses the Time - Turner again to travel further back in time . She inadvertently takes the boys with her and then destroys the Time - Turner to leave them all stranded in time . Act 4 ( edit ) Abandoned by Delphi , Albus and Scorpius discover they have been taken back to the night before Harry 's parents were killed at Godric 's Hollow ( 30 October 1981 ) , and assume Delphi is planning to kill Harry before Voldemort attempts to do so ( which severely weakens Voldemort ) . Albus and Scorpius write an invisible message on Harry 's baby blanket , knowing in the present ( which is now also the night of the anniversary of the death of Harry 's parents , when he often looks for his blanket as it is the only physical memento he has ) , the blanket would become stained with love potion and expose the message to Harry . Meanwhile , Draco reveals the Time - Turner was actually a prototype for a perfected model owned by him ( it was made for his father ) , but they remain unable to rescue the boys due to their uncertainty over which time period they have entered . After Harry receives the message from the boys , he and his allies use Draco 's Time - Turner to travel back in time to save them and stop Delphi . While waiting for Delphi , they deduce she intends to convince Voldemort to abandon his doomed attempt to kill Harry , ensuring her father 's survival and allowing her to be with him . Harry disguises himself as Voldemort using Transfiguration to distract Delphi , and after a struggle , the group manages to subdue her . Rather than killing Delphi , it is decided that she will be brought to Azkaban Prison . Lord Voldemort then appears and is oblivious to the presence of Harry and the group . The group allows the murder of Harry 's parents to play out again , unwilling to risk the consequences of altering the past . They all stand with Harry to watch the sad event replay . After returning to the present day , Delphi is sent to Azkaban . Albus and Scorpius now decide to be more active at Hogwarts , with Scorpius expressing interest in trying out for Quidditch and asking Rose on a date . Harry and Albus visit Cedric 's grave , with Harry apologizing for his role in Cedric 's death . Albus has also witnessed the death of a fellow student , Craig Bowker Jr. ( the only current timeline murder in the play ) , who tried to intervene when Delphi held Albus and Scorpius captive on the Quidditch pitch . Background ( edit ) In December 2013 , it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year , with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016 . At the time of the announcement , Rowling revealed that the play would `` explore the previously untold story of Harry 's early years as an orphan and outcast '' . The following May , Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project . On 26 June 2015 , the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London 's Palace Theatre . The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , published on 26 June 1997 . On announcing plans for the project , Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel . In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel , Rowling has stated that she `` is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story '' . Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content . On 24 September 2015 , Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts . The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings . On 23 October 2015 , it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , and would open at London 's Palace Theatre in July 2016 . The plays principally follow Harry , now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter . As of 22 July 2016 , little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June . # KeepTheSecrets ( edit ) The producers and Rowling have maintained a campaign called # KeepTheSecrets to ask people who have seen the play not to reveal its major twists . The slogan is printed on the tickets for the play and badges with the slogan are handed out for free during intervals . People buying their tickets online are emailed a video after the play from J.K. Rowling asking them to support the campaign . Productions ( edit ) Production Venue / Location Opening Night Closing Night Notes London , England Palace Theatre July 30 , 2016 Currently running Debut production . Broadway Lyric Theatre April 16 , 2018 Currently running First production outside of the UK . Melbourne Princess Theatre January 16 , 2019 TBC San Francisco Curran Theatre Fall 2019 TBC Hamburg Mehr ! Theater Early 2020 TBC First non-English language production . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a two - part play , was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne , John Tiffany and Rowling . Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script but by 26 July 2016 , the official web site for the play and many others ( including the BBC ) were listing Thorne as the sole script writer . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany with choreography by Steven Hoggett , set design by Christine Jones , costume design by Katrina Lindsay , lighting design by Neil Austin , music by Imogen Heap , and sound design by Gareth Fry . In addition , special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick , with illusions by Jamie Harrison , and musical supervision by Martin Lowe . West End ( edit ) Previews at the West End Palace Theatre , London began on 7 June 2016 , with the official opening night for both parts on 30 July , and originally booking until 18 September 2016 . Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on 28 October 2015 , with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October . In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production , with the play 's booking period extended to January 2017 . On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until 30 April 2017 , with a further extension issued the same day to 27 May 2017 . Tickets for the opening performance were priced from £ 30 up to £ 130 for a ticket for both parts , although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £ 3,000 . Ticket resale has been banned by the producers , with tickets no longer valid if sold on . In mid-July 2016 , the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1 pm each Friday , releasing 40 for sale on their website for `` some of the best seats '' in the theatre for the lowest price , advertised at £ 20 per part . For example , the `` Friday Forty '' tickets sold on 29 July 2016 were for performances on 3 , 5 , 6 , and 7 August . On 20 December 2015 , initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter , Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley . The casting of the dark - skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion , to which Rowling responded that Hermione 's skin was never specified as white . Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter , Alex Price as Draco Malfoy , Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter and Anthony Boyle as Scorpius Malfoy . The production features an overall cast of 42 . Broadway ( edit ) The production began previews on 16 March 2018 , officially opening on 22 April at the Lyric Theatre . Clemmett , Boyle , Dumezweni , Miller , Parker , Price and Thornley reprised their roles , from the West End . The theatre removed 400 seats from the auditorium and moved the entrance to 43rd Street . The production is produced by Sonia Friedman Productions , Sir Colin Callender , and Harry Potter Theatrical Productions . Tickets initially went on sale through Ticketmaster Verified Fan on 18 October 2017 , for performances from 16 March through 18 November 2018 . The New York Times estimates that it is the most expensive non-musical Broadway play ever , incurring $68 million in opening costs . Melbourne ( edit ) On 24 October 2017 , the Michael Cassel Group announced that it will be producing the Australian premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child . The production will begin performances early 2019 in Melbourne 's Princess Theatre . Sale of tickets to the general public is scheduled to commence 6 August 2018 . Cast and principal roles ( edit ) Character Original West End Cast ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Harry Potter Jamie Parker Ron Weasley Paul Thornley Hermione Granger Noma Dumezweni Ginny Potter Poppy Miller Draco Malfoy Alex Price Albus Severus Potter Sam Clemmett Scorpius Malfoy Anthony Boyle Rose Granger - Weasley Cherrelle Skeete Susan Heyward Young Hermione Delphi Diggory Esther Smith Jessie Fisher Craig Bowker Jr . Jeremy Ang Jones Joshua DeJesus Moaning Myrtle Annabel Baldwin Lauren Nicole Cipoletti Lily Potter Sr . Polly Chapman Claudia Grant Madeline Weinstein Vernon Dursley Paul Bentall Byron Jennings Severus Snape Lord Voldemort Rubeus Hagrid Chris Jarman Brian Abraham Sorting Hat Yann Fredericks James Le Lacheur Jess Barbagallo Petunia Dursley Helena Lymbery Kathryn Meisle Madam Hooch Dolores Umbridge Amos Diggory Barry McCarthy Edward James Hyland Albus Dumbledore Trolley Witch Sandy McDade Geraldine Hughes Minerva McGonagall Cedric Diggory Tom Milligan Benjamin Wheelwright James Sirius Potter James Potter Sr . Dudley Dursley Jack North Joey LaBrasca Karl Jenkins Viktor Krum Bane Nuno Silva David St. Louis Young Harry Potter Rudi Goodman Alfred Jones Bili Keogh Ewan Rutherford Nathaniel Smith Dylan Standen Will Coombs Landon Maas Lily Luna Potter Zoe Brough Cristina Fray Christiana Hutchings Olivia Bond Brooklyn Shuck West End cast replacements ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In May 2017 , Jamie Glover took over from Jamie Parker as Harry Potter , while Emma Lowndes will play his wife Ginny Potter . Thomas Aldridge is to play Ron Weasley , replacing Paul Thornley , while Rakie Ayola will play Hermione Granger , replacing Noma Dumezweni . Annabel Baldwin , previously playing Moaning Myrtle will take over from Esther Smith as Delphi . Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard play Rose Granger - Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively . Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient made their professional debut , playing Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter , respectively . The lead cast are joined by new cast members David Annen , Ruthxjiah Bellenea , Danny Dalton , Leah Haile , Rupert Henderson , Elizabeth Hill , April Hughes , James McGregor , Sarah Miele , Jordan Paris , James Phoon , Henry Rundle , Ged Simmons , Mark Theodore , Gideon Turner and Ed White . Original cast members who will continue include Nicola Alexis , Rosemary Annabella , Phoebe Austen , Annabel Baldwin , Jabez Cheeseman , Morag Cross , Esme Grace , Lowri James , Martin Johnston , Alfred Jones , Barry McCarthy , Sandy McDade , Tom Mackley , Harrison Noble , Ben Roberts , Nuno Silva , Hope Sizer and Joshua Wyatt . The second cast took over on 24 May 2017 , with the original cast having their final performance on 21 May 2017 . The third cast took over on 23 May 2018 . Script publication ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Special Rehearsal Edition cover Author Jack Thorne ( script ) J.K. Rowling , John Tiffany & Jack Thorne ( story ) Country United Kingdom Language English Series Harry Potter Genre Fantasy , Drama Published 31 July 2016 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 25 July 2017 ( Definitive Collector 's Edition ) Publisher Little , Brown and Company ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Pottermore ( digital ) Publication date 31 July 2016 Pages 328 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 321 ( Definitive Collector 's Edition ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 338 - 09913 - 3 ( US ) ; 978 - 0 - 7515 - 6535 - 5 ( UK ) Both parts of the stage play 's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II . The first edition , entitled `` Special Rehearsal Edition '' , corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016 , the date of Harry 's birthday in the series and Rowling 's birthday , as well . Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed , an edited version was released on 25 July 2017 , as the `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' . According to CNN , this was the most preordered book of 2016 . Sales ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release . 847,885 copies were sold during the book 's first week of release in the United Kingdom . By June 2017 , the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received critical acclaim . Audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances , while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series . Publications awarding five star ratings included The Independent , the London Evening Standard , The Stage and WhatsOnStage.com . The Telegraph also gave five , although `` there are some quibbles , '' while The Guardian 's Michael Billington awarded four stars . Anthony Boyle 's performance as Scorpius Malfoy garnered particular acclaim . WhatsOnStage.com wrote that `` Boyle gives a career - making performance , '' while The Wall Street Journal described him as `` the break - out performance '' . Variety 's critic , Matt Trueman , agreed , writing , `` it 's Boyle who really stands out '' , and both Trueman and Henry Hitchings , in the Evening Standard , noted that his performance was sure to be a fan favourite . Response within the Harry Potter fandom ( edit ) The response to the play from the Harry Potter fandom was mixed . Some fans said the story seemed `` like a work of fan fiction '' and claimed that it diverged from previously established rules of the universe , criticising the script 's characterisation . Some also took issue with the style and plot of the script , complaining that the Time - Turner storylines had already been used , as had Cedric Diggory 's death , and that the writers were rehashing old storylines . These criticisms have led to some of the fandom to reject the play as separate from the Potter canon . Some potential `` plot holes '' in the story have been highlighted , such as the likelihood of Lord Voldemort 's infertility , the speed at which Polyjuice Potion is created , the unexplained non-operation of the Fidelius Charm , and Cedric Diggory 's dramatic turn to becoming a Death Eater . However , some fans responded positively to the play and its characters , with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular . Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was `` spot on '' , celebrating it as a faithful continuation of the books . Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters , such as Harry and Dumbledore 's . The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage . Identity of the `` Cursed Child '' ( edit ) The play never explicitly states who the `` Cursed Child '' is . There are several possible answers , including Delphi , who is cursed by her parentage ; Harry himself , whose difficult childhood is the subject of several flashbacks in the play and who must accept and relive the death of his parents to conquer Lord Voldemort ; Albus , who at one stage Harry says he wished `` was not his son '' and can do no right in this father 's eyes being `` cursed '' by the Potter reputation ; Scorpius , who is rumoured to be Lord Voldemort 's child and whose mother dies during the play ; and Cedric Diggory , whose tragic death is a focus of the play , and whose death is also finally accepted as a necessary condition for future peace . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London Production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2016 Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Nominated Best Design Christine Jones Nominated Emerging Talent Award Anthony Boyle Nominated Critics ' Circle Theatre Awards Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Designer Christine Jones Won Most Promising Newcomer Anthony Boyle Won 2017 WhatsOnStage Awards Best New Play Won Best Actor in a Play Jamie Parker Won Best Supporting Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Won Paul Thornley Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Play Poppy Miller Nominated Noma Dumezweni Won Best Direction John Tiffany Won Best Costume Design Katrina Lindsay Nominated Best Set Design Christine Jones Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Video Design Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Laurence Olivier Awards Best New Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Actor Jamie Parker Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role Noma Dumezweni Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role Anthony Boyle Won Best Costume Design Katrina Lindsay Won Best Set Design Christine Jones Won Best Sound Design Gareth Fry Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Theatre Choreographer Steven Hoggett Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Music Imogen Heap Nominated 2018 WhatsOnStage Awards Best West End Show Won Best Show Poster Won Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Tony Awards Best Play Won Best Actor in a Play Jamie Parker Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Play Noma Dumezweni Nominated Best Direction of a Play John Tiffany Won Best Choreography Steven Hoggett Nominated Best Scenic Design in a Play Christine Jones Won Best Costume Design in a Play Katrina Lindsay Won Best Lighting Design in a Play Neil Austin Won Best Sound Design in a Play Gareth Fry Won Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Nominated Outstanding Director of a Play John Tiffany Won Outstanding Music in a Play Imogen Heap Won Outstanding Costume Design for a Play Katrina Lindsay Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design for a Play Neil Austin Won Outstanding Projection Design Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Outstanding Sound Design in a Play Gareth Fry Won Outstanding Wig and Hair Carole Hancock Nominated Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Broadway Play Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Nominated Outstanding New Score ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Imogen Heap Nominated Outstanding Director of a Play John Tiffany Won Outstanding Choreographer Steven Hoggett Nominated Outstanding Scenic Design ( Play or Musical ) Christine Jones Won Outstanding Costume Design ( Play or Musical ) Katrina Lindsay Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design ( Play or Musical ) Neil Austin Won Outstanding Projection Design ( Play or Musical ) Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Outstanding Sound Design ( Play or Musical ) Gareth Fry Won Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Play Won Distinguished Performance Award Anthony Boyle Nominated Noma Dumezweni Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Harry Potter The Play . harrypottertheplaylondon.com. 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Begins Previews in London , as Magic Continues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's `` Harry Potter '' in Development for West End Stage Premiere `` . Playbill. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter turned into stage play '' . The Guardian . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Matilda ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling confirms new Harry Potter story for the theatre '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling to collaborate on Harry Potter play for West End '' . The Guardian . 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a new play by JK Rowling , will hit the West End in 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter theatre show '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh Evening News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to open in 2016 '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . bloomsbury.com . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's The One Thing J.K. Rowling Wants Everyone To Know About The New Harry Potter Play '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to debut in London in 2016 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' : Everything you need to know '' . mashable.com. 27 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter play will be two - part epic '' . The Independent . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First peek at Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play '' . bbc.co.uk/newsbeat . BBC Newsbeat. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to be split in two '' . The Guardian . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In New Play , Harry Potter Is a Father '' . The New York Times . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ere 's How You Can See ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Without Robbing Gringotts '' . MTV . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grown - up Harry must juggle working at the Ministry of Magic with being a father to three children , including his youngest Albus '' . Sky ( United Kingdom ) . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child -- ' It 's extraordinary the story still is n't out ' '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Harry Potter fans ' keeping the secrets ' of the Cursed Child '' . BBC News . 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXPLORE THE STORY -- Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . harrypottertheplaylondon.com . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child gets five star reviews '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . The play , written by Jack Thorne , is set 19 years after the seventh and final book in the series by JK Rowling . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harry Potter The Play . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Coming Back , This Time on Stage in New Play '' . The New York Times . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Sets London Premiere '' . Playbill. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Play Planned for 2016 '' . Rolling Stone . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Harry Potter Play to Open in London Next Year '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' To Open in London 's West End Summer 2016 '' . deadline.com. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter stage play '' . The Scotsman. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to open in London in 2016 , JK Rowling confirms '' . Digital Spy. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stage play to premiere in the West End next summer '' . The Stage. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER AND THE CURSED CHILD TO BE PRESENTED IN TWO PARTS '' . soniafriedman.com. 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ticket sale : Over 175,000 tickets sell in just eight hours '' . The Independent . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : West End play focuses on Harry 's youngest son '' . The Guardian . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child run extended to April 2017 as touted tickets go on sale for £ 3,000 '' . The Daily Telegraph . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 175,000 tickets for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child on London 's West End were snapped up in eight hours '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Extended booking dates confirmed for Harry Potter and The Cursed Child general sale '' . Digital Spy. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child extends booking YET AGAIN -- this time to May 2017 '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stage show producers warn scalpers that resold tix will not fly '' . Playbill. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Friday Forty '' . Palace Theatre . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child announces lead cast '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling shuts down anyone with a problem about Hermione being black on Twitter : ' Frizzy hair is canon ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Responding to ( a small pocket of ) negative discussion of the casting , she tweeted : `` Canon : brown eyes , frizzy hair , and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione . '' UPDATE : Hold up , maybe the logic is n't quite so airtight . Jump up ^ `` In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a black actress will play Hermione '' . The New York Times . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate . `` There 's nothing confusing about a black actress playing Hermione Granger -- Spectator Blogs '' . Spectator Blogs . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . JK Rowling tweeted this morning that she 'd never specified Hermione 's skin colour in the books Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling ( @ jk_rowling ) ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Canon : Brown eyes , frizzy hair , and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast photos released '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42 Member multicultural cast revealed for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Playbill. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full casting announced for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Sets April 22 , 2018 Broadway Opening '' . Deadline . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Officially Opens on Broadway April 22 '' Playbill , 22 April 2018 Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to Bow on Broadway in 2018 '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Play Broadway '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Another Harry Potter Landmark : At $68 Million , the Most Expensive Broadway Nonmusical Play Ever '' . New York Times . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Melbourne '' . HarryPotterThePlay.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts One and Two '' . HarryPotterThePlay.com . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announcement Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Original Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Trio to Reunite on Broadway ; Additional Casting Announced Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast announced '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to be eighth book '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to pre-order the Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II script book '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Will Be Published in Book Form '' . Time . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter book coming out in July : the play script '' . The Guardian . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exciting publishing programme from J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World '' . pottermore.com. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter script the most preordered book of 2016 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ 8 / 3 / 2016 , `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Script Book Sells Over 2 Million Copies in 2 Days '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Cuccinello , Hayley C. `` How J.K. Rowling Earned $95 Million In A Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review : Tailor made for the theatre '' . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : A magical experience '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review at Palace Theatre '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( Palace Theatre ) '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a magical show with a strong emotional core -- review '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review -- duel of dark and light carried off with dazzling assurance '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , Parts One and Two ' Review : The Spell of Friendship '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` West End Review : ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( 3 August 2016 ) . `` ' Horrible fan fiction ' : Fans HATE Harry Potter and the Cursed Child book and here 's why '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Cursed Child failed to impress fans on pages '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Reading The `` Harry Potter '' Series 20 Times , Here 's Why I 'll Never Touch `` Cursed Child '' Again `` . 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Is Gone but Harry Potter Will Never Die '' . Time . Jump up ^ Lanevi , Samantha ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` Why ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Disappointed A Lifelong Harry Potter Fan '' . Jump up ^ `` Some ' Harry Potter ' fans are so disappointed with the new story that they 're refusing to call it canon '' . Business insider . 31 July 2016 . As a longtime `` Harry Potter '' enthusiast myself , I regretfully agree with the vocal minority who did not enjoy `` Cursed Child '' and would rather it was n't part of Harry Potter 's story . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Cursed Child : 18 Biggest WTF Moments '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Most WTF Moments in ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Cursed Child : 18 Biggest WTF Moments '' . 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Major Plot Holes In ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' '' . 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Allison ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` Why a Harry Potter and the Cursed Child film may or may not work '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ Haysom , Sam . `` 15 thoughts I had while reading ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ https://itsmusicalphan24601.tumblr.com/post/157072300373/time-travel-in-harry-potter Jump up ^ `` The Boy Who Lived '' . Harry Potter Oriented Things . Jump up ^ `` How Harry Potter & The Cursed Child Continues Harry 's Story '' . Screen Rant. 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what fans are saying about the new ' Harry Potter ' play that just premiered in London '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Questions We Have After Reading Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Time Magazine . 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Tony Award Nominations : SpongeBob SquarePants and Mean Girls Lead the Pack '' . Playbill. 2018 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATING LIVE : The Winners of the 2018 Tony Awards '' . Playbill. 2018 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Carousel , ' ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Lead 2018 Drama Desk Nominations ( Full List ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Outer Critics Circle Nominations Announced '' . TheaterMania.com. 2018 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Broadway 's ' Harry Potter ' , ' Mean Girls ' , ' Angels In America ' Among Drama League Award Nominees -- Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Official website Harry Potter and the Cursed Child on Twitter Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( 2018 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 -- present ) See also Wizarding World The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Warner Bros. Studio Tour London -- The Making of Harry Potter Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality My Immortal Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal `` The template below ( Wizarding World ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Awards for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play 1976 - 2000 Dear Daddy ( 1976 ) The Fire that Consumes ( 1977 ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? ( 1978 ) Betrayal ( 1979 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1980 ) Children of a Lesser God ( 1981 ) Another Country ( 1982 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1983 ) Benefactors ( 1984 ) Red Noses ( 1985 ) Les Liaisons Dangereuses ( 1986 ) Serious Money ( 1987 ) Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) Racing Demon ( 1989 / 1990 ) Dancing at Lughnasa ( 1991 ) Death and the Maiden ( 1992 ) Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) Arcadia ( 1994 ) Broken Glass ( 1995 ) Skylight ( 1996 ) Stanley ( 1997 ) Closer ( 1998 ) The Weir ( 1999 ) Goodnight Children Everywhere ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Blue / Orange ( 2001 ) Jitney ( 2002 ) Vincent in Brixton ( 2003 ) The Pillowman ( 2004 ) The History Boys ( 2005 ) On the Shore of the Wide World ( 2006 ) Blackbird ( 2007 ) A Disappearing Number ( 2008 ) Black Watch ( 2009 ) The Mountaintop ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Collaborators ( 2012 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2013 ) Chimerica ( 2014 ) King Charles III ( 2015 ) Hangmen ( 2016 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2017 ) The Ferryman ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Play 1948 - 1975 Mister Roberts ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) The Cocktail Party ( 1950 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1951 ) The Fourposter ( 1952 ) The Crucible ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1960 ) Becket ( 1961 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1962 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1963 ) Luther ( 1964 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) Marat / Sade ( 1966 ) The Homecoming ( 1967 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1968 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) Borstal Boy ( 1970 ) Sleuth ( 1971 ) Sticks and Bones ( 1972 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) The River Niger ( 1974 ) Equus ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 Travesties ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) Da ( 1978 ) The Elephant Man ( 1979 ) Children of a Lesser God ( 1980 ) Amadeus ( 1981 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1982 ) Torch Song Trilogy ( 1983 ) The Real Thing ( 1984 ) Biloxi Blues ( 1985 ) I 'm Not Rappaport ( 1986 ) Fences ( 1987 ) M. Butterfly ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) Dancing at Lughnasa ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Angels in America : Perestroika ( 1994 ) Love ! Valour ! Compassion ! ( 1995 ) Master Class ( 1996 ) The Last Night of Ballyhoo ( 1997 ) ' Art ' ( 1998 ) Side Man ( 1999 ) Copenhagen ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Proof ( 2001 ) The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? ( 2002 ) Take Me Out ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) The History Boys ( 2006 ) The Coast of Utopia ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) God of Carnage ( 2009 ) Red ( 2010 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Clybourne Park ( 2012 ) Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike ( 2013 ) All the Way ( 2014 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2015 ) The Humans ( 2016 ) Oslo ( 2017 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child&oldid=856591471 '' Categories : 2016 plays British plays Fantasy theatre Laurence Olivier Award - winning plays Plays set in the 20th century Plays set in the 21st century Plays set in England Plays set in Scotland Time travel literature West End plays Works based on Harry Potter Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 08 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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what is a good score in shot put | Shot put | shot put | The shot put ( pronounced / ˈʃɒt pʊt / ) is a track and field event involving `` throwing '' / `` putting '' ( throwing in a pushing motion ) a heavy spherical object -- the shot -- as far as possible . The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896 , and women 's competition began in 1948 . | Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Legal throws 1.2 Foul throws 1.3 Regulation misconceptions 2 Competition 2.1 Weight 3 Putting styles 3.1 Glide 3.2 Spin 3.3 Usage 4 Types of shots 5 World records 6 Continental records 7 Top 25 performers 7.1 Men 7.1. 1 Notes 7.1. 2 Non-legal marks 7.2 Women 7.2. 1 Notes 8 Olympic Medalists 8.1 Men 8.2 Women 9 World Championship medalists 9.1 Men 9.2 Women 10 World Indoor Championships medalists 10.1 Men 10.2 Women 11 Season 's bests 11.1 Men 11.2 Women 12 See also 13 Notes and references 14 External links History ( edit ) Czechoslovak shot putter Plihan at the 1957 East German Indoor Athletics Championships Shot putter at the University of Nebraska , 1942 , showing the circle and stopboard Homer mentions competitions of rock throwing by soldiers during the Siege of Troy but there is no record of any dead weights being thrown in Greek competitions . The first evidence for stone - or weight - throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands , and date back to approximately the first century . In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing . The first events resembling the modern shot put likely occurred in the Middle Ages when soldiers held competitions in which they hurled cannonballs . Shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland , and were a part of the British Amateur Championships beginning in 1866 . Competitors take their throw from inside a marked circle 2.135 metres ( 7.00 ft ) in diameter , with a stopboard about 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) high at the front of the circle . The distance thrown is measured from the inside of the circumference of the circle to the nearest mark made in the ground by the falling shot , with distances rounded down to the nearest centimetre under IAAF and WMA rules . Legal throws ( edit ) Czechoslovak shot putter Jiří Skobla showing the correct technique for keeping the shot near the neck The following rules ( indoor and outdoor ) are adhered to for a legal throw : Upon calling the athlete 's name , the athlete may choose from any part of the throwing circle to enter inside . They have sixty seconds to commence the throwing motion otherwise they are banned from the game . The athlete may not wear gloves ; IAAF rules permit the taping of individual fingers . The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck , and keep it tight to the neck throughout the motion . The shot must be released above the height of the shoulder , using only one hand . The athlete may touch the inside surface of the circle or toe board , but must not touch the top or outside of the circle or toe board , or the ground beyond the circle . Limbs may however extend over the lines of the circle in the air . The shot must land in the legal sector ( 34.92 ° ) of the throwing area . The athlete must leave the throwing circle from the back . Foul throws ( edit ) Foul throws occur when an athlete : Does not pause within the circle before beginning the putting motion . Does not complete the putting movement within sixty seconds of having their name called . Allows the shot to drop below his shoulder or outside the vertical plane of his shoulder during the put . At any time if the shot loses contact with the neck then it is technically an illegal put . During the putting motion , touches with any part of the body ( including shoes ) : the top or ends of the toe board the top of the iron ring anywhere outside the circle . Puts a shot which either falls outside the throwing sector or touches a sector line on the initial impact . Leaves the circle before the shot has landed . Does not leave from the rear half of the circle . Regulation misconceptions ( edit ) The following are either obsolete or non-existent , but commonly believed rules within professional competition : The athlete must enter the circle from the back ( none of the rule books contain such a clause ) . The athlete entering the circle , then exiting and re-entering it prior to starting the throw results in a foul ( all the rule books allow an athlete to leave a circle prior to starting a throw , but this still counts within the one - minute time limit ; the allowable method of exiting the circle varies by rule book ) . Loose clothing , shoelaces , or long hair touching outside the circle during a throw , or an athlete bringing a towel into the circle and then throwing it out prior to the put results in a foul Competition ( edit ) A shot putter with a representation of the circle and legal sector Shot put area Shot put competitions have been held at the modern Summer Olympic Games since their inception in 1896 , and it is also included as an event in the World Athletics Championships . Each competition has a set number of rounds of throws . Typically there are three preliminary rounds to determine qualification for the final , and then three more rounds in the final . Each competitor is credited with their longest throw , regardless of whether it was achieved in the preliminary or final rounds . The competitor with the longest legal put is declared the winner . Weight ( edit ) In open competitions the men 's shot weighs 7.260 kilograms ( 16.01 lb ) , and the women 's shot weighs 4 kilograms ( 8.8 lb ) . Junior , school , and masters competitions often use different weights of shots , typically below the weights of those used in open competitions ; the individual rules for each competition should be consulted in order to determine the correct weights to be used . Putting styles ( edit ) Two putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors : the glide and the spin . With all putting styles , the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward velocity at an angle of approximately forty degrees . Glide ( edit ) The origin of this technique glide dates to 1951 , when Parry O'Brien from the United States invented a technique that involved the putter facing backwards , rotating 180 degrees across the circle , and then tossing the shot . Unlike spin this technique it is a linear movement . With this technique , a right - hand thrower would begin facing the rear of the circle , and then kick to the front with the left leg , while pushing off forcefully with the right . As the thrower crosses the circle , the hips twist toward the front , the left arm is swung out then pulled back tight , followed by the shoulders , and they then strike in a putting motion with their right arm . The key is to move quickly across the circle with as little air under the feet as possible , hence the name ' glide ' . Spin ( edit ) Also known as rotational technique . It was first practiced in Europe in the 1950 's but did not receive much attention until the 1970 's . In 1972 Aleksandr Baryshnikov set his first USSR record using a new putting style , the spin ( `` круговой мах '' in Russian ) , invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev . The spin involves rotating like a discus thrower and using rotational momentum for power . In 1976 Baryshnikov went on to set a world record of 22.00 m ( 72.18 ft ) with his spin style , and was the first shot putter to cross the 22 - meter mark . With this technique , a right - hand thrower faces the rear , and begins to spin on the ball of the left foot . The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the center of the circle . Finally , the thrower reaches for the front of the circle with the left foot , twisting the hips and shoulders like in the glide , and puts the shot . When the athlete executes the spin , the upper body is twisted hard to the right , so the imaginary lines created by the shoulders and hips are no longer parallel . This action builds up torque , and stretches the muscles , creating an involuntary elasticity in the muscles , providing extra power and momentum . When the athlete prepares to release , the left foot is firmly planted , causing the momentum and energy generated to be conserved , pushing the shot in an upward and outward direction . Another purpose of the spin is to build up a high rotational speed , by swinging the right leg initially , then to bring all the limbs in tightly , similar to a figure skater bringing in their arms while spinning to increase their speed . Once this fast speed is achieved the shot is released , transferring the energy into the shot put . Until 2009 , a woman has never made an Olympic final ( top 8 ) using spin , so consequentially there has never been an Olympic medalist for the women using the spin technique . Usage ( edit ) Currently , most top male shot putters use the spin . However the glide remains popular since the technique leads to greater consistency compared to the rotational technique . Almost all throwers start by using the glide . Tomasz Majewski notes that although most athletes use the spin , he and some other top shot putters achieved success using this classic method ( for example he became first to defend the Olympic title in 56 years ) . The world record by a male putter of 23.12 m ( 75 ft 10 in ) by Randy Barnes was completed with the spin technique , while the second - best all - time put of 23.06 m ( 75 ft 7 ⁄ in ) by Ulf Timmermann was completed with the glide technique . The decision to glide or spin may need to be decided on an individual basis , determined by the thrower 's size and power . Short throwers may benefit from the spin and taller throwers may benefit from the glide , but many throwers do not follow this guideline . Types of shots ( edit ) The shot is made of different kinds of materials depending on its intended use . Materials used include sand , iron , cast iron , solid steel , stainless steel , brass , and synthetic materials like polyvinyl . Some metals are more dense than others making the size of the shot vary . For example , different materials are used to make indoor and outdoor shot - because damage to surroundings must be taken into account - so the latter are smaller . There are various size and weight standards for the implement that depend on the age and gender of the competitors as well as the national customs of the governing body . World records ( edit ) Main articles : World record progression shot put men and World record progression shot put women The current world record holders are : Type Athlete Distance Venue Date Men Outdoor Randy Barnes 23.12 m ( 75 ft 10 in ) Los Angeles , California , USA May 20 , 1990 Indoor Randy Barnes 22.66 m ( 74 ft 4 in ) Los Angeles , California , USA January 20 , 1989 Women Outdoor Natalya Lisovskaya 22.63 m ( 74 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Moscow , USSR June 7 , 1987 Indoor Helena Fibingerová 22.50 m ( 73 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Jablonec , CZE February 19 , 1977 Continental records ( edit ) The current records held on each continent are : Area Men 's Women 's Distance Athlete Nation Distance Athlete Nation Africa 21.97 m ( 72 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Janus Robberts South Africa 18.43 m ( 60 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Vivian Chukwuemeka Nigeria Asia 21.13 m ( 69 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Sultan Abdulmajeed Al - Hebshi Saudi Arabia 21.76 m ( 71 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Meisu Li China Europe 23.06 m ( 75 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Ulf Timmermann East Germany 22.63 m ( 74 ft 2 ⁄ in ) WR Natalya Lisovskaya Soviet Union North and Central America , and Caribbean 23.12 m ( 75 ft 10 in ) WR Randy Barnes United States 20.96 m ( 68 ft 9 in ) A Belsy Laza Cuba Oceania 22.67 m ( 74 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Tomas Walsh New Zealand 21.24 m ( 69 ft 8 in ) Valerie Adams New Zealand South America 21.94 m ( 71 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Darlan Romani Brazil 19.30 m ( 63 ft 3 ⁄ in ) A Elisângela Adriano Brazil Top 25 performers ( edit ) i = indoor performance A = affected by altitude Correct as of February 2018 . Men ( edit ) Rank Mark Technique Athlete Nationality Date Place Ref 23.12 m ( 75 ft 10 in ) spin Randy Barnes United States 20 May 1990 Westwood 23.06 m ( 75 ft 7 ⁄ in ) glide Ulf Timmermann East Germany 22 May 1988 Khania 22.91 m ( 75 ft 1 ⁄ in ) glide Alessandro Andrei Italy 12 August 1987 Viareggio 22.86 m ( 75 ft 0 in ) spin Brian Oldfield United States 10 May 1975 El Paso 5 22.75 m ( 74 ft 7 ⁄ in ) glide Werner Günthör Switzerland 23 August 1988 Bern 6 22.67 m ( 74 ft 4 ⁄ in ) spin Kevin Toth United States 19 April 2003 Lawrence spin Tomas Walsh New Zealand 25 March 2018 Auckland 8 22.65 m ( 74 ft 3 ⁄ in ) spin Ryan Crouser United States 25 June 2017 Sacramento 9 22.64 m ( 74 ft 3 ⁄ in ) glide Udo Beyer East Germany 20 August 1986 Berlin 10 22.57 m ( 74 ft 0 ⁄ in ) spin Joe Kovacs United States 18 May 2017 Tucson 11 22.54 m ( 73 ft 11 ⁄ in ) spin Christian Cantwell United States 5 June 2004 Gresham 12 22.52 m ( 73 ft 10 ⁄ in ) glide John Brenner United States 26 April 1987 Walnut 13 22.51 m ( 73 ft 10 in ) spin Adam Nelson United States 18 May 2002 Gresham 14 22.44 m ( 73 ft 7 ⁄ in ) spin Darrell Hill United States 31 August 2017 Brussels 15 22.43 m ( 73 ft 7 in ) spin Reese Hoffa United States 3 August 2007 London 16 22.28 m ( 73 ft 1 in ) spin Ryan Whiting United States 10 May 2013 Doha 17 22.24 m ( 72 ft 11 ⁄ in ) glide Sergey Smirnov Soviet Union 21 June 1986 Tallinn 18 22.21 m ( 72 ft 10 ⁄ in ) A spin Dylan Armstrong Canada 25 June 2011 Calgary 19 22.20 m ( 72 ft 10 in ) glide David Storl Germany 9 July 2015 Lausanne spin John Godina United States 22 May 2005 Carson 21 22.17 m ( 72 ft 8 ⁄ in ) i spin Tomáš Staněk Czech Republic 6 February 2018 Düsseldorf 22 22.10 m ( 72 ft 6 in ) Sergey Gavryushin Soviet Union 31 August 1986 Tbilisi 22.10 m ( 72 ft 6 in ) spin Cory Martin United States 23 May 2010 Tucson 24 22.09 m ( 72 ft 5 ⁄ in ) i spin Mika Halvari Finland 7 February 2000 Tampere 25 22.02 m ( 72 ft 2 ⁄ in ) spin Dave Laut United States 25 August 1982 Koblenz 22.02 m ( 72 ft 2 ⁄ in ) i glide George Woods United States 8 February 1974 Inglewood Notes ( edit ) Below is a list of throws equal or superior to 22.43 m : Randy Barnes also threw 23.10 m ( 1990 ) . Ulf Timmermann also threw 22.62 m ( 1985 ) , 22.61 m ( 1988 ) , 22.60 m ( 1986 ) , 22.56 m ( 1988 ) , 22.55 m ( i ) ( 1989 ) , 22.51 m ( 1986 ) , 22.47 m ( 1986 , 1988 ) . Joe Kovacs also threw 22.56 m ( 2015 ) . Ryan Crouser also threw 22.53 m ( 2018 ) , 22.52 m ( 2016 ) , 22.47 m ( 2017 ) , 22.43 m ( 2017 ) . Tom Walsh also threw 22.45 m ( 2018 ) . Brian Oldfield also threw 22.45 m ( A ) ( 1976 ) . Christian Cantwell also threw 22.45 m ( 2006 ) . Werner Günthör also threw 22.47 m ( 1987 ) , 22.43 m ( 1987 ) . Non-legal marks ( edit ) Rolf Österreich of the East Germany threw a best of 22.11 on 12 September 1976 in Zschopau , but this mark was not recognized by East German authorities . Andrei Mikhnevich of Belarus threw 22.10 on 8 August 2011 in Minsk . This mark was annulled due to doping offense . Sergey Kasnauskas of Belarus threw 22.09 with an irregular implement on 23 August 1984 in Minsk . Women ( edit ) Rank Mark Technique Athlete Nationality Location Date 22.63 m ( 74 ft 2 ⁄ in ) glide Natalya Lisovskaya Soviet Union Moscow June 7 , 1987 22.50 m ( 73 ft 9 ⁄ in ) i glide Helena Fibingerová Czechoslovakia Jablonec nad Nisou February 19 , 1977 22.45 m ( 73 ft 7 ⁄ in ) glide Ilona Slupianek East Germany Potsdam May 11 , 1980 22.19 m ( 72 ft 9 ⁄ in ) glide Claudia Losch West Germany Hainfeld August 23 , 1987 5 21.89 m ( 71 ft 9 ⁄ in ) glide Ivanka Khristova Bulgaria Belmeken July 4 , 1976 6 21.86 m ( 71 ft 8 ⁄ in ) glide Marianne Adam East Germany Leipzig June 23 , 1979 7 21.76 m ( 71 ft 4 ⁄ in ) glide Li Meisu China Shijiazhuang April 23 , 1988 8 21.73 m ( 71 ft 3 ⁄ in ) glide Natalya Akhrimenko Soviet Union Leselidze May 21 , 1988 9 21.70 m ( 71 ft 2 ⁄ in ) i glide Nadzeya Ostapchuk Belarus Mogilev February 12 , 2010 10 21.69 m ( 71 ft 1 ⁄ in ) glide Vita Pavlysh Ukraine Budapest August 15 , 1998 11 21.66 m ( 71 ft 0 ⁄ in ) glide Sui Xinmei China Beijing June 9 , 1990 12 21.62 m ( 70 ft 11 in ) glide Verzhinia Veselinova Bulgaria Sofia August 21 , 1982 13 21.60 m ( 70 ft 10 ⁄ in ) i glide Valentina Fedyushina Soviet Union Simferopol December 28 , 1991 14 21.58 m ( 70 ft 9 ⁄ in ) glide Margitta Pufe East Germany Erfurt May 28 , 1978 15 21.57 m ( 70 ft 9 in ) glide Ines Müller East Germany Athens May 16 , 1988 16 21.53 m ( 70 ft 7 ⁄ in ) glide Nunu Abashidze Soviet Union Kiev June 20 , 1984 17 21.52 m ( 70 ft 7 in ) glide Huang Zhihong China Beijing June 27 , 1990 18 21.46 m ( 70 ft 4 ⁄ in ) glide Larisa Peleshenko Russia Budapest August 26 , 2000 19 21.45 m ( 70 ft 4 ⁄ in ) glide Nadezhda Chizhova Soviet Union Varna September 29 , 1973 20 21.43 m ( 70 ft 3 ⁄ in ) glide Eva Wilms West Germany Munich June 27 , 1977 21 21.42 m ( 70 ft 3 ⁄ in ) glide Svetlana Krachevskaya Soviet Union Moscow July 24 , 1980 22 21.31 m ( 69 ft 10 ⁄ in ) glide Heike Hartwig East Germany Athens May 16 , 1988 23 21.27 m ( 69 ft 9 ⁄ in ) glide Liane Schmuhl East Germany Cottbus June 26 , 1982 24 21.24 m ( 69 ft 8 in ) glide Valerie Adams New Zealand Daegu August 29 , 2011 25 21.22 m ( 69 ft 7 ⁄ in ) glide Astrid Kumbernuss Germany Gothenburg August 5 , 1995 Notes ( edit ) Below is a list of throws equal or superior to 21.49 m : Natalya Lisovskaya also threw 22.14 mi ( 1987 ) , 21.60 m ( 1988 ) . Helena Fibingerová also threw 21.75 mi ( 1977 ) , 21.66 m ( 1977 ) , 21.58 mi ( 1977 ) , 21.47 mi ( 1985 ) , 21.46 mi ( 1977 ) . Ilona Slupianek also threw 21.59 mi ( 1979 ) , 21.52 mi ( 1980 ) , 21.49 mi ( 1980 ) . Olympic Medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1896 Athens details Robert Garrett ( USA ) Miltiadis Gouskos ( GRE ) Georgios Papasideris ( GRE ) 1900 Paris details Richard Sheldon ( USA ) Josiah McCracken ( USA ) Robert Garrett ( USA ) 1904 St. Louis details Ralph Rose ( USA ) Wesley Coe ( USA ) Lawrence Feuerbach ( USA ) 1908 London details Ralph Rose ( USA ) Denis Horgan ( GBR ) John Garrels ( USA ) 1912 Stockholm details Pat McDonald ( USA ) Ralph Rose ( USA ) Lawrence Whitney ( USA ) 1920 Antwerp details Ville Pörhölä ( FIN ) Elmer Niklander ( FIN ) Harry Liversedge ( USA ) 1924 Paris details Bud Houser ( USA ) Glenn Hartranft ( USA ) Ralph Hills ( USA ) 1928 Amsterdam details John Kuck ( USA ) Herman Brix ( USA ) Emil Hirschfeld ( GER ) 1932 Los Angeles details Leo Sexton ( USA ) Harlow Rothert ( USA ) František Douda ( TCH ) 1936 Berlin details Hans Woellke ( GER ) Sulo Bärlund ( FIN ) Gerhard Stöck ( GER ) 1948 London details Wilbur Thompson ( USA ) Jim Delaney ( USA ) Jim Fuchs ( USA ) 1952 Helsinki details Parry O'Brien ( USA ) Darrow Hooper ( USA ) Jim Fuchs ( USA ) 1956 Melbourne details Parry O'Brien ( USA ) Bill Nieder ( USA ) Jiří Skobla ( TCH ) 1960 Rome details Bill Nieder ( USA ) Parry O'Brien ( USA ) Dallas Long ( USA ) 1964 Tokyo details Dallas Long ( USA ) Randy Matson ( USA ) Vilmos Varjú ( HUN ) 1968 Mexico City details Randy Matson ( USA ) George Woods ( USA ) Eduard Gushchin ( URS ) 1972 Munich details Władysław Komar ( POL ) George Woods ( USA ) Hartmut Briesenick ( GDR ) 1976 Montreal details Udo Beyer ( GDR ) Yevgeniy Mironov ( URS ) Aleksandr Baryshnikov ( URS ) 1980 Moscow details Vladimir Kiselyov ( URS ) Aleksandr Baryshnikov ( URS ) Udo Beyer ( GDR ) 1984 Los Angeles details Alessandro Andrei ( ITA ) Mike Carter ( USA ) Dave Laut ( USA ) 1988 Seoul details Ulf Timmermann ( GDR ) Randy Barnes ( USA ) Werner Günthör ( SUI ) 1992 Barcelona details Mike Stulce ( USA ) Jim Doehring ( USA ) Vyacheslav Lykho ( EUN ) 1996 Atlanta details Randy Barnes ( USA ) John Godina ( USA ) Oleksandr Bagach ( UKR ) 2000 Sydney details Arsi Harju ( FIN ) Adam Nelson ( USA ) John Godina ( USA ) 2004 Athens details Adam Nelson ( USA ) Joachim Olsen ( DEN ) Manuel Martínez ( ESP ) 2008 Beijing details Tomasz Majewski ( POL ) Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Dylan Armstrong ( CAN ) 2012 London details Tomasz Majewski ( POL ) David Storl ( GER ) Reese Hoffa ( USA ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Ryan Crouser ( USA ) Joe Kovacs ( USA ) Tomas Walsh ( NZL ) Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1948 London details Micheline Ostermeyer ( FRA ) Amelia Piccinini ( ITA ) Ina Schäffer ( AUT ) 1952 Helsinki details Galina Zybina ( URS ) Marianne Werner ( GER ) Klavdiya Tochenova ( URS ) 1956 Melbourne details Tamara Tyshkevich ( URS ) Galina Zybina ( URS ) Marianne Werner ( EUA ) 1960 Rome details Tamara Press ( URS ) Johanna Lüttge ( EUA ) Earlene Brown ( USA ) 1964 Tokyo details Tamara Press ( URS ) Renate Culmberger ( EUA ) Galina Zybina ( URS ) 1968 Mexico City details Margitta Gummel ( GDR ) Marita Lange ( GDR ) Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) 1972 Munich details Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) Margitta Gummel ( GDR ) Ivanka Khristova ( BUL ) 1976 Montreal details Ivanka Khristova ( BUL ) Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) Helena Fibingerová ( TCH ) 1980 Moscow details Ilona Slupianek ( GDR ) Svetlana Krachevskaya ( URS ) Margitta Pufe ( GDR ) 1984 Los Angeles details Claudia Losch ( FRG ) Mihaela Loghin ( ROU ) Gael Martin ( AUS ) 1988 Seoul details Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Kathrin Neimke ( GDR ) Li Meisu ( CHN ) 1992 Barcelona details Svetlana Krivelyova ( EUN ) Huang Zhihong ( CHN ) Kathrin Neimke ( GER ) 1996 Atlanta details Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) Sui Xinmei ( CHN ) Irina Khudoroshkina ( RUS ) 2000 Sydney details Yanina Karolchik ( BLR ) Larisa Peleshenko ( RUS ) Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) 2004 Athens details Yumileidi Cumbá ( CUB ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) Not awarded 2008 Beijing details Valerie Vili ( NZL ) vacant vacant 2012 London details Valerie Adams ( NZL ) vacant Gong Lijiao ( CHN ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Michelle Carter ( USA ) Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Anita Márton ( HUN ) World Championship medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Edward Sarul ( POL ) Ulf Timmermann ( GDR ) Remigius Machura ( TCH ) 1987 Rome details Werner Günthör ( SUI ) Alessandro Andrei ( ITA ) John Brenner ( USA ) 1991 Tokyo details Werner Günthör ( SUI ) Lars Arvid Nilsen ( NOR ) Aleksandr Klimenko ( URS ) 1993 Stuttgart details Werner Günthör ( SUI ) Randy Barnes ( USA ) Oleksandr Bagach ( UKR ) 1995 Gothenburg details John Godina ( USA ) Mika Halvari ( FIN ) Randy Barnes ( USA ) 1997 Athens details John Godina ( USA ) Oliver - Sven Buder ( GER ) C.J. Hunter ( USA ) 1999 Seville details C.J. Hunter ( USA ) Oliver - Sven Buder ( GER ) Oleksandr Bagach ( UKR ) 2001 Edmonton details John Godina ( USA ) Adam Nelson ( USA ) Arsi Harju ( FIN ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Andrei Mikhnevich ( BLR ) Adam Nelson ( USA ) Yuriy Bilonoh ( UKR ) 2005 Helsinki details Adam Nelson ( USA ) Rutger Smith ( NED ) Ralf Bartels ( GER ) 2007 Osaka details Reese Hoffa ( USA ) Adam Nelson ( USA ) Rutger Smith ( NED ) 2009 Berlin details Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Tomasz Majewski ( POL ) Ralf Bartels ( GER ) 2011 Daegu details David Storl ( GER ) Dylan Armstrong ( CAN ) Christian Cantwell ( USA ) 2013 Moscow details David Storl ( GER ) Ryan Whiting ( USA ) Dylan Armstrong ( CAN ) 2015 Beijing details Joe Kovacs ( USA ) David Storl ( GER ) O'Dayne Richards ( JAM ) 2017 London details Tomas Walsh ( NZL ) Joe Kovacs ( USA ) Stipe Žunić ( CRO ) Women ( edit ) Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Helena Fibingerová ( TCH ) Helma Knorscheidt ( GDR ) Ilona Schoknecht - Slupianek ( GDR ) 1987 Rome details Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Kathrin Neimke ( GDR ) Ines Müller ( GDR ) 1991 Tokyo details Huang Zhihong ( CHN ) Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Svetlana Krivelyova ( URS ) 1993 Stuttgart details Huang Zhihong ( CHN ) Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) Kathrin Neimke ( GER ) 1995 Gothenburg details Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) Huang Zhihong ( CHN ) Svetla Mitkova ( BUL ) 1997 Athens details Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) Vita Pavlysh ( UKR ) Stephanie Storp ( GER ) 1999 Seville details Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) 2001 Edmonton details Yanina Karolchik ( BLR ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) Vita Pavlysh ( UKR ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) Nadzeya Ostapchuk ( BLR ) Vita Pavlysh ( UKR ) 2005 Helsinki details Olga Ryabinkina ( RUS ) Valerie Vili ( NZL ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) 2007 Osaka details Valerie Vili ( NZL ) Nadzeya Ostapchuk ( BLR ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) 2009 Berlin details Valerie Vili ( NZL ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) Gong Lijiao ( CHN ) 2011 Daegu details Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Nadzeya Ostapchuk ( BLR ) Jillian Camarena - Williams ( USA ) 2013 Moscow details Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Christina Schwanitz ( GER ) Gong Lijiao ( CHN ) 2015 Beijing details Christina Schwanitz ( GER ) Gong Lijiao ( CHN ) Michelle Carter ( USA ) 2017 London details Gong Lijiao ( CHN ) Anita Márton ( HUN ) Michelle Carter ( USA ) World Indoor Championships medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1985 Paris Remigius Machura ( TCH ) Udo Beyer ( GDR ) Jānis Bojārs ( URS ) 1987 Indianapolis details Ulf Timmermann ( GDR ) Werner Günthör ( SUI ) Sergey Smirnov ( URS ) 1989 Budapest details Ulf Timmermann ( GDR ) Randy Barnes ( USA ) Georg Andersen ( NOR ) 1991 Seville details Werner Günthör ( SUI ) Klaus Bodenmüller ( AUT ) Ron Backes ( USA ) 1993 Toronto details Mike Stulce ( USA ) Jim Doehring ( USA ) Oleksandr Bagach ( UKR ) 1995 Barcelona details Mika Halvari ( FIN ) C.J. Hunter ( USA ) Dragan Perić ( FRY ) 1997 Paris details Yuriy Bilonoh ( UKR ) Oleksandr Bagach ( UKR ) John Godina ( USA ) 1999 Maebashi details Oleksandr Bagach ( UKR ) John Godina ( USA ) Yuriy Bilonoh ( UKR ) 2001 Lisbon details John Godina ( USA ) Adam Nelson ( USA ) Manuel Martínez ( ESP ) 2003 Birmingham details Manuel Martínez ( ESP ) John Godina ( USA ) Yuriy Bilonoh ( UKR ) 2004 Budapest details Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Reese Hoffa ( USA ) Joachim Olsen ( DEN ) 2006 Moscow details Reese Hoffa ( USA ) Joachim Olsen ( DEN ) Pavel Sofin ( RUS ) 2008 Valencia details Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Reese Hoffa ( USA ) Tomasz Majewski ( POL ) 2010 Doha details Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Ralf Bartels ( GER ) Dylan Armstrong ( CAN ) 2012 Istanbul details Ryan Whiting ( USA ) David Storl ( GER ) Tomasz Majewski ( POL ) 2014 Sopot details Ryan Whiting ( USA ) David Storl ( GER ) Tomas Walsh ( NZL ) 2016 Portland details Tomas Walsh ( NZL ) Andrei Gag ( ROU ) Filip Mihaljević ( CRO ) 2018 Birmingham details Tomas Walsh ( NZL ) David Storl ( GER ) Tomáš Staněk ( CZE ) Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1985 Paris Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Ines Müller ( GDR ) Nunu Abashidze ( URS ) 1987 Indianapolis details Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Ilona Briesenick ( GDR ) Claudia Losch ( FRG ) 1989 Budapest details Claudia Losch ( FRG ) Huang Zhihong ( CHN ) Christa Wiese ( GDR ) 1991 Seville details Sui Xinmei ( CHN ) Huang Zhihong ( CHN ) Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) 1993 Toronto details Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) Stephanie Storp ( GER ) Zhang Liuhong ( CHN ) 1995 Barcelona details Kathrin Neimke ( GER ) Connie Price - Smith ( USA ) Grit Hammer ( GER ) 1997 Paris details Vita Pavlysh ( UKR ) Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) Irina Korzhanenko ( RUS ) 1999 Maebashi details Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) Krystyna Danilczyk - Zabawska ( POL ) Teri Steer - Tunks ( USA ) 2001 Lisbon details Larisa Peleshenko ( RUS ) Nadzeya Ostapchuk ( BLR ) Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) 2003 Birmingham details Irina Korzhanenko ( RUS ) Nadzeya Ostapchuk ( BLR ) Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) 2004 Budapest details Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) Yumileidi Cumbá ( CUB ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) 2006 Moscow details Natallia Mikhnevich ( BLR ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) Olga Ryabinkina ( RUS ) 2008 Valencia details Valerie Vili ( NZL ) Li Meiju ( CHN ) Misleydis González ( CUB ) 2010 Doha details Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Anna Avdeyeva ( RUS ) Nadine Kleinert ( GER ) 2012 Istanbul details Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Michelle Carter ( USA ) Jillian Camarena - Williams ( USA ) 2014 Sopot details Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Christina Schwanitz ( GER ) Gong Lijiao ( CHN ) 2016 Portland details Michelle Carter ( USA ) Anita Márton ( HUN ) Valerie Adams ( NZL ) 2018 Birmingham details Anita Márton ( HUN ) Danniel Thomas - Dodd ( JAM ) Gong Lijiao ( CHN ) Known as the World Indoor Games Season 's bests ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Year Distance Athlete Location 1964 20.68 m ( 67 ft 10 in ) Dallas Long ( USA ) Los Angeles 1965 21.52 m ( 70 ft 7 in ) Randy Matson ( USA ) College Station 1966 21.09 m ( 69 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Randy Matson ( USA ) Los Angeles 1967 21.78 m ( 71 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Randy Matson ( USA ) College Station 1968 21.30 m ( 69 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Randy Matson ( USA ) Walnut 1969 20.64 m ( 67 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Neal Steinhauer ( USA ) Hans - Peter Gies ( GDR ) Eugene Budapest 1970 21.75 m ( 71 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Randy Matson ( USA ) Berkeley 1971 21.12 m ( 69 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Heinz - Joachim Rothenburg ( GDR ) Moscow 1972 21.54 m ( 70 ft 8 in ) Hartmut Briesenick ( GDR ) Potsdam 1973 21.82 m ( 71 ft 7 in ) Al Feuerbach ( USA ) San Jose 22.02 m ( 72 ft 2 ⁄ in ) i George Woods ( USA ) Moscow 22.86 m ( 75 ft 0 in ) Brian Oldfield ( USA ) El Paso 1976 22.45 m ( 73 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Brian Oldfield ( USA ) El Paso 1977 21.74 m ( 71 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Udo Beyer ( GDR ) Düsseldorf 1978 22.15 m ( 72 ft 8 in ) Udo Beyer ( GDR ) Gothenburg 1979 21.74 m ( 71 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Udo Beyer ( GDR ) Linz 1980 21.98 m ( 72 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Udo Beyer ( GDR ) Erfurt 1981 22.02 m ( 72 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Brian Oldfield ( USA ) Modesto 1982 22.02 m ( 72 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Dave Laut ( USA ) Koblenz 22.22 m ( 72 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Udo Beyer ( GDR ) Los Angeles 1984 22.19 m ( 72 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Brian Oldfield ( USA ) San Jose 1985 22.62 m ( 74 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Ulf Timmermann ( GDR ) Berlin 1986 22.64 m ( 74 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Udo Beyer ( GDR ) Berlin 22.91 m ( 75 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Alessandro Andrei ( ITA ) Viareggio 1988 23.06 m ( 75 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Ulf Timmermann ( GDR ) Hania 1989 22.66 m ( 74 ft 4 in ) i Randy Barnes ( USA ) Los Angeles 1990 23.12 m ( 75 ft 10 in ) Randy Barnes ( USA ) Westwood 1991 22.03 m ( 72 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Werner Günthör ( SUI ) Oslo 1992 21.98 m ( 72 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Gregg Tafralis ( USA ) Los Gatos 1993 21.98 m ( 72 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Werner Günthör ( SUI ) Linz 1994 21.09 m ( 69 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Jim Doehring ( USA ) New York City 1995 22.00 m ( 72 ft 2 in ) John Godina ( USA ) Knoxville 22.40 m ( 73 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Randy Barnes ( USA ) Rüdlingen 1997 22.03 m ( 72 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Randy Barnes ( USA ) Indianapolis 1998 21.78 m ( 71 ft 5 ⁄ in ) John Godina ( USA ) Walnut 1999 22.02 m ( 72 ft 2 ⁄ in ) John Godina ( USA ) Eugene 2000 22.12 m ( 72 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Adam Nelson ( USA ) Sacramento 2001 21.97 m ( 72 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Janus Robberts ( RSA ) Eugene 2002 22.51 m ( 73 ft 10 in ) Adam Nelson ( USA ) Gresham 2003 22.67 m ( 74 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Kevin Toth ( USA ) Lawrence 22.54 m ( 73 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Gresham 2005 22.20 m ( 72 ft 10 in ) John Godina ( USA ) Carson 2006 22.45 m ( 73 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Gateshead 2007 22.43 m ( 73 ft 7 in ) Reese Hoffa ( USA ) London 2008 22.40 m ( 73 ft 5 ⁄ in ) i Adam Nelson ( USA ) Fayetteville 2009 22.16 m ( 72 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Zagreb 22.41 m ( 73 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Eugene 2011 22.21 m ( 72 ft 10 ⁄ in ) A Dylan Armstrong ( CAN ) Calgary 2012 22.31 m ( 73 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Christian Cantwell ( USA ) Champaign 2013 22.28 m ( 73 ft 1 in ) Ryan Whiting ( USA ) Doha 2014 22.23 m ( 72 ft 11 in ) Ai Ryan Whiting ( USA ) Albuquerque 2015 22.56 m ( 74 ft 0 in ) Joe Kovacs ( USA ) Monaco 2016 22.52 m ( 73 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Ryan Crouser ( USA ) Rio de Janeiro 2017 22.65 m ( 74 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Ryan Crouser ( USA ) Sacramento Women ( edit ) Year Distance Athlete Location 1964 18.40 m ( 60 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Tamara Press ( URS ) Minsk 1965 18.59 m ( 60 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Tamara Press ( URS ) Kassel 1966 18.01 m ( 59 ft 1 in ) Tamara Press ( URS ) Auckland 1967 18.34 m ( 60 ft 2 in ) Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) Karl - Marx - Stadt 1968 19.61 m ( 64 ft 4 in ) Margitta Gummel ( GDR ) Mexico City 1969 20.43 m ( 67 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) Athens 1970 19.69 m ( 64 ft 7 in ) Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) Erfurt 1971 20.43 m ( 67 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) Moscow 1972 21.03 m ( 68 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) Munich 1973 21.45 m ( 70 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Nadezhda Chizhova ( URS ) Varna 21.57 m ( 70 ft 9 in ) Helena Fibingerová ( TCH ) Gottwaldov 21.60 m ( 70 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Marianne Adam ( GDR ) Berlin 1976 21.99 m ( 72 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Helena Fibingerová ( TCH ) Opava 1977 22.50 m ( 73 ft 9 ⁄ in ) i Helena Fibingerová ( TCH ) Jablonec nad Nisou 1978 22.06 m ( 72 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Ilona Slupianek ( GDR ) Berlin 1979 22.04 m ( 72 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Ilona Slupianek ( GDR ) Potsdam 1980 22.45 m ( 73 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Ilona Slupianek ( GDR ) Potsdam 1981 21.61 m ( 70 ft 10 ⁄ in ) Ilona Slupianek ( GDR ) Potsdam 1982 21.80 m ( 71 ft 6 ⁄ in ) Ilona Slupianek ( GDR ) Potsdam 22.40 m ( 73 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Ilona Slupianek ( GDR ) Berlin 1984 22.53 m ( 73 ft 11 in ) Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Sochi 1985 21.73 m ( 71 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Erfurt 1986 21.70 m ( 71 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Tallinn 22.63 m ( 74 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Moscow 1988 22.55 m ( 73 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Natalya Lisovskaya ( URS ) Tallinn 1989 20.82 m ( 68 ft 3 ⁄ in ) Li Meisu ( CHN ) Prague 1990 21.66 m ( 71 ft 0 ⁄ in ) Sui Xinmei ( CHN ) Beijing 1991 21.60 m ( 70 ft 10 ⁄ in ) i Valentina Fedyushina ( URS ) Simferopol 1992 21.06 m ( 69 ft 1 in ) Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) Barcelona 1993 20.84 m ( 68 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) Moscow 1994 20.54 m ( 67 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Sui Xinmei ( CHN ) Beijing 1995 21.22 m ( 69 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) Gothenburg 20.97 m ( 68 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) Duisburg 1997 21.22 m ( 69 ft 7 ⁄ in ) Astrid Kumbernuss ( GER ) Hamburg 1998 21.69 m ( 71 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Viktoriya Pavlysh ( UKR ) Budapest 1999 21.15 m ( 69 ft 4 ⁄ in ) i Irina Korzhanenko ( RUS ) Moscow 2000 21.46 m ( 70 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Larisa Peleshenko ( RUS ) Moscow 2001 20.79 m ( 68 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Larisa Peleshenko ( RUS ) Tula 2002 20.64 m ( 67 ft 8 ⁄ in ) Irina Korzhanenko ( RUS ) Munich 2003 20.77 m ( 68 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Svetlana Krivelyova ( RUS ) Tula 20.79 m ( 68 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Irina Korzhanenko ( RUS ) Tula 2005 21.09 m ( 69 ft 2 ⁄ in ) Nadzeya Astapchuk ( BLR ) Minsk 2006 20.86 m ( 68 ft 5 ⁄ in ) i Nadzeya Astapchuk ( BLR ) Minsk 2007 20.54 m ( 67 ft 4 ⁄ in ) Valerie Vili ( NZL ) Osaka 2008 20.98 m ( 68 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Nadzeya Astapchuk ( BLR ) Minsk 2009 21.07 m ( 69 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Valerie Vili ( NZL ) Thessaloniki 21.70 m ( 71 ft 2 ⁄ in ) i Nadzeya Astapchuk ( BLR ) Mogilev 2011 21.24 m ( 69 ft 8 in ) Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Daegu 2012 21.58 m ( 70 ft 9 ⁄ in ) Nadzeya Astapchuk ( BLR ) Minsk 2013 20.98 m ( 68 ft 9 ⁄ in ) i Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Zürich 2014 20.67 m ( 67 ft 9 ⁄ in ) i Valerie Adams ( NZL ) Sopot 2015 20.77 m ( 68 ft 1 ⁄ in ) Christina Schwanitz ( GER ) Beijing 2016 20.63 m ( 67 ft 8 in ) Michelle Carter ( USA ) Rio de Janeiro 2017 20.11 m ( 65 ft 11 ⁄ in ) Gong Lijiao ( CHN ) Böhmenkirch See also ( edit ) Masters shot put Pundo Stone put Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colin White ( 31 December 2009 ) . Projectile Dynamics in Sport : Principles and Applications . Taylor & Francis . pp. 131 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 47331 - 6 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hammer Throw '' . IAAF . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Shot Put - Introduction . IAAF . Retrieved on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.thoughtco.com/shot-put-glide-technique-3259104 Jump up ^ http://track.coachesdirectory.com/article/rotational-vs-glide-revisited--comparing-shot-techniques-article.html Jump up ^ http://digitaltrackandfield.com/shot-put-spin-glide-technique-comparison/ Jump up ^ Aleksandr Baryshnikov biography on sportsdaily.ru ( in Russian ) reference tested at 11 May 2009 Jump up ^ Aleksandr Baryshnikov , Athlete from Russia ( in Russian ) Archived 2010 - 09 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . reference tested at 11 May 2009 Jump up ^ Григорий РУДЕРМАН ( Израиль ) , заслуженный тренер России `` Метания в хх веке : тенденции развития . '' reference tested at 11 May 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.ltfca.com/assets/glide-vs-spin.pdf '' Jump up ^ http://digitaltrackandfield.com/shot-put-spin-glide-technique-comparison/ Jump up ^ Playboy Poland 8 / 2012 , page 44 , 45 Jump up ^ `` Outdoor : Shot Put : Area Records '' . Official website . International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Shot Put - men - senior - outdoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Shot Put - women - senior - outdoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jon Mulkeen ( 25 March 2018 ) . `` Walsh blasts Oceanian shot put record of 22.67 m in Auckland '' . IAAF . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Crouser Wins Shot Put With The Longest Throw In The World Since 1989 '' . flotrack.org. 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Mulkeen ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Kovacs throws 22.57 m , best in the world for 14 years '' . IAAF . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Rowbottom ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Hill hits the shot put jackpot in Brussels ' Place de la Monnaie -- IAAF Diamond League '' . IAAF . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shot Put Results '' ( PDF ) . sportresult.com. 9 July 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shot Put Results '' ( PDF ) . sportresult.com. 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Athens 2004 Athletics Medalists . Olympic.org . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Revision of results following sanctions of Tsikhan and Ostapchuk External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shot put . IAAF shot put homepage IAAF list of shot - put records in XML ( hide ) Athletics events Track and field Cross country running Road running Racewalking Track Sprints 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 y 100 m 150 m 200 m ( straight ) 300 m 400 m Hurdles 50 m 55 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 110 m 200 m ( low ) 300 m 400 m Middle - distance 500 m 600 m 800 m 1000 m 1500 m One mile 2000 m 2000 m steeplechase 3000 m 3000 m steeplechase Two miles Long - distance 5000 m 10,000 m One hour run Relays 4 × 100 m 4 × 200 m 4 × 400 m 4 × 800 m 4 × 1500 m Distance medley relay Sprint medley relay Swedish relay Walking Mile 3000 m 5000 m 10,000 m 20,000 m Field Throws Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put Weight throw Softball throw Jumps High jump ( standing ) Long jump ( standing ) Triple jump ( standing ) Pole vault Combined Decathlon Heptathlon Athletics pentathlon Women 's pentathlon Throws pentathlon Road Running 5 km 10 km 15 km 10 mi 20 km Half marathon 25 km 30 km Marathon Ekiden Ultramarathon Walking 10 km 20 km 50 km 50 mi 100 km Other Racerunning Multi-day race Ultramarathon Wheelchair racing Backward running Current Olympic events shown in italics Athletics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_put&oldid=843099486 '' Categories : Shot put Events in athletics ( track and field ) Individual sports Sports originating in Scotland Throwing sports Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 21 : 46 . 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who's line is it anyway original cast | Like the UK original , the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? features four performers , two of whom , Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , were regular , permanent performers throughout the original format , having featured prominently in the UK original ; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989 , while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991 , with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999 . Another performer who made frequent , recurring appearances was Wayne Brady , who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format . During his tenure as host , Drew Carey also took part , though only in one game , after one of the performers was declared the `` winner '' and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio ; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived , but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game . As of 2017 , Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version . | Colin Mochrie|Ryan Stiles|Wayne Brady|Drew Carey | Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) | whose line is it anyway? ( u. s. tv series ) | Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( often known as simply Whose Line ? ) is an American improvisational comedy show , which was originally hosted by Drew Carey on ABC and ABC Family and ran from August 5 , 1998 to December 15 , 2007 . A revival of the show , hosted by Aisha Tyler , began airing on The CW on July 16 , 2013 . | The series is an official adaptation of the British show of the same name and features Ryan Stiles , Colin Mochrie , and Wayne Brady as its regular performers with the fourth seat occupied by a guest panelist . All three regulars appeared on the British series ; Stiles and Mochrie were both regulars ( first appearing in the second and third series ' respectively , and both appearing in every episode from series 8 onwards ) , with Brady a frequent guest in the final series which moved production from London to Hollywood . Ryan Stiles is the most prolific performer in the history of Whose Line ? , having made 76 appearances in the British version , and only having missed two episodes since the start of the run in the U.S. Colin Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared in every episode of the U.S. version of the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Performers / players 1.2 Games 2 History 2.1 Hiatus 2.2 CW revival 3 Performers 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Musicians 3.4 Guest stars 4 Episodes 5 Awards and nominations 6 International broadcast 7 DVD releases 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) The show consists of a panel of four performers who create characters , scenes , and songs on the spot , in the style of short - form improvisation games . Topics for the games are based on either audience suggestions or predetermined prompts from the host , who would set up a game and situation that the performers would improvise . The original host Drew Carey awarded arbitrary point values after each game , often citing a humorous reason for his decision . The points were purely decorative and served no practical purpose . He would reiterate this at the beginning of , and multiple times throughout , each episode by describing Whose Line as `` the show where everything 's made up and the points do n't matter '' . The style of the games were varied ( see Games , below ) . Some featured all four performers , while others featured fewer . Between games , the performers sat in four chairs facing the audience . The performers who were not involved in a game remained in their seats . Additionally , the show was marked by humorous banter among the performers and host . At the conclusion of each episode , a winner or several winners were chosen arbitrarily by Carey . The `` prize '' was either to play a game with the host , or to sit out while the other performers did so . After this game during the first season of the series , credits simply rolled under the show 's theme . In the second season , the reading of the credits was performed by one or more cast members in a comedic fashion , based on a theme announced by Carey that often derived from a successful joke earlier in the show . The show 's `` short - form '' approach to improv received criticism from some improv actors . However , performer Colin Mochrie has stated the show was never intended to be the `` be-all and end - all '' of improv , but that it was meant to introduce improv to the masses . Performers / players ( edit ) Colin Mochrie , who joined the U.S. version after originally appearing on the UK version Like the UK original , the U.S. version of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? features four performers , two of whom , Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , were regular , permanent performers throughout the original format , having featured prominently in the UK original ; Stiles since his first appearance in its second season in 1989 , while Mochrie since his first appearance in the following season in 1991 , with both making regular appearances in the UK version from 1995 until its end in 1999 . Another performer who made frequent , recurring appearances was Wayne Brady , who appeared in the majority of episodes of the original format . During his tenure as host , Drew Carey also took part , though only in one game , after one of the performers was declared the `` winner '' and allowed to take his place at his desk in the studio ; host Aisha Tyler did not take part in games when the show was revived , but has occasionally joined in for a quick scene during the Scenes from a Hat game . As of 2017 , Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared on every single episode of the American version . Alongside Mochrie and Stiles , other veterans of the UK series appeared on the U.S. version included Greg Proops , Brad Sherwood , and Chip Esten , with the show introducing several newcomers that took part , including Denny Siegel , Kathy Greenwood , Jeff Davis , Patrick Bristow , Stephen Colbert , Kathy Kinney , and Ian Gomez , though mainly in the early seasons of the show . Unlike the UK original , the US version occasionally featured a celebrity guest performer , such as Robin Williams , Kathy Griffin , and Whoopi Goldberg , while on other occasions , a celebrity made a guest appearance for individual games ; such appearance have included Sid Caesar , David Hasselhoff , Florence Henderson , Jerry Springer , Joanie `` Chyna '' Laurer , Richard Simmons , Katie Harman , Jayne Trcka , the Loyola Marymount University cheerleaders , Hugh Hefner , and Lassie . Celebrity guests became a regular feature of the show beginning with season 9 . Improvisational musician Laura Hall , who appeared in the final season of the UK original , joined the original U.S. format for its entire run and performed piano and keyboards in games featuring improvisational singing by the cast members . From the second season onward , other musicians joined Hall -- Linda Taylor made frequent appearances playing guitar and occasionally keyboards , while Cece Worrall - Rubin , Anne King , Candy Girard , and Anna Wanselius appeared alongside Hall ( and sometimes also Taylor ) on occasion . Games ( edit ) The number and type of games played varied from episode to episode , yet while some games became more common over time , others faded from use . Some games are based on traditional improv games , with a considerable number brought over from the UK original , including Scenes from a Hat , Greatest Hits , Props , Hoedown , Helping Hands , Questions Only and Party Quirks . Others were new and uniquely created for both the U.S. original format , and the revived show , with several only receiving 1 or 2 playings due to them not having been well received by audiences . Game Performers Episodes Overall Seasons 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 5 2002 -- 03 6 7 2005 8 2005 -- 07 9 2013 10 2014 11 2015 12 2016 13 2017 Scenes from a Hat All / Aisha 151 15 10 16 23 11 6 18 16 18 12 Greatest Hits Colin , Ryan , Wayne / 4th Seat 97 9 13 16 9 7 5 10 5 6 8 Props All / Drew 93 9 13 12 7 6 9 8 9 5 6 Hoedown All / Drew 86 9 21 14 10 7 7 Let 's Make a Date All 82 9 14 9 7 5 8 7 6 5 Weird Newscasters All 81 13 16 8 9 5 6 6 Duet Wayne & 4th Seat 79 8 10 6 5 7 7 15 7 Song Styles Wayne 67 8 12 10 6 9 5 5 Helping Hands Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 60 6 7 6 8 7 9 5 Questions Only All 52 10 5 5 6 Party Quirks All 49 9 8 7 8 Newsflash Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat 47 11 8 Hollywood Director All 48 5 6 7 7 7 Living Scenery All 47 7 6 9 7 7 Sound Effects Colin & Ryan 43 5 6 7 9 Dubbing All 35 5 5 7 5 6 World 's Worst All / Drew / Aisha 33 5 Film TV and Theater Styles Colin , Ryan & Wayne 32 11 9 6 Superheroes All 32 8 8 Three - Headed Broadway Star Colin / Ryan / Wayne / 4th Seat / Drew 29 9 11 Irish Drinking Song All / Drew 28 6 7 Film Dub All 27 Doo - Wop Wayne / Colin / Ryan / 4th Seat 22 5 Foreign Film Dub All / Drew 21 Scene to Rap All 21 6 5 6 Whose Line Colin & Ryan 21 6 Narrate Colin & Ryan 16 Two - Line Vocabulary Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat 15 Infomercial Colin & Ryan 15 Themed Restaurant All / Drew 14 Hats All 12 90 Second Alphabet All / Drew 12 6 Moving People Colin & Ryan 12 5 Motown Group Wayne , 4th Seat / Colin / Ryan 12 5 Secret Colin & Ryan 12 5 If You Know What I Mean Colin , Ryan & Brad 10 Title Sequence All 10 Day Time Talk Show All 9 5 Song Titles All 9 Number of Words All 9 Stand , Sit , Lie / Bend Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 8 Improbable Mission Colin & Ryan 8 Dead Bodies Colin , Ryan / 4th Seat / Drew 7 Fashion Models Colin , Ryan , 4th Seat / Wayne 7 Sportcasters All 7 The Millionaire Show All 7 Show - Stopping Number Colin , Ryan & Wayne 7 Press Conference All 7 What 's in the Bag Colin , Ryan & Wayne 7 5 Multiple Personalities Colin , Ryan & Greg 6 Action Replay All 6 Award Show All 6 Bartender All 6 Sideways Scene Colin , Wayne & 4th Seat 6 6 African Chant Wayne 5 Hey , You Down There ! Colin , Ryan & 4th Seat Quick Change All / Drew Scene With An Audience Member Colin & Ryan Change Letter All Telethon All Old Job - New Job All Scenes Cut From a Movie All Scene To Music Colin , Ryan & Wayne Forward Rewind All Remote Control All Funeral Colin , Ryan & Greg Backwards Scene Colin , Ryan & Brad Make a Monster All All In One Voice All Boogie Woogie Sisters Ryan , Wayne & Brad Game Show All Animals Colin , Ryan & Brad Change of Cast All Change Emotion All Ballad of Wayne What Are You Trying to Say ? Colin & Ryan Survival Show All Good Cop / Bad Cop Colin , Ryan & Wayne Reunion Colin , Ryan & Greg Wedding All Meet the Family All Really Bad Hangover All Ice Skaters All Shopping From Home Colin & Ryan Dating Profile All Mixed Messages Colin , Ryan & Wayne ^ Note 1 : Played with Greg instead of Ryan for 1 episode in season 10 . Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 2 episodes in season 1 and season 12 . ^ Note 2 : Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 2 episodes in season 12 . ^ Note 3 : Played with Brad instead of Wayne for 3 episodes in seasons 1 and 8 . ^ Note 4 : Played with Cedric The Entertainer instead of Gary for 1 episode in season 11 . ^ Note 5 : Played with Drew instead of Colin for 1 episode in season 1 . ^ Note 6 : Played with Greg instead of Ryan for 1 episode in season 10 . ^ Note 7 : Played with Brad instead of Ryan in season 12 . All games were designed with the same principle of those from the UK original -- to test the performers ' improvisational comedy skills , with some games requiring the host to ask the studio audience for suggestions for specific topics or situations , while at other times these suggestions were written by the production staff , or submitted by the audience in advance , and chosen from among these . In addition , the host would control a buzzer which would signify the end of most games , or the end of individual sections of rapid - fire games such as `` Scenes from a Hat '' . In addition to being tested on their comedy skills in improv games , the performers are also tested on other skills , such as singing , dancing , or impressions , as Whose Line features a number of musical games , with one or more of the show 's resident musicians playing live backing music for them , except on a few occasions when pre-recorded music was also used . Although they had no bad feelings about these sort of games , many of the performers disliked them ; while Wayne Brady turned out to be well suited to them , having Chip Esten , Jeff Davis , Brad Sherwood and Gary Anthony Williams making frequent appearances as his duet partner , Stiles frequently expressed open disdain towards the `` Hoedown '' game , which became a bit of a running gag , while Mochrie rarely sings any lyrics , mainly preferring to deliver his lines in a spoken word fashion , much like in the UK original . History ( edit ) The title card of seasons 1 -- 8 of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Whose Line Is It Anyway ? was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson in 1988 as a radio show on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom . This early incarnation of the show is notable as being the origin of its tradition of having the performers read the credits in an amusing style ; as it was a radio show , it was necessary for somebody to read the credits , and it was decided that it might as well be done as part of the program , rather than being done by a traditional BBC Radio announcer . This approach to reading credits was pioneered by the earlier BBC radio show I 'm Sorry , I 'll Read That Again . Indeed , the title of the show itself is a comedic riposte to another radio show , What 's My Line , merged with the title of a 1972 teleplay ( and eventual theatrical play ) Whose Life Is It Anyway ? . The radio series lasted for six episodes , after which Channel 4 developed the franchise for television . The British television version lasted for a total of 10 seasons , with 136 episodes , all of which were hosted by Clive Anderson . Colin Mochrie and Ryan Stiles , who would later star in the U.S. version , became regular cast members in the seventh and eighth seasons . The UK series was brought to the attention of Drew Carey , who worked with regular Whose Line ? performer Ryan Stiles , a co-star on The Drew Carey Show . Carey convinced ABC to air test episodes in the United States . The show turned into an inexpensive hit ( though less so than the British version ) , and ABC kept Carey on as host . In its first season , the show aired on Wednesday nights at 9 : 30 , right after The Drew Carey Show . It ranked 29th for the season , and averaged 13.1 million viewers per episode . The show ran on ABC for six seasons , benefiting from the low expectations of its Thursday night time slot , as ABC was not expected to mount a serious threat to what was then NBC 's longtime Thursday dominance in the Nielsen ratings . While the network would regularly premiere two new episodes in one night , there were several occurrences in which some episodes were skipped or postponed until a later date because of the airing of other new shows or specials . The format of the American version was very similar to the British program . A major difference was Carey 's use of the game - show facade , explicitly stating at the start of each episode that `` the points do n't matter , '' and sometimes emphasizing this throughout the episodes . The difference in standards in the UK compared to U.S. prime time meant stricter censoring of both language and content on the U.S. series . Production of the American version was canceled by ABC in 2003 because of low ratings , with already - produced episodes airing first - run into 2004 . The ABC Family cable channel , which had been airing repeats of the show since 2002 , also showed `` new '' episodes from 2005 to 2006 , formed from previously filmed but unaired performances . Hiatus ( edit ) Following the cancellation , Drew Carey went on to create the short - lived Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show , which premiered in 2004 on the WB . The series was very similar to Whose Line ? , and featured many of the same cast . The major gimmick on that series was that the acting was done in front of a green screen , and animators later added cartoon imagery to the scenes . Carey and several cast members also started touring North America with a live - action show called ( Drew Carey 's ) Improv All - Stars . The show was a live stage show similar to Whose Line ? , and featuring many of the same games , though also with some new ones . The live shows started in 2003 , and since 2006 , are only seen on occasion , mostly due to Carey 's current television obligations . Colin Mochrie , Brad Sherwood and Drew Carey performed at the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal as `` Improv All - Stars '' in 2003 and 2004 . Since 2005 , Mochrie and Sherwood have toured semi-regularly as An Evening With Colin and Brad . The show was recorded on Stage 29 at Paramount Studios . Greg Proops and Ryan Stiles presented Stiles & Proops Unplanned which was a live improv comedy show based on the successful Baddiel and Skinner Unplanned format that took place at Centaur Theatre in Montreal , Canada in July 2008 . They also tour with former co-star Jeff Davis under the name Whose Live Anyway ? doing live improv . Proops appeared as Max Madigan on Nickelodeon 's True Jackson , VP , and is currently hosting Head Games on The Science Channel and was the host of `` Odd News '' segments for Yahoo ! ( now called Broken News Daily ) while Esten has made multiple appearances in various TV series including The Office , ER ( also produced by Warner Bros . ) and Big Love and guest - starred in Enlightened . In 2007 , Mochrie was host of a five - episode run of Are You Smarter Than a Canadian 5th Grader ? on Global TV in Canada . Carey , Stiles , Brady , and Esten were all later employed by American television network CBS ; Carey succeeded Bob Barker as the host of the long - running game show The Price Is Right ( after a short stint as host of another game show , Power of 10 ) . In addition , Sherwood and Davis served as guest announcers for the 2010 - 11 season of The Price Is Right , after the departure of Rich Fields , who was eventually replaced by George Gray . Stiles appeared as a supporting character on the sitcom Two and a Half Men . Esten had a recurring role on The New Adventures of Old Christine and made a guest appearance in NCIS : Los Angeles , before moving to star in the ABC drama Nashville . Brady had a summer variety show on ABC in 2001 , The Wayne Brady Show and then hosted a daytime talk show of the same name for two seasons , starting in September 2002 . He also was the host of Fox 's Do n't Forget the Lyrics . In 2007 , he made a guest appearance in one episode of 30 Rock , and has made several appearances on How I Met Your Mother as Barney Stinson 's homosexual brother . He also had a couple of guest appearances on Chappelle 's Show . Since October 5 , 2009 , Brady has been the host of CBS ' revival of the classic game show Let 's Make a Deal . Featuring Jonathan Mangum as announcer and Co-Host , this new iteration utilized some classic elements of improv from Whose Line , most notably Brady 's singing and comedic abilities , occasionally breaking out into spontaneous musical improv in front of or involving contestants , and not being a stipulated aspect of the particular game to be played . As of 2009 , every main Whose Line participant has hosted at least one game show except Ryan Stiles . On November 18 , 2010 , Variety announced that Drew Carey would start a primetime improv show on GSN . The series , entitled Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza , debuted on April 11 , 2011 and featured most of the Whose Line regular cast before ending in June 2011 ; Rich Fields was the announcer for the series . A second season was not ordered and the show was terminated . On July 10 , 2012 , ABC premiered a new improv comedy series featuring several of the Whose Line alumni called Trust Us With Your Life . Some of the players included Colin Mochrie , Wayne Brady , Greg Proops , Jonathan Mangum , and Nicole Parker . However , on July 30 , after only six episodes had aired , ABC pulled the remaining episodes after its host Fred Willard was arrested on a lewd - conduct charge at the Tiki Theater , an adult movie theater in Hollywood , California . In February 2013 , Ryan Stiles revealed in an interview that he would be returning to Los Angeles in April for a new season of Whose Line , hosted by Aisha Tyler and featuring the original cast of the U.S. version . Colin Mochrie would later confirm the revival . CW revival ( edit ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? returned to television , this time on The CW , with Colin Mochrie , Ryan Stiles , and Wayne Brady , and Aisha Tyler taking the role of the host . In addition to the traditional rotating fourth improv player ( often drawn from same pool of regulars that appeared on the original show ) , a new feature was that of a `` special guest '' . This fifth player would not necessarily have an improv background , but would still participate in some of the improv games . The initial summer run was made up of twelve half - hour episodes with the three veteran players joined by a featured player , along with a different special guest for each episode who would play in some of the games . On July 29 , 2013 , The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a 24 - episode season , airing Fridays at 8 ET / PT starting March 21 , 2014 , due to solid ratings . Illness prevented Stiles from appearing in two season 10 episodes , the first Whose Line shows he had missed in nearly 20 years , dating back to the original British series . Frequent guest Greg Proops filled in for Stiles on these occasions . On July 18 , 2014 , The CW announced that the show will be returning for a 24 - episode eleventh season ( and third season on The CW ) which started airing on April 17 , 2015 . On August 11 , 2015 the series was renewed for a twelfth season ( fourth on The CW ) to start airing May 23 , 2016 . On October 24 , 2016 The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season ( fifth season on The CW ) to start airing May 29 , 2017 . Performers ( edit ) Several of the performers , including the three regulars Brady , Mochrie and Stiles , had previously appeared in the original run of Whose Line in the UK ; other performers who had made appearances in the British version are Greg Proops , Brad Sherwood , Chip Esten , Karen Maruyama and Josie Lawrence , as well as musician Laura Hall . Mochrie and Stiles have been regulars since the show started , whilst Brady became a regular from season 2 - 7 , appearing as a recurring performer in seasons 1 and 8 . Mochrie is the only performer to have appeared in every episode of the US series of Whose Line ? , appearing in all 302 episodes thus far . The original host of the U.S. show was Drew Carey , who appeared in every episode of series 1 - 8 . Carey notably took more of an active role in the show than his predecessor Clive Anderson , as following the announcement of the `` winner '' of each show , Carey would perform a game with the other performers . After the CW revival in 2013 , Aisha Tyler took over as host , as Carey was the host of The Price is Right , which ran at the same time as Whose Line , however Carey is mentioned numerous times by Tyler and the other performers . Unlike Carey , Tyler does not perform full games with the other performers , however does occasionally interject in quick fire games such as Scenes from a Hat with her own suggestions . Main ( edit ) Colin Mochrie -- 309 episodes Ryan Stiles -- 307 episodes Wayne Brady -- 299 episodes ( starring seasons 2 -- 7 , 9 -- ; recurring seasons 1 & 8 ) Drew Carey ( host ) -- 219 episodes ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Aisha Tyler ( host ) -- 90 episodes ( season 9 -- ) Recurring ( edit ) Brad Sherwood -- 66 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 8 , 10 -- ) Greg Proops -- 65 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 8 , 10 -- ) Charles `` Chip '' Esten -- 40 episodes ( Seasons 2 -- 8 , 13 ) Jeff Davis -- 33 episodes ( Seasons 3 -- 5 , 7 -- ) Kathy Greenwood -- 33 episodes ( Seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 -- 8 ) Gary Anthony Williams -- 17 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- ) Denny Siegel -- 14 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 2 , 6 , 8 ) Jonathan Mangum -- 14 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- ) Heather Anne Campbell -- 9 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 11 , 13 -- ) Keegan - Michael Key -- 8 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 12 ) Nyima Funk -- 4 episodes ( Seasons 9 -- 10 ) Karen Maruyama -- 3 episodes ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Musicians ( edit ) Laura Hall -- 266 episodes Linda Taylor -- 158 episodes Cece Worrall -- 37 episodes Anne King -- 10 episodes Anna Wanselius -- 6 episodes Guest stars ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Seasons 1 -- 8 Kathy Griffin -- 4 episodes Patrick Bristow -- 2 episodes Stephen Colbert -- 2 episodes Whoopi Goldberg -- 2 episodes Ian Gomez -- 2 episodes Josie Lawrence -- 2 episodes Jerry Springer -- 2 episodes Kathy Kinney ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Robin Williams ( season 3 , episode 9 ) Lassie and Sid Caesar ( season 4 , episode 15 ) Hugh Hefner , Ava Fabian , and Victoria Fuller ( season 4 , episode 24 ) Katie Harman , Miss America 2002 ( Season 5 , episode 2 ) Florence Henderson ( season 5 , episode 4 ) Joanie `` Chyna '' Laurer ( season 5 , episode 8 ) Richard Simmons ( season 5 , episode 17 ) David Hasselhoff ( Season 5 , episode 19 ) Jayne Trcka ( Season 5 , episode 21 ) Veena and Neena Bidasha ( Season 5 , episode 25 ) Undarma Darihu ( Season 5 , episode 28 ) Loyola Marymount University Cheerleaders ( Season 6 , episode 6 ) Santa Claus and Donner ( Season 8 , episode 6 ) Season 9 Lauren Cohan ( episode 1 ) Kevin McHale ( episode 2 ) Candice Accola ( episode 3 ) Kyle Richards ( episode 4 ) Mary Killman and Mariya Koroleva ( episode 5 ) Wilson Bethel ( episode 6 ) Lisa Leslie ( episode 7 ) Laila Ali ( episode 9 ) Maggie Q ( episode 10 ) Chloe Butler ( episode 11 ) Shawn Johnson ( episode 12 ) Season 10 Kat Graham ( episode 1 ) Tara Lipinski ( episode 2 ) Verne Troyer ( episode 3 ) Darren Criss ( episode 4 ) Michael Weatherly ( episode 5 ) Byambajav Ulambayar ( episode 6 ) Nolan Gould ( episode 7 ) Mircea Monroe ( episode 8 ) Jack Osbourne ( episode 10 ) Rob Gronkowski ( episode 11 ) Robbie Amell ( episode 12 ) Misha Collins ( episode 13 ) Sheryl Underwood ( episode 14 ) Mel B. ( episode 15 ) Kunal Nayyar ( episode 16 ) Padma Lakshmi ( episode 18 ) Matt Barnes ( episode 20 ) Brian Shaw ( episode 22 ) Wendi McLendon - Covey ( episode 23 ) Season 11 Cedric the Entertainer ( episode 1 ) Adelaide Kane ( episode 2 ) Jaime Camil ( episode 4 ) Scott Porter ( episode 5 ) Willie Robertson ( episode 6 ) Heather Morris ( episode 7 ) Vernon Davis ( episode 8 ) Penn & Teller ( episode 10 ) Kathie Lee Gifford ( episode 11 ) Randy Couture ( episode 12 ) Gina Rodriguez ( episode 13 ) Nina Agdal ( episode 15 ) Bill Nye ( episode 17 ) Carson Kressley ( episode 19 ) Season 12 Alfonso Ribeiro ( episode 1 ) Karla Souza ( episode 3 ) Yvette Nicole Brown ( episode 4 ) Kaitlin Doubleday ( episode 5 ) Lolo Jones ( episode 6 ) Joey Fatone ( episode 8 ) Tamera Mowry ( episode 9 ) Misty May - Treanor ( episode 11 ) Lyndie Greenwood ( episode 12 ) Chris Jericho ( episode 13 ) Rachel Bloom ( episode 14 ) Lea Thompson ( episode 15 ) Katie Cassidy ( episode 16 ) Brett Dier ( episode 17 ) Emily Bett Rickards ( episode 18 ) Cheryl Hines ( episode 20 ) Season 13 Tony Hawk ( episode 1 ) The Bella Twins ( episode 2 ) Candice Patton ( episode 3 ) Malcolm Goodwin ( episode 4 ) Wil Wheaton ( episode 5 ) Kearran Giovanni ( episode 6 ) Ralph Macchio ( episode 8 ) Tony Cavalero ( episode 9 ) Jillian Michaels ( episode 10 ) Charles `` Chip '' Esten ( episode 11 ) Wanya Morris ( episode 12 ) Danielle Panabaker ( episode 13 ) Marisol Nichols ( episode 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( U.S. TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 20 August 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) March 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 24 ) ABC 39 September 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 16 ) May 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 18 ) 39 October 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 12 ) June 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 21 ) 31 September 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) April 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 11 ) 5 34 September 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 09 ) September 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 05 ) 6 10 June 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 24 ) September 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) 7 25 January 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 17 ) May 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) ABC Family 8 21 October 3 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 03 ) December 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 15 ) 9 12 July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) The CW 10 24 March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 11 20 April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 12 20 May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 13 TBA May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won : 2003 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for Wayne Brady Nominated : 2001 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Wayne Brady 2002 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Wayne Brady 2002 : Emmy Award for ' Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ' for Ryan Stiles International broadcast ( edit ) The U.S. version of Whose Line ? has been broadcast in the UK , originally on Channel 4 . Challenge was the first non-terrestrial channel to broadcast the show for a brief period in 2005 . From 2007 to 2012 , 5USA aired the show . In Canada , the show also ran on the CTV network from 1998 to 2003 , and then on The Comedy Network from 2003 onwards . The show 's original run in Australia was on the Nine Network in an early morning time slot ; One repeated the program from 2011 . It also airs on The Comedy Channel . In New Zealand , the show was broadcast on the Box . From 2014 , South African youth channel Vuzu started airing the CW revival . In India , the earlier seasons were aired on FX while the revived series has been aired on Comedy Central . DVD releases ( edit ) The first DVD , Season 1 , Volume 1 , of the U.S. version of Whose Line ? was released on September 26 , 2006 . It comes in `` censored '' or `` uncensored '' versions . Both releases include the first ten episodes of the first season , with the episodes being the same on either version . The first seven episodes have had their original theme music ( including all credits and ad bumpers ) replaced with the version used for the rest of the episodes . Warner Home Video released Season 1 , Volume 2 on October 9 , 2007 , but only in an `` uncensored '' version . Warner Home Video released a two - disc `` best of '' compilation with ten episodes on June 9 , 2009 . Featured in this release were celebrity guest episodes including appearances by David Hasselhoff , Florence Henderson , Jerry Springer , Richard Simmons and bodybuilder Jayne Trcka , along with the hour - long `` Best of Whose Line '' compilation episode aired at the beginning of season three . DVD title No. of episodes Run time ( minutes ) Release Notes Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 1 10 110 September 26 , 2006 Uncensored Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 1 10 220 October 9 , 2007 Censored Whose Line Is It Anyway ? : Season One , Vol. 2 10 260 October 9 , 2007 Uncensored The Best of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? 11 300 June 9 , 2009 Uncensored ; includes the special `` Best of Whose Line '' episode See also ( edit ) List of Whose Line Is It Anyway ? episodes Drew Carey 's Green Screen Show Drew Carey 's Improv - A-Ganza Trust Us With Your Life Wild ' n Out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . New York : Ballantine . p. 1517 . ISBN 1419835599 . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . ABC Family . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Conversations with Ross : Featuring Colin Mochrie http://www.rosscarey.com/2011/07/28/episode-40-featuring-colin-mochrie/ ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Caesar , Lassie guest on ` Whose Line ' '' . Chicago Tribune . 2001 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special `` Salute to American Television '' episode . Featured special guests Lassie and Sid Caesar `` . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jayne Tricka IMDb profile '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Conversations with Ross : Featuring Brad Sherwood http://www.rosscarey.com/2011/08/17/episode-42-featuring-brad-sherwood/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091029011819/http://geocities.com/Hollywood/4616/ew0604.html Jump up ^ `` Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Episode 8021 Guide '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Improv All - Stars website '' . Improvallstars.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ An Evening With Colin Mochrie and Brad Sherwood Jump up ^ Proops , Greg . `` Smartest Man In The World Podcast # 241 , Vans '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Carey to produce , host GSN primetime series '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Debuts `` Trust Us With Your Life '' on Tuesday , July 10th , at 9 : 00PM ET `` . BuzzerBlog. 2012 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ABC pulls Fred Willard improv show after arrest '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rachel HansenWorld staff writer . `` His line : Improv master Ryan Stiles returns to the PAC '' . The Wenatchee World . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/colinmochrie/status/307490163267862528 Jump up ^ `` - returns - to - television - as - part - of - the - cw 's - summer - 2013 - schedule / `` '' Whose Line is it Anyway ? 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list of reasons you can join the military | Conscription | conscription | Military service National service Conscription crisis Conscientious objector | Alternative civilian service Conscription by country Conscription , or drafting , is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service , most often a military service . Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names . The modern system of near - universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s , where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military . Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime , so that men at a certain age would serve 1 -- 8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force . Conscription is controversial for a range of reasons , including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds ; political objection , for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war ; and ideological objection , for example , to a perceived violation of individual rights . Those conscripted may evade service , sometimes by leaving the country , and seeking asylum in another country . Some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing alternative service outside combat - operations roles or even outside the military , such as ' Siviilipalvelus ' ( alternative civil service ) in Finland , Zivildienst ( compulsory community service ) in Austria and Switzerland . Most post-Soviet countries conscript soldiers not only for armed forces but also for paramilitary organizations which are dedicated to police - like domestic only service ( Internal Troops ) or non-combat rescue duties ( Civil defence troops ) -- none of which is considered alternative to the military conscription . As of the early 21st century , many states no longer conscript soldiers , relying instead upon professional militaries with volunteers enlisted to meet the demand for troops . The ability to rely on such an arrangement , however , presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war - fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities . Many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis . States involved in wars or interstate rivalries are most likely to implement conscription , whereas democracies are less likely than autocracies to implement conscription . Former British colonies are less likely to have conscription , as they are influenced by British anticonscription norms that can be traced back to the English Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 In pre-modern times 1.1. 1 Ilkum 1.1. 2 Medieval levies 1.1. 3 Military slavery 1.2 In modern times 1.2. 1 World Wars 2 Arguments against conscription 2.1 Gender - based 2.2 Involuntary servitude 2.3 Economic 3 Arguments in favor of conscription 3.1 Political and moral motives 3.2 Economic and resource efficiency 4 Drafting of women 5 Conscientious objection 6 By country 6.1 China 6.2 Europe 6.2. 1 Austria 6.2. 2 Cyprus 6.2. 3 Denmark 6.2. 4 Finland 6.2. 5 Germany 6.2. 6 Greece 6.2. 7 Lithuania 6.2. 8 Netherlands 6.2. 9 Norway 6.2. 10 Serbia 6.2. 11 Sweden 6.2. 12 United Kingdom 6.3 Israel 6.4 United States 6.5 Main articles for conscription by country 7 Related concepts 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) In pre-modern times ( edit ) Ilkum ( edit ) Around the reign of Hammurabi ( 1791 -- 1750 BC ) , the Babylonian Empire used a system of conscription called Ilkum . Under that system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war . During times of peace they were instead required to provide labour for other activities of the state . In return for this service , people subject to it gained the right to hold land . It is possible that this right was not to hold land per se but specific land supplied by the state . Various forms of avoiding military service are recorded . While it was outlawed by the Code of Hammurabi , the hiring of substitutes appears to have been practiced both before and after the creation of the code . Later records show that Ilkum commitments could become regularly traded . In other places , people simply left their towns to avoid their Ilkum service . Another option was to sell Ilkum lands and the commitments along with them . With the exception of a few exempted classes , this was forbidden by the Code of Hammurabi . Medieval levies ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Under the feudal conditions for holding land in the medieval period , most peasants and freemen were liable to provide one man of suitable age per family for military duty when required by either the king or the local lord . The levies raised in this way fought as infantry under local superiors . Although the exact laws varied greatly depending on the country and the period , generally these levies were only obliged to fight for one to three months . Most were subsistence farmers , and it was in everyone 's interest to send the men home for harvest - time . In medieval Scandinavia the leiðangr ( Old Norse ) , leidang ( Norwegian ) , leding , ( Danish ) , ledung ( Swedish ) , lichting ( Dutch ) , expeditio ( Latin ) or sometimes leþing ( Old English ) , was a levy of free farmers conscripted into coastal fleets for seasonal excursions and in defence of the realm . The bulk of the Anglo - Saxon English army , called the fyrd , was composed of part - time English soldiers drawn from the landowning minor nobility . These thegns were the land - holding aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour and weapons for a certain number of days each year . The historian David Sturdy has cautioned about regarding the fyrd as a precursor to a modern national army composed of all ranks of society , describing it as a `` ridiculous fantasy '' : The persistent old belief that peasants and small farmers gathered to form a national army or fyrd is a strange delusion dreamt up by antiquarians in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries to justify universal military conscription . Medieval levy in Poland was known as the pospolite ruszenie . Military Slavery ( edit ) Ottoman janissaries The system of military slaves was widely used in the Middle East , beginning with the creation of the corps of Turkish slave - soldiers ( ghulams or mamluks ) by the Abbasid caliph al - Mu'tasim in the 820s and 830s . The Turkish troops soon came to dominate the government , establishing a pattern throughout the Islamic world of a ruling military class , often separated by ethnicity , culture and even religion by the mass of the population , a paradigm that found its apogee in the Mamluks of Egypt and the Janissary corps of the Ottoman Empire , institutions that survived until the early 19th century . In the middle of the 14th century , Ottoman Sultan Murad I developed personal troops to be loyal to him , with a slave army called the Kapıkulu . The new force was built by taking Christian children from newly conquered lands , especially from the far areas of his empire , in a system known as the devşirme ( translated `` gathering '' or `` converting '' ) . The captive children were forced to convert to Islam . The Sultans had the young boys trained over several years . Those who showed special promise in fighting skills were trained in advanced warrior skills , put into the sultan 's personal service , and turned into the Janissaries , the elite branch of the Kapıkulu . A number of distinguished military commanders of the Ottomans , and most of the imperial administrators and upper - level officials of the Empire , such as Pargalı İbrahim Pasha and Sokollu Mehmet Paşa , were recruited in this way . By 1609 , the Sultan 's Kapıkulu forces increased to about 100,000 . In later years , Sultans turned to the Barbary Pirates to supply their Jannissaries corps . Their attacks on ships off the coast of Africa or in the Mediterranean , and subsequent capture of able - bodied men for ransom or sale provided some captives for the Sultan 's system . Starting in the 17th century , Christian families living under the Ottoman rule began to submit their sons into the Kapikulu system willingly , as they saw this as a potentially invaluable career opportunity for their children . Eventually the Sultan turned to foreign volunteers from the warrior clans of Circassians in southern Russia to fill his Janissary armies . As a whole the system began to break down , the loyalty of the Jannissaries became increasingly suspect . Mahmud II forcibly disbanded the Janissary corps in 1826 . Similar to the Janissaries in origin and means of development were the Mamluks of Egypt in the Middle Ages . The Mamluks were usually captive non-Muslim Iranian and Turkish children who had been kidnapped or bought as slaves from the Barbary coasts . The Egyptians assimilated and trained the boys and young men to become Islamic soldiers who served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages . The first mamluks served the Abbasid caliphs in 9th century Baghdad . Over time they became a powerful military caste . On more than one occasion , they seized power , for example , ruling Egypt from 1250 -- 1517 . From 1250 Egypt had been ruled by the Bahri dynasty of Kipchak origin . Slaves from the Caucasus served in the army and formed an elite corp of troops . They eventually revolted in Egypt to form the Burgi dynasty . The Mamluks ' excellent fighting abilities , massed Islamic armies , and overwhelming numbers succeeded in overcoming the Christian Crusader fortresses in the Holy Land . The Mamluks were the most successful defense against the Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia and Iraq from entering Egypt . On the western coast of Africa , Berber Muslims captured non-Muslims to put to work as laborers . They generally converted the younger people to Islam and many became quite assimilated . In Morocco , the Berber looked south rather than north . The Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail , called `` the Bloodthirsty '' ( 1672 -- 1727 ) , employed a corps of 150,000 black slaves , called his Black Guard . He used them to coerce the country into submission . In modern times ( edit ) Conscription of Poles to the Russian Army in 1863 . See also : Remplacement Modern conscription , the massed military enlistment of national citizens , was devised during the French Revolution , to enable the Republic to defend itself from the attacks of European monarchies . Deputy Jean - Baptiste Jourdan gave its name to the 5 September 1798 Act , whose first article stated : `` Any Frenchman is a soldier and owes himself to the defense of the nation . '' It enabled the creation of the Grande Armée , what Napoleon Bonaparte called `` the nation in arms , '' which overwhelmed European professional armies that often numbered only into the low tens of thousands . More than 2.6 million men were inducted into the French military in this way between the years 1800 and 1813 . The defeat of the Prussian Army in particular shocked the Prussian establishment , which had believed it was invincible after the victories of Frederick the Great . The Prussians were used to relying on superior organization and tactical factors such as order of battle to focus superior troops against inferior ones . Given approximately equivalent forces , as was generally the case with professional armies , these factors showed considerable importance . However , they became considerably less important when the Prussian armies faced forces that outnumbered their own in some cases by more than ten to one . Scharnhorst advocated adopting the levée en masse , the military conscription used by France . The Krümpersystem was the beginning of short - term compulsory service in Prussia , as opposed to the long - term conscription previously used . In the Russian Empire , the military service time `` owed '' by serfs was 25 years at the beginning of the 19th century . In 1834 it was decreased to 20 years . The recruits were to be not younger than 17 and not older than 35 . In 1874 Russia introduced universal conscription in the modern pattern , an innovation only made possible by the abolition of serfdom in 1861 . New military law decreed that all male Russian subjects , when they reached the age of 20 , were eligible to serve in the military for six years . In the decades prior to World War I universal conscription along broadly Prussian lines became the norm for European armies , and those modeled on them . By 1914 the only substantial armies still completely dependent on voluntary enlistment were those of Britain and the United States . Some colonial powers such as France reserved their conscript armies for home service while maintaining professional units for overseas duties . World wars ( edit ) Young men registering for conscription during World War I , New York City , June 5 , 1917 . The range of eligible ages for conscripting was expanded to meet national demand during the World Wars . In the United States , the Selective Service System drafted men for World War I initially in an age range from 21 to 30 but expanded its eligibility in 1918 to an age range of 18 to 45 . In the case of a widespread mobilization of forces where service includes homefront defense , ages of conscripts may range much higher , with the oldest conscripts serving in roles requiring lesser mobility . Expanded - age conscription was common during the Second World War : in Britain , it was commonly known as `` call - up '' and extended to age 51 . Nazi Germany termed it Volkssturm ( `` People 's Storm '' ) and included men as young as 16 and as old as 60 . During the Second World War , both Britain and the Soviet Union conscripted women . The United States was on the verge of drafting women into the Nurse Corps because it anticipated it would need the extra personnel for its planned invasion of Japan . However , the Japanese surrendered and the idea was abandoned . Soviet conscripts . Moscow , 1941 . Arguments against conscription ( edit ) Gender - based ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Sexism and conscription Both feminists and opponents of discrimination against men have criticized military conscription , or compulsory military service , as sexist . Feminists have argued that military conscription is sexist because wars serve the interests of the patriarchy , the military is a sexist institution , conscripts are therefore indoctrinated in sexism , and conscription of men normalizes violence by men as socially acceptable . Feminists have been organizers and participants in resistance to conscription in several countries . Historically , only men have been subjected to conscription . In the second half of the 20th century , women began to be conscripted , primarily in communist / socialist countries . The integration of women into militaries , and especially into combat forces , did not begin on a large scale until the second half of the 20th century . Men who opt out of military service must often perform alternative service , such as Zivildienst in Austria and Switzerland , whereas women do not have even these obligations . Involuntary servitude ( edit ) American libertarians oppose conscription and call for the abolition of the Selective Service System , believing that impressment of individuals into the armed forces is `` involuntary servitude . '' Ron Paul , a former presidential nominee of the U.S. Libertarian Party has said that conscription `` is wrongly associated with patriotism , when it really represents slavery and involuntary servitude . '' The philosopher Ayn Rand opposed conscription , suggesting that `` of all the statist violations of individual rights in a mixed economy , the military draft is the worst . It is an abrogation of rights . It negates man 's fundamental right -- the right to life -- and establishes the fundamental principle of statism : that a man 's life belongs to the state , and the state may claim it by compelling him to sacrifice it in battle . '' In 1917 , a number of radicals and anarchists , including Emma Goldman , challenged the new draft law in federal court arguing that it was a direct violation of the Thirteenth Amendment 's prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude . However , the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the case of Arver v. United States on 7 January 1918 . The decision said the Constitution gave Congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies . The Court emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens : `` It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government in its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need and the right to compel . '' . Economic ( edit ) It can be argued that in a cost - to - benefit ratio , conscription during peace time is not worthwhile . Months or years of service performed by the most fit and capable subtract from the productivity of the economy ; add to this the cost of training them , and in some countries paying them . Compared to these extensive costs , some would argue there is very little benefit ; if there ever was a war then conscription and basic training could be completed quickly , and in any case there is little threat of a war in most countries with conscription . In the United States , every male resident is required by law to register with the Selective Service System within 30 days following his 18th birthday and be available for a draft ; this is often accomplished automatically by a motor vehicle department during licensing or by voter registration ) . The cost of conscription can be related to the parable of the broken window in anti-draft arguments . The cost of the work , military service , does not disappear even if no salary is paid . The work effort of the conscripts is effectively wasted , as an unwilling workforce is extremely inefficient . The impact is especially severe in wartime , when civilian professionals are forced to fight as amateur soldiers . Not only is the work effort of the conscripts wasted and productivity lost , but professionally skilled conscripts are also difficult to replace in the civilian workforce . Every soldier conscripted in the army is taken away from his civilian work , and away from contributing to the economy which funds the military . This may be less a problem in an agrarian or pre-industrialized state where the level of education is generally low , and where a worker is easily replaced by another . However , this is potentially more costly in a post-industrial society where educational levels are high and where the workforce is sophisticated and a replacement for a conscripted specialist is difficult to find . Even direr economic consequences result if the professional conscripted as an amateur soldier is killed or maimed for life ; his work effort and productivity are lost . Arguments in favor of conscription ( edit ) Political and moral motives ( edit ) Further information : Social contract , Social solidarity , and Active citizenship Conscription in Iran Jean Jacques Rousseau argued vehemently against professional armies , feeling it was the right and privilege of every citizen to participate to the defense of the whole society and a mark of moral decline to leave this business to professionals . He based this view on the development of the Roman republic , which came to an end at the same time as the Roman army changed from a conscript to professional force . Similarly , Aristotle linked the division of armed service among the populace intimately with the political order of the state . Niccolò Machiavelli argued strongly for conscription , seeing the professional armies as the cause of the failure of societal unity in Italy . Other proponents , such as William James , consider both mandatory military and national service as ways of instilling maturity in young adults . Some proponents , such as Jonathan Alter and Mickey Kaus , support a draft in order to reinforce social equality , create social consciousness , break down class divisions and for young adults to immerse themselves in public enterprise . Charles Rangel called for the reinstatement of the draft during the Iraq conflict . Economic and resource efficiency ( edit ) Further information : Industrial warfare , Total war , and War effort It is estimated by the British military that in a professional military , a company deployed for active duty in peacekeeping corresponds to three inactive companies at home . Salaries for each are paid from the military budget . In contrast , volunteers from a trained reserve are in their civilian jobs when they are not deployed . It was more financially beneficial for less - educated young Portuguese men born in 1967 to participate in conscription , as opposed to participating in the highly competitive job market with men of the same age who continued through to higher education . Drafting of women ( edit ) Female Israeli soldiers Traditionally conscription has been limited to the male population of a given body . Women and handicapped males have been exempt from conscription . Many societies have considered , and continue to consider , military service as a test of manhood and a rite of passage from boyhood into manhood . As of 2013 , countries that were actively drafting women into military service included Bolivia , Chad , Eritrea , Israel , Mozambique and North Korea . Israel has universal female conscription , although in practice women can avoid service by claiming a religious exemption and over a third of Israeli women do so . Sudanese law allows for conscription of women , but this is not implemented in practice . In the United Kingdom during World War II , beginning in 1941 , women were brought into the scope of conscription but , as all women with dependent children were exempt and many women were informally left in occupations such as nursing or teaching , the number conscripted was relatively few . In 2015 Norway introduced female conscription , making it the first NATO member and first European country to have a legally compulsory national service for both men and women . In practice only motivated volunteers are selected to join the army in Norway . In the USSR , there was no systematic conscription of women for the armed forces , but the severe disruption of normal life and the high proportion of civilians affected by World War II after the German invasion attracted many volunteers for what was termed `` The Great Patriotic War '' . Medical doctors of both sexes could and would be conscripted ( as officers ) . Also , the free Soviet university education system required Department of Chemistry students of both sexes to complete an ROTC course in NBC defense , and such female reservist officers could be conscripted in times of war . The United States came close to drafting women into the Nurse Corps in preparation for a planned invasion of Japan . In 1981 in the United States , several men filed lawsuit in the case Rostker v. Goldberg , alleging that the Selective Service Act of 1948 violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring that only men register with the Selective Service System ( SSS ) . The Supreme Court eventually upheld the Act , stating that `` the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity , but Congress was entitled , in the exercise of its constitutional powers , to focus on the question of military need , rather than ' equity . ' '' On October 1 , 1999 in the Taiwan Area , the Judicial Yuan of the Republic of China in its Interpretation 490 considered that the physical differences between males and females and the derived role differentiation in their respective social functions and lives would not make drafting only males a violation of the Constitution of the Republic of China . Though women are not conscripted in Taiwan , transsexual persons are exempt . Conscientious objection ( edit ) Main articles : Conscientious objection , Antimilitarism , and Conscientious objection throughout the world A conscientious objector is an individual whose personal beliefs are incompatible with military service , or , more often , with any role in the armed forces . '' In some countries , conscientious objectors have special legal status , which augments their conscription duties . For example , Sweden used to allow conscientious objectors to choose a service in the `` weapons - free '' branch , such as an airport fireman , nurse or telecommunications technician . The reasons for refusing to serve are varied . Some conscientious objectors are so for religious reasons -- notably , the members of the historic peace churches , pacifist by doctrine ; Jehovah 's Witnesses , while not strictly pacifists , refuse to participate in the armed forces on the ground that they believe Christians should be neutral in worldly conflicts . By country ( edit ) Main article : Military service Conscription by country -- Examples Country Conscription Land area ( km ) GDP nominal ( US $ M ) Per capita GDP ( US $ ) Population Government Albania No ( abolished in 2010 ) 27,398 $12,380 $3,745.86 3,010,000 Republic Algeria Yes 2,381,740 $227,802 $5,886 38,090,000 Presidential Republic Angola Yes 1,246,700 $113,700 $4,389.45 18,570,000 Presidential Republic Argentina No . Voluntary ; conscription may be ordered for specified reasons ; per Public Law No. 24.429 promulgated on 5 January 1995 2,736,690 $468,800 $8,662.99 42,610,000 Presidential Federal Republic Australia No ( abolished by parliament in 1972 ) 7,617,930 $1,520,000 $55,290.43 22,260,000 Parliamentary Federal Monarchy Austria Yes ( alternative service available ) 82,444 $417,900 $43,660.31 8,220,000 Parliamentary Federal Republic Azerbaijan Yes 86,600 $35,000 $3,759 9,754,830 Republic Bahamas No 10,070 $8,040 $20,909.96 319,031 Parliamentary Monarchy Bangladesh No ( But can volunteer at Bangladesh Ansar ) 147,610 $121,300 $1,524 163,650,000 Republic Barbados No 431 $4,170 $14,133.58 288,725 Parliamentary Monarchy Belgium No ( Conscription was abolished as of 1 January 1994 under the so - called Delcroix Bill of 6 July 1993 ) 30,278 $477,400 $42,338.25 10,440,000 Parliamentary Federal Monarchy Belize No 22,806 $1,560 $4,637.15 334,297 Parliamentary Monarchy Bhutan No 47,000 $2,140 $1,948.56 725,296 Monarchy Bolivia Yes ( when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal ) 1,084,390 $26,860 $1,888.43 10,460,000 Presidential Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina No ( abolished on January 1 , 2006 ) 51,197 $17,090 $4,243.45 3,880,000 Federal Republic Brazil Yes , but all the recruits have been volunteers in recent years . ( alternative service is foreseen in law , but it is not implemented ) 8,456,510 $2,220,000 $10,368.31 201,010,000 Presidential Federal Republic Bulgaria No ( abolished by law on January 1 , 2008 ) 110,550 $50,330 $5,951.46 6,980,000 Republic Canada No 9,093,507 $1,800,000 $45,829.42 34,570,000 Parliamentary Federal Monarchy Chile Yes 748,800 $264,500 $11,614.65 17,220,000 Presidential Republic China No ( Citizens 18 years of age are required to register in PLA offices , but policy not enforced . Policy exempted in Hong Kong and Macao ) 9,326,410 $15,722,500 $11,150.67 1,410,000,000 Communist state Colombia Yes 1,141,748 $427,139 $8,858.54 48,747,632 Presidential Republic Croatia No ( abolished by law in 2008 ) 56,414 $55,710 $13,563.31 4,480,000 Republic Cuba Yes 110,860 $72,300 $5,095.83 11,060,000 Communist State Cyprus Yes ( alternative service available ) 9,240 $19,320 $22,957.40 1,165,000 Presidential Republic Czech Republic No ( abolished in 2005 ) 77,276 $193,000 $18,555.50 10,160,000 Republic Denmark Yes by law , however a great majority of the recruits have been volunteers over the past few years According to Jyllands Posten , conscription has ended in practice . ( alternative service available ) 42,394 $310,600 $56,221.67 5,560,000 Parliamentary Monarchy Djibouti No 22,980 $1,340 $1,365.65 792,198 Presidential Republic Ecuador Yes 276,840 $82,900 $3,766.40 15,440,000 Presidential Republic Egypt Yes 995,450 $253,300 $2,776.79 85,290,000 Presidential Republic El Salvador No . Legal , not practiced . 20,720 $23,540 $3,505.84 6,110,000 Presidential Republic Estonia Yes ( alternative service available ) 45,339 $22,100 $14,028.17 1,270,000 Republic Finland Yes ( alternative service available ) 304,473 $244,300 $44,375.23 5,270,000 Republic France No ( suspended for peacetime in 2001 ) 640,053 $2,580,000 $39,288.81 65,950,000 Presidential Republic Gambia No 10,000 $896 $618.81 1,880,000 Presidential Republic Germany No ( suspended for peacetime by federal legislature effective from 1 July 2011 ) 349,223 $3,380,000 $40,427.05 81,150,000 Federal Republic Greece Yes ( alternative service available ) 130,800 $245,800 $26,707.93 10,770,000 Republic Grenada No ( no military service ) 344 $779 $6,161.81 109,590 Parliamentary Monarchy Hungary No ( Peacetime conscription abolished in 2004 ) 92,340 $124,000 $13,229.97 9,940,000 Republic India No 2,973,190 $2,400,000 $1,747.70 1,220,000,000 Federal Republic Indonesia No 1,826,440 $866,700 $2,888.11 251,160,000 Presidential Republic Ireland No 70,273 $250,286 $53,841.00 4,588,252 Parliamentary Republic Iran Yes 1,636,000 $541,200 $4,537.87 79,850,000 Islamic Republic Israel Yes 20,330 $254,000 $26,404.85 7,710,900 Republic Italy No ( suspended for peacetime in 2005 ) 294,020 $1,990,000 $33,678.67 61,480,000 Republic Jamaica No 10,831 $14,640 $4,586.63 2,910,000 Parliamentary Monarchy Japan No . Japanese Constitution abolished conscription . Enlistment in Japan Self - Defense Force is voluntary at 18 years of age . 377,944 $4,580,000 $42,298.79 127,250,000 Parliamentary Democracy , Constitutional Monarchy Jordan Yes . The government decided in 2007 to reintroduce conscription , which had been suspended in 1999 . 91,971 $30,790 $4,487.26 6,480,000 Monarchy North Korea Yes 120,538 $28,000 $1,800.00 24,851,627 Single - party Hereditary Juche South Korea Yes . The military service law was established in 1948 . 98,190 $1,670,000 $34,961.55 48,960,000 Presidential Democracy , Republic with Unitary form of government Kuwait Yes 17,820 $182,000 $39,210.05 2,700,000 Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Lebanon No ( abolished in 2007 ) 10,230 $40,780 $9,018.47 4,130,000 Republic Libya Yes 1,759,540 $80,810 $12,897.70 6,000,000 Transitional government Lithuania Yes by law , but all recent recruits have been volunteers . 65,300 $41,570 $10,870.69 3,520,000 Republic Luxembourg No 2,586 $56,370 $103,421.82 514,862 Parliamentary Monarchy Macedonia No ( abolished in 2006 ) 25,713 $9,500 $3,646.55 2,090,000 Republic Malaysia No , ( Malaysian National Service ) suspended from January 2015 due to government budget cuts 328,550 $300,600 $7,745.13 29,630,000 Federal Monarchy Maldives No 300 $2,080 $4,399.84 393,988 Presidential Republic Malta No 316 $8,630 $18,752.63 411,277 Republic Mexico Yes 1,923,040 $1,160,000 $8,516.67 116,220,000 Federal Republic Moldova Yes 33,371 $7,150 $1,503.90 3,620,000 Republic Myanmar sources differ Yes but not enforced as of January 2011 . No ( FWCC ) 657,740 $54,530 $686.48 55,170,000 Parliamentary Republic Netherlands No . Suspended since 1997 ( except for Curaçao and Aruba ) See also : Conscription in the Netherlands 33,883 $760,400 $46,360.62 16,810,000 Parliamentary Monarchy New Zealand No , conscription abolished in December 1972 . 268,021 $167,500 $31,594.85 4,370,000 Parliamentary Monarchy Norway Yes by law , but in practice people are not forced to serve against their will . Also total objectors have not been punished since 2011 , instead they are simply exempted from the service . 307,442 $492,900 $84,573.26 4,720,000 Parliamentary Monarchy Pakistan No 778,720 $222,500 $1,009.53 193,240,000 Federal Republic Philippines No 298,170 $246,800 $2,019.38 105,720,000 Presidential Republic Poland No ( ended in 2009 ) , although there is an obligatory military qualification to valuate abilities in case of war 312,759 $483,200 $12,308.92 38,380,000 Republic Portugal No ( Peacetime conscription abolished in 2004 but there remains a symbolic military obligation to all 18 - year - old people , from both sexes . It is called National Defense Day , ( Dia da Defesa Nacional in Portuguese ) ) . 91,951 $209,600 $21,029.96 10,800,000 Republic Qatar No 11,437 $189,800 $100,297.57 2,040,000 Monarchy Romania No ( ended in 2007 ) 230,340 $167,100 $7,388.75 21,790,000 Presidential Republic Russia Yes ( alternative service available ) 16,995,800 $1,366,000 $16,372.99 142,500,000 Presidential Federal Republic Rwanda No 24,948 $7,010 $25.34 12,020,000 Presidential Republic Saudi Arabia No 2,149,690 $701,400 $15,936.38 26,940,000 Monarchy Seychelles Yes 455 $1,020 $10,237.27 90,846 Presidential Republic Singapore Yes 719.1 $308,051 $56,319.00 5,535,000 Republic Slovenia No 20,151 $44,810 $22,669.33 1,990,000 Republic South Africa No ( ended in 1994 , formalized in 2002 ) 1,219,912 $379,100 $7,089.23 48,600,000 Republic Spain No ( abolished by law on December 31 , 2001 ) 499,542 $1,310,000 $29,845.26 47,370,000 Parliamentary Monarchy Swaziland No 17,203 $3,700 $2,652.65 1,400,000 Monarchy Sweden Yes ( Start 1 January 2018 ) 410,934 $516,700 $47,408.19 10,031,231 Parliamentary Monarchy Switzerland Yes ( Alternative service available ) 39,770 $522,400 $66,408.19 7,639,961 Federal Republic Syria Yes 184,050 $64,700 $2,769.28 22,460,000 Presidential Republic Taiwan Yes ( alternative service available ) According to the Defence Minister , from 2018 there will be no compulsory enlistment for military service . 32,260 $484,700 $20,749.21 23,359,928 Presidential Republic Thailand Yes 511,770 $361,000 $4,707.67 67,450,000 Military Junta endorsed by Monarchy Tonga No 718 $465 $2,891.51 106,322 Parliamentary Monarchy Trinidad and Tobago No 5,128 $25,400 $15,962.71 1,227,505 Republic Turkey Yes ( Paid military exemption has also been introduced five times since 1980 for various reasons with the last one announced in December 2014 . ) 770,760 $777,600 $19,556.00 80,690,000 Republic United Arab Emirates Yes ( Implemented recently , compulsory for young male citizens . Residents not required to apply ) 83,600 $269,800 $29,900 5,628,805 Constitutional monarchy Ukraine Yes 603,700 $173,900 $2,977.94 44,570,000 Presidential Republic United Kingdom No ( abolished December 31 , 1960 , except Bermuda Regiment ) 241,590 $2,440,000 $36,276.82 63,180,000 Parliamentary Monarchy United States No -- the draft has been abandoned in 1973 . However , men are required to register with the Selective Service System within 30 days of their 18th birthday . 9,161,923 $16,820,000 $51,264.02 302,670,000 Presidential Democracy , Federal Republic Vanuatu No 12,200 $776 $3,051.22 261,565 Republic Venezuela Yes 882,050 $376,100 $9,084.09 28,460,000 Presidential Federal Republic China ( edit ) A terracotta soldier with his horse , China , 210 -- 209 BC Universal conscription in China dates back to the State of Qin , which eventually became the Qin Empire of 221 BC . Following unification , historical records show that a total of 300,000 conscript soldiers and 500,000 conscript labourers constructed the Great Wall of China . In the following dynasties , universal conscription was abolished and reintroduced on numerous occasions . As of 2011 , universal military conscription is theoretically mandatory in the People 's Republic of China , and reinforced by law . However , due to the large population of China and large pool of candidates available for recruitment , the People 's Liberation Army has always had sufficient volunteers , so conscription has not been required in practice at all . Europe ( edit ) Austria ( edit ) Every male citizen of the Republic of Austria up to the age of 35 can be drafted for a six month long basic military training in the Bundesheer . For men refusing to undergo this training , a nine month lasting community service is mandatory . Cyprus ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Cyprus Military service in the Cypriot National Guard is mandatory for all male citizens of the Republic of Cyprus , as well as any male non-citizens born of a parent of Greek Cypriot descent , lasting from the January 1 of the year in which they turn 18 years of age to December 31 , of the year in which they turn 50 . All male residents of Cyprus who are of military age ( 16 and over ) are required to obtain an exit visa from the Ministry of Defense . Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Denmark Conscription duty as Royal Life Guards in Copenhagen . Conscription is known in Denmark since the Viking Age , where one man out of every 10 had to serve the king . Frederick IV of Denmark changed the law in 1710 to every 4th man . The men were chosen by the landowner and it was seen as a penalty . Since 12 February 1849 , every physically fit man must do military service . According to § 81 in the Constitution of Denmark , which was promulgated in 1849 : Every male person able to carry arms shall be liable with his person to contribute to the defence of his country under such rules as are laid down by Statute . -- Constitution of Denmark The legislation about compulsory military service is articulated in the Danish Law of Conscription . National service takes 4 -- 12 months . It is possible to postpone the duty when one is still in full - time education . Every male turning 18 will be drafted to the ' Day of Defence ' , where they will be introduced to the Danish military and their health will be tested . Physically unfit persons are not required to do military service . It is only compulsory for men , while women are free to choose to join the Danish army . Almost all of the men have been volunteers in recent years , 96.9 % of the total amount of recruits having been volunteers in the 2015 draft . After lottery , one can become a conscientious objector . Total objection ( refusal from alternative civilian service ) results in up to 4 months jailtime according to the law . However , in 2014 a Danish man , who signed up for the service and objected later , got only 14 days of home arrest . In many countries the act of desertion ( objection after signing up ) is punished harder than objecting the compulsory service . Finland ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Finland Finnish conscripts swearing their military oath at the end of their basic training period . Conscription in Finland is part of a general compulsion for national military service for all adult males ( Finnish : maanpuolustusvelvollisuus ; Swedish : totalförsvarsplikt ) defined in the 127 § of the Constitution of Finland . Conscription can take the form of military or of civilian service . According to Finnish Defence Forces 2011 data slightly under 80 % of Finnish males turned 30 had entered and finished the military service . The number of female volunteers to annually enter armed service had stabilised at approximately 300 . The service period is 165 , 255 or 347 days for the rank and file conscripts and 347 days for conscripts trained as NCOs or reserve officers . The length of civilian service is always twelve months . Those electing to serve unarmed in duties where unarmed service is possible serve either nine or twelve months , depending on their training . Any Finnish citizen who refuses to perform both military and civilian service faces a penalty of 173 days in prison , minus any served days . Such sentences are usually served fully in prison , with no parole . Jehovah 's Witnesses are exempted in that they may be granted a deferment of service for 3 years upon presentation of a certificate from their congregation 's minister showing they are an active member of that religious community . Providing they are still an active member 3 years later , there is nothing to stop them getting a further certificate and deferment . The inhabitants of the demilitarized Åland Islands are exempt from military service . By the Conscription Act of 1951 , they are , however , required to serve a time at a local institution , like the coast guard . However , until such service has been arranged , they are freed from service obligation . The non-military service of Åland islands has not been arranged since the introduction of the act , and there are no plans to institute it . The inhabitants of Åland islands can also volunteer for military service on the mainland . As of 1995 , women are permitted to serve on a voluntary basis and pursue careers in the military after their initial voluntary military service . The military service takes place in Finnish Defence Forces or in the Finnish Border Guard . All services of the Finnish Defence Forces train conscripts . However , the Border Guard trains conscripts only in land - based units , not in coast guard detachments or in the Border Guard Air Wing . Civilian service may take place in the Civilian Service Center in Lapinjärvi or in an accepted non-profit organization of educational , social or medical nature . Germany ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Germany In both East and West Germany , military service was mandatory for all male citizens . With the end of the Cold War , then unified Germany drastically reduced the size of its armed forces . The low demand for conscripts led to the suspension of compulsory conscription in 2011 . Since then only volunteer professionals serve in the Bundeswehr . Greece ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Main article : Conscription in Greece Evzones of the Presidential Guard in front of the Greek Parliament armed with M1 Garands . Since 1914 , Greece ( Hellenic Republic ) has mandatory military service of 9 months for men between the ages of 16 and 45 . Citizens discharged from active service are normally placed in the Reserve and are subject to periodic recall of 1 -- 10 days at irregular intervals . Universal conscription was introduced in Greece during the military reforms of 1909 , although various forms of selective draft had been in place earlier . In more recent years , conscription was associated with the state of general mobilisation declared on July 20 , 1974 due to the crisis in Cyprus ( the mobilisation was formally ended on December 18 , 2002 ) . The length of a tour has varied historically , between 12 -- 36 months depending on various factors particular to the conscript , and the political situation . Although women are accepted into the Greek army on a voluntary basis , they are not required to enlist , as men are . Soldiers receive no health insurance , but they are provided medical support during their army service , including hospitalization costs . Since 2009 , Greece has mandatory military service of 9 months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45 . However , as the Armed forces had been gearing towards a complete professional army system , the government had promised that the mandatory military service would be cut to 6 months by 2008 or even abolished completely . However , this timetable is under reconsideration as of April 2006 , due to severe manpower shortages . These were caused by a combination of ( a ) financial difficulties , which meant that professional soldiers could not be hired at the projected rate , and ( b ) widespread abuse of the deferment process , which meant that 66 % of the draftees deferred service in 2005 . In August 2009 , the mandatory service was reduced to 9 months for the Land Army , while has remained to 12 months for the Navy and the Air Force . The number of conscripts affected to the latter two has been greatly reduced , with an aim towards full professionalisation . Lithuania ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Lithuania Lithuania abolished its conscription in 2008 . In May 2015 the Lithuanian parliament voted to return the conscription and the conscripts started their training in August 2015 . In practice there is no conscription in Lithuania , since all recruits have been volunteers . Netherlands ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Conscription in the Netherlands Conscription , which was called `` Service Duty '' ( Dutch : dienstplicht ) in the Netherlands , was first employed in 1810 by French occupying forces . Napoleon 's brother Louis Bonaparte , who was King of Holland from 1806 to 1810 , had tried to introduce conscription a few years earlier , unsuccessfully . Every man aged 20 years or older had to enlist . By means of drawing lots it was decided who had to undertake service in the French army . It was possible to arrange a substitute against payment . Later on , conscription was used for all men over the age of 18 . Postponement was possible , due to study , for example . Conscientious objectors could perform an alternative civilian service instead of military service . For various reasons , this forced military service was criticized at the end of the twentieth century . Since the Cold War was over , so was the direct threat of a war . Instead , the Dutch army was employed in more and more peacekeeping operations . The complexity and danger of these missions made the use of conscripts controversial . Furthermore , the conscription system was thought to be unfair as only men were drafted . In the European part of Netherlands , compulsory attendance has been officially suspended since 1 May 1997 . Between 1991 and 1996 , the Dutch armed forces phased out their conscript personnel and converted to an all - volunteer force . The last conscript troops were inducted in 1995 , and demobilized in 1996 . The suspension means that citizens are no longer forced to serve in the armed forces , as long as it is not required for the safety of the country . Since then , the Dutch army is an all - volunteer force . However , to this day , every male and female citizen aged 17 gets a letter in which they are told that they have been registered but do not have to present themselves for service . The Dutch army allowed its male soldiers to have long hair from the early 1970s to the end of conscription in the mid-1990s . Norway ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Norway As of March 2016 , Norway currently employs a weak form of mandatory military service for men and women . In practice recruits are not forced to serve , instead only those who are motivated are selected . About 60,000 Norwegians are available for conscription every year , but only 8,000 to 10,000 are conscripted . Since 1985 , women have been able to enlist for voluntary service as regular recruits . On 14 June 2013 the Norwegian Parliament voted to extend conscription to women , making Norway the first NATO member and first European country to make national service compulsory for both sexes . In earlier times , up until at least the early 2000s , all men aged 19 -- 44 were subject to mandatory service , with good reasons required to avoid becoming drafted . There is a right of conscientious objection . Serbia ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Serbia As of 1 January 2011 , Serbia no longer practises mandatory military service . Prior to this , mandatory military service lasted 6 months for men . Conscientious objectors could however opt for 9 months of civil service instead . On 15 December 2010 , the Parliament of Serbia voted to suspend mandatory military service . The decision fully came into force on January 1 , 2011 . Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Sweden Swedish conscripts in 2008 . Sweden had conscription ( Swedish : värnplikt ) for men between 1901 and 2010 . Peace - time conscription was made dormant in 2010 , and the law on conscription was simultaneously made gender - neutral . Due to tensions in the Baltic , the Swedish government has stated it will reintroduce military conscription beginning January 1 , 2018 , for 4,000 men and women who were born in 1999 . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom introduced conscription to full - time military service for the first time in January 1916 ( the eighteenth month of World War I ) and abolished it in 1920 . Ireland , then part of the United Kingdom , was exempted from the original 1916 military service legislation , and although further legislation in 1918 gave power for an extension of conscription to Ireland , the power was never put into effect . Conscription was reintroduced in 1939 , in the lead up to World War II , and continued in force until 1963 . Northern Ireland was exempted from conscription legislation throughout the whole period . In all , 8,000,000 men were conscripted in the Second World War , as well as several hundred thousand younger single women . The introduction of conscription in May 1939 , before the war began , was partly due to pressure from the French , who emphasized the need for a large British army to oppose the Germans . From early 1942 unmarried women age 19 -- 30 were conscripted . Most were sent to the factories , but they could volunteer for the Auxiliary Territorial Service ( ATS ) and other women 's services . None was assigned to combat roles unless she volunteered . By 1943 women were liable to some form of directed labour up to age 51 . During the Second World War , 1.4 million British men volunteered for service and 3.2 million were conscripted . Conscripts comprised 50 % of the Royal Air Force , 60 % of the Royal Navy and 80 % of the British Army . Britain and her colonies did not develop such pervasive administrative states , and therefore did not opt out for regulatory solutions , such as conscription , as a reliability . The abolition of conscription in Britain was announced on 4 April 1957 , by new prime minister Harold Macmillan , with the last conscripts being recruited three years later . Israel ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in Israel There is a mandatory service for all male and female who are fit and 18 years old . Men must serve 32 months while women serve 24 months . Yet , some are exempt from mandatory service : Muslim and Christian Arabs permanent residents such as the Druze of the Golan Heights Ultra-Orthodox Jews can apply for deferment to study in Yeshiva , and the deferment tends to become an exemption Female religious Jews , if they declare they are unable to serve due to religious grounds . Many choose to volunteer in the national service Sherut Leumi . All of the above can choose to volunteer to the IDF . Relatively large numbers of Bedouin choose to volunteer . Male Druze and Circassian Israeli citizens are liable , by agreement with their community leaders ( Female Druze and Circassian are exempt from service ) . United States ( edit ) Main article : Conscription in the United States In the United States , conscription , also called `` the draft '' , ended in 1973 , but males aged between 18 and 25 are required to register with the Selective Service System to enable a reintroduction of conscription if necessary . President Gerald Ford suspended mandatory draft registration in 1975 , but President Jimmy Carter reinstated that requirement when the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan . Selective Service registration is still required of almost all young men , although the draft has not been used since 1973 and there have been no prosecutions for violations of the draft registration law since 1986 . Main articles for conscription by country ( edit ) Conscription in Canada Conscription in Denmark Conscription in Egypt Conscription in Finland Conscription in France Conscription in Germany Conscription in Gibraltar Conscription in Greece Conscription in Malaysia Conscription in Mexico Conscription in the Netherlands Conscription in New Zealand Conscription in Norway Conscription in Russia Conscription in Serbia Conscription in Singapore Conscription in South Korea Conscription in Sweden Conscription in Switzerland Conscription in the Ottoman Empire Conscription in the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Conscription in the Russian Empire Related concepts ( edit ) Arrière - ban Civil conscription Civilian Public Service Corvée Economic conscription Impressment and the Quota System National Service Pospolite ruszenie , mass mobilization in Poland Zivildienst See also ( edit ) Bevin Boys Ephebic Oath List of countries by number of troops Men 's Rights Military history Military recruitment Timeline of women 's participation in warfare References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ukraine removes last conscripts from war zone '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Military conscription to stop completely from 2018 '' . 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Multicultural Citizens , Monocultural Men : Indigineity , Masculinity , and Conscription in Ecuador . Syracuse University : ProQuest . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 40315 - 9 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joenniemi , Pertti ( 2006 ) . The Changing Face of European Conscription . Ashgate Publishing . pp. 142 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 754 - 64410 - 1 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conscription And The Military '' . Libertarian Party . www.dehnbase.org . Jump up ^ U.S. Representative Ron Paul Conscription Is Slavery , antiwar.com , January 14 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Draft '' . aynrandlexicon.com . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) pp. 219 -- 20 Jump up ^ Henderson , David R . `` The Role of Economists in Ending the Draft '' ( August 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ( 1967 ) . `` Why Not a Volunteer Army ? '' . New Individualist Review . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rousseau , J-J . Social Contract . Chapter `` The Roman Comitia '' Jump up ^ Aristotle , Politics , Book 6 Chapter VII and Book 4 Chapter XIII . Jump up ^ William James ( 1906 ) . `` The Moral Equivalent of War '' . Jump up ^ Alter , Jonathan . `` Cop Out on Class '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Mickey Kaus '' . realclearpolitics.com . Jump up ^ Postrel , Virginia . `` Overcoming Merit '' . Jump up ^ Gustav Hägglund ( 2006 ) . Leijona ja kyyhky ( in Finnish ) . Otava . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21161 - 7 . Jump up ^ Card , David ; Cardoso , Ana Rute ( October 2012 ) . `` Can Compulsory Military Service Raise Civilian Wages ? Evidence from the Peacetime Draft in Portugal '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Journal : Applied Economics . 4 ( 4 ) : 57 -- 93 . doi : 10.1257 / app. 4.4. 57 . hdl : 10261 / 113437 . Jump up ^ Ben Shephard ( 2003 ) . A War of Nerves : Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Twentieth Century . Harvard University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01119 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carol R. Ember ; Melvin Ember ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of sex and gender : men and women in the world 's cultures . Volume 2 . Springer . pp. 108 -- 09 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 47770 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook : Bolivia '' . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook : Chad '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women in the military -- international '' . CBC News Indepth : International military . May 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Economic Costs and the Political Allure of Conscription '' ( PDF ) . ( see footnote 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Cia World Factbook : Eritrea '' . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook : Israel '' . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook : Mozambique '' . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook : North Korea '' . Jump up ^ `` Abuse of IDF Exemptions Questioned '' , The Jewish Daily Forward , 16 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` World Resisters International : Sudan , Country Report '' . Jump up ^ Roger Broad ( 2006 ) . Conscription in Britain , 1939 -- 1964 : the militarisation of a generation . Taylor & Francis . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5701 - 1 . ^ `` Conscription into military service '' . Peace Pledge Union . Jump up ^ `` Universal Conscription '' . Norwegian Armed Forces . 11 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : ( www.dw.com ) , Deutsche Welle . `` Norway 's military conscription becomes gender neutral -- News -- DW.COM -- 14.10. 2014 '' . dw.com . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jack Cassin - Scott ; Angus McBride ( 1980 ) . Women at war , 1939 -- 45 . Osprey Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 349 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Draft Women ? '' . Time . January 15 , 1945 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kalisch , PA ; Kalisch PA ; Kalisch BJ ( 1973 ) . `` The women 's draft . An analysis of the controversy over the nurses ' Selective Service Bill of 1945 '' . Nursing research . PubMed. 22 ( 5 ) : 402 -- 13 . PMID 4580476 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006199 - 197309000 - 00004 . Jump up ^ `` Rostker v. Goldberg '' . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Yuan Interpretation 490 '' . translated by Jiunn - rong Yeh . Jump up ^ `` Attachment of the standard of the class of physical condition of a draftee '' ( in Chinese ) . Conscription Agency , Ministry of the Interior . Jump up ^ On July 30 , 1993 , explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations Human Rights Committee general comment 22 , Para. 11 : `` Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief . Framework for communications . Conscientious Objection '' . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ; See Article 18 '' . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nationmaster : Conscription '' . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , Geneva , Switzerland , 1997 . Data collected from the nations concerned , or as otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ `` Nationmaster : Land area '' . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA World Factbooks '' . cia.gov. 18 December 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nationmaster : GDP '' . Jump up ^ `` Nationmaster : Per capita GDP '' . Jump up ^ `` Nationmaster : Population '' . Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators database '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook '' . cia.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Nationmaster : Government type '' . Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbooks '' . cia.gov. 18 December 2003 . Jump up ^ Koci , Jonilda ( August 21 , 2008 ) . `` Albania to abolish conscription by 2010 '' . SETimes . Retrieved 4 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Algeria '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects : Argentina , 2007 -- 2010 '' . imf.org . Jump up ^ Gary Brown ( October 12 , 1999 ) . `` Current Issues Brief 7 1999 -- 2000 -- Military Conscription : Issues for Australia '' . Parliamentary library ; Foreign Affairs , Defence and Trade Group . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Official information website '' . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Military service age and obligation '' . CIA . Jump up ^ `` South America > Bolivia > Military '' . nationmaster.com . Jump up ^ `` NATO and the Defence Reform Commission : partners for progress '' . setimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Brasil , Portal . `` Publicidade sobre isenção no serviço militar é proibida '' . Portal Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ LEI No 4.375 , DE 17 DE AGOSTO DE 1964 . -- Military Service Law at government 's official website Jump up ^ `` Country report and updates : Bulgaria22 October 2008 '' . War Resisters ' International . 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Country report and updates : China '' . War Resisters ' International . 15 March 1998 . All male citizens must register at the local PLA office in the year they reach the age of 18 . Local governments get annual recruitment quotas , and local PLA offices select recruits according to medical and political criteria and military requirements . Call - up for military service then takes place at the age of 18 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia to abolish conscription military service sooner '' . Southeast European Times . May 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Note : a separation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting Cyprus began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963 ; this separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in July 1974 that followed a Greek junta - supported coup attempt gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north ; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government ; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot `` President '' Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a `` Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus '' ( TRNC ) , which is recognized only by Turkey Jump up ^ `` Official site of Ministry of defense and armed forces of the Czech Republic '' . Ministry of Defense and armed forces of the Czech Republic . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Værnepligtige ( ' Conscripts ' ) '' . Forsvarsministeriets Personalestyrelse ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Militæret er nu valgfrit '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` Værnepligtsloven ( Law on conscription ) '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` Lov om værnepligtens opfyldelse ved civilt arbejde ( Law on fulfilling conscription duties by civilian work ) '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` Country report and updates : France '' . War Resisters ' International . October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Includes the overseas regions of French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , and Reunion . `` France '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` WPflG -- Einzelnorm '' . gesetze-im-internet.de . Jump up ^ `` Country report and updates : Hungary '' . War Resisters ' International . October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ warresisters ( 23 October 2008 ) . `` Italy '' . wri-irg.org . War Resisters International . Jump up ^ ChartsBin . `` Military Conscription Policy by Country '' . chartsbin.com . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 indicates , citing `` Mustafa al - Riyalat Archived March 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Korea , North '' . CIA World Factbook . Jump up ^ `` North Korea , Military Conscription and Terms of Service '' . Based on the Country Studies Series by Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Korean history databases '' . Jump up ^ Toumi , Habib . `` Kuwait lawmakers approve military conscription '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ CIA Factbook : Libya . Jump up ^ `` Baltic Times -- Lithuania welcomes first 495 volunteers to its army '' . Jump up ^ `` CIA Factbook : Lithuania '' . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia : Conscription abolished '' . War Resisters ' International . 1 June 2006 Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Asia - Pacific - Malaysian youth face call - up '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Budget Revision : National Service 2015 suspended - Nation - The Star Online '' . thestar.com.my . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burma to bring in conscription '' . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Burma : World 's Highest Number of Child Soldiers '' . Human rights Watch . October 15 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Six Youths Conscripted into Burmese Army '' . Narinjara News . August 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arakanese Youth Arrested and Conscripted by Burmese Army '' . War Resisters ' International . June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Six Youths Conscripted into Burmese Army '' . Narinjara . August 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nationmaster : Conscription , citing Friends World Committee for Consultation ( FWCC ) Jump up ^ Conscription still exists , but compulsory attendance was held in abeyance per January 1 , 1997 ( effective per August 22 , 1996 ) , ( unknown ) ( October 12 , 1999 ) . `` Afschaffing dienstplicht '' . Tweede Kamer ( Dutch House of Representatives ) and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek ( Royal Dutch Library ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` War resisters ' international -- Norway : end of substitute service for conscientious objectors '' . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency . `` The World Factbook : Military Service Age and Obligation '' . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . 17 - 23 years of age ( officers 20 - 24 ) for voluntary military service ; no conscription ; applicants must be single male or female Philippine citizens with either 72 college credit hours ( enlisted ) or a baccalaureate degree ( officers ) ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines '' . Chan Robles Law Library . Jump up ^ Section 4 Article II of the Philippine constitution reads , `` The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people . The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and , in the fulfillment thereof , all citizens may be required , under conditions provided by law , to render personal , military or civil service . '' Section 4 Article XVI of the Philippine constitution reads , `` The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve as may be provided by law . It shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State . '' Jump up ^ `` Poland 's defence minister , Bogdan Klich , said the country will move towards a professional army and that from January , only volunteers will join the armed forces . '' , Matthew Day ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Poland ends army conscription '' . London : telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Instituto Português da Juventude . `` Portal da Juventude -- Dia da Defesa Nacional -- Época 2011 -- 2012 '' . juventude.gov.pt . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Romania '' . Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs , US Department of State . April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Changing the Way Slovenia Sees the Armed Forces '' . slonews . November 18 , 2003 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 Jump up ^ `` End Conscription Campaign ( ECC ) '' . South African History Online . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Conscription ends in Spain after 230 years '' . April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The situation of conscientious objectors in Switzerland -- compared with the guidelines of the European Union , zentralstelle-kdv.de Archived February 7 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Substitute Service Center '' . Department Of Compulsory Military Service , Taipei City Government . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Taiwan '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Salama , Samir ( 7 June 2014 ) . `` Mandatory national service in UAE approved '' . GulfNews.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Ukraine reinstates conscription as crisis deepens '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Committee Publishes Report on Overseas Territories ( item 26 ) , 4 July 2008 Jump up ^ The United States abandoned the draft in 1973 under President Richard Nixon , ended the Selective Service registration requirement in 1975 under President Gerald Ford . In 1980 , Congress reinstated mandatory registering with the U.S. Selective Service System. * Selective Service System . WHO MUST REGISTER Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Promulgation date ) '' ( PDF ) . analitica.com . December 20 , 1999 . Articles 134 , 135 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada ( 18 December 2003 ) . `` Venezuela : Military service , including length of service , existence of alternative forms of service and penalties imposed on those who refuse to serve '' . U.N. Refugee Agency . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 Jump up ^ Great Wall Archived July 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.army.gov.cy/en/file/Mz7pGiPfUAqhGYAsl9Rd6A==/ Jump up ^ `` Danish Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Bekendtgørelse af værnepligtsloven '' . Retsinformation . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Værnepligt '' . Borger . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Forsvaret '' . www2.forsvaret.dk . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mødet på Forsvarets Dag '' . Forsvaret . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Før Forsvarets Dag '' . Forsvaret . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kvinder i Forsvaret '' . Forsvaret for Danmark . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 19 unge tvunget i militæret '' . dr.dk . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Værnepligtige '' . Forsvarsministeriets Personalestyrelse ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mødet på Forsvarets Dag '' . Forsvaret for Danmark . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Militærnægter '' . Borger . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Bekendtgørelse af værnepligtsloven '' . Retsinformation.de ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2014-12-14-rene-vil-ikke-i-militaeret-nu-skal-han-i-faengsel Jump up ^ Annual Report 2011 . Page 29 Finnish Defence Forces Jump up ^ Siviilipalveluslaki ( 1446 / 2007 ) ( Civilian service act ) , 4 § . Retrieved 1 - 24 - 2008 . ( in Finnish ) Jump up ^ Asevelvollisuuslaki ( 1438 / 2007 ) ( Conscription act ) , 37 § . Retrieved 1 - 24 - 2008 . ( in Finnish ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( Civilian service act ) , 74 , 81 § § . Retrieved 4 - 17 - 2013 . ( in Finnish ) Jump up ^ Asevelvollisuuslaki ( 1438 / 2007 ) ( Conscription act ) , 118 § . Retrieved 1 - 24 - 2008 . ( in Finnish ) Jump up ^ `` Försvarsmakten > Beväringar > Alternativ och undantag '' . Puolustusvoimat.fi . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2015/02/24/litauen-aterinfor-allman-varnplikt Jump up ^ https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2015/08/25/varnplikten-ar-tillbaka-i-litauen-hard-konkurrens-om-platserna Jump up ^ `` Lithuania publishes 2016 conscription lists '' . www.baltictimes.com . Jump up ^ Defensie , Ministerie van . `` Kaderwet dienstplicht wordt aangepast voor vrouwen '' . rijksoverheid.nl . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norway 's military conscription becomes gender neutral '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` NDF official numbers '' . NDF . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vojska Srbije od sutra i zvanično profesionalna . - Politika ( in Serbian ) Jump up ^ `` Värnplikten genom åren '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Armed Forces . Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Noack , Rick ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` Swedes are calling up women to help fend off threats like Russia '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden brings back military conscription amid Baltic tensions '' . BBC . 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Broad , Conscription in Britain 1939 -- 1964 : The Militarization of a Generation ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Hucker , `` Franco - British Relations and the Question of Conscription in Britain , 1938 -- 1939 , '' Contemporary European History , November 2008 , Vol. 17 Issue 4 , pp 437 -- 56 Jump up ^ Jeremy A. Crang , `` ' Come into the Army , Maud ' : Women , Military Conscription , and the Markham Inquiry , '' Defence Studies , November 2008 , Vol. 8 Issue 3 , pp. 381 -- 95 ; statistics from pp. 392 -- 93 Jump up ^ Mulligan , C.B. ( 1 March 2005 ) . `` Conscription as Regulation '' . American Law and Economics Review . 7 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 111 . doi : 10.1093 / aler / ahi009 . Jump up ^ `` Those were the days '' . expressandstar.com . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Linda . `` Military Conscription , Recruiting and the Draft '' . About.com US Politics . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hasbrouck , Edward . `` Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters '' . Resisters.info . National Resistance Committee . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Burk , James ( April 1989 ) . `` Debating the Draft in America , '' Armed Forces and Society p. vol. 15 : pp. 431 -- 48 . Challener , Richard D . The French theory of the nation in arms , 1866 -- 1939 ( 1955 ) Chambers , John Whiteclay . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Fitzpatrick , Edward ( 1940 ) . Conscription and America : A Study of Conscription in a Democracy . Richard Publishing Company . ASIN B000GY5QW2 . Flynn , George Q. ( 1998 33 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 20 ) . `` Conscription and Equity in Western Democracies , 1940 -- 75 , '' Journal of Contemporary History in JSTOR Flynn , George Q. ( 2001 ) . Conscription and Democracy : The Draft in France , Great Britain , and the United States . Greenwood . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31912 - X . Kestnbaum , Meyer ( October 2000 ) . Citizenship and Compulsory Military Service : The Revolutionary Origins of Conscription in the United States . Armed Forces & Society . p. vol. 27 : pp. 7 -- 36 . Levi , Margaret ( 1997 ) . Consent , Dissent and Patriotism . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59961 - 0 . Looks at citizens ' responses to military conscription in several democracies since the French Revolution . Linch , Kevin ( 2012 ) . Conscription . Mainz : Institute of European History ( IEG ) . Krueger , Christine , and Sonja Levsen , eds . War Volunteering in Modern Times : From the French Revolution to the Second World War ( Palgrave Macmillan 2011 ) Leander , Anna ( July 2004 ) . Drafting Community : Understanding the Fate of Conscription . Armed Forces & Society . p. vol. 30 : pp. 571 -- 99 . MacLean , Alair . The Privileges of Rank : The Peacetime Draft and Later - life Attainment . date = July 2008 . p. vol. 34 : pp. 682 -- 713 . Mjoset , Lars and Stephen Van Holde , eds. ( 2002 ) . The Comparative Study of Conscription in the Armed Forces . Amsterdam : JAI Press / Elsevier Science Ltd. p. 424 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Pfaffenzeller , Stephan. 2010 . `` Conscription and Democracy : The Mythology of Civil - Military Relations . '' Armed Forces & Society April Vol. 36 pp. 481 -- 504 , doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X09351226 http://afs.sagepub.com/content/36/3/481.abstract Sorensen , Henning ( January 2000 ) . Conscription in Scandinavia During the Last Quarter Century : Developments and Arguments . Armed Forces & Society . p. vol. 26 : pp. 313 -- 34 . Stevenson , Michael D. ( 2001 ) . Canada 's Greatest Wartime Muddle : National Selective Service and the Mobilization of Human Resources during World War II . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2263 - 8 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of conscription at Wiktionary Media related to Conscription at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Unfree labour relationships and institutions Encomienda Slavery Serfdom Labour camp Truck system Conscription Mita Penal labour GND : 4065000 - 5 HDS : 8588 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription&oldid=806843737 '' Categories : Conscription Political theories Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2011 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with Finnish - language external links Articles with Serbian - language external links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Pages using web citations with no URL Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2010 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from May 2015 Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 贛 語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 14 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription | 399 |
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how many employees does department of education have | The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education . It has approximately 4,400 employees and an annual budget of $68 billion ( 2016 ) . Its official abbreviation is `` ED '' ( `` DOE '' refers to the United States Department of Energy ) and is also often abbreviated informally as `` DoEd '' . | approximately 4,400 | United States Department of Education | united states department of education | The United States Department of Education ( ED or DoED ) , also referred to as the ED for ( the ) Education Department , is a Cabinet - level department of the United States government . It began operating on May 4 , 1980 , having been created after the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare was split into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services by the Department of Education Organization Act ( Public Law 96 - 88 ) , which President Jimmy Carter signed into law on October 17 , 1979 . | The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education . It has approximately 4,400 employees and an annual budget of $68 billion ( 2016 ) . Its official abbreviation is `` ED '' ( `` DOE '' refers to the United States Department of Energy ) and is also often abbreviated informally as `` DoEd '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Budget 3 History 3.1 Establishment 3.2 Early history 3.3 Later history 4 Organization 5 See also 5.1 Related legislation 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Functions ( edit ) The primary functions of the Department of Education are to `` establish policy for , administer and coordinate most federal assistance to education , collect data on US schools , and to enforce federal educational laws regarding privacy and civil rights . '' The Department of Education does not establish schools or colleges . Unlike the systems of most other countries , education in the United States is highly decentralized , and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards ( with the recent exception of the No Child Left Behind Act ) . This has been left to state and local school districts . The quality of educational institutions and their degrees is maintained through an informal private process known as accreditation , over which the Department of Education has no direct public jurisdictional control . The Department 's mission is : to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access . Aligned with this mission of ensuring equal access to education , the Department of Education is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness , and works with federal partners to ensure proper education for homeless and runaway youth in the United States . Opposition to the Department of Education mainly stems from conservatives , who see the department as an undermining of states rights , and libertarians who believe it results in a state - imposed leveling towards the bottom and low value for taxpayers ' money . Budget ( edit ) Pell Grants : $28.856 B ( 33.0 % ) Federal Direct Student Loan Program : $23.661 B ( 27.1 % ) Title I Grants : $14.41 B ( 16.5 % ) Special education : $12.522 B ( 14.3 % ) Other : $7.92 B ( 9.1 % ) Budget of the Department of Education for FY 2015 , showing its largest components Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal For 2006 , the ED discretionary budget was $56 billion and the mandatory budget contained $23 billion . In 2009 it received additional ARRA funding of $102 billion . As of 2011 , the discretionary budget is $70 billion . History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) A previous Department of Education was created in 1867 but was soon demoted to an Office in 1868 . As an agency not represented in the president 's cabinet , it quickly became a relatively minor bureau in the Department of the Interior . In 1939 , the bureau was transferred to the Federal Security Agency , where it was renamed the Office of Education . In 1953 , the Federal Security Agency was upgraded to cabinet - level status as the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare . In 1979 , President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet - level Department of Education . Carter 's plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare 's education - related functions to the Department of Education . Carter also planned to transfer the education - related functions of the departments of Defense , Justice , Housing and Urban Development , and Agriculture , as well as a few other federal entities . Among the federal education - related programs that were not proposed to be transferred were Headstart , the Department of Agriculture 's school lunch and nutrition programs , the Department of the Interior 's Native Americans ' education programs , and the Department of Labor 's education and training programs . Upgrading Education to cabinet level status in 1979 was opposed by many in the Republican Party , who saw the department as unconstitutional , arguing that the Constitution does n't mention education , and deemed it an unnecessary and illegal federal bureaucratic intrusion into local affairs . However , many see the department as constitutional under the Commerce Clause , and that the funding role of the Department is constitutional under the Taxing and Spending Clause . The National Education Association supported the bill , while the American Federation of Teachers opposed it . As of 1979 , the Office of Education had 3,000 employees and an annual budget of $12 billion . Congress appropriated to the Department of Education an annual budget of $14 billion and 17,000 employees when establishing the Department of Education . During the 1980 presidential campaign , Gov. Reagan called for the total elimination of the U.S. Department of Education , severe curtailment of bilingual education , and massive cutbacks in the federal role in education . Once in office , President Reagan significantly reduced its budget . Early History ( edit ) The Republican Party platform of 1980 called for the elimination of the Department of Education created under Carter and President Ronald Reagan promised during the 1980 presidential election to eliminate it as a cabinet post , but he was not able to do so with a Democratic House of Representatives . In the 1982 State of the Union Address , he pledged : `` The budget plan I submit to you on Feb. 8 will realize major savings by dismantling the Department of Education . '' By 1984 the GOP had dropped the call for elimination from its platform , and with the election of President George H.W. Bush the Republican position evolved in almost lockstep with that of the Democrats , with Goals 2000 a virtual joint effort . After the Newt Gingrich - led `` revolution '' in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress , federal control of and spending on education soared . That trend continued unabated despite the fact that the Republican Party made abolition of the Department a cornerstone of 1996 platform and campaign promises , calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local , state , and family affairs . The GOP platform read : `` The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place . This is why we will abolish the Department of Education , end federal meddling in our schools , and promote family choice at all levels of learning . '' In 2000 , the Republican Liberty Caucus passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education . Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the George W. Bush administration , which made reform of federal education a key priority of the President 's first term . In 2008 and 2012 , presidential candidate Ron Paul campaigned in part on an opposition to the Department . Later History ( edit ) A construction project to repair and update the building façade at the Department of Education headquarters in 2002 resulted in the installation of structures at all of the entrances to protect employees and visitors from falling debris . ED redesigned these protective structures to promote the No Child Left Behind Act . The structures were temporary and were removed in 2008 . Source : U.S. Department of Education , Under President George W. Bush , the Department primarily focused on elementary and secondary education , expanding its reach through the No Child Left Behind Act . The Department 's budget increased by $14 billion between 2002 and 2004 , from $46 billion to $60 billion . On March 23 , 2007 , President George W. Bush signed into law H.R. 584 , which designates the ED Headquarters building as the Lyndon B. Johnson Department of Education Building . On February 7 , 2017 , Representative Thomas Massie ( R - KY ) introduced H.R. 899 , a bill to abolish the department . Massie 's bill , which is one sentence long , states , `` The Department of Education shall terminate on December 31 , 2018 . '' Organization ( edit ) Department of Education structure Office of the Secretary ( OS ) Office of Communications and Outreach ( OCO ) Office of the General Counsel ( OGC ) Office of Inspector General Office of Legislation and Congressional Affairs ( OLCA ) Office for Civil Rights ( OCR ) Office of Educational Technology ( OET ) Institute of Education Sciences ( IES ) National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) Education Resources Information Center ( ERIC ) Office of Innovation and Improvement ( OII ) Office of the Chief Financial Officer Office of Management Office of the Chief Information Officer Office of Planning , Evaluation and Policy Development Budget Service Risk Management Service Office of the Under Secretary ( OUS ) Office of Postsecondary Education ( OPE ) Office of Career , Technical , and Adult Education ( OCTAE ) Office of Federal Student Aid ( FSA ) President 's Advisory Board on Tribal Colleges and Universities ( WHITCU ) President 's Advisory Board on Historically Black Colleges and Universities ( WHIHBCU ) Office of the Deputy Secretary ( ODS ) / Chief Operating Officer Office of Elementary and Secondary Education ( OESE ) Education Facilities Clearinghouse Office of Migrant Education ( OME ) Office of Safe and Healthy Students ( OSHS ) Student Achievement and School Accountability Programs ( SASA ) White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders ( AAPI ) White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans Office of English Language Acquisition , Language Enhancement and Academic Achievement for Limited English Proficient Students ( OELA ) Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services ( OSERS ) National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research ( NIDRR ) Office of Special Education Programs ( OSEP ) Rehabilitation Services Administration ( RSA ) Office of Innovation and Improvement ( OII ) Associated federal organizations Advisory Councils and Committees National Assessment Governing Board ( NAGB ) ( 1 ) National Advisory Council on Indian Education ( NACIE ) Federal Interagency Committee on Education ( FICE ) Advisory Commission on Accessible Instructional Materials in Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities National Board for Education Sciences National Board of the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education ( FIPSE ) Federally aided organizations Gallaudet University Howard University National Technical Institute for the Deaf See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Education portal Council for Higher Education Accreditation Educational attainment in the United States Free Application for Federal Student Aid FICE code Federal Student Aid National Diffusion Network School Improvement Grant Title 34 of the Code of Federal Regulations Related legislation ( edit ) 1965 : Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) 1965 : Higher Education Act of 1965 ( HEA ) ( Pub . L. No. 89 - 329 ) 1974 : Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act ( FERPA ) 1974 : Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 ( EEOA ) 1975 : Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( EHA ) ( Pub . L. No. 94 - 142 ) 1978 : Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment 1980 : Department of Education Organization Act ( Pub . L. No. 96 - 88 ) 1984 : Equal Access Act 1990 : The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act ( Clery Act ) 1994 : Improving America 's Schools Act of 1994 2001 : No Child Left Behind Act ( NCLB ) 2004 : Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) 2005 : Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 ( HERA ) ( Pub . L. No. 109 - 171 ) 2006 : Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act 2007 : America COMPETES Act 2008 : Higher Education Opportunity Act ( HEOA ) ( Pub . L. No. 110 - 315 ) 2009 : Race to the Top 2009 : Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act 2010 : Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2015 : Every Student Succeeds Act ( ESSA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stratford , Michael ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Education Department goes into shutdown mode '' . Politico . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : About ED Jump up ^ Department of Education Organization Act As Enacted Jump up ^ What We Do . ED.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education , p. 2 '' . United States Department of Education . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the U.S. Department of Education , p. 1 '' . United States Department of Education . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Education Member Agency United States Interagency Council on Homelessness ( USICH ) '' . Usich.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Laissez - faire - learning '' . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ED History '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Education . 2015 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overview '' . U.S. Department of Education Budget Office . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ FY2011 Federal Budget Jump up ^ Department of Education Act of 1867 As Enacted Jump up ^ Chap . CLVIII. 14 Stat. 434 from `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . Library of Congress , Law Library of Congress . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Education Outlined '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , via Google News . Associated Press . February 9 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` House Narrowly Passes Department of Education Bill '' . Spokane , Washington : The Spokesman - Review , via Google News . The New York Times . July 12 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hechinger , Fred M ( September 3 , 1979 ) . `` Federal Education Branch Is Foundering , Leaderless '' . Lexington , North Carolina : The Dispatch , via Google News . New York Times News Service . Jump up ^ `` Education Department Created '' . The Palm Beach Post , via Google News . United Press International . October 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Educational Horizons : `` The Educational Legacy of Ronald Reagan '' , Summer 2004 v. 82 n . 4 p. 256 Jump up ^ `` Online Backgrounders : The Department of Education '' . PBS . Fall 1996 . Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Veronique de Rugy and Marie Gryphon ( 2004 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Elimination Lost : What happened to abolishing the Department of Education ? '' . Cato Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . This article originally appeared in National Review Online on February 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Education '' . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stossel , John ( 2007 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Ron Paul Unplugged '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paige Fields Team to Leave No Child Behind '' . United States Department of Education . April 11 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` President Bush Signs H.R. 584 , Designates U.S. Department of Education as the Lyndon Baines Johnson Federal Building '' . Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 2007 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://massie.house.gov/newsroom/press-releases/rep-massie-introduces-bill-to-abolish-federal-department-of-education Further reading ( edit ) Radin , Beryl A. , and Willis D. Hawley ( 1988 ) . Politics of Federal Reorganization : Creating the U.S. Department of Education , ISBN 978 - 0080339771 Heffernan , Robert V. ( 2001 ) . Cabinetmakers : Story of the Three - Year Battle to Establish the U.S. Department of Education , ISBN 978 - 0595158706 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Education . Official website Department of Education in the Federal Register ERIC Digests -- Informational digests on educational topics produced by the U.S. Department of Education before 1983 . Works by United States Department of Education at Project Gutenberg Works by or about United States Department of Education at Internet Archive United States Government Manual , Department of Education Agencies under the United States Department of Education Headquarters : 400 Maryland Avenue SW ( Education Department Building ) Betsy Devos , Secretary of Education Vacant , Acting Deputy Secretary of Education Secretary of Education Office for Civil Rights Institute of Education Sciences Deputy Secretary of Education Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools Office of Innovation and Improvement Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services Office of English Language Acquisition Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Under Secretary of Education Office of Federal Student Aid Office of Career , Technical , and Adult Education Office of Postsecondary Education White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Programs National Center for Education Statistics National Library of Education National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Office of Migrant Education Education Resources Information Center National Assessment of Educational Progress Independent organizations Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance National Institute for Literacy National Assessment Governing Board National Board for Education Sciences White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Universities White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Education&oldid=823664408 '' Categories : United States Department of Education 1979 establishments in the United States Education ministries Government agencies established in 1979 United States federal executive departments Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Department%20of%20Education | 400 |
is there extra time in scottish cup semi final | The competition is a knock - out tournament . In each round of games the teams are paired at random , with the first team drawn listed as the home team . Every game lasts 90 minutes plus any additional stoppage time . The winner of each game advances to the next round , whilst the loser is eliminated from the tournament . If a game ends in a draw , the fixture is replayed at the home ground of the other team at a later date . If the replay also ends in a draw , 30 minutes of extra time is played followed by a penalty shoot - out if there is still no clear winner . In the semi-final and final rounds , if the game ends in a draw there is no replay ; the winner is decided either in extra time or by a penalty shoot - out . | Scottish Cup | scottish cup | The Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the Scottish Cup ( Scots : Scots Cup ; Scottish Gaelic : Cupa na h - Alba ) , is an annual association football knock - out cup competition for men 's football clubs in Scotland . The competition was first held in 1873 -- 74 . Entry is open to all clubs with full or associate membership of the Scottish Football Association ( SFA ) . The competition is called the William Hill Scottish Cup for sponsorship reasons . | Although it is the second oldest competition in association football history , after the FA Cup , the Scottish Cup trophy is the oldest in association football and is also the oldest national trophy in the world . It was first presented to Queen 's Park , who won the final match of the inaugural tournament in March 1874 . The current holders are Celtic , who won the tournament for a 38th time by defeating Motherwell 2 -- 0 in the 2018 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Eligible clubs and players 1.2 Venues 1.3 European qualification 2 History 2.1 Trophy 3 Performances 3.1 By club 3.2 Domestic double and treble 3.3 Cup `` shocks '' 4 Sponsorship 5 Media coverage 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) The tournament starts at the beginning of the Scottish football season in August or September . The Scottish Cup Final is usually the last game of the season , taking place at the end of May . Participating teams enter the tournament at different stages depending on their league ranking . The lowest ranked clubs enter the tournament at the first round whilst the highest ranked , those that compete in the Scottish Premiership , enter at the fourth round stage . The 2006 final between Heart of Midlothian and Gretna was decided by a penalty shoot - out . The competition is a knock - out tournament . In each round of games the teams are paired at random , with the first team drawn listed as the home team . Every game lasts 90 minutes plus any additional stoppage time . The winner of each game advances to the next round , whilst the loser is eliminated from the tournament . If a game ends in a draw , the fixture is replayed at the home ground of the other team at a later date . If the replay also ends in a draw , 30 minutes of extra time is played followed by a penalty shoot - out if there is still no clear winner . In the semi-final and final rounds , if the game ends in a draw there is no replay ; the winner is decided either in extra time or by a penalty shoot - out . The competition has a staggered entry system . In the 2013 -- 14 season , 36 clubs entered from the first round ; sixteen from the Highland League , three qualifying Junior clubs and seventeen other clubs affiliated with the Scottish Football Association . Scottish League Two clubs entered in the second round along with the top two clubs from the previous season 's Highland League and the winners of both the South of Scotland League and the East of Scotland League . Scottish League One and six Scottish Championship clubs started in the third round , while the remaining four Championship clubs and all 12 Scottish Premiership clubs entered in the fourth round . Eligible clubs and players ( edit ) Any club that is a full or associate member of the Scottish Football Association ( SFA ) is entitled to compete in the tournament and qualifies automatically . Every team that plays in the Scottish Professional Football League ( SPFL ) is therefore eligible . Between 1895 and 2007 , clubs that were SFA members but not competitors in the country 's professional football leagues could only qualify for the tournament through the Scottish Qualifying Cup . Junior club Bonnyrigg Rose ( in red ) qualified to compete by winning the SJFA East Superleague in 2012 . Clubs that are not members of the SFA may still qualify for the tournament by winning the Highland League , Lowland League , East or South of Scotland football leagues . Clubs that are members of the Scottish Junior Football Association ( SJFA ) have been able to qualify since 2007 by winning one of the three regional Super League divisions or by winning the Scottish Junior Cup . Three junior clubs , Banks O ' Dee , Girvan and Linlithgow Rose are also SFA members and therefore qualify automatically . From 2015 , the winners of the Scottish Amateur Cup are also eligible to qualify . Players that are registered with a competing club are eligible to play . However , players are not entitled to play for more than one club during the same tournament . Each club names eleven players and up to five substitutes before every match . In order to play in the final match , a player must have also been registered to compete in the semi-final round for the same club . If a club fields a player that is not registered to play , the club may be expelled from the tournament . Venues ( edit ) Before the semi-final and final rounds , the venue of each match is determined when the fixtures are drawn ; the first club drawn in a fixture is named the home team and chooses the venue for the match , usually its own home ground . In the event of a game ending in a draw , the venue for the replay is the home ground of the second club drawn . The semi-final ties are played at a neutral venue ; usually Hampden Park in Glasgow . On occasions when Hampden has been unavailable , such as when it was being renovated in the late 1990s and when it was being transformed into an athletics stadium for the 2014 Commonwealth Games , the semi-finals have been hosted at Celtic Park and Ibrox Stadium , also in Glasgow . The semi-final and final games are hosted at Hampden Park . Hampden Park also usually hosts the final match of the tournament . The venue has hosted the majority of finals including the first in 1874 . Other venues that have hosted the final in the tournament 's early years are Hamilton Crescent , Kinning Park and Cathkin Park ; all in Glasgow . The last game of the 1896 tournament is the only final that has been hosted outside Glasgow when rivals Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian played at New Logie Green in Edinburgh . Hampden Park has held world and European records for the highest attendance , some of which were recorded at Scottish Cup games . The 1937 final played between Aberdeen and Celtic attracted a crowd of 147,365 spectators which was a world record for a national cup final and remains a European record . European qualification ( edit ) As Scotland is a member of the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) , the winner of the Scottish Cup qualifies to compete in European - wide competitions organised by UEFA . Between 1960 and 1998 , the Scottish Cup winners qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup along with winners of other domestic cup competitions across Europe before it was abolished . The Scottish Cup winners now qualify to compete in the following season 's UEFA Europa League ( formerly known as the UEFA Cup ) . It is possible for the Scottish Cup winners to have already qualified for a UEFA competition through their league ranking in the Scottish Premiership . In this scenario , the qualification spot passes to the highest ranked team in that competition not yet qualified , rather than to the Scottish Cup runners - up . Until 2014 , the Scottish Cup runners - up qualified for European competition if the cup winners had also qualified for the Champions League . History ( edit ) Celtic F.C. are the side with the most Scottish Cup victories . The trophy is pictured second from left , alongside the 1907 -- 08 team The Scottish Football Association was founded in 1873 and the Scottish Cup was created as an annual competition for its members . The first Scottish Cup match took place on 18 October 1873 when Renton defeated Kilmarnock FC 2 -- 0 in the first round . In its early years the competition was dominated by Queen 's Park who won the final 10 times in the first twenty years . Vale of Leven , Dumbarton and Renton were also successful during this period . In 1885 , the record margin of victory in the tournament was recorded when Arbroath defeated Bon Accord 36 -- 0 in a first round match . Trophy ( edit ) The Scottish Cup trophy is the oldest national trophy and also the oldest association football trophy in the world . It was made by silversmith George Edward & Sons in Glasgow and has been presented to the winners of the tournament since 1874 . The solid silver trophy is 50 cm in height and weighs 2.25 kg . The original trophy is displayed at the Scottish Football Museum at Hampden Park . It is removed once each year to be cleaned and presented to the tournament winners . After the presentation ceremony , the trophy is returned to the museum . A replica of the original trophy is given to the tournament winners after the ceremony and is also used for promotional purposes . Performances ( edit ) By club ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish Cup finals A total of 34 clubs have appeared in the final , of whom 25 have won the competition . The most successful club in terms of wins and appearances in the final is Celtic , with 38 wins from 57 . Celtic and Rangers have finished runners - up on more occasions than any other club with 18 defeats each in the final . The most recent winner is Celtic , who defeated Motherwell 2 -- 0 in the 2018 final . Final appearances by club Club Wins Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Celtic 38 2018 18 2002 57 Rangers 33 2009 18 2016 52 Queen 's Park 10 1893 1900 12 Heart of Midlothian 8 2012 6 14 Aberdeen 7 1990 9 2017 16 Hibernian 2016 11 2013 14 Kilmarnock 1997 5 1960 8 Vale of Leven 1879 1890 7 St Mirren 1962 6 Clyde 1958 1949 6 Dundee United 8 2014 10 Motherwell 1991 6 2018 8 Third Lanark 1905 1936 6 Falkirk 1957 2015 5 Dunfermline Athletic 1968 2007 5 Renton 1888 1895 5 Dumbarton 1883 5 1897 6 Dundee 1910 2003 5 Airdrieonians ( 1878 ) 1924 1995 East Fife 1938 1950 Greenock Morton 1922 1948 Partick Thistle 1921 1930 Inverness Caledonian Thistle 2015 -- -- St Johnstone 2014 -- -- St Bernard 's 1895 -- -- Hamilton Academical -- -- 1935 Ross County -- -- Queen of the South -- -- 2008 Gretna -- -- 2006 Albion Rovers -- -- 1920 Raith Rovers -- -- 1913 Cambuslang -- -- 1888 Thornliebank -- -- 1880 Clydesdale -- -- 1874 Domestic double and treble ( edit ) See also : List of football clubs in Scotland by major honours won Clubs that win the Scottish Cup can complete a domestic `` double '' by becoming Scottish league champions in the same season . Only three clubs have won both competitions in the same season . Rangers have completed the double on 18 occasions , followed by Celtic on 16 . Aberdeen achieved the feat once in 1984 . Since the creation of the Scottish League Cup in 1947 , clubs can complete a domestic treble by also winning this tournament in the same season . Rangers have achieved this on seven occasions , followed by Celtic on five . In 2018 Celtic became the first Scottish team to win consecutive domestic trebles ( `` double treble '' ) , having won the treble in both 2016 -- 17 and 2017 -- 18 . Cup `` shocks '' ( edit ) Second - tier club Airdrieonians played in the 1995 final against top - tier Celtic . Some clubs have become renowned for eliminating higher ranked clubs from the tournament despite being underdogs . Division Two club East Fife won the tournament in 1938 by defeating Division One club Kilmarnock , the first team from outside the top - tier of league football to win the trophy . East Fife had previously reached the final in 1927 after eliminating three higher ranked clubs in the preceding rounds . Hibernian became the second second - tier side to win the cup as they defeated Rangers , another second - tier side , in the 2016 final . Only one other club from outside the top - tier of league football has won the competition ; non-league Queen 's Park defeated Celtic in the 1893 final . Several other clubs have reached the final whilst competing outside the top - tier of league football , but were defeated in the final . These include Dumbarton , Kilmarnock , Airdrieonians , Falkirk ( twice ) , Gretna , Queen of the South and Ross County . In the rounds before the final some notable shocks have occurred . In 1959 , Dundee were eliminated by Highland League club Fraserburgh despite having Scotland internationals in their squad . A season later , Eyemouth United reached the quarter final stage of the tournament after defeating two higher league clubs . In 1967 , Berwick Rangers eliminated defending champions Rangers in the first round . Other results regarded as shocks include Stenhousemuir 's win against Aberdeen in 1995 and Albion Rovers ' defeat of Motherwell in 2013 . Celtic 's shock defeat by Inverness Caledonian Thistle in 2000 led to the famous newspaper headline `` Super Caley go ballistic , Celtic are atrocious '' . Sponsorship ( edit ) The Scottish Cup has been sponsored several times since the first organisation backed the tournament in 1983 . The sponsor has been able to determine the name of the competition . There have been four sponsors since 1983 as well as several name changes within the duration of each sponsorship . The competition relies on revenue earned from these agreements although it ran without a title sponsor for over 100 years until the late 1980s . A hot air balloon showing sponsorship by William Hill . Period Sponsor Name 1873 -- 1982 No sponsor Scottish Cup 1983 -- 88 Scottish Health Education Group Scottish Cup 1988 -- 89 No sponsor Scottish Cup 1989 -- 2007 Tennent Caledonian Breweries Tennent 's Scottish Cup 2008 -- 10 Scottish Government Homecoming Scottish Cup in 2008 -- 09 and the Active Nation Scottish Cup in 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 12 No sponsor Scottish Cup 2012 -- present William Hill William Hill Scottish Cup The Scottish Health Education Group was the first organisation to sponsor the Scottish Cup in 1983 with the largest sponsorship package in Scottish football at the time , worth around £ 200,000 . The partnership was praised for the promotion of a healthy lifestyle linked with football . The deal ended in 1989 when Tennent Caledonian Breweries won the sponsorship rights . Tennent 's association with the tournament raised the debate about alcohol sponsorship within sports following the riots at the 1980 Scottish Cup Final which resulted in the sale of alcohol being banned at Scottish sporting events . Despite this controversy , the partnership was largely successful and lasted 18 years until 2007 . The SFA received around £ 25 million over the duration of the sponsorship deal . The Scottish Government in association with businessman Willie Haughey sponsored the Scottish Cup between 2008 and 2010 . The 2008 -- 09 competition was known as the Homecoming Scottish Cup to promote Scotland 's year of homecoming and tourism . The 2009 -- 10 competition was known the Active Nation Scottish Cup to promote a healthy living through football . Carling was an additional sponsor between 2010 and 2014 as the competition 's official beer . The current title sponsor is bookmaker William Hill . Media coverage ( edit ) Scottish Cup matches are currently broadcast live by both BBC Sport Scotland in Scotland and Sky Sports across the rest of the United Kingdom and also into Ireland . Free / Pay TV Broadcaster Live Matches Replays Highlights Pay Sky Sports Up to 9 Yes - first pick Yes Free BBC Scotland At least 5 ; up to 8 Yes - second pick Yes BBC Radio Scotland provide radio coverage including several full live commentaries with additional commentaries broadcast on Radio Scotland 's local frequencies . Radio broadcasting rights are also held by BBC Radio nan Gàidheal and BBC Radio 5 Live also carry some games . The Scottish FA sells overseas rights separately from their domestic contract . In Australia , the Scottish Cup is broadcast exclusively by Setanta Sports Australia . Premium Sports hold the rights for the United States , Canada and the Caribbean . In the United States , the tournament is broadcast by GOL TV . The Scottish Cup Final is one of several events reserved for live broadcast in Scotland terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tallies includes the appearance of Celtic and Rangers in the 1909 final , although neither club was declared the winner or runner - up . Jump up ^ The Scottish Football League was founded in 1890 , seventeen years after the Scottish Cup , so all competitors between 1873 and 1890 were technically non-league . See also ( edit ) List of Scottish Cup winning managers Football records in Scotland References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rules of the Scottish Football Association Challenge Cup , Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Scottish Cup , Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Football - Scottish Cup , bbc.co.uk . BBC News . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Archives - The Cup , Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ William Hill Becomes Title Sponsor Of The Scottish Cup , williamhill.com . William Hill plc. 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ William Hill Extend Scottish Cup Sponsorship Until 2016 , williamhillplc.com . William Hill plc. 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : William Hill Scottish Cup , 2014 - 15 Season , scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ William Hill Scottish Cup Format & Composition 2014 - 15 , scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` William Hill Scottish Cup Competition 2013 - 14 '' ( PDF ) . www.scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Junior clubs enter Scottish Cup , news.bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport. 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amateur champs ca n't wait to make Scottish Cup history '' . Scottish Football Association . 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Buckie reinstated in Scottish Cup after East Stirlingshire expulsion , sport.stv.tv . STV Sport. 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Celtic Park and Ibrox announced as Scottish Cup venues , www.scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ SFA defends early decision on Scottish Cup venues , www.scotsman.com . The Scotsman. 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Logie Green : the final Edinburgh did n't want , scotsman.com , The Scotsman. 31 March 2006 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ On this day -- 17th April 1937 , scottishfootballmuseum.org.uk . Scottish Football Museum . 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup - Competition format Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , uefa.com . UEFA. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Regulations for the UEFA Europa League 2015 - 18 Cycle , uefa.com . UEFA. 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Strategic talks in Dubrovnik , uefa.org . UEFA . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New approach broadens Europa League appeal '' . www.uefa.com . UEFA. 29 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Brief History of the Scottish FA , scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 1 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ The Scottish Cup - Then and Now , scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tennent 's Scottish Cup Previous Winners , scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . Archived from the original on 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Oldest Association football trophy , guinnessworldrecords.com . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : After 137 years , it 's official : Scottish Cup is world football 's oldest trophy , scotsman.com . The Scotsman. 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Replica Scottish Cup damaged in Inverness '' . BBC News . BBC . 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Scottish Cup named oldest national football trophy , eveningtimes.co.uk . Evening Times . 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The Scottish Cup Preparation for the Final , scottishfootballmuseum.org.uk . Scottish Football Museum . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inverness Caledonian Thistle win 2015 Scottish Cup '' . www.scottishfa.co.uk . Scottish Football Association . 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scottish FA Cup Honours , statto.com . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why no one won the Scottish Cup in 1909 '' . The Guardian . 27 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Doing the Double ! - Total Number of Domestic Doubles , rsssf.com . RSSSF . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Scottish Cup Shocks , londonhearts.com . London Hearts Supporters ' Clubs . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The 10 greatest shocks in the Scottish Cup , scotsman.com . The Scotsman. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Dundee Football Club - History , dundeefc.co.uk . Dundee F.C. Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Eyemouth United 's celebrated Scottish Cup quarter final spot , berwickshirenews.co.uk . The Berwickshire News . 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Great Scottish Cup Shocks , bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport. 10 April 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Albion Rovers 1 - 0 Motherwell , bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport. 30 November 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Super Caley dream realistic ? , news.bbc.co.uk . BBC Sport. 22 March 2003 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The end of a lovely relationship as Tennent 's tie - up with SFA is canned , scotsman.com . The Scotsman. 25 May 2010 . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Health row as Tennent 's win the Cup , The Herald . 29 July 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Smith admits Scottish Cup subsidy '' . BBC Sport. 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Homecoming Scottish Cup Unveiled '' . BBC Sport. 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish Cup given new branding '' . BBC Sport. 21 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cup News : Scottish Football Association : The Scottish FA '' . Scottish FA. 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish FA announce multi-sponsorship deal with William Hill '' . Scottish FA. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Health Group 's £ 200,000 Scottish Cup boost . The Glasgow Herald . 23 October 1982 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish FA secures four - year Carling sponsorship deal '' . BBC Sport. 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV rights boost for Scottish FA '' . BBC Sport. 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . GolTV . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Schdule '' . GolTV . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scottish Cup . Tournament home page The Scottish Cup at the Scottish FA website The Scottish Cup Archive at the Scottish FA website The Scottish Cup Final Archive at the Scottish FA website Scottish Cup Seasons 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 00 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1997 1998 2017 2018 List of finals Winning managers Men 's football in Scotland SFA PFA Scotland Overview League system Clubs Venues Champions Second tier winners Third tier winners Fourth tier winners Honours won Managers National teams Scotland U-21 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-16 Scottish League Semi-Pro League system SPFL Premiership Championship League One League Two Development Highland Lowland East of Scotland South of Scotland North Caledonian Cup competitions Scottish Cup ( finals ) League Cup ( finals ) Challenge Cup Youth Cup Junior football SJFA Junior Cup West East North National select team Amateur football SAFA Amateur Cup Aberdeenshire Ayrshire Caithness Caledonian Central Fife Inverness & District Lewis & Harris Lothian & Edinburgh Midlands North & South Lanarkshire Orkney Paisley & District Perthshire Scottish Shetland Stirling & District Strathclyde Uist & Barra West of Scotland Welfare football SWFA Forth & Endrick Moray North East Ross - shire Strathspey & Badenoch History Records Appearances Attendances Timeline Hall of Fame Referees Media Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry British clubs tours to South America England National team The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League English Football League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland UEFA members national football cups Current Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro USSR Yugoslavia Non-UEFA Vatican City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Cup&oldid=842011691 '' Categories : Scottish Cup Football cup competitions in Scotland National association football cups 1873 establishments in Scotland Recurring sporting events established in 1873 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Scots - language text Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20Cup | 401 |
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when did the first beanie baby come out | Nine original Beanie Babies were launched in 1993 : Legs the Frog , Squealer the Pig , Spot the Dog , Flash the Orca , Splash the Whale , Chocolate the Moose , Patti the Platypus , Brownie the Bear ( later renamed `` Cubbie '' ) , and Pinchers the Lobster ( with some tag errors with `` Punchers '' ) . They were not in factory production until 1994 . Sales were slow at first to the point that by 1995 many retailers refused to buy the products in the bundles Ty offered them while others outright refused to buy them in any form . The popularity soon grew however , first starting locally in Chicago before growing into a national craze in the USA . | 1993 | Beanie Babies | beanie babies | Beanie Babies are a line of stuffed animals ( a.k.a. plush toys ) created by Ty Warner , the man who founded Ty Inc. ( named in November 1991 ) . The toys are unique because each toy is stuffed with plastic pellets ( `` beans '' ) rather than conventional soft stuffing ( PVC and PE ) , giving Beanie Babies a more flexible feel . In a rare interview , the publicity - averse Warner said , `` The whole idea was it looked real because it moved . '' | During the later half of the 1990s , the toy emerged as a major fad , and were collected not only as toys but also as a financial investment due to the high resale value of some Beanie Babies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Collectibility 3 Design 4 Notable Beanie Babies 4.1 Garcia the bear 4.2 Princess the bear 4.3 Decade the bear 4.4 Tabasco the bull 4.5 Peanut the Royal Blue Elephant 5 Counterfeit Beanie Babies 5.1 Cases 6 Media 7 Licensed Beanies 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Nine original Beanie Babies were launched in 1993 : Legs the Frog , Squealer the Pig , Spot the Dog , Flash the Orca , Splash the Whale , Chocolate the Moose , Patti the Platypus , Brownie the Bear ( later renamed `` Cubbie '' ) , and Pinchers the Lobster ( with some tag errors with `` Punchers '' ) . They were not in factory production until 1994 . Sales were slow at first to the point that by 1995 many retailers refused to buy the products in the bundles Ty offered them while others outright refused to buy them in any form . The popularity soon grew however , first starting locally in Chicago before growing into a national craze in the USA . In 1996 , Ty Inc. released a new product called Teenie Beanies , a miniature offshoot of the original Beanie Babies line . They were sold alongside McDonald 's Happy Meals to celebrate that product 's 17th anniversary . Ty , Inc. stopped producing the product in December 1999 , but consumer demand led them to reconsider . Production restarted in 2000 with a Beanie Baby named `` The Beginning . '' In early 2008 , Ty released a new version of Beanie Babies called Beanie Babies 2.0 . The purchase of a Beanie Baby 2.0 provided its owner with a code to access an online Beanie Babies interactive website . The website has since been shut down . Collectibility ( edit ) Beanie Babies began to emerge as popular collectibles in late 1995 , and became a hot toy . The company 's strategy of deliberate scarcity , producing each new design in limited quantity , restricting individual store shipments to limited numbers of each design and regularly retiring designs , created a huge secondary market for the toys and increased their popularity and value as a collectible . Ty systematically retired various designs , and many people assumed that all `` retired '' designs would rise in value the way that early retirees had . The craze lasted through 1999 and slowly declined after the Ty company announced that they would no longer be making Beanie Babies and made a bear called `` The End '' . Some time after the original announcement that the company would stop production , Ty asked the public to vote on whether the product should continue ; fans and collectors voted `` overwhelmingly '' to keep the toys on the market . At its height of popularity people would flip Beanies at as much as ten-fold on eBay . Indeed , at the height , Beanies made up 10 % of eBay 's sales . Some collectors insured their purchases for a price in the thousands . Warner was keenly aware that the Beanie Babies bubble could burst and eventually started requiring retailers who sold Beanies to also stock other product lines by his company if they wished to continue selling Beanies . None of these lines did as well as Beanie Babies , although they kept the company alive after the fad ended and eventually some became successful in their own right . Design ( edit ) Beanie Babies are deliberately under stuffed . This led to a criticism that the toys looked `` cheap '' however this set them apart from most stuffed animals on the market which could not be posed easily . Ty Warner has said that this understuffing method made the toys look `` real '' . Another important design element is that of the tag . Since the beginning , Beanie Babies have included two tags for identification : a heart - shaped `` swing tag '' at the top , and a fabric `` tush tag '' at the bottom . Both tags have been redesigned completely over time . Between 1994 and 1996 , the swing tags had `` To '' and `` From '' blanks in them for use as gifts . Starting in early 1996 , the tags include four - line poems related to the Beanie Baby , and a date of birth for the toy . It was not uncommon for Beanie Babies to be accidentally shipped out with incorrect or misspelled tags , which sometimes increased the toy 's value . On occasion , the poems , birth dates and even the names have been changed on certain Beanie Babies . Notable Beanie Babies ( edit ) Garcia the bear ( edit ) Garcia the bear was released in January 1996 and retired in May 1997 . He is a tie - dyed bear that seems to be a tribute to musician Jerry Garcia of The Grateful Dead who died in 1995 , designed by Nicholas Scarbrough . A group of differently colored dancing bears , originally artwork from the back of an album cover , was one of the band 's many iconic images . The bear was supposedly `` born '' the date that Jerry died ( August 9 , 1995 ) . The fast retirement for this Beanie Baby was due to an alleged lawsuit that the Garcia family filed against the Ty company , claiming that the name `` Garcia '' was used without permission from the family . In cooperation with the lawsuit , Garcia was retired and a similar bear named Peace was released . Peace has a peace sign , while Garcia does not . The bright colors on Garcia the bear made him one of the most popular Beanie Baby styles . Princess the bear ( edit ) Diana , Princess of Wales died on August 31 , 1997 . Warner announced the Beanie Baby Princess on October 29 , 1997 in honor of Princess Diana . Warner said that all proceeds would be donated to the Diana , Princess of Wales Memorial Fund . The Princess Diana Beanie Baby was sent to vendors to distribute in the second week of December 1997 . Some vendors had to wait until February 1998 . Only 12 Beanie Baby Princesses were released to each vendor initially , but this changed due to strong demand . Decade the bear ( edit ) Decade the bear Decade the bear was made in honor of Beanie Babies ' tenth anniversary . Decade bears were made in white , royal blue , red , purple , orange , hot pink , green , gold , brown , and light blue . Most Decade bears have silver sparkles on their bodies . It was made in 2003 . Tabasco the bull ( edit ) Originally named after the Tabasco sauce , the name was changed to `` Snort '' to avoid trademark infringement . Tabasco has all red `` feet '' while Snort has all white . The poem stayed the same . Peanut the royal blue Elephant ( edit ) Peanut the Royal Blue Elephant is one of the most notable of the Beanies . It first started production in 1995 as a royal blue color . Then , Ty noticed that the fabric coloring was wrong , and that it needed to be the light blue color , so they started the light blue version and stopped the royal blue . They made the light blue until his retirement in 1999 . They only made about 500 of these beanies and can go for $1500 with an original tag . Counterfeit Beanie Babies ( edit ) Ty copyright infringement . Photograph submitted to the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals on first page of the appendix depicting Ty 's Beanie Baby : `` Squealer '' ( Top ) and GMA 's stuffed animal : `` Preston the Pig '' ( Bottom ) Counterfeit Beanie Babies began to surface in 1997 . Early on , cheap knock - offs and fakes of commons were widely available at discount prices . Cases ( edit ) Authorities cracked down on counterfeit Beanie Babies in the late 1990s . People were prosecuted for their involvement in the commerce of counterfeit Babies . In 1998 , English authorities seized more than 6,000 Princesses and Britannias . In 1999 , a Minnesota man was imprisoned , fined , and put on probation for involvement in smuggling counterfeit beanies . Media ( edit ) During the wake of Beanie Babies ' success , Beanie Baby - centric publications were issued . One of the largest was Mary Beth 's Bean Bag World , a monthly magazine dedicated to Beanie Babies and competing plush toys . This magazine ran from 1997 to 2001 . Licensed Beanies ( edit ) In the late 2000s , Beanie Babies modeled after characters from popular children 's franchises by Nickelodeon , DreamWorks and Paramount began appearing . These included characters from cartoons on the Nickelodeon television channel such as SpongeBob SquarePants and Dora the Explorer , as well as characters from DreamWorks Animation movies such as Shrek the Third and 20th Century Fox 's Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs . Beanie Babies have also been produced for characters from Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole and Guardians of Ga'Hoole book series . Recently Beanie Babies modeled after Disney characters have been created , including characters from the Disney Junior TV series Doc McStuffins . See also ( edit ) Economic bubble Tulip mania Uglydoll Sock monkey 1990s portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Toys portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halbfinger , David M. ( 1999 - 03 - 12 ) . `` On the Trail of a Beanie Burglar '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Bryan ( May 2014 ) . `` Behind the Beanie Babies : The Secret Life of Ty Warner '' . Chicago Magazine . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chupka , Kevin . `` Beanie Babies : Whatever happened to Millennials ' favorite toy ? '' . Yahoo ! Finance . Yahoo . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Carr , Amy ( August 14 , 1997 ) . `` Those Beanies are still hot , and there 's no sign of the frenze slowing down '' . Daily Herald . Punchers the red lobster . Originally introduced in 1993 at a toy fair , Punchers was redesigned in 1994 and renamed Pinchers . Jump up ^ The Perfect Store : Inside eBay via Google Books ^ Jump up to : Bissonnette , Zach . `` How A Blue Elephant Named Peanut Sparked The Beanie Baby Craze '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Beanie Baby Beanies News '' . Aboutbeanies.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Beanie Baby Beanies News '' . Aboutbeanies.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Berr , Johnathin . `` How the Great Beanie Baby Bubble Went Bust '' . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ VanderMey , Anne . `` Lessons from the great Beanie Babies crash '' . Fortune . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Symington , Steve . `` 3 Business Lessons From Ty Warner , the Beanie Babies Billionaire '' . Motleyfool . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunne , Claudia ; Sara Nelson ( September 1998 ) . `` Tag Training 101 '' . Mary Beth 's Bean Bag World . H&S Media Incorporated. 1 ( 7 ) : 20 -- 28 . ISSN 1097 - 0444 . Jump up ^ `` peacebears.com '' . magazine.peacebears.com . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SUNDAY , JULY 5 , 1998 : CRIME ; A World Gone Beanie Mad ! '' . The New York Times . 1998 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` How A Blue Elephant Named Peanut Sparked The Beanie Baby Craze '' . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Date , SUSAN DODGE ( 1998 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Chicago Sun - Times : : Search '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-19416915.html Jump up ^ `` Couple sentenced for selling counterfeit Beanie Babies. ( NEWS ) '' . 6 August 1999 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Want The ' Scoop ' On The Beanie Industry For The Millennium ? '' . PR Newswire. 1999 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beanie Babies . Ty official website Database of beanie babies Ty Inc . Key people Ty Warner Beanie Babies Beanie Babies 2.0 Clubby Princess Teenie Beanies Other products Beanie Buddies Ty Girlz Teddy bears Manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. Farnell Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy - Hermann Ty Inc . Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Freddy Teddy Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Famous teddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby - Gore Benjamin Bear Bamse Berlino Duffy the Disney Bear Corduroy Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Nassur Nev Paddington Bear Pooky Pudsey Bear Rilakkuma Roosevelt Rupert Bear Rupert ( Family Guy ) Smokey Sooty SuperTed Teddy ( Mr. Bean ) Teddy Ruxpin Uszatek Mr Whoppit Winnie - the - Pooh Yogi Bear Film and television The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Colargol Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Issi Noho Old Bear Stories Paddington The Secret World of Benjamin Bear SuperTed Ted Ted 2 Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master Teddy Edward The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books Corduroy Little Bear Old Bear and Friends Teddy Dressing The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear Uppo - Nalle Winkie Winnie - the - Pooh Music `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Psycho Teddy '' `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' `` The Teddy Bear Song '' Video games Build - A-Bear Workshop Hubert the Teddy Bear : Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Related topics The Bear Club Peter Bull Gummy bears Round and Round the Garden SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy Grahams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beanie_Babies&oldid=835128148 '' Categories : Beanie Babies 1990s fads and trends 1990s toys 2000s toys 2010s toys Children 's websites Products introduced in 1993 Stuffed toys Toy animals Toy collecting Virtual pets Virtual reality communities Economic bubbles Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanie%20Babies | 402 |
how much money does argentina make from tourism | According to World Economic Forum 's 2017 Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report , tourism generated over US $22 billion , or 3.9 % of GDP , and the industry employed more than 671,000 people , or approximately 3.7 % of the total workforce . Tourism from abroad contributed US $5.3 billion , having become the third largest source of foreign exchange in 2004 . Around 5.7 million foreign visitors arrived in 2017 , reflecting a doubling in visitors since 2002 despite a relative appreciation of the peso . | over US $22 billion | Economy of Argentina | economy of argentina | Economy of Argentina Buenos Aires Central Business District Currency Argentine peso ( ARS ) Fiscal year Calendar year Trade organizations WTO , Mercosur , Unasur Statistics GDP $639.224 billion ( nominal ) ( 21st , 2018 ) $952.464 billion ( PPP ) ( 25th , 2018 ) GDP growth 3.5 % ( 2017 ) GDP per capita $14,342 ( nominal ) ( 53rd , 2018 ) $21,370 ( PPP ) ( 56th , 2018 ) GDP by sector Agriculture , forestry , and fishing , 6.0 % mining , 3.6 % manufacturing , 17.2 % construction , 5.6 % commerce and tourism , 16.9 % transport , communications , and utilities , 7.9 % government , 9.5 % business , social and other services , 33.3 % . ( 2015 ) Inflation ( CPI ) 24.8 % ( CPI , 2017 ) Population below poverty line 25.7 % ( 2017 ) Gini coefficient 0.417 ( 2017 ) Labor force 17.9 million ( 2012 ) Labor force by occupation Agricultural 7.3 % manufacturing 13.1 % construction 7.6 % commerce and tourism 21.4 % transport , communications and utilities 7.8 % financial , real estate and business service , 9.4 % public administration and defense 6.3 % social services and other 27.1 % ( 2006 ) Unemployment 7.2 % ( September -- December 2017 ) Average gross salary AR $ 21.248 monthly ( September 2017 ) Main industries Food processing and beverages motor vehicles and auto parts appliances and electronics machinery and equipment chemicals pharmaceuticals glass steel and aluminum cement textiles tobacco products publishing furniture leather Ease - of - doing - business rank 116th ( 2017 ) External Exports $56.76 billion ( 2015 ) Export goods Soybeans and derivatives , petroleum and gas , vehicles , corn , wheat Main export partners Brazil 17 % China 8.6 % United States 5.9 % ( 2015 ) Imports $57.18 billion ( 2015 ) Import goods Machinery , motor vehicles , petroleum and natural gas , organic chemicals , plastics Main import partners Brazil 22.4 % United States 16.3 % China 15.5 % Germany 5.1 % ( 2015 ) FDI stock $94.19 billion ( 2015 ) Gross external debt $163.2 billion ; of which public , $92.5 billion ( March 2016 ) Public finances Public debt $222.7 billion ( bonds , 68 % ) ; 44.8 % of GDP ( December 2015 ) Revenues $142.9 billion ( 2015 ) ( social security , 25.9 % ; income and capital gains , 23.6 % ; value - added sales tax , 20.1 % ; trade and duties , 15.1 % ; financial tax , 6.3 % ; excise and other , 9.0 % ) Expenses $167.3 billion ( 2015 ) ( social security , 38.8 % ; subsidies and infrastructure , 22.5 % ; debt service , 9.2 % ; education , culture and research , 8.8 % ; social assistance , 5.4 % ; health , 3.4 % ; security , 3.1 % ; defense , 2.1 % ; other , 6.7 % ) Credit rating B - ( Domestic ) SD ( Foreign ) B - ( T&C Assessment ) ( Standard & Poor 's ) Foreign reserves $61.61 billion ( April 2018 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of Argentina is a high income economy for fiscal year 2017 according to World Bank Latin America 's third largest , and the second largest in South America behind Brazil . The country benefits from rich natural resources , a highly literate population , an export - oriented agricultural sector , and a diversified industrial base . Argentina 's economic performance has historically been very uneven , in which high economic growth alternated with severe recessions , particularly during the late twentieth century , and income maldistribution and poverty increased . Early in the twentieth century Argentina had one of the ten highest per capita GDP levels in the world , at par with Canada and Australia and surpassing both France and Italy . Argentina today ( 2018 ) is plagued by currency crisis which involved a potential bailout from International Monetary Fund . The currency declined by 18 % over a period of 12 days in May 2018 to more than 25 Argentine pesos per U.S. Dollar . Argentina is considered an emerging market by the FTSE Global Equity Index ( 2018 ) , and is one of the G - 20 major economies . Contents 1 History 2 Sectors 2.1 Agriculture 2.2 Natural resources 2.3 Industry 2.4 Services 2.4. 1 Banking 2.4. 2 Tourism 2.5 GDP by value added 2.6 Energy 3 Infrastructure 4 Foreign trade 5 Foreign investment 6 Issues 6.1 Reliability of official CPI estimates 6.2 Inflation 6.3 Income distribution 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of Argentina Historical growth of Argentina from 1961 to 2016 Prior to the 1880s , Argentina was a relatively isolated backwater , dependent on the salted meat , wool , leather , and hide industries for both the greater part of its foreign exchange and the generation of domestic income and profits . The Argentine economy began to experience swift growth after 1880 through the export of livestock and grain commodities , as well as through British and French investment , marking the beginning of a fifty - year era of significant economic expansion and mass European immigration . During its most vigorous period , from 1880 to 1905 , this expansion resulted in a 7.5-fold growth in GDP , averaging about 8 % annually . One important measure of development , GDP per capita , rose from 35 % of the United States average to about 80 % during that period . Growth then slowed considerably , such that by 1941 Argentina 's real per capita GDP was roughly half that of the U.S. Even so , from 1890 to 1950 the country 's per capita income was similar to that of Western Europe ; although income in Argentina remained considerably less evenly distributed . The Great Depression caused Argentine GDP to fall by a fourth between 1929 and 1932 . Having recovered its lost ground by the late 1930s partly through import substitution , the economy continued to grow modestly during World War II ( in contrast to the recession caused by the previous world war ) . The war led to a reduced availability of imports and higher prices for Argentine exports that combined to create a US $1.6 billion cumulative surplus , a third of which was blocked as inconvertible deposits in the Bank of England by the Roca -- Runciman Treaty . Benefiting from innovative self - financing and government loans alike , value added in manufacturing nevertheless surpassed that of agriculture for the first time in 1943 , employed over 1 million by 1947 , and allowed the need for imported consumer goods to decline from 40 % of the total to 10 % by 1950 . The populist administration of Juan Perón nationalized the Central Bank , railways , and other strategic industries and services from 1945 to 1955 . The subsequent enactment of developmentalism after 1958 , though partial , was followed by a promising fifteen years . Inflation first became a chronic problem during this period ( it averaged 26 % annually from 1944 to 1974 ) ; but though it did not become fully `` developed , '' from 1932 to 1974 Argentina 's economy grew almost fivefold ( or 3.8 % in annual terms ) while its population only doubled . While unremarkable , this expansion was well - distributed and so resulted in several noteworthy changes in Argentine society - most notably the development of the largest proportional middle class ( 40 % of the population by the 1960s ) in Latin America as well as the region 's highest - paid , most unionized working class . The economy , however , declined during the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983 , and for some time afterwards . The dictatorship 's chief economist , José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz , advanced a corrupt , anti-labor policy of financial liberalization that increased the debt burden and interrupted industrial development and upward social mobility . Over 400,000 companies of all sizes went bankrupt by 1982 , and neoliberal economic policies prevailing from 1983 through 2001 failed to reverse the situation . Record foreign debt interest payments , tax evasion , and capital flight resulted in a balance of payments crisis that plagued Argentina with severe stagflation from 1975 to 1990 , including a bout of hyperinflation in 1989 and 1990 . Attempting to remedy this situation , economist Domingo Cavallo pegged the peso to the U.S. dollar in 1991 and limited the growth in the money supply . His team then embarked on a path of trade liberalization , deregulation , and privatization . Inflation dropped to single digits and GDP grew by one third in four years . External economic shocks , as well as a dependency on volatile short - term capital and debt to maintain the overvalued fixed exchange rate , diluted benefits , causing erratic economic growth from 1995 and the eventual collapse in 2001 . That year and the next , the economy suffered its sharpest decline since 1930 ; by 2002 , Argentina had defaulted on its debt , its GDP had declined by nearly 20 % in four years , unemployment reached 25 % , and the peso had depreciated 70 % after being devalued and floated . Argentina 's socio - economic situation has since been steadily improving . Expansionary policies and commodity exports triggered a rebound in GDP from 2003 onward . This trend has been largely maintained , creating over five million jobs and encouraging domestic consumption and fixed investment . Social programs were strengthened , and a number of important firms privatized during the 1990s were renationalized beginning in 2003 . These include the postal service , AySA ( the water utility serving Buenos Aires ) , Pension funds ( transferred to ANSES ) , Aerolíneas Argentinas , the energy firm YPF , and the railways . The economy nearly doubled from 2002 to 2011 , growing an average of 7.1 % annually and around 9 % for five consecutive years between 2003 and 2007 . Real wages rose by around 72 % from their low point in 2003 to 2013 . The global recession did affect the economy in 2009 , with growth slowing to nearly zero ; but high economic growth then resumed , and GDP expanded by around 9 % in both 2010 and 2011 . Foreign exchange controls , austerity measures , persistent inflation , and downturns in Brazil , Europe , and other important trade partners , contributed to slower growth beginning in 2012 , however . Growth averaged just 1.3 % from 2012 to 2014 , and rose to 2.4 % in 2015 . The Argentine government bond market is based on GDP - linked bonds , and investors , both foreign and domestic , netted record yields amid renewed growth . Argentine debt restructuring offers in 2005 and 2010 resumed payments on the majority of its almost US $100 billion in defaulted bonds and other debt from 2001 . Holdouts controlling 7 % of the bonds , including some small investors , hedge funds , and vulture funds led by Paul Singer 's Cayman Islands - based NML Capital Limited , rejected the 2005 and 2010 offers to exchange their defaulted bonds . Singer , who demanded US $832 million for Argentine bonds purchased for US $49 million in the secondary market in 2008 , attempted to seize Argentine government assets abroad and sued to stop payments from Argentina to the 93 % who had accepted the earlier swaps despite the steep discount . Bondholders who instead accepted the 2005 offer of 30 cents on the dollar , had by 2012 received returns of about 90 % according to estimates by Morgan Stanley . Argentina settled with virtually all holdouts in February 2016 at a cost of US $9.3 billion ; NML received US $2.4 billion , a 392 % return on the original value of the bonds . While the Argentine Government considers debt left over from illegitimate governments unconstitutional odious debt , it has continued servicing this debt despite the annual cost of around US $14 billion and despite being nearly locked out of international credit markets with annual bond issues since 2002 averaging less than US $2 billion ( which precludes most debt roll over ) . Argentina has nevertheless continued to hold successful bond issues , as the country 's stock market , consumer confidence , and overall economy continue to grow . The country 's successful , US $16.5 billion bond sale in April 2016 was the largest in emerging market history . On May 2018 , Argentina 's government asked to the International Monetary Fund for its intervention , with an emergency loan for a thirty billion bailout , as it is has been reported by Bloomberg . On May 2018 the official estimated inflation has peaked up to 25 percent a year , and on May 4 Argentina 's central bank has raised interest rates on pesos to 40 percent from 27.25 percent , which is the highest in the world , since the national currency has lost 18 % of its value by the beginning of the year . Sectors ( edit ) Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Argentina Soy field in Argentina 's fertile Pampas . The versatile legume makes up about half the nation 's crop production . Vinyard in Mendoza Province . The country is the fifth largest producer in the world . Argentina is one of the world 's major agricultural producers , ranking among the top producers in most of the following , exporters of beef , citrus fruit , grapes , honey , maize , sorghum , soybeans , squash , sunflower seeds , wheat , and yerba mate . Agriculture accounted for 9 % of GDP in 2010 , and around one fifth of all exports ( not including processed food and feed , which are another third ) . Commercial harvests reached 103 million tons in 2010 , of which over 54 million were oilseeds ( mainly soy and sunflower ) , and over 46 million were cereals ( mainly maize , wheat , and sorghum ) . Soy and its byproducts , mainly animal feed and vegetable oils , are major export commodities with one fourth of the total ; cereals added another 10 % . Cattle - raising is also a major industry , though mostly for domestic consumption ; beef , leather and dairy were 5 % of total exports . Sheep - raising and wool are important in Patagonia , though these activities have declined by half since 1990 . Biodiesel , however , has become one of the fastest growing agro-industrial activities , with over US $2 billion in exports in 2011 . Fruits and vegetables made up 4 % of exports : apples and pears in the Río Negro valley ; rice , oranges and other citrus in the northwest and Mesopotamia ; grapes and strawberries in Cuyo ( the west ) , and berries in the far south . Cotton and tobacco are major crops in the Gran Chaco , sugarcane and chile peppers in the northwest , and olives and garlic in the west . Yerba mate tea ( Misiones ) , tomatoes ( Salta ) and peaches ( Mendoza ) are grown for domestic consumption . Organic farming is growing in Argentina , and the nearly 3 million hectares ( 7.5 million acres ) of organic cultivation is second only to Australia . Argentina is the world 's fifth - largest wine producer , and fine wine production has taken major leaps in quality . A growing export , total viticulture potential is far from having been met . Mendoza is the largest wine region , followed by San Juan . Government policy towards the lucrative agrarian sector is a subject of , at times , contentious debate in Argentina . A grain embargo by farmers protesting an increase in export taxes for their products began in March 2008 , and , following a series of failed negotiations , strikes and lockouts largely subsided only with the 16 July , defeat of the export tax - hike in the Senate . Argentine fisheries bring in about a million tons of catch annually , and are centered on Argentine hake , which makes up 50 % of the catch ; pollock , squid , and centolla crab are also widely harvested . Forestry has long history in every Argentine region , apart from the pampas , accounting for almost 14 million m3 of roundwood harvests . Eucalyptus , pine , and elm ( for cellulose ) are also grown , mainly for domestic furniture , as well as paper products ( 1.5 million tons ) . Fisheries and logging each account for 2 % of exports . The Vaca Muerta shale oil field holds 16.2 billion barrels of oil and 308 cubic feet of natural gas . It is estimated to be the third largest in the world . Natural resources ( edit ) See also : Mining in Argentina Mining and other extractive activities , such as gas and petroleum , are growing industries , increasing from 2 % of GDP in 1980 to around 4 % today . The northwest and San Juan Province are the main regions of activity . Coal is mined in Santa Cruz Province . Metals and minerals mined include borate , copper , lead , magnesium , sulfur , tungsten , uranium , zinc , silver , titanium , and gold , whose production was boosted after 1997 by the Bajo de Alumbrera mine in Catamarca Province and Barrick Gold investments a decade later in San Juan . Metal ore exports soared from US $200 million in 1996 to US $1.2 billion in 2004 , and to over US $3 billion in 2010 . Around 35 million m3 each of petroleum and petroleum fuels are produced , as well as 50 billion m3 of natural gas , making the nation self - sufficient in these staples , and generating around 10 % of exports . The most important oil fields lie in Patagonia and Cuyo . A network of pipelines ( next to Mexico 's , the second - longest in Latin America ) send raw product to Bahía Blanca , center of the petrochemical industry , and to the La Plata - Greater Buenos Aires - Rosario industrial belt . Industry ( edit ) Manufacturing is the largest single sector in the nation 's economy ( 15 % of GDP ) , and is well - integrated into Argentine agriculture , with half the nation 's industrial exports being agricultural in nature . Based on food processing and textiles during its early development in the first half of the 20th century , industrial production has become highly diversified in Argentina . Leading sectors by production value are : Food processing and beverages ; motor vehicles and auto parts ; refinery products , and biodiesel ; chemicals and pharmaceuticals ; steel and aluminium ; and industrial and farm machinery ; electronics and home appliances . These latter include over three million big ticket items , as well as an array of electronics , kitchen appliances and cellular phones , among others . Argentina 's auto industry produced 791,000 motor vehicles in 2013 , and exported 433,000 ( mainly to Brazil , which in turn exported a somewhat larger number to Argentina ) ; Argentina 's domestic new auto market reached a record 964,000 in 2013 . Beverages are another significant sector , and Argentina has long been among the top five wine producing countries in the world ; beer overtook wine production in 2000 , and today leads by nearly two billion liters a year to one . Other manufactured goods include : glass and cement ; plastics and tires ; lumber products ; textiles ; tobacco products ; recording and print media ; furniture ; apparel and leather . Most manufacturing is organized in the 314 industrial parks operating nationwide as of 2012 , a fourfold increase over the past decade . Nearly half the industries are based in the Greater Buenos Aires area , although Córdoba , Rosario , and Ushuaia are also significant industrial centers ; the latter city became the nation 's leading center of electronics production during the 1980s . The production of computers , laptops , and servers grew by 160 % in 2011 , to nearly 3.4 million units , and covered two - thirds of local demand . Argentina has also become an important manufacturer of cell phones , providing about 80 % of all devices sold in the country . Another important rubric historically dominated by imports - farm machinery - was similarly replaced by domestic production , which covered 60 % of demand by 2013 . Production of cell phones , computers , and similar products is actually an `` assembly '' industry , with the majority of the higher technology components being imported , and the designs of products originating from foreign countries . High labour costs for Argentina assembly work tend to limit product sales penetration to Latin America , where regional trade treaties exist . Construction permits nationwide covered over 15 million m2 ( 160 million ft2 ) in 2013 . The construction sector accounts for over 5 % of GDP , and two - thirds of construction is for residential buildings . Argentine electric output totaled over 133 billion Kwh in 2013 . This was generated in large part through well developed natural gas and hydroelectric resources . Nuclear energy is also of high importance , and the country is one of the largest producers and exporters , alongside Canada and Russia of cobalt - 60 , a radioactive isotope widely used in cancer therapy . Services ( edit ) The service sector is the largest contributor to total GDP , accounting for over 60 % . Argentina enjoys a diversified service sector , which includes well - developed social , corporate , financial , insurance , real estate , transport , communication services , and tourism . The telecommunications sector has been growing at a fast pace , and the economy benefits from widespread access to communications services . These include : 77 % of the population with access to mobile phones , 95 % of whom use smartphones ; Internet ( over 32 million users , or 75 % of the population ) ; and broadband services ( accounting for nearly all 14 million accounts ) . Regular telephone services , with 9.5 million lines , and mail services are also robust . Total telecom revenues reached more than $17.8 billion in 2013 , and while only one in three retail stores in Argentina accepted online purchases in 2013 E-commerce reached US $4.5 billion in sales . Trade in services remained in deficit , however , with US $15 billion in service exports in 2013 and US $19 billion in imports . Business Process Outsourcing became the leading Argentine service export , and reached US $3 billion . Advertising revenues from contracts abroad were estimated at over US $1.2 billion . Tourism is an increasingly important sector and provided 4 % of direct economic output ( over US $17 billion ) in 2012 ; around 70 % of tourism sector activity by value is domestic . Banking ( edit ) View of Buenos Aires Central Business District from the Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve . Protestors outside BankBoston branch during the corralito . Main article : Banking in Argentina Argentine banking , whose deposits exceeded US $120 billion in December 2012 , developed around public sector banks , but is now dominated by the private sector . The private sector banks account for most of the 80 active institutions ( over 4,000 branches ) and holds nearly 60 % of deposits and loans , and as many foreign - owned banks as local ones operate in the country . The largest bank in Argentina by far , however , has long been the public Banco de la Nación Argentina . Not to be confused with the Central Bank , this institution now accounts for 30 % of total deposits and a fifth of its loan portfolio . During the 1990s , Argentina 's financial system was consolidated and strengthened . Deposits grew from less than US $15 billion in 1991 to over US $80 billion in 2000 , while outstanding credit ( 70 % of it to the private sector ) tripled to nearly US $100 billion . The banks largely lent US dollars and took deposits in Argentine pesos , and when the peso lost most of its value in early 2002 , many borrowers again found themselves hard pressed to keep up . Delinquencies tripled to about 37 % . Over a fifth of deposits had been withdrawn by December 2001 , when Economy Minister Domingo Cavallo imposed a near freeze on cash withdrawals . The lifting of the restriction a year later was bittersweet , being greeted calmly , if with some umbrage , at not having these funds freed at their full U.S. dollar value . Some fared worse , as owners of the now - defunct Velox Bank defrauded their clients of up to US $800 million . Credit in Argentina is still relatively tight . Lending has been increasing 40 % a year since 2004 , and delinquencies are down to less than 2 % . Still , credit outstanding to the private sector is , in real terms , slightly below its 1998 peak , and as a percent of GDP ( around 18 % ) quite low by international standards . The prime rate , which had hovered around 10 % in the 1990s , hit 67 % in 2002 . Although it returned to normal levels quickly , inflation , and more recently , global instability , have been affecting it again . The prime rate was over 20 % for much of 2009 , and around 17 % since the first half of 2010 . Partly a function of this and past instability , Argentines have historically held more deposits overseas than domestically . The estimated US $173 billion in overseas accounts and investment exceeded the domestic monetary base ( M3 ) by nearly US $10 billion in 2012 . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Argentina Tour bus in Buenos Aires . According to World Economic Forum 's 2017 Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report , tourism generated over US $22 billion , or 3.9 % of GDP , and the industry employed more than 671,000 people , or approximately 3.7 % of the total workforce . Tourism from abroad contributed US $5.3 billion , having become the third largest source of foreign exchange in 2004 . Around 5.7 million foreign visitors arrived in 2017 , reflecting a doubling in visitors since 2002 despite a relative appreciation of the peso . Argentines , who have long been active travelers within their own country , accounted for over 80 % , and international tourism has also seen healthy growth ( nearly doubling since 2001 ) . Stagnant for over two decades , domestic travel increased strongly in the last few years , and visitors are flocking to a country seen as affordable , exceptionally diverse , and safe . Foreign tourism , both to and from Argentina , is increasing as well . INDEC recorded 5.2 million foreign tourist arrivals and 6.7 million departures in 2013 ; of these , 32 % arrived from Brazil , 19 % from Europe , 10 % from the United States and Canada , 10 % from Chile , 24 % from the rest of the Western Hemisphere , and 5 % from the rest of the world . Around 48 % of visitors arrived by commercial flight , 40 % by motor travel ( mainly from neighboring Brazil ) , and 12 % by sea . Cruise liner arrivals are the fastest growing type of foreign tourism to Argentina ; a total of 160 liners carrying 510,000 passengers arrived at the Port of Buenos Aires in 2013 , an eightfold increase in a just a decade . GDP by value added ( edit ) Supply sector ( % of GDP in current prices ) 1993 - 2001 2002 - 2005 2006 - 2009 2010 - 2013 Agriculture , forestry , and fishing 5.4 10.3 7.3 7.3 Mining 2.0 5.9 4.8 4.2 Manufacturing 18.5 23.2 19.8 16.8 Public utilities 2.2 1.7 2.3 3.1 Construction 5.5 3.9 6.2 5.6 Commerce and tourism 17.3 14.0 15.6 14.4 Transport and communications 8.3 8.7 7.3 6.7 Financial services 4.2 4.4 3.2 3.4 Real estate and business services 16.5 11.7 13.7 12.9 Public administration and defense 6.3 5.4 5.6 7.4 Health and education 8.4 6.9 8.9 11.9 Personal and other services 5.4 3.9 5.3 6.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Energy ( edit ) Main article : Energy in Argentina A YPF refinery . Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant under construction . Electricity generation in Argentina totaled 133.3 billion Kwh in 2013 . The electricity sector in Argentina constitutes the third largest power market in Latin America . It mainly still relies on centralised generation by natural gas power generation ( 51 % ) , hydroelectricity ( 28 % ) , and oil - fired generation ( 12 % ) . Reserves of shale gas and oil in the Vaca Muerta oil field and elsewhere are estimated to be the world 's third - largest . Despite the country 's large untapped wind and solar potential new renewable energy technologies and distributed energy generation are barely exploited . Wind energy is the fastest growing among new renewable sources . Fifteen wind farms have been developed since 1994 in Argentina , the only country in the region to produce wind turbines . The 55 MW of installed capacity in these in 2010 will increase by 895 MW upon the completion of new wind farms begun that year . Solar power is being promoted with the goal of expanding installed solar capacity from 6 MW to 300 , and total renewable energy capacity from 625 MW to 3,000 MW . Argentina is in the process of commissioning large centralised energy generation and transmission projects . An important number of these projects are being financed by the government through trust funds , while independent private initiative is limited as it has not fully recovered yet from the effects of the Argentine economic crisis . The first of the three nuclear reactors was inaugurated in 1974 , and in 2015 nuclear power generated 5 % of the country 's energy output . The electricity sector was unbundled in generation , transmission and distribution by the reforms carried out in the early 1990s . Generation occurs in a competitive and mostly liberalized market in which 75 % of the generation capacity is owned by private utilities . In contrast , the transmission and distribution sectors are highly regulated and much less competitive than generation . Infrastructure ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Argentina Railway workers laying track on the Belgrano Railway , following state investment . Long distance passenger train operated by Trenes Argentinos . Aeroparque Jorge Newbery in Buenos Aires Argentina 's transport infrastructure is relatively advanced , and at a higher standard than the rest of Latin America . There are over 230,000 km ( 144,000 mi ) of roads ( not including private rural roads ) of which 72,000 km ( 45,000 mi ) are paved , and 2,800 kilometres ( 1,700 mi ) are expressways , many of which are privatized tollways . Having tripled in length in the last decade , multilane expressways now connect several major cities with more under construction . Expressways are , however , currently inadequate to deal with local traffic , as over 12 million motor vehicles were registered nationally as of 2012 ( the highest , proportionately , in the region ) . The railway network has a total length of 37,856 kilometres ( 23,523 mi ) , though at the network 's peak this figure was 47,000 km ( 29,204 mi ) . After decades of declining service and inadequate maintenance , most intercity passenger services shut down in 1992 following the privatization of the country 's railways and the breaking up of the state rail company , while thousands of kilometers fell into disuse . Outside Greater Buenos Aires most rail lines still in operation are freight related , carrying around 23 million tons a year . The metropolitan rail lines in and around Buenos Aires remained in great demand owing in part to their easy access to the Buenos Aires Underground , and the commuter rail network with its 833 kilometres ( 518 mi ) length carries around 1.4 million passengers daily . In April 2015 , by overwhelming majority the Argentine Senate passed a law which re-created Ferrocarriles Argentinos as Nuevos Ferrocarriles Argentinos , effectively re-nationalising the country 's railways . In the years leading up to this move , the country 's railways had seen significant investment from the state , purchasing new rolling stock , re-opening lines closed under privatization and re-nationalising companies such as the Belgrano Cargas freight operator . Some of these re-opened services include the General Roca Railway service to Mar del Plata , the Tren a las Nubes tourist train and the General Mitre Railway service from Buenos Aires to Córdoba . while brand new services include the Posadas - Encarnación International Train . Inaugurated in 1913 , the Buenos Aires Underground was the first underground rail system built in Latin America , the Spanish speaking world and the Southern Hemisphere . No longer the most extensive in South America , its 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) of track carry a million passengers daily . Argentina has around 11,000 km ( 6,835 mi ) of navigable waterways , and these carry more cargo than do the country 's freight railways . This includes an extensive network of canals , though Argentina is blessed with ample natural waterways as well , the most significant among these being the Río de la Plata , Paraná , Uruguay , Río Negro , and Paraguay rivers . The Port of Buenos Aires , inaugurated in 1925 , is the nation 's largest ; it handled 11 million tons of freight and transported 1.8 million passengers in 2013 . Aerolíneas Argentinas is the country 's main airline , providing both extensive domestic and international service . Austral Líneas Aéreas is Aerolíneas Argentinas ' subsidiary , with a route system that covers almost all of the country . LADE is a military - run commercial airline that flies extensive domestic services . The nation 's 33 airports handled air travel totalling 25.8 million passengers in 2013 , of which domestic flights carried over 14.5 million ; the nation 's two busiest airports , Jorge Newbery and Ministro Pistarini International Airports , boarded around 9 million flights each . Foreign trade ( edit ) Argentina Export Treemap by Product ( 2012 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Main article : Foreign trade of Argentina Argentine exports are fairly well diversified . However , although agricultural raw materials are over 20 % of the total exports , agricultural goods still account for over 50 % of exports when processed foods are included . Soy products alone ( soybeans , vegetable oil ) account for almost one fourth of the total . Cereals , mostly maize and wheat , which were Argentina 's leading export during much of the twentieth century , make up less than one tenth now . Industrial goods today account for over a third of Argentine exports . Motor vehicles and auto parts are the leading industrial export , and over 12 % of the total merchandise exports . Chemicals , steel , aluminum , machinery , and plastics account for most of the remaining industrial exports . Trade in manufactures has historically been in deficit for Argentina , however , and despite the nation 's overall trade surplus , its manufacturing trade deficit exceeded US $30 billion in 2011 . Accordingly , the system of non-automatic import licensing was extended in 2011 , and regulations were enacted for the auto sector establishing a model by which a company 's future imports would be determined by their exports ( though not necessarily in the same rubric ) . A net energy importer until 1987 , Argentina 's fuel exports began increasing rapidly in the early 1990s and today account for about an eighth of the total ; refined fuels make up about half of that . Exports of crude petroleum and natural gas have recently been around US $3 billion a year . Rapidly growing domestic energy demand and a gradual decline in oil production , resulted in a US $3 billion energy trade deficit in 2011 ( the first in 17 years ) and a US $6 billion energy deficit in 2013 . Argentine imports have historically been dominated by the need for industrial and technological supplies , machinery , and parts , which have averaged US $50 billion since 2011 ( two - thirds of total imports ) . Consumer goods including motor vehicles make up most of the rest . Trade in services has historically in deficit for Argentina , and in 2013 this deficit widened to over US $4 billion with a record US $19 billion in service imports . The nation 's chronic current account deficit was reversed during the 2002 crisis , and an average current account surplus of US $7 billion was logged between 2002 and 2009 ; this surplus later narrowed considerably , and has been slightly negative since 2011 . Foreign investment ( edit ) Foreign direct investment in Argentina is divided nearly evenly between manufacturing ( 36 % ) , natural resources ( 34 % ) , and services ( 30 % ) . The chemical and plastics sector ( 10 % ) and the automotive sector ( 6 % ) lead foreign investment in local manufacturing ; oil and gas ( 22 % ) and mining ( 5 % ) , in natural resources ; telecommunications ( 6 % ) , finance ( 5 % ) , and retail trade ( 4 % ) , in services . Spain was the leading source of foreign direct investment in Argentina , accounting for US $22 billion ( 28 % ) in 2009 ; the U.S. was the second leading source , with $13 billion ( 17 % ) ; and China grew to become the third - largest source of FDI by 2011 . Investments from the Netherlands , Brazil , Chile , and Canada have also been significant ; in 2012 , foreign nationals held a total of around US $112 billion in direct investment . Several bilateral agreements play an important role in promoting U.S. private investment . Argentina has an Overseas Private Investment Corporation ( OPIC ) agreement and an active program with the U.S. Export - Import Bank . Under the 1994 U.S. -- Argentina Bilateral Investment Treaty , U.S. investors enjoy national treatment in all sectors except shipbuilding , fishing , nuclear - power generation , and uranium production . The treaty allows for international arbitration of investment disputes . Foreign direct investment ( FDI ) in Argentina , which averaged US $5.7 billion from 1992 to 1998 and reached in US $24 billion in 1999 ( reflecting the purchase of 98 % of YPF stock by Repsol ) , fell during the crisis to US $1.6 billion in 2003 . FDI then accelerated , reaching US $8 billion in 2008 . The global crisis cut this figure to US $4 billion in 2009 ; but inflows recovered to US $6.2 billion in 2010 . and US $8.7 billion in 2011 , with FDI in the first half of 2012 up by a further 42 % . FDI volume remained below the regional average as a percent of GDP even as it recovered , however ; Kirchner Administration policies and difficulty in enforcing contractual obligations had been blamed for this modest performance . The nature of foreign investment in Argentina nevertheless shifted significantly after 2000 , and whereas over half of FDI during the 1990s consisted in privatizations and mergers and acquisitions , foreign investment in Argentina became the most technologically oriented in the region -- with 51 % of FDI in the form of medium and high - tech investment ( compared to 36 % in Brazil and 3 % in Chile ) . Issues ( edit ) The economic performance of Argentina ( 100 = Latin American average GDP per capita PPP ) The economy recovered strongly from the 2001 -- 02 crisis , and was the 21st largest in purchasing power parity terms in 2011 ; its per capita income on a purchasing power basis was the highest in Latin America . A lobby representing US creditors who refused to accept Argentina 's debt - swap programmes has campaigned to have the country expelled from the G20 . These holdouts include numerous vulture funds which had rejected the 2005 offer , and had instead resorted to the courts in a bid for higher returns on their defaulted bonds . These disputes had led to a number of liens against central bank accounts in New York and , indirectly , to reduced Argentine access to international credit markets . The government under President Mauricio Macri announced to be seeking a new loan from the IMF in order to avoid another economic crash similar to the one in 2001 . The May 2018 announcement comes at a time of high inflation and falling interest rates . The loan would reportedly be worth $30 billion . Following 25 years of boom and bust stagnation , Argentina 's economy doubled in size from 2002 to 2013 , and officially , income poverty declined from 54 % in 2002 to 5 % by 2013 ; an alternative measurement conducted by CONICET found that income poverty declined instead to 15.4 % . Poverty measured by living conditions improved more slowly , however , decreasing from 17.7 % in the 2001 Census to 12.5 % in the 2010 Census . Argentina 's unemployment rate similarly declined from 25 % in 2002 to an average of around 7 % since 2011 largely because of both growing global demand for Argentine commodities and strong growth in domestic activity . Given its ongoing dispute with holdout bondholders , the government has become wary of sending assets to foreign countries ( such as the presidential plane , or artworks sent to foreign exhibitions ) in case they might be impounded by courts at the behest of holdouts . The government has been accused of manipulating economic statistics . Reliability of official CPI estimates ( edit ) Official CPI inflation figures released monthly by INDEC have been a subject of political controversy since 2007 . Official inflation data are disregarded by leading union leaders , even in the people sector , when negotiating pay rises . Some private - sector estimates put inflation for 2010 at around 25 % , much higher than the official 10.9 % rate for 2010 . Inflation estimates from Argentina 's provinces are also higher than the government 's figures . The government stands by the validity of its data , but has called in the International Monetary Fund to help it design a new nationwide index to replace the current one . The official government CPI is calculated based on 520 products , however the controversy arises from these products not being specified , and thus how many of those products are subject to price caps and subsidies . Economic analysts have been prosecuted for publishing estimates that disagree with official statistics . The government enforces a fine of up to 500,000 pesos for providing what it calls `` fraudulent inflation figures '' , . Beginning in 2015 , the government again began to call for competitive bids from the private sector to provide a weekly independent inflation index . Inflation ( edit ) High inflation has been a weakness of the Argentine economy for decades . Inflation has been unofficially estimated to be running at around 25 % annually since 2008 , despite official statistics indicating less than half that figure ; these would be the highest levels since the 2002 devaluation . A committee was established in 2010 in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies by opposition Deputies Patricia Bullrich , Ricardo Gil Lavedra , and others to publish an alternative index based on private estimates . Food price increases , particularly that of beef , began to outstrip wage increases in 2010 , leading Argentines to decrease beef consumption per capita from 69 kg ( 152 lb ) to 57 kg ( 125 lb ) annually and to increase consumption of other meats . Consumer inflation expectations of 28 to 30 % led the national mint to buy banknotes of its highest denomination ( 100 pesos ) from Brazil at the end of 2010 to keep up with demand . The central bank pumped at least 1 billion pesos into the economy in this way during 2011 . As of June 2015 , the government said that inflation was at 15.3 % ; approximately half that of some independent estimates . Inflation remained at around 18.6 % in 2015 according to an IMF estimate ; but following a sharp devaluation enacted by the Mauricio Macri administration on December 17 , inflation reignited during the first half of 2016 - reaching 42 % according to the Finance Ministry . Supermarkets in Argentina have adopted electronic price tags , allowing prices to be updated quicker . Income distribution ( edit ) In relation to other Latin American countries , has a moderate to low level of income inequality . Its Gini coefficient of about 0.427 ( 2014 ) is reported to be the lowest among Latin American countries . The social gap is worst in the suburbs of the capital , where beneficiaries of the economic rebound live in gated communities , and many of the poor ( particularly undocumented immigrants ) live in slums known as villas miserias . In the mid-1970s , the most affluent 10 % of Argentina 's population had an income 12 times that of the poorest 10 % . That figure had grown to 18 times by the mid-1990s , and by 2002 , the peak of the crisis , the income of the richest segment of the population was 43 times that of the poorest . These heightened levels of inequality had improved to 26 times by 2006 , and to 16 times at the end of 2010 . Economic recovery after 2002 was thus accompanied by significant improvement in income distribution : in 2002 , the richest 10 % absorbed 40 % of all income , compared to 1.1 % for the poorest 10 % ; by 2010 , the former received 29 % of income , and the latter , 1.8 % . Argentina has an inequality - adjusted human development index of 0.680 , compared to 0.542 and 0.661 for neighboring Brazil and Chile , respectively . The 2010 Census found that poverty by living conditions still affect 1 in 8 inhabitants , however ; and while the official , household survey income poverty rate ( based on U $ S 100 per person per month , net ) was 4.7 % in 2013 , the National Research Council estimated income poverty in 2010 at 22.6 % , with private consulting firms estimating that in 2011 around 21 % fell below the income poverty line . The World Bank estimated that , in 2013 , 3.6 % subsisted on less than US $3.10 per person per day . See also ( edit ) List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP growth List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP ( nominal ) List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP ( PPP ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina '' . World Economic Outlook Database . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank forecasts for Argentina , June 2017 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indec '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Indec . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indice de precios al consumidor '' ( PDF ) . INDEC . Jump up ^ `` IPC - Cba '' ( in Spanish ) . Government of Córdoba . Archived from the original on 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Incidencia de la pobreza y la indigencia en 31 aglomerados urbanos Segundo semestre de 2017 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Indec . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolución de la distribución del ingreso ( EPH ) Cuarto trimestre de 2017 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . INDEC . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empleo e Ingresos '' . MECON . Jump up ^ `` Encuesta Permanente de Hogares : Mercado de trabajo , principales indicadores ( EPH ) Cuarto trimestre de 2017 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . INDEC. 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boletín de Estadísticas Laborales '' . Ministerio de Trabajo ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ease of Doing Business in Argentina '' . Doingbusiness.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Exports '' . CIA World Factbook. 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Export Partners of Argentina '' . CIA World Factbook. 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Imports '' . CIA World Factbook. 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Import Partners of Argentina '' . 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Jump up ^ Keith B. Griffin ( 1989 ) . Alternative strategies for economic development . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Development Centre . St. Martin 's Press . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` El derrumbe de salarios y la plata dulce '' . Clarín. 24 March 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Blustein , Paul ; Tulchin , Joseph ( June 2002 ) . `` A Social Contract Abrogated : Argentina 's Economic Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Woodrow Wilson Center . Jump up ^ Monserrat Llairó ; María de ( May 2006 ) . `` La crisis del estado benefactor y la imposición neoliberal en la Argentina de Alfonsín y Menem '' . Aldea Mundo . ^ Jump up to : `` Nivel de actividad '' . Economy Ministry . Jump up ^ Tirenni , Jorge ( May 2013 ) . `` La política social argentina ante los desafíos de un Estado inclusivo ( 2003 - 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Reestatizaciones : un camino que empezó Kirchner en 2003 '' . Clarín . Jump up ^ `` Senate passes railway nationalisation into law '' . Buenos Aires Herald . 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El poder adquisitivo creció 72 % desde 2003 '' . Tiempo Argentino. 21 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina says inflation accelerated as economy cooled '' . Reuters. 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El PBI subió 8 , 5 % en 2010 y asegura pago récord de u $ s 2.200 millones a inversores '' . El Cronista Comercial . Archived from the original on 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Wray ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Argentina to repay 2001 debt as Greece struggles to avoid default '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Vulture funds : Why the UK voted ' no ' to action at the UN -- dissected '' . Jubilee Debt Campaign. 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UN urged to swoop on vulture funds '' . The Guardian . 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vulture ' hedge funds set to target unprotected government debt '' . Financial Times . 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The end of vulture funds ? '' . AlJazeera America . 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's debt battle : why the vulture funds are circling '' . Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania . 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The real story behind the Argentine vessel in Ghana and how hedge funds tried to seize the presidential plane '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's ' vulture fund ' crisis threatens profound consequences for international financial system '' . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development . 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Benson . `` Billionaire Hedge Funds Snub 90 % Returns '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ `` How Argentina settled a billion - dollar debt dispute with hedge funds '' . New York Times . 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Michalowski , Dr Sabine ( 2007 ) . Unconstitutional Regimes and the Validity of Sovereign Debt : A Legal Perspective . Ashgate Publishing Limited . p. 90 . ISBN 0754647935 . Jump up ^ `` Cry for Argentina : Odious Debt , Fiscal Mismanagement or Pillage ? Financial Mechanisms which Spearhead Nations into Bankruptcy '' . Global Research . 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Debt service on external debt , total ( TDS , current US $ ) '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ J.F. Hornbeck ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Argentina 's Defaulted Sovereign Debt : Dealing with the `` Holdouts '' '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't defies ' vultures ' with dollar bond issue '' . Buenos Aires Herald . 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buenos Aires Province exchanges bonds , eases refinancing pressure '' . Reuters. 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is Argentina 's economy pulling a tango turnaround ? '' . CNN Money . 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank forecasts Argentina will regain access to capital markets in 2017 '' . MercoPress. 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's triumphant return to international capital markets '' . Forbes . 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina seeks IMF help , opposition says bad move '' . al - jazeera . May 11 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is the next global financial crisis brewing ? '' . May 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . In 2017 , inflows to 25 of these countries totaled $1.2 trillion ^ Jump up to : `` Les raisons qui poussent l'Argentine à appeler le FMI au secours '' . le monde ( in French ) . May 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qué tiene que ver Estados Unidos en la crisis del peso en Argentina y qué lecciones puede sacar América Latina '' ( in Spanish ) . New York . May 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` L'Argentine fait face à de nouvelles turbulences financières '' . le monde ( in French ) . May 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 300 - 301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ FAO Jump up ^ Récords en cosechas y exportación de granos ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : `` Argentine Foreign Trade ( 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . INDEC. 18 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Statesman 's Yearbook . Macmillan Publishers . 2009 . Jump up ^ La Franco Argentine ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ CNN ( 25 March 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Crisis política : sorpresivo voto del vice Cobos contra las retenciones móviles kirchneristas '' . Clarín. 16 July 2008 . Jump up ^ FAO ^ Jump up to : Fontevecchia , Agustino ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` Big Oil Close To Argentina 's YPF : Chevron And Others Do n't Fear Nationalization '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources : An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . June 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Investing in Argentina : Mining '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 February 2006 . Economy Ministry of Argentina ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Evolución de la industria nacional argentina '' . Gestiopolis . Jump up ^ `` Informe Industria , diciembre 2013 '' . ADEFA . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ministra argentina : pasamos de 80 a 314 parques industriales '' . América Economía . Jump up ^ `` En 2013 el 90 % de las notebooks serán nacionales '' . Jump up ^ `` Creció un 161 % la producción de computadoras en 2011 '' . Tiempo Argentino . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latin America 's - telecoms , mobile and broadband overview shared in new research report '' . Whatech. 3 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El 60 % de la maquinaria agrícola vendida es de producción nacional '' . Argentina en Noticias. 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Permisos de edificación otorgados y superficie cubierta autorizada por tipo de construcción '' . INDEC . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ CNEA : Themes in Nuclear Energy and Physics Archived 2 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` El uso de dispositivos móviles crece en la Argentina y entusiasma a los anunciantes '' . iProfesional. 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` El 95 % de los usuarios móviles de Internet entra a redes sociales '' . Cronista. 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Internet Usage Stats and Market Reports '' . Internet World Stats . Jump up ^ `` Accesos a Internet '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . INDEC . March 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` Argentina - Key Statistics , Telecom Market and Regulatory Overviews '' . BuddeComm . Jump up ^ `` Menos de la mitad de los comercios minoristas venden a través de Internet '' . BAE. 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exportación de servicios : ¿ puede la Argentina ganar el Mundial ? '' . Clarín . Jump up ^ `` El boom de la publicidad argentina '' . Ad Latina . ^ Jump up to : `` The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . ^ Jump up to : `` Informe sobre Bancos '' ( PDF ) . BCRA . ^ Jump up to : `` Ranking del Sistema Financiero '' . ABA . ^ Jump up to : `` Memoria Anual 2011 '' . ABA . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sin corralito , bajó el dólar y los depósitos subieron $ 50 millones '' . Clarín. 3 December 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Estafa del Grupo Velox : 800 millones de dólares que no aparecieron más '' . Tiempo Argentino. 8 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Magazine . November , 1939 . Jump up ^ `` Gran número de turistas eligieron la ciudad de Mar del Plata '' . Hostnews.com.ar . Jump up ^ Luongo , Michael . Frommer 's Argentina . Wiley Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Evolución del Turismo Internacional '' ( PDF ) . INDEC. 7 August 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Informe Estadístico - Año 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Puerto de Buenos Aires . ^ Jump up to : `` Electricity / Heat in Argentina in 2009 '' . IEA . Jump up ^ `` Potencial de energía eólica en Argentina '' . Asociación Argentina de Energía Eólica . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Heads for Solar Surge With Incentives '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Infrastructure . Argentina . National Economies Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` Anuario 2007 : Complementary data '' ( PDF ) . ADEFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rutas : pavimentan 4.200 km y triplican red de autopistas '' . Secretaría de Comunicación. 3 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Advierten que faltan rutas para sostener el boom de los autos '' . La Nación . Jump up ^ `` Anuario 2012 : Parque Automotor '' ( PDF ) . ADEFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ JSTOR : The Economic Journal , Vol. 68 , No. 271 ( September , 1958 ) , pp. 589 - 593 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . Jump up ^ ¿ HACIA DÓNDE VA EL TREN ? ESTADO Y FERROCARRIL DESPUÉS DE LAS PRIVATIZACIONES Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . - University of Buenos Aires , 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Detalles del proyecto para conectar todos los ferrocarriles urbanos debajo del Obelisco - Buenos Aires Ciudad , 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Otro salto en la recuperación de soberanía - Pagina / 12 , 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Es ley la creación de Ferrocarriles Argentinos - EnElSubte , 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferrocarriles Argentinos : Randazzo agradeció a la oposición parlamentaria por acompañar en su recuperación Archived 16 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . - Sala de Prensa de la Republica Argentina , 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial de Argentina N ° 32.644 Archived 13 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harán una inversión de US $ 2400 millones en el Belgrano Cargas - La Nacion , 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarin.com `` Los nuevos trenes del Mitre : asombro en los pasajeros y viajes más cómodos '' , Clarín , 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Buenos Aires commuter routes renationalised '' , Railway Gazette , 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los nuevos trenes a Mar del Plata funcionarán desde este viernes '' on Telam , 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ El Tren a las Nubes volvió a funcionar - InfoBAE , 5 April 2015 , Jump up ^ Salió de Retiro el primer tren 0km con pasajeros a Rosario - InfoBAE , 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empezó a circular el tren que une Posadas y Encarnación '' , Territorio Digital , January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buenos Aires Transport Subway '' . Kwintessential.co.uk . Jump up ^ Aumentó un 12 % la cantidad de usuarios que usan el subte a diario - La Nacion , 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Book of the Year ( various issues ) : statistical appendix . Jump up ^ `` Más de 25 millones de pasajeros aéreos transportados en Argentina '' . HostelTur. 17 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : INDEC : foreign trade Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` El 75 % del rojo comercial de la industria , en cinco rubros '' . Clarín . Jump up ^ `` Licencias no Automáticas '' . Tiempo Argentino . Archived from the original on 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Automotrices deberán exportar un dólar por cada dólar que importen '' . Tiempo Argentino . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cristina presentó un proyecto para la expropiación de las acciones de YPF '' . Info News . 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Repsol Deal to Open Argentine Energy Investment , Capitanich Says '' . Bloomberg. 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sector externo '' . Economy Ministry . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina . Inversiones Extranjeras '' . Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España . Jump up ^ `` China - Argentina ties booming '' . CCTV. 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Evolución de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en Argentina '' ( PDF ) . UNMdP. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina , destino elegido por la inversión extranjera '' . Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación . Jump up ^ `` La inversión extranjera directa en la Argentina subió 54 % en 2010 '' . Infobae . Jump up ^ `` Argentina recibió mayor inversión extranjera '' . aen . Jump up ^ Clarín ( 18 June 2008 ) Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Inversión extranjera en la Argentina : mitos y realidades '' . aen . Jump up ^ `` Argentina still tackling debt burden '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Clarín ( 12 January 2010 ) ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Goñi , Uki ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Argentina seeks IMF loan to rescue peso from downward slide '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Argentines shocked by IMF loan request '' . Financial Times . May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` La pobreza en la Argentina II '' . El Economista. 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Porcentaje de la población con necesidades básicas insatisfechas '' . Secretaría de Ambiente . ^ Jump up to : Argentina 's 4Q Unemployment Rate Falls To 7.4 % Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ `` Caught Napping '' . The Economist. 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The price of cooking the books '' . The Economist . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Forero , Juan . `` Doctored Data Cast Doubt on Argentina : Economists Dispute Inflation Numbers '' . Washington Post , 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Argentina 's economy : Happy - go - lucky Cristina The Economist ^ Jump up to : Argentina threatens inflation analysts with fine Financial Times Jump up ^ `` Argentine inflation data questioned even after reforms '' . Reuters. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentine economists facing inflation fraud charge '' . Gulf News . AP . 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Quietly Hires Private Firm to Measure Inflation '' . PanAm Post . 6 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inflation , an Old Scourge , Plagues Argentina Again New York Times Jump up ^ `` Inflación Verdadera '' . The Billion Prices Project @ MIT . Jump up ^ Latin America sees uncertain 2011 BBC News Jump up ^ `` La mesa de los Argentinos '' . 7 Días . Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Argentina ca n't print enough pesos Financial Times Jump up ^ `` Índice de Precios al Consumidor Nacional urbano : base oct 2013 - sep 2014 = 100 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . INDEC . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina Government Reports Inflation at Half of What Opposition Says '' . Latin American Herald Tribune . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina to ' moderate ' inflation at 18.6 % - IMF '' . Buenos Aires Herald . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 2016 inflation seen at 40 percent to 42 percent : finance minister '' . Reuters. 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinean Supermarkets Get Hip to Inflation with Digital Price Tags '' . Pan Am Post . 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rohter , Larry ( 2006 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Despite recovery , inequality grows in Argentina '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` La distribución del ingreso es peor '' . La Nación . ^ Jump up to : `` El 10 % más rico acapara el 28.7 % de ingresos '' . La Voz del Interior . Jump up ^ `` Income share held by highest 10 % '' . The World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Table 3 : Inequality - adjusted Human Development Index '' . 2014 Human Development Report . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Para el INDEC , solamente hay un 6 , 5 % de pobreza '' . Clarín . Jump up ^ `` Poverty headcount ratio at $3.10 a day ( 2011 PPP ) ( % of population ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ New methodology ; not strictly comparable to earlier data Further reading ( edit ) Bulmer - Thomas , Victor . The Economic History of Latin America since Independence ( New York : Cambridge University Press ) . 2003 . Argentina : Life After Default Article looking at how Argentina has , for the most part , recovered from its crisis in 2002 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic statistics for Argentina . Argentine Economy Ministry ( in Spanish ) Argentine Central Bank ( in Spanish ) Argentina 's Economic Recovery : Policy Choices and Implications from the Center for Economic and Policy Research Comprehensive current and historical economic data World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Argentina Tariffs applied by Argentina as provided by ITC 's Market Access Map , an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements Private Inflation data from The Billion Prices Project at Massachusetts Institute of technology ( in Spanish ) Economy of Argentina History Agricultural colonies Railway nationalization Five - Year Plans Rodrigazo Austral plan Convertibility plan Railway privatisation 1999 -- 2002 crisis 2007 -- 10 recession 2008 farmers ' strike Argentine currency controls ( 2011 -- 15 ) Historical exchange rates Agriculture Wine Tobacco Beef Timber Whaling Other sectors Energy Mining Defence industry Foreign trade Tourism Telecommunications Banking ( Central Bank of Argentina ) Other Argentine peso Provincial economies Provinces by HDI Companies Infrastructure Ministry of Economy Taxation Trade unions Stock exchange Links to related articles Argentina articles History First inhabitants Colonial Argentina Governorate Viceroyalty War of Independence Civil Wars Generation of ' 80 Arms race with Chile Dreadnought race with Brazil , Chile Infamous Decade World War II Peronism Dirty War National Reorganization Process Falklands War Trial of the Juntas December 2001 riots Geography Cities Climate Regions Climate change Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Fauna Flora Islands Mountains National Parks Regions Rivers Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Law Law enforcement National Congress Political parties President list Vice President Supreme Court Military Army Navy Air Force History Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Communications Electricity sector Nuclear energy Economic history Foreign trade Peso ( currency ) Science and technology Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transport Airlines Airports Lighthouses Rail Routes Vehicle registration plates Society Corruption Crime Demographics Ethnic groups Education Healthcare Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Humor Literature Music National symbols Newspapers Painting Public holidays Radio Sports Television Viveza criolla Outline Index Book Portal Union of South American Nations Members Full Members Bolivia Ecuador Guyana Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Suspended Members Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Peru Summits 2008 2009 Ecuador 2009 Argentina 2011 2012 2013 2014 Topics Cusco Declaration Constitutive Treaty President Pro Tempore Secretary General Bank of the South South American Parliament Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America Mercosur Andean Community World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures Trade in Services Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st ( 1996 ) 2nd ( 1998 ) 3rd ( 1999 ) 4th ( 2001 ) 5th ( 2003 ) 6th ( 2005 ) 7th ( 2009 ) 8th ( 2011 ) 9th ( 2013 ) 10th ( 2015 ) 11th ( 2017 ) People Roberto Azevêdo ( Director - General ) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People 's Republic of China , participates as `` Hong Kong , China '' and `` Macao China '' . Officially the Republic of China , participates as `` Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan , Penghu , Kinmen and Matsu '' , and `` Chinese Taipei '' in short . Economy of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Argentina&oldid=856922351 '' Categories : Economy of Argentina World Trade Organization member economies Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Spanish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2013 Use American English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Ido Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Тоҷикӣ Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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when was the last time guatemala went to the world cup | The team has made three Olympic tournament appearances , competing at the 1968 , 1976 , and 1988 Olympic Games . Guatemala have never qualified for a finals tournament of the World Cup , although they have reached the final round of qualification on four occasions . | Guatemala national football team | guatemala national football team | The Guatemala national football team ( Spanish : Selección de fútbol de Guatemala ) is governed by the Federación Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala . Founded in 1919 , it affiliated to FIFA in 1946 , and it is a member of CONCACAF . | The team has made three Olympic tournament appearances , competing at the 1968 , 1976 , and 1988 Olympic Games . Guatemala have never qualified for a finals tournament of the World Cup , although they have reached the final round of qualification on four occasions . Guatemala won the 1967 CONCACAF Championship and the 2001 UNCAF Nations Cup . The team 's best performance in a CONCACAF Gold Cup was in 1996 , when they finished fourth . Felipe Juan Gaspar their top goal scorer , retired his career after the failure of his team to now win the gold cup . Guatemala has also earned a silver medal at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas , Venezuela . The national team kits are supplied by Umbro . Past kit suppliers include Atletica , Adidas and Puma . Contents 1 History 2 Beginnings and first attempt in the elimination stage of the World Cup 3 Success in the 60 's 3.1 1967 CONCACAF Championship 3.2 1968 Olympic Games 4 21st century 4.1 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 4.2 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 4.3 2014 World Cup cycle 4.4 2016 suspension 5 Home stadium 6 Competitive Record 6.1 FIFA World Cup 6.2 CONCACAF Gold Cup Record 6.3 Copa Centroamericana record 6.4 Olympic record 7 Schedule and recent results 7.1 2016 7.2 2018 8 Players 8.1 Current squad 8.2 Recent call - ups 8.3 Most capped 8.4 Top scorers 9 Managers 10 Honors 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) The national team , nicknamed `` la Azul y Blanco '' ( the blue and white ) , made its debut in the Independence Centenary Games held in Guatemala City in September 1921 , winning their first game 10 -- 1 against Honduras . In the final , Guatemala were defeated 6 -- 0 by Costa Rica . Guatemala entered a World Cup qualification process for the first time in 1958 . Beginnings and first attempt in the elimination stage of the World Cup ( edit ) Guatemala created its first soccer team , made up of 22 players , on August 23 , 1902 . The team was split into two sides , blue and white . With time , clubs were made and eventually the Guatemalan National Team was created in 1921 . Guatemala had its first game on September 14 , 1921 against Honduras . The game was played in Guatemala City and Guatemala beat Honduras 10 to 1 . Guatemala had success in several editions of the CCCF Championship ( Copa CCCF ) , precursor to the Concacaf Gold Cup ( Copa Concacaf ) , by being the runner up in three championships , 1943 , 1946 , and 1948 . In 1958 , Guatemala began participating in the qualifying rounds of the World Cup . It was placed in the first group , along with the teams from Costa Rica and the Netherlands Antilles . It placed last and was unable to score a single point . Success in the 60 's ( edit ) Guatemala 's performance in the qualifying rounds began to improve in the beginning of the 1960s . In 1962 it was able to tie against both Costa Rica ( 4 -- 4 ) , while playing in Guatemala , and Honduras ( 1 -- 1 ) , while playing in Tegucigalpa . However , after being placed in the second group , it once again finished last . Guatemala did not participate in the qualifying round in 1966 . Before the process of elimination began , the FIFA ( International Federation of Association Football ) refused Guatemala 's participation for administrative reasons . The Guatemalan National Team joined Concacaf in 1961 . In 1967 it again showed the progress it had made when it participated in the Concacaf Gold Cup . For the first time and only time in its history , it placed first in the tournament . It was also the runner up in both 1965 and 1969 . 1967 CONCACAF Championship ( edit ) Main article : 1967 CONCACAF Championship In 1967 , Honduras hosted the CONCACAF Championship . Guatemala began the tournament with a 2 -- 1 win against Haiti , followed by a 1 -- 0 win over defending champions Mexico , a 0 -- 0 draw against Honduras , a 2 -- 0 win over Trinidad and Tobago , and a 2 -- 0 win over Nicaragua , being crowned CONCACAF champions for the first time . Forward Manuel `` Escopeta '' Recinos was Guatemala 's top scorer with four goals , including the game - winning goal against Mexico . Results Rank Team Pts Pld GF GA GD Guatemala 9 5 0 7 6 Mexico 8 5 0 10 9 Honduras 6 5 Trinidad and Tobago 5 0 6 10 − 4 5 Haiti 5 0 5 9 − 4 6 Nicaragua 5 0 12 − 9 1968 Olympic Games ( edit ) In 1967 , Guatemala showed some major progress by qualifying for the 1968 Olympic Tournament in Mexico City . In the first round , they won 1 -- 0 against Czechoslovakia , and 4 -- 1 against Thailand , and lost to Bulgaria 2 -- 1 . They went on the next round where they lost to eventual champions Hungary 1 -- 0 . 21st century ( edit ) 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification ( edit ) Prior to the qualification process , many fans saw Carlos Ruiz as the main focus in providing goals for the national team along with his compatriot but elder Juan Carlos Plata . Many other stars such as Fredy , Garcia , Gonzalo Romero , Guillermo Ramirez and Martin Machon were expected to play huge roles as well . In 2006 World Cup qualifying , Guatemala started off well , advancing to the third round by beating Suriname 4 -- 2 in the second round . In the third round they finished second behind Costa Rica in Group B tying at 10 points each , advancing to the final round . In the fourth round they started off well with a 0 -- 0 draw against Panama and a 5 -- 1 win against Trinidad and Tobago . Then followed a 2 -- 0 loss against United States and Mexico and a 3 -- 2 loss against Costa Rica , and after 3 losses in a row they finally won against Panama 2 -- 1 , then lost against Trinidad and Tobago 3 -- 2 , tied against United States 0 -- 0 and then lost to Mexico 5 -- 2 once again . Guatemala had 8 points with one game left , and a win and a Trinidad and Tobago loss against Mexico would get them to the playoff . They won 3 -- 1 against Costa Rica but Trinidad and Tobago beat Mexico 2 -- 1 , ending one of the best runs in Guatemala football history . They finished in 5th place , 2 points away from a possible World Cup spot . Juan Carlos Plata and Martin Machón had announced their retirement from International Football in 2006 . 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification ( edit ) After a third - place finish in the Uncaf Nations Cup in 2007 , having made the knockout stage in the Gold Cup of the same year , and a couple of satisfying friendly matches including a 3 -- 2 win against Mexico , many saw Hernan Dario Gomez as the next coach to lead Guatemala into the Hexagonal in the World Cup qualifying stage . However , after losing 5 -- 0 in early 2008 against a U-23 Argentine team , fans wanted Gomez out as coach and soon the Colombian would do so . In 2010 World Cup qualifying , expectations of being able to qualify for the tournament were set among the national team as Ramon Maradiaga had returned as coach after almost leading Guatemala to the World Cup 2006 . They began well by having advanced to the third round by defeating Saint Lucia in a 9 -- 1 aggregate in the second round . In the third round , Guatemala began with a 1 -- 0 home loss to the United States , with controversies surrounding Panamanian referee Roberto Moreno , who was arbitrating the match , including not awarding a penalty in the first half in the favor of Guatemala after a handball from Steve Cherundolo as well as Gustavo Cabrera being sent off after colliding with Eddie Lewis in the second half . In their second match of round 3 , Los Chapines were able to take home a draw in the closing minutes of the game against Trinidad and Tobago in Port of Spain after Carlos Gallardo deflected a free kick taken by Marco Pappa with his heels . On September 10 , Guatemala welcomed Cuba at home for their third match . Cuba shocked the Guatemala fans by taking the lead after Roberto Linares scored in the 25th minute however by halftime , Carlos Ruiz relieved the team with an equalizer . In the second half Carlos Ruiz scored once more , Mario Rodriguez and youngster Jose Manuel Contreras also scored and finished the game 4 -- 1 . With the win , they were able to collect 4 points , putting them in second place due to having a better goal difference that Trinidad and Tobago . The next two games were crucial in advancing to the next round . On October 11 , many fans have gathered around the Estadio Mateo Flores to support the national team in their home game against Trinidad and Tobago , heavily expecting a win . Despite being reduced to 10 men , the Soca Warriors were able to hold Guatemala to 0 -- 0 stalemate , disgruntling the national team and fans . With hopes of getting a result in Havana four days later , Guatemala were unable to even get a point against Cuba , falling down 1 -- 0 by halftime after Jaime Colome scored a penalty . Marco Pappa volleyed in an equalizer in the 80th minute , replenishing the confidence for the team but Urgelles was able to bring Cuba back on top in the 90th minute , complicating the hopes of Guatemala in qualifying for the World Cup with one game to spare . Meanwhile , the Trinidadians defeated the United States 2 -- 1 at home , putting them in second place . Maradiaga was fired soon right after and Benjamin Monterroso , a less ambitious coach was appointed , focusing on the upcoming edition of the Copa Uncaf the following January . A 2 -- 0 away loss against the US confirmed the elimination of the national team , having finished in third place with 5 points , thus missing out on the final round . In the Uncaf nations cup , Monterroso wanted to introduce more younger players into the starting line up such as Minor Lopez , Ricardo Jerez and Wilson Lalin but everything backfired after losing both group stage matches against Costa Rica and Panama as well as losing astonishingly 2 -- 0 to an inferior Nicaragua team in the play off match for the final berth to attend the next Gold Cup ; Minor Lopez was the lone goal scorer for Los Bicolores . As a result , the national team were inactive for the next two years and Benjamin Monterroso shamefully stepped down after two months in charge . 2014 World Cup cycle ( edit ) On May 2010 , Uruguayan born Paraguayan Ever Hugo Almeida was appointed as the next coach for Guatemala . At the 2011 Copa Centroamericana , formerly known as the `` UNCAF Nations Cup '' , Guatemala finished in fifth place , losing to Costa Rica 2 -- 0 and Honduras 3 -- 1 . In the fifth place match , they defeated Nicaragua 2 -- 1 to qualify to the 2011 Gold Cup . At the 2011 Gold Cup , Guatemala drew against Honduras 0 -- 0 despite being reduced to nine men . In the next match , they suffer a loss against a physically superior Jamaica 2 -- 0 but managed to redeem themselves after having won against Grenada 4 -- 0 goals from Jose Javier Del Águila , Marco Pappa , Carlos Ruiz , and Carlos Gallardo . Placing among the best third place , they saw themselves advancing to the quarterfinals , where they lost against the reigning champions Mexico 2 -- 1 although a long ball from Elias Vasquez to Carlos Ruiz gave them the lead in the first half . For the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , Guatemala opened the qualifying campaign in the second round by sweeping six wins in six games , advancing to the third round in the same group as USA , Jamaica and Antigua and Barbuda . Prior to the start of the third round , three of Guatemala 's key players Guillermo Ramirez , Gustavo Cabrera and Yony Flores were sent home during a practice session after teammates Carlos Ruiz and Luis Rodriguez heard of their involvement in money laundering and bribery in fixing multiple fixtures ; they were subsequently banned for life in participating in any football competition abroad or domestic . The team had a rough start in an away loss to Jamaica with Dwight Pezzarossi only managing to pull back one goal in stoppage time . In the next match , Guatemala tied at home after Clint Dempsey managed to get a goal for the US , and Marco Pappa 's free kick later in the game managed to bring Guatemala one point . For the third game in a row , also at home , the team fell behind against Antigua and Barbuda . In the second half with the Antiguan goalkeeper Molvin James sent off for wasting time , Carlos Ruiz was able to score a brace making the game 2 -- 1 ; an additional goal from Dwight Pezzarossi eventually ended the game 3 -- 1 . Four days later , a lone goal from Carlos Ruiz sufficed for an away win against Antigua and Barbuda in North Sound . In the next fixture , Guatemala beat Jamaica at home 2 -- 1 . In their last game , a minimum of a draw would be enough to get Guatemala to the final stage of the qualifiers . After taking the lead 1 -- 0 in the first five minutes thanks to Carlos Ruiz , the USA team returned the favor by scoring 3 goals to crush their hopes . Guatemala finished ten points behind the USA and Jamaica , losing out on goal difference to the Jamaicans . In January 2013 , still led by Ever Almeida , Guatemala participated in the 2013 Copa Centroamericana . Consisted of mostly youngsters , Guatemala could only manage three draws in their group play ( 1 -- 1 against Nicaragua , 0 -- 0 to border rivals Belize and 1 -- 1 against Costa Rica ) , losing out to Belize for direct qualification to the Gold Cup . They faced Panama in the 5th place match for the final slot in the 2013 Gold Cup in the United States but lost 3 -- 1 . Ever Almeida stepped down in favour of technical director Victor Hugo Monzón . 2016 suspension ( edit ) On Oct 28 , 2016 , the Guatemalan football federation was suspended indefinitely by FIFA , after the international football governing body had appointed an oversight committee to look into allegations of corruption . FIFA stated that the Guatemalan federation ( FEDEFUT ) had rejected the committee 's mandate to run FEDEFUT 's business , organize elections , and modernize its statutes , and would remain barred from international competition until FEDEFUT ratified an extension of the mandate . The suspension was lifted on May 31 , 2018 after FEDEFUT 's normalization committee became fully operational . However , as a consequence , the football team missed their chance on qualifing on the 2017 and 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup tournaments as well as the qualifying rounds for the 2019 -- 20 CONCACAF Nations League and the 2017 Copa Centroamericana , as they missed deadlines to have their suspension lifted . Home stadium ( edit ) Main article : Estadio Doroteo Guamuch Flores The Estadio Nacional Mateo Flores , also known as Coloso de la Zona 5 , is a multi-use national stadium in Guatemala City , the largest in Guatemala . It was built in 1948 , to host the Central American and Caribbean Games in 1950 , and was renamed after long - distance runner Mateo Flores , winner of the 1952 Boston Marathon . It has a capacity of 26,000 seats . Used mostly for football matches , the stadium has hosted the majority of the home matches of the Guatemala national football team throughout its history . Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Year Round GP GS GA 1930 Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 Did not qualify 1962 1966 Entry not accepted 1970 Did not qualify 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 To be determined Total 0 / 22 CONCACAF Gold Cup Record ( edit ) Year Round GP GS GA 1963 Round 1 7 6 1965 Runner - up 5 11 5 1967 Champions 5 0 7 1969 Runner - up 5 0 10 1971 Did not qualify 1973 Fifth Place 5 0 6 1977 Fifth Place 5 8 10 1981 Did not qualify 1985 Round 1 7 1989 Fourth Place 6 7 1991 Round 1 0 5 1993 Did not enter Fourth Place 0 5 1998 Round 1 0 2000 Round 1 0 5 2002 Round 1 0 0 2003 Round 1 0 2005 Round 1 0 9 2007 Quarter Finals 5 2009 Did not qualify 2011 Quarter Finals 5 2013 Did not qualify 2015 Round 1 0 2017 Disqualified due to FIFA Suspension 2019 Not eligible Total 1 Title 69 19 20 30 82 88 Copa Centroamericana record ( edit ) Year Round GP GS GA 1991 Third Place 0 0 1993 Did not enter 1995 Runner - up 0 5 1997 Runner - up 5 0 10 1999 Runner - up 5 5 2001 Champions 5 0 9 5 2003 Runner - up 5 10 2005 Third Place 5 10 5 2007 Third Place 5 2009 Round 1 0 0 6 2011 Fifth Place 0 6 2013 Sixth Place 0 5 2014 Runner - up 0 7 2017 Disqualified due to FIFA Suspension Total 1 Title 51 23 14 14 63 48 Olympic record ( edit ) 1896 to 1924 -- Did not enter 1928 to 1964 -- Did not qualify 1968 -- Quarter finals -- 6th place 1972 -- Did not qualify 1976 -- Round 1 1980 to 1984 -- Did not qualify 1988 -- Round 1 1992 to 2016 -- Did not qualify Note : Football at the Summer Olympics has been an under - 23 tournament since the 1992 edition . Schedule and recent results ( edit ) See also : Guatemala national football team schedule and results Key Win Draw Loss 2016 ( edit ) Guatemala v United States 25 March 2018 FIFA World Cup Q -- Fourth Round Guatemala 2 -- 0 United States show Guatemala City , Guatemala 20 : 06 ( UTC − 6 ) Morales 7 ' Ruiz 16 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( CONCACAF ) Stadium : Estadio Mateo Flores Attendance : 18,313 Referee : Jafeth Perea ( Panama ) United States v Guatemala 29 March 2018 FIFA World Cup Q -- Fourth Round United States 4 -- 0 Guatemala show Columbus , United States 19 : 25 ( UTC − 4 ) Dempsey 12 ' Cameron 35 ' Zusi 46 ' Altidore 89 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( CONCACAF ) Stadium : Mapfre Stadium Attendance : 20,654 Referee : Valdin Legister ( Jamaica ) Guatemala v Armenia 28 May Friendly Guatemala 1 -- 7 Armenia show Carson , United States Ruiz 7 ' Mkhitaryan 39 ' , 60 ' , 70 ' , 72 ' Manucharyan 45 ' Kadymyan 50 ' Badoyan 84 ' Stadium : StubHub Center Attendance : 8,000 Guatemala v Venezuela June 1 Friendly Guatemala 1 -- 1 Venezuela show Fort Lauderdale , United States Cardona 14 ' Tinoco 68 ' Report Rondón 84 ' Stadium : Lockhart Stadium Attendance : 7,217 Referee : Javier Santos ( Puerto Rico ) Trinidad and Tobago v Guatemala 2 September 2018 FIFA World Cup Q -- Fourth Round Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 2 Guatemala show Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago 19 : 00 ( UTC − 4 ) J. Jones 45 + 1 ' , 62 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( CONCACAF ) Ruiz 36 ' , 87 ' Stadium : Hasely Crawford Stadium Attendance : 20,147 Referee : Jhon Pitti ( Panama ) Guatemala v Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6 September 2018 FIFA World Cup Q -- Fourth Round Guatemala 9 -- 3 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines show Guatemala City , Guatemala 18 : 15 ( UTC − 6 ) Tinoco 13 ' Ruiz 20 ' , 27 ' , 36 ' , 57 ' , 59 ' Arreola 55 ' Morales 78 ' Márquez 83 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( CONCACAF ) Anderson 10 ' , 29 ' McBurnette 90 ' Stadium : Estadio Mateo Flores , Guatemala City Attendance : 5,000 Referee : Kimbrell Ward ( Saint Kitts and Nevis ) 2018 ( edit ) Argentina v Guatemala 7 September Friendly Argentina Guatemala show Los Angeles , United States 20 : 00 ( PST ) Stadium : Los Angeles Coliseum Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following 23 players were called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Trinidad and Tobago on 2 September and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on 6 September 2016 . Caps and goals updated as September 6 , 2016 after the game against Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Ricardo Jerez ( 1986 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1986 ( age 32 ) 46 0 Deportivo Cali 12 1GK Paulo Motta ( 1982 - 03 - 29 ) March 29 , 1982 ( age 36 ) 32 0 Municipal 21 1GK José Carlos García ( 1993 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 Xelajú 2DF Wilson Lalín ( 1985 - 05 - 03 ) May 3 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 27 Comunicaciones 6 2DF Carlos Mejía ( 1991 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 19 Comunicaciones 14 2DF Rafael Morales ( 1985 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 17 Comunicaciones 24 2DF Moises Hernandez ( 1992 - 03 - 05 ) March 5 , 1992 ( age 26 ) 15 0 FC Dallas 2DF Cristian Jiménez ( 1995 - 04 - 26 ) April 26 , 1995 ( age 23 ) 8 0 Municipal 2DF Hamilton López ( 1983 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 1983 ( age 34 ) 8 0 Xelajú 15 2DF Luis Cardona ( 1990 - 02 - 05 ) February 5 , 1990 ( age 28 ) 6 0 Municipal 5 2DF Jefrey Payeras ( 1993 - 10 - 16 ) October 16 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 LA Galaxy II 13 2DF Josué Aragón ( 1984 - 10 - 12 ) October 12 , 1984 ( age 33 ) 0 Marquense 10 3MF José Contreras ( 1986 - 01 - 19 ) January 19 , 1986 ( age 32 ) 73 5 Comunicaciones 16 3MF Marco Pappa ( 1987 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1987 ( age 30 ) 57 11 Municipal 18 3MF Jean Márquez ( 1985 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 44 Comunicaciones 23 3MF Jorge Aparicio ( 1992 - 11 - 25 ) November 25 , 1992 ( age 25 ) 13 0 Slaven Belupo 22 3MF Rodrigo Saravia ( 1993 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1993 ( age 25 ) 6 0 Swope Park Rangers 11 3MF Víctor Matta ( 1990 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 1990 ( age 28 ) 0 Municipal 19 3MF José Rosales ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) January 1 , 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Malacateco 20 4FW Carlos Ruiz ( Captain ) ( 1979 - 12 - 15 ) December 15 , 1979 ( age 38 ) 133 68 Retired 7 4FW Jairo Arreola ( 1985 - 09 - 20 ) September 20 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 24 0 Comunicaciones 9 4FW Gerson Tinoco ( 1988 - 11 - 02 ) November 2 , 1988 ( age 29 ) 15 5 Comunicaciones 8 4FW Mario Castellanos ( 1982 - 05 - 19 ) May 19 , 1982 ( age 36 ) 15 Cobán Imperial 17 4FW Edi Danilo Guerra ( 1991 - 12 - 24 ) December 24 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 Municipal Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the Guatemala squad within the last twelve months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK David Guerra ( 1979 - 05 - 28 ) May 28 , 1979 ( age 39 ) 0 Universidad San Carlos v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 DF Jonathan López ( 1988 - 05 - 10 ) May 10 , 1988 ( age 30 ) 34 0 Marquense v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 DF Edwin Fuentes ( 1991 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 Marquense v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 DF José Carlos Pinto Samayoa ( 1993 - 06 - 16 ) June 16 , 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 Antigua GFC v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 DF Carlos Castrillo ( 1985 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1985 ( age 33 ) 32 0 Comunicaciones v. United States , March 29 , 2016 DF Stefano Cincotta ( 1991 - 02 - 28 ) February 28 , 1991 ( age 27 ) 15 SV Elversberg v. United States , March 29 , 2016 MF Gerardo Arias ( 1985 - 11 - 18 ) November 18 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 9 0 Municipal v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Luis Martínez ( 1991 - 12 - 24 ) December 24 , 1991 ( age 26 ) 6 Antigua GFC v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Julián Priego ( 1988 - 05 - 19 ) May 19 , 1988 ( age 30 ) 0 Universidad San Carlos v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Pedro Samayoa ( 1985 - 11 - 18 ) November 18 , 1985 ( age 32 ) 0 Municipal v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Billy Torres ( 1987 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 Mictlán v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 MF Mafre Icuté ( 1993 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 Municipal v. United States , March 29 , 2016 MF Marco Rivas ( 1991 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 Municipal v. United States , March 29 , 2016 MF Kevin Arriola ( 1991 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1991 ( age 27 ) 0 Xelajú v. United States , March 29 , 2016 FW Kendell Herrarte ( 1992 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1992 ( age 26 ) 18 0 Antigua GFC v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 FW Jonathan Pérez ( 1987 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 Universidad San Carlos v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 FW Edwin Rivas ( 1992 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 0 Universidad San Carlos v. Venezuela , June 1 , 2016 Most capped ( edit ) # Player Caps Career Carlos Ruiz 133 1998 -- 2016 Guillermo Ramírez * 104 1997 -- 2012 Gustavo Cabrera * 103 2000 -- 2012 Fredy Thompson 96 2001 -- 5 Juan Carlos Plata 87 1996 -- 2010 6 Gonzalo Romero 83 2000 -- 2012 7 Julio Girón 82 1992 -- 2006 8 Edgar Estrada 80 1995 -- 2003 9 Mario Rodríguez 79 2003 -- 2013 10 Freddy García 73 2000 -- 2012 Players in bold text are still active with Guatemala . * Banned from Football on suspicions of fixing match results . Top scorers ( edit ) # Player Goals Career Carlos Ruiz 68 1998 -- 2016 Juan Carlos Plata 35 1996 -- 2006 Carlos Toledo 25 1943 -- 1953 Mario Camposeco 23 1943 -- 1951 = Freddy García 23 1998 -- 2012 6 Oscar Enrique Sánchez 19 1976 -- 1990 7 Dwight Pezzarossi 16 2000 -- 2012 = Edwin Westphal 16 1985 -- 1998 = Guillermo Ramírez * 16 1997 -- 2012 10 Juan Manuel Funes 15 1985 -- 2000 Players in bold text are still active with Guatemala . * Banned from Football on suspicions of fixing match results . Managers ( edit ) Name Period Matches Wins Draws Losses Winning % Notes Roberto Figueredo 1930 0 0 00.0 % Jimmy Elliott 1935 5 0 20.0 % Manuel Felipe Carrera 1943 6 66.7 % 1943 CCCF Championship 2nd place Juan Francisco Aguirre 1946 5 60.0 % Juan Francisco Aguirre Manuel Felipe Carrera 1946 6 16.7 % José Alberto Cevasco 1948 8 37.5 % 1948 CCCF Championship 2nd place Enrique Natalio Pascal Palomini 1950 6 50.0 % Juan Francisco Aguirre 1953 Alfredo Cuevas 1955 -- 1957 José Alberto Cevasco 1960 -- 1961 Lorenzo Ausina Tur 1963 César Viccino 1965 Rubén Amorín 1967 1967 CONCACAF Championship César Viccino 1968 -- 1969 Lorenzo Ausina Tur 1969 Carmelo Faraone 1971 Afro Geronazzo 1971 -- 1972 Rubén Amorín 1972 Néstor Valdez Moraga 1972 Rubén Amorín 1976 Carlos Cavagnaro 1976 Carlos Wellmann 1976 José Ernesto Romero 1979 Rubén Amorín 1980 Carlos Cavagnaro Dragoslav Šekularac 1984 -- 1985 Julio César Cortés Jorge Roldán 1988 Rubén Amorín 1989 -- 1990 Haroldo Cordón 1991 Miguel Angel Brindisi 1992 Jorge Roldán 1995 1995 UNCAF Nations Cup 2nd place Juan Ramón Verón 11 6 54.6 % Horacio Cordero 18 7 5 6 48.1 % Miguel Angel Brindisi 1997 -- 1998 23 9 11 39.1 % 1997 UNCAF Nations Cup 2nd place Carlos Bilardo Eduardo Luján Manera 1998 8 25.0 % Benjamín Monterroso 1999 11 5 36.4 % 1999 UNCAF Nations Cup 2nd place Carlos Miloc 2000 5 0 0.0 % Julio César Cortés 2000 -- 2003 33 13 12 7 39.4 % 2001 UNCAF Nations Cup 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup ( Runner - up ) Víctor Manuel Aguado 2003 7 14.3 % Ramón Maradiaga 2004 -- 2005 42 17 9 16 40.5 % Hernán Darío Gómez 2006 -- 2008 21 5 12 23.8 % Ramón Maradiaga 2008 5 50.0 % Benjamín Monterroso 2008 -- 2009 5 0 20.0 % Ever Hugo Almeida 2010 -- 2013 40 16 7 17 45.8 % Víctor Hugo Monzón 2013 0 11.1 % Sergio Pardo 2013 0 0 0.0 % Ivan Franco Sopegno 2014 -- 2015 23 9 10 44.9 % 2014 Copa Centroamericana ( Runner - up ) Walter Claverí 2016 - Present 6 50 % Honors ( edit ) CONCACAF Championship Champions ( 1 ) : 1967 Runner - up ( 2 ) : 1965 , 1969 Copa Centroamericana Champions ( 1 ) : 2001 Runner - up ( 5 ) : 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2003 , 2014 Third Place ( 3 ) : 1991 , 2005 , 2007 CONCACAF Men 's Pre-Olympic Tournament Silver Medal ( 2 ) : 1976 , 1988 Pan American Games Silver Medal ( 1 ) : 1983 U.S. Cup Third Place ( 1 ) : 1999 See also ( edit ) Liga Nacional de Guatemala References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Guatemala -- Record International Players RSSSF Jump up ^ `` World Football Elo Ratings '' . eloratings.net . World Football Elo Ratings. 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Courtney , Barrie ( 14 August 2008 ) . `` Guatemala International Soccer Matches Since 1920 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ RSSSF.com : `` Guatemala -- List of International Matches '' ( en inglés ) Jump up ^ Rinke , Stefan ( 2014 ) . The FIFA World Cup 1930 -- 2010 . Wallstein Verlag : Göttingen . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 9783835314573 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminaries North , Central America and Caribbean '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` CONCACAF NATIONS CUP 1967 '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Menchu , Sofia ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) . `` FIFA suspends Guatemalan soccer federation , citing resistance to oversight '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala suspended from international football '' . Reuters. 2016 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Convocatoria de la Selección Nacional de México '' . miseleccion.mx . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Central America is seen as especially vulnerable to match - fixing ... 10 / 16 / 2012 Reuters . Retrieved 10 / 18 / 2012 . Jump up ^ Olenev , Maxim ( 15 July 1999 ) . `` Guatemala National Team Coaches '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guatemala , 100 años de Fútbol '' . prensalibre.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guatemala , 100 años de Fútbol '' . prensalibre.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala , 100 años de Fútbol '' . prensalibre.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Guatemala , 100 años de Fútbol '' . prensalibre.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` La historia del chileno que será el técnico de la selección de Guatemala '' . 9 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Guatemala National Football Federation ( in Spanish ) GuateFutbol.com ( in Spanish ) Guatemala squads -- CONCACAF Gold Cup Guatemala squad -- 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup 2 Villavicencio 3 Miranda 4 Mazariegos 6 E. Acevedo 7 Guerrero 8 Castañeda 9 Espel 10 Westphal 11 León 12 Contreras 13 Méndez 14 Ju . Rodas 15 Vargas 16 Valencia 18 Remis 22 Englenton Chuga 24 Marotta Coach : Cordón Guatemala squad -- 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup Fourth Place 1 Estrada 2 E. Acevedo 3 Miranda 4 Coronado 5 Jo . Rodas 6 Machón 7 Castañeda 8 Lemus 9 Arriaza 10 Funes 11 León 12 M. Ruano 13 Guzman 14 Ju . Rodas 15 Plata 16 Girón 17 G. Ruano 18 Westphal 19 Valencia 20 Englenton Chuga Coach : Verón Guatemala squad -- 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Estrada 2 Miranda 3 Cáceres 4 Ruano 5 Pérez 6 León 7 Plata 8 Rojas 9 Westphal 10 Funes 11 Machón 12 Moreira 13 Herrera 14 Girón 15 Benítez 16 Ramírez 17 Samayoa 18 Gómez 19 Valencia 20 Abascal Coach : Brindisi Guatemala squad -- 2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Estrada 2 Herrera 3 Miranda 4 Gómez 5 Molina 6 Girón 8 R. Ramírez 9 Funes 10 García 11 G. Ramírez 12 Bordon 13 Meda 14 Ju . Rodas 15 Plata 16 Machón 17 J. Pérez 19 Valencia 22 Jo . Rodas 23 E. Acevedo 24 Coronado Coach : Miloc Guatemala squad -- 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Estrada 2 Chen 3 Melgar 4 Swisher 5 Cabrera 6 Jiménez 7 Benítez 8 Romero 9 Acevedo 10 García 11 Ramírez 14 Albizuris 15 Plata 18 Pérez 19 Thompson 20 C. Ruiz 21 Pivaral 22 Ortiz 23 Donis Coach : Cortés Guatemala squad -- 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Estrada 2 Morales 4 González 6 Monterroso 7 Thompson 8 Rodríguez 9 Acevedo 10 García 13 Martínez 14 Aguirre 15 Plata 16 Machón 18 Romero 19 Valencia 20 C. Ruiz 21 Zacarías 22 Motta Coach : Aguado Guatemala squad -- 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Klee 2 Morales 3 Melgar 4 Chen 5 Hernández 6 Cabrera 7 Thompson 8 Romero 9 Zacarías 10 Villatoro 11 Ramírez 12 Figueroa 13 Martínez 14 Ponciano 17 Pezzarossi 20 Ruiz 21 Gómez 22 Molina 23 Sandoval 24 Dávila 25 Motta 26 Sanabria Coach : Maradiaga Guatemala squad -- 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Trigueño 2 Noriega 3 Melgar 4 Flores 5 Medina 6 Cabrera ( c ) 7 Albizuris 8 Contreras 9 Villatoro 11 Ávila 12 Figueroa 13 Martínez 14 R. Gómez 15 Swisher 16 de Matta 17 Pezzarossi 18 Quiñónez 19 Rodríguez 20 Ruiz 22 Molina 23 Sandoval 25 Motta 27 Arreola Coach : H. Gómez Guatemala squad -- 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Jerez 2 Medina 3 Noriega 4 Castrillo 5 Gallardo 6 Cabrera 7 Vásquez 8 Romero 9 Velásquez 10 Contreras 11 H. López 12 Motta 13 González 14 Figueroa 15 León 16 Pappa 17 Pezzarossi 18 Isaula 19 Águila 20 Ruiz ( c ) 21 Paredes 23 Arreola 24 J. López Coach : Almeida Guatemala squad -- 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup 1 Ayala 2 Morales 3 Vásquez 4 Lalín 5 Hernandez 6 Mejía 7 Arreola 8 Márquez 9 Chinchilla 10 Contreras 11 Arias 12 Motta 13 Castrillo 14 Herrarte 15 D. López 16 Pappa 17 de León 18 Cincotta 19 Figueroa 20 Ruiz ( c ) 21 Jerez 22 M. López 23 Aparicio Coach : Sopegno Football in Guatemala National Football Federation of Guatemala National teams Men National team Olympic ( U-23 ) U-20 U-17 Futsal Beach soccer Women National team U-23 U-20 U-17 League system Men Liga Nacional Primera División de Ascenso Segunda División de Ascenso Women Guatemalan women 's football championship Domestic cups Men Copa de Guatemala Awards Footballer of the Year Top scorers Lists Clubs El Clasico Chapin Men 's clubs Women 's clubs Men 's players Women 's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National football teams of North America , Central America , and the Caribbean ( CONCACAF ) North America Canada Mexico United States Central America Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Martin Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Defunct Netherlands Antilles 1 : Inside the North American zone , but CFU member . 2 : South American country , but affiliated to CONCACAF and CFU . 3 : Full or associate CONCACAF member , but non-FIFA member . CONCACAF Championship & Gold Cup winners CONCACAF Championship 1963 : Costa Rica 1965 : Mexico 1967 : Guatemala 1969 : Costa Rica 1971 : Mexico 1973 : Haiti 1977 : Mexico 1981 : Honduras 1985 : Canada 1989 : Costa Rica CONCACAF Gold Cup 1991 : United States 1993 : Mexico 1996 : Mexico 1998 : Mexico 2000 : Canada 2002 : United States 2003 : Mexico 2005 : United States 2007 : United States 2009 : Mexico 2011 : Mexico 2013 : United States 2015 : Mexico 2017 : United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guatemala_national_football_team&oldid=852939530 '' Categories : Guatemala national football team National sports teams of Guatemala Central American national association football teams Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 11 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala%20national%20football%20team | 404 |
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where is the macy's thanksgiving day parade held | The annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City , the world 's largest parade , is presented by the U.S. - based department store chain Macy 's . The tradition started in 1924 , tying it for the second - oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States with America 's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit ( with both parades being four years younger than the 6abc Dunkin ' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade in Philadelphia ) . The three - hour Macy 's event is held in Manhattan starting at 9 : 00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day , and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1952 . | Manhattan | Macy 's Thanksgiving Day parade | macy's thanksgiving day parade | The annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City , the world 's largest parade , is presented by the U.S. - based department store chain Macy 's . The tradition started in 1924 , tying it for the second - oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States with America 's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit ( with both parades being four years younger than the 6abc Dunkin ' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade in Philadelphia ) . The three - hour Macy 's event is held in Manhattan starting at 9 : 00 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day , and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1952 . | Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Balloon introductions 2.1 Falloon 2.2 Balloonicle 3 Float introductions 4 Performers and acts 4.1 Featured performers 4.2 Broadway shows 4.3 Marching bands 4.4 Special guests 5 Television coverage 6 Parade route 7 Macy 's Holiday Parade 8 Injuries 9 In popular culture 10 References 11 External links History The former Macy 's Parade logo ( used until 2005 , with a special edition variant being used in the 2006 Parade ) . The Macy 's Parade logo used in 2006 . Balloons , from left : Uncle Sam , Tom Turkey , Macy 's Star , Gnome , Toy Soldier , Chloe the Clown . In 1924 , the annual Thanksgiving parade started by Louis Bamberger in Newark , New Jersey at the Bamberger 's store was transferred to New York City by Macy 's . In New York , the employees marched to Macy 's flagship store on 34th Street dressed in vibrant costumes . There were floats , professional bands and live animals borrowed from the Central Park Zoo . At the end of that first parade , as has been the case with every parade since , Santa Claus was welcomed into Herald Square . At this first parade , however , the Jolly Old Elf was enthroned on the Macy 's balcony at the 34th Street store entrance , where he was then `` crowned '' `` King of the Kiddies . '' With an audience of over 250,000 people , the parade was such a success that Macy 's declared it would become an annual event . Anthony `` Tony '' Frederick Sarg loved to work with marionettes from an early age . After moving to London to start his own marionette business , Sarg moved to New York City to perform with his puppets on the street . Macy 's heard about Sarg 's talents and asked him to design a window display of a parade for the store . Sarg 's large animal - shaped balloons , produced by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Akron , Ohio , replaced the live animals in 1927 . A popular belief was that a balloon version Felix the Cat balloon was the first ever character balloon in the parade back in 1937 , with Macy 's also claiming that too , but Felix actually made his first appearance in 1931 . At the finale of the 1928 parade , the balloons were released into the sky , where they unexpectedly burst . The following year , they were redesigned with safety valves to allow them to float for a few days . Address labels were sewn into them , so that whoever found and mailed back the discarded balloon received a gift from Macy 's . Through the 1930s , the Parade continued to grow , with crowds of over one million people lining the parade route in 1933 . The first Mickey Mouse balloon entered the parade in 1934 . The annual festivities were broadcast on local radio stations in New York City from 1932 to 1941 , and resumed in 1945 , running through 1951 . The parade was suspended from 1942 to 1944 as a result of World War II , owing to the need for rubber and helium in the war effort . The parade resumed in 1945 using the route that it followed until 2008 . The parade became known nationwide after being prominently featured in the 1947 film , Miracle on 34th Street , which included footage of the 1946 festivities . The event was first broadcast on network television in 1948 ( see below ) . By this point the event , and Macy 's sponsorship of it , were sufficiently well - known to give rise to the colloquialism `` Macy 's Day Parade '' . Since 1984 , the balloons have been made by Raven Aerostar ( a division of Sioux Falls , South Dakota - based Raven Industries ) . Macy 's also sponsored the smaller Celebrate the Season Parade in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , which is held two days after the main event , from 2006 to 2013 . Other American cities also have parades held on Thanksgiving , none of which are run by Macy 's . The nation 's oldest Thanksgiving parade ( the Gimbels parade , which has had many sponsors over the years , and is now known as the 6abc Dunkin ' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade ) was first held in Philadelphia in 1920 . Other cities with parades on the holiday include the McDonald 's Thanksgiving Parade in Chicago , Illinois and parades in Plymouth , Massachusetts ; Seattle , Washington ; Houston , Texas ; Detroit , Michigan ; and Fountain Hills , Arizona . A parade is also held at the two Disney theme parks , Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort . There is also a second Thanksgiving balloon parade within the New York metropolitan area , the UBS balloon parade in Stamford , Connecticut , located 30 miles ( 48 km ) away ; that parade is held the Sunday before Thanksgiving , so as to not compete with the parade in New York City and usually does not duplicate any balloon characters . The classic `` Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' logo ( seen below ) was , with one exception , last used in 2005 . For 2006 , a special variant of the logo was used . Every year since then , a new logo has been used for each parade . The logos however are seen rarely , if at all , on television as NBC has used its own logo with the word `` Macy 's '' in a script typeface and `` Thanksgiving Day Parade '' in a bold font . The logos are assumed to be for use by Macy 's only , such as on the Grandstand tickets and the ID badges worn by parade staff . The Jackets worn by parade staff still bear the original classic parade logo , this being the only place where that logo can be found . New safety measures were incorporated in 2006 to prevent accidents and balloon - related injuries . One measure taken was the installation of wind measurement devices to alert parade organizers to any unsafe conditions that could cause the balloons to behave erratically . In addition , parade officials implemented a measure to keep the balloons closer to the ground during windy conditions . If wind speeds are forecast to be higher than 34 miles per hour ( 55 km / h ) , all balloons are removed from the parade . Balloon introductions Since 2013 , the balloons in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade have come in two varieties . The first ( and older of the two ) is the novelty balloon class , consisting of smaller balloons ; the novelty balloons range widely in size and are handled by between one and thirty people ( the smallest novelty balloons are shaped like human heads and fit on the actual heads of the handlers ) . The second and more widely known is the full - size balloon class , primarily consisting of licensed pop - culture characters ; each of these is handled by exactly 90 people . From 2005 to 2012 , a third balloon class , the `` Blue Sky Gallery , '' transformed the works of contemporary artists into full - size balloons . The following is a list of balloons that have , over the years , been featured in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , sorted by their first year in the lineup . Underlined items indicate entries in the Blue Sky Gallery . Year Balloons 1931 Felix the Cat , Mama , Papa and Baby 1934 Mickey Mouse , Eddie Cantor ( the only full - size balloon to be based on a living person ) ; , 1935 The Marx Brothers ( after Zeppo Marx 's departure ) , Donald Duck 1937 Dragon , Christmas Stocking 1938 Uncle Sam 1939 The Tin Man , Pinocchio , Santa Claus 1940 Hippo , Superman 1941 The Football Player ( Redesigned version of Superman Balloon ) 1945 Bobo the Hobo ( Clown ) , Acrobat , Teddy Bear , Pumpkin , Ice Cream Cone 1946 The Baseball Player ( Redesigned version of Bobo the Hobo ) , Panda Bear ( Redesigned version of Teddy Bear balloon ) , Pilgrim Father 1947 Pirate , The Police officer ( Redesigned version of The Baseball Player ) , Elf Gnome ( Redesigned version of Ice Cream Cone balloon ) 1948 The Fireman ( Redesigned version of The Police Officer ) 1949 Toy soldier 1950 The Dachshund 1951 Lucky Pup , Mighty Mouse , Flying fish 1954 Spaceman 1957 Popeye 1960 Happy Dragon 1961 Bullwinkle J. Moose 1962 Donald Duck ( 2nd version ) 1963 Dino , Elsie the Cow 1964 Linus the Lionhearted 1965 Underdog 1966 Smokey Bear , Superman ( 2nd version ) 1968 Aviator Snoopy 1969 Astronaut Snoopy ( 2nd version , a tribute to Apollo 11 ) 1972 Smile ( Happy Face ) , Mickey Mouse ( 2nd version ) Weeble 1977 Kermit the Frog 1980 Superman ( 3rd version , largest balloon to appear in parade ) 1982 Olive Oyl , Woody Woodpecker Yogi Bear 1984 Garfield , Raggedy Ann 1985 Betty Boop , Ornament Novelty Balloons 1986 Humpty Dumpty ( Redesigned version of Weeble balloon , and the 100th Balloon in the Parade 's history ) , Olive Oyl with Swee'Pea ( Alteration to existing Olive Oyl Balloon ) , Baby Shamu Ice Cream Cone Novelty Balloon , Spider - Man , Ronald McDonald , Ice Skating Snoopy ( 3rd version ) , Snuggle Bear 1988 Big Bird , Quik Bunny , Pink Panther , Winter Snoopy ( 4th version ) and Woodstock 1989 Bugs Bunny 1990 Clifford the Big Red Dog , Bart Simpson 1991 Babar the Elephant 1992 Novelty Pumpkins ( Recreation of 1945 Pumpkin ) , Santa Goofy 1993 Beethoven ( dog ) , Sonic the Hedgehog ( first video game character in parade history ) , Rex , Izzy , Wiggle Worm 1994 Cloe the Holiday Clown , Barney the Dinosaur , The Cat in the Hat 1995 Dudley the Dragon , FujiFilm 's Blimp , SkyDancer , Eben Bear ( Redesigned version of Snuggle Bear Balloon ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2nd version for Bullwinkle , first animated helium balloon in the parade 's history ) , Harold the Fireman ( Re-Creation of 1948 `` The Fireman '' balloon ) , Flying fish ( Re-creation of 1950 `` Flying Fish '' balloon ) , Peter Rabbit 1997 Arthur , Rugrats , Bumpe the Cow , Ms. Petula Pig 1998 Babe the Pig , Wild Thing , Dexter 1999 Millennium Snoopy ( 5th version ) , Honey Nut Cheerios Bee , Blue 2000 Bandleader Mickey Mouse ( 3rd version ) , Beret Tommy Pickles ( minor alteration to existing Rugrats Balloon ) , Jeeves , Ronald McDonald ( 2nd version ) , Dragon Tales ' Cassie , Charlie the Blue Elf Gnome ( Recreation of 1940 's Elf balloon ) 2001 Toy Soldier ( Recreation of 1950 's Toy Soldier ) , Yellow 75th Parade Stars , Curious George , Pikachu , 75th Parade Snoopy ( Alteration to existing Millennium Snoopy Balloon ) , Big Bird ( 2nd version ) , Happy Hippo ( Re-Creation of 40 's Hippo Balloon ) , Jimmy Neutron , Cheesasaurus Rex , 60th Anniversary Tuxedo Honey Nut Cheerios Bee ( Alteration to existing Honey Nut Cheerios Bee Balloon ) 2002 Uncle Sam ( Recreation of 1930 's Uncle Sam balloon ) , Yellow Parade Logo Stars , Charlie Brown and the Allusive Football , Little Bill ( First African - American character to appear in the parade ) , Mr. Monopoly , Kermit the Frog ( 2nd version ) , Macy 's Red Stars 2003 Gorgeous Gobbler ( Recreation of 1940 's Turkey balloon ) , Novelty Pumpkins ( Second Version ) , Strike up the Band Barney ( 2nd version ) , Freda The Dachshund ( Recreation of 1950s Dachshund balloon ) , Super Grover , Garfield ( 2nd version ) Chicken Little , M&M 's Red and Yellow Brighten the Holidays , Wiggle Worm ( Second Version ) , Jeeves with a new suit ( alteration of existing Jeeves Balloon ) , SpongeBob SquarePants , Red Candy Cane . Kit and C.J. Elf Gnomes 2005 Cloe the Holiday Clown ( 2nd Version ) , Scooby - Doo , Tom Otterness 's `` Humpty Dumpty '' , Dora the Explorer ( First Latino character to appear in parade ) , Healthy Mr. Potato Head , JoJo 2006 80th Anniversary Hot Air Balloon , Macy 's Yellow Stars , Snoopy as the Flying Ace ( 6th version ) , Pikachu with Poké Ball ( 2nd version , first balloon with light up features , In Pikachu 's case , to light up his cheeks ) , Green Candy Cane 2007 Abby Cadabby , Supercute Hello Kitty , Shrek , Jeff Koons 's `` Rabbit '' , Artie the Pirate ( Recreation of 1940s Pirate balloon ) , Planet Earth , Soccer Ball 2008 Smurf , Keith Haring 's `` Figure with Heart '' , Buzz Lightyear , 150 Years Golden TriStar , Horton the Elephant , Green Believe Star 2009 Spider - Man ( 2nd version ) , Ronald McDonald ( third Version ) , Basketball , Sailor Mickey ( fourth version ) , Pillsbury Doughboy , Big Man Santa , Red Believe Stars Diary of a Wimpy Kid , Takashi Murakami 's `` Kaikai and Kiki '' , Po from Kung Fu Panda , Virginia O'Hanlon 2011 Sonic the Hedgehog ( second version ) , Harold the Police Officer ( recreation of 1940 's `` The Police Officer '' balloon ) Paul Frank 's `` Julius The Sock Monkey '' , Tim Burton 's `` B '' , Gazor Elf ( Winner of the Design an Elf contest that was held on the Macy 's website ) 2012 Hello Kitty ( second version ) , Novelty pumpkins ( third version ) , Happy Dragon ( Recreation of older Happy Dragon balloon ) Papa Smurf , Kaws 's `` Companion '' , The Elf on the Shelf 2013 Snoopy and Woodstock ( seventh version for Snoopy , Second Version for Woodstock ) , Happy Hippo ( New version of 2001 Happy Hippo balloon ) , SpongeBob SquarePants ( second version ) , How to Train Your Dragon 's Toothless , The Wizard of Oz 75th Anniversary Hot Air Balloon , Adventure Time with Finn and Jake 2014 Thomas the Tank Engine ; Paddington Bear ( 2nd Time , first time as a Balloon ) ; Red Mighty Morphin Power Ranger , Skylanders ' Eruptor , Pikachu ( third version ) ; Pillsbury Doughboy ( Second Version , Identical to first version ) 2015 Scrat and his Acorn , Ronald McDonald ( fourth version ) ; Angry Birds Red ; Dino ( second version ) 2016 Charlie Brown ( Second version ) , Trixie the Dog , Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( second version ) , DreamWorks Trolls , Felix the Cat ( Second Version ) 2017 Jett , Olaf , Chase , The Grinch ( 2nd Version , first time as a Balloon ) , Harold the Baseball Player ( Re-creation of 1946 `` The Baseball Player '' Balloon ) , Golden Snowflake Stars , Blue and White Star Falloon A falloon , a portmanteau of `` float '' and `` balloon '' , is a float - based balloon . They were introduced in 1990 . Year Falloon 1990 Paddington Bear 1991 Humpty Dumpty , Giant Baseball and Glove 1993 Little Drummer Boy , Jester 1994 Sea Venture 1995 M&M 's Chocolate Factory The Family Channel ( Later Fox Family ) Snow Family 1997 The Grinch , Jello 1998 M&M 's Network , Heimlich from A Bug 's Life , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer 1999 Pets.com sock puppet 2000 Green Dog 2001 Percy the Penguin Universal Orlando Resort Holiday Beat 2005 Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi 2008 The Smurfs Mushroom House , Bolt 2011 Universal Orlando Resort PB Polar Bear Balloonicle A balloonicle , a portmanteau of `` balloon '' and `` vehicle '' , is a self - powered balloon vehicle . They were introduced in 2004 . Year balloonicle Weebles ' Tibbey , Tooey and Bumpus 2005 SnowBo 2006 Energizer Bunny Kool - Aid Man , Holiday Ornament , Blue Holiday Ornament 2011 Sledding Aflac Duck 2013 Dreidel , Gelt the Snowman ( Universal Orlando Only ) 2014 Ice Skating Aflac Duck ( 2nd Version ) , Cloe the Holiday Clown ( 3rd Version ) 2015 Tom Turkey ( Universal Orlando Only ) 2016 Mother Ginger 2016 Aflac Duck ( 3rd Version ) Float introductions Year Floats 1971 Tom Turkey ( later sponsored by The E.W. Scripps Company ) Sesame Street 1979 Sesame Street 1981 New York Daily News Big Apple 1984 Fraggle Rock , Care Bears . 1985 Masters of the Universe , Rainbow Brite . Marvel Comics 1991 Rock - A-Doodle 1994 Sesame Street reading and writing 1995 Macy 's Santaland Express 101 Dalmatians , Barney 's Westward Ho ! Wagon , Animal Planet 1998 Barney 's Gingerbread House , Sesame Street Pop - up Book 1999 Barney 's Night Before Christmas ( 2nd float ) 2000 102 Dalmatians , Santa 's Sleigh with the Goose ( 2nd Edition ) , Delta Airlines , Ronald 's Big Red Shoe Car 2001 PokeMobile , Kitty Car , 75th Parade All Stars , World Wrestling Federation Get Real , Bob the Builder , Hallmark Entertainment 's Dinotopia 2002 Barney 's Playtime in The Park ( 3rd float ) , The Hershey Company 's Kids Candy Creation Lab , Macy 's Marion - Carole `` Showboat '' , Lego 's Carousel Of Imagination , Angelina Ballerina , Build - a-Bear Workshop Teddy Bear 's Workshop , Sesame Street International . 2003 Hess Corporation Bridge to the Future , Eckō Unltd. 's Expedition To Rhino Mountain , Big Comfy Couch , Amica Mutual Insurance American Classic Malt Shop , United States Postal Service 's Spirit Of America / American Eagle , Jolly Polly Pirate Ship . 123 Sesame Street , Tutenstein , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car , Royal Caribbean International Voyage to Adventure , Georgia - Pacific Krazy Kritters , Fisher - Price The Magic of Childhood , Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper , NFL Classic , Spirit of America Pep Rally . 2005 The Polar Express , Walt Disney World 50th Anniversary of Disney Park Magic , Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus , Pillsbury Company , Animal Planet ( 2nd Edition ) . 2006 Barbie & the 12 Dancing Princesses , Doodlebug , Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends , Mother Goose , Greendog 's Space Station Discovery , Snoopy 's Doghouse , Charlotte 's Web , History Channel 's New York Tin Toy . 2007 The Care Bears Winter Fun - Derland , International Cele - Bear - Ation Clock Tower , M&M 's Chocolate Candies on Broadway , Music Bigger than Life , Barbie as the Island Princess . 2008 My Princess Academy Castle of Dreams , Gwen Stefani 's Harajuku Lovers , Oneida Indian Nation True Spirit of Thanksgiving , Musical Innovation Bigger Than Life , Jimmy Dean Shine On , Ocean Spray Woodland Family Gathering , Delta Airlines Winter Wonderland in Central Park . 2009 Hamburger Helper Local Heroes Helping Everyday , Santa 's Sleigh ( 3rd Edition ) , Yo Gabba Gabba ! There 's a Party in My City South Dakota Great Faces Great Places Mount Rushmore 's American Pride , Morton Salt Home Baked Goodness , Dora 's Christmas Carol Adventure , Homewood Suites On the Roll Again , Office Max Elves Raise the Roof , Despicable Me , Pokémon Black and White 's Reshiram and Zekrom , 2011 Universal Orlando Resort 's P.B. Polar Bear , Zhuniverse , National Hockey League Frozen Fall Fun , Macy 's Gift of Freedom ( Statue of Liberty ) , Planters ' Nut Mobile ( second Edition ) , 85th Parade All Stars 2012 Sprout Daytime , Play Time , Night Time Too ; Goldfish on Parade , Gibson Guitar Corporation Music Is Our Life , 75th Anniversary of March Madness , Domino Sugar Stirrin ' Up Sweet Sensations , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2013 The Enchanting World of Lindt Chocolate , Royal Caribbean International Windows to the World at Sea , Uncle Sam 's Top Hat by Drake 's , SeaWorld Sea of Surprises , Viking Confetti Catapult , Despicable Me 2 Delicious Yet Despicable , Cirque du Soleil 's Dreamseeker 2014 Cracker Jack at the Ball Game , Goldieblox Girl Powered Spinning Machine , Dora and Friends Aventuras Fantásticas , Pirate 's Booty Treasure Hunt , Sino - American Friendship Association 's Beauty of Beijing 2015 Spirit of America 's Big City Cheer , National Hockey League , Sino - American Friend Association 's Stone Forest of Kunming , KFC The Colonel 's Trip to NYC , Avocados from Mexico Casa Fresca Café , Sprout Free to Play , Build - A-Bear Workshop Discover Adventure , Ocean Spray The Cranberry Co-Operative , Macy 's Hearts Peanuts ( 2nd version of Snoopy 's Doghouse float ) , Hallmark Channel Heartwarming Holiday Countdown 2016 Balsam Hill Oh Christmas Tree , King 's Hawaiian The Aloha Spirit , Krazy Glue Fun House , Girl Scouts of the USA Building a Better World , Sino - American Friend Association China 's Chengdu Performers and acts In addition to the well - known balloons and floats , the Parade also features live music and other performances . College and high school marching bands from across the country participate in the parade , and the television broadcasts feature performances by established and up - and - coming singers and bands . The Rockettes of Radio City Music Hall are a classic performance as well ( having performed annually since 1957 as the last of the pre-parade acts to perform ) , as are cheerleaders and dancers chosen by the National Cheerleaders Association from various high schools across the country . The parade concludes with the arrival of Santa Claus to ring in the Christmas and holiday season . On the NBC telecast from in front of the flagship Macy 's store on Broadway and 34th Street , the marching bands perform live music . Most `` live '' performances by musicals and individual artists lip sync to the studio , soundtrack or cast recordings of their songs , due to the technical difficulties of attempting to sing into a wireless microphone while in a moving vehicle ( performers typically perform on the floats themselves ) ; the NBC - flagged microphones used by performers on floats are almost always non-functioning props . Live performances with no use of recorded vocals , are very rare in the parade . Featured performers Year Performers 2002 Ashanti , LeeAnn Womack , Josh Groban , Baha Men , Michael Feinstein , Mario , No Secrets , Natural , Play , Jill Hennessy , F. Murray Abraham , Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy , Jamie - Lynn Sigler , Vince McMahon , Good Morning , Miami cast , Justin Guarini , Joe Lawrence , Matt Gallant , Jeff Corwin , Patty Duke , Judy Kaye , Joe from Blue 's Clues , Eric Martsolf , and The Wiggles 2003 Hilary Duff , Chicago , Aaron Carter , Mýa , Kool and the Gang , Stacie Orrico , Ruben Studdard , Clay Aiken , Judy Collins , Simple Plan , Peter Nero , Ann Hampton Callaway , Peter Cincotti , Old Crow Medicine Show , A Christmas Carol cast , Harry Connick Jr. , Bernie Williams , and Harvey Fierstein Kelsey Grammer , Brooke Shields , Jimmy Smits , Andrea Bocelli , Fantasia Barrino , Tony Shalhoub , Joe Namath , Tony Dorsett , Passions cast , Deborah Voigt , Steve Irwin , Nikki Cox , Jennifer Finnigan , Josh Cooke , Barenaked Ladies , Gavin DeGraw , Peter Cetera , José Feliciano , Ryan Cabrera , Nina Sky , Hi - 5 , Raven - Symoné , Jeff Timmons , Hayley Westenra , and Bering Strait 2005 Harry Connick Jr. , Adrien Brody , Amy Grant , Christina Applegate , LeAnn Rimes , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , Aaron Neville , Brian McKnight , Peter Reckell , Carrie Underwood , Kristin Chenoweth , Tommy Tune , The Beach Boys , Jai Rodriguez , Jeff Corwin , Keegan - Michael Key , Aly & AJ , B5 , Natasha Bedingfield , The Cheetah Girls , Rita Coolidge , The Click Five , Tiffany Evans , Michael Feinstein , Brie Larson , Puffy AmiYumi , and Rihanna 2006 Julie Andrews , Laurie Berkner , Chris Brown , RBD , Cheyenne , Ciara , Miley Cyrus , Diana DeGarmo , Gloria Estefan , Renee Fleming , Big Apple Circus , Natalie Grant , Hall & Oates , High School Musical cast , Jonas Brothers , Josh Kelley , Darlene Love , Barry Manilow , Sarah McLachlan , Tara Conner , Sandi Patty , John Tartaglia , Ali Larter , Denise Van Outen , and Connie Britton 2007 Ashley Tisdale , Bindi Irwin , Terri Irwin , Corbin Bleu , Dolly Parton , Good Charlotte , Jonas Brothers , Lifehouse , Menudo , Ne - Yo , Nikki Blonsky , Sarah Brightman , Jonathan Groff , Lea Michele , Wynonna Judd , and Jordin Sparks 2008 Kristin Chenoweth , Darius Rucker , James Taylor , Charice Pempengco , Miranda Cosgrove , Miley Cyrus , David Archuleta , Shontelle , Idina Menzel , Rick Astley ( as part of a Rickroll during the parade ) , Ashanti , Tony Bennett , Harry Connick Jr. , Faith Hill , Push Play , and The Clique Girlz 2009 Tiffany Thornton , Kermit the Frog , Keke Palmer , Andrea Bocelli , Bello Nock , Big Apple Circus , Boys Like Girls , Alan Cumming , Billy Currington , Yo Gabba Gabba ! cast , Jimmy Fallon and The Roots ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , Gloria Gaynor , Emily Hughes , Jane Krakowski , Katharine McPhee , Sesame Street cast , Mitchel Musso , Pizzarelli Quartet , Jay Sean , Ziggy Marley , and Carly Simon Kylie Minogue , Carrie Underwood , Kanye West , Jessica Simpson , Gladys Knight , India. Arie , Big Time Rush , Big Apple Circus , Arlo Guthrie , Betty Buckley , Ann Hampton Callaway , Miranda Cosgrove , Isabella Collins , Gloriana , Michael Grimm , Juanes , Keri Hilson , Eric Hutchinson , Victoria Justice , Mannheim Steamroller , Jimmy Fallon and The Roots ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , Sesame Street cast and Muppets , Kyle Swann , Rima Fakih , the cast of Power Rangers Samurai , Crystal Shawanda , Joan Rivers , and Melissa Rivers 2011 The Cast of Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark , Rodney Atkins , Big Apple Circus , Mary J. Blige , Cobra Starship , Neil Diamond , Michael Feinstein , The Fresh Beat Band , Cee Lo Green , Avril Lavigne , Shelby Lynne , Mannheim Steamroller , China Anne McClain , Scotty McCreery , Ingrid Michaelson , Sesame Street cast and Muppets , Savannah Outen , the cast of Power Rangers Samurai , Daniel Radcliffe , Miss America 2011 Teresa Scanlan , Willard Scott , Sarah Smithson , Straight No Chaser , United States Naval Academy Glee Club , Johnny Weir , Zendaya and the Nickelodeon Queens 2012 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Trace Adkins , Flo Rida , the Big Apple Circus , Colbie Caillat , Teresa Castillo , Rachel Crow , Thirza Defoe , Jimmy Fallon and The Roots ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , Whoopi Goldberg , Chris Isaak , Carly Rae Jepsen , Karmin , Christian Laettner , Sandra Lee , Mannheim Steamroller , Jennette McCurdy , Don McLean , Megan & Liz , Olivia Culpo , the cast of Sesame Street , Neon Trees , the cast of Power Rangers Megaforce , Cody Simpson , Gabby Douglas , McKayla Maroney , Aly Raisman , Kyla Ross and Jordyn Wieber , PS22 Chorus , The Wanted , Geoffrey Zakarian , and The Kidz Bop Kids . 2013 The cast of NBC 's The Sound of Music Live ! , Debby Ryan , Big Apple Circus , Cherokee National Youth Choir , the cast of The Sunny Side Up Show , Cirque du Soleil , Gavin DeGraw , Brett Eldredge , Fall Out Boy , The Summer Set , Jimmy Fallon and The Roots ( Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ) , the cast of Sesame Street , Fifth Harmony , Florida Georgia Line , Goo Goo Dolls , Ariana Grande , Jack Hanna , Megan Hilty , Joan Jett and the Blackhearts , Sharon Jones & The Dap - Kings , Sandra Lee , Cher Lloyd , Austin Mahone , Richard Simmons , Mannheim Steamroller , Miss America 2014 Nina Davuluri , Bart Oates , Amani Toomer and Hines Ward ; Cam Neely and Mike Richter , Kristin Chenoweth , Kellie Pickler , and the cast of Duck Dynasty 2014 The cast of NBC 's Peter Pan Live ! , Renee Fleming , William Blake , Idina Menzel , Before You Exit , Becky G , MKTO , Needtobreathe , Sabrina Carpenter , Lucy Hale , KISS , Cole Swindell , Nick Jonas , The Madden Brothers , Quvenzhané Wallis , The Vamps , Meghan Trainor , Nia Sanchez , Romeo Santos and Pentatonix . 2015 The cast of NBC 's The Wiz Live ! , Jordin Sparks , the cast of Sesame Street with Questlove , Trey Songz , Jake Owen , Andy Grammer , Panic ! at the Disco , Plain White T 's , Shawn Mendes , Cirque du Soleil 's Dreamseeker , Mipso , Daughtry , Sprout cast , Andra Day , Big Apple Circus , Sofia Carson , Rachel Platten , Prince Royce , the cast of School of Rock , MercyMe , Jennifer Nettles , Train , Pat Benatar & Neil Giraldo and Mariah Carey 2016 The cast of NBC 's Hairspray Live ! Brett Eldredge , Chloe and Halle , Daya , De La Soul , Easton Corbin , Fitz and The Tantrums , Jacob Whitesides , Kelsea Ballerini , 2016 Olympic Medalist Laurie Hernandez , Mikey Brannigan , Gianfranco Iannotta , Hannah McFadden , Tatyana McFadden , & Claressa Shields , Maddie and Tae , Aloe Blacc , Ben Rector , Regina Spektor , Lunchmoney Lewis , The Muppets , Grace VanderWaal , Tony Bennett , Timeflies , Michelle Carter , Sarah McLachlan , Diamante Electrico , and Johnnyswim Broadway shows Every year , cast members from a number of Broadway shows ( usually shows that debuted that year ) perform either in the parade , or immediately preceding the parade in front of Macy 's ( since NBC broadcasts the parade 's start , the performances are shown during the wait for the parade itself ) . The 2007 parade was notable as it took place during a strike by the I.A.T.S.E. ( a stagehands ' union ) , and as such , Legally Blonde , the one performing musical affected by the strike , performed in show logo shirts , with makeshift props and no sets . The other three shows that year performed in theaters that were not affected by the strike . Year Performances 1980 Brigadoon , The Pirates of Penzance , A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine 1981 Sophisticated Ladies , Camelot Cats , My One and Only 1984 The Tap Dance Kid 1986 Me and My Girl , Sweet Charity , Big River 1988 Godspell , Forbidden Broadway , Into the Woods 1989 Meet Me in St. Louis 1991 Grand Hotel , The Secret Garden , Miss Saigon , The Will Rogers Follies 1992 Annie Warbucks , Jelly 's Last Jam , Guys and Dolls , Falsettos 1993 Raffi on Broadway , My Fair Lady , The Who 's Tommy , Kiss of the Spider Woman 1994 Beauty and the Beast , Grease , Show Boat , Damn Yankees 1995 Hello , Dolly ! , How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying , Smokey Joe 's Cafe The King and I , Rent , Bring in ' da Noise , Bring in ' da Funk , Chicago 1997 Titanic , Side Show , Street Corner Symphony , The Sound of Music 1998 Cabaret , Footloose , The Scarlet Pimpernel , Annie Get Your Gun , Peter Pan 1999 Saturday Night Fever , Fosse , Swing , Kiss Me , Kate 2000 The Music Man , Seussical , Swing , Annie Get Your Gun 2001 Mamma Mia ! , 42nd Street , Thou Shalt Not , Contact 2002 Hairspray , Oklahoma ! , The Producers , Thoroughly Modern Millie 2003 Wicked , The Boy From Oz , Little Shop of Horrors , Never Gonna Dance Bombay Dreams , All Shook Up , La Cage aux Folles , Wonderful Town , Good Vibrations 2005 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , Dirty Rotten Scoundrels , Jersey Boys , Sweet Charity 2006 A Chorus Line , Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! , The Color Purple , Spamalot 2007 Legally Blonde , Mary Poppins , Young Frankenstein , Xanadu 2008 White Christmas , In the Heights , South Pacific , The Little Mermaid 2009 Billy Elliot , Bye , Bye Birdie , Hair , Shrek Memphis , American Idiot , Elf , Million Dollar Quartet 2011 Turn Off the Dark , Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying , Sister Act , Newsies 2012 Annie , Bring It On , Elf , Cinderella , Nice Work If You Can Get It 2013 Matilda , Motown , Pippin , Kinky Boots 2014 A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder , Honeymoon in Vegas , The Last Ship , On the Town , Side Show 2015 On Your Feet ! , The King and I , Finding Neverland , Something Rotten ! , Fiddler on the Roof , School of Rock 2016 Holiday Inn , Waitress , Cats , The Color Purple , On Your Feet ! , Paramour Marching bands Year Performances 2013 Concord High School Marching Band , Elkhart , Indiana ; Lakota West High School Marching Band , West Chester , Ohio ; Macy 's Great American Marching Band ; James Madison University Marching Royal Dukes , Harrisonburg , Virginia ; Marian Catholic High School Marching Band , Chicago Heights , Illinois ; Mountain View High School Marching Band , Mesa , Arizona ; New York City Police Department Marching Band , New York ; Ooltewah High School Marching Band , Tennessee ; Tarpon Springs High School Marching Band , Florida ; Union High School Marching Band , Tulsa , Oklahoma ; Quantico Marine Corps Band , Quantico , Virginia ; University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band , Amherst , Massachusetts 2014 American Fork High School Marching Band , Utah ; Bahamas All Stars Marching Band , Nassau , Bahamas ; Baldwinsville High School Marching Band , Baldwinsville , New York ; Center Grove High School Marching Band , Greenwood , Indiana ; Winston Churchill High School Marching Band , San Antonio , Texas ; Paul Laurence Dunbar High School Marching Band , Lexington , Kentucky ; Foothill High School Marching Band , Henderson , Nevada ; Georgia State University Marching Band , Atlanta , Georgia ; Macy 's Great American Marching Band ; Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps Anniversary Corps , Madison , Wisconsin ; New York City Police Department Marching Band , New York ; Western Carolina University Marching Band , Cullowhee , North Carolina 2015 Macy 's Great American Marching Band ; Stephen F. Austin State University Marching Band , Nacogdoches , Texas ; Cavalier Marching Band ( University of Virginia ) , Charlottesville , Virginia ; New York City Police Department Marching Band , New York ; Gulf Coast High School Marching Band , Naples , Florida ; Walled Lake Central High School Viking Marching Band , Walled Lake , Michigan ; Munford High School Marching Band , Munford , Tennessee ; Nogales High School Noble Regiment Marching Band , La Puente , California ; Lewis Cass High School Marching Band , Walton , Indiana ; New York City Fire Department Emerald Society Pipes & Drums , New York ; North Hardin High School Marching Band , Radcliff , Kentucky ; West Chester University Marching Band , West Chester , Pennsylvania ; Marching Illini ( University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign ) , Champaign , Illinois 2016 Cary Senior High School marching band , Cary , North Carolina ; Grain Valley High School Marching Eagles , Grain Valley , Missouri ; Greendale High School Marching Band , Greendale , Wisconsin ; Harrison High School marching band , Kennesaw , Georgia ; Hawaii All State Marching Band ; Hendrickson High School Hawk Band , Pflugerville , Texas ; Newsome High School Marching Band , Lithia , Florida ; Prospect High School Marching Knights , Mt . Prospect , Illinois ; West Point Band , West Point , New York ; West Virginia University Mountaineer Marching Band , Morgantown , West Virginia ; Macy 's Great American Marching Band ; New York City Police Department Marching Band , New York Special guests For the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks in 2011 , the Macy 's Thanksgiving Parade invited family members from Tuesday 's Children , a family service organization that has made a long - term commitment to those directly impacted by the attacks and terrorism around the world , to cut the ribbon at the start of the parade with NBC 's Al Roker and led the parade with Amy Kule , the Parade 's executive producer . Television coverage Tom the Turkey and Underdog arriving at Macy 's Herald Square during the 1979 edition of the parade . More than 44 million people watch the parade on television on an annual basis . It was first televised locally in New York City in 1939 as an experimental broadcast on NBC 's W2XBS ( forerunner of today 's WNBC ) . No television stations broadcast the parade in 1940 or 1941 , but when the parade returned in 1945 after the wartime suspension , local broadcasts also resumed . The parade began its network television appearances on CBS in 1948 , the year that major , regular television network programming began . NBC has been the official broadcaster of the event since 1952 , though CBS ( which has a studio in Times Square ) also carries unauthorized coverage under the title The Thanksgiving Day Parade on CBS . Since the parade takes place in public , the parade committee can endorse an official broadcaster , but they can not award exclusive rights as other events ( such as sporting events , which take place inside restricted - access stadiums ) have the authority to do . The rerouting of the parade that was implemented for the 2012 event ( see below ) moved the parade out of the view of CBS 's cameras and thus made it significantly more difficult for the network to cover the parade ; CBS nevertheless continues to cover the parade to the same extent as in previous years . Since 2003 , the parade has been broadcast simultaneously in Spanish on the sister network of NBCUniversal ( Telemundo ) host by María Celeste Arrarás from 2003 - 2006 . The parade won nine Emmy Awards for outstanding achievements in special event coverage since 1979 . At first , the telecasts were only an hour long . In 1961 , the telecast expanded to two hours , and was then reduced to 90 minutes in 1962 , before reverting to a two - hour telecast in 1965 ; all three hours of the parade were televised by 1969 . The event began to be broadcast in color in 1960 . NBC airs the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade live in the Eastern Time Zone , but tape delays the telecast elsewhere in the continental U.S. and territories from the Central Time Zone westward to allow the program to air in the same 9 : 00 a.m. to 12 : 00 p.m. timeslot across its owned - and - operated and affiliated stations ; since the morning program 's expansion to three hours in 2000 and eventually to four hours , NBC 's Today only airs for two hours Thanksgiving morning as a result , preempting the Today - branded talk shows Megyn Kelly Today and Kathie Lee and Hoda ) . NBC began airing a same - day afternoon rebroadcast of the parade in 2009 ( replacing the annual broadcast of Miracle on 34th Street , which NBC had lost the broadcast television rights to that year ) . CBS 's unauthorized coverage airs live in most time zones , allowing viewers to see the parade as many as two hours before the official NBC coverage airs in their area ; CBS still broadcasts the parade on delay on the West Coast , immediately after the Detroit Lions Thanksgiving game in years when CBS carries it , or at 9 a.m. local time in years they carry the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving game . From 1962 to 1970 , NBC 's coverage was hosted by Lorne Greene ( who was then appearing on NBC 's Bonanza ) and Betty White . Ed McMahon co-hosted in 1971 , then hosted until 1981 . Since 1982 , NBC has appointed at least one of the hosts of Today to emcee the television broadcast , starting with Bryant Gumbel , who hosted the parade until 1986 . From 1987 to 1996 , NBC 's coverage was hosted by longtime Today weather anchor Willard Scott . During that period , their co-hosts included Mary Hart , Sandy Duncan , and Today colleagues Deborah Norville and Katie Couric . In recent years , NBC 's coverage has been hosted by Today anchors Matt Lauer , Meredith Vieira ( from 2006 to 2010 ) , Ann Curry ( for the 2011 telecast only ) and Savannah Guthrie ( since 2012 ) as well as Today weather anchor Al Roker . From the early 1980s until circa 1994 , the television broadcast was produced and directed by Dick Schneider ; since circa 1994 , it has been executive produced by Brad Lachman ( who has otherwise been known for producing reality television series ) , produced by Bill Bracken and directed by veteran sitcom director Gary Halvorson . Announcements during the telecast were first provided by Don Pardo , followed by Lynda Lopez , the telecast 's only female announcer , who served during the decade wherein Willard Scott was the parade 's host ; from circa 1994 to 2010 , announcer duties were helmed by Joel Godard ( who also served as the announcer for Late Night with Conan O'Brien for much of that period ) , and then were assumed by Today announcer Les Marshak with the 2011 telecast . The musical director for the television coverage is veteran composer / arranger Milton DeLugg . CBS 's coverage was originally part of the `` All - American Thanksgiving Day Parade , '' a broadcast that included footage from multiple parades across North America , including parades at Detroit , Philadelphia and Disneyland ( the latter was later replaced by Opryland USA in 1997 and after that Miami Beach ) , and taped footage of the Toronto Santa Claus Parade ( taped usually the second or third weekend of November ) and the Aloha Floral Parade in Honolulu ( which usually took place in September ) . Beginning in 2004 , however , CBS has focused exclusively on the Macy 's parade , but avoids using the Macy 's name due to the lack of an official license . To compensate for the fact that the Broadway and music performances can only appear on NBC , CBS adds their own pre-recorded performances ( also including Broadway shows , although different from the ones that are part of the official parade and recorded off - site ) to fill out the special . For the 1997 parade , MTV guest reporters , Beavis and Butt - head , with host Kurt Loder , provided their usual style of commentary on aspects of the parade , and of their take on Thanksgiving in general . The special , titled Beavis and Butt - head Do Thanksgiving , included a balloon of Beavis and Butt - head spectating from their couch . The balloon was not participating in the parade , but stationed on top of a building alongside the parade route . Radio coverage is provided by CBS Radio - owned WINS ( 1010 AM ) in New York City . It is one of the few times throughout the year in which that station breaks away from its all - news radio format . In 2016 , Verizon produced a 360 - degree virtual reality live telecast of the parade , with minimal commentary , made available through YouTube . Parade route The Parade has always taken place in Manhattan . The parade originally started from 145th Street in Harlem and ended at Herald Square , making a 6 - mile ( 9.7 km ) route . In the 1930s , the balloons were inflated in the area of 110th Street and Amsterdam Avenue near St. John the Divine Cathedral . The parade proceeded South on Amsterdam Avenue to 106th Street and turned east . At Columbus Avenue , the balloons had to be lowered to go under the Ninth Avenue El . Past the El tracks , the parade proceeded through 106th Street to Central Park West and turned south to terminate at Macy 's Department Store . A new route was established for the 2009 parade . From 77th Street and Central Park West , the route went south along Central Park to Columbus Circle , then east along Central Park South . The parade would then make a right turn at 7th Avenue and go south to Times Square . At 42nd Street , the parade turned left and went east , then at 6th Avenue turned right again at Bryant Park . Heading south on 6th Avenue , the parade turned right at 34th Street ( at Herald Square ) and proceeded west to the terminating point at 7th Avenue where the floats are taken down . The 2009 route change eliminated Broadway completely , where the parade has traveled down for decades . The City of New York said that the new route would provide more space for the parade , and more viewing space for spectators . Another reason for implementing the route change is the city 's plan to turn Broadway into a pedestrian - only zone at Times Square . Another new route was introduced with the 2012 parade . This change is similar to the 2009 route , but eliminated Times Square altogether . It is not advised to view the parade from Columbus Circle , as balloon teams race through it due to higher winds in this flat area . New York City officials preview the parade route and try to eliminate as many potential obstacles as possible , including rotating overhead traffic signals out of the way . Macy 's holiday parade Since 2001 , Macy 's Studios has partnered with the Universal Orlando Resort ( owned by NBC parent NBCUniversal ) to bring balloons and floats from New York City to the theme park in Florida every holiday season . The parade is performed daily and includes the iconic Santa Claus float . Performers from the Orlando area are cast as various clowns , and the park used to invite guests to be `` balloon handlers '' for the parade . Injuries In 1993 , the Sonic the Hedgehog balloon crashed into a lamppost at Columbus Circle and injured a child and an off - duty police officer . In 1997 , very high winds pushed the Cat in the Hat balloon into a lamppost . The falling debris struck a parade - goer , fracturing her skull and leaving her in a coma for a month . Three other people were also injured from the lamp post . Size rules were implemented the next year , eliminating larger balloons like the Cat in the Hat . In 2005 , the M&M 's balloon caught on a streetlight in Times Square and dropped parts of the light onto two sisters were struck by the falling debris , suffering minor injuries . As a result , new safety rules were introduced . The M&M 's balloon was retired after 2006 . In popular culture The 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street , begins with the parade , as do most of its remakes . The film centers around the real Santa Claus being hired to work at Macy 's after its own Santa impersonator gets drunk during the parade . NBC , in its telecasts of the parade , often showed the original 1947 film on Thanksgiving afternoon , following its coverage of the parade and the National Dog Show . In the Seinfeld episode `` The Mom and Pop Store '' , Elaine wins a spot on the parade route for her boss , Mr. Pitt , to hold the Woody Woodpecker balloon . The first Thanksgiving - themed episode of Friends centered on the accidental release of the ( unused at the time ) `` Underdog '' balloon . `` Macy 's Day Parade '' is a song by Green Day . In 2008 , a Coca - Cola CGI ad aired in the United States during Super Bowl XLII . The commercial 's plot centered around Underdog and fictional Stewie Griffin balloons chasing a Coke bottle - shaped balloon through New York City . The spot ended with a Charlie Brown balloon holding the Coke balloon . The advertisement won a Silver Lion Award at the annual Lions International Advertising Festival in Cannes , France that year , and the clip of the commercial with the Griffin balloon was featured in a Macy 's commercial in October 2008 ( along with clips from Miracle on 34th Street , I Love Lucy , Seinfeld and other media where the Macy 's department store was mentioned ) . The commercial was also referenced in an episode of Family Guy . Stewie , who is one of the main characters in the show , is seen watching the parade only to see the balloon of himself in the parade . In the 2016 reboot of Ghostbusters , the new team of Ghostbusters fights a haunted balloon parade including several Macy 's balloons from the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s . References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Portfolio of Brad Lachman - produced programs '' . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Millions Of Revelers Marvel Over Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . CBS Broadcasting Inc . November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grippo , Robert ( 2004 ) . Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . San Francisco , CA : Arcadia Publishing . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Melissa . Balloons Over Broadway ; The True Story of the Puppeteer of Macy 's Parade . New York : Houghton Mifflin , 2011 . Print ^ Jump up to : http://www1.macys.com/campaign/parade/index.jsp?keyword=parade Jump up ^ WOR schedule , `` Today on the Radio '' , The New York Times November 24 , 1932 , p. 40 . `` R adio Today '' , The New York Times , November 20 , 1999 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Today '' , The New York Times , November 22 , 1945 , p. 36 . `` On the Radio '' , The New York Times , November 22 , 1957 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Plays Role of Dragon Slayer '' , The New York Times , November 14 , 1942 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Get Set , Children , and Your Parents , Too ; Genii Are Coming in Thanksgiving Parade '' , The New York Times , November 14 , 2010 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Firm Flying High With Order for 4 Giant Macy 's Parade Balloons -- Los Angeles Times . Articles.latimes.com ( 1987 - 11 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ New York Daily News ( 2008 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Floating back in time with Macy 's balloons '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man Returning to Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Paradede '' , Associated Press via WCBS ( AM ) , 17 August 2009 Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Angry Bird balloon to take flight in annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Elizabeth ( November 25 , 2012 ) . At ' Sesame Street , ' a Void in a Close - Knit Troupe . The New York Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` The puppet was featured on a Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade float , with another puppeteer acting to Mr. Clash 's taped voice . '' Jump up ^ `` Television '' section of `` Today on the Radio '' , The New York Times , November 23 , 1939 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Today '' ( with television listings ) , The New York Times , November 20 , 1941 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Today '' ( with television listings ) , The New York Times , November 22 , 1945 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television '' , The New York Times , November 15 , 1948 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television '' , The New York Times , November 21 , 1949 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Thanksgiving Day Parade on CBS '' will be anchored live by `` The Early Show 's '' Dave Price and Maggie Rodriguez from New York 's Times Square , Thursday , November 27 on the CBS Television Network Archived February 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... CBS press release ( 2008 - 11 - 13 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Television '' , The New York Times , November 23 , 1961 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ `` Television '' , The New York Times , November 27 , 1969 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ `` Television '' , The New York Times , November 24 , 1960 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( November 26 , 2015 ) . What Was It Like to Perform on the Macy 's Parade ? Over 20 Broadway Actors Remember a Dream Come True ! Playbill . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . `` We pre-recorded the opening number of the show for the CBS broadcast , down on South Ferry . '' -- Carly Hughes Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/23/13727462/watch-macys-thanksgiving-parade-360-video-verizon-youtube Jump up ^ `` City to Change Route of Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . NY1 News . 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Universal Studios , Orlando : Theme Parks , Attractions , Accommodations Archived December 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( 2005 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Site of Balloon Accident Is Known for Its Crosswinds '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( 1997 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Macy 's Parade of Balloons Gets One Thing It Does n't Need : Wind '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Macy 's presents safer parade '' . CNN . 1998 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` New safety rules for NYC Thanksgiving parade after balloon crash '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 18 . Further reading William L. Bird , Jr . Holidays on Display . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of American History in Association with Princeton Architectural Press , 2007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ( category ) Official website Macy 's , Inc . Bloomingdale 's Bluemercury Macy 's Key people Terry J. Lundgren Fred Lazarus , Jr . Simon Lazarus Rowland Hussey Macy Isidor Straus Nathan Straus Events Glamorama Macy 's Great Tree Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade My Macy 's Holiday Parade Related Macy 's Herald Square Miracle on 34th Street Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation Cape Cod William Penn Massachusetts Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade&oldid=807068910 '' Categories : 1924 establishments in New York ( state ) Parades in New York City Thanksgiving parades Macy 's Recurring events established in 1924 1932 radio programme debuts 1948 American television series debuts 1940s American television series 1950s American television series 1960s American television series 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series CBS network shows NBC network shows November events Festivals established in 1924 Thanksgiving ( United States ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 07 . 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what religious groups lived in the new england colonies | A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630 , leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England . Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower , except that the Pilgrims were `` separatists '' who felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England , whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England . The separate colonies were governed independently of one other until 1691 , when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay . | Puritans | New England colonies | new england colonies | The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony , Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Massachusetts Bay Colony , and the Province of New Hampshire , as well as a few smaller short - lived colonies . The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England . Captain John Smith 's 1616 work A Description of New England first applied the term `` New England '' to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Arriving in America 2 Establishing the New England Colonies 2.1 Spreading out 3 Commerce 4 Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England 5 Education 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Sources Arriving in America ( edit ) The English royal charters granted land to the north to Queen Elizabeth , land to the south to the London Company . France , England , and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century , and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World . French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island , Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France . Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy , and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port - Royal of Nova Scotia ( see symbol `` R '' on map to the right ) in the spring of 1605 . King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England , and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company . The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River ( then called the Sagadahoc River ) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony , better known as Popham Colony ( see symbol `` Po '' on map to right ) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham . The colonists faced a harsh winter , the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire , and mixed relations with the local Indian tribes . Colony leader Captain George Popham died , and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother -- at which point , all of the colonists decided to return to England . It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and on a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc . The 30 - ton Virginia was the first sea - going ship ever built in North America . Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century , with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near Castine , Maine in 1613 . The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was the first longer - term settlement in New England . It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English , French , and Dutch colonists . In 1614 , Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to Hartford , Connecticut . By 1623 , the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there , and they eventually fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site `` House of Hope '' ( also identified as `` Fort Hoop , '' `` Good Hope , '' and `` Hope '' ) . Establishing the New England colonies ( edit ) A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts , the second successful English colony in North America following Jamestown , Virginia . About half of the one hundred - plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter , mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter . In 1621 , an American Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish . His assistance was invaluable and helped them to survive the early years of the colonization . The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto 's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases . The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits , but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration . Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their experiences called Mourt 's Relation ( 1622 ) . This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and dangers encountered by the Pilgrims , but it encouraged other Puritans to immigrate during the Great Migration . Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century . Modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context . The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies , buildings , and food supplies , learning from the Pilgrims ' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony . In 1623 , the Plymouth Council for New England ( successor to the Plymouth Company ) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company . The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support , and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White . Other settlements were started in nearby areas ; however , the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s . A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630 , leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England . Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower , except that the Pilgrims were `` separatists '' who felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England , whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England . The separate colonies were governed independently of one other until 1691 , when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Spreading out ( edit ) Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with about 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom . John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in New Hampshire and then on to Maine . The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves , which was a central tenet of Puritan worship . It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when minister Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences . One source of contention was his view that government and religion should be separate ; he also believed that the colonies should purchase land at fair prices from the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes . He escaped being deported to England by the Massachusetts officials and walked from Salem , Massachusetts to Raynham , Massachusetts , a distance of 55 miles through the deep snow . The Indian tribes helped him to survive and sold him land for a new colony which he named Providence Plantations in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony . It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state . Other dissenters established two settlements on Rhode Island ( now called Aquidneck Island ) and another settlement in Warwick ; these four settlements eventually united to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . A map of the Connecticut , New Haven , and Saybrook colonies Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts in 1636 with 100 followers and founded a settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop which grew into Connecticut Colony . The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford to honor the English town of Hertford . One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay , which he believed should include any adult male owning property . The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut ( the Dutch were first ) or even the first English settlement ( Windsor was first in 1633 ) . Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders , considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America . Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony , including New Haven and Saybrook . Commerce ( edit ) The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers . The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies , but the land provided rich resources , including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships . Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England , where there was a shortage of wood . In addition , the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table . In Massachusetts their economy was heavily based on small industries with people working as porters , tanners , shopkeepers and metalworkers . They had merchants which carried raw materials such as furs , timber , and the tar and pitch needed for shipbuilding . Trade went on directly between the English colonists and the European Caribbean islands . The New England Colonies were located near the ocean where there was an abundance of whales , fish , and other marketable sea life . Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing . By the end of the 17th century , New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as the West African slave coast , the Caribbean 's plantation islands , and the Iberian Peninsula . Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass , linens , hardware , machinery , and other items for the colonial household . The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco , rice , and indigo in exchange for imports , whereas New England 's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish , furs , and lumber . Inflation was a major issue in the economy . During the 18th century , shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy , often under the direction of the British Crown . Wartime enslavement of enemy combatants in New England ( edit ) Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time . This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland , particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland , where large numbers of Irish , Welsh , and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies , especially to Barbados and Jamaica . The practice found its way to the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip 's War . Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out against enslaving Indians in the summer of 1675 , describing the practice as `` an action so hateful ... that ( I ) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were ( my ) good friends . '' This said , Church was an owner of African slaves himself , like many Englishmen in the colony . Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip 's War ( 1675 - 78 ) and continued for the three years of the war . The policy concerning war enemies was that `` no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony . '' It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip 's War , with over half of those coming from Plymouth . Education ( edit ) In the New England Colonies , the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves . Depending upon social and financial status , education was taught by the parents home - schooling their children , public grammar schools , and private governesses , which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more . See also ( edit ) Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Thirteen Colonies History of Massachusetts Historical outline of Massachusetts British Colonial America New England Manor of East Greenwich History of New England Dominion of New England New England Confederation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gipson Jump up ^ Bisceglia Jump up ^ Smith Jump up ^ St. Croix Celebration . `` St. Croix Island History '' . Archived from the original on 2001 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Maine 's First Ship : Historic Overview '' . Maine 's First Ship . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New France Forts '' . New France New Horizons . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ New York Historical Society , p. 260 Jump up ^ Deetz , Patricia Scot ; James F. Deetz . `` Passengers on the Mayflower : Ages & Occupations , Origins & Connections '' . The Plymouth Colony Archive Project . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ NativeAmericans.com . `` Squanto ( The History of Tisquantum ) '' . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradford , William ( 1865 ) . Mourt 's Relation , or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth . Boston : J.K. Wiggin . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Young , Alexander ( 1846 ) . Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay , 1623 - 1636 . Boston : C.C. Little and J. Brown . p. 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Web Site . `` America as a Religious Refuge : The Seventeenth Century '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Roger Williams , Family Association . `` Biography of Roger Williams '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ . N.p. . Web . 20 Aug 2013 . . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 253 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) pp 253 , 345 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 345 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick . Mayflower : A story of Courage , Community and War ( Viking 2006 ) p. 332 Sources ( edit ) Bisceglia , Michael ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` John Smith : The man who named New England '' . Sea Coast Online . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes ) ( 1936 - 1970 ) . Knopf . Collections of the New York Historical Society . New York : H. Ludwig. 1841 . Smith , John , Captain & Admiral ( 1616 ) . Royster , Paul , ed . A Description of New England ( 1616 ) : An Online Electronic Text Edition . Electronic Texts in American Studies . ( hide ) The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Colonies&oldid=826760958 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Colonization history of the United States Thirteen Colonies History of New England Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who plays patsy's walkers mom in jessica jones | List of Jessica Jones characters | list of jessica jones characters | Jessica Jones is an American web television series created for Netflix by Melissa Rosenberg , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise , and is the second in a series of shows that will lead up to a Defenders crossover miniseries . The series stars Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones , with Rachael Taylor , Eka Darville , and Carrie - Anne Moss also starring . They were joined by Mike Colter , Wil Traval , Erin Moriarty , and David Tennant for the first season , and J.R. Ramirez , Terry Chen , Leah Gibson and Janet McTeer for the second season . In addition to original characters , several characters from other Marvel Cinematic Universe television series and / or based on various Marvel properties also appear throughout the series . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Main characters 2.1 Jessica Jones 2.2 Luke Cage 2.3 Trish Walker 2.4 Will Simpson 2.5 Hope Shlottman 2.6 Malcolm Ducasse 2.7 Jeri Hogarth 2.8 Kilgrave 2.9 Oscar Arocho 2.10 Pryce Cheng 2.11 Inez Green 2.12 Alisa Jones 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Introduced in season one 3.1. 1 Pam 3.1. 2 Wendy Ross - Hogarth 3.1. 3 Nicole 3.1. 4 Ruben 3.1. 5 Oscar Clemons 3.1. 6 Robyn 3.1. 7 Clair 3.1. 8 Emma 3.1. 9 Jackson 3.1. 10 Donald 3.1. 11 Louise Thompson 3.1. 12 Dorothy Walker 3.1. 13 Albert Thompson 3.2 Introduced in season two 3.2. 1 Griffin Sinclair 3.2. 2 Steven Benowitz 3.2. 3 Vido Arocho 3.2. 4 Eddy Costa 3.2. 5 Ruth Sunday 3.2. 6 Karl Malus 3.2. 7 Shane Ryback 4 Guest characters 4.1 Introduced in other TV series 4.2 Introduced in season one 4.3 Introduced in season two 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Appearances First Season 1 Season 2 Main characters Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter `` AKA Ladies Night '' Main Luke Cage Mike Colter Main Does not appear Trish Walker Rachael Taylor Main Will Simpson Wil Traval `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' Main Guest Hope Shlottman Erin Moriarty `` AKA Ladies Night '' Main Does not appear Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Main Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Main Kilgrave David Tennant Main Guest Oscar Arocho J.R. Ramirez `` AKA Start at the Beginning '' Does not appear Main Pryce Cheng Terry Chen Does not appear Main Inez Green Leah Gibson `` AKA God Help the Hobo '' Does not appear Main Alisa Jones Miriam Shor `` AKA WWJD ? '' Guest Does not appear Janet McTeer `` AKA Sole Survivor '' Does not appear Main Recurring characters Pam Susie Abromeit `` AKA Ladies Night '' Recurring Does not appear Wendy Ross - Hogarth Robin Weigert Recurring Does not appear Nicole Nichole Yannetty Recurring Guest Ruben Kieran Mulcare `` AKA Crush Syndrome '' Recurring Does not appear Oscar Clemons Clarke Peters Recurring Does not appear Robyn Colby Minifie Recurring Does not appear Clair Danielle Ferland `` AKA 99 Friends '' Recurring Does not appear Emma Gillian Glasco Recurring Does not appear Jackson Ryan Farrell Recurring Does not appear Donald Paul Pryce Recurring Does not appear Louise Thompson Lisa Emery Recurring Does not appear Dorothy Walker Rebecca De Mornay `` AKA Top Shelf Perverts '' Guest Recurring Albert Thompson Michael Siberry `` AKA WWJD ? '' Recurring Does not appear Griffin Sinclair Hal Ozsan `` AKA Start at the Beginning '' Does not appear Recurring Steven Benowitz Maury Ginsberg Does not appear Recurring Vido Arocho Kevin Chacon Does not appear Recurring Eddy Costa John Ventimiglia `` AKA Freak Accident '' Does not appear Recurring Ruth Sunday Lisa Tharps Does not appear Recurring Karl Malus Callum Keith Rennie `` AKA The Octopus '' Does not appear Recurring Shane Ryback Eden Marryshow `` AKA Ai n't We Got Fun '' Does not appear Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Jessica Jones ( edit ) Further information : Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Jessica Jones ( portrayed by Krysten Ritter ) is a former superhero with the abilities of superhuman strength and flight , suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder who opens her own detective agency , Alias Investigations . By November 2014 , Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Jessica De Gouw and Marin Ireland were being tested for the role of Jessica Jones , with Ritter having been auditioning since October and on the top of executive producer and showrunner Melissa Rosenberg 's list for playing Jones , even when Rosenberg was earlier developing the series for ABC . The next month , Ritter was cast in the role . Ritter and Palmer had been the final candidates , with both auditioning opposite Mike Colter to test chemistry . Ritter stated that she read through Alias in preparation for the role and expressed delight in working with Rosenberg . On adapting the character from the comics , Jeph Loeb stated , `` Jessica Jones ( i ) s based on a much more adult comic . The source material came that way . She has real problems with a number of things that she abuses ! And we 're not shying away from that . There 's no tidying her up . '' Ritter called playing the character the `` biggest acting challenge '' in her career and praised the character development . She explained that when she was playing the character , she took `` a lot from the comics because she 's so well - drawn . We have some lines that are pulled from the comics , but then the script -- she 's as developed for television as she is in the comics '' . Ritter put on 10 pounds ( 4.5 kg ) of muscle for the role and trained for two months before filming began . Elizabeth Cappuccino portrayed a young Jessica . Series costume designer Stephanie Maslansky was assisted on the first episode by Jenn Rogien , who crafted Jessica Jones ' leather jacket , faded jeans , and boots costume . On Jessica 's costume , Maslansky said she `` considers her clothing to be an armor and a shield and something that helps her maintain a distance from other people and privacy . It keeps her from having to deal with the rest of humanity in a certain sort of way . '' At least 10 versions of Jessica 's jacket were made , which started as an Acne Studios leather motorcycle jacket that had any `` bells and whistles and any additional superfluous design details '' removed , while 20 pairs of jeans were used , with both being aged and distressed . Ritter described the character by saying that `` she goes about things in a very odd way , she 's very rough around the edges , and dry and sarcastic and a total asshole sometimes . But I think at her core she 's a good person . '' Comparing the character to Matt Murdock in Marvel 's Daredevil , Rosenberg said , `` They 're very different kinds of characters . Jessica is about paying rent and getting the next client . She 's dealing with a fairly dark past . She 's trying to get through the day . She 's not really trying to save the city . She 's trying to save her apartment . At her core , she does share something with Matt Murdock , and he 's a little more aware of it , that she wants to do something good . She wants to contribute to the world . But , there are a lot of personality issues for her that can get in the way ... Matt Murdock has been studying martial arts . He has extraordinary fighting skills . Jessica Jones is a brawler . She gets drunk , she gets pissed off and boom , you 're down . She does n't wear a costume . She does n't have a mask . She 's just who she is . She 's an extremely blunt , direct person , and that applies to the action , as well . '' Ritter was nominated for the 6th Critics ' Choice Television Awards ' Best Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Jones . Luke Cage ( edit ) Further information : Luke Cage Mike Colter Luke Cage ( portrayed by Mike Colter ) is a man with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin , with a mysterious past that Jones encounters in the course of an investigation and who changes her life immensely . In November 2014 , Lance Gross , Colter , and Cleo Anthony were in contention for the role of Luke Cage , which was envisioned as a recurring role in the series before headlining Marvel 's Luke Cage . Colter was confirmed in the role the next month , having signed on for the series , and others , without reading any scripts , and being drawn to the series because of its opportunity to have character exploration , which he felt was lacking in the MCU films . He put on 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) of muscle for the role . Rosenberg noted that because Cage has his own series to explore who he is , she represents him as `` a man of few words '' rather than trying to say anything about who he is in particular . Colter was pleased and surprised that the audience `` got '' the character , as Luke `` was a man of few words and a lot of subtext , '' which `` was refreshing because we were going for this character in a way that said little but spoke volumes because of their past history together . I felt people got the subtleties . '' When Loeb described the character to Colter , he said `` that Luke does n't have to try hard at anything . It just happens . '' This helped Colter form the character , along with using his opposite personal experience of having to work hard for everything . Colter also credited Rosenberg and S.J. Clarkson with helping him `` get on the right track '' with the character in the early episodes . Maslansky felt that Cage was also someone `` who wears his clothing like an armor , '' with his wardrobe consisting of T - shirts , jeans , leather jackets or an army jacket . Colter described the character as `` a neighborhood hero , very much linked to New York and Jessica Jones . ( He ) is a darker , grittier , more tangible character than Iron Man or Thor . He likes to keep things close to his chest , operate on the hush - hush . He has these abilities but he 's not sure how and when to use them . '' Loeb said the character `` is important to the show , and he is certainly important to the story of Jessica Jones and who she is . It would not be Jessica Jones unless you at least understood how Luke affected her life and where she is . '' He also added that the series sees Luke Cage `` not quite in the middle , but in the early part of the middle '' of his story , and that Luke Cage allows Marvel to `` tell a great deal of story that happens before , and a great deal of story that happens afterwards . '' Trish Walker ( edit ) Further information : Patsy Walker Rachael Taylor Patricia `` Trish '' Walker ( portrayed by Rachael Taylor ) is a former model and child star known as `` Patsy '' who is Jones ' adoptive sister and best friend . She now works as a radio host . Taylor was cast in January 2015 . The role of Jones ' best friend was intended for the character of Carol Danvers when Rosenberg was developing the series at ABC , but was changed to Walker due to the changing nature of the MCU and that Danvers would appear in her own film . Rosenberg ultimately found this to be `` much more appropriate ... it was better that ( Jessica 's ) best friend was not someone with powers . It actually ends up being a really great mirror for her . '' Speaking about the character , Loeb said , `` what 's most important is the relationship between her and Jessica , and how these two women who are , in some ways , sisters , in terms of their friendship , could be that different , and yet believe in the same kinds of things . That question of , what is it to be a hero and the responsibilities that you have when you have abilities , is something that brings them together , but also continually pushes them apart . I think we 're very lucky to have Melissa as a writer because she really grasps the insight of what it is to have a friendship with a woman , and the way that two women can actually be competitive and friendly , and love each other and hate each other , and have a history with each other . '' Taylor added that Jessica `` was the first person to not care about the exterior parts of Patsy Walker or Trish Walker . She was the first person to see her for who she really was '' . Catherine Blades portrayed a young Trish . To prepare for the role , Taylor `` looked into a bunch of child stars '' and determined `` that the main source of ( their ) damage comes from feeling that they 're loved for what they do and not who they are . The maternal / paternal or familial love or any kind of love is dependent on them being successful , making money , being sparkly , being famous , whatever the thing is . '' On the multiple alias Trish wields in the series , Taylor said , `` Trish has a number of them . I think there is a part of her that is alpha that actually , if she had the kind of abilities that Jessica had , she would probably be President of the United States in that world or the equivalent . She would take it as far as she could because she has that in her . '' Will Simpson ( edit ) Further information : Nuke ( Marvel Comics ) Wil Traval Will Simpson ( portrayed by Wil Traval ) is an NYPD sergeant who is very serious about his job . Traval joined the cast in February 2015 . He felt that Simpson sees everything in `` black and white '' and that `` justice can be served easily , '' an opposite to Jessica , who `` deals in a world of gray '' that causes the two to have friction between them . Traval described the character as `` reinvented '' and `` reshaped '' for the series from the one in the comics , where the character is known as Frank Simpson , as the comic character was `` a little bit too hard to handle . ( H ) e was just a psychotic crazy guy . '' Hope Shlottman ( edit ) Erin Moriarty Hope Shlottman ( portrayed by Erin Moriarty ) is a student - athlete attending New York University who is a client of Alias Investigations upon her parents hiring Jessica . She later commits suicide during Kilgrave 's fight with Jessica . Moriarty joined the cast in February 2015 . She called her character a `` polar opposite '' to Jessica Jones , describing Hope as `` an all - American girl , ( innocent and ) really earnest '' . Over the course of the series , the two form a bond , with Jessica becoming protective of Hope , due to a shared experience they have with Kilgrave . Malcolm Ducasse ( edit ) Further information : Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Malcolm Ducasse ( portrayed by Eka Darville ) is Jones ' neighbor who struggles with drug addiction , resulting in his personal journey intertwining with hers . Darville joined the cast in February 2015 . He stated that Malcolm was a new character for the series , though inspired by `` seed characters '' from the comics . He also felt playing the character with the drug addiction `` was pretty intense and dark '' and that Malcolm 's relationship with Jessica `` is like a flip - flop between victim and savior ... much more ( sibling - like ) than anything else . '' Jeri Hogarth ( edit ) Further information : Jeryn Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Jeri Hogarth ( portrayed by Carrie - Anne Moss ) is an attorney and potentially powerful ally to Jones , who hires Jones for cases . Moss was announced as cast in early February 2015 , with her character revealed in October to be a gender - swapped ( changed from male to female ) version of the comics character Jeryn Hogarth . The character was also made a lesbian . Moss signed on to the series after reading the first two scripts , having been pitched the character by Loeb and Rosenberg . Moss described the character by saying that `` she 's fierce , she 's strong , she 's powerful , and she likes that power . '' She worked `` a few days every episode '' , which allowed her to grow the character throughout the series , while not knowing what the character would become as she played each moment , which she noted was how real - life is . Moss reprised her role in the second season of Daredevil and in Iron Fist . Comparing those experiences to her much larger role on Jessica Jones , Moss said , `` You want to come in and have something powerful . For Jessica Jones , that 's where I get to have that experience . With the other shows , I 'm having fun . '' Kilgrave ( edit ) Further information : Purple Man David Tennant Kevin Thompson ( portrayed by David Tennant ) is a mysterious man from Jones 's past , who can control minds , and whose reappearance shakes up her life . He was born with a neural disease and was experimented on as a young child , which resulted in him acquiring an airborne virus that gave him his powers , and later changed his name to ' Kilgrave ' . Rosenberg stated that Tennant was the choice for the character when the series was originally developed for ABC , but he was unavailable at that time , so the production made sure to `` jump on him '' when the series moved to Netflix . To pitch Tennant on this version of the series , Rosenberg and Loeb spoke with him , gave him the scripts for the first two episode ( which Kilgrave does not appear in much ) , and drafts of some scenes from later in the series including of the flashback where Kilgrave and Jones first meet . Tennant was cast in January 2015 . Maslansky , who originally was planning to custom - make Kilgrave 's wardrobe , used many suits created by designer Paul Smith from the previous fashion season for him , as Smith `` was all about purple . '' On his outfits , Maslansky added the designers `` wanted to find a place where we could utilize clothing in shades of purple , but not go so over the top that it would look silly and that he would stop feeling ominous or menacing . '' James Freedson - Jackson portrayed a young Kilgrave . Tennant stated that `` Kilgrave is the classic character who is abused and therefore perpetuates abuse . It was just a terrible , horrible cycle . '' Loeb called Kilgrave `` a terrible man who does n't see himself as terrible '' and compared him to Vincent D'Onofrio 's Wilson Fisk in Daredevil , saying `` there are going to be times ( watching Daredevil ) when you 're uncomfortable because you 're not quite rooting for Matt , you 're kind of rooting for Wilson , and it 's the same kind of thing you 're going to find in Jessica . There 's going to be moments where some of the things that she does is pretty questionable . And some of the things that , when you learn about Kilgrave 's character and the way that David Tennant plays that character , it 's really extraordinary . '' Tennant noted that at first the idea of mind control seems `` quite a rather splashy , kind of comic book idea '' but that in reality `` the idea that everyone should bend to your every whim and that no one should ever contradict you , that you can have whatever you want whenever you wanted it ... it 's rather aspirational and rather desirable at first glance , but the fact of it is then rather horrifying , because you could never have a genuine human relationship with anyone ... that starts touching on what kind of personality that would create , what kind of person that would make you , how that would pollute your worldview . '' Oscar Arocho ( edit ) JR Ramirez Oscar Arocho ( portrayed by J.R. Ramirez ) is the new superintendent in Jones ' building , and a single father whose son becomes enamored with Jones and her powers . Ramirez was cast in March 2017 , which was revealed that July after the airing of his character 's death on Power . Pryce Cheng ( edit ) Pryce Cheng ( portrayed by Terry Chen ) is a rival private investigator . Inez Green ( edit ) Leah Gibson Inez Green ( portrayed by Leah Gibson ) is a `` street-wise '' nurse . Gibson was cast as Inez by July 2017 . Alisa Jones ( edit ) Janet McTeer Further information : Alisa Campbell Alisa Jones ( portrayed by Miriam Shor in season one , Janet McTeer in season two ) is Jessica 's mother who was killed in a car crash when she was young . It was later revealed that Karl Malus of IGH saved her life and has been going around targeting anyone involved with IGH . Recurring characters ( edit ) Introduced in season one ( edit ) Pam ( edit ) Pam ( portrayed by Susie Abromeit ) is Jeri Hogarth 's assistant and lover . Abromeit worked with her manager , who is gay , to portray Pam as a lesbian , and created her own backstory for the character . This included childhood trauma ( continuing with the series ' penchant for abuse ) and Pam 's realization during college that she is attracted to women . Wendy Ross - Hogarth ( edit ) Wendy Ross - Hogarth ( portrayed by Robin Weigert ) is a doctor and Jeri Hogarth 's wife , whom Hogarth is divorcing . Nicole ( edit ) Nicole ( portrayed by Nichole Yannetty ) is an intern on Trish Walker 's talk show . Ruben ( edit ) Ruben ( portrayed by Kieran Mulcare ) is Jones ' upstairs neighbor and the twin brother of Robyn . He is later mind - controlled to kill himself by Kilgrave . Oscar Clemons ( edit ) Further information : Oscar Clemons Oscar Clemons ( portrayed by Clarke Peters ) is an NYPD detective at the 15th Precinct . He is later killed by Will Simpson to keep him from getting the police involved in the search for Kilgrave . Robyn ( edit ) Robyn ( portrayed by Colby Minifie ) is Jones ' upstairs neighbor and the twin sister of Ruben . Clair ( edit ) Clair ( portrayed by Danielle Ferland ) is a cellist and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Emma ( edit ) Emma ( portrayed by Gillian Glasco ) is an actress and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Jackson ( edit ) Jackson ( portrayed by Ryan Farrell ) is a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Donald ( edit ) Donald ( portrayed by Paul Pryce ) is a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones . Louise Thompson ( edit ) Louise Thompson ( portrayed by Lisa Emery ) is Kilgrave 's mother . She is later forced to commit suicide by Kilgrave . Dorothy Walker ( edit ) Further information : Dorothy Walker ( comics ) Dorothy Walker ( portrayed by Rebecca De Mornay ) is Trish Walker 's abusive mother and talent agent who becomes Jessica 's foster mother when she was young . Albert Thompson ( edit ) Albert Thompson ( portrayed by Michael Siberry ) is Kilgrave 's father . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Griffin Sinclair ( edit ) Griffin Sinclair ( portrayed by Hal Ozsan ) is Trish 's new boyfriend and a news anchor . Steven Benowitz ( edit ) Steven Benowitz ( portrayed by Maury Ginsberg ) is one of the lead attorneys of Hogarth Chao & Benowitz . Vido Arocho ( edit ) Vido Arocho ( portrayed by Kevin Chacon ) is the son of Oscar Arocho who befriends Jessica . Eddy Costa ( edit ) Eddy Costa ( portrayed by John Ventimiglia ) is a detective investigating the deaths of anyone involved with IGH who has crossed paths with Jessica Jones . Ruth Sunday ( edit ) Ruth Sunday ( portrayed by Lisa Tharps ) is Eddie Costa 's detective partner . Karl Malus ( edit ) Further information : Karl Malus Karl Malus ( portrayed by Callum Keith Rennie ) is a scientist who is one of the leaders of IGH . He was the one who saved the lives of Jessica Jones and Alisa Jones following a car accident . Shane Ryback ( edit ) Shane Ryback ( portrayed by Eden Marryshow ) is a con - artist working with Inez Green . Guest characters ( edit ) The following is a supplementary list of recurring guest stars that appear in lesser roles or make significant cameo appearances . The characters are listed , in order of appearance on the show , by the other MCU media or season in which they first appeared . Introduced in other TV series ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors Brett Mahoney ( portrayed by Royce Johnson ; first appears in season one ) : A sergeant in the NYPD 's 15th Precinct . Claire Temple ( portrayed by Rosario Dawson ; first appears in season one ) : A nurse in Hell 's Kitchen . Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson ( portrayed by Elden Henson ; first appears in season two ) : A lawyer at Hogarth , Chao & Benowitz . Turk Barrett ( portrayed by Rob Morgan ; first appears in season two ) : A common thug who specializes in guns . Thembi Wallace ( portrayed by Tijuana Ricks ; first appears in season two ) : A news reporter . Introduced in season one ( edit ) Roy Healy ( portrayed by Joseph Ragno ) : A bartender working for Cage . Reva Connors ( portrayed by Parisa Fitz - Henley ) : Cage 's wife , who was killed by Jones under Kilgrave 's control . Brian Jones ( portrayed by James Colby ) : Jessica 's father who was killed in a car crash when she was young . Phillip Jones ( portrayed by Billy McFadden ) : Jessica 's younger brother who was killed in a car crash when she was young . Len Sirkes ( portrayed by Brett Azar ) : A loan shark who Jessica and Cage encounter during a case . Miklos Kozlov ( portrayed by Thomas Kopache ) : A doctor and member of IGH who ran the program that gave Simpson his experimental pills . Maury Tuttlebaum ( portrayed by Daniel Marcus ) : A morgue attendant at Riverbank Medical Center . Samantha Reyes ( portrayed by Michelle Hurd ) : A district attorney . Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance through an on - set photograph , the same one seen in Daredevil . In Iron Fist , Lee 's character is identified as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Linda Chao ( portrayed by Angel Desai ) : Hogarth and Benowitz 's partner at Hogarth , Chao & Benowitz . Zakarian ( portrayed by Jacqueline Antaramian ) : Hogarth 's doctor . Robert Coleman / Whizzer ( portrayed by Jay Klaitz ) : A subject of IGH who possesses super speed . Ian ( portrayed by Anthony Grasso ) : The head of Walker 's radio station . Maximillian `` Max '' Tatum ( portrayed by James McCaffrey ) : A film director with a terrible past with Walker . Maynard Tiboldt ( portrayed by Ben Van Bergen ) : A hypnotherapist hired by Trish to evaluate Jessica . Sonia Arocho ( portrayed by Victoria Cartagena ) : Oscar 's ex-wife who resorts to kidnapping their son Vido . Stirling Adams ( portrayed by Mat Vairo ) : A former bartender who briefly dates Jessica , but is killed by her mother . Ronald Garcia ( portrayed by Alfredo Narciso ) : The head of the ZCN Broadcasting Center . Dale Holiday ( portrayed by Brian Hutchinson ) : A sadistic prison guard and serial killer . Torres ( portrayed by Myrna Cabello ) : A doctor that cares for Walker . Lee once again makes a cameo appearance through an on - set photograph , on an advertisement for the law firm Forbush and Associates . See also ( edit ) Daredevil cast and characters Luke Cage cast and characters Iron Fist cast and characters The Defenders cast and characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' : Krysten Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Marin Ireland , Jessica De Gouw Testing For Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter Nabs Lead In Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Krysten Ritter & Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Talk ' Jessica Jones ' at NYCC '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter , Marvel 's New Jessica Jones , Is Currently `` Devouring '' the Comics `` . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boone , John ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` We Asked Marvel 's Head of Television About Everything From ' Agent Carter ' to ' Iron Fist ' -- And He Answered '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Strom ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` This Week In Marvel Episode 200.5 With Clark Gregg , Krysten Ritter And More '' ( Podcast ) . Marvel.com . Events occur between 46 : 00 -- 48 : 00 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' GMA ' 40 for 40 : Everything You Need to Know About Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cappuccino , Elizabeth ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` So thrilled so finally announce my participation in @ netflix latest @ marvel series # JessicaJones . I got to play young Jessica Jones before she 's turns into the total bad ass that she is acted by @ therealkrystenritter . So thrilled its a total dream come true '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Soo Hoo , Fawina ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` There Are No Superhero Costumes To Be Found In ' Jessica Jones , ' Netflix 's Latest Marvel Adaptation '' . Fashionista . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` JESSICA JONES : Melissa Rosenberg and Jeph Loeb Talk Characters , Tone , Action and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Colter to Star as Luke Cage in Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Northmore , Henry ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Mike Colter , ' Luke Cage is a darker , grittier , more tangible hero ' '' . The List . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` NYCC : `` Jessica Jones '' & `` Daredevil '' Collide at Marvel / Netflix Panel `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss and Mike Colter Talk ' Jessica Jones ' and ' Luke Cage ' at NYCC '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Colter on `` Jessica Jones '' . AOL Build . November 20 , 2015 . Event occurs at 7 : 25 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Colter Will `` Deal With His Own Demons '' in `` Luke Cage '' Netflix Series `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Hunter ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel TV Announces Development Slate ; Includes Live - Action AKA JESSICA JONES ( ALIAS ) , THE HULK , CLOAK AND DAGGER , MOCKINGBIRD , Animated HULK AND THE AGENTS OF S.M.A.S.H , More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Steve ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Marvel 's Carol Danvers Was Originally on Jessica Jones '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Jim ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Rachael Taylor Deals with Trish Walker 's Inner Demons in ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ching , Albert ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stars Are `` Just Trying To Survive '' Marvel 's Darkest TV Show Yet `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` NYCC 2015 : Marvel 's Nuke Looks To Be Part Of Jessica Jones '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dyce , Andrew ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Easter Eggs , Marvel Connections , & Comic Nods '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN ( October 11 , 2015 ) . Jessica Jones : Erin Moriarty Interview - NYCC 2015 . YouTube . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maglio , Tony ; Sneider , Jeff ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss Joins Marvel - Netflix 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brownfield , Paul ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Details Revealed , Full Pilot Shown -- New York Comic Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Carrie - Anne Moss and Mike Colter Talk Sex , Character - Building , and More Sex '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss 's Jeri Hogarth is Becoming the Nick Fury of the Marvel Netflix Shows '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Tennant Joins Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Jessica Jones ' made it to Netflix after ABC nixed the show '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Liz Shannon ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Why David Tennant Felt ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' Was ' A Gamble Worth Taking ' '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` J.R. Ramirez Joins ' Marvel 's Jessica Jones ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberley ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Power 's J.R. Ramirez Breaks Down Julio 's Ultimate Mistake , Plus : What Marvel Show Is He Headed To ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is Pryce Cheng On ' Jessica Jones ' ? Here 's What You Should Know About The New Character '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Latour , Rob ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 Adds ' Twilight ' Actress Leah Gibson ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch : Jessica Jones Season 2 Red Carpet '' . Syfy Wire . March 10 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Britt ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Where Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' Could Go in Season 2 '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Star Janet McTeer Pulls Back the Curtain on Her Top - Secret Season 2 Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Brianne ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Meet Susie Abromeit of Netflix 's `` Jessica Jones '' ! `` . Viva Glam Magazine . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bendix , Trish ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Susie Abromeit on playing Pam in `` Jessica Jones '' and if she ships Jessica and Trish `` . AfterEllen . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Hey , it 's that guy ! How you know Jeri Hogarth 's wife on ' Jessica Jones ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , Kevin ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones is Marvel 's Most Compelling Series Yet '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` In Marvel 's Jessica Jones , women get stuff done while men just talk about women '' . Vox . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' : All the Season 2 Easter Eggs You Might Have Missed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Showrunner Teases a Super Suit for Krysten Ritter , Confirms ' Daredevil ' Crossover '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Season 2 's ' Daredevil ' Connection Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Jones ' penultimate episode has deadly ( and non-deadly ) consequences '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beckford , Gorgette ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jamaican - born actress appears in Jessica Jones series '' . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Simon . `` Everything We Know About Marvel 's Jessica Jones So Far '' . Screen Geek . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Daredevil 's brutal second season puts superheroes on trial '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stan Lee Cameo Spotted `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Jessica Jones showcases the best and worst of what a flashback episode can do '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Season 1 Rosenberg , Melissa ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Ladies Night '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Crush Syndrome '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Friedman , Liz ; Reynolds , Scott ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA It 's Called Whiskey '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Hicks , Hilly , Jr . ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA 99 Friends '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Baratta , Dana ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA The Sandwich Saved Me '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Ricourt , Edward ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA You 're a Winner ! '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reback , Jenna ; Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Top Shelf Perverts '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reynolds , Scott ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA WWJD ? '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . King , Jamie ; Baratta , Dana ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Sin Bin '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Baratta , Dana ; Schraft , Micah ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA 1,000 Cuts '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . Reynolds , Scott ; Friedman , Liz ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA I 've Got the Blues '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . HIcks , Hilly , Jr . ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Take a Bloody Number '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . King , Jamie ; Reynolds , Scott ; Rosenberg , Melissa ( November 2015 ) . `` AKA Smile '' . Jessica Jones . Netflix . External links ( edit ) Full cast and crew of Jessica Jones at IMDb Jessica Jones Brian Michael Bendis Michael Gaydos Supporting characters Luke Cage Carol Danvers Jessica Drew Ben Urich Enemies Man Mountain Marko Purple Man Publications Alias The Pulse Jessica Jones In other media Jessica Jones season 1 characters Related articles Daily Bugle New Avengers Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel Land Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor Book Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jessica_Jones_characters&oldid=836158947 '' Categories : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Lists of American television series characters Lists of Marvel Comics television characters Lists of action television characters Lists of drama television characters Marvel Cinematic Universe lists Marvel Cinematic Universe specific characters Superhero television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 00 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Jessica%20Jones%20characters | 407 |
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describe the main sections of the table of contents | A table of contents usually includes the titles or descriptions of the first - level headers , such as chapter titles in longer works , and often includes second - level or section titles ( A-heads ) within the chapters as well , and occasionally even third - level titles ( subsections or B - heads ) . The depth of detail in tables of contents depends on the length of the work , with longer works having less . Formal reports ( ten or more pages and being too long to put into a memo or letter ) also have a table of contents . Within an English - language book , the table of contents usually appears after the title page , copyright notices , and , in technical journals , the abstract ; and before any lists of tables or figures , the foreword , and the preface . | Table of contents | table of contents | A table of contents , usually headed simply `` Contents '' and abbreviated informally as TOC , is a list , usually found on a page before the start of a written work , of its chapter or section titles or brief descriptions with their commencing page numbers . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Earliest use 2 Form 3 Examples 4 References 5 Notes Earliest Use ( edit ) Pliny the Elder credits Quintus Valerius Soranus ( d . 82 B.C. ) as the first author to provide a table of contents to help readers navigate a lengthy work . Pliny 's own table of contents for his encyclopedic Historia naturalis ( `` Natural History '' ) may be viewed online in Latin and in English ( following dedication ) . Form ( edit ) A table of contents usually includes the titles or descriptions of the first - level headers , such as chapter titles in longer works , and often includes second - level or section titles ( A-heads ) within the chapters as well , and occasionally even third - level titles ( subsections or B - heads ) . The depth of detail in tables of contents depends on the length of the work , with longer works having less . Formal reports ( ten or more pages and being too long to put into a memo or letter ) also have a table of contents . Within an English - language book , the table of contents usually appears after the title page , copyright notices , and , in technical journals , the abstract ; and before any lists of tables or figures , the foreword , and the preface . Printed tables of contents indicate page numbers where each part starts , while digital ones offer links to go to each part . The format and location of the page numbers is a matter of style for the publisher . If the page numbers appear after the heading text , they might be preceded by characters called leaders , usually dots or periods , that run from the chapter or section titles on the opposite side of the page , or the page numbers might remain closer to the titles . In some cases , the page number appears before the text . If a book or document contains chapters , articles , or stories by different authors , their names usually appear in the table of contents . Matter preceding the table of contents is generally not listed there . However , all pages except the outside cover are counted , and the table of contents is often numbered with a lowercase Roman numeral page number . Many popular word processors , such as Microsoft Word , WordPerfect , and StarWriter are capable of automatically generating a table of contents if the author of the text uses specific styles for chapter titles , headings , subheadings , etc . Examples ( edit ) Example with leaders : Chapter 1 : Getting Started ... 1 Introduction ... 2 Next Steps ... 3 Example without leaders : Chapter 1 : Getting Started 1 Introduction 2 Next Steps 3 Example with authors : 1 . Introduction to Biology Arthur C. Smith 1 2 . Microbiology Susan Jones 10 3 . Advances in Biotechnology T.C. Chang 24 Example with descriptive text : Chapter 1 3 In which we first meet our hero and heroine , attend a gala feast , and begin an unexpected journey . Chapter 2 12 The journey takes an unusual turn , and new villains are discovered . References ( edit ) The Chicago Manual of Style ( 15th Edition ) Gerald J. Alred ; Charles T. Brusaw ; Walter E. Oliu ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Technical Writing . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30923 - 6 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , preface 33 , Historia naturalis ; John Henderson , `` Knowing Someone Through Their Books : Pliny on Uncle Pliny ( Epistles 3.5 ) , '' Classical Philology 97 ( 2002 ) , p. 275 . ( hide ) Book design General page layout and typography choices Fonts Front and back covers Buckram Leather Anthropodermic bibliopegy Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Front matter Half title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Dedication Epigraph Table of contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer 's mark Body matter , which may include : Body text Chapters Parts Sections Tipped - in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Appendix / Addendum Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Other elements Bookplate or ex-librīs Catchword Die cutting Fore - edge painting Pop - ups Thumb index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_contents&oldid=810209822 '' Categories : Technical communication Book design Index ( publishing ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 23 : 23 . 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where do long-chain fatty acids first enter the bloodstream | Blood lipids ( or blood fats ) are lipids in the blood , either free or bound to other molecules . They are mostly transported in a protein capsule , and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism . The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine , and uptake and secretion from cells . Blood lipids are mainly fatty acids and cholesterol . Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and / or lipoproteins in the blood , and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease . | Blood lipids ( or blood fats ) are lipids in the blood , either free or bound to other molecules . They are mostly transported in a protein capsule , and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism . The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine , and uptake and secretion from cells . Blood lipids are mainly fatty acids and cholesterol . Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and / or lipoproteins in the blood , and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease . | Blood lipids | blood lipids | Blood lipids ( or blood fats ) are lipids in the blood , either free or bound to other molecules . They are mostly transported in a protein capsule , and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism . The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine , and uptake and secretion from cells . Blood lipids are mainly fatty acids and cholesterol . Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and / or lipoproteins in the blood , and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Fatty acids 1.1 Intestine intake 1.2 Cell uptake 1.3 Cell secretion 2 Cholesterol 2.1 Intestine intake 2.2 In lipoproteins 2.3 Intestine excretion 2.4 Cell uptake 2.5 Cell secretion 3 Related medical conditions 3.1 Hyperlipidemia 3.2 Hypercholesterolemia 3.3 Hypocholesterolemia 4 See also 5 References Fatty acids ( edit ) Intestine intake ( edit ) Main article : Fat Digestion Short - and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein . Long - chain fatty acids , on the other hand , are too large to be directly released into the tiny intestine capillaries . Instead they are coated with cholesterol and protein ( protein coat of lipoproteins ) into a compound called a chylomicron . The chylomicron enters a lymphatic capillary and enters into the bloodstream first at the left subclavian vein ( having bypassed the liver ) . In any case , the concentration of blood fatty acids increase temporarily after a meal . Cell uptake ( edit ) After a meal , when the blood concentration of fatty acids rises , there is an increase in uptake of fatty acids in different cells of the body , mainly liver cells , adipocytes and muscle cells . This uptake is stimulated by insulin from the pancreas . As a result , the blood concentration of fatty acid stabilizes again after a meal . Cell secretion ( edit ) After a meal , some of the fatty acids taken up by the liver is converted into very low density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) and again secreted into the blood . In addition , when a long time has passed since the last meal , the concentration of fatty acids in the blood decreases , which triggers adipocytes to release stored fatty acids into the blood as free fatty acids , in order to supply e.g. muscle cells with energy . In any case , also the fatty acids secreted from cells are anew taken up by other cells in the body , until entering fatty acid metabolism . Cholesterol ( edit ) Main article : Cholesterol The fate of cholesterol in the blood is highly determined by its constitution of lipoproteins , where some types favour transport towards body tissues and others towards the liver for excretion into the intestines . The 1987 report of National Cholesterol Education Program , Adult Treatment Panels suggest the total blood cholesterol level should be : 240 mg / dl high cholesterol . The average amount of blood cholesterol varies with age , typically rising gradually until one is about 60 years old . There appear to be seasonal variations in cholesterol levels in humans , more , on average , in winter . These seasonal variations seem to be inversely linked to vitamin C intake . Intestine intake ( edit ) Main article : Synthesis and intake In lipid digestion , cholesterol is packed into Chylomicrons in the small intestine , which are delivered to the Portal vein and Lymph . The chylomicrons are ultimately taken up by liver hepatocytes via interaction between apolipoproteinE and the LDL receptor or Lipoprotein receptor - related proteins . In lipoproteins ( edit ) Main article : Lipoprotein Cholesterol is minimally soluble in water ; it can not dissolve and travel in the water - based bloodstream . Instead , it is transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins that are water - soluble and carry cholesterol and triglycerides internally . The apolipoproteins forming the surface of the given lipoprotein particle determine from what cells cholesterol will be removed and to where it will be supplied . The largest lipoproteins , which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver , are called chylomicrons . They carry mostly fats in the form of triglycerides . In the liver , chylomicron particles release triglycerides and some cholesterol . The liver converts unburned food metabolites into very low density lipoproteins ( VLDL ) and secretes them into plasma where they are converted to intermediate density lipoproteins ( IDL ) , which thereafter are converted to low - density lipoprotein ( LDL ) particles and non-esterified fatty acids , which can affect other body cells . In healthy individuals , the relatively few LDL particles are large . In contrast , large numbers of small dense LDL ( sdLDL ) particles are strongly associated with the presence of atheromatous disease within the arteries . For this reason , LDL is referred to as `` bad cholesterol '' . High - density lipoprotein ( HDL ) particles transport cholesterol back to the liver for excretion , but vary considerably in their effectiveness for doing this . Having large numbers of large HDL particles correlates with better health outcomes , and hence it is commonly called `` good cholesterol '' . In contrast , having small amounts of large HDL particles is independently associated with atheromatous disease progression within the arteries . Intestine excretion ( edit ) After being transported to the liver by HDL , cholesterol is delivered to the intestines via bile production . However , 92 - 97 % is reabsorbed in the intestines and recycled via enterohepatic circulation . Cell uptake ( edit ) Main article : Synthesis and intake Cholesterol circulates in the blood in low - density lipoproteins and these are taken into the cell by LDL receptor - mediated endocytosis in clathrin - coated pits , and then hydrolysed in lysosomes . Cell secretion ( edit ) Main article : Synthesis and intake In response to low blood cholesterol , different cells of the body , mainly in the liver and intestines , start to synthesize cholesterol from acetyl - CoA by the enzyme HMG - CoA reductase . This is then released into the blood . Related medical conditions ( edit ) Hyperlipidemia ( edit ) Main article : Hyperlipidemia Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and / or lipoproteins in the blood . Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are extremely common in the general population , and are regarded as a highly modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease . In addition , some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis . One of the most clinically relevant lipid substances is cholesterol , especially on atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease . The presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood is called hypercholesterolemia . Hyperlipoproteinemia is elevated levels of lipoproteins . Hypercholesterolemia ( edit ) Main article : Hypercholesterolemia Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood . It is not a disease but a metabolic derangement that can be secondary to many diseases and can contribute to many forms of disease , most notably cardiovascular disease . Familial hypercholesterolemia is a rare genetic disorder that can occur in families , where sufferers can not properly metabolise cholesterol . Hypocholesterolemia ( edit ) Abnormally low levels of cholesterol are termed hypocholesterolemia . Research into the causes of this state is relatively limited , and while some studies suggest a link with depression , cancer and cerebral hemorrhage it is unclear whether the low cholesterol levels are a cause for these conditions or an epiphenomenon ( 1 ) . See also ( edit ) Lipid hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Molecular cell biology . Lodish , Harvey F. 5 . ed . : - New York : W.H. Freeman and Co. , 2003 . Page 321 . b ill . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 Jump up ^ , ( 1988 ) . `` Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection , Evaluation , and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults . The Expert Panel '' . Arch . Intern . Med. 148 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 69 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 148.1. 36 . PMID 3422148 . Jump up ^ Ockene IS , Chiriboga DE , Stanek EJ , Harmatz MG , Nicolosi R , Saperia G , Well AD , Freedson P , Merriam PA , Reed G , Ma Y , Matthews CE , Hebert JR ( 2004 ) . `` Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol levels : treatment implications and possible mechanisms '' . Arch Intern Med. 164 ( 8 ) : 863 -- 70 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 164.8. 863 . PMID 15111372 . Jump up ^ MacRury , SM ; Muir , M ; Hume , R ( 1992 ) . `` Seasonal and climatic variation in cholesterol and vitamin C : effect of vitamin C supplementation '' . Scottish medical journal . 37 ( 2 ) : 49 -- 52 . PMID 1609267 . Jump up ^ Dobson , HM ; Muir , MM ; Hume , R ( 1984 ) . `` The effect of ascorbic acid on the seasonal variations in serum cholesterol levels '' . Scottish medical journal . 29 ( 3 ) : 176 -- 82 . PMID 6533789 . ^ Jump up to : Durrington P ( 2003 ) . `` Dyslipidaemia '' . Lancet . 362 ( 9385 ) : 717 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 14234 - 1 . PMID 12957096 . ( hide ) Common for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_lipids&oldid=788307668 '' Categories : Steroids Sterols Lipid disorders Nutrition Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 18 : 24 . 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where do all the fallout games take place | Fallout ( series ) | fallout ( series ) | Fallout Fallout series logo Genres 1997 -- 2001 : Role - playing since 2004 : Action role - playing Developer ( s ) Interplay Entertainment Black Isle Studios Micro Forté Bethesda Game Studios Obsidian Entertainment Publisher ( s ) Interplay Entertainment ( 1997 -- 2001 ; 2001 -- 04 ) 14 Degrees East ( 2001 ) Bethesda Softworks ( since 2004 ) Platforms DOS Microsoft Windows Mac OS Mac OS X PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One Nintendo Switch iOS Android Platform of origin DOS , Windows , Mac OS Year of inception 1997 First release Fallout September 30 , 1997 Latest release Fallout 4 VR December 4 , 2017 Fallout is a series of post-apocalyptic role - playing video games . It was created by Interplay Entertainment . The series is set during the 22nd and 23rd centuries , and its atompunk retrofuturistic setting and artwork are influenced by the post-war culture of 1950s America , with its combination of hope for the promises of technology and the lurking fear of nuclear annihilation . A forerunner for Fallout is Wasteland , a 1988 video game developed by Interplay Productions to which the Fallout series is regarded as a spiritual successor . The first two titles in the series , Fallout and Fallout 2 , were developed by Black Isle Studios . Micro Forté and 14 Degrees East 's 2001 Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel is a tactical role - playing game . In 2004 , Interplay closed Black Isle Studios , and continued to produce an action game with role - playing elements for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox , Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel without Black Isle Studios . A third entry in the main series , Fallout 3 , was released in 2008 by Bethesda Softworks . It was followed by Fallout : New Vegas in 2010 , developed by Obsidian Entertainment . Fallout 4 was released in 2015 . Fallout 76 was announced on May 30 , 2018 . Bethesda Softworks owns the rights to produce Fallout games . Soon after acquiring the rights to the intellectual property , Bethesda licensed the rights to make a massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( MMORPG ) version of Fallout to Interplay . The MMORPG got as far as beta stage under Interplay , but a lengthy legal dispute between Bethesda Softworks and Interplay halted the development of the game and led to its eventual cancellation , as Bethesda claimed in court that Interplay had not met the terms and conditions of the licensing contract . The case was decided in favor of Bethesda . Contents 1 Games 1.1 Main series 1.1. 1 Fallout ( 1997 ) 1.1. 2 Fallout 2 ( 1998 ) 1.1. 3 Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) 1.1. 4 Fallout 4 ( 2015 ) 1.2 Spin - off games 1.2. 1 Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel ( 2001 ) 1.2. 2 Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel ( 2004 ) 1.2. 3 Fallout : New Vegas ( 2010 ) 1.2. 4 Fallout Shelter ( 2015 ) 1.2. 5 Fallout 76 ( 2018 ) 1.3 Canceled games 1.3. 1 Fallout Extreme 1.3. 2 Fallout Tactics 2 1.3. 3 Van Buren ( Black Isle Studios ' Fallout 3 ) 1.3. 4 Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel 2 1.3. 5 Fallout Online 2 Gameplay 2.1 SPECIAL 2.2 The Pip - Boy and Vault Boy 3 Series overview 3.1 Setting 3.2 Vaults 3.3 Post-War conditions 3.4 Factions 3.5 Influences 4 Tabletop games 4.1 Fallout : Warfare 4.2 Exodus 4.3 Fallout 4.4 Fallout : Wasteland Warfare 5 Legal action 6 Reception and legacy 6.1 Controversy and fandom 7 Film adaptation 8 References 9 External links Games ( edit ) Main series ( edit ) Timeline of release years 1997 Fallout 1998 Fallout 2 1999 2000 2001 Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel 2002 2003 Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel 2005 2006 2007 2008 Fallout 3 2009 Fallout : New Vegas 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Fallout Shelter Fallout 4 2016 2017 2018 Fallout 76 Fallout ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout ( video game ) Released in 1997 , Fallout takes place in a post-apocalyptic Southern California , beginning in the year 2161 . The protagonist , referred to as the Vault Dweller , is tasked with recovering a water chip in the Wasteland to replace the broken one in their underground shelter home , Vault 13 . Afterwards , the Vault Dweller must thwart the plans of a group of mutants , led by a grotesque entity named the Master . Fallout was originally intended to run under the GURPS role - playing game system . However , a disagreement with the creator of GURPS , Steve Jackson , over the game 's violent content required Black Isle Studios to develop the new SPECIAL system . Fallout 's atmosphere and artwork are reminiscent of post-WWII America and the nuclear paranoia that was widespread at that time . Fallout 2 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout 2 Fallout 2 was released in 1998 , with several improvements over the first game , including an improved game engine , the ability to set attitudes of non-player character ( NPC ) party members and the ability to push people who are blocking doors . Additional features included several changes to the game world , including significantly more pop culture jokes and parodies , such as multiple Monty Python and The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy - referencing special random encounters , and self - parodying dialogue that broke the fourth wall to mention game mechanics . Fallout 2 takes place eighty years after Fallout , and centers around a descendant of the Vault Dweller , the protagonist of Fallout . The player assumes the role of the Chosen One as they try to save their village , Arroyo , from severe famine and droughts . After saving the village , the Chosen One must save it again , this time from the Enclave , the remnants of the pre-war United States Government . Fallout 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout 3 Fallout 3 was developed by Bethesda Game Studios and released on October 28 , 2008 . The story picks up thirty years after the setting of Fallout 2 and 200 years after the nuclear war that devastated the game 's world . The player - character is a Vault - dweller in Vault 101 who is forced to flee when the Overseer tries to arrest them in response to their father leaving the Vault . Once free , the player is dubbed the Lone Wanderer and ventures into the Wasteland in and around Washington , D.C. , known as the Capital Wasteland , to find their father . It differs from previous games in the series by utilizing 3D graphics , a free - roam gaming world , and real - time combat , in contrast to previous games ' 2D isometric graphics and turn - based combat . It was developed simultaneously for the PC , Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 using the Gamebryo engine . It received highly positive reviews , garnering 94 / 100 , 92 / 100 , and 93 / 100 averages scores on Metacritic for the PC , PS3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game , respectively . It won IGN 's 2008 Overall Game of the Year Award , Xbox 360 Game of the Year , Best RPG , and Best Use of Sound , as well as E3 's Best of the Show and Best Role Playing Game . Fallout 4 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout 4 Fallout 4 , developed by Bethesda Game Studios , was released on November 10 , 2015 . On June 3 , 2015 the game 's website went live revealing the game along with its box art , platforms , and the first trailer . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and takes place in Boston , Massachusetts , of the in - game New England Commonwealth and features voiced protagonists . The Xbox One version has been confirmed to have mods as of 2016 . Bethesda also confirmed mods for PlayStation 4 , after lengthy negotiations with Sony . A virtual reality version of the game was released on December 11 , 2017. Fallout 4 takes place in the year 2287 , ten years after the events of Fallout 3 . Fallout 4 's story begins on the day the bombs dropped : October 23 , 2077 . The player 's character ( voiced by either Brian T. Delaney or Courtenay Taylor ) , dubbed as the Sole Survivor , takes shelter in Vault 111 , emerging 210 years later , after being subjected to suspended animation . The Sole Survivor goes on a search for their son who was taken away in the Vault . Spin - off games ( edit ) Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel Tactics is the first Fallout game not to require the player to fight in a turn - based mode , and it is also the first to allow the player to customize the skills , perks , and combat actions of the rest of the party . Fallout Tactics focuses on tactical combat rather than role - playing ; the new combat system included different modes , stances , and modifiers , but the player had no dialogue options . Most of the criticisms of the game came from its incompatibility with the story of the original two games , not from its gameplay . Fallout : Tactics includes a multiplayer mode that allows players to compete against squads of other characters controlled by other players . Unlike the previous two games , which are based in California , Fallout Tactics takes place in the Midwestern United States . The game was released in early 2001 to generally favorable reviews . Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel became the first Fallout game for consoles when it was released in 2004 . It follows an initiate in the Brotherhood of Steel who is given a suicidal quest to find several lost Brotherhood Paladins . Brotherhood of Steel is an action role - playing game , representing a significant break from previous incarnations of the Fallout series in both gameplay and aesthetics . The game does not feature non-player characters that accompany the player in combat and uses heavy metal music , including Slipknot , Devin Townsend , and Killswitch Engage , which stands in contrast to the music of the earlier Fallout games , performed by The Ink Spots and Louis Armstrong . It was the last Fallout game developed by Interplay . Fallout : New Vegas ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout : New Vegas Fallout : New Vegas was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and released on October 19 , 2010 . The development team included developers who previously worked on Fallout and Fallout 2 . Fallout : New Vegas is not a direct sequel to Fallout 3 ; rather , it is a stand - alone product . Events in the game follow four years after Fallout 3 and offer a similar role - playing experience , but no characters from that game appear . The player assumes the role of a courier in the post-apocalyptic world of the Mojave Wasteland . As the game begins , the Courier is shot in the head and left for dead shortly before being found and brought to a doctor in the nearby town of Goodsprings , marking the start of the game and the Courier 's search for their would - be murderer . The city of New Vegas is a post-apocalyptic interpretation of Las Vegas . Fallout Shelter ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout Shelter Fallout Shelter is a simulation game for Microsoft Windows , iOS , Android , Xbox One , PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch . The player acts as the Overseer , building and managing their Vault and its dwellers , sending them into the Wasteland on scouting missions and defending the Vault from attack . Fallout Shelter was released for iOS on June 14 , 2015 , Android on August 13 , 2015 , and for PC on July 15 , 2016 . On February 7 , 2017 , Bethesda launched Fallout Shelter on Xbox One . On June 10 , 2018 , Bethesda announced and launched Fallout Shelter on Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4 . Fallout 76 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fallout 76 Fallout 76 was announced on May 30 , 2018 . The announcement was preceded by a 24 - hour Twitch live stream that showed a Vault Boy bobblehead toy in front of a monitor with the `` Please Stand By '' test pattern screen that teased the announcement . This stream was watched by a total of over two million people and over 100,000 people watching at almost any time . The stream concluded with a brief message from Bethesda 's Todd Howard , prior to a teaser trailer set to the song `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' . The trailer features scenes of Vault 76 ( a location regarded in Fallout 3 as being a `` control Vault '' in the Washington D.C. area , that was not subjected to experimentation ) , which is decorated to celebrate an event referred to as `` Reclamation Day '' ; a Pip - Boy device listing the current date as October 27 , 2102 ( just over 25 years after the Great War ) ; an unknown dweller of Vault 76 and a broadcast containing the statement : `` When the fighting has stopped and the fallout has settled , you must rebuild '' . At the Bethesda E3 press conference on June 10 , 2018 , Howard confirmed that Fallout 76 would be the first online multiplayer game in the franchise , with a choice to play solo if the player wishes . It is set in West Virginia , with a majority of monsters and enemies based on regional folklore . There will be no non-player characters in the game . The map of Fallout 76 is four times larger than its predecessor Fallout 4 . It is scheduled to be released on November 14 , 2018 . Canceled games ( edit ) Fallout Extreme ( edit ) Fallout Extreme was a title in development for several months in 2000 but was canceled . Fallout Tactics 2 ( edit ) Fallout Tactics 2 was a proposed sequel to Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel , although it was originally conceived as a sequel to Wasteland , the video game that inspired the Fallout series . It was developed by Micro Forté , but the production was cancelled in December 2001 after the poor sales of Fallout Tactics . Van Buren ( Black Isle Studios ' Fallout 3 ) ( edit ) Main article : Van Buren ( video game ) Van Buren was the codename for the canceled version of Fallout 3 developed by Black Isle Studios and published by Interplay Entertainment . It featured an improved engine with real 3D graphics as opposed to sprites , new locations , vehicles , and a modified version of the SPECIAL system . The story disconnected from the Vault Dweller / Chosen One bloodline in Fallout and Fallout 2 . Plans for the game included the ability to influence the various factions . The game was cancelled in December 2003 when the budget cuts forced Interplay to dismiss the PC development team . Interplay subsequently sold the Fallout intellectual property to Bethesda Softworks , who began development on their own version of Fallout 3 unrelated to Van Buren . Main parts of the game were incorporated into Fallout 3 and its add - ons as well as Fallout : New Vegas . Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel 2 ( edit ) Main article : Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel 2 Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel 2 is the canceled sequel to Brotherhood of Steel . The development of the game started before the completion of the original , and its development caused the cancellation of the `` Van Buren '' project . Like its predecessor , the game would have used the Dark Alliance Engine . It was targeted for a Christmas 2004 release date . It featured fourteen new weapons and ten new enemies . The game would have used a simplified reputation system based on previous entries ; depending on whether the player was good or evil , the game would play out differently . Each of the four characters that were playable had a different fighting style , therefore every new play - through would have been a different experience . It had two player co-op action for players to experience the game with their friends . The Dark Alliance Engine would be fleshed out to refine player experience . A new stealth system would have been added to the game . This system would have allowed players to stalk enemies or stealthily assassinate them with a sniper rifle . For characters that could not use the sniper rifle , Interplay added a turret mode allowing those characters to use turrets . Fallout Online ( edit ) Main article : Fallout Online Fallout Online ( previously known as Project V13 ) was a cancelled project by Interplay and Masthead Studios to develop a Fallout - themed massively multiplayer online game . It entered production in 2008 . In 2009 , Bethesda filed a lawsuit against Interplay regarding Project V13 , claiming that Interplay has violated their agreement as development has not yet begun on the project . On January 2 , 2012 , Bethesda and Interplay reached a settlement , the terms of which include the cancellation of Fallout Online and transfer of all rights in the franchise to Bethesda . Since then , Project V13 has been revived as a completely different project called Mayan Apocalypse , unrelated to Fallout . Gameplay ( edit ) SPECIAL ( edit ) Fallout Tactics character creation uses the SPECIAL system SPECIAL is a character creation and statistics system developed specifically for the Fallout series . SPECIAL is an acronym , representing the seven attributes used to define Fallout characters : Strength , Perception , Endurance , Charisma , Intelligence , Agility and Luck . SPECIAL is heavily based on GURPS , which was originally intended to be the character system used in the game . The SPECIAL system involves the following sets of key features : Attributes ( listed above ) represent a character 's core , inbred abilities . Attributes stay largely constant throughout the game , though they can be temporarily affected by drugs , altered indefinitely by conditions such as the wearing of Power Armor , the presence of certain NPCs or eye damage received in a critical hit , or permanently changed at certain points in the game through use of certain items or by taking certain perks . Skills represent a character 's chance of successfully performing a group of specific tasks ( such as firing a gun , or picking a lock ) . They are represented as percentages , though these percentages can extend well beyond the expected maximum of 100 % , at increased cost for skills over 100 % . The SPECIAL stats continually add bonuses to skills . This is done passively , i.e. if the SPECIAL stats change , the bonuses are automatically and instantly adjusted . Skill Points that are earned each time the character levels up can be used to raise skill percentage . At character creation , the player also selects three Tag Skills -- Skills which can be increased at multiples of the normal rate , starting at one skill point per 2 % skill at under 101 % skill . The SPECIAL system was used in Fallout , Fallout 2 , and Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel . A modified version of the system was used in Fallout : Warfare , Fallout 3 , Fallout : New Vegas , and Fallout 4 . Fallout Shelter , the only mobile game in the series , also uses a form of SPECIAL . Aside from Fallout games , modified versions of SPECIAL were also used in Lionheart : Legacy of the Crusader ( also referred to as Fallout Fantasy early in production ) , a fantasy role - playing video game that involved spirits and magic in addition to the traditional SPECIAL features , as well as the cancelled project Black Isle 's Torn . The Pip - Boy and Vault Boy ( edit ) The Fallout series ' aesthetic is represented in the user interface of the Pip - Boy computer , and the frequent occurrences of the Vault Boy character , illustrating perks and mechanics . The Pip - Boy ( Personal Information Processor - Boy ) is a wrist - computer given to the player early in Fallout , Fallout 2 , Fallout 3 , Fallout : New Vegas , Fallout 4 , and Fallout 76 which serves various roles in quest , inventory , and battle management , as well as presenting player statistics . The model present in Fallout and Fallout 2 is identified as a Pip - Boy 2000 , and both games feature the same unit , used first by the Vault Dweller and later inherited by the Chosen One . Fallout Tactics contains a modified version of the 2000 model , called Pip - Boy 2000BE , while Fallout 3 and Fallout : New Vegas uses a Pip - Boy 3000 . Fallout : New Vegas also has a golden version of it , called the Pimp - Boy 3Billion that is given to the player as a reward for completing a quest in a certain way . Fallout 4 contains a modified version of the 3000 , called the Pip - Boy 3000 Mark IV . Fallout 76 also contains a modified version of the Pip - Boy , called the Pip - Boy 2000 Mark VI , which is another version of the Pip - Boy 2000 . The Vault Boy character is Vault - Tec 's mascot , and is a recurring element in Vault - Tec products in the game world . This includes the Pip - Boy , where the Vault Boy illustrates all of the character statistics and selectable attributes . From Bethesda 's Fallout 3 onward Vault Boy models all of the clothing and weaponry as well . The character was originally designed by Leonard Boyarsky , based partly on Rich Uncle Pennybags ' aesthetic from the Monopoly board game , and drawn for Fallout by George Almond for the first few cards and by Tramell Ray Isaac , who finalized the look of the character . Series overview ( edit ) The U.S. flag in the Fallout games Setting ( edit ) The series is set in a fictionalized United States in an alternate history scenario that diverged from our reality following World War II . The transistor was not invented , while vacuum tubes and atomic physics became the cornerstones to scientific progress , eventually achieving the technological aspirations of the early Atomic Age and locking society into a 1950s cultural stasis . Thus , in this alternative atompunk `` golden age '' , a bizarre socio - technological status quo emerges , in which advanced robots , nuclear - powered cars , directed - energy weapons , and other futuristic technologies are seen alongside 1950s - era computers and televisions . The United States divides itself into 13 commonwealths and the aesthetics and Cold War paranoia of the 1950s continue to dominate the American lifestyle well into the 21st century , leading to America becoming a fascist police state and ultimately abandoning its democratic ideals in favor of a plutocratic system and pure capitalism . Political dissidents were sent to prison camps where they were experimented on , and anyone who spoke out against the Enclave - controlled government were executed en masse in the streets . More than a hundred years before the start of the series , an energy crisis emerged caused by the depletion of petroleum reserves , leading to a period called the `` Resource Wars '' -- a series of events which included a war between the European Commonwealth and the Middle East , the disbanding of the United Nations , the U.S. invasion of Mexico , as well as the annexation of Canada , and a Chinese invasion and subsequent military occupation of Alaska coupled with their release of the `` New Plague '' that devastated the American mainland . These eventually culminated in the `` Great War '' on October 23 , 2077 , a two - hour nuclear exchange on an apocalyptic scale , which subsequently created the post-apocalyptic United States , the setting of the Fallout world . Vaults ( edit ) Having foreseen this outcome decades earlier , the U.S. government began a nationwide project in 2054 to build fallout shelters known as `` Vaults '' . The Vaults were ostensibly designed by the government contractor Vault - Tec as public shelters , financed by junk bonds and each able to support up to a thousand people . Around 400,000 vaults would have been needed , but only 122 were commissioned and constructed . Each Vault is self - sufficient , so they could theoretically sustain their inhabitants indefinitely . However , the Vault project was n't intended as a viable method of repopulating the United States in these deadly events . Instead , most Vaults were secret , unethical social experiments and were designed to determine the effects of different environmental and psychological conditions on their inhabitants . Experiments were widely varied and included : a Vault filled with clones of an individual ; a Vault where its residents were frozen in suspended animation ; a Vault where its residents were exposed to psychoactive drugs ; a Vault where one resident , usually the Vault 's Overseer , is sacrificed each year ; a Vault with only one man and puppets ; a Vault where its inhabitants were segregated ; two Vaults with disproportionate ratios of men and women ; a Vault where the inhabitants were exposed to the mutagenic Forced Evolutionary Virus ( F.E.V. ) ; and a Vault where the door never closed , exposing the inhabitants to the dangerous nuclear fallout . A few control Vaults were made to function as advertised in contrast with the Vault experiments , but were usually shoddy and unreliable due to most of the funding going towards the experimental Vaults . Subsequently , many Vaults had their experiments derailed due to unexpected events , and a number became occupied by raiders , mutated animals or ghouls . Post-war conditions ( edit ) In the years after the Great War , the United States has devolved into a post-apocalyptic environment commonly dubbed `` the Wasteland '' . The Great War and subsequent nuclear Armageddon has severely depopulated the country , leaving large expanses of property decaying from neglect . In addition , virtually all food and water is irradiated and most lifeforms have mutated due to high radiation combined with mutagens of varied origins . Despite the large - scale devastation , some areas were fortunate enough to survive the nuclear apocalypse relatively unscathed , even possessing non-irradiated water , flora , and fauna . However , these areas are exceedingly rare . With a large portion of the country 's infrastructure in ruins , basic necessities are scarce . Barter is the common method of exchange , with bottle caps providing a more conventional form of currency . Most cities and towns are empty , having been looted or deserted in favor of smaller , makeshift communities scattered around the Wasteland . Many humans who could not get into the Vaults survived the atomic blasts , but many of these , affected by the radiation , turned into so - called `` ghouls . '' While they were given an extended lifespan , many lost their hair and their skin decayed . Often , their voices became raspy giving them a zombie - like appearance . Ghouls often have a hatred towards humans due to jealousy or in response to discrimination . Ghouls typically resent any comparison to zombies , and being called a zombie is viewed as a great insult . If ghouls continue to be exposed to high levels of radiation , irreversible damage to their brains can cause them to become feral ghouls that attack almost anything on sight , having lost their minds . Factions ( edit ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although the wastelands of the Fallout series are home to innumerable self - supporting groups , there are a number of factions who have a significant presence across the former United States . These factions are often the major players in the larger events of each game 's primary storyline . In Fallout : New Vegas and Fallout 4 the player 's actions determine which factions emerge from the game 's events victorious . The Brotherhood of Steel is a neo-knightly organization formed from the remnants of the United States military . The group is dedicated to the collection and preservation of pre-war knowledge and technology , sometimes putting technology above human life , and is noted for its extensive use of high - tech suits called power armor . Seen as elitist , the Brotherhood believes that anyone outside their ranks is incapable of handling the power of technology , bringing them into conflict with other factions . There are significant divisions within the Brotherhood over how to carry out their ideology , however , and with most groups isolated from each other geographically they have evolved in different directions . On the East Coast , in the D.C. area ( also known as the Capital Wasteland ) , the Brotherhood takes on the form of protectors of the wastes , defending human settlements from Super Mutants and helping distribute clean water throughout the region . The Commonwealth division - which has ties with the D.C. branch - also protects the local human survivors from mutants and other threats but acts more like an occupying army . In the Mojave region , the Brotherhood is radically isolationist and has warred with the NCR and other factions . The Enclave is an organization that descended from the pre-War éminence grise of the U.S. federal government and acts as the main antagonist in Fallout 2 and Fallout 3 . They have access to superior technology available before the War , such as plasma weaponry , Vertibirds , and have developed a new platform of power armor off the pre-War X-01 , dubbed `` advanced power armor '' , and later developing `` Hellfire armor '' . Their main goal ( in Fallout 2 and Fallout 3 ) was to wipe out all mutation in the Wasteland so that they can restore the pre-War U.S. of old , which , given the pervasive radiation and background FEV virus , is almost every living thing in the Wasteland besides themselves , due to their genetic `` purity '' . The New California Republic ( NCR ) is a constitutional republic and is the largest faction in the wasteland in terms of landmass and population . The NCR bears resemblance to the pre-War United States with a commitment to `` old world values '' . Originating in Shady Sands , California by a group of survivors of Vault 15 , the NCR has expanded and taken holdings in Nevada , Oregon , and Baja California , along the Colorado River . Despite being democratic and generally socially tolerant , the NCR is also highly militarized and is keen to annex any territory they deem advantageous . Though not nearly as vicious in its conquests as their rival Caesar 's Legion , the NCR does have a history of violence against locals who oppose annexation , such as the Great Khans of the Mojave . The NCR holds Hoover Dam during the start of Fallout : New Vegas . The Church of the Children of Atom is a religious organization with groups scattered all across the Wasteland . The group worships a deity named Atom as well as radiation which they refer to as His `` Glow '' , seeing nuclear weapons as physical manifestations of Atom and thus treating them as objects of worship . Members often intentionally expose themselves to high levels of radiation and many are ill and / or physically affected as a result , while others have developed high levels of tolerance to radiation . The groups located in the Capital Wasteland are small and generally peaceful while in the Commonwealth their religion has grown larger and more fanatical . Caesar 's Legion is one of the main antagonists of Fallout : New Vegas and is an autocratic , traditionalist , imperialistic slavery society , and totalitarian dictatorship . Ruled by Caesar ( real name Edward Sallow ) , a former member of the Followers of the Apocalypse who originated the Legion in Arizona and later expanded it into Colorado and parts of Utah , eventually conquering 87 different human tribes . Basing its culture and ideals on those of the historic Roman Empire , the Legion has relentlessly expanded its borders , enslaving the people it encounters and forcibly assimilating them to Caesar 's ideology , obliterating their native cultures in the process . The Legionnaires willingly reject most modern technology ( save for that involved in armaments ) and their society is based on a strict caste system . Men must become Legion warriors and wear approximations of ancient Roman armor . Women have no rights and are forced into servitude , mostly for housework and reproduction . Despite its brutality , some wasteland survivors appreciate the Legion for bringing order to previously savage regions that other factions , like the NCR , have ignored . The Followers of the Apocalypse are a loosely organized collective dedicated to humanitarian work and the recovery , preservation and dissemination of knowledge . Originating in the town of Boneyard in the NCR , they can be found throughout the Western regions , often running medical clinics . They are frequently considered `` anarchist rebels '' by various factions ( chiefly the NCR ) due to their lack of loyalty to any specific government . Despite this label , the Followers are a nonviolent group and frequently assist the player characters in their travels . Mr. House is one of the main antagonists of Fallout : New Vegas and the owner and proprietor of New Vegas , the Post-War version of Las Vegas . Before the war , he was the founder and CEO of RobCo. , the company that designed and manufactured most of the robots and computers found throughout the Wasteland . He had predicted the Great War well before it happened and spent 12 years developing a plan to save his home city of Las Vegas from destruction . Though he managed to save most of the Vegas Strip , radiation from nearby bombs devastated the surrounding area . Hoping to guide human progress following the apocalypse , House used his scientific innovations to extend his life and eventually rebuild Las Vegas into New Vegas . At the start of Fallout : New Vegas , Mr. House rules the Strip as a `` benevolent dictator '' ( as he puts it ) with the aid of local human survivors and an army of police robots called Securitrons , believing the nuclear war had proven democracy to be too flawed to ever work . He is formally allied with the NCR and plays it off against the Legion in order to prevent either one from being able to annex New Vegas . Mr. House is loosely based on Howard Hughes . Raiders is a generic term for roving bands of human cutthroats and bandits , though in some areas the various groups are organized , such as the Fiends . Raiders are typically hostile , aggressive , and quite sadistic , having descended to a level of brute savagery . They are generally depicted like the gangs in the Mad Max films , wearing odd assortments of leather and metal scrap as armor . Raiders are often drug - addicted and sometimes cannibalistic . Super Mutants are a type of mutation resulting from infection of the `` Forced Evolutionary Virus '' , which turns humans into hulking and sterile creatures . They are not a single unitary faction . A subtype of these mutants is the Nightkin , who are skilled in stealth . The Unity was the name of the Master 's idealized vision of humanity , as well as his own organization , including the Master 's Army and the Children of the Cathedral . They are the main antagonists of the original Fallout game . The Institute is an advanced scientific organization that appears as a main faction and antagonist in Fallout 4 . They have arisen from surviving scientists and professors at the Commonwealth Institute of Technology ( abbreviated C.I.T. ) , an in - game analog of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology located in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The people of the Institute originally tried to help the people of the Commonwealth , but tensions between them and wastelanders caused them to give up on the post-apocalyptic Wasteland and think of it as a lost cause and live underground in isolation , sending out androids they have created known as `` synths '' to infiltrate and monitor above ground society . The Institute engages in institutionalized torture , murder , and subversion . Their atrocities are the reason for the paranoia that people could be snatched away in the night and replaced . The Railroad is a covert organization formed to aid synths desiring to escape the Institute . The name is based on that of the Underground Railroad , which aided African Americans seeking to escape slavery in the Southern United States . The Railroad smuggles synths out of the Institute , then supplies them for their new lives in the Wasteland , and usually out of the Commonwealth . Due to high levels of suspicion and prejudice against synths in the Wasteland , as well as antagonism from the Institute , the Railroad operates under great secrecy . The Gunners are the largest mercenary group in the Commonwealth and are a military - themed , well - organized and equipped group of for - hire killers with their own customs and signage who control numerous large strongholds in and around the Boston area . They were responsible for the dissolution of the Commonwealth Minutemen during the Quincy Massacre . In 2287 , Quincy remains one of their key bases of operations . Talon Company is the largest , paramilitary mercenary company operating in the Capital Wasteland . During the events of Fallout 3 , they are in loose affiliation with the Enclave , but also accepting contracts from an unknown but malevolent source for the killing of any egregious force for good in the Wasteland , though they have also accepted other jobs such as fighting the Super Mutants . Their position following the defeat of the Enclave and the consolidation of the area by the Brotherhood of Steel is unknown . The Regulators are a vigilante organization , based in the Capital Wasteland and dedicated to hunting down and killing those who do evil in their territory . As with Talon Company , it is unknown what effect the consolidation of the Capital Wasteland under the Brotherhood of Steel may have had on their operations . The Minutemen are a loosely - organized citizen militia based in the Commonwealth , modeled after its namesake group in colonial - era New England that fought in the American Revolution . This iteration 's goal is to protect settlements from various dangers such as raiders , Super Mutants , and ghouls , and to unite them under one banner to make the Commonwealth a better place to live . Influences ( edit ) Fallout draws from 1950s pulp magazine science fiction and superhero comic books , all rooted in Atomic Age optimism of a nuclear - powered future , though gone terribly awry by the time the events of the game take place . The technology is retro - futuristic , with various Raygun Gothic machines such as laser weaponry and boxy Forbidden Planet - style robots . Computers use vacuum tubes instead of transistors , architecture of ruined buildings feature Art Deco and Googie designs , energy weapons resemble those used by Flash Gordon , and what few vehicles remain in the world are all 1950s - styled . Fallout 's other production design , such as menu interfaces , are similarly designed to resemble advertisements and toys of the Atomic Age . Advertising in the game such as billboards and brochures has a distinct 1950s motif and feel . The lack of retro - stylization was a common reason for criticism in spin - off games . A major influence was A Boy and His Dog , where the main character Vic and his dog Blood scavenge the desert of the Southwestern United States , stealing for a living and evading bands of marauders , berserk androids , and mutants . It `` inspired Fallout on many levels , from underground communities of survivors to glowing mutants . '' Other film influences include the Mad Max series , with its depiction of a post-apocalyptic wasteland . In the first game , one of the first available armors is a one - sleeved leather jacket that resembles the jacket worn by Mel Gibson in Mad Max 2 . Tabletop games ( edit ) Fallout : Warfare ( edit ) Main article : Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel § Fallout : Warfare Fallout : Warfare is a tabletop wargame based on the Fallout Tactics storyline , using a simplified version of the SPECIAL system . The rulebook was written by Christopher Taylor , and was available on the Fallout Tactics bonus CD , together with cut - out miniatures . Fallout : Warfare features five distinct factions , vehicles , four game types and 33 different units . The rules only require ten - sided dice . The modifications to the SPECIAL system allow every unit a unique set of stats and give special units certain skills they can use , including piloting , doctor , and repair . A section of the Fallout : Warfare manual allows campaigns to be conducted using the Warfare rules . The game is currently available for free online from fansite No Mutants Allowed and several other sources . It has also been chosen for many awards and won game of the year . Exodus ( edit ) Main article : Exodus ( role - playing game ) Exodus is a role - playing game published by Glutton Creeper Games using the d20 Modern / OGL system . At the beginning of the development this game was known as Fallout : Pen and Paper - d20 however all connections to Fallout were dropped after a legal dispute with Bethesda . Fallout ( edit ) A board game titled Fallout was announced by Fantasy Flight Games in August 2017 for a November release . Fallout : Wasteland Warfare ( edit ) The tabletop wargame Fallout : Wasteland Warfare was announced by Modiphius Entertainment in April 2017 . It is scheduled for release in March 2018 . Legal action ( edit ) Interplay was threatened with bankruptcy and sold the full Fallout franchise to Bethesda , but kept the rights to the Fallout MMO through a back license in April 2007 and began work on the MMO later that year . Bethesda Softworks sued Interplay Entertainment for copyright infringement on September 8 , 2009 , regarding the Fallout Online license and selling of Fallout Trilogy and sought an injunction to stop development of Fallout Online and sales of Fallout Trilogy . Key points that Bethesda were trying to argue is that Interplay did not have the right to sell Fallout Trilogy on the Internet via Steam , Good Old Games or other online services . Bethesda also said that `` full scale '' development on Fallout Online was not met and that the minimum financing of 30 million of `` secured funding '' was not met . Interplay launched a counter suit claiming that Bethesda 's claims were meritless and that it did have the right to sell Fallout Trilogy via online stores via its contract with Bethesda . Interplay also claimed secure funding had been met and the game was in full scale development by the cut off date . Interplay argued to have the second contract that sold Fallout voided which would result in the first contract that licensed Fallout to come back into effect . This would mean that Fallout would revert to Interplay . Bethesda would be allowed to make Fallout 5 . Bethesda would also have to pay 12 % of royalties on Fallout 3 , Fallout : New Vegas , Fallout 4 and expansions plus interest on the money owed . On December 10 , 2009 , Bethesda lost the first injunction . Bethesda shortly afterward tried a new tactic and fired its first lawyer , replacing him and filing a second injunction , claiming that Interplay had only back - licensed the name Fallout but no content . Interplay has countered showing that the contract states that they must make Fallout Online that has the look and feel of Fallout and that in the event Interplay fails to meet the requirements ( 30 million minimum secure funding and `` full scale '' development by X date ) that Interplay can still release the MMO but they have to remove all Fallout content . The contract then goes on to list all Fallout content as locations , monsters , settings and lore . Bethesda has known that Interplay would use Fallout elements via internet emails shown in court documents and that the contract was not just for the name . The second injunction by Bethesda was denied on August 4 , 2011 , by the courts . Bethesda then appealed the denial of their second preliminary injunction . Bethesda then sued Masthead Studios and asked for a restraining order against the company . Bethesda was denied this restraining order before Masthead Studios could call a counter-suit . Bethesda then lost its appeal of the second injunction . Bethesda then filed motion in limine against Interplay . Interplay then filed a motion in limine against Bethesda the day after . Shortly after , the trial by jury which Bethesda requested on October 26 , 2010 , was changed to a trial by court because the APA contract ( aka the second contract that sold Fallout to Bethesda ) stated that all legal matters would be resolved via a trial by court and not a trial by jury . The trial by court began on December 12 . In 2012 , in a press conference Bethesda revealed that in exchange for 2 million dollars , Interplay gave to them full rights for Fallout Online . Interplay 's rights to sell and merchandise Fallout , Fallout 2 and Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel expired on December 31 , 2013 . Reception and Legacy ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Year Metacritic Fallout 1997 89 / 100 Fallout 2 1998 86 / 100 Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel 2001 82 / 100 Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel PS2 : 64 / 100 XBOX : 66 / 100 Fallout 3 2008 PC : 91 / 100 PS3 : 90 / 100 X360 : 93 / 100 Fallout : New Vegas PC : 84 / 100 PS3 : 82 / 100 X360 : 84 / 100 Fallout Shelter 2015 71 / 100 Fallout 4 2015 PC : 84 / 100 PS4 : 87 / 100 XONE : 88 / 100 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2015 ) The Fallout series has been met with positive reception . The highest rated title is Fallout 3 according to review aggregator Metacritic . Controversy and fandom ( edit ) Not all fans are happy with the direction the Fallout series has taken since its acquisition by Bethesda Softworks . Notorious for their vitriolic support of the series ' first two games , Fallout and Fallout 2 , members centered around one of the oldest Fallout fansites , No Mutants Allowed , have cried foul over departures from the original games ' stories , gameplay mechanics and setting . Minor criticisms include the prevalence of unspoiled food after 200 years , the survival of wood - framed dwellings after a nuclear blast , and the ubiquity of Super Mutants at early levels in the game . More serious criticisms involve the quality of the game 's writing , a perceived lack of verisimilitude , the switch to a first - person action game format , and the reactiveness of the surrounding game world to player actions . In response , Jim Sterling of Destructoid has called fan groups like No Mutants Allowed `` selfish '' and `` arrogant '' ; stating that a new audience deserves a chance to play a Fallout game ; and that if the series had stayed the way it was back in 1997 , new titles would never have been made and brought to market . Luke Winkie of Kotaku tempers these sentiments , saying that it is a matter of ownership ; and that in the case of Fallout 3 , hardcore fans of the original series witnessed their favorite games become transformed into something else and that they are `` not wrong '' for having grievances . The redesigned dialogue interface featured in Fallout 4 received mixed reception by the community . Unsatisfied fans created mods for the game , providing subtitles and allowing the player to know what their character would say prior to choosing it as it was in previous games in the franchise such as in Fallout 3 and Fallout : New Vegas . Though even taking the mods into account , Patricia Hernandez of Kotaku still criticized the writing of the game in her review , describing it as `` thin '' , `` You never have particularly long or nuanced conversations with the other characters . I like to play a Charisma - focused character , and I was disappointed . '' Film adaptation ( edit ) In 1998 , Interplay Entertainment founded the film division Interplay Films to make films based on its properties , and announced that a Fallout film was one of their first projects , along adaptations of Descent and Redneck Rampage . In 2000 , Interplay confirmed that a film based on the original Fallout game was in production with Mortal Kombat : Annihilation screenwriter Brent V. Friedman attached to write a film treatment and with Dark Horse Entertainment attached to produce it . The division was later disbanded without any film produced , but Friedman 's treatment was leaked on the Internet in 2011 . In 2009 , Bethesda Softworks expressed its interest in producing a Fallout film . After four extensions of the trademark without any use , Bethesda filed a `` Statement of Use '' with the USPTO in January 2012 . In next month , instead of a Fallout film , a special feature was made , entitled `` Making of Fallout 3 DVD '' , which was accepted as a film on March 27 of the same year . This action removed the requirement to continue to re-register that mark indefinitely . In the DVD commentary of Mutant Chronicles , voice actor Ron Perlman stated that if a Fallout film was made , he would like to reprise his role as the Narrator . In 2016 , Todd Howard stated that Bethesda had turned down the offers of making a film based on Fallout , but that he did not rule out the possibility . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Feargus Urquhart , Part One '' . GameSpot.com . October 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` Fallout 76 is the first multiplayer game set in the Fallout universe '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gillen , Kieron ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` No More Than Words : Fallout Extreme '' . Rock Paper Shotgun . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout Tactics 2 ( PC - Cancelled ) - Unseen64 '' . March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brotherhood of Steel Part 2 '' . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BOS2 Gameplay '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Earthrise studio arming Fallout MMORPG '' . Gamespot.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zombie , Garbled ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` Interplay returns ; brings Fallout MMO '' . StuffWeLike.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Colin ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Bethesda and Interplay lock legal horns over Fallout MMO '' . Massively.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Fallout Legal Battle Ends Without a Fallout MMO '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Papercraft Vault Boy now online '' . Official Bethesda Softworks Blog . July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout : Welcome to the Official Site '' . Fallout.bethsoft.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cain interview on the Duck and Cover '' . Jump up ^ Macgregor , Jody ( July 28 , 2018 ) . `` Major events in the Fallout timeline '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Avellone , Chris ( July 10 , 2002 ) . `` Fallout Bible 6 '' . Fallout Bible . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fiegel , Michael ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Junktown Dog '' . The Escapist . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fallout : New Vegas designer Josh Sawyer on post-apocalyptic games , guardian.co.uk , November 10 , 2010 , retrieved May 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Fallout board game on the way from Fantasy Flight '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fallout : Wasteland Warfare ' brings narrative dystopia to the tabletop '' . Jump up ^ `` Modiphius Entertainment '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bethesda - Fallout Lawsuit '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Turn in Interplay - Bethesda Lawsuit '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bethesda 's Restraining Order Denied '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Bethesda Appeal Denied '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout 2 for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel for PlayStation 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel for Xbox Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout 3 for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout 3 for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fallout 3 for Xbox 360 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ BLANCATO , JOE ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Gaming 's Fringe Cults '' . The Escapist . Defy Media LLC . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Winkie , Luke ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` The Relentless Champions Of Classic Fallout '' . Kotaku . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gillen , Kieron ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Games for 2008 : Fallout 3 '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Vault - 111 Opens in Boston : Fallout 4 is Coming to PC , PS4 , and Xbox One '' . US Gamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Jim ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Videogame ' fans ' need to shut up about everything '' . Destructoid . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Kirk ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Fallout 4 's ' Full Dialogue ' Mod Makes The Game Way Better '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adamczyk , John ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fallout 4 's dialogue wheel : bringing a good game down ? '' . GameSkinny . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Fallout 4 mod reveals all of the game 's dialogue , before you say it '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walker , Alex ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Fallout 4 Mod Replaces Simplified Dialogue With Full Subtitles '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Fallout 4 : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trademark Status & Document Retrieval '' . tsdr.uspto.gov . Jump up ^ `` USPTO TSDR Case Viewer '' . tsdr.uspto.gov . Jump up ^ `` USPTO TSDR Case Viewer '' . tsdr.uspto.gov . Jump up ^ `` USPTO TSDR Case Viewer '' . tsdr.uspto.gov . Jump up ^ `` Kneel before Todd : Bethesda 's Howard on a lifetime of achievement '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fallout . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fallout Book : Fallout series Official website Fallout series Main series Fallout Fallout 2 Fallout 3 downloadable content Fallout 4 downloadable content Far Harbor Nuka - World Spin - offs Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel Brotherhood of Steel Fallout : New Vegas Fallout Shelter Fallout 76 Cancelled games Van Buren Brotherhood of Steel 2 Fallout Online Unofficial media Nuka Break Fallout : New California Resurrection Related articles Creation Club Dogmeat Master The Vault Wasteland Exodus Book Wasteland series Main series Wasteland Wasteland 2 Wasteland 3 Related games Fountain of Dreams Meantime ( cancelled ) Fallout series Black Isle Studios games Baldur 's Gate series Baldur 's Gate : Dark Alliance II Baldur 's Gate III : The Black Hound ( cancelled ) Fallout series Fallout Fallout 2 Van Buren ( cancelled ) Icewind Dale series Icewind Dale Heart of Winter Icewind Dale II Other games Planescape : Torment Torn ( cancelled ) People Feargus Urquhart Chris Avellone Josh Sawyer Darren Monahan Chris Jones Fallout was released prior to the studio 's official naming . 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two door cinema club what you know dancers | What You Know ( Two Door Cinema Club song ) | what you know ( two door cinema club song ) | `` What You Know '' is a song by Irish band Two Door Cinema Club from their debut studio album , Tourist History ( 2010 ) . It was released on 7 February 2011 as the album 's fifth and final single . The song was written by Alex Trimble , Kevin Baird , and Sam Halliday and was produced by Eliot James . The song peaked at number 64 on the UK Singles Chart . `` What You Know '' was used for the 2012 Microsoft Outlook.com online adverts . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Use in popular culture 3 Track listing 4 Credits and personnel 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` What You Know '' premiered on 11 January 2011 . The video was directed by Lope Serrano of CANADA and features Spanish dancers . Use in popular culture ( edit ) This song is featured on Telkomsel Loop TV commercials in Indonesia starting on July 2014 , followed by Indomie instant noodles to promote two new flavors from new Kuliner Indonesia range , Dendeng Balado and Soto Lamongan , in September that year . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` What You Know '' -- 3 : 09 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals -- Two Door Cinema Club Producers -- Eliot James Lyrics -- Alex Trimble , Kevin Baird , Sam Halliday Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 56 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 64 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 40 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 7 February 2011 Digital download Kitsuné References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Welcome to Outlook.com - YouTube Jump up ^ TWO DOOR CINEMA CLUB WHAT YOU KNOW YouTube Jump up ^ Mary Chang ( 14 January 2011 ) . `` Video of the Moment # 384 : Two Door Cinema Club '' . There Goes the Fear . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ LOOP Ini Kita - YouTube Jump up ^ Indomie Kuliner Indonesia : Dendeng Balado & Soto Lamongan - YouTube Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2011 - 02 - 13 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Door Cinema Club : Artist Chart History '' Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Door Cinema Club -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Two Door Cinema Club . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Door Cinema Club -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rock Songs for Two Door Cinema Club . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Two Door Cinema Club -- What You Know '' . British Phonographic Industry . 20 November 2015 . Enter What You Know in the search field and then press Enter . ( hide ) Two Door Cinema Club Studio albums and singles Tourist History `` Something Good Can Work '' `` I Can Talk '' `` Undercover Martyn '' `` What You Know '' Beacon `` Sleep Alone '' `` Sun '' `` Next Year '' `` Changing of the Seasons '' Gameshow `` Are We Ready ? ( Wreck ) '' Extended plays Live in Sydney Changing of the Seasons ( EP ) Related articles `` Caliban 's Dream '' Discography Kitsuné Sound of 2010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_You_Know_(Two_Door_Cinema_Club_song)&oldid=792910769 '' Categories : 2010 songs 2011 singles Kitsuné singles Two Door Cinema Club songs Synthpop songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 14 : 39 . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20You%20Know%20%28Two%20Door%20Cinema%20Club%20song%29 | 411 |
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when did the modern era begin and end | Modern history | modern history | Modern history , the modern period or the modern era , is the global historiographical approach to the timeframe after post-classical history . Modern history can be further broken down into periods : | The early modern period began approximately in the early 16th century ; notable historical milestones included the European Renaissance , the Age of Discovery , and the Protestant Reformation . The late modern period began approximately in the mid-18th century ; notable historical milestones included the French Revolution , the American Revolution , the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence . It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world 's population to reach 1 billion ; the next billion came just over a century later , in 1927 . Contemporary history is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Study guide 1.1 Source text 1.2 Terminology and usage 1.2. 1 Pre-modern 1.2. 2 Modern 1.2. 3 Contemporary 2 Modern era 2.1 Significant developments 2.1. 1 Early 2.1. 2 Late 3 Early modern period 3.1 Asia 3.1. 1 China 3.1. 2 Japan 3.1. 3 India 3.1. 3.1 British and Dutch colonization 3.2 Europe 3.2. 1 Tsardom of Russia 3.2. 2 Reason and Enlightenment 3.2. 3 Scientific Revolution 3.2. 4 The French Revolutions 3.2. 4.1 National and Legislative Assembly 3.2. 4.2 The Directory and Napoleonic Era 3.2. 5 Italian unification 3.2. 6 End of the early modern period 3.3 North America 3.3. 1 Decolonization of North and South Americas 4 Late modern period 4.1 Timeline 4.2 Industrial revolutions 4.2. 1 Industrialization 4.2. 2 Revolution in manufacture and power 4.2. 3 Notable engineers 4.2. 4 Social effects and classes 4.2. 4.1 Mid-19th - century European revolts 4.2. 4.2 Industrial age reformism 4.2. 5 Imperial Russia 4.3 European dominance and the 19th century 4.3. 1 Imperialism and empires 4.3. 2 British Victorian era 4.3. 3 French governments and conflicts 4.3. 4 Slavery and abolition 4.3. 5 African colonization 4.3. 6 Meiji Japan 4.4 United States 4.4. 1 Antebellum expansion 4.4. 2 Civil War and Reconstruction 4.4. 3 The Gilded Age and legacy 4.5 Science and philosophy 4.5. 1 Notable persons 4.5. 2 Social Darwinism 4.5. 3 Marxist society 4.6 European decline and the 20th century 4.6. 1 Australian Constitution 4.6. 2 Eastern warlords 4.6. 3 World Wars era 4.6. 3.1 Start of the 20th century 4.6. 3.2 Edwardian Britain 4.6. 3.3 World War I 4.6. 3.4 Revolutions and war 4.6. 3.5 The 1920s and the Depression 4.6. 3.6 Nanjing period 4.6. 3.7 The League and crises 4.6. 3.8 Tripartite Pact 4.6. 3.9 World War II 4.6. 4 Post-1945 world 4.6. 4.1 American Peace 4.6. 4.2 Cold War era 4.6. 4.3 Latin America polarization 4.6. 4.4 Space Age 5 Education and schools 5.1 British education 5.2 Universities 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Study Guide ( edit ) Some events , while not without precedent , show a new way of perceiving the world . The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments . Source text ( edit ) Main articles : Historical method and Source text The fundamental difficulty of studying modern history is the fact that a plethora of it has been documented up to the present day . It is imperative to consider the reliability of the information obtained from these records . Further information : Historiography and Philosophy of history Terminology and usage ( edit ) Pre-modern ( edit ) In the pre-modern era , many people 's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity , be it that in a single God or in many gods . Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality , though . Religious officials , who often held positions of power , were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person . It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine . Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced . See also : Ancient history and Post-classical history Modern ( edit ) The term modern was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times ( ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo , meaning `` just now '' ) . The European Renaissance ( about 1420 -- 1630 ) , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge . In contrast to the pre-modern era , Western civilization made a gradual transition from pre-modernity to modernity when scientific methods were developed which led many to believe that the use of science would lead to all knowledge , thus throwing back the shroud of myth under which pre-modern peoples lived . New information about the world was discovered via empirical observation , versus the historic use of reason and innate knowledge . The term `` Early Modern '' was introduced in the English language in the 1930s . to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment ( 1800 ) ( when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form ) . It is important to note that these terms stem from European history . In usage in other parts of the world , such as in Asia , and in Muslim countries , the terms are applied in a very different way , but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery . Contemporary ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary history In the Contemporary era , there were various socio - technological trends . Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world , the Information Age and computers were forefront in use , not completely ubiquitous but often present in everyday life . The development of Eastern powers was of note , with China and India becoming more powerful . In the Eurasian theater , the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed . A concern for Western world , if not the whole world , was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts . Modern era ( edit ) Significant developments ( edit ) The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of science , politics , warfare , and technology . It has also been an age of discovery and globalization . During this time , the European powers and later their colonies , began a political , economic , and cultural colonization of the rest of the world . By the late 19th and 20th centuries , modernist art , politics , science and culture has come to dominate not only Western Europe and North America , but almost every civilized area on the globe , including movements thought of as opposed to the west and globalization . The modern era is closely associated with the development of individualism , capitalism , urbanization and a belief in the possibilities of technological and political progress . The brutal wars and other problems of this era , many of which come from the effects of rapid change , and the connected loss of strength of traditional religious and ethical norms , have led to many reactions against modern development . Optimism and belief in constant progress has been most recently criticized by postmodernism while the dominance of Western Europe and Anglo - America over other continents has been criticized by postcolonial theory . One common conception of modernity is the condition of Western history since the mid-15th century , or roughly the European development of movable type and the printing press . In this context the `` modern '' society is said to develop over many periods , and to be influenced by important events that represent breaks in the continuity . Early ( edit ) Main article : Early modern period The modern era includes the early period , called the early modern period , which lasted from c. 1500 to around c. 1800 ( most often 1815 ) . Particular facets of early modernity include : The Renaissance The Reformation and Counter Reformation . The Age of Discovery The Rise of capitalism The Golden Age of Piracy Important events in the early modern period include : The invention of the printing press The English Civil War The Seven Years ' War Modern Age characteristics The concept of the modern world as distinct from an ancient or medieval world rests on a sense that the modern world is not just another era in history , but rather the result of a new type of change . This is usually conceived of as progress driven by deliberate human efforts to better their situation . Advances in all areas of human activity -- politics , industry , society , economics , commerce , transport , communication , mechanization , automation , science , medicine , technology , and culture -- appear to have transformed an Old World into the Modern or New World . In each case , the identification of the old Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old - fashioned from the modern . Portions of the Modern world altered its relationship with the Biblical value system , revalued the monarchical government system , and abolished the feudal economic system , with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics , science , psychology , sociology , and economics . This combination of epoch events totally changed thinking and thought in the early modern period , and so their dates serve as well as any to separate the old from the new modes . As an Age of Revolutions dawned , beginning with those revolts in America and France , political changes were then pushed forward in other countries partly as a result of upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars and their impact on thought and thinking , from concepts from nationalism to organizing armies . The early period ended in a time of political and economic change as a result of mechanization in society , the American Revolution , the first French Revolution ; other factors included the redrawing of the map of Europe by the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and the peace established by Second Treaty of Paris which ended the Napoleonic Wars . Late ( edit ) As a result of the Industrial Revolution and the earlier political revolutions , the worldviews of Modernism emerged . The industrialization of many nations was initiated with the industrialization of Britain . Particular facets of the late modernity period include : Increasing role of science and technology Mass literacy and proliferation of mass media Spread of social movements Institution of representative democracy Individualism Industrialization Urbanization Total fertility rates and ecological collapses occurring at geometric rates ; Other important events in the development of the Late modern period include : The American Revolution The French Revolution The Revolutions of 1848 The Russian Revolution The First World War and the Second World War Our most recent era -- Modern Times -- begins with the end of these revolutions in the 19th century , and includes the World Wars era ( encompassing World War I and World War II ) and the emergence of socialist countries that led to the Cold War . The contemporary era follows shortly afterward with the explosion of research and increase of knowledge known as the Information Age in the latter 20th and the early 21st century . Today 's Postmodern era is seen in widespread digitality . Early modern period ( edit ) Main article : Early modern period Waldseemüller map with joint sheets , 1507 Historians consider the early modern period to be approximately between 1500 and 1800 . It follows the Late Middle Ages period and is marked by the first European colonies , the rise of strong centralized governments , and the beginnings of recognizable nation - states that are the direct antecedents of today 's states . In Africa and the Ottoman Empire , the Muslim expansion took place in North and East Africa . In West Africa , various native nations existed . The Indian Empires and civilizations of Southeast Asia were a vital link in the spice trade . On the Indian subcontinent , the Great Mughal Empire existed . The archipelagic empires , the Sultanate of Malacca and later the Sultanate of Johor , controlled the southern areas . In Asia , various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere . In Japan , the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period . And in Korea , from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period . In the Americas , Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization , including the Aztec Empire and alliance , the Inca civilization , the Mayan Empire and cities , and the Chibcha Confederation . In the west , the European kingdoms and movements were in a movement of reformation and expansion . Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century . Later religious trends of the period saw the end of the expansion of Muslims and the Muslim world . Christians and Christendom saw the end of the Crusades and end of religious unity under the Roman Catholic Church . It was during this time that the Inquisitions and Protestant reformations took place . Colonial empires in 1800 During the early modern period , an age of discovery and trade was undertaken by the Western European nations . Portugal , Spain , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom and France went on a colonial expansion and took possession of lands and set up colonies in Africa , southern Asia , and North and South America . Turkey colonized Southeastern Europe , and parts of the West Asia and North Africa . Russia took possession in Eastern Europe , Asia , and North America . Asia ( edit ) Main articles : Qing dynasty , Mughal Empire , Maratha Empire , and Tokugawa shogunate China ( edit ) In China , urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex . Large urban centers , such as Nanjing and Beijing , also contributed to the growth of private industry . In particular , small - scale industries grew up , often specializing in paper , silk , cotton , and porcelain goods . For the most part , however , relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country . Town markets mainly traded food , with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil . Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism , China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated . Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world , particularly Japan , increased considerably . Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean , reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He . The Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) was founded after the fall of the Ming , the last Han Chinese dynasty , by the Manchus . The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens . When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng 's peasant rebels in 1644 , the Chongzhen Emperor , the last Ming emperor , committed suicide . The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing , which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty . The Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper . Schoppa , the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues , `` A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical ' reality ' . It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . '' Japan ( edit ) In pre-modern Japan following the Sengoku Period of `` warring states '' , central government had been largely reestablished by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Azuchi -- Momoyama period . After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu who completed this process and received the title of shogun in 1603 . Society in the Japanese `` Tokugawa period '' ( Edo society ) , unlike the shogunates before it , was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi . The daimyōs ( feudal lords ) were at the top , followed by the warrior - caste of samurai , with the farmers , artisans , and traders ranking below . In some parts of the country , particularly smaller regions , daimyōs and samurai were more or less identical , since daimyōs might be trained as samurai , and samurai might act as local lords . Otherwise , the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time . Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value . As a result , the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time . This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well - to - do peasants , ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions . None , however , proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers . India ( edit ) On the Indian subcontinent , the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century . The `` classic period '' ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire , although the dynasty continued for another 150 years . During this period , the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions . All the significant monuments of the Mughals , their most visible legacy , date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent , with brilliant literary , artistic , and architectural results . The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present - day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas , the prime ministers of the Maratha empire . In 1761 , the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states . British and Dutch colonization ( edit ) The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers . The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757 , after the Battle of Plassey , when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company , in 1765 , when the Company was granted the diwani , or the right to collect revenue , in Bengal and Bihar , or in 1772 , when the Company established a capital in Calcutta , appointed its first Governor - General , Warren Hastings , and became directly involved in governance . The Maratha states , following the Anglo - Maratha wars , eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo - Maratha War . The rule lasted until 1858 , when , after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj . In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch . However , their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo - Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia . From the 1850s onwards , the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear . The Dutch East India Company ( 1800 ) and British East India Company ( 1858 ) were dissolved by their respective governments , who took over the direct administration of the colonies . Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule , although , Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers . Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia . While the colonial powers profited much from the region 's vast resources and large market , colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent . Europe ( edit ) Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century , starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492 , and Martin Luther 's Protestant Reformation in 1517 . In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 . Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century , through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries , until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century . Tsardom of Russia ( edit ) Main article : Tsardom of Russia Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century , which was the age of Cossacks . Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities , resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World . In 1648 , the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland - Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising , because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule . In 1654 the Ukrainian leader , Bohdan Khmelnytsky , offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar , Aleksey I. Aleksey 's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 1667 ) . Finally , Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper , leaving the western part ( or Right - bank Ukraine ) under Polish rule and eastern part ( Left - bank Ukraine and Kiev ) under Russian . Later , in 1670 -- 71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region , but the Tsar 's troops were successful in defeating the rebels . In the east , the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory . Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes , and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia , on the Chukchi Peninsula , along the Amur River , and on the Pacific coast . In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov . Reason and Enlightenment ( edit ) Further information : Great Divergence Traditionally , the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era . The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy , and a departure from the medieval approach , especially Scholasticism . Early 17th - century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment , but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy , extending that era to two centuries . The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe , rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution . The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority . Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America . Developing during the Enlightenment era , Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe . The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write ( typically , in the form of a letter ) . The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century . The people were associated with the studia humanitatis , a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic . Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts , and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries ; and humanists were involved in the sciences , philosophies , arts and poetry of classical antiquity . They self - consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin . By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin , they applied the principle of ad fontes , or back to the sources , across broad areas of learning . The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française . The opposing two sides were , the Ancients ( Anciens ) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns ( Modernes ) , who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV . Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes ( 1688 ) , in which he took the Modern side , pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge . Scientific Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics , astronomy , biology , human anatomy , chemistry , and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science . This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics , astronomy , and biology , in institutions supporting scientific investigation , and in the more widely held picture of the universe . Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution , which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields . See also : History of electromagnetism and Science in the Age of Enlightenment The French revolutions ( edit ) Main article : French Revolution Toward the middle and latter stages of the Age of Revolution , the French political and social revolutions and radical change saw the French governmental structure , previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy transform , changing to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights . The first revolution led to government by the National Assembly , the second by the Legislative Assembly , and the third by the Directory . The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king , vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror , and warfare involving every other major European power . Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars , two separate restorations of the monarchy , and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape . In the following century , France would be governed at one point or another as a republic , constitutional monarchy , and two different empires . National and Legislative Assembly ( edit ) Main articles : National Assembly ( French Revolution ) and Legislative Assembly ( France ) During the French Revolution , the National Assembly , which existed from June 17 to July 9 of 1789 , was a transitional body between the Estates - General and the National Constituent Assembly . The Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1 , 1791 to September 1792 . It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law - making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention . The Directory and Napoleonic era ( edit ) Main articles : French Directory and Napoleonic Era The Executive Directory was a body of five Directors that held executive power in France following the Convention and preceding the Consulate . The period of this regime ( 2 November 1795 until 10 November 1799 ) , commonly known as the Directory ( or Directoire ) era , constitutes the second to last stage of the French Revolution . Napoleon , before seizing the title of Emperor , was elected as First Consul of the Consulate of France . The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era . Born on Corsica as the French invaded , and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena , this brilliant commander , controlled a French Empire that , at its height , ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris , while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain , Poland , several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies . The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever , and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and `` Glorious '' surge of Republicanism . Italian unification ( edit ) Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century . There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period , but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and approximately ended with the Franco - Prussian War in 1871 , though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I . End of the early modern period ( edit ) Toward the end of the early modern period , Europe was dominated by the evolving system of mercantile capitalism in its trade and the New Economy . European states and politics had the characteristic of Absolutism . The French power and English revolutions dominated the political scene . There eventually evolved an international balance of power that held at bay a great conflagration until years later . The end date of the early modern period is usually associated with the Industrial Revolution , which began in Britain in about 1750 . Another significant date is 1789 , the beginning of the French Revolution , which drastically transformed the state of European politics and ushered in the Prince Edward Era and modern Europe . North America ( edit ) The French and Indian Wars were a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied the European dynastic wars . In Quebec , the wars are generally referred to as the Intercolonial Wars . While some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces , all pitted Great Britain , its colonies and American Indian allies on one side and France , its colonies and Indian allies on the other . The expanding French and British colonies were contending for control of the western , or interior , territories . Whenever the European countries went to war , there were actions within and by these colonies although the dates of the conflict did not necessarily exactly coincide with those of the larger conflicts . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the five - man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia Beginning the Age of Revolution , the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain , and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America . In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation , and formed self - governing independent states . The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self - governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War ( also called American War of Independence ) . The American Revolution began with fighting at Lexington and Concord . On July 4 , 1776 , they issued the Declaration of Independence , which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union . In June 1776 , Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee , Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson . The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War , the first successful colonial war of independence . While the states had already rejected the governance of Parliament , through the Declaration the new United States now rejected the legitimacy of the monarchy to demand allegiance . The war raged for seven years , with effective American victory , followed by formal British abandonment of any claim to the United States with the Treaty of Paris . North America 1797 The Philadelphia Convention set up the current United States ; the United States Constitution ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a limited central government . The Bill of Rights , comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms , was ratified in 1791 . Decolonization of North and South Americas ( edit ) Main articles : Decolonization of the Americas and Spanish American wars of independence The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule . Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early - to - mid-19th centuries . The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century , from 1808 until 1829 , directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain . The conflict started with short - lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville . Decolonization of the Americas Countries in the Americas by date of independence . Note that the United States did not complete its continental territorial expansion until 1867 Development of Spanish American Independence Map of territories that became independent during those wars ( blue ) . When the Central Junta fell to the French , numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas , eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south , to Mexico in the north . After the death of the king Ferdinand VII , in 1833 , only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule , until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . Unlike the Spanish , the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America . The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador ( later relocated to Rio de Janeiro ) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822 , becoming the Empire of Brazil . See also : Latin American wars of independence and Timeline of the Spanish American wars of independence Late modern period ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of late modern history Dates are approximate range ( based upon influence ) , consult particular article for details Modern Age Other Industrial revolutions ( edit ) Main articles : Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution A Watt steam engine . The development of the steam engine started the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain . The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines , enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels . The date of the Industrial Revolution is not exact . Eric Hobsbawm held that it ' broke out ' in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s , while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 ( in effect the reigns of George III , The Regency , and George IV ) . The great changes of centuries before the 19th were more connected with ideas , religion or military conquest , and technological advance had only made small changes in the material wealth of ordinary people . The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850 , when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam - powered ships and railways , and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation . The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution ; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution . From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two . Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical , electrical , petroleum , and steel industries . Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships , the development of the airplane , the practical commercialization of the automobile , mass production of consumer goods , the perfection of canning , mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques , and the invention of the telephone . Industrialization ( edit ) Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one . It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process , where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation , particularly with the development of large - scale energy and metallurgy production . It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing . Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change , where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature . Revolution in manufacture and power ( edit ) An economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery . It began with the mechanization of the textile industries and the development of iron - making techniques , and trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals , improved roads , and then railways . The introduction of steam power ( fuelled primarily by coal ) and powered machinery ( mainly in textile manufacturing ) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity . The development of all - metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries . The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner . Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner 's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available `` rock oil '' ( `` petr - oleum '' ) seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka , near Krosno in Galicia in the following year . In 1854 , Benjamin Silliman , a science professor at Yale University in New Haven , was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation . These discoveries rapidly spread around the world . Notable engineers ( edit ) Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science . The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life . In the first revolution , Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning , the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill . Matthew Boulton and James Watt 's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world . Nikola Tesla sits in front of the spiral coil of his high - frequency transformer at East Houston Street , New York . In the latter part of the second revolution , Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory . In 1882 , Edison switched on the world 's first large - scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty - nine customers in lower Manhattan . Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution , Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Social effects and classes ( edit ) The Industrial Revolutions were major technological , socioeconomic , and cultural changes in late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world . The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century , eventually affecting the majority of the world . The impact of this change on society was enormous and is often compared to the Neolithic revolution , when mankind developed agriculture and gave up its nomadic lifestyle . It has been argued that GDP per capita was much more stable and progressed at a much slower rate until the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy , and that it has since increased rapidly in capitalist countries . Mid-19th - century European revolts ( edit ) The European Revolutions of 1848 , known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution , were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent . Described as a revolutionary wave , the period of unrest began in France and then , further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848 , soon spread to the rest of Europe . Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down , there was a significant amount of violence in many areas , with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed . While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed , the long - term reverberations of the events were far - reaching . Industrial Age reformism ( edit ) Industrial age reform movements began the gradual change of society rather than with episodes of rapid fundamental changes . The reformists ' ideas were often grounded in liberalism , although they also possessed aspects of utopian , socialist or religious concepts . The Radical movement campaigned for electoral reform , a reform of the Poor Laws , free trade , educational reform , postal reform , prison reform , and public sanitation . Following the Enlightenment 's ideas , the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution . Newton 's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation , yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth . Applied to public life , this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy . Imperial Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian Empire Under Peter I ( the Great ) , Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power . Ruling from 1682 to 1725 , Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War , forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria ( two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles ) , as well as Estland and Livland , securing Russia 's access to the sea and sea trade . On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg , later known as Russia 's Window to Europe . Peter the Great 's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia . Catherine II ( the Great ) , who ruled in 1762 -- 96 , extended Russian political control over the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland , pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe . In the south , after successful Russo - Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire , Catherine advanced Russia 's boundary to the Black Sea , defeating the Crimean khanate . European dominance and the 19th century ( edit ) Main articles : 19th century and International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) `` The World 's Sovereigns '' , 1889 . Historians define the 19th century historical era as stretching from 1815 ( the Congress of Vienna ) to 1914 ( the outbreak of the First World War ) ; alternatively , Eric Hobsbawm defined the `` Long Nineteenth Century '' as spanning the years 1789 to 1914 . Imperialism and empires ( edit ) Main article : Imperialism In the 1800s and early 1900s , once great and powerful Empires such as Spain , Ottoman Turkey , the Mughal Empire , and the Kingdom of Portugal began to break apart . Spain , which was at one time unrivaled in Europe , had been declining for a long time when it was crippled by Napoleon Bonaparte 's invasion . Sensing the time was right , Spain 's vast colonies in South America began a series of rebellions that ended with almost all of the Spanish territories gaining their independence . The once mighty Ottoman Empire was wracked with a series of revolutions , resulting with the Ottoman 's only holding a small region that surrounded the capital , Istanbul . The Mughal empire , which was descended from the Mongol Khanate , was bested by the upcoming Maratha Confederacy . All was going well for the Marathas until the British took an interest in the riches of India and the British ended up ruling not just the boundaries of Modern India , but also Pakistan , Burma , Nepal , Bangladesh and some Southern Regions of Afghanistan . The King of Portugal 's vast territory of Brazil reformed into the independent Empire of Brazil . With the defeat of Napoleonic France , Britain became undoubtedly the most powerful country in the world , and by the end of the First World War controlled a Quarter of the world 's population and a third of its surface . However , the power of the British Empire did not end on land , since it had the greatest navy on the planet . Electricity , steel , and petroleum enabled Germany to become a great international power that raced to create empires of its own . The Meiji Restoration was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure that was taking a firm hold at the beginning of the Meiji Era which coincided the opening of Japan by the arrival of the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry and made Imperial Japan a great power . Russia and Qing Dynasty China failed to keep pace with the other world powers which led to massive social unrest in both empires . The Qing Dynasty 's military power weakened during the 19th century , and faced with international pressure , massive rebellions and defeats in wars , the dynasty declined after the mid-19th century . European powers controlled parts of Oceania , with French New Caledonia from 1853 and French Polynesia from 1889 ; the Germans established colonies in New Guinea in 1884 , and Samoa in 1900 . The United States expanded into the Pacific with Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory from 1898 . Disagreements between the US , Germany and UK over Samoa led to the Tripartite Convention of 1899 . See also : Chronology of colonialism British Victorian era ( edit ) Main articles : British Empire and Victorian era National flag of the United Kingdom . The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign from June 1837 to January 1901 . This was a long period of prosperity for the British people , as profits gained from the overseas British Empire , as well as from industrial improvements at home , allowed a large , educated middle class to develop . Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period -- as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians -- back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832 . The British Empire in 1897 , marked in the traditional colour for imperial British dominions on maps In Britain 's `` imperial century '' , victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival , other than Russia in central Asia . Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been generally characterized as `` informal empire '' . Of note during this time was the Anglo - Zulu War , which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire . British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the Empire . By 1902 , the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables , the so - called All Red Line . Growing until 1922 , around 13,000,000 square miles ( 34,000,000 km ) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire . The British established colonies in Australia in 1788 , New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872 , with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire . French governments and conflicts ( edit ) The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 . The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne . The ensuing period is called the Restoration , following French usage , and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics . The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis - Philippe starting with the July Revolution ( or Three Glorious Days ) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848 . The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 , between the Second Republic and the Third Republic , in France . Napoleon III and Bismarck after the Battle of Sedan The Franco - Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia , while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation , of which it was a member , and the South German states of Baden , Württemberg and Bavaria . The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia . It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire , which was replaced by the Third Republic . As part of the settlement , almost all of the territory of Alsace - Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany , which it would retain until the end of World War I . The French Third Republic was the republican government of France between the end of the Second French Empire following the defeat of Louis - Napoléon in the Franco - Prussian war in 1870 and the Vichy Regime after the invasion of France by the German Third Reich in 1940 . The Third Republic endured seventy years , making it the most long - lasting regime in France since the collapse of the Ancien Régime in the French Revolution of 1789 . Slavery and abolition ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism Slavery was greatly reduced around the world in the 19th century . Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti , Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans , banned slavery throughout its domain , and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade . Slavery was then abolished in Russia , America , and Brazil . African colonization ( edit ) Following the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and propelled by economic exploitation , the Scramble for Africa was initiated formally at the Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884 -- 1885 . The Berlin Conference attempted to avoid war among the European powers by allowing the European rival countries to carve up the continent of Africa into national colonies . Africans were not consulted . The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area . These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate . The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony . The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony 's commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition . With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples , however , this principle remained more theory than practice . There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule , to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as `` hell on earth . '' At the time of the Berlin Conference , Africa contained one - fifth of the world 's population living in one - quarter of the world 's land area . However , from Europe 's perspective , they were dividing an unknown continent . European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century , which included Cape Colony ( Great Britain ) , Angola ( Portugal ) , and Algeria ( France ) , but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession . Until the 1880s most of Africa remained uncharted , with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent 's interior . From the 1880s to 1914 , the European powers expanded their control across the African continent , competing with each other for Africa 's land and resources . Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa . The French gained major ground in West Africa , and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa . Germany , Italy , and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent , which included German East Africa ( Tanganyika ) and German Southwest Africa for Germany , Eritrea and Libya for Italy , and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain . Finally , for King Leopold ( ruled from 1865 to 1909 ) , there was the large `` piece of that great African cake '' known as the Congo , which , unfortunately for the native Congolese , became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa . By 1914 , almost the entire continent was under European control . Liberia , which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s , and Abyssinia ( Ethiopia ) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states . Meiji Japan ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , the 1960s are mentioned in a paragraph about an era that ended in the early 1900s ... ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century , the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor . During this time , Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status . This era name means `` Enlightened Rule '' . In Japan , the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s , marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines . Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period . In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi , reacted against the bureaucratic superstate , and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite , and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes . They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining . They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan . They enlarged history by using the methods of social history . It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously . Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations . The hyobusho ( war office ) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department . The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years . Laws were instituted that required every able - bodied male Japanese citizen , regardless of class , to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves . This action , the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyōs , initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike . The peasant class interpreted the term for military service , ketsu - eki ( `` blood tax '' ) literally , and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary . The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military . The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers . Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto , and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks . After the death of the Meiji Emperor , the Taishō Emperor took the throne , thus beginning the Taishō period . A key foreign observer of the remarkable and rapid changes in Japanese society in this period was Ernest Mason Satow . Representative Western scholars include George Akita , William Beasley , James B. Crowley , John W. Dower , Peter Duus , Carol Gluck , Norman Herbert , John W. Hall , Mikiso Hane , Akira Iriye , Marius Jansen , Edwin O. Reischauer , George B. Sansom , Bernard Silberman , Richard Storry , Karel van Wolfram , and Ezra Vogel . United States ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Further information : Territorial evolution of North America since 1763 See also : Colonial history of the United States and American Indian Wars See also : 19th - century North American Natives Antebellum expansion ( edit ) American westward expansion is idealized in Emanuel Leutze 's famous painting Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way ( 1861 ) . See also : American frontier and Territorial changes of the United States The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861 . The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , although it may have begun as early as 1812 . This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution . `` Manifest destiny '' was the belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent , from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean . During this time , the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean -- `` from sea to shining sea '' -- largely defining the borders of the contiguous United States as they are today . Civil War and Reconstruction ( edit ) Main articles : American Civil War and Reconstruction era of the United States The American Civil War came when seven ( later eleven ) Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America ( the Confederacy ) . Led by Jefferson Davis , they fought against the U.S. federal government ( the Union ) under President Abraham Lincoln , which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states in the north . Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting . Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated . Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals , raising large armies and supplying them , avoiding foreign interference , and making the end of slavery a war goal . The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend , and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear . The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers . Its soldiers , especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864 -- 65 , The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 77 ) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863 , and included freedom , full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks . It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally , politically , socially and economically until the 1960s . The Gilded Age and legacy ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age During the Gilded Age , there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America 's upper - class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era , in the late 19th century . The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion . The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories , and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the `` robber barons '' . An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller , who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry . Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices , later widely criticized , Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition . The creation of a modern industrial economy took place . With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure , the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations . In 1890 , Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act -- the source of all American anti-monopoly laws . The law forbade every contract , scheme , deal , or conspiracy to restrain trade , though the phrase `` restraint of trade '' remained subjective . By the beginning of the 20th century , per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain . Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts . But the courts did protect the marketplace , declaring the Standard Oil group to be an `` unreasonable '' monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911 . It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors . Science and philosophy ( edit ) Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution , modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics , substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure . The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics , but were never complete or self - consistent . The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics . Outside the realm of quantum physics , the various aether theories in classical physics , which supposed a `` fifth element '' such as the Luminiferous aether , were nullified by the Michelson - Morley experiment -- an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether . In biology , Darwinism gained acceptance , promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection . The fields of geology , astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights . In medicine , there were advances in medical theory and treatments . Xinhai Revolution in Shanghai ; Chen Qimei organized Shanghainese civilians to start the uprising and was successful . The picture above is Nanjing Road after the uprising , hung with the Five Races Under One Union Flags then used by the revolutionaries . The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy , as steps toward modernization . By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 , there were many calls , such as the May Fourth Movement , to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China . There were attempts to incorporate democracy , republicanism , and industrialism into Chinese philosophy , notably by Sun Yat - Sen ( Sūn yì xiān , in one Mandarin form of the name ) at the beginning of the 20th century . Mao Zedong ( Máo zé dōng ) added Marxist - Leninist thought . When the Communist Party of China took over power , previous schools of thought , excepting notably Legalism , were denounced as backward , and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution . Starting one - hundred years before the 20th century , the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s . Developed from earlier secular traditions , modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people , based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities , particularly rationality , without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts . For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant , the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny . These ideas were challenged , for example by the young Karl Marx , who criticized the project of political emancipation ( embodied in the form of human rights ) , asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose . For Friedrich Nietzsche , humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism . In his Genealogy of Morals , he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong . On this view , such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life , but rather deny it . In the 20th century , the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires . Notable persons ( edit ) Sigmund Freud is renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life , as well as his therapeutic techniques , including the use of free association , his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship , and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires . Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity . He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics , especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion , his resolution of the paradox of specific heats , and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation . Despite his reservations about its interpretation , Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and , indirectly , quantum field theory , primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon . Social Darwinism ( edit ) At the end of the 19th century , Social Darwinism was promoted and included the various ideologies based on a concept that competition among all individuals , groups , nations , or ideas was a `` natural '' framework for social evolution in human societies . In this view , society 's advancement is dependent on the `` survival of the fittest '' , the term was in fact coined by Herbert Spencer and referred to in `` The Gospel of Wealth '' written by Andrew Carnegie . Marxist society ( edit ) The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx summarized his approach to history and politics in the opening line of the first chapter of The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ) . He wrote : The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles . The Manifesto went through a number of editions from 1872 to 1890 ; notable new prefaces were written by Marx and Engels for the 1872 German edition , the 1882 Russian edition , the 1883 German edition , and the 1888 English edition . In general , Marxism identified five ( and one transitional ) successive stages of development in Western Europe . Primitive Communism : as seen in cooperative tribal societies . Slave Society : which develops when the tribe becomes a city - state . Aristocracy is born . Feudalism : aristocracy is the ruling class . Merchants develop into capitalists . Capitalism : capitalists are the ruling class , who create and employ the true working class . Dictatorship of the proletariat : workers gain class consciousness , overthrow the capitalists and take control over the state . Communism : a classless and stateless society . European decline and the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : 20th century Major political developments saw the former British Empire lose most of its remaining political power over commonwealth countries . The Trans - Siberian Railway , crossing Asia by train , was complete by 1916 . Other events include the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , two world wars , and the Cold War . Australian Constitution ( edit ) In 1901 , the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self - governing colonies of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation . They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation . When the Constitution of Australia came into force , the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia . Eastern warlords ( edit ) The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions . Responding to these civil failures and discontent , the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways , such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906 , the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909 , and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910 . However , many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court , and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright . The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution . In 1912 , the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat - sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President . But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai , who had effective control of the Beiyang Army , the most powerful military force in China at the time . To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic , leaders agreed to Army 's demand that China be united under a Beijing government . On March 10 , in Beijing , Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China . After the early 20th century revolutions , shifting alliances of China 's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government . Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era , this did not constitute a new era of control or governance , because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves . These military - dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government . The warlord era ended around 1927 . World wars era ( edit ) See also : Timeline of World War I and Timeline of World War II Start of the 20th century ( edit ) Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo - Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power . The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean , for their navy as well as for maritime trade . The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea . The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria , specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden , and the seas around Korea , Japan , and the Yellow Sea . The resulting campaigns , in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them , were unexpected by world observers . These victories , as time transpired , would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia , resulting in a reassessment of Japan 's recent entry onto the world stage . The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government . The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political unrest through vast areas of the Russian Empire . Some of it was directed against the government , while some was undirected . It included terrorism , worker strikes , peasant unrests , and military mutinies . It led to the establishment of the limited constitutional monarchy , the establishment of State Duma of the Russian Empire , and the multi-party system . In China , the Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution . The Xinhai Revolution began with the Wuchang Uprising on October 10 , 1911 and ended with the abdication of Emperor Puyi on February 12 , 1912 . The primary parties to the conflict were the Imperial forces of the Qing Dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) , and the revolutionary forces of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance ( Tongmenghui ) . Edwardian Britain ( edit ) The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War , including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic . In the early years of the period , the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti - and pro-war factions . The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide . The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords , which was largely Conservative . Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People 's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910 . The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members . World War I ( edit ) Main article : World War I The causes of World War I included many factors , including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war . The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom , France , and Russia after the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 . The alignment of the three powers , supplemented by various agreements with Japan , the United States , and Spain , constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy , the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments . Militarism , alliances , imperialism , and nationalism played major roles in the conflict . The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914 , the spark ( or casus belli ) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . However , the crisis did not exist in a void ; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high . The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870 . An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern - day Turkey , Syria and Iraq . The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I . Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began , it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War . Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans . Austria - Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties . The Balkan Wars were two wars in South - eastern Europe in 1912 -- 1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria , Montenegro , Greece , and Serbia ) first captured Ottoman - held remaining part of Thessaly , Macedonia , Epirus , Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils , with incorporation of Romania this time . Various periods of World War I ; 1914.07. 28 ( Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary ) , 1914.08. 01 ( Germany declares war on Russia ) , 1914.08. 03 ( Germany declares war on Russia 's ally France ) , 1914.08. 04 ( Britain declares war on Germany ) , 1914.12 ( British and German Christmas truce ) , 1915.12 ( French and German Christmas truce ) , 1916.12 ( Battle of Magdhaba ) , 1917.12 ( British troops take Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire ) , and 1918.11. 11 ( World War I ends : Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies ) . Allies and Central Powers in the First World War Allied powers and areas Central powers and colonies or occupied territory Neutral countries The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918 . The Allied Powers , led by the British Empire , France , Russia until March 1918 , Japan and the United States after 1917 , defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire . The war caused the disintegration of four empires -- the Austro - Hungarian , German , Ottoman , and Russian ones -- as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps . The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente , and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance . Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front , within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications ( separated by a `` No man 's land '' ) running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland . On the Eastern Front , the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing , although the scale of the conflict was just as large . Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and -- for the first time -- from the air . More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields , and nearly that many more in the participating countries ' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts . Notably , more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities . The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war , severe overcrowding in barracks , wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings , and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic . Ultimately , World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars , which was modified by the mid-19th century 's nationalistic revolutions . The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later . More immediate to the time , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia . The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations . The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey . The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine ( which was later divided into two regions : Palestine and Transjordan ) . Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen . Revolutions and War ( edit ) Main articles : Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War National flag of the Soviet Union . The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917 , which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union . Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia , the Russian Provisional Government was established . In October 1917 , a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard , armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party , seized control of Saint Petersburg ( then known as Petrograd ) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire . Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest - Litovsk . As a condition for peace , the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire , greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives . The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers , as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution . Vladimir Lenin 's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II , German Emperor , offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution , Russia would withdraw from World War I . This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry 's sponsorship of Lenin 's return to Petrograd . The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks , upset at : the withdrawal of Russia from the war effort , worried about a possible Russo - German alliance , and galvanized by the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good their threats to assume no responsibility for , and so default on , Imperial Russia 's massive foreign loans . In addition , there was a concern , shared by many Central Powers as well , that the socialist revolutionary ideas would spread to the West . Hence , many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites , including the provision of troops and supplies . Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be `` strangled in its cradle '' . The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power , first in Petrograd ( St. Petersburg ) and then in other places . In the wake of the October Revolution , the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized ; the volunteer - based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks ' main military force , augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka , the Bolshevik state security apparatus . There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army . Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance . Former Tsarist officers were utilized as `` military specialists '' ( voenspetsy ) , taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty . At the start of the war , three - fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers . By its end , 83 % of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers . The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army . Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army , notably the Allied Forces , yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War . Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war , including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army , the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards , and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg . The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920 . Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok , previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government . The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano - Maysky District on the Pacific coast . The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea , but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 ( e.g. , Kronstadt Uprising , Tambov Rebellion , Basmachi Revolt , and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East ) . In 1917 , China declared war on Germany in the hope of recovering its lost province , then under Japanese control . The New Culture Movement occupied the period from 1917 to 1923 . Chinese representatives refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles , due to intense pressure from the student protesters and public opinion alike . The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then - fading cause of republican revolution . In 1917 Sun Yat - sen had become commander - in - chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords . Sun 's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored , however , and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union , which had recently achieved its own revolution . The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism . But for political expediency , the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) . The flag of the Kuomintang , one canton of the flag of the Republic of China . The policy of working with the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai - shek had been recommended by the Dutch Communist Henk Sneevliet , chosen in 1923 to be the Comintern representative in China due to his revolutionary experience in the Dutch Indies , where he had a major role in founding the Partai Komunis Indonesia ( PKI ) -- and who felt that the Chinese party was too small and weak to undertake a major effort on its own ( see Henk Sneevliet 's work for the Comintern ) . In early 1927 , the Kuomintang - CCP rivalry led to a split in the revolutionary ranks . The CCP and the left wing of the Kuomintang had decided to move the seat of the Nationalist government from Guangzhou to Wuhan . But Chiang Kai - shek , whose Northern Expedition was proving successful , set his forces to destroying the Shanghai CCP apparatus and established an anti-Communist government at Nanjing in April 1927 . The 1920s and the Depression ( edit ) Main articles : Interwar period , Roaring Twenties , and Great Depression The interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War . This period was marked by turmoil in much of the world , as Europe struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War . In North America , especially the first half of this period , people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties . The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I . The Roaring Twenties , often called `` The Jazz Age '' , saw an exposition of social , artistic , and cultural dynamism . ' Normalcy ' returned to politics , jazz music blossomed , the flapper redefined modern womanhood , Art Deco peaked . The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity , a break with traditions . Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology . New technologies , especially automobiles , movies and radio proliferated ' modernity ' to a large part of the population . The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality , in architecture as well as in daily life . The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries , extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations , and significant changes in lifestyle . Europe between 1920 and 1938 . Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict . The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe . In Germany , the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil , which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year . When Germany could no longer afford war payments , Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass - produced goods . By the middle of the decade , economic development soared in Europe , and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany , Britain and France , the second half of the decade becoming known as the `` Golden Twenties '' . In France and francophone Canada , they were also called the `` années folles '' ( `` Crazy Years '' ) . Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 . The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era , as The Great Depression set in . The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries . It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century , and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world 's economy can fall . The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country , rich or poor . International trade plunged by half to two - thirds , as did personal income , tax revenue , prices and profits . Cities all around the world were hit hard , especially those dependent on heavy industry . Construction was virtually halted in many countries . Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent . Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs , areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most . The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era . America 's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America 's entry into World War II . The majority of countries set up relief programs , and most underwent some sort of political upheaval , pushing them to the left or right . In some world states , the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues -- the most infamous being Adolf Hitler -- setting the stage for the next era of war . The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism . In Asia , Japan became an ever more assertive power , especially with regards to China . Nanjing period ( edit ) Main article : Nanjing decade With Sino - German cooperation until 1941 , Chinese industry and military was improved just prior to the war against Japan . The `` Nanjing Decade '' of 1928 -- 37 was one of consolidation and accomplishment under the leadership of the Nationalists , with a mixed but generally positive record in the economy , social progress , development of democracy , and cultural creativity . Some of the harsh aspects of foreign concessions and privileges in China were moderated through diplomacy . See also : Sino - German cooperation until 1941 , National Resources Commission , and Chinese Civil War The League and crises ( edit ) The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order , away from the balance of power that had dominated pre -- World War I Europe . One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations , which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries . The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany , Imperial Japan , the Soviet Union , and Mussolini 's Italy , and by the non-participation of the United States , leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy . A series of international crises strained the League to its limits , the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935 / 36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia , one of the only free African nations at that time . The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy , but to no avail . The incident highlighted French and British weakness , exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally . The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini 's Italy towards alliance with Hitler 's Germany anyway . The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles . This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War . Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China . Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population , Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932 . During the Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , the loss of Manchuria , and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries , was a blow to the Kuomintang economy . The League of Nations , established at the end of World War I , was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance . After 1940 , conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control . The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations , administrative reforms , and the land - and tax - reform measures favoring the peasants -- while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence . Tripartite Pact ( edit ) The Second Sino - Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States ; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan . With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940 -- 41 , and with the continuing war in China , the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil , which were vitally needed for the war effort . The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich , European - controlled colonies of South East Asia -- specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) . In 1940 , Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . World War II ( edit ) Main article : World War II National flag of the Third Reich ( Nazi Germany ) . The Second World War was a global military conflict that took place in 1939 -- 1945 . It was the largest and deadliest war in history , culminating in the Holocaust and ending with the dropping of the atom bomb . Even though Japan had been fighting in China since 1937 , the conventional view is that the war began on September 1 , 1939 , when Nazi Germany invaded Poland , the Drang nach Osten . Within two days the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany , even though the fighting was confined to Poland . Pursuant to a then - secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union joined with Germany on September 17 , 1939 , to conquer Poland and to divide Eastern Europe . The Allies were initially made up of Poland , the United Kingdom , France , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , as well as British Commonwealth countries which were controlled directly by the UK , such as the Indian Empire . All of these countries declared war on Germany in September 1939 . Following the lull in fighting , known as the `` Phoney War '' , Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940 . Six weeks later , France , in the mean time attacked by Italy as well , surrendered to Germany , which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain . On September 27 , Germany , Italy , and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement , the Tripartite Pact , and were known as the Axis Powers . Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Nine months later , on June 22 , 1941 , Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union , which promptly joined the Allies . Germany was now engaged in fighting a war on two fronts . This proved to be a mistake by Germany -- Germany had not successfully carried out the invasion of Britain and the war turned against the Axis . On December 7 , 1941 , Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor , bringing it too into the war on the Allied side . China also joined the Allies , as eventually did most of the rest of the world . China was in turmoil at the time , and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla - type warfare . By the beginning of 1942 , the major combatants were aligned as follows : the British Commonwealth , the United States , and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy ; and the British Commonwealth , China , and the United States were fighting Japan . The United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union and China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the `` Four Policemen '' or `` Four Sheriffs '' of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II . From then through August 1945 , battles raged across all of Europe , in the North Atlantic Ocean , across North Africa , throughout Southeast Asia , throughout China , across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan . Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany - occupied puppet state and an Allies - friendly state in the South ; Germany surrendered in May 1945 . Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan surrendered , marking the end of the war on September 2 , 1945 . It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war ; estimates vary greatly . About 60 % of all casualties were civilians , who died as a result of disease , starvation , genocide ( in particular , the Holocaust ) , and aerial bombing . The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties . Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million , while China suffered about 10 million . No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland : approximately 5.6 million , or 16 % , of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died . Flag of the Italian Empire . The Holocaust ( which roughly means `` burnt whole '' ) was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other `` unwanted '' during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany . Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war 's beginning , or if the plans for it came about later . Regardless , persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started , such as in the Kristallnacht ( Night of Broken Glass ) . The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans . After World War II , Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact . There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union . These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War . In Asia , the defeat of Japan led to its democratization . China 's civil war continued through and after the war , resulting eventually in the establishment of the People 's Republic of China . The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence . Post-1945 world ( edit ) The Blue Marble , a photograph of Earth as seen from Apollo 17 . The second half of the 20th century saw an increase of interest in both space exploration and the environmental movement . The mid-20th century is distinguished from most of human history in that its most significant changes were directly or indirectly economic and technological in nature . Economic development was the force behind vast changes in everyday life , to a degree which was unprecedented in human history . Over the course of the 20th century , the world 's per - capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five , much more than all earlier centuries combined ( including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution ) . Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth , as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century , such as improved medicine ( causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades ) and communications technologies , were not available at any price at its beginning . However , the gulf between the world 's rich and poor grew wider , and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide . Still , advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South . Large - scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century , leading to wars that were also unprecedented . However , the increased communications contributed to democratization . Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration , nuclear technology , advancement in genetics , and the dawning of the Information Age . American peace ( edit ) Main article : Pax Americana National flag of the United States . Pax Americana is an appellation applied to the historical concept of relative liberal peace in the Western world , resulting from the preponderance of power enjoyed by the United States of America starting around the start of the 20th century . Although the term finds its primary utility in the latter half of the 20th century , it has been used in various places and eras . Its modern connotations concern the peace established after the end of World War II in 1945 . For more details on this topic , see American Century . Cold War era ( edit ) Main article : Cold War The Cold War began in the mid-1940s and lasted into the early 1990s . Throughout this period , the conflict was expressed through military coalitions , espionage , weapons development , invasions , propaganda , and competitive technological development . The conflict included costly defense spending , a massive conventional and nuclear arms race , and numerous proxy wars ; the two superpowers never fought one another directly . Borders of NATO ( blue ) and Warsaw Pact ( red ) states during the Cold war era . The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied , annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact . The United States and various western European countries began a policy of `` containment '' of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end , including NATO . Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe , including western Germany , which the Soviets opposed . In other regions of the world , such as Latin America and Southeast Asia , the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements , which the United States and many of its allies opposed and , in some cases , attempted to `` roll back '' . Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact , though other movements would also emerge . The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm . International crises arose , such as the Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 1949 ) , the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 1975 ) , the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) , the Soviet war in Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 1989 ) and NATO exercises in November 1983 . There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente . Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons . European trade blocs as of the late 1980s . EEC member states are marked in blue , EFTA -- green , and Comecon -- red . East and West in 1980 , as defined by the Cold War . The Cold War had divided Europe politically into East and West , with the Iron Curtain splitting Central Europe . The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s . The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressure on the Soviet Union , which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation . In the second half of the 1980s , newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 , leaving the United States as the dominant military power , though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal . Latin America polarization ( edit ) In Latin America in the 1970s , leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right - wing , ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country 's upper class to support coups d'état to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat . This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization . Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America . In the 1970s , the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents , including some urban guerrillas . However , by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies . Space Age ( edit ) This high - resolution image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field includes galaxies of various ages , sizes , shapes , and colors . The smallest , reddest galaxies , are some of the most distant galaxies to have been imaged by an optical telescope The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race , space exploration , space technology , and the cultural developments influenced by these events . The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in October 1957 . This was the world 's first artificial satellite , orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg . The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political , scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age . The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union . The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world 's population . The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century . Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union , public attention has largely moved to other areas . Education and schools ( edit ) The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition , using methods that are primarily analytic , critical , or speculative , as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences . Although many of the subjects of modern history coincide with that of standard history , the subject is taught independently by various systems of education in the world . British education ( edit ) Students can choose the subject at university . The material covered includes from the mid-18th century , to analysis of the present day . Virtually all colleges and sixth forms that do teach modern history do it alongside standard history ; very few teach the subject exclusively . Universities ( edit ) At the University of Oxford ' Modern History ' has a somewhat different meaning . The contrast is not with the Middle Ages but with Antiquity . The earliest period that can be studied in the Final Honour School of Modern History begins in 285 . See also ( edit ) Timeline of world map changes History of modern literature Modernism framework : Premodernity , Modernism , Postmodernism References ( edit ) General information Books Earle , Edward Mead . An Outline of Modern History ; A Syllabus with Map Studies . New York : Macmillan Co , 1921 . Grosvenor , Edwin A. Contemporary History of the World . New York and Boston : T.Y. Crowell & Co , 1899 . Taylor , William Cooke , Charles Duke Yonge , and G.W. Cox . The Student 's Manual of Modern History ; Containing the Rise and Progress of the Principal European Nations , Their Political History , and the Changes in Their Social Condition ; with a History of the Colonies Founded by Europeans . 1880 . Bryant , Arthur ( 1950 ) . The Age of Elegance. 2 . New York and Boston . p. 54 . OCLC 14763324 . Websites Internet Modern History Sourcebook , fordham.edu Footnotes Jump up ^ Intrinsic to the English language , `` modern '' denotes ( in reference to history ) a period that is opposed to either ancient or medieval ; modern history is the history of the world since the end of the Middle Ages . Jump up ^ `` The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia '' . Jump up ^ Dunan , Marcel . Larousse Encyclopedia of Modern History , From 1500 to the Present Day . New York : Harper & Row , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Bartleby.com : Great Books Online -- Quotes , Poems , Novels , Classics and hundreds more '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` World Population to Hit Milestone With Birth of 7 Billionth Person '' . PBS.org . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tirosh - Samuelson , H. ( 2003 ) . Happiness in premodern Judaism : Virtue , knowledge , and well - being . Monographs of the Hebrew Union College , no . 29 . Cincinnati , Ohio : Hebrew Union College Press . Jump up ^ Nation , civil society and social movements : essays in political sociology by T.K. Oommen . Page 236 . Jump up ^ Premodern Japan : a historical survey by Mikiso Hane Jump up ^ Griffin , D.R. ( 1990 ) . Sacred interconnections : Postmodern spirituality , political economy , and art . SUNY series in constructive postmodern thought . Albany : State University of New York Press . Jump up ^ Maine , H.S. , & Dwight , T.W. ( 1888 ) . Ancient law : Its connection with the early history of society and its relation to modern ideas . New York : H. Holt and Co . Jump up ^ Boylan , P. ( 1922 ) . Thoth , the Hermes of Egypt : A study of some aspects of theological thought in ancient Egypt . London : H. Milford , Oxford university press Jump up ^ Fordyce , J. ( 1888 ) . The new social order . London : Kegan Paul , Trench & Co . Jump up ^ `` Lectures on the Early History of Institutions '' . Jump up ^ `` Modern '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Baird , F.E. , & Kaufmann , W.A. ( 2008 ) . Philosophic classics : From Plato to Derrida . Upper Saddle River , N.J : Pearson / Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ New Dictionary of the History of ideas , Volume 5 , Detroit 2005 . Modernism and Modern Jump up ^ `` Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts : Late Medieval and Early Modern Medicine '' . ^ Jump up to : National , cultural , and ethnic identities : harmony beyond conflict by Jaroslav Hroch , David Hollan Jump up ^ Capitalism and modernity : the great debate by Jack Goody Jump up ^ Progress and its discontents American Academy of Arts and Sciences . `` Technology and politics . '' Western Center Jump up ^ A companion to the philosophy of technology by Jan - Kyrre Berg Olsen , Stig Andur Pedersen , Vincent F. Hendricks Jump up ^ Marx , Durkheim , Weber : formations of modern social thought by Kenneth L. Morrison . Page 294 . Jump up ^ William Schweiker , The Blackwell companion to religious ethics . 2005 . Page 454 . ( cf. , `` In modernity , however , much of economic activity and theory seemed to be entirely cut off from religious and ethical norms , at least in traditional terms . Many see modern economic developments as entirely secular . '' ) Jump up ^ Early European History by Henry Kitchell Webster Jump up ^ The European Reformations by Carter Lindberg Jump up ^ The new Cambridge modern history : Companion volume by Peter Burke Jump up ^ Plains Indian History and Culture : Essays on Continuity and Change by John C. Ewers Jump up ^ Weber , irrationality , and social order by Alan Sica ^ Jump up to : Contemporary history of the world by Edwin Augustus Grosvenor ^ Jump up to : A summary of modern history by Jules Michelet , Mary Charlotte Mair Simpson Jump up ^ Crawley , C.W. ( 1965 ) . The new Cambridge modern history . Volume 9. , War and peace in an age of upheaval , 1793 -- 1830 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Goldman , E.O. , & Eliason , L.C. ( 2003 ) . The diffusion of military technology and ideas . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Boot , M. ( 2006 ) . War made new : Technology , warfare , and the course of history , 1500 to today . New York : Gotham Books . Jump up ^ Bloy , Marjie ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` The Congress of Vienna , 1 November 1814 -- 8 June 1815 '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hazen , Charles Downer ( 1910 ) . Europe since 1815 . American historical series , H. Holt and Company . Jump up ^ Duruy , V. , & Grosvenor , E.A. ( 1894 ) . History of modern times : From the fall of Constantinople to the French revolution . New York : H. Holt and company . Jump up ^ Johnson , P. ( 2001 ) . Modern times : The world from the twenties to the nineties . New York : HarperPerennial . Jump up ^ Martín Lister , New media : a critical introduction . Psychology Press , 2003 . Page 14 Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200210 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ R. Keith Schoppa ( 2000 ) . The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History . Columbia University Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ or early - modern Jump up ^ `` Manas : History and Politics , Mughals '' . Jump up ^ `` Mughal Empire ( 1500s , 1600s ) '' . bbc.co.uk . London : BBC . Section 5 : Aurangzeb . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bose & Jalal 2003 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , p. 46 , Peers 2006 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf , p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Official , India '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1923 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Commercial agriculture , mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this period . Jump up ^ Helen Miller , Aubrey Newman . Early modern British history , 1485 -- 1760 : a select bibliography , Historical Association , 1970 Jump up ^ Early Modern Period ( 1485 -- 1800 ) , Sites Organized by Period , Rutgers University Libraries Jump up ^ For example , Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds offered an explanation of the heliocentric model of the Universe . Jump up ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller , Humanism , pp. 113 - 4 , in Charles B. Schmitt , Quentin Skinner ( editors ) , The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Watt steam engine image : located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM ( Madrid ) Jump up ^ Eric Hobsbawm , The Age of Revolution : Europe 1789 -- 1848 , Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ltd . ISBN 0 - 349 - 10484 - 0 Jump up ^ Joseph E Inikori . Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Business and Economics . Leading Issues in Economic Development , Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511589 - 9 . Jump up ^ Russell Brown , Lester . Eco-Economy , James & James , Earthscan . ISBN 1 - 85383 - 904 - 3 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis essay Archived 2007 - 11 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved March 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Cayley , E.S. ( 1856 ) . The European revolutions of 1848 . London : Smith , Elder & Co . Vol . I and II . Jump up ^ Harding , S.B. , & Hart , A.B. ( 1918 ) . New medieval and modern history . New York : American book company . Jump up ^ Solovyov , S. ( 2001 ) . History of Russia from the Earliest Times . 9 , ch. 1 . AST . ISBN 5 - 17 - 002142 - 9 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Solovyov , S. ( 2001 ) . History of Russia from the Earliest Times . 15 , ch. 1 . AST . Jump up ^ For more , see Pax Britannica . Jump up ^ Edwards , B.T. ( 2004 ) . Informal empire : Mexico and Central America in Victorian culture . Minneapolis , Minn : Univ. of Minnesota Press Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2001 ) . The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . ISBN 92 - 64 - 18654 - 9 . pp. 98 , 242 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2004 ) . Colossus : The Price of America 's Empire . Penguin . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 013 - 0 . p. 15 Jump up ^ John Merriman , A History of Modern Europe , Volume Two : From the French Revolution to the Present , Third Edition ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2010 ) , pp. 819 -- 859 Jump up ^ Kenneth B. Pyle , `` Profound Forces in the Making of Modern Japan , '' Journal of Japanese Studies ( 2006 ) 32 # 2 pp 393 - 418 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Carol Gluck , `` The People in History : Recent Trends in Japanese Historiography , '' Journal of Asian Studies . ( 1978 ) 38 # 1 pp 25 - 50 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ George Akita , `` Trends in Modern Japanese Political History : The ' Positivist ' '' , Monumenta Nipponica ( 1992 ) 37 # 4 pp 497 - 522 Jump up ^ John Whitney Hall , `` Japanese History : New Dimensions of Approach and Understanding '' ( 2nd ed. 1966 Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Lehmann and Sue Henny , eds . Themes and Theories in Modern Japanese History ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ See generally Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States , 221 U.S. 1 ( 1911 ) . Jump up ^ F.K Richtmyer , E.H Kennard , T. Lauristen ( 1955 ) . `` Introduction '' . Introduction to Modern Physics ( 5th edition ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company . p. 1 . LCCN 55 - 6862 . Jump up ^ The concepts derived are at times abstractions from nature for baselines or reference states . These can be unattainable in practice , such as free space ( electromagnetism ) and practical absolute zero temperature ( ed . Special negative temperatures values are `` colder '' than the zero points of those scales but still warmer than absolute zero ) . ^ Jump up to : ter Haar , D. ( 1967 ) . The Old Quantum Theory . Pergamon Press . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Matrix mechanics and wave mechanics supplanted other studies to end the era of the old - quantum theory . Jump up ^ a substance in early physics considered to be the medium through which light propagates . Jump up ^ The Chinese Enlightenment . By Vera Schwarcz . p4 . Jump up ^ Ralph Adams Cram . `` The Second Coming of Art '' . The Atlantic Monthly , Volume 119 . Philip Gengembre Hubert . p193 Jump up ^ Enlightenment Contested . By Jonathan I. Israel . p765 Jump up ^ Modern Christian Thought : The twentieth century , Volume 2 . By James C. Livingston , Francis Schüssler Fiorenza . p2 . Jump up ^ `` Herman Dooyeweerd '' . Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . By Routledge ( COR ) , Luciano Floridi , Edward Craig . p113 . See also : D.H. Th . Vollenhoven . Jump up ^ Counter-Enlightenments : From the Eighteenth Century to the Present . By Graeme Garrard . Routledge , 2004 . p13 ... Jump up ^ See also : Counter-Enlightenment , Max Weber , and Émile Durkheim . Jump up ^ Known as continental philosophy . Jump up ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2007 . humanism n . 1 a rationalistic system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters . 2 a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholastic - ism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought . Typically , abridgments of this definition omit all senses except # 1 , such as in the Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary , Collins Essential English Dictionary , and Webster 's Concise Dictionary . New York : RHR Press . 2001 . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Collins Concise Dictionary . HarperCollins ( published 1990 ) . 1999 . The rejection of religion in favour of a belief in the advancement of humanity by its own efforts . Jump up ^ In the 1888 English edition of the Communist Manifest , Friedrich Engels added a footnote with the commentary : `` That is , all written history . In 1847 , the prehistory of society , the social organization existing previous to recorded history , was all but unknown . Since then Haxthausen discovered common ownership of land In Russia , Maurer concluded it to be the social foundation from which all Teutonic races started in history , and by and by village communities were found to be , or to have been , the primitive form of society everywhere from India to Ireland . The Inner organization of this primitive Communistic society was laid bare , In its typical form , by Morgan 's work on the true nature of the gens and Its relation to the tribe . With the dissolution of these primaeval communities society begins to be differentiated into separate and finally antagonistic classes . I have attempte to retrace this process of dissolution in `` Der Ursprung der Familie , des Privateigenthums und des Staats '' `` , from Marx , Karl , Friedrich Engels , Leon Trotsky , and Karl Marx . The Communist Manifesto and Its Relevance for Today . Chippendale , N.S.W. : Resistance Books , 1998 . p. 46 , see also Cornelius Castoriadis , Political and Social Writings . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 1993 . p. 204 Jump up ^ Marx makes no claim to have produced a master key to history . Historical materialism is not `` an historico - philosophic theory of the marche generale imposed by fate upon every people , whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself '' . ( Marx , Karl , Letter to editor of the Russian paper Otetchestvennye Zapiskym , 1877 ) His ideas , he explains , are based on a concrete study of the actual conditions that pertained in Europe . Jump up ^ Most notably by dividing the British crown into several sovereignties by the Statute of Westminster , the patriation of constitutions by the Canada Act 1982 and the Australia Act 1986 , and by the independence of countries such as India , Pakistan , South Africa , and Ireland , along with the 1997 return of Hong Kong to the People 's Republic of China . Jump up ^ Joseph , W.A. ( 2010 ) . Politics in China : An introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Page 423 . Jump up ^ Russian Constitution of 1906 Jump up ^ ( Jastrow 1917 ) Jump up ^ Barry , John M. ( 2004 ) . The Great Influenza : The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 89473 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roderic H. Davison ; Review `` From Paris to Sèvres : The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919 -- 1920 . by Paul C. Helmreich '' in Slavic Review , Vol. 34 , No. 1 ( March , 1975 ) , pp. 186 - 187 Jump up ^ Evan Mawdsley ( 2008 ) The Russian Civil War : 42 Jump up ^ the legal notion of Odious debt had not yet been formulated Jump up ^ Cover Story : Churchill 's Greatness . Archived 2006 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Interview with Jeffrey Wallin . ( The Churchill Centre ) Jump up ^ Read , Christopher , From Tsar to Soviets , Oxford University Press ( 1996 ) , p. 237 : By 1920 , 77 % of the Red Army 's enlisted ranks were composed of peasant conscripts . Jump up ^ Williams , Beryl , The Russian Revolution 1917 -- 1921 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ( 1987 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15083 - 1 : Typically , men of conscriptible age ( 17 - 40 ) in a village would vanish when Red Army draft units approached . The taking of hostages and a few exemplary executions usually brought the men back . Jump up ^ Overy , R.J. , The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany and Stalin 's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company ( 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02030 - 4 , p. 446 : By the end of the civil war , one - third of all Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist voenspetsy . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Beryl , The Russian Revolution 1917 -- 1921 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ( 1987 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15083 - 1 Jump up ^ Overy , R.J. , The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany and Stalin 's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company ( 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02030 - 4 , p. 446 : Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . War , Peace , and All That Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 41 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Great Depression '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Charles Duhigg , `` Depression , You Say ? Check Those Safety Nets '' , New York Times , March 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Commodity Data '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Willard W. ( 1958 ) . `` Farm Prices , Myth and Reality '' : 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Survey 1932 -- 33 '' . League of Nations : 43 . Jump up ^ Great Depression and World War II . The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ What Ended the Great Depression of 1929 ? . Source : The Federal Reserve Board web site , `` Remarks by Governor Ben Bernanke at the H. Parket Willis Lecture in Economic Policy '' , March 2 , 2004 , FDR Library Web Site . Jump up ^ Doenecke , Justus D. ; Stoler , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt 's foreign policies , 1933 -- 1945 . Rowman & Littlefield . Jump up ^ Hoopes , Townsend , and Douglas Brinkley . FDR and the Creation of the U.N. ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ J. Bradford DeLong , Cornucopia : Increasing Wealth in the Twentieth Century . 2000 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Wayne . Theoretical criminology : from modernity to post-modernism . Page 53 . Jump up ^ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( Program ) . Ecosystems and Human Well - Being . The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment series . Washington , D.C. : Island Press , 2005 . Page 12 Jump up ^ Victor Flores Olea . `` Editoriales -- El Universal -- 10 de abril 2006 : Operacion Condor '' . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Mexico . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` University of Oxford History Faculty > Website Tools > Page not Found ( 404 Error ) '' . Further reading ( edit ) 21st - century sources Boyd , Andrew , Joshua Comenetz . An atlas of world affairs . Routledge , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39169 - 5 Black , Edwin . Internal Combustion : How Corporations and Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2006 . Briggs , Asa , and Peter Burke . A Social History of the Media : From Gutenberg to the Internet . Cambridge : Polity , 2002 . Barzun , Jacques . From Dawn to Decadence : 500 Years of Western Cultural Life : 1500 to the Present . New York : HarperCollins , 2001 . 20th - century sources Burke , Peter . A Social History of Knowledge : From Gutenberg to Diderot . Cambridge , UK : Polity , 2000 . CBS News . People of the century . Simon and Schuster , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87093 - 2 Wang , Ke - wen . Modern China : an encyclopedia of history , culture , and nationalism . Taylor & Francis , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0720 - 9 Huffman , James L. Modern Japan : an encyclopedia of history , culture , and nationalism . Taylor & Francis , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2525 - 8 Schlesinger , Arthur M. New Viewpoints in American History . New York : Macmillan , 1922 . Nock , Albert Jay . The Myth of a Guilty Nation . B.W. Huebsch , Incorporated , 1922 . Bakeless , John Edwin . The Economic Causes of Modern War ; A Study of the Period : 1878 -- 1918 . New York : Printed for the Department of political science of Williams college , by Moffat , Yard and Co , 1921 Day , Clive . A History of Commerce . New York ( etc . ) : Longmans , Green , and Co , 1921 . Moore , Edward Caldwell . The Spread of Christianity in the Modern World . Chicago , Ill : University of Chicago Press , 1919 . Muir , Ramsay . The Expansion of Europe ; The Culmination of Modern History . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 1917 . Palat , Madhavan K. , Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia , ed . ( Macmillan , Palgrave , UK , and St Martin 's Press , New York , 2001 ) . Palat , Madhavan K. , History of Civilizations of Central Asia , ed. , vol. 6 , Towards the Contemporary Period : From The Mid-Nineteenth Century To The End Of The Twentieth Century , UNESCO , Paris 2005 . Robinson , James Harvey , and Charles Austin Beard . Readings in Modern European History ; A Collection of Extracts from the Sources Chosen with the Purpose of Illustrating Some of the Chief Phases of Development of Europe During the Last Two Hundred Years . Boston : Ginn & Co , 1908 . External links ( edit ) General Vistorica -- Timelines of European modern history Journal of Contemporary History . SAGE Publications . ISSN 1461 - 7250 ( Print ISSN 0022 - 0094 ) Contemporary History Institute ( CHI ) . ohiou.edu ( ed. , Analyzes the contemporary period in world affairs -- the period from World War II to the present -- from an interdisciplinary historical perspective . ) China and Europe , 1500 -- 2000 and Beyond : What is Modern ? . 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The Cold War : Crash Course World History # 39 -- YouTube Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant : Crash Course World History # 40 -- YouTube ( hide ) Big History Themes and subjects Chronology of the universe Cosmic evolution Deep time Time scales Goldilocks principle Modernity Eight thresholds 1 : Creation - Big Bang and cosmogony 2 : Stars - creation of stars 3 : Elements - creation of chemical elements inside dying stars 4 : Planets - formation of planets 5 : Life - abiogenesis and evolution of life 6 : Humans - development of Homo sapiens Paleolithic era 7 : Agriculture - Agricultural Revolution 8 : Modernity - modern era Web - based education Big History Project Crash Course Big History ChronoZoom Notable people Walter Alvarez Eric Chaisson David Christian Bill Gates Carl Sagan Graeme Snooks Cynthia Stokes Brown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modern_history&oldid=807550151 '' Categories : Modern history Historical eras Historiography Postmodern theory Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Magyar Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Võro Winaray Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 17 : 56 . 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when does black bears new album come out | Black bear | black bear | Black bear may refer to : | Contents ( hide ) 1 Animals 2 Music 3 Places 4 Sport 5 See also Animals ( edit ) American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) , a North American bear species Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ) , an Asian bear species Music ( edit ) Blackbear ( musician ) , stage name of American musician Matthew Musto Black Bear ( band ) , also known as Black Bear Singers , a Canadian First Nations drum and vocal music group Black Bear Road ( album ) , album by country musician C.W. McCall Places ( edit ) Black Bear , California , a populated place in Siskiyou County , California Black Bear Creek in northern Oklahoma Black Bear Resort in the South Eastern Corner of Idaho Black Bear Road , officially Forest Service Road 648 , is a notorious jeep trail in Colorado Sport ( edit ) Maine Black Bears , the athletic teams representing the University of Maine Berkshire Black Bears , a minor league baseball team West Virginia Black Bears , a minor league baseball team See also ( edit ) All pages beginning with `` Black Bear '' This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Black bear . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_bear&oldid=815338136 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Animal common name disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch فارسی Gaeilge Nederlands Удмурт Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 07 : 01 . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20bear | 413 |
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where is the retina located in the eye | The retina is the innermost , light - sensitive layer , or `` coat '' , of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . The optics of the eye create a focused two - dimensional image of the visual world on the retina , which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception , the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera . | innermost , light - sensitive layer , or `` coat '' , of shell tissue of the eye | Retina | retina | This article needs attention from an expert in medicine . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert . ( May 2018 ) Retina Right human eye cross-sectional view ; eyes vary significantly among animals . Details Pronunciation UK : / ˈrɛtɪnə / , US : / ˈrɛtənə / , pl . retinae / - ni / Part of Eye System Visual system Artery Central retinal artery Identifiers Latin Rēte MeSH D012160 TA A15. 2.04. 002 FMA 58301 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The retina is the innermost , light - sensitive layer , or `` coat '' , of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . The optics of the eye create a focused two - dimensional image of the visual world on the retina , which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception , the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera . The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses . The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells ( photo receptor cells , bipolar cells , and ganglion cells ) within the retina , which in its entirety comprises ten distinct layers , including an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells . The only neural cells that are directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells , which are of two types : rods and cones . Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black - and - white vision while cones are responsible for the perception of colour . A third type of photoreceptor , the photosensitive ganglion cells , is important for entrainment and reflexive responses to the brightness of light . Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons , whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve . Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light . In vertebrate embryonic development , the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain , specifically the embryonic diencephalon ; thus , the retina is considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) and is actually brain tissue . It is the only part of the CNS that can be visualized non-invasively . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Inverted versus non-inverted retina 1.2 Retinal layers 1.2. 1 Layers imagable with Optical Coherence Tomography ( OCT ) 1.3 Development 1.4 Blood supply 1.4. 1 Circulatory mechanisms 1.4. 1.1 In birds 1.5 Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease 2 Function 2.1 Spatial encoding 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Diagnosis 3.2 Treatment 3.2. 1 Common treatment modalities 3.2. 2 Uncommon treatment modalities 4 Notable researchers and discoveries 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Inverted versus non-inverted retina ( edit ) The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light sensing cells are in back of the retina , so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the rods and cones . In contrast , in the cephalopod retina the photoreceptors are in front , with processing neurons and capillaries behind them . Because of this , cephalopods do not have a blind spot . The overlying neural fibre layer does not degrade vision in the inverted retina . The neurons are transparent and the accompanying glial cells have been shown to act as fibre - optic channels to transport photons directly to the photoreceptors . In any case , the fovea centralis , the part of the retina with the highest resolution , does not have a layer of blood vessels and nerve cells over it , so there is no possibility of image degradation here . The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates . Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) . Although their photoreceptors contain a protein , retinochrome , that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE , one could argue that cephalopod photoreceptors are not maintained as well as in vertebrates and that , as a result , the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates . Having easily replaced stalk - eyes ( some lobsters ) or retinae ( some spiders , such as Deinopis ) rarely occurs . The cephalopod retina does not originate as an outgrowth of the brain , as the vertebrate one does . It is arguable that this difference shows that vertebrate and cephalopod eyes are not homologous but have evolved separately . From an evolutionary perspective , a more complex structure such as the inverted retina can generally come about as a consequence of two alternate processes : ( a ) an advantageous `` good '' compromise between competing functional limitations , or ( b ) as a historical maladaptive relic of the convoluted path of organ evolution and transformation . Vision is an important adaptation in higher vertebrates . A third view of the `` inverted '' vertebrate eye is that it combines two benefits : the maintenance of the photoreceptors mentioned above , and the reduction in light intensity necessary to avoid blinding the photoreceptors , which are based on the extremely sensitive eyes of the ancestors of modern hagfishes ( a fish that lives in very deep , dark water ) . Retinal layers ( edit ) Section of retina Rods , cones and nerve layers in the retina . The front ( anterior ) of the eye is on the left . Light ( from the left ) passes through several transparent nerve layers to reach the rods and cones ( far right ) . A chemical change in the rods and cones send a signal back to the nerves . The signal goes first to the bipolar and horizontal cells ( yellow layer ) , then to the amacrine cells and ganglion cells ( purple layer ) , then to the optic nerve fibres . The signals are processed in these layers . First , the signals start as raw outputs of points in the rod and cone cells . Then the nerve layers identify simple shapes , such as bright points surrounded by dark points , edges , and movement . ( Based on a drawing by Ramón y Cajal , 1911 . ) Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision ( left ) , and a color blind ( protanopic ) retina . Note that the center of the fovea holds very few blue - sensitive cones . Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers . From closest to farthest from the vitreous body : Inner limiting membrane -- basement membrane elaborated by Müller cells . Nerve fibre layer -- axons of the ganglion cell nuclei ( note that a thin layer of Müller cell footplates exists between this layer and the inner limiting membrane ) . Ganglion cell layer -- contains nuclei of ganglion cells , the axons of which become the optic nerve fibres for messages and some displaced amacrine cells . Inner plexiform layer -- contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells . Inner nuclear layer -- contains the nuclei and surrounding cell bodies ( perikarya ) of the amacrine cells , bipolar cells , and horizontal cells . Outer plexiform layer -- projections of rods and cones ending in the rod spherule and cone pedicle , respectively . These make synapses with dendrites of bipolar cells . In the macular region , this is known as the Fiber layer of Henle . Outer nuclear layer -- cell bodies of rods and cones . External limiting membrane -- layer that separates the inner segment portions of the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus . Layer of rods and cones -- layer of rod cells and cone cells . Retinal pigment epithelium -- single layer of cuboidal cells ( with extrusions not shown in diagram ) . This is closest to the choroid . These layers can be grouped into 4 main processing stages : photoreception ; transmission to bipolar cells ; transmission to ganglion cells , which also contain photoreceptors , the photosensitive ganglion cells ; and transmission along the optic nerve . At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and amacrine cells . The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting primarily to the lateral geniculate body , a visual relay station in the diencephalon ( the rear of the forebrain ) . It also projects to the superior colliculus , the suprachiasmatic nucleus , and the nucleus of the optic tract . It passes through the other layers , creating the optic disc in primates . Additional structures , not directly associated with vision , are found as outgrowths of the retina in some vertebrate groups . In birds , the pecten is a vascular structure of complex shape that projects from the retina into the vitreous humour ; it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the eye , and may also aid in vision . Reptiles have a similar , but much simpler , structure . In adult humans , the entire retina is approximately 72 % of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter . The entire retina contains about 7 million cones and 75 to 150 million rods . The optic disc , a part of the retina sometimes called `` the blind spot '' because it lacks photoreceptors , is located at the optic papilla , where the optic - nerve fibres leave the eye . It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm2 . Temporal ( in the direction of the temples ) to this disc is the macula , at whose centre is the fovea , a pit that is responsible for our sharp central vision but is actually less sensitive to light because of its lack of rods . Human and non-human primates possess one fovea , as opposed to certain bird species , such as hawks , who are bifoviate , and dogs and cats , who possess no fovea but a central band known as the visual streak . Around the fovea extends the central retina for about 6 mm and then the peripheral retina . The farthest edge of the retina is defined by the ora serrata . The distance from one ora to the other ( or macula ) , the most sensitive area along the horizontal meridian is about 32 mm . In section , the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick . It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses , including the unique ribbon synapse . The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain , and the blood vessels that supply the retina . The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond . Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement , light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina , ( including its capillary vessels , not shown ) before reaching the rods and cones . Light is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium or the choroid ( both of which are opaque ) . The white blood cells in the capillaries in front of the photoreceptors can be perceived as tiny bright moving dots when looking into blue light . This is known as the blue field entoptic phenomenon ( or Scheerer 's phenomenon ) . Between the ganglion cell layer and the rods and cones there are two layers of neuropils where synaptic contacts are made . The neuropil layers are the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer . In the outer neuropil layer , the rods and cones connect to the vertically running bipolar cells , and the horizontally oriented horizontal cells connect to ganglion cells . The central retina predominantly contains cones , while the peripheral retina predominantly contains rods . In total , there are about seven million cones and a hundred million rods . At the centre of the macula is the foveal pit where the cones are narrow and long , and , arranged in a hexagonal mosaic , the most dense . At the foveal pit the other retinal layers are displaced , before building up along the foveal slope until the rim of the fovea , or parafovea , is reached , which is the thickest portion of the retina . The macula has a yellow pigmentation , from screening pigments , and is known as the macula lutea . The area directly surrounding the fovea has the highest density of rods converging on single bipolar cells . Since its cones have a much lesser convergence of signals , the fovea allows for the sharpest vision the eye can attain . Though the rod and cones are a mosaic of sorts , transmission from receptors , to bipolars , to ganglion cells is not direct . Since there are about 150 million receptors and only 1 million optic nerve fibres , there must be convergence and thus mixing of signals . Moreover , the horizontal action of the horizontal and amacrine cells can allow one area of the retina to control another ( e.g. one stimulus inhibiting another ) . This inhibition is key to lessening the sum of messages sent to the higher regions of the brain . In some lower vertebrates ( e.g. the pigeon ) , there is a `` centrifugal '' control of messages -- that is , one layer can control another , or higher regions of the brain can drive the retinal nerve cells , but in primates this does not occur . Layers imagable with optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) ( edit ) On OCT there are 18 layers that can be identified in the retina . The layers and anatomical correlation are as follows : OCT scan of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm , axial resolution 3 μm macula histology ( OCT ) From innermost to outermost , the layers identifiable by OCT are as follows : # OCT Layer / Conventional Label Anatomical Correlate Reflectivity on OCT Specific anatomical boundaries ? Additional references Posterior cortical vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Hyper - reflective Yes Preretinal space In eyes where the vitreous has fully or partially detached from the retina , this is the space created between the posterior cortical vitreous face and the internal limiting membrane of the retina . Hypo - reflective Internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) Formed by Müller cell endfeet ( unclear if it can be observed on OCT ) Hyper - reflective No Nerve fiber layer ( NFL ) Ganglion cell axons travelling towards the optic nerve Ganglion cell layer ( GCL ) Ganglion cell bodies ( and some displaced amacrine cells ) Hypo - reflective 5 Inner plexiform layer ( IPL ) Synapses between bipolar , amacrine and ganglion cells Hyper - reflective 6 Inner nuclear layer ( INL ) a ) Horizontal , bipolar and amacrine cell bodies b ) Müller cell nuclei Hypo - reflective 7 Outer plexiform layer ( OPL ) Synapses between photoreceptor , bipolar and horizontal cells Hyper - reflective 8 ( Inner half ) Henle 's nerve fiber layer ( HL ) Photoreceptor axons ( obliquely orientated fibres ; not present in mid-peripheral or peripheral retina ) Hypo - reflective No ( Outer half ) Outer nuclear layer ( ONL ) The photoreceptor cell bodies 9 External limiting membrane ( ELM ) Made of zonulae adherens between Müller cells and photoreceptor inner segments Hyper - reflective 10 Myoid zone ( MZ ) The innermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) containing : Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi bodies Microtubules ( rarely : mitochondria ) Hypo - reflective No 11 Ellipsoid zone ( EZ ) The outermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) packed with mitochondria Very Hyper - reflective No IS / OS junction or Photoreceptor integrity line ( PIL ) The photoreceptor connecting cilia which bridge the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells . 12 Photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) The photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) which contain disks filled with opsin , the molecule that absorbs photons . Hypo - reflective 13 Interdigitation zone ( IZ ) Apices of the RPE cells which encase part of the cone OSs . Poorly distinguishable from RPE . Previously : `` cone outer segment tips line '' ( COST ) Hyper - reflective No 14 RPE / Bruch 's complex RPE phagosome zone Very Hyper - reflective No RPE melanosome zone Hypo - reflective RPE mitochondria zone + Junction between the RPE & Bruch 's membrane Very Hyper - reflective 15 Choriocapillaris Thin layer of moderate reflectivity in inner choroid No 16 Sattler 's layer Thick layer of round or ovalshaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in mid-choroid 17 Haller 's layer Thick layer of oval - shaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in outer choroid 18 Choroidal - scleral juncture Zone at the outer choroid with a marked change in texture , in which large circular or ovoid profiles abut a homogenous region of variable reflectivity Development ( edit ) Retinal development begins with the establishment of the eye fields mediated by the SHH and SIX3 proteins , with subsequent development of the optic vesicles regulated by the PAX6 and LHX2 proteins . The role of Pax6 in eye development was elegantly demonstrated by Walter Gehring and colleagues , who showed that ectopic expression of Pax6 can lead to eye formation on Drosophila antennae , wings , and legs . The optic vesicle gives rise to three structures : the neural retina , the retinal pigmented epithelium , and the optic stalk . The neural retina contains the retinal progenitor cells ( RPCs ) that give rise to the seven cell types of the retina . Differentiation begins with the retinal ganglion cells and concludes with production of the Muller glia . Although each cell type differentiates from the RPCs in a sequential order , there is considerable overlap in the timing of when individual cell types differentiate . The cues that determine a RPC daughter cell fate are coded by multiple transcription factor families including the bHLH and homeodomain factors . In addition to guiding cell fate determination , cues exist in the retina to determine the dorsal - ventral ( D-V ) and nasal - temporal ( N-T ) axes . The D-V axis is established by a ventral to dorsal gradient of VAX2 , whereas the N-T axis is coordinated by expression of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1 . Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map . Blood supply ( edit ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2016 ) This section may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fundus photograph showing the blood vessels in a normal human retina . Veins are darker and slightly wider than corresponding arteries . The optic disc is at right , and the macula lutea is near the centre . The retina is stratified into distinct layers , each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements . To satisfy these requirements , the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks : the choroidal network , which supplies the choroid and the outer retina , and the retinal network , which supplies the retina 's inner layer . Circulatory mechanisms ( edit ) At first glance , one may think that the vertebrate retina is `` wired wrongly '' or `` badly designed '' ; but in fact , the retina could not function if it were not inverted . The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , which performs at least seven vital functions , one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function . These nutrients include glucose , fatty acids , and retinal . The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions ( requiring less under scotopic conditions ) and , thus , requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid , which lies beyond the RPE . The choroid supplies about 75 % of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25 % . When light strikes 11 - cis - retinal ( in the disks in the rods and cones ) , 11 - cis - retinal changes to all - trans - retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins . Now , the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis - form once it has been changed by light . Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors . This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo - oxidative damage and allows the photoreceptor cells to have decades - long useful lives . In birds ( edit ) The bird retina is devoid of blood vessels , perhaps to give unobscured passage of light for forming images , thus giving better resolution . It is , therefore , a considered view that the bird retina depends for nutrition and oxygen supply on a specialized organ , called the `` pecten '' or pecten oculi , located on the blind spot or optic disk . This organ is extremely rich in blood vessels and is thought to supply nutrition and oxygen to the bird retina by diffusion through the vitreous body . The pecten is highly rich in alkaline phosphatase activity and polarized cells in its bridge portion -- both befitting its secretory role . Pecten cells are packed with dark melanin granules , which have been theorized to keep this organ warm with the absorption of stray light falling on the pecten . This is considered to enhance metabolic rate of the pecten , thereby exporting more nutritive molecules to meet the stringent energy requirements of the retina during long periods of exposure to light . Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease ( edit ) See also : Retinal scan and Biometrics The bifurcations and other physical characteristics of the inner retinal vascular network are known to vary among individuals , and these individual variances have been used for biometric identification and for early detection of the onset of disease . The mapping of vascular bifurcations is one of the basic steps in biometric identification . Results of such analyses of retinal blood vessel structure can be evaluated against the ground truth data of vascular bifurcations of retinal fundus images that are obtained from the DRIVE dataset . In addition , the classes of vessels of the DRIVE dataset have also been identified , and an automated method for accurate extraction of these bifurcations is also available . Changes in retinal blood circulation are seen with aging and exposure to air pollution , and may indicate cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis . Determining the equivalent width of arterioles and venules near the optic disc is also a widely used technique to identify cardiovascular risks . Function ( edit ) See also : Adaptation ( eye ) and Visual acuity The retina translates an optical image into neural impulses by the patterned excitation of the colour - sensitive pigments of its rods and cones , the retina 's photoreceptor cells . The excitation is processed by the neural system and various parts of the brain working in parallel to form a representation of the external environment in the brain . The cones respond to bright light and mediate high - resolution colour vision during daylight illumination ( also called photopic vision ) . The rods are saturated at daylight levels and do n't contribute to pattern vision . However , rods do respond to dim light and mediate lower - resolution , monochromatic vision under very low levels of illumination ( called scotopic vision ) . The illumination in most office settings falls between these two levels and is called mesopic vision . At mesopic light levels , both the rods and cones are actively contributing pattern information . What contribution the rod information makes to pattern vision under these circumstances is unclear . The response of cones to various wavelengths of light is called their spectral sensitivity . In normal human vision , the spectral sensitivity of a cone falls into one of three subtypes , often called blue , green , or red but more accurately known as short , medium , or long wavelength - sensitive cone subtypes . It is a lack of one or more of the cone subtypes that causes individuals to have deficiencies in colour vision or various kinds of colour blindness . These individuals are not blind to objects of a particular colour but are unable to distinguish between colours that can be distinguished by people with normal vision . Humans have this trichromatic vision , while most other mammals lack cones with red sensitive pigment and therefore have poorer dichromatic colour vision . However , some animals have four spectral subtypes , e.g. the trout adds an ultraviolet subgroup to short , medium , and long subtypes that are similar to humans . Some fish are sensitive to the polarization of light as well . In the photoreceptors , exposure to light hyperpolarizes the membrane in a series of graded shifts . The outer cell segment contains a photopigment . Inside the cell the normal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP ) keep the Na+ channel open , and thus in the resting state the cell is depolarised . The photon causes the retinal bound to the receptor protein to isomerise to trans - retinal . This causes the receptor to activate multiple G - proteins . This in turn causes the Ga - subunit of the protein to activate a phosphodiesterase ( PDE6 ) , which degrades cGMP , resulting in the closing of Na+ cyclic nucleotide - gated ion channels ( CNGs ) . Thus the cell is hyperpolarised . The amount of neurotransmitter released is reduced in bright light and increases as light levels fall . The actual photopigment is bleached away in bright light and only replaced as a chemical process , so in a transition from bright light to darkness the eye can take up to thirty minutes to reach full sensitivity . When thus excited by light , the photoceptor sends a proportional response synaptically to bipolar cells which in turn signal the retinal ganglion cells . The photoreceptors are also cross-linked by horizontal cells and amacrine cells , which modify the synaptic signal before it reaches the ganglion cells , the neural signals being intermixed and combined . Of the retina 's nerve cells , only the retinal ganglion cells and few amacrine cells create action potentials . In the retinal ganglion cells there are two types of response , depending on the receptive field of the cell . The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells comprise a central , approximately circular area , where light has one effect on the firing of the cell , and an annular surround , where light has the opposite effect . In ON cells , an increment in light intensity in the centre of the receptive field causes the firing rate to increase . In OFF cells , it makes it decrease . In a linear model , this response profile is well described by a difference of Gaussians and is the basis for edge detection algorithms . Beyond this simple difference , ganglion cells are also differentiated by chromatic sensitivity and the type of spatial summation . Cells showing linear spatial summation are termed X cells ( also called parvocellular , P , or midget ganglion cells ) , and those showing non-linear summation are Y cells ( also called magnocellular , M , or parasol retinal ganglion cells ) , although the correspondence between X and Y cells ( in the cat retina ) and P and M cells ( in the primate retina ) is not as simple as it once seemed . In the transfer of visual signals to the brain , the visual pathway , the retina is vertically divided in two , a temporal ( nearer to the temple ) half and a nasal ( nearer to the nose ) half . The axons from the nasal half cross the brain at the optic chiasma to join with axons from the temporal half of the other eye before passing into the lateral geniculate body . Although there are more than 130 million retinal receptors , there are only approximately 1.2 million fibres ( axons ) in the optic nerve . So , a large amount of pre-processing is performed within the retina . The fovea produces the most accurate information . Despite occupying about 0.01 % of the visual field ( less than 2 ° of visual angle ) , about 10 % of axons in the optic nerve are devoted to the fovea . The resolution limit of the fovea has been determined to be around 10,000 points . The information capacity is estimated at 500,000 bits per second ( for more information on bits , see information theory ) without colour or around 600,000 bits per second including colour . Spatial encoding ( edit ) Further information : Receptive field , for figures and more information on centre -- surround structures On - centres and off - centres of the retina When the retina sends neural impulses representing an image to the brain , it spatially encodes ( compresses ) those impulses to fit the limited capacity of the optic nerve . Compression is necessary because there are 100 times more photoreceptor cells than ganglion cells . This is done by `` decorrelation '' , which is carried out by the `` centre -- surround structures '' , which are implemented by the bipolar and ganglion cells . There are two types of centre -- surround structures in the retina -- on - centres and off - centres . On - centres have a positively weighted centre and a negatively weighted surround . Off - centres are just the opposite . Positive weighting is more commonly known as excitatory , and negative weighting as inhibitory . These centre -- surround structures are not physical apparent , in the sense that one can not see them by staining samples of tissue and examining the retina 's anatomy . The centre -- surround structures are logical ( i.e. , mathematically abstract ) in the sense that they depend on the connection strengths between bipolar and ganglion cells . It is believed that the connection strengths between cells is caused by the number and types of ion channels embedded in the synapses between the bipolar and ganglion cells . The centre -- surround structures are mathematically equivalent to the edge detection algorithms used by computer programmers to extract or enhance the edges in a digital photograph . Thus , the retina performs operations on the image - representing impulses to enhance the edges of objects within its visual field . For example , in a picture of a dog , a cat and a car , it is the edges of these objects that contain the most information . In order for higher functions in the brain ( or in a computer for that matter ) to extract and classify objects such as a dog and a cat , the retina is the first step to separating out the various objects within the scene . As an example , the following matrix is at the heart of a computer algorithm that implements edge detection . This matrix is the computer equivalent to the centre -- surround structure . In this example , each box ( element ) within this matrix would be connected to one photoreceptor . The photoreceptor in the centre is the current receptor being processed . The centre photoreceptor is multiplied by the + 1 weight factor . The surrounding photoreceptors are the `` nearest neighbors '' to the centre and are multiplied by the - 1 / 8 value . The sum of all nine of these elements is finally calculated . This summation is repeated for every photoreceptor in the image by shifting left to the end of a row and then down to the next line . - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 + 1 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 The total sum of this matrix is zero , if all the inputs from the nine photoreceptors are of the same value . The zero result indicates the image was uniform ( non-changing ) within this small patch . Negative or positive sums mean the image was varying ( changing ) within this small patch of nine photoreceptors . The above matrix is only an approximation to what really happens inside the retina . The differences are : The above example is called `` balanced '' . The term balanced means that the sum of the negative weights is equal to the sum of the positive weights so that they cancel out perfectly . Retinal ganglion cells are almost never perfectly balanced . The table is square while the centre -- surround structures in the retina are circular . Neurons operate on spike trains traveling down nerve cell axons . Computers operate on a single floating point number that is essentially constant from each input pixel . ( The computer pixel is basically the equivalent of a biological photoreceptor . ) The retina performs all these calculations in parallel while the computer operates on each pixel one at a time . The retina performs no repeated summations and shifting as would a computer . Finally , the horizontal and amacrine cells play a significant role in this process , but that is not represented here . Here is an example of an input image and how edge detection would modify it . Once the image is spatially encoded by the centre -- surround structures , the signal is sent out along the optic nerve ( via the axons of the ganglion cells ) through the optic chiasm to the LGN ( lateral geniculate nucleus ) . The exact function of the LGN is unknown at this time . The output of the LGN is then sent to the back of the brain . Specifically , the output of the LGN `` radiates '' out to the V1 primary visual cortex . Simplified signal flow : Photoreceptors → Bipolar → Ganglion → Chiasm → LGN → V1 cortex Clinical significance ( edit ) Further information : List of eye diseases and disorders There are many inherited and acquired diseases or disorders that may affect the retina . Some of them include : Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of genetic diseases that affect the retina and cause the loss of night vision and peripheral vision . Macular degeneration describes a group of diseases characterized by loss of central vision because of death or impairment of the cells in the macula . Cone - rod dystrophy ( CORD ) describes a number of diseases where vision loss is caused by deterioration of the cones and / or rods in the retina . In retinal separation , the retina detaches from the back of the eyeball . Ignipuncture is an outdated treatment method . The term retinal detachment is used to describe a separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium . There are several modern treatment methods for fixing a retinal detachment : pneumatic retinopexy , scleral buckle , cryotherapy , laser photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy . Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus can cause damage to the tiny blood vessels that supply the retina , leading to hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy . Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina . Retinal diseases in dogs include retinal dysplasia , progressive retinal atrophy , and sudden acquired retinal degeneration . Lipemia retinalis is a white appearance of the retina , and can occur by lipid deposition in lipoprotein lipase deficiency . Diagnosis ( edit ) A number of different instruments are available for the diagnosis of diseases and disorders affecting the retina . Ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography have long been used to examine the retina . Recently , adaptive optics has been used to image individual rods and cones in the living human retina , and a company based in Scotland has engineered technology that allows physicians to observe the complete retina without any discomfort to patients . The electroretinogram is used to non-invasively measure the retina 's electrical activity , which is affected by certain diseases . A relatively new technology , now becoming widely available , is optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . This non-invasive technique allows one to obtain a 3D volumetric or high resolution cross-sectional tomogram of the fine structures of the retina , with histologic quality . Treatment ( edit ) Treatment depends upon the nature of the disease or disorder . Common treatment modalities ( edit ) The following are commonly modalities of management for retinal disease : Intravitreal medication , such as anti-VEGF or corticosteroid agents Vitreoretinal surgery Use of nutritional supplements Modification of systemic risk factors for retinal disease Uncommon treatment modalities ( edit ) show Rare or uncommon methods of treatment for retinal disease Retinal gene therapy Main article : Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina Gene therapy holds promise as a potential avenue to cure a wide range of retinal diseases . This involves using a non-infectious virus to shuttle a gene into a part of the retina . Recombinant adeno - associated virus ( rAAV ) vectors possess a number of features that render them ideally suited for retinal gene therapy , including a lack of pathogenicity , minimal immunogenicity , and the ability to transduce postmitotic cells in a stable and efficient manner . rAAV vectors are increasingly utilized for their ability to mediate efficient transduction of retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptor cells and retinal ganglion cells . Each cell type can be specifically targeted by choosing the appropriate combination of AAV serotype , promoter , and intraocular injection site . Several clinical trials have already reported positive results using rAAV to treat Leber 's congenital amaurosis , showing that the therapy was both safe and effective . There were no serious adverse events , and patients in all three studies showed improvement in their visual function as measured by a number of methods . The methods used varied among the three trials , but included both functional methods such as visual acuity and functional mobility as well as objective measures that are less susceptible to bias , such as the pupil 's ability to respond to light and improvements on functional MRI . Improvements were sustained over the long - term , with patients continuing to do well after more than 1.5 years . The unique architecture of the retina and its relatively immune - privileged environment help this process . Tight junctions that form the blood retinal barrier separate the subretinal space from the blood supply , thus protecting it from microbes and most immune - mediated damage , and enhancing its potential to respond to vector - mediated therapies . The highly compartmentalized anatomy of the eye facilitates accurate delivery of therapeutic vector suspensions to specific tissues under direct visualization using microsurgical techniques . In the sheltered environment of the retina , AAV vectors are able to maintain high levels of transgene expression in the retinal pigmented epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptors , or ganglion cells for long periods of time after a single treatment . In addition , the eye and the visual system can be routinely and easily monitored for visual function and retinal structural changes after injections with noninvasive advanced technology , such as visual acuities , contrast sensitivity , fundus auto - fluorescence ( FAF ) , dark - adapted visual thresholds , vascular diameters , pupillometry , electroretinography ( ERG ) , multifocal ERG and optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . This strategy is effective against a number of retinal diseases that have been studied , including neovascular diseases that are features of age - related macular degeneration , diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity . Since the regulation of vascularization in the mature retina involves a balance between endogenous positive growth factors , such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and inhibitors of angiogenesis , such as pigment epithelium - derived factor ( PEDF ) , rAAV - mediated expression of PEDF , angiostatin , and the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt - 1 , which are all antiangiogenic proteins , have been shown to reduce aberrant vessel formation in animal models . Since specific gene therapies can not readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy , there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy . Neurotrophic factors have the ability to modulate neuronal growth during development to maintain existing cells and to allow recovery of injured neuronal populations in the eye . AAV encoding neurotrophic factors such as fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) family members and GDNF either protected photoreceptors from apoptosis or slowed down cell death . Organ transplantation Transplantation of retinas has been attempted , but without much success . At MIT , The University of Southern California , RWTH Aachen University , and the University of New South Wales , an `` artificial retina '' is under development : an implant which will bypass the photoreceptors of the retina and stimulate the attached nerve cells directly , with signals from a digital camera . Notable researchers and discoveries ( edit ) In 1894 , Santiago Ramón y Cajal published the first major characterization of retinal neurons in Retina der Wirbelthiere ( The Retina of Vertebrates ) . George Wald , Haldan Keffer Hartline , and Ragnar Granit won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their scientific research on the retina . A recent University of Pennsylvania study calculated that the approximate bandwidth of human retinas is 8.75 megabits per second , whereas a guinea pig 's retinal transfer rate is 875 kilobits per second . MacLaren & Pearson and colleagues at University College London and Moorfields Eye Hospital in London , in 2006 , showed that photoreceptor cells could be transplanted successfully in the mouse retina if donor cells were at a critical developmental stage . Recently Ader and colleagues in Dublin showed , using the electron microscope , that transplanted photoreceptors formed synaptic connections . In 2012 , Sebastian Seung and his laboratory at MIT have launched EyeWire , an online Citizen science game where players trace neurons in the retina . The goals of the EyeWire project are to identify specific cell types within the known broad classes of retinal cells , and to map the connections between neurons in the retina , which will help to determine how vision works . Additional images ( edit ) The structures of the eye labeled Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled Illustration of image as ' seen ' by the retina independent of optic nerve and striate cortex processing . See also ( edit ) Medicine portal This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina Charles Schepens -- `` the father of modern retinal surgery '' Evolution of the eye Duplex retina Retinal scan List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes Rhodopsin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J , Krause William ( 1 July 2005 ) . Krause 's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students . Boca Raton : Universal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58112 - 468 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sensory Reception : Human Vision : Structure and function of the Human Eye '' vol. 27 , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . 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Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) S. Ramón y Cajal , Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés , Maloine , Paris , 1911 . Rodieck RW ( 1965 ) . `` Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli '' . Vision Res. 5 ( 11 ) : 583 -- 601 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 65 ) 90033 - 7 . PMID 5862581 . Wandell , Brian A. ( 1995 ) . Foundations of vision . Sunderland , Mass : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 853 - 2 . Wässle H , Boycott BB ( 1991 ) . `` Functional architecture of the mammalian retina '' . Physiol. Rev. 71 ( 2 ) : 447 -- 480 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 1991.71. 2.447 . PMID 2006220 . Schulz HL , Goetz T , Kaschkoetoe J , Weber BH ( 2004 ) . `` The Retinome -- Defining a reference transcriptome of the adult mammalian retina / retinal pigment epithelium '' . BMC Genomics ( about a transcriptome for eye color ) . 5 ( 1 ) : 50 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 5 - 50 . PMC 512282 . PMID 15283859 . Dowling , John ( 2007 ) . `` Retina '' . Scholarpedia. 2 ( 12 ) : 3487 . Bibcode : 2007SchpJ ... 2.3487 D . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 3487 . Khoshbin - e-Khoshnazar , M.R. ( 2014 ) . `` Quantum Superposition in the Retina : Evidences and Proposals '' . NeuroQuantology. 12 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 101 . doi : 10.14704 / nq. 2014.12. 1.685 . External links ( edit ) Histology of the Eye , edited by William Krause , Dept . Pathology and Anatomical science , University of Missouri School of Medicine Eye , Brain , and Vision -- online book -- by David Hubel Kolb , H. , Fernandez , E. , & Nelson , R. ( 2003 ) . Webvision : The neural organization of the vertebrate retina . Salt Lake City , Utah : John Moran Eye Center , University of Utah . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Demo : Artificial Retina , MIT Technology Review , September 2004 . Reports on implant research at Technology Review Successful photoreceptor transplantation , MIT Technology Review , November 2006 . How stem cells might restore sight Technology Review Australian Vision Prosthesis Group , Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering , University of New South Wales RetinaCentral , Genetics and Diseases of the Human Retina at University of Würzburg Retinal layers image . NeuroScience 2nd Ed at United States National Library of Medicine Jeremy Nathans 's Seminars : `` The Vertebrate Retina : Structure , Function , and Evolution '' Retina -- Cell Centered Database Histology image : 07901loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002291 Anatomy of the globe of the human eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Optical illusions List of optical illusions Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall BNE : XX532269 BNF : cb11964958v ( data ) GND : 4171512 - 3 LCCN : sh85113322 NDL : 00567817 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retina&oldid=856647523 '' Categories : Visual system Human eye anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from May 2018 All articles needing expert attention Medicine articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2018 Articles to be expanded from October 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with self - published sources from October 2016 All articles with self - published sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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when is the new planet earth coming out | Planet Earth II | planet earth ii | Planet Earth II is a 2016 British nature documentary series produced by the BBC as a sequel to Planet Earth , which was broadcast in 2006 . The series is presented and narrated by Sir David Attenborough with the main theme music composed by Hans Zimmer . | The first trailer was released on 9 October 2016 , and the series premiered on 6 November 2016 in the United Kingdom on BBC One and BBC One HD . Planet Earth II is the first television series produced by the BBC in Ultra-high - definition ( 4K ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Broadcast 2.1 British television 2.2 International 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 Merchandise 5.1 DVD and Blu - ray 5.2 Books 6 Soundtrack 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) The series was announced by the BBC in 2013 with the working title One Planet , but the title was later changed to Planet Earth II . The BBC trailer for the series used the same music featured in the trailer for the original Planet Earth , `` Hoppípolla '' by Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós . The original Planet Earth , airing in 2006 , was one of the first natural documentary series to be made in high definition ( HD ) and Planet Earth II utilised new technologies developed since the first series , including ultra high definition ( 4K ) , improved camera stabilisation , remote recording and aerial drone technology . Broadcast ( edit ) British television ( edit ) The premiere of Planet Earth II took place at Bristol 's Cinema de Lux on 2 November 2016 with special guest appearance by Attenborough . Bristol has been the global home of BBC 's Natural History programme making for almost 60 years . The series debuted on BBC One and BBC One HD the following Sunday ( 6 November ) from 8pm to 9pm . Each of the six episodes included a 10 - minute making - of documentary called Planet Earth II Diaries . The previous week 's episode was repeated in an earlier time slot the following Sunday . International ( edit ) The series was broadcast internationally on BBC Earth channel with a few exceptions for some countries . The series aired in Belgium on the Flemish channel Canvas , narrated in Dutch by Vic De Wachter , with episodes airing each Wednesday from 7 December 2016 . In the Netherlands the series is airing on the Dutch channel NPO 1 , narrated by Peter Drost , with episodes airing each Sunday from 1 January 2017 . In Japan , the series aired on NHK - with four special episodes aired on 23 December 2016 and concluded on 19 February 2017 respectively , while all the six original episodes were broadcast from 29 March 2017 until 6 May 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on 15 February 2017 on the Nine Network . As for New Zealand , it aired from 9 July 2017 at Prime channel . The series debuted in Canada and the United States on 18 February 2017 , with the Canadian broadcast on the local BBC Earth channel ( which recently launched ) , In the United States , the series premiered with a three - network simulcast across BBC America , AMC , and SundanceTV ( owned by AMC Networks , who manages BBC America on behalf of BBC Worldwide ) . In Israel , the series premiered on 20 May 2017 on the new public broadcasting network KAN 11 . Episodes ( edit ) The series comprises six episodes plus the compilation episode `` A World of Wonder '' . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . The first episode gained 12.26 million viewers in the United Kingdom , the highest under the current system of viewing figures for a nature documentary . No . Title Produced by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Islands '' Elizabeth White 6 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 12.26 Remote islands offer sanctuary for some of the planet 's strangest and rarest creatures . The rare pygmy three - toed sloth enjoys a peaceful existence on an idyllic Caribbean island , while nesting albatross thrive in predator - free isolation . But island life always comes at a cost . On the Galapagos Islands , young marine iguana must escape an onslaught of deadly racer snakes the moment they hatch from the sand . On the sub-Antarctic island of Zavodovski , life gets more extreme still . Every day , one and a half million penguins risk being battered against the rocks by fierce waves as they try to get on and off the island . `` Mountains '' Justin Anderson 13 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 13.14 The great mountain ranges are some of the planet 's most spectacular landscapes , but they are unforgiving places to live in , and only a few animals have what it takes to live at extreme altitude . Mountain animals are amongst the most elusive in the world , and this film provides unique and intimate glimpses into their secretive lives . Witness the moment four snow leopards come together when a mother and cub become trapped between two rival males . Join grizzly bears as they dance against trees to rub off their winter fur and soar with golden eagles hunting amongst Europe 's snow - capped peaks . `` Jungles '' Emma Napper 20 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 11.60 Jungles provide the richest habitats on the planet - mysterious worlds of high drama where extraordinary animals attempt to survive in the most competitive place on earth . Flooded forests are home to caiman - hunting jaguars and strange dolphins that swim amongst the tree tops , while in the dense underworld , ninja glass frogs fight off wasps and flying dragons soar between trees . High in the canopy slender - bodied spider monkeys brachiate through the thin branches helping each other along the way . Acrobatic indri leap through the forests of Madagascar , while the jungle night conceals strange fungi and glow - in - the - dark creatures never filmed before . `` Deserts '' Ed Charles 27 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 11.88 The world 's deserts are lands of extremes that force animals to come up with ingenious ways of coping with hostile conditions , giving rise to the most incredible survival stories on earth . A pride of desert lions are so hungry they risk hunting a giraffe several times their size , while male sandgrouse fly 120 miles each day to the nearest waterhole and dice with death to collect water for their chicks . Filmed for the first time , a tiny bat does battle with one of the world 's deadliest scorpions , and in Madagascar , a locust swarm of biblical proportions is seen as never before . 5 `` Grasslands '' Chadden Hunter 4 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 11.54 Grasslands cover one - quarter of all land and support the vast gatherings of wildlife , but to survive here animals must endure the most hostile seasonal changes on the planet . From Asia 's bizarre - looking saiga antelope to the giant anteaters of Brazil , grassland animals have adapted in extraordinary ways to cope with these extremes . In the flooded Okavango , lions take on formidable buffalo in epic battles , on the savannah , bee - eaters take advantage of a kori bustard , a flock of ostriches , and an African savanna elephant bull to help catch insects and , on the freezing northern tundra , caribou embark on great migrations shadowed by hungry Arctic wolves . 6 `` Cities '' Fredi Devas 11 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 11.10 Cities are growing at a faster rate than any other habitat on Earth . They may seem an unlikely place for animals to thrive , but they can be a world of surprising opportunity . Leopards prowl the streets of Mumbai , peregrine falcons hunt amongst New York City 's skyscrapers , and a million starlings perform spectacular aerial dances over Rome . In Jodhpur , langurs are revered as religious deities and in Harar , locals live in harmony with wild hyenas . Many animals , however , struggle to cope in the urban jungle . As the architects of this environment , can humans choose to build cities that are homes for both them and wildlife ? - `` A World of Wonder '' Elizabeth White 1 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) 12.02 A compilation of the wildlife series presented by David Attenborough . Reception ( edit ) The Independent 's Christopher Hooton said of the series : `` It is undoubtedly the greatest TV nature documentary to date and there 's a strong case for it being one of the best TV series full stop . '' Michael Hogan from The Telegraph compared this series to the original Planet Earth series and said that `` advances in technology have enabled intimate high - definition close - ups and gasp - inducing aerial shots '' and going on to say that `` It has become predictable to heap superlatives upon the BBC Natural History Unit and wax lyrical about Attenborough 's status . But both institutions should be treasured while we 're lucky enough to still have them . '' However , Martin Hughes - Games , while calling the series `` spectacular and fascinating '' , said that it has `` become a disaster for the world 's wildlife '' and that while world animal populations are declining , `` the producers ( of this show ) continue to go to the rapidly shrinking parks and reserves to make their films -- creating a beautiful , beguiling fantasy world '' . The series is also currently the highest rated TV Show on IMDb 's list of Top Rated TV Shows . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2017 British Academy Television Awards Huw Wheldon Award for Specialist Factual Planet Earth II Won Virgin 's Must - See Moments Snakes vs. Iguanas chase Won British Academy Television Craft Awards Best Photography - Factual John Aitchison , Rob Whitworth , Mark MacEwen ( Episode : `` Cities '' ) Won John Shier , Jonathan Jones , Barrie Britton ( Episode : `` Deserts '' ) Nominated John Shier , Mateo Willis , Barrie Britton ( Episode : `` Mountains '' ) Nominated Tom Crowley , Mark MacEwen , John Brown ( Episode : `` Jungles '' ) Nominated Best Editing - Factual Dave Pearce ( Episode : `` Deserts '' ) Nominated Matt Meech ( Episode : `` Islands '' ) Nominated Best Sound - Factual Graham Wild , Kate Hopkins , Tim Owens ( Episode : `` Cities '' ) Won Kate Hopkins , Graham Wild ( Episode : `` Jungles '' ) Nominated Best Original Television Music Hans Zimmer , Jacob Shea , Jasha Klebe Nominated TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in News and Information Planet Earth II Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series Won Outstanding Cinematography for Nonfiction Programming Cinematography team ( Episode : `` Cities '' ) Nominated Cinematography team ( Episode : `` Islands '' ) Won Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming Fredi Devas ( Episode : `` Cities '' ) Nominated Elizabeth White ( Episode : `` Islands '' ) Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic Score ) Jacob Shea and Jasha Klebe ( Episode : `` Islands '' ) Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program Dave Pearce ( Episode : `` Cities '' ) Nominated Matt Meech ( Episode : `` Islands '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) Kate Hopkins , Tim Owens ( Episode : `` Cities '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Nonfiction Program ( Single or Multi-Camera ) Graham Wild ( Episode : `` Cities '' ) Nominated Merchandise ( edit ) DVD and Blu - Ray ( edit ) The series was released as a two - disc DVD and Blu - ray sets on 5 December 2016 , while a four - disc 4K UHD Blu - ray + Blu - ray sets were released later on 13 March 2017 . It was distributed by BBC Worldwide in the UK . In the US and Canada , the DVD , Blu - ray and 4K UHD Blu Ray sets were released on 28 March 2017 and distributed by BBC Worldwide Americas . In Australia and New Zealand , the DVD , Blu - ray and 4K UHD Blu Ray sets were released by ABC DVD / Village Roadshow on 29 March 2017 . Books ( edit ) An accompanying hardback book was written by Steven Moss with a foreword by David Attenborough and published by BBC Books ( ISBN 978 - 1849909655 ) . It was released on 6 October 2016 in the UK , and on 15 February 2017 for the US release . Soundtrack ( edit ) Planet Earth II Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer Jasha Klebe Jacob Shea Released 11 November 2016 ( Digital ) 2 December 2016 ( Audio CD ) Genre Soundtrack , Classical music Length 2 : 13 : 09 Label Silva Screen Records Producer BBC Worldwide BBC Earth The soundtrack was released with a compilation of the incidental music specially commissioned for Planet Earth II . The main theme was composed by Hans Zimmer , with the original music for each episode composed by Jacob Shea and Jasha Klebe for Bleeding Fingers Music . A digital soundtrack was released worldwide on 11 November 2016 , while a two - disc soundtrack became available on 2 December 2016 in the UK . ( show ) DISC 1 No . Title Episode Title Length 1 . `` Planet Earth II Suite '' 4 : 31 2 . `` The Sloth '' `` Islands '' 3 : 40 3 . `` Home to Dragons '' `` Islands '' 5 : 00 4 . `` Albatross Dance '' `` Islands '' 4 : 00 5 . `` Racer Snakes vs. Iguanas '' `` Islands '' 4 : 59 6 . `` Chinstrap Penguins '' `` Islands '' 3 : 20 7 . `` Singing Indri '' `` Jungles '' 2 : 41 8 . `` Competing Hummingbirds '' `` Jungles '' 3 : 11 9 . `` Life in the Canopy '' `` Jungles '' 2 : 41 10 . `` Jungle Weather '' `` Jungles '' 1 : 40 11 . `` Night Crawlers '' `` Jungles '' 1 : 59 12 . `` World of Bioluminescence '' `` Jungles '' 2 : 50 13 . `` Wilson 's Bird - of - Paradise '' `` Jungles '' 3 : 28 14 . `` Something Worth Protecting '' `` Jungles '' 2 : 16 15 . `` Life Without Water '' `` Deserts '' 2 : 39 16 . `` Monsoon Deserts -- Canyonlands '' `` Deserts '' 3 : 19 17 . `` Lion vs. Giraffe '' `` Deserts '' 3 : 30 18 . `` The Butcher Bird '' `` Deserts '' 1 : 07 19 . `` Wild Horses '' `` Deserts '' 2 : 44 20 . `` Desert Nightlife -- Golden Mole '' `` Deserts '' 3 : 39 21 . `` Long - Eared Bat vs. Scorpion '' `` Deserts '' 3 : 12 22 . `` Early Morning Fog '' `` Deserts '' 2 : 53 Total length : 69 : 19 ( show ) DISC 2 No . Title Episode Title Length 1 . `` Roof of the World '' `` Mountains '' 0 : 52 2 . `` Peaks of North America '' `` Mountains '' 1 : 59 3 . `` The Ibex '' `` Mountains '' 1 : 40 4 . `` The Himalayas '' `` Mountains '' 2 : 16 5 . `` Flight Over Alps '' `` Mountains '' 2 : 17 6 . `` Ice Skating Flamingos '' `` Mountains '' 1 : 18 7 . `` Dancing Bears '' `` Mountains '' 1 : 38 8 . `` Tenacious Bobcat '' `` Mountains '' 1 : 54 9 . `` Garden of Ice '' `` Mountains '' 2 : 04 10 . `` Snow Leopards '' `` Mountains '' 5 : 14 11 . `` Savage Beauty '' `` Mountains '' 1 : 43 12 . `` Normadic Life '' `` Grasslands '' 1 : 57 13 . `` Hunting Buffalo Herds '' `` Grasslands '' 4 ; 16 14 . `` The Okavango '' `` Grasslands '' 1 : 39 15 . `` Carmine Bee Eaters '' `` Grasslands '' 2 : 40 16 . `` Industrious Insects '' `` Grasslands '' 3 : 38 17 . `` The Great Migration '' `` Grasslands '' 5 : 45 18 . `` The Unnatural Habitat '' `` Cities '' 1 : 16 19 . `` Langurs of Jodhpur '' `` Cities '' 2 : 35 20 . `` Temple Gardens '' `` Cities '' 2 : 10 21 . `` Market Thieves '' `` Cities '' 3 : 10 22 . `` Illuminated '' `` Cities '' 1 : 31 23 . `` City Skylines '' `` Cities '' 1 : 27 24 . `` Starlings '' `` Cities '' 1 : 52 25 . `` Toronto Raccoons '' `` Cities '' 2 : 52 26 . `` We are the Designers '' `` Cities '' 2 : 48 27 . `` Epilogue '' `` Cities '' 1 : 19 Total length : 63 : 50 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Aitchison , Rob Whitworth , Kevin Flay , Mark MacEwen , Gordon Buchanan , Gavin Thurston , Mateo Willis , Michael Kelem , Mark Smith , Sandesh Kadur Jump up ^ Mark MacEwen , Max Hug Williams , Jonathan Jones , Mateo Willis , Richard Wollocombe , Pete McCowen , Warwick Sloss , Paul Stewart , Derek Frankowski , John Shier , Tom Fitz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` Planet Earth 2 Is Happening , Here 's What We Know '' . CinemaBlend.com . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Barra , Leo ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` David Attenborough to Narrate BBC Documentary Series ' Planet Earth II ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Planet Earth II ' Soundtrack Details '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II -- Islands '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` BBC captures nature in 4K for ' Planet Earth II ' '' . engadget.co.uk. 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth 2 from BBC will debut in 2016 in beautiful 4K UHD video quality '' . 4k.com. 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC commissions Blue Planet follow up '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` MIPTV ' 14 : ZDF to coproduce BBC series ' One Planet ' '' . Realscreen . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir David Attenborough to present brand new landmark natural history series for BBC One '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Sigur Rós rework Hoppipolla for the BBC 's Planet Earth II trailer '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Bristol welcomes Sir David Attenborough ' home ' for Planet Earth II Premiere and you 're invited ! '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Listings '' . tvguide.co.uk . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II on Canvas '' . Canvas.be . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EO start het nieuwe jaar met Planet Earth II '' . Radio.nl . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHK スペシャル プラネット アース II '' ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . NHK . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHK スペシャル プラネット アース II - 第 3 集 : 新天地 へ の 挑戦 '' ( in Japanese ) . NHK . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` プラネット アース II - 第 1 集 : 島 生命 の 小宇宙 '' ( in Japanese ) . NHK . Jump up ^ `` プラネット アース II - 第 6 集 : 都市 新天地 へ の 挑戦 '' ( in Japanese ) . NHK . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 February 2017 ) . `` Airdate : Planet Earth II '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II Unearthed at Last '' . ScreenScribe . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBCWW raids Globo for Brazil '' . C21Media . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) . `` BBC Earth channel to debut in Canada '' . The Toronto Star . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing : ' Planet Earth II ' Premieres Saturday , February 18 on BBC America '' . BBC America . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Planet Earth II ' To Be Simulcast On AMC , Sundance & BBC America -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` התאגיד רכש לשידור את סדרת הטבע `` עולם מופלא '' ותוכניות נוספות של בי ־ בי ־ סי `` . 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02544td/episodes/guide Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Attenborough 's Planet Earth II becomes most - watched nature show '' . The Daily Telegraph . 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One - Planet Earth II , A World of Wonder '' . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We 've published the names of everyone who worked on # PlanetEarth2 in recognition of a phenomenal achievement '' . The Independent . 2016 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 11 December 2016 ) . `` David Attenborough brings Planet Earth II to a spectacular end - review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes - Games , Martin ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` The BBC 's Planet Earth II did not help the natural world '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Users , IMDb . `` IMDb Top Rated TV Shows '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV awards 2017 : full list of winners '' . Guardian . 14 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta Television Craft Awards Shortlist 2017 '' . BAFTA. 26 March 2017 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Atlanta ' Lead 2017 TV Critic Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Blu-ray.com . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray + Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( DVD ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( DVD Standard Edition ) '' . ABC Shop . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Blu - Ray with Bonus Poster ) '' . ABC Shop . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray ) '' . ABC Shop . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Hardback ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Hardback ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Planet Earth II ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Digital Music Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Original Television Soundtrack ) by Hans Zimmer '' . iTunes Store US . Jump up ^ `` Planet Earth II ( Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . External links ( edit ) Planet Earth II at BBC Programmes Planet Earth II at BBC Earth Planet Earth II at BBC Earth Asia Planet Earth II at BBC Media Centre Planet Earth II on IMDb Planet Earth II at NHK ( in Japanese ) Planet Earth II -- Conservation on Film via Conjour ( Conservation Journal ) BBC Natural History Unit Television Landmarks The Blue Planet Planet Earth Nature 's Great Events Life Human Planet Frozen Planet Africa Life Story Shark The Hunt Planet Earth II Blue Planet II Life series Life on Earth The Living Planet The Trials of Life Life in the Freezer The Private Life of Plants The Life of Birds The Life of Mammals Life in the Undergrowth Life in Cold Blood Walking with ... series Walking with Dinosaurs The Ballad of Big Al Walking with Beasts Walking with Cavemen Chased by Dinosaurs Sea Monsters Walking with Monsters Prehistoric Park British wildlife Bellamy 's Backyard Safari Living Britain British Isles Springwatch The Nature of Britain The Great British Year The One Show Continents Land of the Eagle Spirits of the Jaguar Land of the Tiger Andes to Amazon Wild Africa Wild New World Wild Down Under Europe Wild Caribbean Wild China South Pacific Wild Arabia Wild Brazil Wild West Locations The First Eden Congo Nile Galapagos Ganges Yellowstone The Great Rift : Africa 's Wild Heart Madagascar Great Barrier Reef Wild Burma : Nature 's Lost Kingdom Alaska : Earth 's Frozen Kingdom Japan : Earth 's Enchanted Islands Atlantic : The Wildest Ocean on Earth Patagonia : Earth 's Secret Paradise New Zealand : Earth 's Mythical Islands Thailand : Earth 's Tropical Paradise Wild Ireland : The Edge of the World Mexico : Earth 's Festival of Life Expeditions Amazon Abyss Expedition Borneo Pacific Abyss Lost Land of the Jaguar Lost Land of the Volcano Lost Land of the Tiger The Dark : Nature 's Nighttime World Prehistoric Life Wild New World Planet Dinosaur Ice Age Giants Rise of Animals : Triumph of the Vertebrates Children 's TV Animal Magic The Really Wild Show Roar Deadly 60 Inside Life Other Wildlife on One The World About Us Natural World BBC Wildlife Specials Supersense Sea Trek Lifesense Big Cat Diary Supernatural Cousins State of the Planet Dragons Alive Planet Earth : The Future Orangutan Diary Saving Planet Earth The Secret Life of Elephants The Museum of Life Mountain Gorilla The Bear Family & Me Unnatural Histories Ocean Giants Earthflight Planet Earth Live Nature 's Microworlds The Polar Bear Family & Me Hidden Kingdoms Monkey Planet Wonders of the Monsoon Nature 's Greatest Dancers India : Nature 's Wonderland Nature 's Wonderlands Earth 's Greatest Spectacles Extreme Mountain Challenge Tribes , Predators & Me Life in the Air Nature 's Epic Journeys Earth 's Seasonal Secrets Animal Babies Elephant Family & Me Life in the Snow Yellowstone : Wildest Winter to Blazing Summer Spy in the Wild Mountain : Life at the Extreme Radio World on the Move David Attenborough 's Life Stories The Living World Saving Species Film Earth : One Amazing Day Deep Blue Earth The Meerkats One Life Walking with Dinosaurs 3D Walking with Dinosaurs : Prehistoric Planet 3D Tiny Giants 3D Enchanted Kingdom 3D Heads of the NHU Bruce Campbell Christopher Parsons Alastair Fothergill Keith Scholey Neil Nightingale Wendy Darke Julian Hector David Attenborough Filmography The Life series Life on Earth ( 1979 ) The Living Planet ( 1984 ) The Trials of Life ( 1990 ) Life in the Freezer ( 1993 ) The Private Life of Plants ( 1995 ) The Life of Birds ( 1998 ) The Life of Mammals ( 2002 ) Life in the Undergrowth ( 2005 ) Life in Cold Blood ( 2008 ) Other TV series and programmes Zoo Quest ( 1954 -- 63 ) The People of Paradise ( 1960 ) The World About Us ( 1967 ) The Miracle of Bali ( 1969 ) The Tribal Eye ( 1975 ) Wildlife on One ( 1977 ) The First Eden ( 1987 ) Lost Worlds , Vanished Lives ( 1989 ) BBC Wildlife Specials ( 1995 -- 2008 ) State of the Planet ( 2000 ) The Blue Planet ( 2001 ) Planet Earth ( 2006 ) Are We Changing Planet Earth ? 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who did the voice for elsa in frozen | Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 53rd animated film Frozen . She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel . At the beginning of the film , she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager . | Eva Bella|Spencer Lacey Ganus | Elsa ( Disney ) | elsa ( disney ) | Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 53rd animated film Frozen . She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel . At the beginning of the film , she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager . | Created by directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee , Elsa is loosely based on the title character of `` The Snow Queen '' , a Danish fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , she is introduced as the princess of the fictional Scandinavian kingdom of Arendelle , heiress to the throne and the elder sister of Princess Anna ( Kristen Bell ) . Elsa has the magical ability to create and manipulate ice and snow . She inadvertently sends Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation . Throughout the film , she struggles first with controlling and concealing her abilities and then with liberating herself from her fears of unintentionally harming others , especially her younger sister . The Snow Queen character , neutral but cold - hearted in the original fairytale and villain in numerous adaptations of the character , proved difficult to adapt to film due to her transparent depiction . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , attempted to build on the character , and a number of scheduled film adaptions were shelved when they could not work out the character . Buck and his co-director , Jennifer Lee , were ultimately able to solve the dilemma by depicting Elsa and Anna as sisters . As much as Anna 's struggle is external , Elsa 's is internal . This led to Elsa being gradually rewritten as a sympathetic , misunderstood character . Elsa has received largely positive reception from reviewers , who praised her complex characterization and vulnerability . Menzel was also widely praised for her vocal performance of Elsa , especially that of her performance of the song `` Let It Go '' , with critics frequently calling her a `` powerhouse '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins and concept 1.2 Voice 1.2. 1 Other voices 1.3 Design and characterization 1.3. 1 Abilities 2 Appearances 2.1 Frozen 2.2 Frozen Fever 2.3 Once Upon a Time 2.4 Olaf 's Frozen Adventure 2.5 Miscellaneous 2.5. 1 Merchandise 2.5. 2 Theme parks 2.5. 3 Cosplay 2.5. 4 Broadway musical 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reviews 3.1. 1 `` Let It Go '' 3.2 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Origins and concept ( edit ) An illustration of the Snow Queen , the character Elsa is based upon . Attempts were made as early as 1937 by Walt Disney to adapt Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale , `` The Snow Queen '' , into a film . The tale focuses on two children , one named Gerda , who served as the basis for Princess Anna , and the other named Kai , who is `` cursed with negativity '' after his heart is pierced with a shard of glass from an enchanted mirror and is later kidnapped by the Snow Queen . However , Disney struggled with creating a believable , multi-dimensional adaption of the fairy tale 's title character , who was intended to be a villain . In the story , she is described as `` a woman , dressed in garments of white gauze , which looked like millions of starry snow - flakes linked together . She was fair and beautiful , but made of ice -- shining and glittering ice . Still she was alive and her eyes sparkled like bright stars , but there was neither peace nor rest in their glance . '' Disney was unable to find a way to make the Snow Queen more real and eventually abandoned film plans . Several film executives later made efforts towards the project , including Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , Dick Zondag , Glen Keane , and Dave Goetz . In 2011 , director Chris Buck began work on another attempted adaption and also faced challenges with the Snow Queen character . Producer Peter Del Vecho explained that this was primarily because she was not relatable and too isolated , having no personal connections . As a result , they could not explain her motivations . After several changes were proposed , someone on the writing team suggested making the Snow Queen Anna 's sister . `` Once we realized that these characters could be siblings and have a relationship , everything changed , '' Del Vecho relayed . The Snow Queen , now given the name Elsa , continued to be cast as a villain , and Disney released the following synopsis for Frozen in May 2013 : When Anna is cursed by her estranged sister , the cold - hearted Snow Queen , Anna 's only hope of reversing the curse is to survive a perilous but thrilling journey across an icy and unforgiving landscape . Joined by a rugged , thrill - seeking outdoorsman , his one - antlered reindeer and a hapless snowman , Anna must race against time , conquer the elements and battle an army of menacing snowmen if she ever hopes to melt her frozen heart . Earlier manuscripts included more antagonistic actions by Elsa , such as intentionally cursing Arendelle with an eternal winter . Additionally , she is shown creating an army of snowmen similar to the original Snow Queen 's army of snowflakes ; the comedic character of Olaf was at the time written as a smaller snowman who was cast out by Elsa for being too unintimidating . Within two months , however , scripts were altered to give emphasis to her lack of control over her powers . Olaf was reduced to the only snowman created by Elsa , and he instead serves as a reminder of the sisters ' childhood friendship . In the final version , Elsa creates a single giant snow creature that Olaf nicknames `` Marshmallow '' to act as a guard after being branded as a monster for her powers . According to director Jennifer Lee , the character ultimately became more of a composite of both Kai and the Snow Queen , enhancing her increasingly sympathetic portrayal . Del Vecho added , `` There are times when Elsa does villainous things but because you understand where it comes from , from this desire to defend herself , you can always relate to her . '' Voice ( edit ) Idina Menzel provided both the singing and speaking voice of Elsa . Eva Bella and Spencer Lacey Ganus were cast to portray Elsa as a young child and as a teenager , respectively . Actress and singer Megan Mullally was originally cast to voice an adult Elsa . but was replaced by Idina Menzel , a Broadway actress and singer best known for performing as Elphaba in Wicked . Menzel already knew Kristen Bell , who voiced Anna , and had previously auditioned for a lead role in the 2010 Disney film Tangled . She was not cast for the part , but the casting director recorded her singing and later showed the recording to Frozen 's film executives . Menzel was surprised when she was subsequently asked to audition , and she received the role after reading the script out loud . In interviews , she acknowledged similarities between Elsa , her then - current role , and Elphaba , her previous role . Namely , she said , they were both very powerful and very misunderstood individuals . She further said that she related to the characters , having hidden her singing talent from her peers at school . `` I did n't want to alienate anyone , '' she explained . `` If everyone was singing along in the car to a Madonna song , I did n't join in because when we 're younger we 're afraid of sticking out or showing off , when in fact we should own those things that make us really unique . '' Director Chris Buck believed that Menzel 's vocals would help in the portrayal of the character , saying , `` Idina has a sense of vulnerability in her voice . She plays a very strong character , but someone who lives in fear -- so we needed someone who could portray both sides of the character , and Idina was just amazing . '' Menzel was unaccustomed to working with animated films and being required to portray her character 's feelings with her voice alone , though she did not find it particularly challenging . While recording , she was able to `` play '' with her voice , trying various tones to establish the ranges in Elsa 's emotions . For example , Menzel wanted there to be a difference between the ways she sounded when she was being bold and when she was angry . She would also physically restrict her hands from moving as she recorded the film 's early scenes in order to project how her character was `` so afraid to move and feel anything that it would come out and hurt people '' . During production , Menzel and Jonathan Groff , who portrays Kristoff , went to the animation studio to explain to the animators how they were approaching their characters . Animators asked Menzel questions about her singing , observed how she breathed as she sang live , and made videorecordings of her recording sessions ; they then animated Elsa 's breathing to match Menzel 's breathing , for further realism . Her voice supplied inspiration for Elsa 's most prominent song , `` Let It Go '' . According to composer Robert Lopez , Menzel 's vocal range was able to clearly convey Elsa 's `` low , vulnerable , fragile side '' as well as her power and self - realization . Menzel commented that it was `` an honor '' to have the song and that she enjoyed recording it . `` It 's a collision of a bunch of forces that are all coming together in the right way , '' she explained . `` The character , what she is singing and what she is experiencing ; beautiful lyrics , beautiful melody and a little bit of me . '' Buck and Lee were also surprised by how compatible Menzel and Kristen Bell 's voices were . At one point during a table read , they sang a ballad ( later revealed as `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ) back and forth to one another with so much sentiment that it reportedly left everyone who was present with tears in their eyes . Subsequently , Lee wanted Menzel and Bell to be in the same room when they were recording the important emotional scenes of the film . Other voices ( edit ) All over the world , Elsa was dubbed in 46 languages . Dutch singer and actress Willemijn Verkaik dubbed Elsa in Dutch ( both speaking and singing ) and German ( singing only ) , Spanish singer Gisela sang both for the Castilian Spanish and Catalan versions and French singer Anaïs Delva 's singing lines were also used in the Canadian French version . Both Anaïs Delva ( French ) and Jelena Gavrilović ( Serbian ) had originally auditioned for Anna 's role , but were eventually called back to dub Elsa instead . Just like Idina Menzel , four of Elsa 's dubbers also played the role of Elphaba in the Musical `` Wicked '' , that is : Maria Lucia Rosenberg ( Danish ) , Willemijn Verkaik ( Dutch and German ) , Mona Mor ( Hebrew ) and Hyena Park ( ko ) ( Korean ) . Since 2013 , some local TV stations have been dubbing the movie in their local languages , creating some unofficial dubs ( namely : Albanian , Arabic TV , Karachay - Balkar , Persian and Tagalog ) . ( show ) Elsa 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Arabic نسمة محجوب ( Nesma Mahgoub ) Brazilian Portuguese Taryn Szpilman ( pt ) Bulgarian Надежда Панайотова ( Nadezhda Panayotova ) ( bg ) Canadian French Aurélie Morgane Anaïs Delva Cantonese 黃紫嫻 ( `` Wong Ji - Haan '' ; Kitty Wong ) ( zh ) 白 珍寶 ( `` Jan - bo Baak '' ; Jobelle Ubalde ) Castilian Spanish Ana Esther Alborg Gisela Catalan Mar Nicolás Gisela Croatian Kristina Krepela Nataša Mirković Czech Andrea Elsnerová ( cs ; de ) Monika Absolonová Danish Maria Lucia Rosenberg Dutch Willemijn Verkaik English Idina Menzel Estonian Hanna - Liina Võsa ( et ; es ) European French Anaïs Delva European Portuguese Maria Camões ( pt ) Ana Margarida Encarnação Finnish Katja Sirkiä ( fi ) Flemish Elke Buyle German Dina Kürten ( de ) Willemijn Verkaik Greek Σία Κοσκινά ( Sía Koskiná ) ( el ) Hebrew מונה מור ( Mona Mor ) Hindi सुनिधि चौहान ( Sunidhi Chauhan ) Hungarian Réka Farkasházi ( hu ) Nikolett Füredi ( hu ) Icelandic Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir Indonesian Lis Kurniasih Mikha Sherly Marpaung Italian Serena Autieri Japanese Takako Matsu Kazakh Айнұр Бермұхамбетова ( Aynur Bermuxambetova ) Korean 안소연 ( Ahn So - Yeon ) ( ko ) 박혜 나 ( Park Hyena ) ( ko ) Latin American Spanish Carmen Sarahí ( es ) Latvian Jolanta Strikaite Lithuanian Girmantė Vaitkutė ( lt ) Malaysian Marsha Milan Londoh Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 周 帅 ( Zhōu Shuài ) 胡 维 纳 ( `` Hú Wéi - Nà '' ; Jalane ) ( cmn ) Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 刘小芸 ( Liú Xiǎo - Yún ) 林芯儀 ( `` Lín Xīn - Yí '' ; Shennio Lin ) ( cmn ) Norwegian Lisa Stokke Polish Lidia Sadowa ( pl ) Katarzyna Łaska Romanian Adina Lucaciu Dalma Kovács Russian Анна Бутурлина ( Anna Buturlina ) ( ru ) Serbian Jelena Gavrilović Slovak Andrea Somorovská Slovene Alenka Kozolc Gregurić Nuška Drašček Rojko ( sl ) Swedish Annika Herlitz Thai วิ ช ญาณี เปีย กลิ่น ( `` Wichayanee Pia - klin '' ; Gam the Star ) ( th ) Turkish Begüm Günceler Ukrainian Аліна Проценко ( Alina Procenko ) Шаніс ( Shanis ) Vietnamese Đoàn Khánh Ái Dương Hoàng Yến ( vi ; es ) Design and characterization ( edit ) Following the casting of Idina Menzel , Elsa 's characterization underwent several alterations . According to Menzel , she was originally scripted as a one - dimensional antagonist but was gradually revised as a more vulnerable , multifaceted figure . Menzel further described her character as `` extremely complicated and misunderstood '' . Director Jennifer Lee stated that Elsa is largely driven by fear throughout the film , while Menzel added that she was also struggling with her potential to be `` a strong , powerful , extraordinary woman '' . Executive producer and animator John Lasseter became very `` protective of Elsa '' and was adamant about portraying her in a more favorable , sympathetic light . Writer and director Jennifer Lee stated on Twitter that Elsa 's body language and mannerisms were `` intentional to show anxiety and depression '' . In July 2013 , Disney released images of the film 's main characters along with outlines of their roles in the story . Elsa received the following description : From the outside , Elsa looks poised , regal and reserved , but in reality , she lives in fear as she wrestles with a mighty secret -- she was born with the power to create ice and snow . It 's a beautiful ability , but also extremely dangerous . Haunted by the moment her magic nearly killed her younger sister Anna , Elsa has isolated herself , spending every waking minute trying to suppress her growing powers . Her mounting emotions trigger the magic , accidentally setting off an eternal winter that she ca n't stop . She fears she 's becoming a monster and that no one , not even her sister , can help her . Elsa 's supervising animator was Wayne Unten , who asked for that role because he was fascinated by her complexity . Unten carefully developed Elsa 's facial expressions in order to bring out her fear as contrasted against Anna 's fearlessness . For their work on designing and animating Elsa , Unten and three other Disney Animation employees later won an award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards : Joy Johnson , character technical director ( rigging ) ; Alexander Alvarado , look development artist ( Disney 's job title for texture artists ) ; and Chad Stubblefield , modeling supervisor . FX technical director Yoo Jae - hyun worked for a year - and - a-half on creating Elsa 's ice - based special effects , including effects associated with her dress . Producers identified the scene in which Elsa sings `` Let It Go '' as a pivotal point in the character 's development . The scene depicts her choice to `` let go '' of her fear of using her powers . Character design supervisor Bill Schwab said , `` Before ' Let It Go ' , Elsa is really buttoned up , her hair is up -- everything is perfect . During the song , she gives herself permission to be who she is and everything changes -- her hair is more wild , her gown is magical . She 's finally free -- even if she is all alone . '' Animators designed Elsa 's appearance to reflect her metamorphosis ; in the beginning , she is shown primarily in restrictive and confining outfits . Menzel said that , after accepting her abilities , Elsa 's appearance becomes `` very vampy '' , continuing , `` She 's quite sexy for Disney , I have to say -- they 're pushing the limits there a little bit ! But there 's a gleam in her eye and a supermodel walk that goes with it and , for me , it was fun to be a blonde because I 'm not in real life . '' In a January 2014 interview with John August and Aline Brosh McKenna , Lee disclosed that Lasseter personally helped with conceptualizing Elsa 's physical transformation : `` ( M ) y favorite thing about it ... is the actual model for doing it was John Lasseter ... he was a huge help in talking through how we translate that emotional journey ... with the animation ... ( H ) e got up and he 's like , ... ' her hair goes , and she transforms , and she struts , ' and he 's doing it . He 's acting it out . '' `` We imagined what it would be like to be chased out of the kingdom . To have to let go of everything you know and all the people you love . And yet the incredible release you 'd have to finally let go of everything you 've holding back your entire life . '' -- Kristen Anderson - Lopez on writing Elsa 's song , `` Let It Go '' , and the choice to make her a protagonist rather than a villain . The scene was also a pivotal point in the development of Elsa 's character and was initially planned to depict her becoming evil . Robert Lopez , who composed the song with his wife , Kristen Anderson - Lopez , explained , `` Elsa was going to go from being this perfect princess that had tried to keep her personality down her whole life to saying , ' Screw it . I 'm gon na be me . ' '' They had wanted to use the song as a way to gain a better understanding of the character and what she would be like if she was no longer living in fear , which ultimately resulted in her becoming much more complex . The final lyrics and Menzel 's `` ability to be so fragile and vulnerable and then break into this powerhouse voice '' turned the plot around and led to Elsa being revised as a `` good '' character . She initially attempts to suppress her powers in order to avoid hurting others , particularly Anna , and when she is no longer able to do so , she banishes herself from the kingdom to protect those around her . Lead writer Paul Briggs said that Anna 's support is what Elsa needs most when her secret is exposed . `` The strength of the family bond is what makes this story so powerful , '' he explained , `` because it 's her sibling who 's willing to look beyond her powers and stand between her and the world if that 's what it takes . '' Early concept art depicting a darker version of Elsa inspired by Amy Winehouse . Elsa 's appearance had to be redesigned following her transition from antagonist to protagonist . She was originally drawn in a style similar to other Disney villains , with blue skin and spiky black hair . A few months after the film 's release , visual development artist Claire Keane ( the daughter of Disney Legend Glen Keane ) published early concept art of Elsa that was modeled after the singer Amy Winehouse . At the time , she was imagined as having blue `` bouffant '' hair as well as `` a deep , soulful voice and dramatic mood swings '' . Lasseter reportedly influenced the creation of the character 's much softer final appearance , particularly in regards to her very thick platinum blonde hair , which animators found difficult to design . Art director Michael Giaimo said that while a number of strategies were proposed for Elsa 's hair , Lasseter would push the animation team to continue making improvements , saying , `` It 's not aspirational enough . We want people to feel like this hair is a beautiful statement . '' During a research trip , producers found that `` there are lots of braids '' worn by women in Norway ; they then hired a stylist from New York named `` Danilo '' who helped to create a style that would reflect that while still being `` a little different '' . A new animation program called Tonic was invented to assist with the task , and the character 's hair ultimately required 420,000 CGI threads . By contrast , Anna was given roughly 140,000 hairs while Rapunzel from Tangled had only required 27,000 CGI threads for her hair . Abilities ( edit ) Elsa 's ice castle Since Elsa is introduced as a young child at the beginning of the film , animators wanted the first glimpse of her powers to reflect her innocent and fanciful state of mind at the time . This included giving her first snowflakes a simple design . Her snow and ice patterns later become more intricate and complex when she is an adult . Co-effects supervisor Marlon West elaborated , `` When Elsa finally lets go and really starts owning her cryokinetic abilities , we wanted the ice and snow that she make to get across the idea that Elsa has now grown up and become this beautiful , elegant , confident and powerful young woman . '' Her ice castle , which she creates while singing `` Let It Go '' , was designed to illustrate the maturing of her powers as well as to be `` a manifestation of her feelings to the world '' . The palace is initially beautiful ; however , after she is made aware of the destruction she has inadvertently caused , and as she is increasingly vilified and hunted by others , it becomes darker and more distorted , with jagged icicles forming on the walls . The film 's design team was uncertain about how it should look and drew out designs for various ice castles filled with snow . Lasseter suggested basing the structure and patterns on snowflakes . For example , an enormous snowflake would serve as the foundation , and the palace would be hexagon - shaped . Lasseter also wanted snowflake patterns to influence the manner in which Elsa creates the palace . `` Snowflakes are these tiny little ice crystals that form in mid-air . And when there are changes in temperature and humidity , these snowflakes start growing in a pattern that 's known as branching and plating , '' said co-effects supervisor Dale Mayeda . `` ( Lasseter ) said ' You know , when Elsa builds her ice palace , it would be so amazing if -- every step of the way as this castle forms out of thin air -- it 's just branching and plating , branching and plating all along the way . '' Fifty animators worked on the scene in which the castle is built , and one frame required 30 hours to render . They later extended similar techniques to Elsa 's clothing . While the traditional Norwegian rosemaling was the inspiration for her costuming early in the film , her ice gown was designed similarly to her palace , with snowflakes heavily influencing the style . Her cape itself is a large snowflake . Appearances ( edit ) Frozen ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( 2013 film ) Elsa , princess of Arendelle and heiress to the throne , is born with the ability to create and control ice and snow . As a child , she uses her abilities to create a winter wonderland to play in with her younger sister and best friend , Princess Anna . One night , Elsa accidentally harms Anna with her powers . The king and queen of Arendelle hurriedly take Anna to a tribe of mountain trolls to be healed . While healing Anna , the trolls inform the royals present that Elsa 's abilities will grow , becoming both beautiful and very dangerous so she must learn to control them . While the trolls erase Anna 's memory of the incident and of her elder sister 's powers in general , Elsa is traumatized by the event . The king and queen take steps to control and hide Elsa 's ice powers : the castle gates are locked , Elsa is shut away in her bedroom for most of the time , she is given gloves to help suppress her powers and is told to hold in her emotions as well . Nonetheless her powers continue to grow even stronger and so she becomes fearful of harming those she cares about most . Meanwhile , her sister Anna is less happy and confused by the loss of contact with her elder sister and tries , without success , to coax her out of her room . When the sisters grow into teenagers , the ship in which the king and queen are sailing is capsized in a storm and they drown , leaving Anna and Elsa feeling even more lonely . Three years pass , and Elsa , now of age , is set to formally succeed her father as the monarch of Arendelle . Though she is afraid of opening the castle to the large crowds , her coronation goes on relatively peacefully . However , at the reception party , Anna asks for Elsa 's blessing to marry Prince Hans of the Southern Isles , whom Anna had met earlier that day . Elsa refuses to bless Hans 's offer to marry Anna ; he is someone she barely knows , prompting an argument between the two . Being so upset Elsa accidentally reveals her power . Upon the guests ' and her subjects ' horror and being accused of sorcery and called a monster , Elsa flees the castle and retreats into the icy mountains . In the process , her emotions unleash an `` eternal '' winter throughout Arendelle . While there , she decides to embrace , finally , all her powers and builds an enormous ice palace where she believes she can live freely without fear of hurting people . She also rebuilds her childhood snowman , Olaf , and unknowingly brings him to life . Anna , determined to find Elsa and bring her back , travels through the mountains , encountering Olaf and a mountain man named Kristoff . They reach the ice palace , where Anna attempts to persuade Elsa to return home and mend their relationship . When Elsa ultimately resists ( due to her memory of hurting Anna as a child with her powers resurfacing ) Anna tells her about the state that Arendelle and all its people was left in . Horrified , Elsa lashes out and accidentally freezes Anna 's heart . Now even more horrified at the prospect of hurting her sister and people with her powers , Elsa forces Anna , Kristoff and Olaf out by creating a gigantic snow creature ( called Marshmallow by Olaf ) , that is a symbol of her desire to be alone so as to be able to use her powers without hurting anyone . After this , her ice castle evidently becomes darker and more grotesque , reflecting her torment and re-ignited fears . Meanwhile , Anna becomes weaker day by day and Kristoff takes her back to the trolls , who tell them that only an `` act of true love '' can save her life . Hans and a group of soldiers attack the now ugly ice palace . Elsa seizes two soldiers who attempt to assassinate her . Hans convinces her to spare them to prove that she is not a monster . However , she is knocked unconscious and taken to her castle 's dungeon . Hans visits her and urges her to end the winter ; Elsa admits that she has no idea how to do so . After he leaves , she is able to break free from the chains by freezing them and escapes the cell , though her fears trigger a massive blizzard . Anna returns to the castle , believing that a romantic kiss from Hans will be the `` act of true love '' to save her . Instead , he informs her that his offer of marriage ( engagement ) had been the first step of a plot to get him the throne of Arendelle . Olaf tells Anna that Kristoff is in love with her and she believes that his kiss will cure her . They rush to find Kristoff . Hans confronts Elsa and tells her that she has killed Anna . Devastated , Elsa collapses and the blizzard stops suddenly . Hans approaches her and swings his sword to kill her , but Anna turns away from an approaching Kristoff with her last bit of strength and blocks Hans ' attack as she freezes solid . Moments later , Anna begins to thaw , as her choice to save her sister rather than herself constituted the necessary `` act of true love '' . Elsa realizes that love is the key to controlling her powers and is able to end the kingdom 's eternal winter . Summer returns to Arendelle , Elsa regains the throne and is able to use and safely control her powers , while the sisters ' bond is restored . She exiles Hans back to the Southern Isles to face punishment from his family and cuts off trade with the Duke of Weselton 's town for his earlier behavior towards her . Frozen fever ( edit ) Main article : Frozen Fever Nearly a year after the events of the first film , Elsa tries to make Anna 's 19th birthday as perfect as possible a way of making up for the years they spent apart . To do so , she works heavily with Kristoff , Sven and Olaf to make this a reality . Upon making sure that her surprise party in the palace courtyard is ready , she leaves Kristoff in charge while she goes to get Anna . However , Elsa starts to come down with a cold as she leads Anna on a treasure hunt to find all the gifts that have been made for her . Without realizing it , each sneeze she makes creates small snowmen called `` snowgies '' , which create trouble for Kristoff , Sven and Olaf . As Anna notices Elsa 's cold getting worse , she tries in vain to get Elsa to stop exerting herself , even taking medicine from Oaken in case Elsa gets sicker . Unfortunately , Elsa 's cold cause her to become very tired and behave in a seemingly intoxicated - like manner , and she nearly falls from Arendelle 's clock tower only for Anna to save her . Upon finally admitting to Anna that she is indeed sick after the previous incident , she allows Anna to escort her home feeling she has ruined everything , and finds that the party has gone off successfully for Anna ( as well as discovering her snowgie creations ) , and still slightly intoxicated , she ends the party by accidentally sneezing into the birthday bugle horn , which inadvertently sends a gigantic snowball all the way to the Southern Isles and hits the now - demoted Hans , causing him to fall into a pile of horse manure . Afterwards , Anna tells a now bed - ridden Elsa that she has given her the best birthday ever by letting her take care of her . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Elsa Once Upon a Time character First appearance `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( 3.22 ) Last appearance `` Heroes and Villains '' ( 4.11 ) Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Portrayed by Georgina Haig Information Occupation Queen of Arendelle Family Queen Gerda and King of Arendelle ( deecased parents ) Anna ( younger sister ) Ingrid and Helga ( maternal aunts ) Kristoff ( brother - in - law ) Centric episodes `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( cameo ) `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' Elsa appears as a recurring character in the fourth season of the television series Once Upon a Time , where she is portrayed by Georgina Haig . At the end of the show 's third season finale , `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , Emma Swan ( Snow White and Prince Charming 's daughter ) and Captain Hook accidentally bring back an urn from Rumplestiltskin 's vault after their excursion into the past . The urn releases a blue liquid that coalesces into Elsa . She takes off her glove and destroys the urn with an icy blast . She strides out of the barn , leaving a trail of frozen ground . In the fourth - season premiere , `` A Tale of Two Sisters , '' Elsa 's story is shown in the present day as well as flashbacks taking place two years after the events of the film . In the past , she discovers that her and Anna 's parents set off not on a diplomatic mission , but on a journey to Misthaven -- the `` Enchanted Forest '' where most of Storybrooke 's fairy - tale residents came from -- to discover more about Elsa 's powers , with Anna 's travelling to Misthaven to find out more about her parents ' voyage . In the present , Elsa is frightened by her sudden exposure into the town of modern - day Storybrooke and re-conjures Marshmallow for protection . Marshmallow is defeated by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , while Elsa discovers a necklace she gave long ago to Anna in Mr. Gold 's ( Rumplestiltskin 's ) shop , leaving her resolved to learn what happened to her sister . As the season progresses , Elsa befriends series protagonist Emma Swan , Emma and the series ' central cast resolving the help Elsa find Anna . The group eventually discovers that a figure named the Snow Queen ( a more faithful adaptation of the original fairy tale 's character ) is somehow responsible for Elsa 's trapping in her urn , a woman with similar powers to Elsa . They soon discover that the Snow Queen is Elsa 's aunt , Ingrid , who was forgotten from Arendelle when Elsa 's mother , Gerda , used the power of the troll king to erase everyones memory of her , not wishing for the world to remember how Ingrid accidentally killed their third sister , Helga . Ingrid soon discovered a prophecy that stated she would one day have the love of her sisters again . With Ingrid 's sisters dead however , she believed she would be forced to create new sisters . For this , she chose Emma and Elsa . Ingrid had stalked Emma her entire life in preparation for the prophecy to become true , and manipulated events in Arendelle to bring Elsa to her . Being convinced that she could only gain their love when she was the only one left , she obtained a mirror capable of bringing out the worst in people ( the mirror coming directly from The Snow Queen fairy tale ) . If a piece of the mirror were to get in someones eye , they would see nothing but hatred in the world . Ingrid had planned to use this on everyone in Storybrooke ( dubbed the Spell of Shattered Sight ) , forcing all of its citizens to kill each other while she , Emma , and Elsa remained immune . Ingrid had also used this to her advantage on Anna , forcing Anna to trap Elsa in the urn they originally found Elsa in . Back in Arendelle , Anna ( who has woken up from the spell ) tried to track down a device known as a wishing star , which will have the power to bring her and Kristoff to wherever Elsa is . It was apparently the necklace Elsa had given Anna long ago , Elsa using it to bring Anna and Kristoff to Storybrooke . However , the Spell of Shattered Sight had already begun , and the only ones immune to it were Elsa , Emma , and Anna ( Anna because it was already used on her a while ago ) . Tracking down a note written by Elsa and Anna 's mother right before her death , the three bring it to Ingrid . It reads that Gerda forgave Ingrid for all that had transpired and still loved her , Ingrid realizing this was what the prophecy meant by regaining her sister 's love . Realizing there is no point in killing the town now , the Snow Queen kills herself using the mirror , which deactivates the curse , though a bit of it remained in Storybrooke , reinstating the town line , making it impossible to return to town if you are to leave it . With the help of Rumpelstiltskin , they are able to discover a door that will lead back to Arendelle , though they will not be able to return , as the door will disappear after its use . Anna and Kristoff depart , while Elsa and Emma share a tearful goodbye before returning to Arendelle with her little sister to attend the long - awaited wedding between Anna and Kristoff . In `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' , it 's revealed that , when Blackbeard attacked Arendelle , Elsa shrunk and trapped him and the Jolly Roger inside a bottle , unknowingly trapping Ariel inside as well . With the introduction of Frozen characters , the season 4 of Once Upon a Time saw a 31 - percent increase in ratings from the autumn of 2013 ( 9.3 million viewers ) , marking its best ratings in almost two years . Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( edit ) Main article : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Elsa will appear in a 21 - minute holiday film along with Anna , Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf , which will debut in theaters with Disney Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In December 2013 , Disney began releasing `` Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' , which played their signature songs that appear in the film . Numerous other doll versions of Elsa were released for purchase , including fashion doll sets , mini dolls , plush dolls , and Elsa - as - a-toddler dolls . A dress up costume for children was modeled after Elsa 's ice gown along with gloves similar to ones she wears in the film . Together with Anna , she was depicted on various Frozen - inspired dishware such as plates and coffee mugs . Other Elsa - inspired merchandise includes luggage , nightgowns , and home décor . Additionally , simplified versions of the film were adapted to children 's storybooks , including one with voice audio and another called A Sister More Like Me that was illustrated by Brittney Lee . Elsa and Anna also both appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity through the use of their corresponding figurines . In early 2014 , most Frozen merchandise , including dolls and dresses , were sold out nearly everywhere , including Disney stores and theme parks . In early November 2014 , Disney announced that it had sold over three million Frozen costumes in North America alone , of which Elsa was the no . 1 best - selling Disney costume of all time , followed by Anna at no . 2 . Hallmark created a Queen Elsa Christmas tree ornament after much interest was expressed when the Olaf ornament was announced in 2014 . Theme Parks ( edit ) Elsa meet - and - greet at Disneyland in California in 2013 . In November , before the release of Frozen , Anna and Elsa began making appearances at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in Florida and California through meet and greets . In Walt Disney World , the attractions were set up in the Norway Pavilion of Epcot in recognition of the Scandinavian cultural elements that went into the film 's design . In Disneyland , a winter - themed cottage was set up in the Fantasyland section , with a talking audio - animatronic Olaf sitting on the cottage roof . In February 2014 , these meet - and - greet sessions were extended indefinitely , with wait time to meet the princesses frequently exceeding two hours , which is longer than any previous Disney characters . Additionally , Elsa , Anna , and Olaf were given a Frozen - themed float for Disneyland Paris ' Disney Magic on Parade . On March 9 , 2014 , the three made appearances again on their own Frozen parade float in Festival of Fantasy Parade at Magic Kingdom theme park . On April 20 , 2014 , Anna and Elsa moved from Epcot to the Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom , with wait time to see the characters amounted to three hours , compared to Cinderella 's and Rapunzel 's 15 minutes . Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' became the central feature in Disney California Adventure 's Winter Dreams , a 30 - minute , winter - themed adaption of the nighttime show World of Color , which showcases scenes from Disney films . Disneyland Paris ' nighttime spectacular , Disney Dreams ! , also added Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' to their attractions , and she was given a similar role during the Magic Kingdom show , Celebrate the Magic , with her singing interspersed with scenes from the movie . On May 16 , 2014 , it was announced that Disneyland would debut a Frozen pre-parade featuring Elsa , Anna and Olaf . It premiered June 13 , 2014 , and preceded performances of Mickey 's Soundsational Parade . From July 5 to September 1 , 2014 , as part of ' Frozen ' Summer Fun show at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Anna and Elsa will appear in a horse - drawn sleigh making their way down Hollywood Boulevard , alongside Kristoff and skaters , skiers and ice cutters in the Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome section . The sisters also made appearances in For the First Time in Forever : A `` Frozen '' Sing - Along Celebration , where they were joined by royal historians to retell the history of Arendelle ; and `` Frozen '' Fireworks Spectacular alongside Kristoff and Olaf , a fireworks display set to the music of Frozen . In response to strong demand , Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that Frozen Summer Fun would be extended to September 28 . On August 19 , 2014 , it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna 's Boutique ( replacing Studio Disney 365 ) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort . The opening date was later changed to October 6 , 2014 , and the store name was changed to `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique '' . The location includes products inspired by Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . While there had not been any official announcements from Disney regarding a coronation for Anna and Elsa , it had been announced in late August 2014 that a special character meal would be held by a group of travel agents in the morning of September 24 , 2014 . While not officially organized by Disney , the event , called My Royal Coronation , would feature the official Anna and Elsa characters owned by Disney with assistance from the company . On September 12 , 2014 , Walt Disney World announced that a Frozen attraction was scheduled to open in early 2016 at Epcot 's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion , replacing the park 's Maelstrom ride . The attraction features the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film , as well as meet - and - greets with Anna and Elsa . Anna , Elsa , Kristoff , and Olaf will make appearances in Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade , offered during Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party at Magic Kingdom in November and December 2014 ( from November 7 to December 31 ) . Also starting from November , every night Elsa will use her powers to transform Cinderella Castle into an ice palace . On November 13 , 2014 , prior to `` A Sparkling Christmas '' Evert , Anna and Elsa began meet - and - greet sessions at Hong Kong Disneyland . Beginning December 20 , 2014 , the Anna and Elsa meet and greet at Disneyland Resort was moved from Disneyland park to a new location in the Disney Animation Building called `` Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome '' in Disney California Adventure . In addition , the Storybook Land Canal Boats at Disneyland were updated to include the village of Arendelle from the film , including Anna and Elsa 's castle and Elsa 's ice palace . Officially starting January 7 , 2015 , Elsa began making appearances alongside Anna and Kristoff at Disney California Adventure in `` For the First Time in Forever -- A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration '' in Hollywood Land as part of the park 's `` Frozen Fun '' event . Also starting January 7 , Anna and Elsa made appearances in a Frozen play at the Royal Theatre in Disneyland park . Beginning May 22 , 2015 , Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called `` Paint the Night '' , which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf , as part of the park 's 60th anniversary celebration . Cosplay ( edit ) Elsa has become very popular in the cosplaying community . Cosplayer Anna Faith is well known for cosplaying as Elsa at charities , comic - cons , and other events . Broadway Musical ( edit ) Caissie Levy will originate the role of Elsa in the Broadway musical , which is scheduled to open spring 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) `` Not content to merely turn True Love into a cautionary tale , ( the writers ) doubled down and made Elsa into ( a ) flawed hero warped by her upbringing and parents ' heartfelt but damaging desire to keep their children safe ... Elsa is aloof . And scared . And over-protective . And insecure . And full of guilt . Because people -- even animated people -- are the sum total of their personalities combined with their experiences . Which is something even live action films forget at least 63 % of the time . '' -- Donna Dickens , entertainment editor . The character of Elsa was widely praised by reviewers for her multifaceted , evolving personality . Matt Goldberg of Collider.com commented that she was `` an incredibly sympathetic character '' while Deepanjana Pal of First Post ( India ) praised the decision to rewrite her as a protagonist and said , `` Elsa is no evil , frosty vision of twisted and toxic maternity like the original Snow Queen . She 's a young woman in difficult circumstances , frightened , trying to understand her abilities and burdened by expectation and convention . It 's easy to sympathise with her and marvel at her ability when she builds her spectacular palace in the mountains . Next to her , Anna is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . '' Stuff.co.nz 's James Croot compared her `` humiliation and exile '' to that of Simba in The Lion King . Katherine Webb , a reviewer for Wall St. Cheat Sheet , said that the scenes depicting Elsa gaining confidence and individuality delivered `` an exciting message to send to young girls looking for a new princess role model '' . Gary Wright of Rotoscopers state `` Her mental anguish and uncontrollable powers define modern feminism . Elsa represents the boundless female spirit - strong and graceful , with the power to change the world . '' Travis Bean of Cedar Falls Times suggested that Elsa 's ice powers , a `` personal oddity '' that made her self - conscious , as well as her selflessness in withdrawing into isolation in order to avoid hurting others allowed children to connect more with the plot of Frozen . Laurie Levy from Chicago Now wrote that her young grandchildren `` admired Elsa for being smart , strong , magical , and powerful '' and did not care that she had no romantic subplot . Magdalena Lachowicz , a film critic for The Heights , opined that Elsa 's relationship with Anna was the most important part of the movie , and Stephen Holden of The New York Times liked that , in departure from traditional Disney formula , it was a sibling 's love rather than romantic love that was able to `` thaw the icy heart of the frightened Elsa '' . Tony Hicks of San Jose Mercury News wrote , `` ( Anna 's ) confusion and Elsa 's anguish as she shuts herself away from the world -- and her sister -- is palatable . '' Emma Koonse of Christian Post opined that together the sisters were Disney 's `` most lovable and charismatic characters yet '' , and Debbie Lynn Elias of Culver City Observer commented , `` Elsa and Anna are like two sides of a coin , both strong , albeit one through power and confidence and the other through clumsy sticktuitiveness and love . '' Several reviewers commented that Elsa was more interesting than Anna , Frozen 's primary protagonist . ABS - CBN writer Fred Hawson described Elsa as `` an incredible character with a unique and interesting predicament because of the powers she possessed '' and expressed the opinion that Frozen should have focused more on her rather than Anna . Samra Muslim of The Express Tribune wrote that it was her presence that kept viewers `` hooked '' throughout the movie , elaborating , `` Her character is complex and sympathetic and deserved to be explored even further . Instead the story revolves more around the relationship of the two sisters and Anna who is the typical , feisty , charming Disney heroine and her love trysts -- instead of the alluring Elsa . '' The character was not devoid of criticism . Charlotte O'Sullivan from the London Evening Standard gave a more negative assessment of Elsa , saying that she `` resembles one of those brittle mentors on The X Factor . Purple eyeshadow , tiny waist , kitten heels '' . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that both Elsa and Anna were drawn with slender figures and large eyes as is typical of Disney princesses . Slate 's Dana Stevens wrote that `` it 's impossible not to thrill to Elsa 's surging sense of power '' but criticized the choice to illustrate her growing confidence by changing her appearance ; Stevens further expressed concern that the switch from the character 's modest coronation gown to `` a slinky , slit - to - the - thigh dress with a transparent snowflake - patterned train and a pair of silver - white high heels '' and a hairstyle that suggested `` come - hither bad - girl seduction '' was overly sexual . Christy Lemire compared Elsa to Carrie White , another well - known fictional female who unleashes magical powers when agitated . `` Let it Go '' ( edit ) Main article : Let It Go ( Disney song ) Idina Menzel also received praise for her singing , with Amon Warmann of Cine Vue saying her voice `` positively soars in these musical ballads '' . Reviewers frequently focused on her performance of `` Let It Go '' , described by Entertainment Weekly 's Marc Snetiker as `` an incredible anthem of liberation '' in which Elsa decides to no longer fear her powers . Various critics said that Menzel had been a `` powerhouse '' during the scene ; Linda Barnard from The Star commented that Menzel `` can shatter icicles with her powerful voice '' . Matt DeTruck of The Rochester City Newspaper wrote , `` Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role . '' Donald Clark of Irish Times added , `` Elsa 's flight to the glaciers triggers a song that , in its defiant paean to self - reliance , could play comfortably beside camp showtune anthems such as I Am What I Am and Do n't Rain on My Parade . The opening and closing choruses of Let It Go end with a sly , spat - out refrain : ' The cold never bothered me anyway ! ' You go , girl . '' Nasim Asl of The Oxford Student continued , `` Menzel , especially , steals the show with her performance of ' Let It Go ' . Her Wicked-esque belting out works perfectly with such an incredible animated sequence -- the building of the ice castle really demonstrates the prowess of Disney animation , and results in , arguably , one of the most spectacular power ballads seen by any animated character , ever . '' Accolades ( edit ) In December 2013 , Elsa and Anna were both nominated for Best Animated Female by the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , with only Anna winning the award , a few weeks later . Elsa won all three awards out of three nominations at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards , including Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture , Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her ice palace , and Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her blizzard . Her signature song , `` Let It Go '' , won Best Original Song at the Academy Awards , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards and the Critics ' Choice Awards , and also received Golden Globe Award , the Satellite Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award , and the Houston Film Critics Society Award nominations . Time ranked Elsa as the most influential fictional character of 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 1 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` The 15 Most Influential Fictional Characters of 2014 '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Official character page Disney 's Frozen `` Let It Go '' Sequence Performed by Idina Menzel on YouTube ( hide ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsa_(Disney)&oldid=806165100 '' Categories : Disney 's Frozen characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities Fictional characters who use magic Fictional orphans Fictional princesses Fictional queens Fictional Scandinavian people Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 03 : 43 . 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what did the general do to claire on house of cards | Claire 's main storyline in season 2 is her advocacy , as Second Lady , for a sexual assault prevention bill . During her campaign for the bill , a secret from her college days emerges : during a nationally televised interview , she admits that she was raped in college and that her rapist , Dalton McGinnis ( Peter Bradbury ) , is now a high - ranking general . ( She had earlier had an uncomfortable encounter with McGinnis at a White House dinner , during which she had told Frank what the general had done to her . ) She also admits to having aborted a pregnancy that she claims was the result of the rape ; it is later revealed that she in fact aborted Frank 's child , with his consent . She then converts the focus on that issue into political support that becomes critical to the Underwoods ' ascension to the Oval Office . | Claire Underwood | claire underwood | Claire Underwood House of Cards character Robin Wright as Claire Underwood First appearance `` Chapter 1 '' ( 2013 ) Created by Beau Willimon Portrayed by Robin Wright Information Full name Claire Hale Underwood Title President of the United States Family Elizabeth Hale ( mother ; deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Frank Underwood ( m . 1987 - 2017 ) Nationality American Party Democratic Hometown Highland Park , Texas Alma mater Radcliffe College Harvard University Source Elizabeth Urquhart Claire Hale Underwood is a fictional character in House of Cards , played by Robin Wright . She is the wife of the show 's protagonist Francis J. Underwood . She is a lobbyist and runs an environmental nonprofit organization , but in later seasons ascends to the positions of Second Lady of the United States , First Lady of the United States , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Vice President of the United States , and finally the 47th President of the United States . Underwood made her first appearance in the series ' pilot episode , `` Chapter 1 '' . The character is based on Elizabeth Urquhart , a character from the eponymous British miniseries from which the current series is derived . Unlike the original character , however , Claire has her own storylines . The role has been critically acclaimed . Wright won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama for this role at the 71st Golden Globe Awards , becoming the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for a web television online - only role in a series . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for this role at the 65th , 66th , 67th , 68th and 69th Primetime Emmy Awards . Contents 1 Character overview 1.1 Relationship with Frank 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 3 Reception 3.1 Awards and nominations 4 Notes Character overview ( edit ) Claire Hale Underwood is originally from the exclusive Highland Park enclave of Dallas , Texas . Her late father was a major Texas Republican . While at Radcliffe College in Cambridge , she met Francis J. Underwood , a Harvard Law student from South Carolina . She is from a wealthy family , and the show characterizes her as a `` Dallas Debutante '' and `` Lily White '' . She recounts her father 's taking her to Dealey Plaza , where John F. Kennedy was assassinated , and that it made her feel `` so sad , so angry '' . She has a difficult relationship with her mother , Elizabeth Hale ( Ellen Burstyn ) , who despises Frank and is disappointed in Claire for marrying him . Brian Stelter of The New York Times described her as Frank Underwood 's conniving wife and described the Underwoods as `` the scheming husband and wife at the center of ' House of Cards ' '' . She is a woman `` who will stop at nothing to conquer everything '' . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an `` ice - queen wife '' . The Independent 's Sarah Hughes echoes this description , saying Claire is so dedicated to the couple 's schemes that it is clear she will execute them herself if Frank wavers . Following season 4 , Robin Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance . Netflix acquiesced . Relationship with Frank ( edit ) While Frank is Machiavellian , Claire presents a woman urging on her husband 's assertion of power in the image of Lady Macbeth . She encourages his vices while noting her disapproval of his weaknesses , saying : `` My husband does n't apologize ... even to me . '' This gives a credibility to their symbiosis . Willimon notes that `` What 's extraordinary about Frank and Claire is there is deep love and mutual respect , but the way they achieve this is by operating on a completely different set of rules than the rest of us typically do . '' Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes Claire as `` a short - haired blonde who manages to be masculine and demasculinizing at the same time . '' Smith describes their relationship as pivotal to the show : `` Benign though they may seem -- and their harmless air is what makes the Underwoods so effective as political plotters -- this is a power couple with the same malignant chemistry as pairs of serial killers , where each needs the other in order to become lethal '' . Upon viewing a four episode preview of season 2 , Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter says the series `` ... sells husband and wife power - at - all - costs couple Frank ( Kevin Spacey ) and Claire ( Robin Wright ) Underwood as a little too oily and reptilian for anyone 's good . '' Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara makes the case that House of Cards is a love story on many levels but most importantly between Frank and Claire . In season 3 , when the Underwoods are President and First Lady of the United States , Claire 's marriage to Frank begins to falter . She tires of being in a subordinate role to him , wanting to be `` significant '' in her own right , and decides that he is `` not enough '' for her . She leaves him in the season finale but comes back in the fourth season , treating their marriage as a purely political arrangement to further her own career . When he is shot during a campaign event , Claire privately admits that she feels nothing for him . Throughout the season , she works behind the scenes to undermine Frank 's election campaign , before finally joining forces with him in order to become his vice president . She also has an affair with her speechwriter Tom Yates ( Paul Sparks ) , with Frank 's approval . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Claire is the CEO of an environmental group while serving as her husband 's primary accomplice . After President Garrett Walker ( Michel Gill ) goes back on his promise to make Frank Secretary of State , Frank enlists Claire to help him get revenge and propel them both to positions of power . She and Frank scheme nightly over a cigarette , and together they maneuver their way into Walker 's inner circle . Frank says of Claire : `` I love that woman , I love her more than sharks love blood . '' Claire is aware of Frank 's sexual relationship with reporter Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) and approves of it as long as it achieves their ends . She herself has an affair with an old boyfriend , Adam Galloway ( Ben Daniels ) . By the end of the season , Walker appoints Frank the Vice President of the United States , making Claire the Second Lady of the United States . Season 2 ( edit ) Claire 's main storyline in season 2 is her advocacy , as Second Lady , for a sexual assault prevention bill . During her campaign for the bill , a secret from her college days emerges : during a nationally televised interview , she admits that she was raped in college and that her rapist , Dalton McGinnis ( Peter Bradbury ) , is now a high - ranking general . ( She had earlier had an uncomfortable encounter with McGinnis at a White House dinner , during which she had told Frank what the general had done to her . ) She also admits to having aborted a pregnancy that she claims was the result of the rape ; it is later revealed that she in fact aborted Frank 's child , with his consent . She then converts the focus on that issue into political support that becomes critical to the Underwoods ' ascension to the Oval Office . Claire becomes increasingly ruthless as the season progresses . When Galloway leaks an intimate photo of Claire to appease his jealous fianceé , Claire intimidates him into publicly stating that he fabricated the picture , ruining his reputation . When Gillian Cole ( Sandrine Holt ) , a pregnant former employee , returns to demand health care as part of her severance , Claire says , `` I am willing to let your child wither and die inside you , if that 's what 's required , ... Am I really the sort of enemy you want to make ? '' Claire also manipulates First Lady Patricia Walker ( Joanna Going ) into believing that her husband is having an affair in order to distract President Walker from Frank 's machinations . She shows remorse for her actions only once . When another of McGinnis ' victims , Megan Hennessy ( Libby Woodbridge ) , comes forward , Claire uses her as the poster girl for the sexual assault bill , leaving the fragile young woman open to public scrutiny and reprisals from the bill 's opponents . Before she can testify about her ordeal before Congress , however , Megan suffers a breakdown and attempts suicide . Upon realizing what she has caused Megan to go through , Claire bursts into tears . In the season finale , she urges Frank to humble himself before President Walker , with whom he has fallen out of favor , in order to complete the plan : `` Cut out your heart and put it in his fucking hands . '' The gambit works : Walker keeps Frank as his Vice President , allowing Frank to succeed him when he resigns . Frank is now President of the United States , with Claire as the First Lady . According to Drew Grant of The New York Observer , Claire 's season - long storyline was similar to the real life efforts of United States Senator Kirsten Gillibrand 's to legislate an end to military sexual assault . Based upon the 4 - episode preview , Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times says that in season 2 Claire `` is still ruthlessly pursuing her own agenda as well as her husband 's . She remains an enigma even as she reveals more and more disturbing secrets from her past . '' Claire remains composed and stylish with or without her husband and plays the press with aplomb . Season 3 ( edit ) In Season 3 , Claire feels the need to be something more `` significant '' than the First Lady , and asks Frank to nominate her to a United Nations post . He nominates her , but the Senate rejects her after a rocky hearing . Frank gives her the job anyway in a recess appointment , but her tenure is brief ; she ruins a treaty between the U.S. and Russia by publicly confronting Russian President Viktor Petrov ( Lars Mikkelsen ) about his anti-gay policies and is forced to resign when Petrov uses her as a bargaining chip during a diplomatic crisis . During Frank 's election campaign , Claire begins to question whether she still loves him . In the season finale , she and Frank get into an ugly fight in which she says he is not enough for her ; Frank replies that without him , she is nothing . Season three ends with Claire leaving Frank as he prepares to go to the New Hampshire primary . Season 4 ( edit ) After leaving Frank , Claire goes back to Texas , where she has a tense reunion with her mother , who is dying of lymphoma . She sets her sights on running for a House of Representatives seat in Texas , with help from political consultant LeAnn Harvey ( Neve Campbell ) . Frank persuades her to resume public appearances with him by promising to support her run . However , he sandbags her prospective candidacy by endorsing a political ally 's daughter , in order to keep Claire focused on his campaign . Claire retaliates on the day the South Carolina primary by covertly leaking a photo of Frank 's father with a Klansman , imperiling Frank 's candidacy . Frank figures out that she was behind the leak and confronts her . Claire calmly admits what she did and proposes that she join him in the ticket as his vice president . Frank rejects the idea . Shortly thereafter , Frank is shot by Lucas Goodwin , in an assassination attempt , and falls into a coma . While Frank is in surgery , Claire helps guide Frank 's weak vice president Donald Blythe through a diplomatic crisis with Russia . While Frank is receiving a liver transplant , she declines going to the hospital in favor of negotiating a treaty with Petrov , and strong - arms him into accepting the U.S. ' terms . When Frank recovers from surgery , he agrees to let Claire be his vice president . He and Claire advocate for a controversial gun control bill for the sole purpose of creating an atmosphere divisive enough to pick off the potential running mates . In the ensuing open convention , they publicly endorse Secretary of State Catherine Durant ( Jayne Atkinson ) for the job , while working behind the scenes to undermine her and ensure that Claire wins enough delegates to be nominated . Meanwhile , she reluctantly honors her mother 's request to help her die . She and Frank then use the public sympathy from Elizabeth 's death to win the nomination ; they are now running mates . When the terrorist group Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO ) takes an American family hostage , Claire negotiates with their imprisoned leader , Yusuf Al Ahmadi ( Farshad Farahat ) , who agrees to tell his followers to release the hostages . Al Ahmadi reneges on the deal , however , and tells them to kill the hostages . At the same time , journalist Tom Hammerschmidt ( Boris McGiver ) publishes an investigative news story detailing Frank 's crimes . Claire gives Frank the idea to declare war on ICO and allow the public to see the hostage die in order to distract from the scandal and create an atmosphere of widespread fear that they can exploit . In the final scene , Claire finally breaks the fourth wall with Frank . Season 5 ( edit ) In season 5 , Claire 's story begins as the opening scene of the season : shooting a propaganda commercial in order to stir up fear . Throughout the beginning , she helps make the campaign 's focal point about the fear of ICO and how they can stop the threat . On Election Day , Claire and Frank learn that they may lose because of low voter turnout . They exploit a possible terrorist threat to close down multiple polling centers in key states , such as Ohio . This leading to numerous states filing lawsuits and refusing honoring the election results . Nine weeks later , with neither side winning the majority of electors , the House ( now Republican - controlled ) will decide the President and the Senate ( Democrat - controlled ) for the Vice President , the first instance of this happening for the President since the 1824 presidential election and the first time for the Vice President since the 1836 presidential election . Claire eventually wins when Donald Blythe issues a bill to block any filibuster of coming onto the floor ; while the house could n't reach a majority . In the meantime , Claire is sworn in as Acting President of the United States and begins to exert her limited power by excluding Frank from certain presidential functions , such as the swearing - in of the new Justice of the Supreme Court . During her short - lived presidency , a truck with nuclear energy goes missing and puts D.C. into lock - down , a scheme devised by several members of Frank 's cabinet and Conway 's campaign . During the emergency , Claire is visited by diplomat Jane Davis ( Patricia Clarkson ) , who says that she can track down a leader of ICO for the Underwoods . Claire is also faced with a series of diplomatic crises : Russian soldiers have also taken over an American base , and the Russians and Chinese are vying for possession of a boat in Antarctica that has a stowaway American working for the Russians . After making a deal with the Chinese , Claire orders for the boat to be destroyed so that neither the Chinese nor the Russians can get what is on board . Around this time , Claire agrees to an open election in Ohio for not only the President , but also the Vice President , in order to avoid a possible Conway - Underwood administration . The Underwoods discover evidence to blackmail Conway 's campaign manager , Mark Usher ( Campbell Scott ) , into helping them . Frank acquires a recording of Conway verbally abusing a pilot , as well as a recording of Conway 's running mate , General Brockhart ( Colm Feore ) , threatening to kill Frank ; when he releases them , voters turn against Conway and the Underwoods win the election . Soon afterward , Congressman Alex Romero ( James Martinez ) encourages the Republicans to start up the Declaration of War committee to investigate Frank , which puts Claire and Frank in damage control . By this time , Claire and Tom Yates have fallen in love , which complicates both their lives . During an unguarded moment , Claire tells Yates that Frank murdered Zoe Barnes and Congressman Peter Russo ( Corey Stoll ) . She immediately regrets it , and tells Yates that they ca n't see each other anymore . In response , Yates threatens to publish a book detailing the Underwoods ' crimes . Claire invites him to Usher 's home , and poisons him . He dies while having sex with Claire , and she has Usher get rid of the body . Around this time , Claire and Frank convince Doug to take the fall for Zoe Barnes ' death . Frank also starts to become suspicious of Claire as she disappears for a period of time ( she had started talking to Davis in a secret corridor ) and starts to memorize her testimony defending herself but not Frank , in case she has to testify . Walker publicly testifies against Frank , prompting him to appear before the committee and resign the presidency . When an incredulous Claire confronts him , Franks says that it was his plan all along to resign and set her up to be president , so that the two of them can run Washington together - she from the White House and he from the private sector . For the plan to work , Claire must pardon Frank , which would damage her politically . Frank resigns and Claire is sworn in as the 47th President of the United States . However , in contrast to the plan , Claire does not announce that she is pardoning Frank in her first address to the nation as President . Frank calls her repeatedly , but she forwards the calls . She sees that Frank has burned a hole into the American flag in the Oval Office , and breaks the fourth wall , saying : `` My turn . '' Reception ( edit ) Wright 's performance is described as `` nuanced and compelling '' . Claire has `` chilly poise '' but the `` coolly regal doyenne '' softens over the course of the first season according to New Republic 's Laura Bennet . Wright plays the role with `` an almost terrifying froideur '' . As a couple Frank and Claire are said to `` reverberate with tension and wit '' . Michael Dobbs , who wrote the trilogy of novels upon which the British miniseries is based , compares the compelling nature of the relationship between Frank and Claire favorably to the original characters in House of Cards and likens them to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth . He is not alone . In season 2 , she remains `` equally steely '' . Despite suggestions to the contrary , Wright insists that the character is not based on Hillary Clinton . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) On July 18 , 2013 , Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Three of its web series , Arrested Development , Hemlock Grove , and House of Cards , earned nominations . Among those nominations was Wright 's portrayal of Claire Underwood for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series as well as Kevin Spacey 's portrayal of Frank Underwood for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Jason Bateman 's portrayal of Michael Bluth in Arrested Development for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series , making these three roles the first three leading roles to be Primetime Emmy Award - nominated from a web television series . The role has also earned Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama award at the 71st Golden Globe Awards on January 12 , 2014 . In so doing she became the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online - only web television series . For season 2 , Wright earned a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series nomination at the 4th Critics ' Choice Television Awards . Wright was again nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and Best Actress -- Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . She was nominated for both Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards . In season 3 , she was nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards , Best Actress -- Television Series Drama at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards , as well as both Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . Her performance in season 4 earned her a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards . Wright 's performance in season 5 earned her a fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy nomination at the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lacob , Jace ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher , Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Politics ( COMM 401 ) : Sex , Power , and Violence : Life in Frank Underwood 's House of Cards '' . blogs.denison.edu . Denison University Blogs . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix show House of Cards has an unexpected link to North Texas '' . Pop Culture Blog . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rorke , Robert ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ellen Burstyn is a real mother on ' House of Cards ' '' . The New York Post . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` A Drama 's Streaming Premiere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cornet , Roth ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Original Series House of Cards -- From David Fincher and Kevin Spacey -- May be the New Face of Television '' . IGN . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Power corrupts ( plus other non-breaking news ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Sarah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Urquhart is deliciously diabolical ' : Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peck , Emily ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Robin Wright Demanded The Same Pay As Kevin Spacey For ' House of Cards ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ostrow : Kevin Spacey shines in `` House of Cards '' political drama on Netflix `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Political Animals That Slither : ' House of Cards ' on Netflix Stars Kevin Spacey '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington '' . TIME . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' promises more ' plotting and scheming ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ deWolf Smith , Nancy ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Fantasies About Evil , Redux '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` House Of Cards : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' plays new hand with brutal , clear resolve '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards , ' The Complete Fourth Season for Binge Viewers ( SPOILERS ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Laura ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Spacey 's Leading - Man Problem The star of the 13 - hour `` House of Cards '' is as impenetrable as ever `` . New Republic . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 13 '' . House of Cards . Season 1 . Episode 13 . February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` House Of Cards Season 1 , Episode 13 Recap : All 's Well That Ends Well ( Or Not ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' returns for more political dirty deeds '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sara ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Second season of ' House of Cards ' is a vote for vice '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` House Of Cards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Antihero Or Villain ? In ' House Of Cards , ' It 's Hard To Tell '' . NPR . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The 9 Most Shocking Moments from House of Cards Season 2 '' . TIME . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards recap , series two , episode 13 -- ' Cut out your heart and put it in his hands ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 26 '' . House of Cards . Season 2 . Episode 13 . February 14 , 2014 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards recap , series two , episode 13 -- ' Cut out his heart and put it in his hands ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Anhedonia of Antiheroes : Why House of Cards ' Second Season Is n't as Fun as It Should Be '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` How Absolute Power Can Delight Absolutely : ' House of Cards ' Returns , With More Dark Scheming '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards recap : episodes two , three and four = Frank speaks to God '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 39 '' . House of Cards . Season 3 . Episode 13 . February 27 , 2015 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Stern , Warlow ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Explosive ' House of Cards ' Finale : Creator Beau Willimon on the State of the Underwoods '' . Daily Beast . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : ' House of Cards ' -- Season Two '' . Variety . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCalmont , Lucy ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Wright : Claire Underwood not based on Hillary Clinton '' . Politico . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' star Robin Wright earns series ' sole Golden Globes win '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Golden Globes : Robin Wright wins best actress for online - only ' House of Cards ' '' . The Star - Ledger . NJ.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2014 : And the nominees are ... '' Entertainment Weekly . May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Emmy Nominations : ' Breaking Bad , ' ' True Detective ' Among the Honored '' . New York Times . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards : Modern Family , Thrones , Homeland , Boardwalk , Cards Lead Noms ; Mad Men Shut Out ; HTGAWM , Maslany and Aduba Get Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Carol , ' Netflix Lead Golden Globes Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : Game of Thrones , Homeland , House of Cards Lead Noms ; Empire , Inside Amy Schumer Shut Out ; Mr. Robot 's Rami Malek Sneaks In '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2017 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . House of Cards Book trilogy House of Cards ( 1989 ) To Play the King ( 1993 ) The Final Cut ( 1995 ) BBC serials House of Cards ( 1990 ) To Play the King ( 1993 ) The Final Cut ( 1995 ) Characters Francis Urquhart Netflix adaptation House of Cards ( 2013 ) Episodes Season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood Other politicians Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claire_Underwood&oldid=864724528 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional Democrats ( United States ) Fictional characters from South Carolina Fictional characters from Texas Fictional First Ladies of the United States Fictional Vice Presidents of the United States Fictional Presidents of the United States House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Fictional business executives Drama television characters Fictional ambassadors Fictional sexual assault victims Fictional murderers Fictional smokers Female characters in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Good articles Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 01 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire%20Underwood | 125 |
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which of the following fats is the most saturated | Saturated fat | saturated fat | A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds . A fat is made of two kinds of smaller molecules : glycerol and fatty acids . Fats are made of long chains of carbon ( C ) atoms . Some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds ( - C-C - ) and others are linked by double bonds ( - C = C - ) . Double bonds can react with hydrogen to form single bonds . They are called saturated , because the second bond is broken up and each half of the bond is attached to ( saturated with ) a hydrogen atom . Most animal fats are saturated . The fats of plants and fish are generally unsaturated . Saturated fats tend to have higher melting points than their corresponding unsaturated fats , leading to the popular understanding that saturated fats tend to be solids at room temperatures , while unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature with varying degrees of viscosity ( meaning both saturated and unsaturated fats are found to be liquid at body temperature ) . | Various fats contain different proportions of saturated and unsaturated fat . Examples of foods containing a high proportion of saturated fat include animal fat products such as cream , cheese , butter , other whole milk dairy products and fatty meats which also contain dietary cholesterol . Certain vegetable products have high saturated fat content , such as coconut oil and palm kernel oil . Many prepared foods are high in saturated fat content , such as pizza , dairy desserts , and sausage . The effect of saturated fat on risk of disease is controversial . Many reviews recommend a diet low in saturated fat and argue it will lower risks of cardiovascular diseases , diabetes , or death . However , other reviews have challenged those arguments or advocated for examining the proportion of saturated to unsaturated fat in the diet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fat profiles 2 Examples of saturated fatty acids 3 Association with diseases 3.1 Cardiovascular disease 3.1. 1 Dyslipidemia 3.2 Cancer 3.2. 1 Breast cancer 3.2. 2 Colorectal cancer 3.2. 3 Ovarian cancer 3.2. 4 Prostate cancer 3.3 Bones 4 Dietary recommendations 5 Molecular description 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Fat profiles ( edit ) While nutrition labels regularly combine them , the saturated fatty acids appear in different proportions among food groups . Lauric and myristic acids are most commonly found in `` tropical '' oils ( e.g. , palm kernel , coconut ) and dairy products . The saturated fat in meat , eggs , cacao , and nuts is primarily the triglycerides of palmitic and stearic acids . Saturated fat profile of common foods ; Esterified fatty acids as percentage of total fat Food Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Coconut oil 47 % 18 % 9 % 3 % Palm kernel oil 48 % 1 % 44 % 5 % Butter 3 % 11 % 29 % 13 % Ground beef 0 % 4 % 26 % 15 % Salmon 0 % 1 % 29 % 3 % Egg yolks 0 % 0.3 % 27 % 10 % Cashews 2 % 1 % 10 % 7 % Soybean oil 0 % 0 % 11 % 4 % Examples of saturated fatty acids ( edit ) Main article : List of saturated fatty acids Some common examples of fatty acids : Butyric acid with 4 carbon atoms ( contained in butter ) Lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms ( contained in coconut oil , palm kernel oil , and breast milk ) Myristic acid with 14 carbon atoms ( contained in cow 's milk and dairy products ) Palmitic acid with 16 carbon atoms ( contained in palm oil and meat ) Stearic acid with 18 carbon atoms ( also contained in meat and cocoa butter ) view talk Food Saturated Mono - unsaturated Poly - unsaturated As weight percent ( % ) of total fat Cooking oils Canola oil 08 64 28 Coconut oil 87 13 00 Corn oil 13 24 59 Cottonseed oil 27 19 54 Olive oil 14 73 11 Palm kernel oil 86 12 02 Palm oil 51 39 10 Peanut oil 17 46 32 Rice bran oil 25 38 37 Safflower oil , high oleic 06 75 14 Safflower oil , linoleic 06 14 75 Soybean oil 15 24 58 Sunflower oil 11 20 69 Mustard oil 11 59 21 Dairy products Butterfat 66 30 04 Cheese , regular 64 29 03 Cheese , light 60 30 00 Ice cream , gourmet 62 29 04 Ice cream , light 62 29 04 Milk , whole 62 28 04 Milk , 2 % 62 30 00 * Whipping cream 66 26 05 Meats Beef 33 38 05 Ground sirloin 38 44 04 Pork chop 35 44 08 Ham 35 49 16 Chicken breast 29 34 21 Chicken 34 23 30 Turkey breast 30 20 30 Turkey drumstick 32 22 30 Fish , orange roughy 23 15 46 Salmon 28 33 28 Hot dog , beef 42 48 05 Hot dog , turkey 28 40 22 Burger , fast food 36 44 06 Cheeseburger , fast food 43 40 07 Breaded chicken sandwich 20 39 32 Grilled chicken sandwich 26 42 20 Sausage , Polish 37 46 11 Sausage , turkey 28 40 22 Pizza , sausage 41 32 20 Pizza , cheese 60 28 05 Nuts Almonds dry roasted 09 65 21 Cashews dry roasted 20 59 17 Macadamia dry roasted 15 79 02 Peanut dry roasted 14 50 31 Pecans dry roasted 08 62 25 Flaxseeds , ground 08 23 65 Sesame seeds 14 38 44 Soybeans 14 22 57 Sunflower seeds 11 19 66 Walnuts dry roasted 09 23 63 Sweets and baked goods Candy , chocolate bar 59 33 03 Candy , fruit chews 14 44 38 Cookie , oatmeal raisin 22 47 27 Cookie , chocolate chip 35 42 18 Cake , yellow 60 25 10 Pastry , Danish 50 31 14 Fats added during cooking or at the table Butter , stick 63 29 03 Butter , whipped 62 29 04 Margarine , stick 18 39 39 Margarine , tub 16 33 49 Margarine , light tub 19 46 33 Lard 39 45 11 Shortening 25 45 26 Chicken fat 30 45 21 Beef fat 41 43 03 Goose fat 33 55 11 Dressing , blue cheese 16 54 25 Dressing , light Italian 14 24 58 Other Egg yolk fat 36 44 16 Avocado 16 71 13 Unless else specified in boxes , then reference is : * 3 % is trans fats Association with diseases ( edit ) Since the 1950s , it has been demonstrated that consumption of foods containing high amounts of saturated fatty acids ( including meat fats , milk fat , butter , lard , coconut oil , palm oil , and palm kernel oil ) is potentially less healthy than consuming fats with a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids . Sources of lower saturated fat but higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids include olive oil , peanut oil , canola oil , avocados , corn , sunflower , soy , and cottonseed oils . Cardiovascular disease ( edit ) Main article : Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease controversy The effect of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease is controversial . Many health authorities such as the American Dietetic Association , the British Dietetic Association , American Heart Association , the World Heart Federation , the British National Health Service , among others , advise that saturated fat is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease . The World Health Organization in May 2015 recommends switching from saturated to unsaturated fats . A number of systematic reviews have examined the relationship between saturated fat and cardiovascular disease and have come to different conclusions : A 2017 systematic review by the American Heart Association of randomized controlled clinical trials showed that reducing intake of dietary saturated fat and replacing it with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats could reduce cardiovascular disease by about 30 % , similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment for maintaining blood cholesterol within normal limits . A different 2017 systematic review of controlled randomized controlled trials concluded that replacing saturated fats with mostly n - 6 polyunsaturated fats is unlikely to reduce coronary heart disease ( CHD ) events , CHD mortality or total mortality . The 2017 review showed that inadequately controlled trials ( e.g. , failing to control for other lifestyle factors ) that were included in earlier meta - analyses explain the prior results . A 2015 systematic review also found no association between saturated fat consumption and risk of heart disease , stroke , diabetes , or death . A 2014 systematic review looking at observational studies of dietary intake of fatty acids , observational studies of measured fatty acid levels in the blood , and intervention studies of polyunsaturated fat supplementation concluded that the findings '' do not support cardiovascular guidelines that promote high consumption of long - chain omega - 3 and omega - 6 and polyunsaturated fatty acids and suggest reduced consumption of total saturated fatty acids . '' Researchers acknowledged that despite their results , further research is necessary , especially in people who are initially healthy . Due to potential weaknesses in this review , experts recommend people remain with the current guidelines to reduce saturated fat consumption . The American Heart Association noted that these cohort studies , unlike clinical trials , have more difficulty controlling for the consumption of carbohydrates as a replacement macronutrient for those who consumed less saturated fat . American Heart Association , 2017 `` Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) is the leading global cause of death , accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year , comprising 31.5 % of total global deaths in 2013 . In 2014 , nearly 808,000 people in the United States died of heart disease , stroke , and other CVDs , translating to about 1 of every 3 deaths . Lowering intake of dietary saturated fat and replacing it with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by about 30 % , similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment . '' Harcombe , 2015 No reduction in CHD and all - cause mortality were observed when replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat , even though reductions in serum cholesterol were observed . Schwab , 2014 There was convincing evidence that partial replacement of saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases , especially in men . Hooper , 2012 Reducing saturated fat in diets did not reduce mortality , despite reducing the risk of having a cardiovascular event by 14 percent . Micha , 2010 Based on consistent evidence from human studies , replacing saturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated fat modestly lowers coronary heart disease risk , with ~ 10 % risk reduction for a 5 % energy substitution ; whereas replacing SFA with carbohydrate has no benefit and replacing SFA with monounsaturated fat has uncertain effects . Mozaffarian , 2010 These findings provide evidence that consuming polyunsaturated fats ( PUFA ) in place of SFA reduces Coronary Heart Disease ( CHD ) events in randomized controlled trials ( RCT ) . Replacing saturated fats with PUFAs as percentage of calories strongly reduced CHD mortality . Siri - Tarino , 2010 5 -- 23 years of follow - up of 347,747 subjects , 11,006 developed CHD or stroke . A meta - analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies showed that there is no significant evidence for concluding that dietary saturated fat is associated with an increased risk of CHD or CVD . Danaei , 2009 Low PUFA intake has a 1 - 5 % Increased risk of ischemic heart disease : Low dietary PUFA ( in replacement of SFA ) . age 30 -- 44 Increase in RR 1.05 . Mente , 2009 Single - nutrient RCTs have yet to evaluate whether reducing saturated fatty acid intake lowers the risk of CHD events . For polyunsaturated fatty acid intake , most of the RCTs have not been adequately powered and did not find a significant reduction in CHD outcomes . Skeaff , 2009 Intake of SFA was not significantly associated with CHD mortality , with a RR of 1.14 . Moreover , there was no significant association with CHD death . Intake of PUFA was strongly significantly associated with CHD mortality , with a RR of 1.25 . The Health Professionals Follow - up Study and the EUROASPIRE study results mirrored those of total PUFA ; intake of linoleic acid was significantly associated with CHD mortality . Jakobsen , 2009 `` The associations suggest that replacing saturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated fatty acids rather than monounsaturated fatty acids or carbohydrates prevents CHD over a wide range of intakes . '' Van Horn , 2008 25 - 35 % fats but < 7 % SFA and TFA reduces risk . While many studies have found that including polyunsaturated fats in the diet in place of saturated fats produces more beneficial CVD outcomes , the effects of substituting monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates are unclear . Dyslipidemia ( edit ) See also : Lipid hypothesis The consumption of saturated fat is generally considered a risk factor for dyslipidemia , which in turn is a risk factor for some types of cardiovascular disease . There are strong , consistent , and graded relationships between saturated fat intake , blood cholesterol levels , and the mass occurrence of cardiovascular disease . The relationships are accepted as causal . Abnormal blood lipid levels , that is high total cholesterol , high levels of triglycerides , high levels of low - density lipoprotein ( LDL , `` bad '' cholesterol ) or low levels of high - density lipoprotein ( HDL , `` good '' cholesterol ) cholesterol are all associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke . Meta - analyses have found a significant relationship between saturated fat and serum cholesterol levels . High total cholesterol levels , which may be caused by many factors , are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease . However , other indicators measuring cholesterol such as high total / HDL cholesterol ratio are more predictive than total serum cholesterol . In a study of myocardial infarction in 52 countries , the ApoB / ApoA1 ( related to LDL and HDL , respectively ) ratio was the strongest predictor of CVD among all risk factors . There are other pathways involving obesity , triglyceride levels , insulin sensitivity , endothelial function , and thrombogenicity , among others , that play a role in CVD , although it seems , in the absence of an adverse blood lipid profile , the other known risk factors have only a weak atherogenic effect . Different saturated fatty acids have differing effects on various lipid levels . Cancer ( edit ) Breast cancer ( edit ) Main article : Epidemiology and etiology of breast cancer § Specific dietary fatty acids A meta - analysis published in 2003 found a significant positive relationship in both control and cohort studies between saturated fat and breast cancer . However two subsequent reviews have found weak or insignificant associations of saturated fat intake and breast cancer risk , and note the prevalence of confounding factors . Colorectal cancer ( edit ) One review found limited evidence for a positive relationship between consuming animal fat and incidence of colorectal cancer . Ovarian cancer ( edit ) A meta - analysis of eight observational studies published in 2001 found a statistically significant positive relationship between saturated fat and ovarian cancer . However , a 2013 study found that a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies observed no association between total fat intake and ovarian cancer risk . Further analysis revealed that omega - 3 fatty acids were protective against ovarian cancer and that trans fats were a risk factor . This study revealed that histological subtypes should be examined in determining the impact of dietary fat on ovarian cancer , rather than an oversimplified focus on total fat intake . Prostate cancer ( edit ) Further information : Prostate cancer § Oils and fatty acids Some researchers have indicated that serum myristic acid and palmitic acid and dietary myristic and palmitic saturated fatty acids and serum palmitic combined with alpha - tocopherol supplementation are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in a dose - dependent manner . These associations may , however , reflect differences in intake or metabolism of these fatty acids between the precancer cases and controls , rather than being an actual cause . Bones ( edit ) Mounting evidence indicates that the amount and type of fat in the diet can have important effects on bone health . Most of this evidence is derived from animal studies . The data from one study indicated that bone mineral density is negatively associated with saturated fat intake , and that men may be particularly vulnerable . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) Recommendations to reduce or limit dietary intake of saturated fats are made by the World Health Organization , American Heart Association , Health Canada , the US Department of Health and Human Services , the UK Food Standards Agency , the Australian Department of Health and Aging , the Singapore Government Health Promotion Board , the Indian Government Citizens Health Portal , the New Zealand Ministry of Health , the Food and Drugs Board Ghana , the Republic of Guyana Ministry of Health , and Hong Kong 's Centre for Food Safety . In 2003 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) expert consultation report concluded that `` intake of saturated fatty acids is directly related to cardiovascular risk . The traditional target is to restrict the intake of saturated fatty acids to less than 10 % of daily energy intake and less than 7 % for high - risk groups . If populations are consuming less than 10 % , they should not increase that level of intake . Within these limits , intake of foods rich in myristic and palmitic acids should be replaced by fats with a lower content of these particular fatty acids . In developing countries , however , where energy intake for some population groups may be inadequate , energy expenditure is high and body fat stores are low ( BMI < 18.5 kg / m ) . The amount and quality of fat supply has to be considered keeping in mind the need to meet energy requirements . Specific sources of saturated fat , such as coconut and palm oil , provide low - cost energy and may be an important source of energy for the poor . '' A 2004 statement released by the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) determined that `` Americans need to continue working to reduce saturated fat intake ... '' In addition , reviews by the American Heart Association led the Association to recommend reducing saturated fat intake to less than 7 % of total calories according to its 2006 recommendations . This concurs with similar conclusions made by the US Department of Health and Human Services , which determined that reduction in saturated fat consumption would positively affect health and reduce the prevalence of heart disease . The United Kingdom , National Health Service claims the majority of British people eat too much saturated fat . The British Heart Foundation also advises people to cut down on saturated fat . People are advised to cut down on saturated fat and read labels on food they buy . A 2004 review stated that `` no lower safe limit of specific saturated fatty acid intakes has been identified '' and recommended that the influence of varying saturated fatty acid intakes against a background of different individual lifestyles and genetic backgrounds should be the focus in future studies . Blanket recommendations to lower saturated fat were criticized at a 2010 conference debate of the American Dietetic Association for focusing too narrowly on reducing saturated fats rather than emphasizing increased consumption of healthy fats and unrefined carbohydrates . Concern was expressed over the health risks of replacing saturated fats in the diet with refined carbohydrates , which carry a high risk of obesity and heart disease , particularly at the expense of polyunsaturated fats which may have health benefits . None of the panelists recommended heavy consumption of saturated fats , emphasizing instead the importance of overall dietary quality to cardiovascular health . In a 2017 comprehensive review of the literature and clinical trials , the American Heart Association published a recommendation that saturated fat intake be reduced or replaced by products containing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats , a dietary adjustment that could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by 30 % . Molecular description ( edit ) Two - dimensional representation of the saturated fatty acid myristic acid A space - filling model of the saturated fatty acid myristic acid It should be noted , as this is the defining factor of saturated fats , that the two - dimensional illustration has implicit hydrogen atoms bonded to each of the carbon atoms in the polycarbon tail of the myristic acid molecule ( there are 13 carbon atoms in the tail ; 14 carbon atoms in the entire molecule ) . Carbon atoms are also implicitly drawn , as they are portrayed as intersections between two straight lines . `` Saturated , '' in general , refers to a maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon of the polycarbon tail as allowed by the Octet Rule . This also means that only single bonds ( sigma bonds ) will be present between adjacent carbon atoms of the tail . See also ( edit ) List of saturated fatty acids List of vegetable oils Trans fat Food groups Food guide pyramid Healthy diet Diet and heart disease Fast food Junk food Advanced glycation endproduct ANGPTL4 Iodine value Framingham Heart Study Seven Countries Study Ancel Keys D. Mark Hegsted Western pattern diet References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reece , Jane ; Campbell , Neil ( 2002 ) . Biology . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . pp. 69 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 6624 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saturated fats '' . American Heart Association . 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What are `` oils '' ? `` . ChooseMyPlate.gov , US Department of Agriculture . 2015 . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top food sources of saturated fat in the US '' . Harvard University School of Public Health . 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sacks , Frank M. ; Lichtenstein , Alice H. ; Wu , Jason H.Y. ; Appel , Lawrence J. ; Creager , Mark A. ; Kris - Etherton , Penny M. ; Miller , Michael ; Rimm , Eric B. ; Rudel , Lawrence L. ; Robinson , Jennifer G. ; Stone , Neil J. ; Van Horn , Linda V. ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease : A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association '' ( PDF ) . Circulation. 136 : CIR. 0000000000000510 . doi : 10.1161 / CIR. 0000000000000510 . Jump up ^ Hooper L , Martin N , Abdelhamid A , Davey Smith G ( 2015 ) . `` Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6 ( Jun 10 ) : CD011737 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD011737 . PMID 26068959 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ de Souza , Russell J ; Mente , Andrew ; Maroleanu , Adriana ; Cozma , Adrian I ; Ha , Vanessa ; Kishibe , Teruko ; Uleryk , Elizabeth ; Budylowski , Patrick ; Schünemann , Holger ; Beyene , Joseph ; Anand , Sonia S ( 2015 ) . `` Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality , cardiovascular disease , and type 2 diabetes : systematic review and meta - analysis of observational studies '' . BMJ. 351 ( Aug 11 ) : h3978 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. h3978 . PMC 4532752 . PMID 26268692 . Jump up ^ Ramsden , Christopher E ; Zamora , Daisy ; Leelarthaepin , Boonseng ; Majchrzak - Hong , Sharon F ; Faurot , Keturah R ; Suchindran , Chirayath M ; Ringel , Amit ; Davis , John M ; Hibbeln , Joseph R ( 2013 ) . `` Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death : evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta - analysis '' . BMJ. 346 : e8707 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. e8707 . PMC 4688426 . PMID 23386268 . Jump up ^ Ramsden , Christopher E ; Zamora , Daisy ; Majchrzak - Hong , Sharon ; Faurot , Keturah R ; Broste , Steven K ; Frantz , Robert P ; Davis , John M ; Ringel , Amit ; Suchindran , Chirayath M ; Hibbeln , Joseph R ( 2016 ) . `` Re-evaluation of the traditional diet - heart hypothesis : analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment ( 1968 - 73 ) '' . BMJ. 353 : i1246 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. i1246 . PMC 4836695 . PMID 27071971 . Jump up ^ `` USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference , Release 20 '' . United States Department of Agriculture . 2007 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson . `` Fatty acid composition of fats and oils '' ( PDF ) . UCCS . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NDL / FNIC Food Composition Database Home Page '' . Nal.usda.gov . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USDA → Basic Report : 04042 , Oil , peanut , salad or cooking Retrieved on January 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable safflower , oleic Retrieved on April 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable safflower , linoleic Retrieved on April 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable , sunflower Retrieved on September 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ USDA Basic Report Cream , fluid , heavy whipping Jump up ^ http://www.goosefat.co.uk/page/nutrition-and-health Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Egg , yolk , raw , fresh Retrieved on August 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` 09038 , Avocados , raw , California '' . National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference , Release 26 . United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Feinberg School > Nutrition > Nutrition Fact Sheet : Lipids '' . Northwestern University . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . 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Retrieved 3 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lower your cholesterol '' . National Health Service . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Facts at a Glance - Nutrients : Saturated Fat '' . Food and Drug Administration . 2009 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats , including saturated fatty acids , polyunsaturated fatty acids , monounsaturated fatty acids , trans fatty acids , and cholesterol '' . European Food Safety Authority . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Healthy diet Fact sheet N ° 394 '' . May 2015 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamley , S ( May 2017 ) . `` The effect of replacing saturated fat with mostly n - 6 polyunsaturated fat on coronary heart disease : a meta - analysis of randomised controlled trials '' . Nutrition Journal . 16 ( 1 ) : 30 . doi : 10.1186 / s12937 - 017 - 0254 - 5 . PMC 5437600 . PMID 28526025 . Jump up ^ de Souza RJ , Mente A , Maroleanu A , Cozma AI , Ha V , Kishibe T , Uleryk E , Budylowski P , Schünemann H , Beyene J , Anand SS ( Aug 12 , 2015 ) . `` Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality , cardiovascular disease , and type 2 diabetes : systematic review and meta - analysis of observational studies '' . BMJ. 351 ( h3978 ) . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. h3978 . PMC 4532752 . PMID 26268692 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chowdhury R , Warnakula S , Kunutsor S , Crowe F , Ward HA , Johnson L , Franco OH , Butterworth AS , Forouhi NG , Thompson SG , Khaw KT , Mozaffarian D , Danesh J , Di Angelantonio E ( 2014 ) . `` Association of dietary , circulating , and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Ann . Intern . Med. 160 ( 6 ) : 398 -- 406 . doi : 10.7326 / M13 - 1788 . PMID 24723079 . 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Jump up ^ Hooper , L ; Summerbell , CD ; Thompson , R ; Sills , D ; Roberts , FG ; Moore , HJ ; Davey Smith , G ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 5 : CD002137 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD002137. pub3 . PMID 22592684 . Jump up ^ Micha R , Mozaffarian D ( October 2010 ) . `` Saturated Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors , Coronary Heart Disease , Stroke , and Diabetes : a Fresh Look at the Evidence '' . Lipids. 45 ( 10 ) : 893 -- 905 . doi : 10.1007 / s11745 - 010 - 3393 - 4 . PMC 2950931 . PMID 20354806 . Jump up ^ Mozaffarian D , Micha R , Wallace S ( March 2010 ) . Katan , Martijn B. , ed . `` Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat : A Systematic Review and Meta - Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials '' . PLoS Medicine . 7 ( 3 ) : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1000252 . ISSN 1549 - 1277 . PMC 2843598 . PMID 20351774 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Siri - Tarino PW , Sun Q , Hu FB , Krauss RM ( 2010 ) . `` Meta - analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 ( 3 ) : 535 -- 546 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2009.27725 . PMC 2824152 . PMID 20071648 . Jump up ^ Danaei G , Ding EL , Mozaffarian D , Taylor B , Rehm J , Murray CJ , Ezzati M ( April 2009 ) . Hales , Simon , ed . `` The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States : Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary , Lifestyle , and Metabolic Risk Factors '' . PLoS Medicine . 6 ( 4 ) : e1000058 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1000058 . ISSN 1549 - 1277 . PMC 2667673 . PMID 19399161 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mente A , de Koning L , Shannon HS , Anand SS ( April 2009 ) . `` A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease '' . Arch . Intern . Med. 169 ( 7 ) : 659 -- 69 . doi : 10.1001 / archinternmed. 2009.38 . PMID 19364995 . Free full - text Jump up ^ Skeaff CM , Miller J ( 2009 ) . `` Dietary fat and coronary heart disease : summary of evidence from prospective cohort and randomised controlled trials '' . Ann . Nutr . Metab. 55 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 173 -- 201 . doi : 10.1159 / 000229002 . PMID 19752542 . Jump up ^ Jakobsen MU , O'Reilly EJ , Heitmann BL , Pereira MA , Bälter K , Fraser GE , Goldbourt U , Hallmans G , Knekt P , Liu S , Pietinen P , Spiegelman D , Stevens J , Virtamo J , Willett WC , Ascherio A ( 2009 ) . `` Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease : a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 ( 5 ) : 1425 -- 32 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2008.27124 . PMC 2676998 . PMID 19211817 . Jump up ^ Van Horn L , McCoin M , Kris - Etherton PM , Burke F , Carson JA , Champagne CM , Karmally W , Sikand G ( February 2008 ) . `` The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease '' . Journal of the American Dietetic Association . 108 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 331 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jada. 2007.10. 050 . ISSN 0002 - 8223 . PMID 18237578 . Jump up ^ Astrup A , Dyerberg J , Elwood P , Hermansen K , Hu FB , Jakobsen MU , Kok FJ , Krauss RM , Lecerf JM , LeGrand P , Nestel P , Risérus U , Sanders T , Sinclair A , Stender S , Tholstrup T , Willett WC ( April 2011 ) . `` The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease : where does the evidence stand in 2010 ? '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93 ( 4 ) : 684 -- 8 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 110.004622 . PMC 3138219 . PMID 21270379 . Jump up ^ Jebb SA , Lovegrove JA , Griffin BA , Frost GS , Moore CS , Chatfield MD , Bluck LJ , Williams CM , Sanders TA ( October 2010 ) . `` Effect of changing the amount and type of fat and carbohydrate on insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk : the RISCK ( Reading , Imperial , Surrey , Cambridge , and Kings ) trial '' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92 ( 4 ) : 748 -- 58 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2009.29096 . PMID 20739418 . Jump up ^ Faculty of Public Health of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom . Position Statement on Fat ( Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 25 ) . Jump up ^ Report of a Joint WHO / FAO Expert Consultation ( 2003 ) . `` Diet , Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cholesterol '' . Irish Heart Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . ( December 2010 ) . Dietary Guidelines for Americans , 2010 ( 7th Edition ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Cannon , Christopher ; O'Gara , Patrick ( 2007 ) . Critical Pathways in Cardiovascular Medicine , 2nd Edition . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 243 . Jump up ^ Graham I , Atar D , Borch - Johnsen K , Boysen G , Burell G , Cifkova R , Dallongeville J , De Backer G , Ebrahim S , Gjelsvik B , Herrmann - Lingen C , Hoes A , Humphries S , Knapton M , Perk J , Priori SG , Pyorala K , Reiner Z , Ruilope L , Sans - Menendez S , Scholte op Reimer W , Weissberg P , Wood D , Yarnell J , Zamorano JL , Walma E , Fitzgerald T , Cooney MT , Dudina A ( 2007 ) . `` European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice : executive summary '' ( PDF ) . European Heart Journal . 28 ( 19 ) : 2375 -- 2414 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehm316 . PMID 17726041 . Jump up ^ Labarthe , Darwin ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 17 What Causes Cardiovascular Diseases ? '' . Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease : a global challenge ( 2 ed . ) . Jones and Bartlett Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 4689 - 6 . Jump up ^ Clarke R , Frost C , Collins R , Appleby P , Peto R ( 1997 ) . `` Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol : quantitative meta - analysis of metabolic ward studies '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 314 ( 7074 ) : 112 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 314.7074. 112 . PMC 2125600 . PMID 9006469 . Jump up ^ Bucher HC , Griffith LE , Guyatt GH ( February 1999 ) . `` Systematic review on the risk and benefit of different cholesterol - lowering interventions '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . 19 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 195 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. atv. 19.2. 187 . PMID 9974397 . ^ Jump up to : Lewington S , Whitlock G , Clarke R , Sherliker P , Emberson J , Halsey J , Qizilbash N , Peto R , Collins R ( December 2007 ) . `` Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age , sex , and blood pressure : a meta - analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths '' . Lancet . 370 ( 9602 ) : 1829 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 07 ) 61778 - 4 . PMID 18061058 . Jump up ^ Labarthe , Darwin ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 11 Adverse Blood Lipid Profile '' . Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease : a global challenge ( 2 ed . ) . Jones and Bartlett Publishers . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 4689 - 6 . Jump up ^ Labarthe , Darwin ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 11 Adverse Blood Lipid Profile '' . Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease : a global challenge ( 2 ed . ) . Jones and Bartlett Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 4689 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thijssen , MA ; Mensink , RP ( 2005 ) . `` Fatty acids and atherosclerotic risk '' . Atherosclerosis : Diet and Drugs . Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology . 170 . Springer . pp. 165 -- 194 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 27661 - 0_5 . PMID 16596799 . Jump up ^ Boyd NF , Stone J , Vogt KN , Connelly BS , Martin LJ , Minkin S ( November 2003 ) . `` Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited : a meta - analysis of the published literature '' . British Journal of Cancer . 89 ( 9 ) : 1672 -- 1685 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjc. 6601314 . PMC 2394401 . PMID 14583769 . ^ Jump up to : Hanf V , Gonder U ( 2005 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Nutrition and primary prevention of breast cancer : foods , nutrients and breast cancer risk '' . European journal of obstetrics , gynecology , and reproductive biology . 123 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 149 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejogrb. 2005.05. 011 . PMID 16316809 . Jump up ^ Lof M , Weiderpass E ( February 2009 ) . `` Impact of diet on breast cancer risk '' . Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 21 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 85 . doi : 10.1097 / GCO. 0b013e32831d7f22 . PMID 19125007 . Jump up ^ Freedman LS , Kipnis V , Schatzkin A , Potischman N ( Mar -- Apr 2008 ) . `` Methods of Epidemiology : Evaluating the Fat -- Breast Cancer Hypothesis -- Comparing Dietary Instruments and Other Developments '' . Cancer journal ( Sudbury , Mass . ) . 14 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 74 . doi : 10.1097 / PPO. 0b013e31816a5e02 . PMC 2496993 . PMID 18391610 . Jump up ^ Lin OS ( 2009 ) . `` Acquired risk factors for colorectal cancer '' . Methods Mol Biol. 472 : 361 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 60327 - 492 - 0_16 . PMID 19107442 . Jump up ^ Huncharek M , Kupelnick B ( 2001 ) . `` Dietary fat intake and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer : a meta - analysis of 6,689 subjects from 8 observational studies '' . Nutrition and Cancer . 40 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 91 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327914NC402_2 . PMID 11962260 . Jump up ^ http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/meeting_abstract/73/8_MeetingAbstracts/148 ^ Jump up to : Männistö S , Pietinen P , Virtanen MJ , Salminen I , Albanes D , Giovannucci E , Virtamo J ( December 2003 ) . `` Fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer in a nested case - control study in male smokers '' . Cancer Epidemiology , Biomarkers & Prevention . 12 ( 12 ) : 1422 -- 8 . PMID 14693732 . ^ Jump up to : Crowe FL , Allen NE , Appleby PN , Overvad K , Aardestrup IV , Johnsen NF , Tjønneland A , Linseisen J , Kaaks R , Boeing H , Kröger J , Trichopoulou A , Zavitsanou A , Trichopoulos D , Sacerdote C , Palli D , Tumino R , Agnoli C , Kiemeney LA , Bueno - de-Mesquita HB , Chirlaque MD , Ardanaz E , Larrañaga N , Quirós JR , Sánchez MJ , González CA , Stattin P , Hallmans G , Bingham S , Khaw KT , Rinaldi S , Slimani N , Jenab M , Riboli E , Key TJ ( November 2008 ) . `` Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and risk of prostate cancer in a case - control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 88 ( 5 ) : 1353 -- 63 . PMID 18996872 . ^ Jump up to : Kurahashi N , Inoue M , Iwasaki M , Sasazuki S , Tsugane AS ( April 2008 ) . `` Dairy product , saturated fatty acid , and calcium intake and prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of Japanese men '' . Cancer Epidemiology , Biomarkers & Prevention . 17 ( 4 ) : 930 -- 7 . doi : 10.1158 / 1055 - 9965. EPI - 07 - 2681 . PMID 18398033 . Jump up ^ Corwin RL , Hartman TJ , Maczuga SA , Graubard BI ( 2006 ) . `` Dietary saturated fat intake is inversely associated with bone density in humans : Analysis of NHANES III '' . The Journal of Nutrition. 136 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 165 . PMID 16365076 . Jump up ^ see the article Food pyramid ( nutrition ) for more information . Jump up ^ `` Saturated and Trans Fats '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Saturated Fat '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . 1 Jump up ^ `` Australian Dietary Guidelines and the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Getting the Fats Right ! '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Citizens Health Knowledge Centre Nutrition '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Food and Nutrition Guideline Statements for Healthy Adults '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Food and Drugs Board Regulating for Your Safety Eating Healthy '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hypertension ( High Blood Pressure ) '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Labelling '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Joint WHO / FAO Expert Consultation ( 2003 ) . `` Diet , Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases ( WHO technical report series 916 ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . pp. 81 -- 94 . ISBN 92 - 4 - 120916 - X . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in Intake of Energy , Protein , Carbohydrate , Fat , and Saturated Fat -- United States , 1971 -- 2000 '' . Centers for Disease Control . 2004 . Jump up ^ Lichtenstein AH , Appel LJ , Brands M , Carnethon M , Daniels S , Franch HA , Franklin B , Kris - Etherton P , Harris WS , Howard B , Karanja N , Lefevre M , Rudel L , Sacks F , Van Horn L , Winston M , Wylie - Rosett J ( July 2006 ) . `` Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006 : a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee '' . Circulation. 114 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 96 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 106.176158 . PMID 16785338 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith SC , Jackson R , Pearson TA , Fuster V , Yusuf S , Faergeman O , Wood DA , Alderman M , Horgan J , Home P , Hunn M , Grundy SM ( June 2004 ) . `` Principles for national and regional guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention : a scientific statement from the World Heart and Stroke Forum '' . Circulation. 109 ( 25 ) : 3112 -- 21 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 0000133427.35111. 67 . PMID 15226228 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary Guidelines for Americans '' ( pdf ) . United States Department of Agriculture . 2005 . Jump up ^ Eat less saturated fat Jump up ^ Fats explained Jump up ^ German JB , Dillard CJ ( September 2004 ) . `` Saturated fats : what dietary intake ? '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 ( 3 ) : 550 -- 559 . PMID 15321792 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zelman K ( 2011 ) . `` The Great Fat Debate : A Closer Look at the Controversy -- Questioning the Validity of Age - Old Dietary Guidance '' . Journal of the American Dietetic Association . 111 ( 5 ) : 655 -- 658 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jada. 2011.03. 026 . PMID 21515106 . Further Reading ( edit ) Feinman RD ( 2010 ) . `` Saturated Fat and Health : Recent Advances in Research '' . Lipids. 45 ( 10 ) : 891 -- 892 . doi : 10.1007 / s11745 - 010 - 3446 - 8 . PMC 2974200 . PMID 20827513 . Howard BV , Van Horn L , Hsia J , Manson JE , Stefanick ML , Wassertheil - Smoller S , Kuller LH , LaCroix AZ , Langer RD , Lasser NL , Lewis CE , Limacher MC , Margolis KL , Mysiw WJ , Ockene JK , Parker LM , Perri MG , Phillips L , Prentice RL , Robbins J , Rossouw JE , Sarto GE , Schatz IJ , Snetselaar LG , Stevens VJ , Tinker LF , Trevisan M , Vitolins MZ , Anderson GL , Assaf AR , Bassford T , Beresford SA , Black HR , Brunner RL , Brzyski RG , Caan B , Chlebowski RT , Gass M , Granek I , Greenland P , Hays J , Heber D , Heiss G , Hendrix SL , Hubbell FA , Johnson KC , Kotchen JM ( 2006 ) . `` Low - fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease : the Women 's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 295 ( 6 ) : 655 -- 66 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 295.6. 655 . PMID 16467234 . Zelman K ( 2011 ) . `` The Great Fat Debate '' . Journal of the American Dietetic Association . 111 ( 5 ) : 655 -- 677 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jada. 2011.03. 026 . PMID 21515106 . Types of lipids General Saturation : Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Essential fatty acid Other : Fat Oil Geometry Trans fat Omega - 3 fatty acid Omega - 6 fatty acid Omega - 9 fatty acid Eicosanoids Arachidonic acid Prostaglandins Prostacyclin Thromboxane Leukotrienes Fatty acids Caprylic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Glycerides Monoglyceride Diglyceride Triglyceride Triheptanoin Trimyristin Tripalmitin Tristearin Trilinolein Triolein Phospholipids Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidyl ethanolamine Cardiolipin Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Sphingolipids Ceramide Steroids Cholesterol Corticosteroids Sex steroids Secosteroids Lipids : fatty acids Saturated Butyric ( C4 ) Valeric ( C5 ) Caproic ( C6 ) Enanthic ( C7 ) Caprylic ( C8 ) Pelargonic ( C9 ) Capric ( C10 ) Undecylic ( C11 ) Lauric ( C12 ) Tridecylic ( C13 ) Myristic ( C14 ) Pentadecanoic ( C15 ) Palmitic ( C16 ) Margaric ( C17 ) Stearic ( C18 ) Nonadecylic ( C19 ) Arachidic ( C20 ) Heneicosylic ( C21 ) Behenic ( C22 ) Tricosylic ( C23 ) Lignoceric ( C24 ) Pentacosylic ( C25 ) Cerotic ( C26 ) Heptacosylic ( C27 ) Montanic ( C28 ) Nonacosylic ( C29 ) Melissic ( C30 ) Hentriacontylic ( C31 ) Lacceroic ( C32 ) Psyllic ( C33 ) Geddic ( C34 ) Ceroplastic ( C35 ) Hexatriacontylic ( C36 ) Heptatriacontanoic ( C37 ) Octatriacontanoic ( C38 ) ω − 3 Unsaturated α - Linolenic ( 18 : 3 ) Stearidonic ( 18 : 4 ) Eicosapentaenoic ( 20 : 5 ) Docosahexaenoic ( 22 : 6 ) ω − 6 Unsaturated Linoleic ( 18 : 2 ) γ - Linolenic ( 18 : 3 ) Dihomo - γ - linolenic ( 20 : 3 ) Arachidonic ( 20 : 4 ) Adrenic ( 22 : 4 ) Osbond ( 22 : 5 ) ω − 7 Unsaturated Palmitoleic ( 16 : 1 ) Vaccenic ( 18 : 1 ) Paullinic ( 20 : 1 ) ω − 9 Unsaturated Oleic ( 18 : 1 ) Elaidic ( trans - 18 : 1 ) Gondoic ( 20 : 1 ) Erucic ( 22 : 1 ) Nervonic ( 24 : 1 ) Mead ( 20 : 3 ) Biology portal Chemistry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturated_fat&oldid=834350889 '' Categories : Fatty acids Lipids Nutrition Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk ދިވެހިބަސް Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська Walon 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 07 : 46 . 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what episode in season 3 do jim and pam get together | Pam participates in an art show , but few people attend . Her co-worker , Oscar , brings his partner along who , not knowing that Pam is standing behind him , criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage . '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points . Affected by this statement , Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest , culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season , `` Beach Games '' , and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship . Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying , framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office . In the season finale , `` The Job , '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics , which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City . While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '' , Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton , still distracted by the thought of Pam . Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office , where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner . She happily accepts , visibly moved , abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton . Karen quits soon after , becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch . | the season finale , `` The Job , '' | Pam Beesly | pam beesly | Pamela Morgan Halpert ( née Beesly ) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office , played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until she left in the series finale . Her character is shy , growing assertive but amiable , and artistically inclined , and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert , whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues . | Contents 1 Casting and character development 2 Character history 2.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 2.2 Seasons 4 -- 6 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 3 Coworker relations 3.1 Jim Halpert 3.2 Roy Anderson 3.3 Michael Scott 3.4 Toby Flenderson 4 Appearances 5 Notes 6 References Casting and character development ( edit ) The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart , Dawn Tinsley . Even minute details , such as how Pam wore her hair each day , were considered by executive producer , Greg Daniels . `` When I went in for The Office , the casting director said to me , ' Please look normal ' , '' recalls Jenna Fischer . `` Do n't make yourself all pretty , and dare to bore me with your audition . Those were her words . Dare to bore me . '' Heeding the advice , Fischer said little during the auditions , during which she was interviewed in character by show producers , in an improvisational format , to imitate the show 's documentary premise . `` My take on the character of Pam was that she did n't have any media training , so she did n't know how to be a good interview . And also , she did n't care about this interview , '' she told NPR . `` So , I gave very short one - word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever , because I thought that the comedy would come out of just , you know , the real human reactions to the situation ... and they liked that take on it . '' `` When I went in to the audition , the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam -- they said , ' Do you like working as a receptionist ? ' I said , ' No . ' And that was it . I did n't speak any more than that . And they started laughing . '' Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character . For the first few seasons , she kept a list of the character history revealed on - screen by the creators , as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam 's history . She created a rule with the set 's hair and make - up department that it could n't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair , and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college . Fischer also carefully crafted Pam 's quiet persona . `` Well , my character of Pam is really stuck , '' she explained to NPR . `` I mean , she 's a subordinate in this office . And so , I think that for her , the only way she can express herself is in the silences , but you can say so much by not saying anything . '' Originally meek and passive , the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed , prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal . `` I have to approach Pam differently ( now ) , '' she explained in Season 4 , a defining season in which her character finally begins a long - awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute . `` She is in a loving relationship , she has found her voice , she has started taking art classes . All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves , speaks , dresses , etc . '' Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years . Their open - ended engagement has become one of Michael 's running gags and a sore spot for Pam . Pam does not want her current job to become permanent , remarking that `` I do n't think it 's many little girls ' dream to be a receptionist . '' Pam is apathetic toward her work , evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer . However , in the pilot episode , she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill - advised prank by telling her that she will be fired . Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and ( in a deleted scene ) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone . Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim . She will do extra , unnecessary work ( such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics ) to make other people happy . Despite the abuse she takes from Michael , she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot . In later seasons , however , she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him . While engaged to Roy , Pam denies , or is in denial about , having any romantic feelings for Jim . When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin `` Casino Night '' she turns him down . She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend ( though she does n't say his name ) , and says `` Yeah , I think I am '' to an unheard question . She is interrupted by Jim , who enters and kisses her ; she responds by kissing back . Season three marks a turning point for Pam 's character : she gains self - confidence and appears less passive and more self - assured as the season progresses . In `` Gay Witch Hunt , '' the season 's opener , it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all , and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch , in Stamford , shortly after Pam rejected him a second time , after their kiss . Pam moves into her own apartment , begins taking art classes , a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time , and buys a new car , a blue Toyota Yaris . Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of `` The Merger '' , and brings along a female co-worker , Karen Filippelli , whom he begins dating . Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch ( aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day ) , and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense , despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras . Meanwhile , Roy vows to win Pam back . Roy 's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful , but once Pam and Roy are back together , he falls back into old habits almost immediately . When Roy and Pam attend an after work get - together at a local bar with their co-workers , Pam , feeling that she should be more honest with Roy , tells him about Jim kissing her at `` Casino Night . '' Roy yells , smashes a mirror , and trashes the bar . Pam , frightened and embarrassed by his reaction , breaks up with Roy immediately . Roy vows to kill Jim and in `` The Negotiation '' , Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work ( Jim is saved by Dwight 's intervention ) , and is subsequently fired . Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request , and after the polite but brief meeting , it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim . Pam participates in an art show , but few people attend . Her co-worker , Oscar , brings his partner along who , not knowing that Pam is standing behind him , criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage . '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points . Affected by this statement , Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest , culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season , `` Beach Games '' , and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship . Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying , framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office . In the season finale , `` The Job , '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics , which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City . While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '' , Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton , still distracted by the thought of Pam . Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office , where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner . She happily accepts , visibly moved , abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton . Karen quits soon after , becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch . Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season . She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe . In the season 4 premiere , `` Fun Run '' , Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing . The office ultimately learns of their relationship in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . In `` Chair Model '' , after teasing Pam about his impending proposal , Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating . In the next few episodes , Jim fake - proposes to Pam multiple times . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Pam discovers she 's been accepted at Pratt Institute , an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode , Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening . Just as Jim is preparing to propose , however , Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela . Having had his thunder stolen by Andy , Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket , leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night . In the Season 5 premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute . In this episode , Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop , saying that he `` ca n't wait '' . In `` Business Trip '' , Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it . Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '' , she ultimately makes the decision to return home , saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton . A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects , which he thinks are `` cool '' , as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches , which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects , implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works . In `` Two Weeks '' , Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company , The Michael Scott Paper Co. , as a supportive Jim looks on . When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead , including adding Pam to the sales team . In `` Company Picnic '' , Pam , after dominating the company volleyball tournament , injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes . At the hospital , the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition . There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace , looking shocked and ecstatic . It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere , `` Gossip '' . Jim and Pam marry early in the season , at Niagara Falls , during the highly anticipated , hour long episode , `` Niagara '' . The ending of the episode , in which their co-workers dance down the aisle , is an imitation of a viral YouTube video -- JK Wedding Entrance Dance . Following the wedding , a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam 's mother the night of the wedding . The two break up during `` Double Date '' , an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions . In `` The Delivery '' of Season 6 , Pam and Jim have their first child , a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers , and chose to name her after her own niece . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Counseling '' , Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator . In `` China '' , Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost - cutting measures . Pam threatens to move the office to a new building , which Dwight discovers does n't exist . Pam saves face , however , when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight 's measures were not allowed . The episode is another example of Dwight 's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam ( as previously demonstrated in `` The Injury '' , `` Back from Vacation '' , `` The Job '' and `` Diwali '' ) ; Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office . She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desktop computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years , as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer , and giving Darryl three sick days . At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is , `` Full on corrupt . '' In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam almost misses saying good - bye to Michael , as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders . Jim figures out Michael 's plan to leave early and tells her by text . Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves . Season 8 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 8 , Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim 's second child , Philip Halpert . The child coincided with Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy . She begins her maternity leave after `` Gettysburg '' . Pam returns in `` Jury Duty '' , where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office . In both `` Tallahassee '' and `` Test the Store '' Pam is shown helping , and developing her friendship with Andy . Season 9 ( edit ) Early in season 9 , Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business , Athlead , in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode `` Andy 's Ancestry '' . Although Pam is happy for his decision , she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested . Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia , but in `` Customer Loyalty '' , the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears , and is comforted by Brian , the boom mic operator of the film crew . In `` Moving On '' , Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim , but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott . Over dinner , Pam reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move to Philadelphia after all . However , in `` Livin ' the Dream '' , when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country , Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision . In `` A.A.R.M. '' , Pam tells Jim that she 's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him . Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her . When she finishes the montage , which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas ; Jim finally gives her that letter , and she reads it , visibly moved . In the series finale , which takes place a year later , she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market , so that they can move to Austin , Texas , and take his job back at Athlead ( now Athleap ) . Co-worker relations ( edit ) From her years working the front desk , Pam has become well - acquainted with the Dunder - Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers ' personalities , including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott . She uses this familiarity to manipulate them , often for their and the company 's best interests ( such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in `` The Chump '' ) but also occasionally for her own . This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Main article : Jim Halpert The `` will they or wo n't they '' tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office , encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3 . In the opener of Season 4 , the two characters are revealed to be dating , and as such , other character romances , such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin , begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes . In Season 6 , Jim and Pam are married in the season 's 4th and 5th episodes ( hour long ) , a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics , as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture . Their child is born in the second half of the season , during another hour long , `` The Delivery '' . Pam and Jim 's second child is born during season 8 . In season 9 , their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia . They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job . Roy Anderson ( edit ) Main article : Roy Anderson ( The Office ) When the series begins , Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson ; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running . They finally set a date , but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute . They get back together once , briefly , but Pam is much more assertive , and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst . Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing , neglectful , dismissive of her desire to be an artist , and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine 's Day . Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to `` bother '' Roy with her `` thoughts or feelings '' . He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam 's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin . In the early seasons , there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy , with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim . In `` Basketball '' , when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills , Roy elbows Jim in the nose . In season 2 , when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin , Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish . Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy , but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk . She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis 's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen . In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy , Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during `` Casino Night '' . Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot . The next day , Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight 's pepper spray and is summarily fired . After losing his job , Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen , she should at least make an effort to date him ( inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him ) . In season 5 , Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged . The mood is somewhat awkward , but Roy is congratulatory , but then makes a somewhat passive - aggressive comment , seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam 's life , which tempts him to drive to Pratt , where she is attending art classes . Jim gets on the freeway , but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam . Jim did n't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her . Michael Scott ( edit ) Main article : Michael Scott ( The Office ) In the series pilot , Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing , leaving her in tears . He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance , and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date ( inspiring a horrified `` WHAT ? ? ? '' from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her ) . However , his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam . Over time , the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals , her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael , and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them ( as did Michael 's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager ) . Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene , and excoriated him at length during `` The Lover '' before eventually slapping him in `` Double Date '' , but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward . Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael ca n't cross , like telling him that he was n't Cece 's godfather . By Season 7 , Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael , steering him away from ( numerous ) bad ideas and towards his ( fewer but real ) good ones , such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly . In Michael 's finale `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder , believing that the next day Michael was leaving . As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse , Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek . The two have a nice moment and he walks off , leaving her holding her shoes . She then tells the camera that he was happy , wanting to be an advanced rewards member , and was glad to be going home to see Holly . She then is there to watch Michael 's plane take off . In a deleted scene from `` The Inner Circle '' , we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy `` Pamela Beagsley '' , and in `` The List '' she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child `` Little Michael Scott '' , further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship . Toby flenderson ( edit ) Main article : Toby Flenderson Toby , the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch , has a secret crush on Pam . In `` A Benihana Christmas '' she gives him her Dunder - Mifflin bathrobe , a display of friendly affection , after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his . In Dunder Mifflin Infinity , Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room , which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace . Later , when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form , he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see . In `` Night Out '' , Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh ( and while Jim sits just on her other side ) , and the rest of the office watches in horror . In his mortification , Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Toby purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam . On the eve of his departure , Pam confesses to the cameras that she always thought Toby was `` kind of cute '' . In `` Niagara '' , Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen . In `` Finale '' , Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight 's wedding , with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him . When she asks , `` is it me ? '' , he replies that `` it 's everything ! '' . Appearances ( edit ) Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of `` Business Ethics '' ( except for the deleted scenes ) , `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , and `` New Leads '' in which only her voice is heard , and several season 8 episodes from `` Mrs. California '' to `` Pool Party '' , where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pam Beesly 's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly ( later Pamela Morgan Halpert ) . In `` The Lover '' Michael says to Pam , `` Pamela Morgan Beesly , you need to apologize to your mother right now . '' In `` Did I Stutter ? '' Jim says to Pam , `` You know what would energize me ? If you , Pamela Morgan Beesly ... '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Halpert Baby Blog '' . Halpertbeesly.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Season 6 -- Episode 06 : ' The Lover ' '' . OfficeQuotes.net . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 -- Episode 12 : ' Did I Stutter ? ' '' . OfficeQuotes.net . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Episode commentary , Season 2 , `` Valentine 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` For Jenna Fischer , ' Office ' Life Is A Great Act '' . NPR. 2008 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD , `` Valentine 's Day '' , episode commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Pam Beesly ( Pam / Jenna ) op Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance '' . YouTube . 2009 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ People Magazine , Week of 03 / 05 / 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Office : Why Jim and Pam 's wedding is good for TV comedy '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . hide The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Robert California Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&oldid=865561578 '' Categories : Fictional receptionists Fictional secretaries Fictional American people of English descent The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 17 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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who has sold the most records to date | Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 271.9 million US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million GER : 8 million UK : 18.445 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million BRA : 550,000 NLD : 295,000 ITA : 380,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWE 485,000 DEN : 270,000 SWI : 350,000 ARG : 1.606 million BEL : 390,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country Total available certified units : 224.5 million US : 199.150 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.2 million UK : 13.145 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.797 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 555,000 ITA : 105,000 SPA : 300,000 SWE 380,000 DEN : 120,000 SWI : 185,000 MEX : 105,000 ARG : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B Total available certified units : 229.5 million US : 145.3 million JPN : 4.650 million GER : 11.275 million UK : 29.045 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.775 million BRA : 280,000 NLD : 2.105 million ITA : 1.195 million SPA : 1.995 million SWE : 1.230 million DEN : 1.289 million SWI : 910,000 MEX : 3.670 million ARG : 124,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica Total available certified units : 172.9 million US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million GER : 12.4 million UK : 29.245 million FRA : 12.81 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.787 million BRA : 3.440 million NLD : 1.735 million ITA : 465,000 SPA : 2.815 million SWE : 1.070 million DEN : 407,000 SWI : 1.080 million MEX : 510,000 ARG : 1.098 BEL : 740,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 182.8 million US : 129.350 million JPN : 1.1 million GER : 7.9 million UK : 23.395 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.947 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 975,000 SPA : 1.2 million SWE : 740,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1.313 million MEX : 100,000 ARG : 128,000 BEL : 565,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock Total available certified units : 140 million US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.775 million UK : 9.530 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million BRA : 820,000 ITA : 465,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 120.1 million US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 7.5 million UK : 11.720 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 435,000 ITA : 2.035 million SPA : 625,000 SWE : 220,000 SWI : 390,000 ARG : 582,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million | The Beatles | List of best - selling Music artists | list of best - selling music artists | This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . | Contents 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , this is because more music markets instituted certification systems after 1980s and 1990s . So artists such as Rihanna , Chris Brown , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars , Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified units . In other words , the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified units for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist 's total amount of certified units , as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song . For example `` This Is What You Came For '' and `` Where Them Girls At '' include Rihanna and Flo Rida , Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively , so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists . However , the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles , examples of such songs are Kanye West 's `` Monster '' and / or `` All Day '' . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Michael Jackson Elvis Presley Elton John Madonna Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the tables is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 271.9 million US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million GER : 8 million UK : 18.445 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million BRA : 550,000 NLD : 295,000 ITA : 380,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWE 485,000 DEN : 270,000 SWI : 350,000 ARG : 1.606 million BEL : 390,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country Total available certified units : 224.5 million US : 199.150 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.2 million UK : 13.145 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.797 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 555,000 ITA : 105,000 SPA : 300,000 SWE 380,000 DEN : 120,000 SWI : 185,000 MEX : 105,000 ARG : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B Total available certified units : 229.5 million US : 145.3 million JPN : 4.650 million GER : 11.275 million UK : 29.045 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.775 million BRA : 280,000 NLD : 2.105 million ITA : 1.195 million SPA : 1.995 million SWE : 1.230 million DEN : 1.289 million SWI : 910,000 MEX : 3.670 million ARG : 124,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica Total available certified units : 172.9 million US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million GER : 12.4 million UK : 29.245 million FRA : 12.81 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.787 million BRA : 3.440 million NLD : 1.735 million ITA : 465,000 SPA : 2.815 million SWE : 1.070 million DEN : 407,000 SWI : 1.080 million MEX : 510,000 ARG : 1.098 BEL : 740,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 182.8 million US : 129.350 million JPN : 1.1 million GER : 7.9 million UK : 23.395 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.947 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 975,000 SPA : 1.2 million SWE : 740,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1.313 million MEX : 100,000 ARG : 128,000 BEL : 565,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock Total available certified units : 140 million US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.775 million UK : 9.530 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million BRA : 820,000 ITA : 465,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 120.1 million US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 7.5 million UK : 11.720 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 435,000 ITA : 2.035 million SPA : 625,000 SWE : 220,000 SWI : 390,000 ARG : 582,000 BEL : 115,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Eminem Mariah Carey Queen Celine Dion Whitney Houston AC / DC Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 263.8 million US : 194.55 million JPN : 1.4 million GER : 10.075 million UK : 32.9 million FRA : 1.465 million CAN : 3.120 million AUS : 9.325 million BRA : 705,000 ITA : 1.560 million SPA : 1.470 million SWE : 2.480 million DEN : 1.292 SWI : 860,000 MEX : 410,000 BEL : 660,000 AUT : 135,000 POL : 520,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 682,500 230 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 217.5 million US : 163.2 million JPN : 2.9 million GER : 6.7 million UK : 25.225 million FRA : 3.288 million CAN : 4.010 million AUS : 5.947 million BRA : 220,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 700,000 SPA : 290,000 SWE : 910,000 DEN : 666,000 SWI : 805,000 MEX : 365,000 BEL : 505,000 AUT : 362,500 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 600,000 220 million 200 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 138.7 million US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million GER : 3.750 million UK : 10.220 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.515 million BRA : 835,000 NLD : 1.425 million ITA : 200,000 SPA : 1 million SWE : 425,000 DEN : 280,000 SWI : 515,000 BEL : 175,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock Total available certified units : 128.3 million US : 65 million JPN : 2.850 million GER : 12.375 million UK : 29.075 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million BRA : 970,000 NLD : 1.990 million ITA : 545,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWE : 190,000 DEN : 250,000 SWI : 1.256 million ARG : 1.080 million BEL : 175,000 AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 170 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop Total available certified units : 127.9 million US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million GER : 8 million UK : 13.915 million FRA : 15.768 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 NLD : 2.180 million SPA : 1 million SWE : 1.105 million DEN : 370,000 SWI : 1.685 million ARG : 340,000 BEL : 2.160 million AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop Total available certified units : 115.7 million US : 76.775 million JPN : 4.3 million GER : 5.6 million UK : 15.205 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.755 million BRA : 1.025 NLD : 780,000 ITA : 140,000 SPA : 1.260 million SWE : 1.035 million DEN : 140,000 SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 190,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll Total available certified units : 115 million US : 79.7 million GER : 10.3 million UK : 5.5 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.740 million ITA : 775,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWE : 350,000 DEN : 215,000 SWI : 894,000 ARG : 594,000 BEL : 100,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock Total available certified units : 99.1 million US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 9.170 million FRA : 3.377 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 417,500 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 610,000 ITA : 205,000 SPA : 690,000 SWE : 310,000 SWI : 238,000 ARG : 718,000 BEL : 120,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco Total available certified units : 62.4 million US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million GER : 10.450 million UK : 19.170 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 NLD : 1.390 million ITA : 120,000 SPA : 1.005 million SWE : 800,000 DEN : 600,000 SWI : 600,000 MEX : 260,000 ARG : 238,000 BEL : 380,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Justin Bieber Eagles Bruno Mars Ed Sheeran Kanye West Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock Total available certified units : 199.8 million US : 172.5 million JPN : 3.050 million GER : 1.750 UK : 9.8 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 4.820 million AUS : 5.530 million BRA : 440,000 ITA : 285,000 SWE : 280,000 DEN : 140,000 > MEX : 510,000 AUT : 100,000 NZ : 382,500 175 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country Total available certified units : 156.1 million US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 350,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock Total available certified units : 149.2 million US : 127.9 million JPN : 600,000 GER : 925,000 UK : 8.035 million FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million NLD : 540,000 SPA : 500,000 SWE : 140,000 DEN : 185,000 SWI : 290,000 FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock Total available certified units : 108.6 million US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million GER : 5.525 million UK : 18.720 million FRA : 5.125 million CAN : 7.155 million AUS : 4.412 million BRA : 2.675 million NLD : 945,000 ITA : 880,000 SPA : 2.295 million SWE : 515,000 DEN : 518,000 SWI : 696,000 MEX : 835,000 ARG : 806,000 BEL : 750,000 AUT : 522,500 POL : 370,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 103 million US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million GER : 1.250 million UK : 5.715 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 NLD : 350,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary Total available certified units : 89.7 million US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 GER : 13.8 million UK : 16.050 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million NLD : 1.050 million SPA : 2.150 million SWE : 245,000 SWI : 973,000 ARG : 1.044 million BEL : 330,000 AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock Total available certified units : 84.9 million US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million GER : 2 million UK : 3.230 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 BRA : 600,000 NLD : 200,000 ITA : 100,000 SPA : 200,000 SWE : 260,000 SWI : 145,000 MEX : 230,000 ARG : 338,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing Total available certified units : 37.5 million US : 28.2 million GER : 1 million UK : 5.645 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 315,000 BRA : 350,000 SPA : 500,000 SWE : 130,000 ARG : 188,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary Total available certified units : 98.2 million US : 82.450 million GER : 750,000 UK : 5.765 million FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.152 million NLD : 710,000 SPA : 150,000 SWE : 120,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop Total available certified units : 152.3 million US : 104.5 million JPN : 850,000 GER : 4 million UK : 18.685 million FRA : 1.098 CAN : 5.780 million AUS : 4.795 million BRA : 810,000 ITA : 1.945 million SPA : 880,000 SWE : 2.020 million DEN : 2.400 million MEX : 2.970 million BEL : 450,000 POL : 370,000 AUT : 140,000 NZ : 615,000 140 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock Total available certified units : 123.5 million US : 105.750 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 1.350 UK : 12.260 million CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 160,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 414,000 132 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B Total available certified units : 129.2 million US : 91.5 million JPN : 1.2 million GER : 3.6 million UK : 15 million FRA : 1.950 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 5.950 million ITA : 760,000 SPA : 490,000 SWE : 440,000 DEN : 480,000 SWI : 405,000 MEX : 810,000 BEL : 360,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 592,500 PHL : 330,000 130 million Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2004 -- present 2011 Pop / Folk pop Total available certified units : 128.3 million US : 56 million JPN : 350,000 GER : 7.850 million UK : 37.260 million FRA : 1.691 million CAN : 6.440 million AUS : 7.840 million NLD : 330,000 ITA : 2.590 million SPA : 860,000 SWE : 1.360 million DEN : 2.335 million SWI : 635,000 MEX : 180,000 BEL : 665,000 AUT : 355,000 POL : 360,000 NZ : 1.2 million 126 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock Total available certified units : 102.7 million US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 4.325 million UK : 7.345 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 740,000 ITA : 600,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWE : 810,000 DEN : 255,000 SWI : 400,000 BEL : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal Total available certified units : 95.6 million US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 GER : 4.025 million UK : 3.535 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.885 million AUS : 2.637 million BRA : 380,000 NLD : 460,000 ITA : 180,000 SPA : 420,000 SWE : 675,000 DEN : 180,000 SWI : 560,000 MEX : 430,000 ARG : 874,000 BEL : 385,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco Total available certified units : 69.3 million US : 42.5 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 6.675 million UK : 9.525 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 188,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million 100 million to 119 million records Katy Perry Adele Lady Gaga Lil Wayne Jay - Z B'z Bon Jovi Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic Total available certified units : 102.2 million US : 69.5 million JPN : 5.4 million GER : 4.1 million UK : 11.585 million FRA : 1.647 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million BRA : 470,000 NLD : 130,000 ITA : 840,000 SPA : 410,000 SWE : 680,000 DEN : 340,000 SWI : 445,000 MEX : 420,000 BEL : 270,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop Total available certified units : 137.8 million US : 104 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 13.010 million FRA : 867,000 CAN : 6.160 million AUS : 5.3 million BRA : 625,000 ITA : 790,000 SPA : 180,000 SWE : 600,000 DEN : 235,000 SWI : 160,000 MEX : 960,000 BEL : 135,000 AUT : 247,500 NZ : 360,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul Total available certified units : 106.6 million US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 4.7 million UK : 21.350 million CAN : 6.480 million AUS : 3.955 million BRA : 1.310 million NLD : 380,000 ITA : 1.570 million SPA : 800,000 SWE : 320,000 DEN : 857,500 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 622,500 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 101.7 million US : 94.7 million GER : 300,000 UK : 3.060 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 630,000 100 million Jay - Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop Total available certified units : 100.8 million US : 84.7 million JPN : 1.050 million GER : 2 million UK : 9.520 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 215,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 85.8 million JPN : 85.85 million 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal Total available certified units : 85.1 million US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.4 million GER : 5.650 million UK : 9.690 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million BRA : 435,000 NLD : 710,000 ITA : 160,000 SPA : 1.620 million SWE : 365,000 SWI : 1.275 million MEX : 250,000 ARG : 358,000 BEL : 290,000 AUT : 725,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 84.4 million US : 57.150 million JPN : 1.7 million GER : 1.550 million UK : 15.845 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.475 million AUS : 3.115 million BRA : 390,000 ITA : 285,000 SPA : 1.190 million SWE : 120,000 DEN : 312,500 SWI : 165,000 MEX : 110,000 BEL : 115,000 POL : 110,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop Total available certified units : 83.6 million US : 30.6 million JPN : 750,000 GER : 4.550 million UK : 26.245 million FRA : 3.013 CAN : 3.585 million AUS : 3.795 million BRA : 340,000 NLD : 390,000 ITA : 2.885 million SPA : 1.030 million SWE : 750,000 DEN : 894,000 SWI : 550,000 MEX : 1.890 million ARG : 528,000 BEL : 765,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 320,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock Total available certified units : 82.9 million US : 61.6 million JPN : 1.550 million GER : 5.850 million UK : 6.605 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.485 million BRA : 595,000 ITA : 740,000 SPA : 175,000 SWE : 165,000 DEN : 175,000 SWI : 435,000 MEX : 225,000 BEL : 140,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop Total available certified units : 82.2 million US : 46.2 million JPN : 2.1 million GER : 5.350 million UK : 10.750 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.165 million BRA : 380,000 NLD : 665,000 ITA : 200,000 SPA : 990,000 SWE : 1.010 million DEN : 180,000 SWI : 485,000 MEX : 1.175 million ARG : 248,000 BEL : 935,000 AUT : 365,000 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 78.2 million US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 GER : 3.8 million UK : 18.630 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 NLD : 140,000 SPA : 290,000 SWE : 440,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 524,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 77.9 million US : 51.250 million UK : 14.785 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million NLD : 590,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 75.6 million US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million GER : 4.1 million UK : 6.550 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 BRA : 1.9 million NLD : 705,000 ITA : 710,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 485,000 DEN : 175,000 SWI : 365,000 MEX : 760,000 ARG : 1.248 million BEL : 165,000 AUT : 365,000 POL : 160,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop Total available certified units : 73 million US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million GER : 7 million UK : 4.875 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million NLD : 830,000 SPA : 1.850 million SWE : 655,000 DEN : 165,000 SWI : 415,000 MEX : 1.475 million ARG : 740,000 BEL : 450,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country Total available certified units : 72.8 million US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 68.9 million US : 55.9 million GER : 1 million UK : 7.330 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 2.085 million NLD : 250,000 SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock Total available certified units : 65.2 million US : 50.295 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 2.980 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 125,000 SWI : 375,000 MEX : 405,000 ARG : 158,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock Total available certified units : 65.1 million US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 7.245 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 NLD : 670,000 SPA : 700,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop Total available certified units : 61.4 million US : 54.050 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock Total available certified units : 60.6 million US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 GER : 1.525 million UK : 12.425 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SPA : 640,000 SWE : 210,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Simon & Garfunkel United States 1956 -- present 1964 Folk rock Total available certified units : 59.2 million US : 42.6 million JPN : 700,000 GER : 2.325 million UK : 6.620 million FRA : 3.9 million CAN : 1.425 million AUS : 390,000 NLD : 300,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 450,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 163,350 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 52.5 million US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million GER : 1.4 million UK : 4.760 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 NLD : 400,000 SPA : 150,000 SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin Total available certified units : 51.2 million US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 1.620 million FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 505,000 BRA : 12.475 million NLD : 1.2 million ITA : 400,000 SPA : 8.7 million SWE : 290,000 MEX : 2.975 million ARG : 3.220 million BEL : 125,000 FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 48.4 million US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 1.490 million FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million NLD : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock Total available certified units : 46.5 million US : 15.5 million GER : 3.750 million UK : 11.8 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million BRA : 175,000 NLD : 900,000 ITA : 385,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWE : 360,000 DEN : 195,000 SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock Total available certified units : 45.3 million US : 35.6 million GER : 625,000 UK : 6.025 million FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 42.3 million US : 36.150 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 125,000 MEX : 200,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk Total available certified units : 41 million US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 4.175 million UK : 6.510 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million BRA : 125,000 NLD : 375,000 ITA : 300,000 SPA : 600,000 SWE : 850,000 SWI : 295,000 MEX : 200,000 DEN : 370,000 ARG : 106,000 BEL : 275,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock Total available certified units : 40.2 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 5.875 million UK : 7.325 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 NLD : 300,000 SPA : 250,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop Total available certified units : 35.9 million US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 250,000 UK : 3.950 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 450,000 NLD : 150,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 35.5 million US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 35.1 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million GER : 500,000 UK : 8.485 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million NLD : 250,000 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop Total available certified units : 34.3 million US : 13.7 million JPN : 200,000 GER : 525,000 UK : 13.495 million FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.315 million AUS : 635,000 NLD : 465,000 ITA : 370,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 33.4 million US : 12.7 million GER : 6.050 million UK : 8.145 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 NLD : 565,000 SPA : 700,000 SWE : 330,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country Total available certified units : 32.5 million US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B Total available certified units : 30.9 million US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock Total available certified units : 30.7 million US : 25.6 million GER : 250,000 UK : 3.610 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 27.5 million US : 22.150 million UK : 4.565 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 21.7 million US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 175,000 100 million 80 million to 99 million records Chris Brown Nicki Minaj Shania Twain Flo Rida Pink Justin Timberlake Van Halen Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop Total available certified units : 77.1 million US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 1.750 million UK : 7.395 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.880 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 NLD : 540,000 SPA : 100,000 SWE : 330,000 DEN : 210,000 SWI : 310,000 MEX : 100,000 ARG : 120,000 BEL : 250,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Pink United States 1995 -- present 2000 Pop , Pop rock , R&B Total available certified units : 70.6 million US : 32.225 million JPN : 400,000 GER : 5.725 million UK : 13.575 million FRA : 1.198 million CAN : 4.130 million AUS : 9.870 million NLD : 175,000 ITA : 425,000 SWE : 530,000 SWI : 565,000 DEN : 281,500 MEX : 360,000 BEL : 235,000 AUT : 417,500 POL : 100,000 NZ : 465,000 90 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop Total available certified units : 46 million US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million GER : 250,000 UK : 7.950 million CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 90 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B Total available certified units : 40.8 million US : 28.650 million GER : 1.050 million UK : 6.555 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 180,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul Total available certified units : 36.1 million US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.725 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 NLD : 250,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel Total available certified units : 31.1 million US : 25.7 million GER : 550,000 UK : 3.910 million CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million Justin Timberlake United States 1992 -- present 2002 Pop , R&B , Neo soul Total available certified units : 67 million US : 43.2 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 3.050 million UK : 12.720 million FRA : 578,000 CAN : 2.480 million AUS : 2.450 million NLD : 105,000 ITA : 345,000 SPA : 120,000 SWE : 210,000 DEN : 440,000 SWI : 230,000 MEX : 330,000 BEL : 300,000 POL : 170,000 NZ : 185,000 88 million Chris Brown United States 2005 -- present 2005 Pop / R&B , Hip - hop Total available certified units : 100 million US : 84.050 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 450,000 UK : 10.240 million CAN : 770,000 AUS : 2.590 million BRA : 570,000 ITA : 140,000 SWE : 310,000 DEN : 207,500 MEX : 150,000 NZ : 260,000 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip - hop , Pop Total available certified units : 86 million US : 69 million JPN : 450,000 GER : 1.150 million UK : 8.9 million FRA : 566,000 CAN : 800,000 AUS : 3.115 million BRA : 250,000 ITA : 485,000 SPA : 220,000 SWE : 420,000 DEN : 220,000 SWI : 120,000 MEX : 150,000 NZ : 247,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock Total available certified units : 42.8 million US : 21.150 million GER : 4.275 million UK : 8.765 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 BRA : 100,000 NLD : 100,000 ITA : 225,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWE : 500,000 DEN : 155,000 SWI : 450,000 ARG : 158,000 BEL : 185,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM Total available certified units : 71.8 million US : 50 million JPN : 650,000 GER : 3.7 million UK : 7.960 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.090 million AUS : 3.605 million ITA : 360,000 SPA : 140,000 SWE : 780,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 MEX : 330,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 64.5 million US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 740,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 NLD : 200,000 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic Total available certified units : 64.3 million JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock Total available certified units : 59.4 million US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million GER : 2.650 million UK : 10.795 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.625 million BRA : 515,000 NLD : 660,000 ITA : 570,000 SPA : 640,000 SWE : 390,000 SWI : 405,000 MEX : 150,000 DEN : 227,000 BEL : 195,000 ARG : 406,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock Total available certified units : 49.3 million US : 45.1 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 1.3 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 NLD : 150,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop Total available certified units : 48 million US : 20.8 million JPN : 300,000 GER : 2.4 million UK : 12.850 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 NLD : 1.140 million SPA : 850,000 SWE : 310,000 DEN : 400,000 SWI : 335,000 ARG : 118,000 BEL : 315,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock Total available certified units : 46.9 million US : 36.6 million GER : 1.750 million UK : 2.040 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million BRA : 100,000 ITA : 130,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop Total available certified units : 42.7 million US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock Total available certified units : 42.2 million US : 23.6 million GER : 2.350 million UK : 9.665 million CAN : 3.380 million AUS : 2.522 million NLD : 425,000 SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- 2017 1977 Rock Total available certified units : 34.7 million US : 31.250 million GER : 500,000 UK : 1.060 million CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- 2017 1960 Rock / Pop Total available certified units : 25.4 million FRA : 24.672 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 510,000 80 million 75 million to 79 million records Maroon 5 Journey Tim McGraw The Black Eyed Peas Usher R. Kelly Robbie Williams Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance Total available certified units : 58.8 million US : 31.4 million JPN : 1.250 million GER : 3.3 million UK : 10.8 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million BRA : 255,000 NLD : 160,000 ITA : 365,000 SPA : 460,000 SWE : 300,000 DEN : 161,000 SWI : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 BEL : 460,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Maroon 5 United States 1994 -- present 2002 Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance - pop Total available certified units : 66.4 million US : 37.2 million JPN : 2 million GER : 2.550 UK : 10.360 million FRA : 792,000 CAN : 4.085 million AUS : 3.045 million BRA : 380,000 ITA : 810,000 SPA : 250,000 SWE : 770,000 DEN : 517,500 MEX : 3.365 NZ : 345,000 75 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock Total available certified units : 62.1 million US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.4 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Tim McGraw United States 1990 -- present 1994 Country Total available certified units : 61.7 million US : 60.150 million UK : 200,000 CAN : 1.375 million 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present 1994 R&B / Pop Total available certified units : 56.4 million US : 41.435 million JPN : 750,000 GER : 1.150 UK : 8.925 million FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 DEN : 137,500 SWI : 170,000 NZ : 150,000 75 million R. Kelly United States 1989 -- present 1991 R&B / Soul / Hip - hop Total available certified units : 55.6 million US : 46.9 million GER : 1.4 million UK : 5.420 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 300,000 AUS : 105,000 NLD : 365,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 275,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock Total available certified units : 52.8 million US : 500,000 GER : 10.275 million UK : 27.550 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million NLD : 1.205 million ITA : 385,000 SPA : 440,000 SWE : 445,000 DEN : 676,500 SWI : 998,000 MEX : 1.595 million ARG : 462,000 BEL : 600,000 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz Total available certified units : 52.1 million US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip - hop Total available certified units : 51.7 million US : 46.2 million GER : 650,000 UK : 3.695 million CAN : 820,000 AUS : 430,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic Total available certified units : 50.8 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million GER : 4.2 million UK : 5.250 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million NLD : 730,000 SPA : 1.760 million SWE : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 SWI : 370,000 MEX : 125,000 ARG : 390,000 BEL : 510,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock Total available certified units : 48 million US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock Total available certified units : 47 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million GER : 1.5 million UK : 5.970 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.362 BRA : 725,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 600,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 380,000 DEN : 160,000 SWI : 190,000 MEX : 475,000 ARG : 522,000 BEL : 375,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 335,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock Total available certified units : 45.7 million US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 GER : 4.1 million UK : 8.935 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 NLD : 500,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 440,000 DEN : 105,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 375,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae Total available certified units : 40.9 million US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 GER : 1.750 million UK : 8.740 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 NLD : 420,000 ITA : 275,000 SPA : 450,000 SWE : 120,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 376,000 BEL : 225,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock Total available certified units : 39.4 million US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 GER : 1.775 million UK : 8.560 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 BRA : 140,000 NLD : 250,000 ITA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 ARG : 228,000 BEL : 115,000 75 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock Total available certified units : 36.5 million US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal Total available certified units : 28 million US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 NLD : 200,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- 2018 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B Total available certified units : 24.9 million US : 23.5 million UK : 1.040 million FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States List of best selling digital artists in the United States IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year Notes ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : Germany : 1975 United Kingdom : 1973 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Brazil : 1990 Netherlands : 1978 Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Spain : 1979 Sweden : 1987 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Switzerland : 1989 Mexico : 1999 Argentina : 1980 Belgium : 1995 Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan Germany United Kingdom France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Brazil Netherlands Italy Spain Sweden Denmark Switzerland Mexico Argentina Belgium Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) Jump up ^ Below you can get an understanding as to when certifications for songs are added to the total certified sales of the listed artists . One lead artist and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both , the lead artist and the featured artist as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists. ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as well as the featured artist . Both lead artists will play a significant part in a song and the part of the featured artist also should be significant enough ) . One lead artist and two featured artists . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of the lead artist and to the total of both featured artists as almost all should have equal amount of part ) . References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 4 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : ABB . 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf ( Page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` PMB : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NVPI : Goud / Platina '' . NVPI . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Søg Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums and DVDs ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siggins , Gerard ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yeah , yeah , yeah ! Rare footage of The Beatles ' Dublin performance '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 42 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany VFW Post 584 to host night with Elvis Sunday '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Emma ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` In pictures : When Elvis Presley landed at Prestwick airport '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . May 9 , 2004 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US network ABC accused of exploitation over Michael Jackson show '' . The Straits Times . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Peter ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Candice ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna announces first tour to Australia in over two decades , first ever concert in New Zealand '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Barney ; Boyle , Danny ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John ' overwhelmed ' by fans ' kindness after contracting ' potentially deadly ' infection '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sir Elton John wins first Brits Icon award '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Archuleta , Jon ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Elton John adds more Las Vegas shows in 2016 '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Jury finds Led Zeppelin did n't steal ' Stairway to Heaven ' riff '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd 's Waters Angry At Music Streaming '' . Sky News . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Times of Malta . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seales , Rebecca ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Cyntoia Brown : Rihanna and Kim Kardashian back jailed teen '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Greg ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Defiant Ones ' - partners who put the word out about hip - hop revolution '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allan , Eamon ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's glaring homophobia '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Isaza , Marcella ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey Confirms New Beau ; Talks New Single , Tour '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vass , Eszter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Queen + Adam Lambert to perform in Budapest '' . Daily News Hungary . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conor , Gaffey ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Celine Dion Salutes Her Gabonese Imitator '' . Newsweek . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Two Whitney Houston documentaries are in production , but only one has the estate 's blessing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . ABC News of Australia . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's grave marked with famous lyrics '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC : Rock 's ' kick in the guts ' '' . BBC News . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC fans salute musical celebration of Bon Scott 's wild life and times '' . The Scotsman . July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` HBO documentary will celebrate 50 years of the Rolling Stones '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 51 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abba dig out archive track for The Visitors re-release '' . BBC News . January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2018 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor - made ' 80s sounds '' . New Straits Times . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks sells 51,000 tickets for Edmonton shows '' . CBC News . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edgers , Geoff ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Frey , ' the one who started it all ' with the Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Billy Joel will be back at Fenway in August '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Aerosmith says new album brings `` a little of 1975 back '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition traces of the life of an American icon : Frank Sinatra '' . Euronews . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helen Brown , Helen ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Barbra Streisand , O2 Arena , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber 's Step to Stardom '' . Calgary Herald . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adefope , Lolly ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Edinburgh shows we want to see : BoJo the clown and humble Kanye West '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanValkenburgh , Nicky ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Preview : Rio 2 ' flies high '' . The Greenville News . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Ed Sheeran ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Maya ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Former rough sleeper Ed Sheeran to install ' anti-homeless ' railings outside home '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Brian ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Springsteen has high hopes for radical marketing wheeze '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica sets 2019 North Little Rock stop on latest tour '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . ISBN 9780857125958 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ISBN 9780875862071 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan , Lady Gaga , Kendrick Lamar and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis to Perform at 2013 AMAs '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg Kot ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's best conversation is with her band at United Center '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Wayne gets $10 million for Miami Beach home with skate park and shark lagoon '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lachno , James ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Z reclaims the hip - hop throne : V Festival , Hylands Park , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culross , Mikey Hirano ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meeting of the Masters '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bon Jovi Leads 2018 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Inductees : ' It 's About Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woodall , Bernie ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce 's father confirms the birth of her twins in Twitter message '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Matt ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Coldplay tribute act set to present a field full of stars at Harpenden fundraiser '' . Herts Advertiser of St Albans . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears to perform at MTV Video Music Awards for first time in 10 years '' . BBC News . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sir Rod Stewart : ' I was conceived in an Anderson bomb shelter during the Second World War ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Clinton repays a favor to Fleetwood Mac at MusiCares ceremony '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 28 - 2006 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses at AD Grand Prix '' . Khaleej Times . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 03 - 2002 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen Ly , Mimi ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Backstreet Boys Release New Song , Video '' . Epoch Times . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` George Strait debuts new single ahead of forthcoming album '' . United Press International . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1996 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to stop touring after Parkinson 's diagnosis '' . Sky News . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Echoes of Woodstock : Santana one of the few big names still on the road '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hanrahan , Mark ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Purple reigns at London exhibition charting Prince 's career '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Dave ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Rogers prepares to hang up his microphone '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Simon & Garfunkel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Andy ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` The singer with Art '' . The Shuttle . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doerfler , Andrew ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson finally plans to make up postponed Bethlehem concert '' . The Express - Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff , CTVNews.ca ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Julio Iglesias was a ' bad singer ' at start of his career '' . CTV News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Chicago '' . Rolling Stone . April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dire Straits reunion ' not on the horizon ' , says band founder John Illsley ahead of Tayside gigs '' . The Courier of Dundee . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan makes no mention of Nobel prize at Las Vegas concert '' . The Irish Times . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Kevin ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Def Leppard sponsor Rhiwbina rugby under - 10s in Cardiff '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( PDF of Full Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Believe : ' The Cher Show ' to premiere in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` James Taylor , Al Pacino , Mavis Staples selected for Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spera , Keith ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stevie Wonder 's ' Songs in the Key of Life ' tour coming to New Orleans '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Ronstadt receives White House honour '' . BBC News . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Eamon ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 14 of the best sunshine - filled songs that scream Summer '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Beach Boys Al Jardine : ' No , You 're the Greatest ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim , Masters ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Who say UK tour begins ' long goodbye ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ollison , Rashod ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` When the Need for You Was Strong : Barry White Introduces Gloria Scott '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' That do n't impress me much ' : Shania Twain reveals Brad Pitt 's naked body inspired lyrics '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Pink ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newsroom , KLKN ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Pink concert at Pinnacle Bank Arena announced '' . KLKN . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Karen Carpenter and the mystery of the missing album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poplak , Richard ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Slay you , slay me ' - when Lionel Richie sang for Muammar Gaddafi '' . Daily Maverick . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Rebecca ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` More Johnny Cash material will be released says son '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Justin Timberlake ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murgue , Hermance ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : depuis le `` nipplegate '' , les mille et unes vies de Justin Timberlake `` . L'Express . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Chris Brown ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reports , Staff ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Brown to play Burgettstown '' . The Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abimboye , Micheal ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stevie Wonder , Mariah Carey , others to perform at BET Awards '' . Premium Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waters , Lowenna ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` 10 of the best R.E.M songs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Courter , Barry ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Flo Rida , Dustin Lynch , Bret Michaels , Wallflowers complete Riverbend lineup '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎 あゆみ 、 ソロ 初 の 総 売上 5000 万 枚 超え 「 ファン の みんなの 記録 」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間 ありがとう ! 「 ケータイ ランキング 」 発表 ! アーティスト 1 位 は EXILE 、 楽曲 は GReeeeN 「 キセキ 」 ~ レコチョク の ケータイ 向け 「 着うた ( R ) 」 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Bands keep on rocking without key members . But is it still the same ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elise , Abigail ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Freedom ' singer and ex-Wham ! member George Michael died from heart failure , says manager '' . WCVB - TV . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Ray Manzarek discusses new Doors documentary film '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty : Highlights from four decades in rock'n'roll '' . ABC News of Australia . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Eyed Peas will reunite for new album , says will.i.am '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Maroon 5 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Levine , Maroon 5 Sign With WME '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 5 , 2018 ) . `` Journey , Def Leppard join forces for hit - filled tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Tim McGraw ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franzen , Marty ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Concert Scene : McGraw and Hill bring star power to Hershey '' . The Intelligencer . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R. Kelly ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Ty ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Spotify joins the growing chorus to # MuteRKelly '' . CGTN . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adejobi , Alicia ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` The hidden success of Robbie Williams ahead of Heavy Entertainment Show album release '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac blamed race in Madonna breakup letter '' . BBC News . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 03 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 02 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Enya says tour would be ' very possible ' '' . BBC News . 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International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現 基準 - 旧 基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tabela de Níveis de Certificação Pro-Música '' ( Levels for Certifications ( most recent ) ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels for Certifications ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . 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outline the events of the cardiac cycle that are occuring during this qrs interval | Cardiac cycle | cardiac cycle | The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next . It consists of two periods : one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood , called diastole ( die - ASS - toe - lee ) , followed by a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood , dubbed systole ( SIS - toe - lee ) . After emptying , the heart immediately relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood returning from the lungs and other systems of the body -- before again contracting to pump blood to the lungs and those systems . A normally performing heart must be fully expanded before it can efficiently pump again . Assuming a healthy heart and a typical rate of 70 to 75 beats per minute , each cardiac cycle , or heartbeat , takes about 0.8 second to complete the cycle . | There are two atrial and two ventricle chambers of the heart ; they are paired as the left heart and the right heart -- that is , the left atrium with the left ventricle , the right atrium with the right ventricle -- and they work in concert to repeat the cardiac cycle continuously , ( see cycle diagram at right margin ) . At the `` Start '' of the cycle , during ventricular diastole -- early , the heart relaxes and expands while receiving blood into both ventricles through both atria ; then , near the end of ventricular diastole -- late , the two atria begin to contract ( atrial systole ) , and each atrium pumps blood into the ventricle ' below ' it . During ventricular systole the ventricles are contracting and vigorously pulsing ( or ejecting ) two separated blood supplies from the heart -- one to the lungs and one to all other body organs and systems -- while the two atria are relaxed ( atrial diastole ) . This precise coordination ensures that blood is efficiently collected and circulated throughout the body . The mitral and tricuspid valves , also known as the atrioventricular , or AV valves , open during ventricular diastole to permit filling . Late in the filling period the atria begin to contract ( atrial systole ) forcing a final crop of blood into the ventricles under pressure -- see cycle diagram . Then , prompted by electrical signals from the sinoatrial node , the ventricles start contracting ( ventricular systole ) , and as back - pressure against them increases the AV valves are forced to close , which stops the blood volumes in the ventricles from flowing in or out ; this is known as the isovolumic contraction stage . Due to the contractions of the systole , pressures in the ventricles rise quickly , exceeding the pressures in the trunks of the aorta and the pulmonary arteries and causing the requisite valves ( the aortic and pulmonary valves ) to open -- which results in separated blood volumes being ejected from the two ventricles . This is the ejection stage of the cardiac cycle ; it is depicted ( see circular diagram ) as the ventricular systole -- first phase followed by the ventricular systole -- second phase . After ventricular pressures fall below their peak ( s ) and below those in the trunks of the aorta and pulmonary arteries , the aortic and pulmonary valves close again -- see , at right margin , Wiggers diagram , blue - line tracing . Now follows the isovolumic relaxation , during which pressure within the ventricles begin to fall significantly , and thereafter the atria begin refilling as blood returns to flow into the right atrium ( from the vena cavae ) and into the left atrium ( from the pulmonary veins ) . As the ventricles begin to relax , the mitral and tricuspid valves open again , and the completed cycle returns to ventricular diastole and a new `` Start '' of the cardiac cycle . Throughout the cardiac cycle , blood pressure increases and decreases . The movements of cardiac muscle are coordinated by a series of electrical impulses produced by specialised pacemaker cells found within the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node . Cardiac muscle is composed of myocytes which initiate their internal contractions without applying to external nerves -- with the exception of changes in the heart rate due to metabolic demand . In an electrocardiogram , electrical systole initiates the atrial systole at the P wave deflection of a steady signal ; and it starts contractions ( systole ) of the ventricles at the Q deflection of the QRS complex . ( Completing the P wave represents the end of the ventricular diastole and the start of the ventricular systole -- see cycle diagram . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 The cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram 1.1 Stages 1.2 Physiology 1.2. 1 Heart electrical conduction system 2 Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle 2.1 Atrial systole 2.2 Ventricular systole 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram ( edit ) A Wiggers diagram illustrate events and details of the cardiac cycle with electrographic trace lines , which depict ( vertical ) changes in a parameter 's value as time elapses left - to - right . The ventricular `` Diastole '' , or relaxation , begins with `` Isovolumic relaxation '' , then proceeds through three sub-stages of inflow , namely : `` Rapid inflow '' , `` Diastasis '' , and `` Atrial systole '' . ( During the `` Diastole '' period , the `` Ventricular volume '' increases ( see red - line tracing ) , beginning after the vertical bar at `` Aortic valve closes '' and ending with the vertical bar at R in the QRS complex ) . + The ventricular `` Systole '' , or contraction , begins with `` Isovolumic contraction '' , i.e. , with the vertical bar at `` A - V valve closes '' ; it ends with completing the `` Ejection '' stage at the bar at `` Aortic valve closes '' . During `` Ejection '' stage , the ( red - line ) tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' falls to its least amount ( see ejection fraction ) as the ventricles pump blood to the pulmonary arteries and to the aorta . The cardiac cycle involves four major stages of activity : 1 ) `` Isovolumic relaxation '' , 2 ) Inflow , 3 ) `` Isovolumic contraction '' , 4 ) `` Ejection '' . ( See Wiggers diagram , which presents the stages , label-wise , in 3 , 4 , 1 , 2 order , left - to - right . ) Moving from the left along the Wiggers diagram shows the activities within four stages during a single cardiac cycle . ( See the consecutive panels labeled , at bottom - right , `` Diastole '' then `` Systole '' . ) Stages 1 and 2 together -- `` Isovolumic relaxation '' plus Inflow ( equals `` Rapid inflow '' , `` Diastasis '' , and `` Atrial systole '' ) -- comprise the ventricular `` Diastole '' period , including atrial systole , during which blood returning to the heart flows through the atria into the relaxed ventricles . Stages 3 and 4 together -- `` Isovoumic contraction '' plus `` Ejection '' -- are the ventricular `` Systole '' period , which is the simultaneous pumping of separate blood supplies from the two ventricles , one to the pulmonary artery and one to the aorta . Notably , near the end of the `` Diastole '' , the atria begin contracting , then pumping blood into the ventricles ; this pressurized delivery during ventrucular relaxation ( ventricular diastole ) is called the atrial systole , aka atrial kick . The time-wise increases and decreases of the heart 's blood volume ( see Wiggers diagram ) , are also instructive to follow . The red - line tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' provides an excellent track of the two periods and four stages of one cardiac cycle . Starting with the Diastole period : the low - volume plateau of `` Isovolumic relaxation '' stage , followed by a rapid rise and two slower rises , all components of the `` Inflow stage '' -- increasing to the high - volume plateau of the `` Isovolumic contraction '' stage ; ( find the label at left side of diagram ) . Then , the Systole , including the high `` Isovolumic contraction '' stage to the rapid decrease in blood volume ( i.e. , the vertical drop of the red - line tracing ) which signifies the emptying of the ventricles during the `` Ejection '' stage of the completed cycle -- all equal to one heartbeat . Stages ( edit ) Diastole ( at right ) normally refers to atria and ventricles at relaxation and expansion together -- while refilling with blood returning to the heart . Systole ( left ) typically refers to ventricular systole , during which the ventricles are pumping ( or ejecting ) blood out of the heart through the aorta and the pulmonary veins . Valve configurations during main stages of the cardiac cycle Stage AV valves * Semilunar valves Status of ventricles and atria ; and blood flow 1 Isovolumic relaxation closed closed semilunar ( pulmonary and aortic ) valves close at end of ejection stage ; blood flow stops . 2a Inflow : ( Ventricular filling ) open closed ventricles and atria together relax and expand ; blood flows to the heart during ventricular and atrial diastole . 2b Inflow : ( Ventricular filling with Atrial systole ) open closed ventricles relaxed and expanded ; atrial contraction ( systole ) forces blood under pressure into ventricles during ventricular diastole -- late . 3 Isovolumic contraction closed closed AV valves close at end of ventricular diastole ; blood flow stops ; ventricles begin to contract . 4 Ejection : Ventricular ejection closed open ventricles contract ( ventricular systole ) ; blood flows from the heart -- to the lungs and to rest of body during venticular ejection . Notes : Stages 1 , 2a , and 2b together comprise the `` Diastole '' period ; stages 3 and 4 together comprise the `` Systole '' period . based on Ganong Rapid - filling inflow produced by atrial systole during `` ventricular diastole -- late '' Atrioventricular ( AV ) valves = tricuspid valve ; mitral valve Semilunar valves = pulmonary valve ; aortic valve Dichrotic notch - rebounding of aorta , helps perfuse coronary arteries , with increasing age the aorta stiffens and less elasticity hence the notch may be less and problems arise perfusing coronary arteries Physiology ( edit ) CGI animated graphic of the human heart , sectioned , with motions and timing synced with the Wiggers diagram . The section shows : 1 ) the opened ventricles contracting once per heartbeat -- that is , once per each cardiac cycle ; 2 ) the ( partly obscured ) mitral valve of the left heart ; 3 ) the tricuspid and pulmonary valves of the right heart -- note these paired valves open and close oppositely . + ( The aortic valve of the left heart is located below the pulmonary valve , and is completely obscured . ) The ( unsectioned ) atria are seen above the ventricles . The heart is a four - chambered organ consisting of right and left halves , called the right heart and the left heart . The upper two chambers , the left and right atria , are entry points into the heart for blood - flow returning from the circulatory system , while the two lower chambers , the left and right ventricles , perform the contractions that eject the blood from the heart to flow through the circulatory system . Circulation is split into pulmonary circulation -- during which the right ventricle pumps oxygen - depleted blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and arteries ; or the systemic circulation -- in which the left ventricle pumps / ejects newly oxygenated blood throughout the body via the aorta and all other arteries . Heart electrical conduction system ( edit ) Main article : Electrical conduction system of the heart In a healthy heart all activities and rests during each individual cardiac cycle , or heartbeat , are initiated and orchestrated by signals of the heart 's electrical conduction system , which is the `` wiring '' of the heart that carries electrical impulses throughout the body of cardiomyocytes , the specialized muscle cells of the heart . These impulses ultimately stimulate heart muscle to contract and thereby to eject blood from the ventricles into the arteries and the cardiac circulatory system ; and they provide a system of intricately - timed and persistent signaling that controls the rhythmic beating of the heart muscle cells , especially the complex impulse - generation and muscle contractions in the atrial chambers . The rhythmic sequence ( or sinus rhythm ) of this signaling across the heart is coordinated by two groups of specialized cells , the sinoatrial ( SA ) node , which is situated in the upper wall of the right atrium , and the atrioventricular ( AV ) node located in the lower wall of the right heart between the atrium and ventricle . The sinoatrial node , often known as the cardiac pacemaker , is the point of origin for producing a wave of electrical impulses that stimulates atrial contraction by creating an action potential across myocardium cells . Impulses of the wave are delayed upon reaching the AV node , which acts as a gate to slow and to coordinate the electrical current before it is conducted below the atria and through the circuits known as the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers -- all which stimulate contractions of both ventricles . The programmed delay at the AV node also provides time for blood volume to flow through the atria and fill the ventricular chambers -- just before the return of the systole ( contractions ) , ejecting the new blood volume and completing the cardiac cycle . ( See Wiggers diagram : `` Ventricular volume '' tracing ( red ) , at `` Systole '' panel . ) Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle ( edit ) Main article : Diastole Cardiac diastole : Both AV valves ( tricuspid in the right heart ( light - blue ) , mitral in the left heart ( pink ) ) are open to enable blood to flow directly into both left and right ventricles , where it is collected for the next contraction . Cardiac ( ventricular ) systole : Both AV valves ( tricuspid in the right heart ( light - blue ) , mitral in the left heart ( pink ) ) are closed by back - pressure as the ventricles are contracted and their blood volumes are ejected through the newly - opened pulmonary valve ( dark - blue arrow ) and aortic valve ( dark - red arrow ) into the pulmonary trunk and aorta respectively . Cardiac diastole is the period of the cardiac cycle when , after contraction , the heart relaxes and expands while refilling with blood returning from the circulatory system . Both atrioventricular ( AV ) valves open to facilitate the ' unpressurized ' flow of blood directly through the atria into both ventricles , where it is collected for the next contraction . This period is best viewed at the middle of the Wiggers diagram -- see the panel labeled `` Diastole '' . Here it shows pressure levels in both atria and ventricles as near - zero during most of the diastole . ( See gray and light - blue tracings labeled `` Atrial pressure '' and `` Ventricular pressure '' -- Wiggers diagram . ) Here also may be seen the red - line tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' , showing increase in blood - volume from the low plateau of the `` Isovolumic relaxation '' stage to the maximum volume occurring in the `` Atrial systole '' sub-stage . Atrial systole ( edit ) Main article : Systole § Atrial systole Atrial systole is the contracting of cardiac muscle cells of both atria following electrical stimulation and conduction of electrical currents across the atrial chambers ( see above , Physiology ) . While nominally a component of the heart 's sequence of systolic contraction and ejection , atrial systole actually performs the vital role of completing the diastole , which is to finalize the filling of both ventricles with blood while they are relaxed and expanded for that purpose . Atrial systole overlaps the end of the diastole , occurring in the sub-period known as ventricular diastole -- late ( see cycle diagram ) . At this point , the atrial systole applies contraction pressure to ' topping - off ' the blood volumes sent to both ventricles ; this atrial kick closes the diastole immediately before the heart again begins contracting and ejecting blood from the ventricles ( ventricular systole ) to the aorta and arteries . Notably , atrial kick is absent or disrupted if there is loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart , such as caused by atrial fibrillation , atrial flutter , or heart block . Atrial kick may also be degraded by any deterioration in the condition of the heart , such as `` stiff heart '' found in patients with diastolic dysfunction . Ventricular systole ( edit ) Main article : Systole § Ventricular systole and Wiggers diagram Ventricular systole is the contractions , following electrical stimulations , of the ventricular syncytium of cardiac muscle cells in the left and right ventricles . Contractions in the right ventricle provides pulmonary circulation by pulsing oxygen - depleted blood through the pulmonary valve then through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs . Simultaneously , contractions of the left ventricular systole provide systemic circulation of oxygenated blood to all body systems by pumping blood through the aortic valve , the aorta , and all the arteries . ( Blood pressure is routinely measured in the larger arteries off the left ventricle during the left ventricular systole ) . See also ( edit ) Apex beat Cardiac action potential Cardiac output References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gersh , Bernard J ( 2000 ) . Mayo Clinic Heart Book . New York : William Morrow . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Betts , J. Gordon ( 2013 ) . Anatomy & physiology . pp. 787 -- 846 . ISBN 1 - 938168 - 13 - 5 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Guyton & Hall 2011 , pp. 105 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Walter F. Boron , Emile L. Boulpaep ( 2016 ) Medical Physiology ( 3rd Edition ) Elsevier ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 4377 - 3 Jump up ^ Barrett , et al. Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology 24e ( 2012 ) Table 30 - 3 Jump up ^ Gersh , Bernard J ( 2000 ) . Mayo Clinic Heart Book . New York : William Morrow . pp. A12 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bellenir , Karen ( 2000 ) . Heart Diseases and Disorders Sourcebook , 2nd ed . Detroit : Frederick G. Ruffner , Jr. / Omnigraphics . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 0 - 7808 - 0238 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bellenir , Karen ( 2000 ) . Heart Diseases and Disorders Sourcebook , 2nd ed . Detroit : Frederick G. Ruffner , Jr. / Omnigraphics . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 0 - 7808 - 0238 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Interactive cardiac cycle . Interactivephysiology.com Cardiac cycle . University of Utah School of Medicine Heart sounds . UCLA School of Medicine ( hide ) Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_cycle&oldid=843586388 '' Categories : Cardiovascular physiology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Magyar Македонски नेपाली Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Українська 粵語 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 30 . 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the amount of debt the us is in | National debt of the United States | national debt of the united states | The national debt of the United States is the public debt carried by the federal government of the United States , which is measured as the face value of the currently outstanding Treasury securities that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal government agencies . The terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year , not the cumulative amount of debt . A deficit year increases the debt , while a surplus year decreases the debt as more money is received than spent . | There are two components of gross national debt : Debt held by the public , such as Treasury securities held by investors outside the federal government , including those held by individuals , corporations , the Federal Reserve System , and foreign , state and local governments . Debt held by government accounts or intragovernmental debt , are non-marketable Treasury securities held in accounts of programs administered by the federal government , such as the Social Security Trust Fund . Debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses , including interest earnings , of various government programs that have been invested in Treasury securities . In general , government debt increases as a result of government spending , and decreases from tax or other receipts , both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year . In practice , Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day - by - day basis , and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal government 's macroeconomic management operations . Historically , the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of GDP and inflation . For example , debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II ( 113 % of GDP in 1945 ) , but then fell over the following 35 years . In recent decades , aging demographics and rising healthcare costs have led to concern about the long - term sustainability of the federal government 's fiscal policies . The aggregate , gross amount that Treasury can borrow is limited by the United States debt ceiling . As of April 30 , 2018 , debt held by the public was $15.3 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion , for a total or `` National Debt '' of $21 trillion . Debt held by the public was approximately 77 % of GDP in 2017 , ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries . The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100 % by 2028 , perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date . As of December 2017 , $6.3 trillion or approximately 45 % of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors , the largest being China ( about $1.18 trillion ) then Japan ( about $1.06 trillion ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Valuation and measurement 2.1 Public and government accounts 2.2 Accounting treatment 2.3 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded 2.4 Guaranteed obligations excluded 2.5 Unfunded obligations excluded 2.6 Measuring debt burden 2.7 Calculating the annual change in debt 3 Reduction 3.1 Negative real interest rates 3.2 Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking 4 Debt ceiling 5 Debt holdings 5.1 Foreign holdings 6 Forecasting 6.1 CBO ten - year outlook 2018 - 2028 6.2 CBO long - term outlook 7 Risks and debates 7.1 CBO risk factors 7.2 Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt 7.3 Sustainability 7.4 Risks to economic growth 7.5 Interest and debt service costs 7.6 Definition of public debt 7.7 Intergenerational equity 7.8 Credit default 8 Appendix 8.1 National debt for selected years 8.2 Interest paid 8.3 Foreign holders of US Treasury securities 8.4 Statistics 8.5 International debt comparisons 8.6 Recent additions to the public debt of the United States 8.7 Historical debt ceiling levels 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States public debt U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 , projected to 2038 U.S. Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789 , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose sharply during the 1980s , as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . Valuation and measurement ( edit ) Public and government accounts ( edit ) Detailed breakdown of government holders of treasury debt and debt instruments used of the public portion As of April 30 , 2018 , debt held by the public was $15.3 trillion and intragovernmental holdings were $5.7 trillion , for a total of $21 trillion . Debt held by the public was approximately 77 % of GDP in 2017 , ranked 43rd highest out of 207 countries . The Congressional Budget Office forecast in April 2018 that the ratio will rise to nearly 100 % by 2028 , perhaps higher if current policies are extended beyond their scheduled expiration date . The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities . Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes , bills , and bonds held by investors and governments globally . The non-marketable securities are mainly the `` government account series '' owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund , which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011 . The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries . For example , in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund , the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt , but spent for other purposes . If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget , the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund , in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other . Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation 's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( Medicare ) . Accounting treatment ( edit ) U.S. debt from 1940 to 2016 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the `` intragovernmental debt , '' which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . Stated as a formula , National Debt = Debt held by the Public + Intragovernmental Debt . The second panel shows the two debt figures as a percentage of U.S. GDP ( dollar value of U.S. economic production for that year ) . The top panel is deflated so every year is in 2010 dollars U.S. intra-governmental debt components , which totaled $5.47 trillion as of September 2016 . This debt mainly represents obligations to Social Security recipients and retired federal government employees , including military . Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government . Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury ; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements . Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis , although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer - term implications of the government 's annual operations . The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation . Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Under normal accounting rules , fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of their owners , but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books . When Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae required bail - outs , White House Budget Director Jim Nussle , on September 12 , 2008 , initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention . As the intervention has dragged out , pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment , noting that changes in August 2012 `` makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government 's preferred stock into a permanent , perpetual kind of security '' . The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , which would normally criticize inconsistent accounting practices , but it does not oversee its own government 's accounting practices or the standards set by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board . The on - or off - balance sheet obligations of those two independent GSEs was just over $5 trillion at the time the conservatorship was put in place , consisting mainly of mortgage payment guarantees and agency bonds . The confusing independent but government - controlled status of the GSEs has resulted in investors of the legacy common shares and preferred shares launching various activist campaigns in 2014 . Guaranteed obligations excluded ( edit ) See also : Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program and Exchange Stabilization Fund U.S. federal government guarantees are not included in the public debt total , until such time as there is a call on the guarantees . For example , the U.S. federal government in late - 2008 guaranteed large amounts of obligations of mutual funds , banks , and corporations under several programs designed to deal with the problems arising from the late - 2000s financial crisis . The guarantee program lapsed at the end of 2012 when Congress declined to extend the scheme . The funding of direct investments made in response to the crisis , such as those made under the Troubled Assets Relief Program , are included in the debt . Unfunded obligations excluded ( edit ) The U.S. government is obligated under current law to make mandatory payments for programs such as Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security . The Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) projects that payouts for these programs will significantly exceed tax revenues over the next 75 years . The Medicare Part A ( hospital insurance ) payouts already exceed program tax revenues , and social security payouts exceeded payroll taxes in fiscal 2010 . These deficits require funding from other tax sources or borrowing . The present value of these deficits or unfunded obligations is an estimated $45.8 trillion . This is the amount that would have had to be set aside in 2009 in order to pay for the unfunded obligations which , under current law , will have to be raised by the government in the future . Approximately $7.7 trillion relates to Social Security , while $38.2 trillion relates to Medicare and Medicaid . In other words , health care programs will require nearly five times more funding than Social Security . Adding this to the national debt and other federal obligations would bring total obligations to nearly $62 trillion . However , these unfunded obligations are not counted in the national debt , as shown in monthly Treasury reports of the national debt . Measuring debt burden ( edit ) GDP is a measure of the total size and output of the economy . One measure of the debt burden is its size relative to GDP , called the `` debt - to - GDP ratio . '' Mathematically , this is the debt divided by the GDP amount . The Congressional Budget Office includes historical budget and debt tables along with its annual `` Budget and Economic Outlook . '' Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7 % GDP in 2000 to 40.5 % in 2008 and 67.7 % in 2011 . Mathematically , the ratio can decrease even while debt grows if the rate of increase in GDP ( which also takes account of inflation ) is higher than the rate of increase of debt . Conversely , the debt to GDP ratio can increase even while debt is being reduced , if the decline in GDP is sufficient . According to the CIA World Factbook , during 2015 , the U.S. debt to GDP ratio of 73.6 % was the 39th highest in the world . This was measured using `` debt held by the public . '' However , $1 trillion in additional borrowing since the end of FY 2015 has raised the ratio to 76.2 % as of April 2016 ( See Appendix # National debt for selected years ) . Also , this number excludes state and local debt . According to the OECD , general government gross debt ( federal , state , and local ) in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2015 was $22.5 trillion ( 125 % of GDP ) ; subtracting out $5.25 trillion for intergovernmental federal debt to count only federal `` debt held by the public '' gives 96 % of GDP . The ratio is higher if the total national debt is used , by adding the `` intragovernmental debt '' to the `` debt held by the public . '' For example , on April 29 , 2016 , debt held by the public was approximately $13.84 trillion or about 76 % of GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5.35 trillion , giving a combined total public debt of $19.19 trillion . U.S. GDP for the previous 12 months was approximately $18.15 trillion , for a total debt to GDP ratio of approximately 106 % . Calculating the annual change in debt ( edit ) Comparison of deficits to change in debt in 2008 Conceptually , an annual deficit ( or surplus ) should represent the change in the national debt , with a deficit adding to the national debt and a surplus reducing it . However , there is complexity in the budgetary computations that can make the deficit figure commonly reported in the media ( the `` total deficit '' ) considerably different from the annual increase in the debt . The major categories of differences are the treatment of the Social Security program , Treasury borrowing , and supplemental appropriations outside the budget process . Social Security payroll taxes and benefit payments , along with the net balance of the U.S. Postal Service , are considered `` off - budget '' , while most other expenditure and receipt categories are considered `` on - budget '' . The total federal deficit is the sum of the on - budget deficit ( or surplus ) and the off - budget deficit ( or surplus ) . Since FY1960 , the federal government has run on - budget deficits except for FY1999 and FY2000 , and total federal deficits except in FY1969 and FY1998 -- FY2001 . For example , in January 2009 the CBO reported that for fiscal year 2008 ( FY2008 ) the `` on - budget deficit '' was $638 billion , offset by an `` off - budget surplus '' ( mainly due to Social Security revenue in excess of payouts ) of $183 billion , for a `` total deficit '' of $455 billion . This latter figure is the one commonly reported in the media . However , an additional $313 billion was required for `` the Treasury actions aimed at stabilizing the financial markets , '' an unusually high amount due to the Subprime mortgage crisis . This meant that the `` debt held by the public '' increased by $768 billion ( $455 B + $313 B = $768 B ) . The `` off - budget surplus '' was borrowed and spent ( as is typically the case ) , increasing the `` intra-governmental debt '' by $183 billion . So the total increase in the `` National debt '' in FY2008 was $768 B + $183 B = $951 billion . The Treasury Department reported an increase in the National Debt of $1,017 B for FY2008 . The $66 billion difference is likely due to `` supplemental appropriations '' for the War on Terror , some of which were outside the budget process entirely until President Obama began including most of them in his FY2010 budget . In other words , spending the `` off budget '' Social Security surplus adds to the total national debt ( by increasing the intragovernmental debt ) while the `` off - budget '' surplus reduces the `` total '' deficit reported in the media . Certain spending called `` supplemental appropriations '' is outside the budget process entirely but adds to the national debt . Funding for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars was accounted for this way prior to the Obama administration . Certain stimulus measures and earmarks were also outside the budget process . The federal government publishes the total debt owed ( public and intragovernmental holdings ) monthly . Reduction ( edit ) Negative real interest rates ( edit ) Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt , meaning the inflation rate is greater than the interest rate paid on the debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Economist Lawrence Summers has stated that at such low interest rates , government borrowing actually saves taxpayer money and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay this low . Between 1946 and 1974 , the US debt - to - GDP ratio fell from 121 % to 32 % even though there were surpluses in only eight of those years which were much smaller than the deficits . Raising Reserve requirements and full Reserve banking ( edit ) The two economists , Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof , working for the International Monetary Fund , published a working paper called The Chicago Plan Revisited suggesting that the debt could be eliminated by raising bank reserve requirements and converting from fractional reserve banking to full reserve banking . Economists at the Paris School of Economics have commented on the plan , stating that it is already the status quo for coinage currency , and a Norges Bank economist has examined the proposal in the context of considering the finance industry as part of the real economy . A Centre for Economic Policy Research paper agrees with the conclusion that , `` no real liability is created by new fiat money creation , and therefore public debt does not rise as a result '' . Debt ceiling ( edit ) Main article : United States debt ceiling The debt ceiling is a legislative mechanism to limit the amount of national debt that can be issued by the Treasury . In effect , it will restrain the Treasury from paying for expenditures after the limit has been reached , even if the expenditures have already been approved ( in the budget ) and have been appropriated . If this situation were to occur , it is unclear whether Treasury would be able to prioritize payments on debt to avoid a default on its debt obligations , but it would have to default on some of its non-debt obligations . Debt holdings ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Estimated ownership each year Because a large variety of people own the notes , bills , and bonds in the `` public '' portion of the debt , Treasury also publishes information that groups the types of holders by general categories to portray who owns United States debt . In this data set , some of the public portion is moved and combined with the total government portion , because this amount is owned by the Federal Reserve as part of United States monetary policy . ( See Federal Reserve System . ) As is apparent from the chart , a little less than half of the total national debt is owed to the `` Federal Reserve and intragovernmental holdings '' . The foreign and international holders of the debt are also put together from the notes , bills , and bonds sections . To the right is a chart for the data as of June 2008 : Foreign holdings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Composition of U.S. Long - Term Treasury Debt 2000 -- 2014 , from U.S. Department of the Treasury , TIC reporting system As of September 2014 , foreigners owned $6.06 trillion of U.S. debt , or approximately 47 % of the debt held by the public of $12.8 trillion and 34 % of the total debt of $17.8 trillion . The largest holders were China , Japan , Belgium , the Caribbean banking centers , and oil exporters . The share held by foreign governments has grown over time , rising from 13 % of the public debt in 1988 to 25 % in 2007 . As of September 2014 the largest single holder of U.S. government debt was China , with 21 % of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ( 10 % of total U.S. public debt ) . China 's holdings of government debt , as a percentage of all foreign - held government debt are up significantly since 2000 ( when China held just 6 percent of all foreign - held U.S. Treasury securities ) . This exposure to potential financial or political risk should foreign banks stop buying Treasury securities or start selling them heavily was addressed in a June 2008 report issued by the Bank of International Settlements , which stated , `` Foreign investors in U.S. dollar assets have seen big losses measured in dollars , and still bigger ones measured in their own currency . While unlikely , indeed highly improbable for public sector investors , a sudden rush for the exits can not be ruled out completely . '' On May 20 , 2007 , Kuwait discontinued pegging its currency exclusively to the dollar , preferring to use the dollar in a basket of currencies . Syria made a similar announcement on June 4 , 2007 . In September 2009 China , India and Russia said they were interested in buying International Monetary Fund gold to diversify their dollar - denominated securities . However , in July 2010 China 's State Administration of Foreign Exchange `` ruled out the option of dumping its vast holdings of US Treasury securities '' and said gold `` can not become a main channel for investing our foreign exchange reserves '' because the market for gold is too small and prices are too volatile . According to Paul Krugman , `` It 's true that foreigners now hold large claims on the United States , including a fair amount of government debt . But every dollar 's worth of foreign claims on America is matched by 89 cents ' worth of U.S. claims on foreigners . And because foreigners tend to put their U.S. investments into safe , low - yield assets , America actually earns more from its assets abroad than it pays to foreign investors . If your image is of a nation that 's already deep in hock to the Chinese , you 've been misinformed . Nor are we heading rapidly in that direction . '' Nonetheless , the country 's net investment position ( including both debt to and debt owed by other countries ) is a debt of more than $7 trillion and has recently been rising very rapidly . Forecasting ( edit ) Further information : United States federal budget Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) baseline scenario comparisons : June 2017 ( essentially the deficit trajectory that President Trump inherited from President Obama ) , April 2018 ( which reflects Trump 's tax cuts and spending bills ) , and April 2018 alternate scenario ( which assumes extension of the Trump tax cuts , among other current policy extensions ) . Spending for mandatory programs is projected to rise relative to GDP , while discretionary programs decline Interest to GDP , a measure of debt burden , was very low in 2015 but is projected to rise with both interest rates and debt levels over the 2016 -- 2026 period . CBO ten - year Outlook 2018 - 2028 ( edit ) The CBO estimated the impact of Trump 's tax cuts and separate spending legislation over the 2018 - 2028 period in their annual `` Budget & Economic Outlook '' , released in April 2018 : The budget deficit in fiscal 2018 ( which runs from October 1 , 2017 to September 30 , 2018 , the first year budgeted by President Trump ) is forecast to be $804 billion , an increase of $139 billion ( 21 % ) from the $665 billion in 2017 and up $242 billion ( 39 % ) over the previous baseline forecast ( June 2017 ) of $580 billion for 2018 . The June 2017 forecast was essentially the budget trajectory inherited from President Obama ; it was prepared prior to the Tax Act and other spending increases under President Trump . For the 2018 - 2027 period , CBO projects the sum of the annual deficits ( i.e. , debt increase ) to be $11.7 trillion , an increase of $1.6 trillion ( 16 % ) over the previous baseline ( June 2017 ) forecast of $10.1 trillion . The $1.6 trillion debt increase includes three main elements : 1 ) $1.7 trillion less in revenues due to the tax cuts ; 2 ) $1.0 trillion more in spending ; and 3 ) Partially offsetting incremental revenue of $1.1 trillion due to higher economic growth than previously forecast . Debt held by the public is expected to rise from 78 % of GDP ( $16 trillion ) at the end of 2018 to 96 % GDP ( $29 trillion ) by 2028 . That would be the highest level since the end of World War Two . CBO estimated under an alternative scenario ( in which policies in place as of April 2018 are maintained beyond scheduled initiation or expiration ) that deficits would be considerably higher , rising by $13.7 trillion over the 2018 - 2027 period , an increase of $3.6 trillion over the June 2017 baseline forecast . Maintaining current policies for example would include extending the individual Trump tax cuts past their scheduled expiration in 2025 , among other changes . The debt increase of $1.6 trillion represents approximately $12,700 per household ( assuming 126.2 million households in 2017 ) , while the $3.6 trillion represents $28,500 per household . CBO long - term Outlook ( edit ) The CBO reports its Long - Term Budget Outlook annually , providing at least two scenarios for spending , revenue , deficits , and debt . The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25 - year period through 2039 . The `` extended baseline scenario '' assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented , for the most part . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future , federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years . After that , however , growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level . Twenty - five years from now , in 2039 , federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP . Moreover , debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy , a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely . By 2039 , the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP , larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008 , and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP , more than in any year except 1946 -- even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt . The `` extended alternative fiscal scenario '' assumes the continuation of present trends , which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario . The CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario : ( C ) ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue , and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified . Under that scenario , deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline ; subsequently , such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts , doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years . CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback , and that interest rates would be about three - quarters of a percentage point higher . Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments , federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039 . Over the long - term , the CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories ( e.g. , Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security ) will continue to grow relative to GDP , while discretionary categories ( e.g. , Defense and other Cabinet Departments ) continue to fall relative to GDP . Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios , although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down . The CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024 . Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade , federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP , only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013 . Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade , federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039 . By comparison , such debt comprised 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years . The CBO reported in September 2011 : `` The nation can not continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying . Citizens will either have to pay more for their government , accept less in government services and benefits , or both . '' Risks and debates ( edit ) Risks due to increasing entitlement spending , according to GAO 's projections of future trends See also : Political debates about the United States federal budget and Deficit reduction in the United States CBO risk factors ( edit ) The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication : A growing portion of savings would go towards purchases of government debt , rather than investments in productive capital goods such as factories and computers , leading to lower output and incomes than would otherwise occur ; If higher marginal tax rates were used to pay rising interest costs , savings would be reduced and work would be discouraged ; Rising interest costs would force reductions in government programs ; Restrictions to the ability of policymakers to use fiscal policy to respond to economic challenges ; and An increased risk of a sudden fiscal crisis , in which investors demand higher interest rates . Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt ( edit ) Many American and other economic analysts have expressed concerns on account of the People 's Republic of China 's `` extensive '' holdings of United States government debt , as part of their reserves . The National Defense Authorization Act of the fiscal year 2012 included a provision requiring the Secretary of Defense to conduct a `` national security risk assessment of U.S. federal debt held by China . '' The Department issued its report in July 2012 , stating that `` attempting to use U.S. Treasury securities as a coercive tool would have limited effect and likely would do more harm to China than to the United States . As the threat is not credible and the effect would be limited even if carried out , it does not offer China deterrence options , whether in the diplomatic , military , or economic realms , and this would remain true both in peacetime and in scenarios of crisis or war . '' The 112th United States Congress introduced legislation whose aim was the assessment of the implications of China 's ownership of U.S. debt . The 2013 Report claimed that `` ( a ) potentially serious short - term problem would emerge if China decided to suddenly reduce their liquid U.S. financial assets significantly '' ( emphasis in the original text ) , noting , also , that Federal Reserve System Chairman Ben Bernanke had , in 2007 , stated that `` because foreign holdings of U.S. Treasury securities represent only a small part of total U.S. credit market debt outstanding , U.S. credit markets should be able to absorb without great difficulty any shift of foreign allocations . '' A significant number of economists and analysts dismiss any and all concerns over foreign holdings of United States government debt denominated in U.S. dollars , including China 's holdings . Sustainability ( edit ) According to the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) , the United States is on a `` fiscally unsustainable '' path because of projected future increases in Medicare and Social Security spending . Risks to economic growth ( edit ) Debt levels may affect economic growth rates . In 2010 , economists Kenneth Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart reported that among the 20 developed countries studied , average annual GDP growth was 3 -- 4 % when debt was relatively moderate or low ( i.e. under 60 % of GDP ) , but it dips to just 1.6 % when debt was high ( i.e. , above 90 % of GDP ) . In April 2013 , the conclusions of Rogoff and Reinhart 's study came into question when a coding error in their original paper was discovered by Herndon , Ash and Pollin of the University of Massachusetts , Amherst . Herndon , Ash and Pollin found that after correcting for errors and unorthodox methods used , there was no evidence that debt above a specific threshold reduces growth . Reinhart and Rogoff maintain that after correcting for errors , a negative relationship between high debt and growth remains . However , other economists , including Paul Krugman , have argued that it is low growth which causes national debt to increase , rather than the other way around . Commenting on fiscal sustainability , former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke stated in April 2010 that `` Neither experience nor economic theory clearly indicates the threshold at which government debt begins to endanger prosperity and economic stability . But given the significant costs and risks associated with a rapidly rising federal debt , our nation should soon put in place a credible plan for reducing deficits to sustainable levels over time . '' Interest and debt Service costs ( edit ) Components of interest on the debt Despite rising debt levels , interest costs have remained at approximately 2008 levels ( around $450 billion in total ) due to lower than long - term interest rates paid on government debt in recent years . However , interest rates may return to higher historical levels . The cost of servicing the U.S. national debt can be measured in various ways . The CBO analyzes net interest as a percentage of GDP , with a higher percentage indicating a higher interest payment burden . During 2015 , this was 1.3 % GDP , close to the record low 1.2 % of the 1966 -- 1968 era . The average from 1966 to 2015 was 2.0 % of GDP . However , the CBO estimated in 2016 that the interest amounts and % GDP will increase significantly over the following decade as both interest rates and debt levels rise : `` Interest payments on that debt represent a large and rapidly growing expense of the federal government . CBO 's baseline shows net interest payments more than tripling under current law , climbing from $231 billion in 2014 , or 1.3 percent of GDP , to $799 billion in 2024 , or 3.0 percent of GDP -- the highest ratio since 1996 . '' Definition of public debt ( edit ) Economists also debate the definition of public debt . Krugman argued in May 2010 that the debt held by the public is the right measure to use , while Reinhart has testified to the President 's Fiscal Reform Commission that gross debt is the appropriate measure . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) cited research by several economists supporting the use of the lower debt held by the public figure as a more accurate measure of the debt burden , disagreeing with these Commission members . There is debate regarding the economic nature of the intragovernmental debt , which was approximately $4.6 trillion in February 2011 . For example , the CBPP argues : that `` large increases in ( debt held by the public ) can also push up interest rates and increase the amount of future interest payments the federal government must make to lenders outside of the United States , which reduces Americans ' income . By contrast , intragovernmental debt ( the other component of the gross debt ) has no such effects because it is simply money the federal government owes ( and pays interest on ) to itself . '' However , if the U.S. government continues to run `` on budget '' deficits as projected by the CBO and OMB for the foreseeable future , it will have to issue marketable Treasury bills and bonds ( i.e. , debt held by the public ) to pay for the projected shortfall in the Social Security program . This will result in `` debt held by the public '' replacing `` intragovernmental debt '' . Intergenerational equity ( edit ) See also : Intergenerational equity 1979 $10,000 Treasury Bond One debate about the national debt relates to intergenerational equity . For example , if one generation is receiving the benefit of government programs or employment enabled by deficit spending and debt accumulation , to what extent does the resulting higher debt impose risks and costs on future generations ? There are several factors to consider : For every dollar of debt held by the public , there is a government obligation ( generally marketable Treasury securities ) counted as an asset by investors . Future generations benefit to the extent these assets are passed on to them . As of 2010 , approximately 72 % of the financial assets were held by the wealthiest 5 % of the population . This presents a wealth and income distribution question , as only a fraction of the people in future generations will receive principal or interest from investments related to the debt incurred today . To the extent the U.S. debt is owed to foreign investors ( approximately half the `` debt held by the public '' during 2012 ) , principal and interest are not directly received by U.S. heirs . Higher debt levels imply higher interest payments , which create costs for future taxpayers ( e.g. , higher taxes , lower government benefits , higher inflation , or increased risk of fiscal crisis ) . To the extent the borrowed funds are invested today to improve the long - term productivity of the economy and its workers , such as via useful infrastructure projects or education , future generations may benefit . For every dollar of intragovernmental debt , there is an obligation to specific program recipients , generally non-marketable securities such as those held in the Social Security Trust Fund . Adjustments that reduce future deficits in these programs may also apply costs to future generations , via higher taxes or lower program spending . Krugman wrote in March 2013 that by neglecting public investment and failing to create jobs , we are doing far more harm to future generations than merely passing along debt : `` Fiscal policy is , indeed , a moral issue , and we should be ashamed of what we 're doing to the next generation 's economic prospects . But our sin involves investing too little , not borrowing too much . '' Young workers face high unemployment and studies have shown their income may lag throughout their careers as a result . Teacher jobs have been cut , which could affect the quality of education and competitiveness of younger Americans . Credit default ( edit ) The US has never fully defaulted . In April 1979 , however , the United States may have technically defaulted on $122 million in Treasury bills , which was less than 1 % of U.S. debt . The Treasury Department characterized it as a delay rather than as a default , but it did have consequences for short - term interest rates , which jumped 0.6 % . Others view it as a temporary , partial default . Appendix ( edit ) National debt for selected years ( edit ) Fiscal year Total debt , $ Bln Total debt as % of GDP Public debt , $ Bln , 1996 -- Public debt as % of GDP GDP , $ Bln , BEA / OMB 1910 2.65 / - 8.1 % 2.65 8.1 % est . 32.8 1920 25.95 / - 29.2 % 25.95 29.2 % est . 88.6 1927 18.51 / - 19.2 % 18.51 19.2 % est . 96.5 1930 16.19 / - 16.6 % 16.19 16.6 % est . 97.4 1940 42.97 / 50.70 43.8 -- 51.6 % 42.77 43.6 % - / 98.2 1950 257.3 / 256.9 92.0 % 219.00 78.4 % 279.0 1960 286.3 / 290.5 53.6 -- 54.2 % 236.80 44.3 % 535.1 1970 370.9 / 380.9 35.4 -- 36.4 % 283.20 27.0 % 1,049.0 1980 907.7 / 909.0 32.4 -- 32.6 % 711.90 25.5 % 2,796.0 1990 3,233 / 3,206 54.2 -- 54.6 % 2,400.00 40.8 % 5,915.0 2000 5,659 55.8 % 3,450.00 33.9 % 10,150.0 2001 5,792 54.8 % 3,350.00 31.6 % 10,550.0 2002 6,213 57.1 % 3,550.00 32.7 % 10,900.0 2003 6,783 59.9 % 3,900.00 34.6 % 11,350.0 7,379 61.0 % 4,300.00 35.6 % 12,100.0 2005 7,918 61.4 % 4,600.00 35.7 % 12,900.0 2006 8,493 62.1 % 4,850.00 35.4 % 13,700.0 2007 8,993 62.8 % 5,050.00 35.3 % 14,300.0 2008 10,011 67.9 % 5,800.00 39.4 % 14,750.0 2009 11,898 82.5 % 7,550.00 52.4 % 14,400.0 13,551 91.6 % 9,000.00 61.0 % 14,800.0 2011 14,781 96.1 % 10,150.00 65.8 % 15,400.0 2012 16,059 100.2 % 11,250.00 70.3 % 16,050.0 2013 16,732 101.3 % 12,000.00 72.6 % 16,500.0 2014 17,810 103.4 % 12,800.00 74.2 % 17,200.0 2015 18,138 101.3 / 101.8 % 13,100.00 73.3 % 17,900.0 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % ~ 13,998.00 ~ 76.5 % On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced : `` ( On July 30 , 2014 , i ) n addition to the regular revision of estimates for the most recent 3 years and for the first quarter of 2014 , GDP and select components will be revised back to the first quarter of 1999 . Fiscal years 1940 -- 2009 GDP figures were derived from February 2011 Office of Management and Budget figures which contained revisions of prior year figures due to significant changes from prior GDP measurements . Fiscal years 1950 -- 2010 GDP measurements were derived from December 2010 Bureau of Economic Analysis figures which also tend to be subject to revision , especially more recent years . Afterwards the OMB figures were revised back to 2004 and the BEA figures ( in a revision dated July 31 , 2013 ) were revised back to 1947 . Regarding estimates recorded in the GDP column ( the last column ) marked with a `` ~ '' symbol , absolute differences from advance ( one month after ) BEA reports of GDP percent change to current findings ( as of November 2013 ) found in revisions are stated to be 1.3 % ± 2.0 % or a 95 % probability of being within the range of 0.0 -- 3.3 % , assuming the differences to occur according to standard deviations from the average absolute difference of 1.3 % . E.g. with an advance report of a $400 billion increase of a $10 trillion GDP , for example , one could be 95 % confident that the range in which the exact GDP dollar amount lies would be 0.0 to 3.3 % different than 4.0 % ( 400 ÷ 10,000 ) or within the range of $0 to $330 billion different than the hypothetical $400 billion ( a range of $70 -- 730 billion ) . Two months after , with a revised value , the range of potential difference from the stated estimate shrinks , and three months after with another revised value the range shrinks again . Fiscal years 1940 -- 1970 begin July 1 of the previous year ( for example , Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1 , 1939 and ends June 30 , 1940 ) ; fiscal years 1980 -- 2010 begin October 1 of the previous year . Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero . 1909 -- 1930 calendar year GDP estimates are from MeasuringWorth.com Fiscal Year estimates are derived from simple linear interpolation . ( a1 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,659 billion . '' ( a2 ) Audited figure was `` about $5,792 billion . '' ( a3 ) Audited figure was `` about $6,213 billion . '' ( a ) Audited figure was said to be `` about '' the stated figure . ( a4 ) Audited figure was `` about $7,918 billion . '' ( a5 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,493 billion . '' ( a6 ) Audited figure was `` about $8,993 billion . '' ( a7 ) Audited figure was `` about $10,011 billion . '' ( a8 ) Audited figure was `` about $11,898 billion . '' ( a9 ) Audited figure was `` about $13,551 billion . '' ( a10 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $14,781 billion . ( a11 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Public debt figure as $16,059 billion . ( a12 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $16,732 billion . ( a13 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $17,810 billion . ( a14 ) GAO affirmed Bureau of the Fiscal Service 's figure as $18,138 billion . Interest paid ( edit ) Federal interest payments Fiscal Year Historical debt outstanding , $ billions , US Interest paid $ billions , US Interest rate 2017 458.5 2016 432.6 2015 18,150 402.4 2.22 % 2014 17,824 430.8 2.42 % 2013 16,738 415.7 2.48 % 2012 16,066 359.8 2.24 % 2011 14,790 454.4 3.07 % 13,562 414.0 3.05 % 2009 11,910 383.1 3.22 % 2008 10,025 451.2 4.50 % 2007 9,008 430.0 4.77 % 2006 8,507 405.9 4.77 % 2005 7,933 352.4 4.44 % 7,379 321.6 4.36 % 2003 6,783 318.1 4.69 % 2002 6,228 332.5 5.34 % 2001 5,807 359.5 6.19 % 2000 5,674 362.0 6.38 % 1999 5,656 353.5 6.25 % 1998 5,526 363.8 6.58 % 1997 5,413 355.8 6.57 % 5,225 344.0 6.58 % 1995 4,974 332.4 6.68 % 1994 4,693 296.3 6.31 % 4,411 292.5 6.63 % 4,065 292.4 7.19 % 1991 3,665 286.0 7.80 % Foreign holders of US Treasury securities ( edit ) Main article : United States Treasury security § International The following is a list of the top foreign holders ( over $150 billion ) of US Treasury securities as listed by the US Treasury ( revised by April 2018 survey ) : Leading foreign holders of US Treasury securities as of April 2018 Country or region Billions of dollars ( est . ) Ratio of owned US debt to 2017 GDP ( est . ) Percent change since April 2017 China 1,181.9 5 % + 8 % Japan 1,031.2 21 % − 7 % Ireland 300.4 92 % − 0.5 % Brazil 294.1 14 % + 10 % United Kingdom 262.7 10 % + 13 % Switzerland 242.2 36 % + 3 % Luxembourg 213.9 337 % + 1 % Hong Kong 194.0 58 % − 1 % Cayman Islands 180.7 n / a − 26 % Taiwan 168.1 29 % -- 9 % Saudi Arabia 159.9 24 % + 26 % India 152.8 6 % + 23 % other 1,787.1 n / a + 3 % Grand total 6,169.0 n / a + 2 % Statistics ( edit ) Revenue and Expense as percent of GDP US federal debt as percent of GDP by presidential party from 1940 to 2015 U.S. federal debt as percent of GDP by Senate majority party from 1940 to 2009 U.S. official gold reserves as of 31 July 2014 total 261.5 million troy ounces with a book value of approximately $11.04 billion . Foreign exchange reserves $140 billion as of September 2014 . United States balance of trade ( 1980 -- 2014 ) , with negative numbers denoting a trade deficit The national debt equates to $59,143 per person U.S. population , or $159,759 per member of the U.S. working taxpayers , as of March 2016 . In 2008 , $242 billion was spent on interest payments servicing the debt , out of a total tax revenue of $2.5 trillion , or 9.6 % . Including non-cash interest accrued primarily for Social Security , interest was $454 billion or 18 % of tax revenue . Total U.S. household debt , including mortgage loan and consumer debt , was $11.4 trillion in 2005 . By comparison , total U.S. household assets , including real estate , equipment , and financial instruments such as mutual funds , was $62.5 trillion in 2005 . Total U.S. Consumer Credit Card revolving credit was $931.0 billion in April 2009 . The U.S. balance of trade deficit in goods and services was $725.8 billion in 2005 . According to the U.S. Department of Treasury Preliminary 2014 Annual Report on U.S. Holdings of Foreign Securities , the United States valued its foreign treasury securities portfolio at $2.7 trillion . The largest debtors are Canada , the United Kingdom , Cayman Islands , and Australia , whom account for $1.2 trillion of sovereign debt owed to residents of the U.S. The entire public debt in 1998 was attributable to the cost of research , development , and deployment of U.S. nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons - related programs during the Cold War . A 1998 Brookings Institution study published by the Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( formed in 1993 by the W. Alton Jones Foundation ) , calculated that total expenditures for U.S. nuclear weapons from 1940 to 1998 was $5.5 trillion in 1996 Dollars . The total public debt at the end of fiscal year 1998 was $5,478,189,000,000 in 1998 Dollars or $5.3 trillion in 1996 Dollars . International debt comparisons ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2015 ) Gross debt as percentage of GDP Entity 2007 2011 2017 / 2018 United States 62 % 92 % 102 % 108 % European Union 59 % 80 % 83 % 82 % Austria 62 % 78 % 72 % 78 % France 64 % 82 % 86 % 97 % Germany 65 % 82 % 81 % 64 % Sweden 40 % 39 % 38 % 41 % Finland 35 % 48 % 49 % 61 % Greece 104 % 123 % 165 % 179 % Romania 13 % 31 % 33 % 35 % Bulgaria 17 % 16 % 16 % 25 % Czech Republic 28 % 38 % 41 % 35 % Italy 112 % 119 % 120 % 132 % Netherlands 52 % 77 % 65 % 57 % Poland 51 % 55 % 56 % 51 % Spain 42 % 68 % 68 % 98 % United Kingdom 47 % 80 % 86 % 88 % Japan 167 % 197 % 204 % 236 % Russia 9 % 12 % 10 % 19 % Asia ( 2017 + ) 37 % 40 % 41 % 80 % Sources : Eurostat , International Monetary Fund , World Economic Outlook ( emerging market economies ) ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Economic Outlook ( advanced economies ) IMF , China , Hong Kong , India , Indonesia , Korea , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore and Thailand Afghanistan , Armenia , Australia , Azerbaijan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Brunei Darussalam , Cambodia , China , People 's Republic of , Fiji , Georgia , Hong Kong SAR , India , Indonesia , Japan , Kazakhstan , Kiribati , Korea , Republic of , Kyrgyz Republic , Lao P.D.R. , Macao SAR , Malaysia , Maldives , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Fed . States of , Mongolia , Myanmar , Nauru , Nepal , New Zealand , Pakistan , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Samoa , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Taiwan Province of China , Tajikistan , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Tuvalu , Uzbekistan , Vanuatu , Vietnam Recent additions to the public debt of the United States ( edit ) Deficit and Debt Increases 2001 -- 2016 Recent additions to U.S. public debt Fiscal year ( begins Oct. 1 of year prior to stated year ) GDP $ Billions New debt for fiscal year $ Billions New debt as % of GDP Total debt $ Billions Total debt as % of GDP ( Debt to GDP ratio ) 1994 $7,200 $281 -- 292 3.9 -- 4.1 % ~ $4,650 64.6 -- 65.2 % 1995 7,600 277 -- 281 3.7 % ~ 4,950 64.8 -- 65.6 % 8,000 251 -- 260 3.1 -- 3.3 % ~ 5,200 65.0 -- 65.4 % 1997 8,500 188 2.2 % ~ 5,400 63.2 -- 63.8 % 1998 8,950 109 -- 113 1.2 -- 1.3 % ~ 5,500 61.2 -- 61.8 % 1999 9,500 127 -- 130 1.3 -- 1.4 % 5,656 59.3 % 2000 10,150 18 0.2 % 5,674 55.8 % 2001 $10,550 $ 133 1.3 % $5,792 54.8 % 2002 10,900 421 3.9 % 6,213 57.1 % 2003 11,350 570 5.0 % 6,783 59.9 % 12,100 596 4.9 % 7,379 61.0 % 2005 12,900 539 4.2 % 7,918 61.4 % 2006 13,700 575 4.2 % 8,493 62.1 % 2007 14,300 500 3.5 % 8,993 62.8 % 2008 14,750 1,018 6.9 % 10,011 67.9 % 2009 $14,400 $1,887 13.1 % $11,898 82.5 % 14,800 1,653 11.2 % 13,551 91.6 % 2011 15,400 1,230 8.0 % 14,781 96.1 % 2012 16,050 1,278 8.0 % 16,059 100.2 % 2013 16,500 673 4.1 % 16,732 101.3 % 2014 17,200 1,078 6.3 % 17,810 103.4 % 2015 17,900 328 1.8 % 18,138 101.3 % 2016 ( Oct. ' 15 -- Jul. ' 16 only ) ~ 1,290 ~ 7.0 % ~ 19,428 ~ 106.1 % On July 29 , 2016 , the BEA released a revision to 2013 -- 2016 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected the next week with changes to figures in those fiscal years . On July 30 , 2015 , the BEA released a revision to 2012 -- 2015 GDP figures . The figures for this table were corrected on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014 , but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the release of debt totals for July 31 , 2015 . On June 25 , 2014 , the BEA announced a 15 - year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31 , 2014 . The figures for this table were corrected after that date with changes to FY 2000 , 2003 , 2008 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 . The more precise FY 1999 -- 2014 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results . The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 figures are due to double - sourced or relatively preliminary GDP figures respectively . A comprehensive revision GDP revision dated July 31 , 2013 was described on the Bureau of Economic Analysis website . In November 2013 the total debt and yearly debt as a percentage of GDP columns of this table were changed to reflect those revised GDP figures . Historical debt ceiling levels ( edit ) show Table of historical debt ceiling levels Date Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Change in Debt Ceiling ( billions of dollars ) Statute June 25 , 1940 49 February 19 , 1941 65 + 16 March 28 , 1942 125 + 60 April 11 , 1943 210 + 85 June 9 , 1944 260 + 50 April 3 , 1945 300 + 40 June 26 , 1946 275 − 25 August 28 , 1954 281 + 6 July 9 , 1956 275 − 6 February 26 , 1958 280 + 5 September 2 , 1958 288 + 8 June 30 , 1959 295 + 7 June 30 , 1960 293 − 2 June 30 , 1961 298 + 5 July 1 , 1962 308 + 10 March 31 , 1963 305 − 3 June 25 , 1963 300 − 5 June 30 , 1963 307 + 7 August 31 , 1963 309 + 2 November 26 , 1963 315 + 6 June 29 , 1964 324 + 9 June 24 , 1965 328 + 4 June 24 , 1966 330 + 2 March 2 , 1967 336 + 6 June 30 , 1967 358 + 22 June 1 , 1968 365 + 7 April 7 , 1969 377 + 12 June 30 , 1970 395 + 18 March 17 , 1971 430 + 35 March 15 , 1972 450 + 20 October 27 , 1972 465 + 15 June 30 , 1974 495 + 30 February 19 , 1975 577 + 82 November 14 , 1975 595 + 18 March 15 , 1976 627 + 32 June 30 , 1976 636 + 9 September 30 , 1976 682 + 46 April 1 , 1977 700 + 18 October 4 , 1977 752 + 52 August 3 , 1978 798 + 46 April 2 , 1979 830 + 32 September 29 , 1979 879 + 49 June 28 , 1980 925 + 46 December 19 , 1980 935 + 10 February 7 , 1981 985 + 50 September 30 , 1981 1,079 + 94 June 28 , 1982 1,143 + 64 September 30 , 1982 1,290 + 147 May 26 , 1983 1,389 + 99 Pub. L. 98 -- 34 November 21 , 1983 1,490 + 101 Pub. L. 98 -- 161 May 25 , 1984 1,520 + 30 June 6 , 1984 1,573 + 53 Pub. L. 98 -- 342 October 13 , 1984 1,823 + 250 Pub. L. 98 -- 475 November 14 , 1985 1,904 + 81 December 12 , 1985 2,079 + 175 Pub. L. 99 -- 177 August 21 , 1986 2,111 + 32 Pub. L. 99 -- 384 October 21 , 1986 2,300 + 189 May 15 , 1987 2,320 + 20 August 10 , 1987 2,352 + 32 September 29 , 1987 2,800 + 448 Pub. L. 100 -- 119 August 7 , 1989 2,870 + 70 November 8 , 1989 3,123 + 253 Pub. L. 101 -- 140 August 9 , 1990 3,195 + 72 October 28 , 1990 3,230 + 35 November 5 , 1990 4,145 + 915 Pub. L. 101 -- 508 April 6 , 1993 4,370 + 225 August 10 , 1993 4,900 + 530 Pub. L. 103 -- 66 March 29 , 1996 5,500 + 600 Pub. L. 104 -- 121 August 5 , 1997 5,950 + 450 Pub. L. 105 -- 33 June 11 , 2002 6,400 + 450 Pub. L. 107 -- 199 May 27 , 2003 7,384 + 984 Pub. L. 108 -- 24 November 16 , 2004 8,184 + 800 Pub. L. 108 -- 415 March 20 , 2006 8,965 + 781 Pub. L. 109 -- 182 September 29 , 2007 9,815 + 850 Pub. L. 110 -- 91 June 5 , 2008 10,615 + 800 Pub. L. 110 -- 289 October 3 , 2008 11,315 + 700 Pub. L. 110 -- 343 February 17 , 2009 12,104 + 789 Pub. L. 111 -- 5 December 24 , 2009 12,394 + 290 Pub. L. 111 -- 123 February 12 , 2010 14,294 + 1,900 Pub. L. 111 -- 139 January 30 , 2012 16,394 + 2,100 May 19 , 2013 16,700 + 306 See also ( edit ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 List of countries by public debt Sovereign default Troubled Asset Relief Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Federal debt basics -- How large is the federal debt ? '' . Government Accountability Office . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables -- Table 1.2 -- Summary of Receipts , Outlays , and Surpluses or Deficits ( - ) as Percentages of GDP : 1930 -- 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Management and Budget . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . 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The United States spent more than $5.5 trillion on the nuclear arms race , an amount equal to its national debt in 1998 ... '' Graham , Jr. , Thomas ( 2002 ) . Disarmament sketches : three decades of arms control and international law . USA : University of Washington Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98212 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ... the total figure will likely be equal to the $5 trillion national debt . In short , one quarter to one third of all military spending since World War II has been devoted to nuclear weapons and their infrastructure ... '' p. 33 , Steven I. Schwartz ; Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Committee ( November 1995 ) . `` Four Trillion Dollars and Counting '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science , Inc. 51 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 53 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historical Budget Tables , whitehouse.gov ; accessed August 24 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Federal Debt Limit '' . The Concord Coalition . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Bonner , William ; Wiggin , Addison ( 2006 ) . Empire of Debt : the Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 78253 - X . Johnson , Simon ; Kwak , James ( 2012 ) . White House Burning : The Founding Fathers , Our National Debt , and Why It Matters To You . Pantheon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 90696 - 0 . Eisner , Robert ( 1993 ) . `` Federal Debt '' . In David R. Henderson . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Macdonald , James ( 2006 ) . A Free Nation Deep in Debt : The Financial Roots of Democracy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12632 - 1 . Wright , Robert ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . Mc - Graw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 154393 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States government debt . 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how was brooke's version of romeo and juliet different from shakespeare's | Romeo and Juliet | romeo and juliet | Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers . | Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Sources 11.1 Editions of Romeo and Juliet 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet Capulet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo Montague is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had snuck into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , discovering that Romeo is dead , stabs herself with his dagger and joins him in death . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising queer theory in Queering the Renaissance ( 1994 ) , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equivalent to $1,103,000 in 2017 ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened on Broadway in December 1934 . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Dada Masilo , a South African dancer and choreographer , reinterpreted Romeo and Juliet in a new modern light . She introduced changes to the story notably that of presenting the two families as multiracial . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 24 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues , with exams regulator Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues , while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio here quotes Karl A. Menninger 's Man Against Himself ( 1938 ) . Jump up ^ The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Levenson provides the quote from the 1960 interview with Zeffirelli in The Times . Jump up ^ Levenson credits this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ Brode quotes Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Brode cites Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker as examples . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . References All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Moore 1930 , pp. 264 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Higgins 1998 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins 1998 , p. 585 . ^ Jump up to : Hosley 1965 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 33 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : da Porto 1831 . Jump up ^ Prunster 2000 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Moore 1937 , pp. 38 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Muir 1998 , pp. 86 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci 1993 -- 1994 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 35 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1980 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1902 , pp. 41 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 32 , 36 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 8 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 26 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer 1967 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Wells 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bowling 1949 , pp. 208 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger 2006 , pp. 73 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , pp. 68 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Siegel 1961 , pp. 371 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie 2007 , pp. 22 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans 1950 , pp. 841 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Draper 1939 , pp. 16 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Nevo 1972 , pp. 241 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 1968 , pp. 663 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle 1964 , pp. 349 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Lucking 2001 , pp. 115 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Driver 1964 , pp. 363 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Scott 1987 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , pp. 411 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 1964 , pp. 498 -- 501 . Jump up ^ Bonnard 1951 , pp. 319 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 20 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Levin 1960 , pp. 3 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 52 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , pp. 92 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Wells 2004 , pp. 11 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Menninger 1938 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum 1997 , pp. 251 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 81 , 83 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1977 , pp. 5 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 25 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein 1989 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 , pp. 221 -- 7 . Jump up ^ da Porto 1868 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Leveen 2014 . Jump up ^ OED : balcony . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 100 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Branam 1984 , pp. 170 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Stone 1964 , pp. 191 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Pedicord 1954 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : Gay 2002 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 125 , 365 , 420 . Jump up ^ The Times 1845 . Jump up ^ Potter 2001 , pp. 194 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 62 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winter 1893 , pp. 46 -- 7 , 57 . Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Mosel 1978 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 105 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 107 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Levenson 2000 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Holland 2001 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ The Times 1960 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pappe 1997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Quince 2000 , pp. 121 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Munro 2016 , pp. 68 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Howard 2000 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Edgar 1982 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Marks 1997 . Jump up ^ Houlihan 2004 . Jump up ^ Barranger 2004 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 1977 . Jump up ^ Hetrick & Gans 2013 . Jump up ^ Nestyev 1960 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Winn 2007 . Jump up ^ Curnow 2010 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Meyer 1968 , pp. 38 . Jump up ^ Huebner 2002 . Jump up ^ Holden 1993 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Collins 1982 , pp. 532 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Levi 2002 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 43 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Stites 1995 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 42 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 187 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Swift 2009 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 75 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Ehren 1999 . Jump up ^ Arafay 2005 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ OED : romeo . Jump up ^ Bly 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 352 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 126 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Orgel 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Kirkus Reviews 2017 . Jump up ^ Sabur 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson 2017 . Jump up ^ Pells 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 218 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Symonds 2017 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , pp. 141 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Lanier 2007 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Howard 2000 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Goyal 2013 . Jump up ^ International Business Times 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. vii . Sources Editions of Romeo and Juliet Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Spencer , T.J.B. , ed. ( 1967 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . JSTOR 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . JSTOR 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's I Capuleti ed i Montecchi '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Curnow , Robyn ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Dada Masilo : South African dancer who breaks the rules '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . JSTOR 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . JSTOR 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Wells , Stanley , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet 's Open Rs '' . In Goldberg , Jonathan . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . pp. 218 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Ram Leela box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Hetrick , Adam ; Gans , Andrew ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . Translated by Sisson , C.H. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Grazia , Margreta de . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Houlihan , Mary ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Wherefore art thou , Romeo ? To make us laugh at Navy Pier '' . The Second City . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Huebner , Steven ( 2002 ) . `` Roméo et Juliette '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O006772 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` Ram - leela Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Kennedy , Maev ( 12 April 2010 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet get Twitter treatment '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . `` Juliet 's Nurse by Lois Leveen '' . Kirkus Reviews . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lee , Ashley ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Orlando Bloom 's Broadway Debut Released in Theaters for Valentine 's Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Levi , Erik ( 2002 ) . `` Romeo und Julia '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O007781 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . JSTOR 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . Marsh , Sarah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Menninger , Karl A. ( 1938 ) . Man Against Himself . New York : Harcourt Brace and Company . Meyer , Eve R. ( 1968 ) . `` Measure for Measure : Shakespeare and Music '' . Music Educators Journal . The National Association for Music Education . 54 ( 7 ) : 36 -- 38 , 139 -- 143 . doi : 10.2307 / 3391243 . ISSN 0027 - 4321 . JSTOR 3391243 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and ' Clizia ' '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Mosel , Tad ( 1978 ) . Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 978 - 0316585378 . Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801858499 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Munro , Ian ( 2016 ) . `` Performance History '' . In Lupton , Julia Reinhard . Romeo and Juliet : A Critical Reader . Arden Early Modern Drama Guides . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 53 -- 78 . ISBN 9781474216371 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Weekender Guide : Shakespeare on The Drive '' . The New York Times . 19 August 1977 . p. 46 . `` balcony '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) `` romeo '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Orgel , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare Illustrated '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 92 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL9780521844291 . ISBN 9781139001526 -- via Cambridge Core . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Pappe , Ilan ( 1997 ) . `` Post-Zionist Critique on Israel and the Palestinians Part III : Popular Culture '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Palestine Studies . University of California Press . 26 ( 4 ) : 60 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 2537907 . eISSN 1533 - 8614 . ISSN 0377 - 919X . JSTOR 2537907 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Parker , D.H. ( 1968 ) . `` Light and Dark Imagery in Romeo and Juliet '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 75 ( 4 ) . Pedicord , Harry William ( 1954 ) . The Theatrical Public in the Time of David Garrick . New York : King 's Crown Press . Pells , Raquel ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . da Porto , Luigi ( 1831 ) ( first published c. 1531 ) . Istoria Novellamente Ritrovata di Due Nobili Amanti ( in Italian ) . Venice . da Porto , Luigi ( 1868 ) . `` The Original Story of Romeo and Juliet '' . In Pace - Sanfelice , G . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Translated by Pace - Sanfelice , G. Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . hdl : 2027 / mdp. 39015082232961 . Potter , Lois ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Prunster , Nicole , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Renaissance and reformation texts in translation . 8 . Translated by Prunster , Nicole . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ISSN 0820 - 750X . Quince , Rohan ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare in South Africa : Stage Productions During the Apartheid Era . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4061 - 3 . Richardson , Hannah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Roberts , Arthur J. ( 1902 ) . `` The Sources of Romeo and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2917639 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2917639 . Rosenthal , Daniel ( 2007 ) . BFI Screen Guides : 100 Shakespeare Films . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 170 - 3 . Rubinstein , Frankie ( 1989 ) . A Dictionary of Shakespeare 's Sexual Puns and their Significance ( Second Edition ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 48866 - 0 . Sabur , Rozina ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Exam board apologises after error in English GCSE paper which confused characters in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Sanders , Julie ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare and Music : Afterlives and Borrowings . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3297 - 1 . Scarci , Manuela ( 1993 -- 1994 ) . `` From Mariotto and Ganozza to Romeo and Guilietta : Metamorphoses of a Renaissance Tale '' . Scripta Mediterranea . Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 -- 15 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Scott , Mark W. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism : Excerpts from the Criticism of William Shakespeare 's Plays & Poetry , from the First Published Appraisals to Current Evaluations . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research . ISBN 9780810361294 . Shapiro , Stephen A. ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Reversals , Contraries , Transformations , and Ambivalence '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 25 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 501 . doi : 10.2307 / 373235 . JSTOR 373235 . Siegel , Paul N. ( 1961 ) . `` Christianity and the Religion of Love in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 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Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! VIAF : 313670221 LCCN : n82116107 GND : 4099369 - 3 SUDOC : 02814385X BNF : cb12003684p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_and_Juliet&oldid=835974796 '' Categories : Romeo and Juliet 1590s plays English Renaissance plays Literary duos Love stories British plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Plays adapted into radio programs Plays adapted into television programs Suicide in fiction Plays set in Italy Plays set in the 16th century Broken heart Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from August 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with LibriVox links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 22 : 18 . 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do away goals count in league one playoffs | Before the 1999 -- 2000 season away goals were used as a tie - breaker after extra time had been played , however , this was abolished following a club initiative launched by then - Ipswich Town chairman David Sheepshanks , after his club had twice lost on away goals in 1997 and 1999 . Since then away goals have played no part in the play - off system . | English Football League play - offs | english football league play - offs | The English Football League play - offs are an annual series of football matches to determine the final promotion places within each division of the English Football League . In each division it involves the four teams that finish directly below the automatic promotion places . These teams meet in a series of play - off matches to determine the final team that will be promoted . | The play - offs were first introduced in 1987 and have been staged at the conclusion of every season since . Since 1990 the winners of each division 's play - off competition have been determined in a one - off final . Blackpool are the most successful club in play - off history , winning five times - 1992 , 2001 , 2007 , 2010 , and 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Changes to format 1.2 Proposed changes 2 Past winners 3 Records 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Format ( edit ) The four teams finishing directly below the automatic promotion places in each of the three Football League divisions enter the play - offs in a chance to win promotion to the division above . In the Championship and League One these are the teams finishing in third , fourth , fifth and sixth place , while in League Two ( with its greater number of teams automatically promoted ) , it is the teams finishing in fourth , fifth , sixth and seventh place that enter the play - offs . The highest - finishing team of the four plays the team that finished lowest , with the first leg being held at the home of the team that finished lowest and the second leg being held at the home of the team that finished highest . This is designed to give the team that finished higher an advantage . This is the same for the teams that finished second highest and second lowest , with the advantage being with the team that finished the higher . The winner of a semi-finals is decided by the tie 's aggregate score after the two legs . If the aggregate score is level at the end of the 90 minutes of the second leg , then an additional 30 minutes of extra time is played to try to create a winning team . If the score at the end of extra time is still level then the tie is decided by penalty kicks . The two winners from the semi-finals meet at a neutral venue in the final . The final must be decided on the day , so extra time and penalties may be carried out if the scores are level . The winner of the tie gains promotion to the league above . Changes to format ( edit ) During the first two stagings of the play - offs in 1987 and 1988 , the four teams involved were the three clubs that finished directly below the automatic promotions positions , plus the club which finished directly above the automatic relegation places in the division above . This was part of the league 's two - season - long restructuring that would reduce the number of teams in the top tier ( from 22 to 20 ) while increasing them in the lower divisions ( creating three divisions of 24 clubs ) ; during these seasons , only one club ( Charlton Athletic in 1987 ) that entered the play - offs in a relegation place managed to win the play - offs and therefore retain their divisional status . In the seasons prior to the 1990 play - offs , the finals were two - legged ties with both teams hosting the other once . If the two teams could not be separated , a tie - breaker was then staged at a neutral venue . This was used on three occasions : the 1987 Second Division final was played at Birmingham City 's St. Andrews ; the 1987 Third Division final was played at Crystal Palace 's Selhurst Park ; and the 1988 Third Division final was played at Walsall 's Fellows Park ( though this was not strictly a neutral venue , as Walsall was one of the clubs involved ) . Since 1990 a one - off final match has been used to determine the play - off winners , which has traditionally been staged at the old Wembley Stadium . Between 2001 and 2006 the final was instead moved to Cardiff 's Millennium Stadium while the new Wembley Stadium was being constructed . In 2011 the Football League was forced to use Old Trafford for the League One and League Two play - off finals because Wembley was unavailable , being used instead for the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final . Before the 1999 -- 2000 season away goals were used as a tie - breaker after extra time had been played , however , this was abolished following a club initiative launched by then - Ipswich Town chairman David Sheepshanks , after his club had twice lost on away goals in 1997 and 1999 . Since then away goals have played no part in the play - off system . Proposed changes ( edit ) A change to the format of the play - offs was proposed by Crystal Palace chief executive Phil Alexander in 2003 . Alexander recommended expanding the number of teams in each play - off series from four to six , providing more clubs with a chance at promotion . Additionally , the two - legged semi-finals would have been replaced by one - off quarter - final and semi-final games , both of which would give home advantage to the team that finished higher during the league season . The two highest placed clubs in the play - off series would advance directly to the semi-final , while the other four clubs would contest the quarter - final . The proposed changes were narrowly approved by Football League chairmen and were set to be voted upon at the league 's annual general meeting . The motion was withdrawn however , due to objections received from the Premier League and The Football Association . Past winners ( edit ) Year Division Two Division Three Division Four Charlton Athletic Swindon Town Aldershot 1988 Middlesbrough Walsall Swansea City 1989 Crystal Palace Port Vale Leyton Orient 1990 Swindon Town Notts County Cambridge United 1991 Notts County Tranmere Rovers Torquay United 1992 Blackburn Rovers Peterborough United Blackpool Year Division One Division Two Division Three 1993 Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion York City 1994 Leicester City Burnley Wycombe Wanderers 1995 Bolton Wanderers Huddersfield Town Chesterfield Leicester City Bradford City Plymouth Argyle 1997 Crystal Palace Crewe Alexandra Northampton Town 1998 Charlton Athletic Grimsby Town Colchester United 1999 Watford Manchester City Scunthorpe United 2000 Ipswich Town Gillingham Peterborough United 2001 Bolton Wanderers Walsall Blackpool 2002 Birmingham City Stoke City Cheltenham Town 2003 Wolverhampton Wanderers Cardiff City Bournemouth Crystal Palace Brighton & Hove Albion Huddersfield Town Year Championship League One League Two 2005 West Ham United Sheffield Wednesday Southend United 2006 Watford Barnsley Cheltenham Town 2007 Derby County Blackpool Bristol Rovers 2008 Hull City Doncaster Rovers Stockport County 2009 Burnley Scunthorpe United Gillingham Blackpool Millwall Dagenham & Redbridge 2011 Swansea City Peterborough United Stevenage 2012 West Ham United Huddersfield Town Crewe Alexandra 2013 Crystal Palace Yeovil Town Bradford City 2014 Queens Park Rangers Rotherham United Fleetwood Town 2015 Norwich City Preston North End Southend United 2016 Hull City Barnsley AFC Wimbledon 2017 Huddersfield Town Millwall Blackpool 2018 Fulham Rotherham United Coventry City 1 : Due to financial irregularities , Swindon were prevented from taking their place in the top division , which was awarded to the losing finalists , Sunderland . Records ( edit ) Most play - off promotions : 5 -- Blackpool ( 1992 , 2001 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) Most play - off finals : 7 -- Blackpool ( 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2017 ) Most play - off final defeats : 4 -- Sheffield United ( 1997 , 2003 , 2009 , 2012 ) , Reading ( 1995 , 2001 , 2011 , 2017 ) Most play - off participations : 10 -- Preston North End Most unsuccessful play - off participations : 9 -- Preston North End ( from 10 participations ) Most play - off participations without making the Play - off final : 4 -- Nottingham Forest , MK Dons Most play - off participations without winning final : 8 -- Brentford , Sheffield United ( both from 8 participations ) Teams without any unsuccessful play - off participations : AFC Wimbledon ( 1 time ) , Dagenham & Redbridge ( 1 ) , Doncaster Rovers ( 1 ) , Manchester City ( 1 ) , Coventry City ( 1 ) Most consecutive games won : 10 -- Blackpool ( 2001 - 2012 ) Biggest aggregate win : Crewe Alexandra 9 -- 3 Walsall ( Third Division Semi-final , 1993 ) Biggest home win : Dagenham & Redbridge 6 -- 0 Morecambe ( League Two Semi-final , 2010 ) Biggest away win : Fulham 0 -- 4 Bristol Rovers ( Third Division Semi-final , 1989 ) ; Birmingham City 0 -- 4 Barnsley ( First Division Semi-final , 2000 ) Biggest win in a final : Preston North End 4 -- 0 Swindon Town ( League One , 2015 ) Highest scoring final : 8 goals -- Charlton Athletic 4 -- 4 Sunderland ( First Division , 1998 ) Highest scoring play - off match : 10 goals -- Swindon Town 5 -- 5 Sheffield United ( League One Semi-final second leg , 2015 ) Highest scoring tie ( aggregate ) : 13 goals -- Swindon Town 7 -- 6 Sheffield United ( League One Semi-final , 2015 ) Highest attendance : 87,347 -- Derby County vs QPR ( Championship Final , 2014 ) Lowest attendance : 3,606 -- Torquay United vs Cheltenham Town ( League Two Semi-final , 2012 ) Blackpool and Huddersfield Town are the only clubs to have won all three divisional play - offs . Reading , Brentford , Leeds United , Bristol City and Sheffield United are the only clubs to have lost play - off finals at three different venues . Crystal Palace are the only team to win play - off finals at 4 different venues ( Selhurst Park 1989 , Old Wembley 1997 , Millennium Stadium 2004 and New Wembley 2013 ) . See also ( edit ) Football League test matches References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sky Bet EFL Play - Off Rules '' . EFL. 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.readingfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10306~2360863,00.html '' . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Play - offs set for shake - up '' . BBC Sport. 7 March 2003 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Warshaw , Andrew ( 5 June 2003 ) . `` Radical plan for expansion of play - offs to be rejected '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Play - off plans shelved '' . BBC Sport. 5 June 2003 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . External links ( edit ) Football League play - offs RSSSF Football League archive , 1888 -- 2008 ( 1 ) English Football League play - offs Championship League One League Two EFL Championship play - offs Play - offs 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 EFL League One play - offs Play - offs 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 EFL League Two play - offs Play - offs 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Football_League_play-offs&oldid=844214943 '' Categories : English Football League play - offs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 12 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20Football%20League%20play-offs | 424 |
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how many handguns can you own in ny | Gun laws in New York | gun laws in new york | Gun laws in New York regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of New York . | New York Civil Rights Law art . II , § 4 provides that `` A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . New York state law does not require a license to own or possess long guns , but does require a permit to legally possess or own a pistol . However , all firearms must comply with the NY SAFE Act , which bans guns considered `` assault weapons '' from ownership by private citizens , unless they were owned prior to the ban . The City of New York has its own set of laws , and requires permits to own any long gun or pistol . The U.S. Supreme Court case DC v. Heller 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) ruled that `` the right to bear arms '' is an individual right and arms in common use are protected under the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , and has further ruled that this right applies to residents in individual states in McDonald v. Chicago 561 U.S. 742 ( 2010 ) . In a 2012 ruling , a federal appeals court upheld New York 's law requiring gun owners who seek a concealed weapon permit to prove a special need for protection ; their decision in Kachalsky v. Cacace held that New York 's laws do not violate the right to keep and bear arms . In 2013 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit asked the New York Court of Appeals whether part - time state residents are eligible for a pistol permit . In Osterweil v. Bartlett 999 N.E. 2d 516 , the New York Court of Appeals answered that certified question in the affirmative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Summary table 3 Handgun licensing 3.1 Overview 3.2 Application 3.3 Types of licenses and restrictions 3.4 Regional and cultural differences throughout the state 4 Assault weapons 4.1 Exceptions 5 New York City 6 Rifles and shotguns , antique handguns 7 Non-resident travel throughout the state 8 Federal protections 9 Miscellaneous laws 10 NY SAFE Act 11 See also 12 References Overview ( edit ) New York is generally perceived to be a highly restrictive state for purchasing , possessing , or carrying firearms . This is especially the case for New York City and its surrounding suburbs , and larger urban centers throughout the state where most New York State residents live and work . In contrast , most rural areas in New York State have relatively permissive firearms policies , particularly with respect to concealed carry . Most of New York State 's gun laws are covered in two sections of New York Penal Law : Article 265 - Firearms and Other Dangerous Weapons , and Article 400 - Licensing and Other Provisions Relating to Firearms . These laws ban handgun possession and provide exemptions , including individuals licensed to carry handguns or to possess them for other reasons , including sports , repair , or disposal . As the law 's title indicates , New York 's restrictive laws also apply to other items regarded as deadly weapons , such as certain chemical sprays , clubs , explosives , fireworks , knives , rockets , slingshots , stun guns , and throwing stars . Statewide , New York enforces various firearm related prohibitions , many proscriptions similarly listed in the now - expired Federal Assault Weapons Ban . On January 15 , 2013 , the state assault weapons ban was made more restrictive by the NY SAFE Act . Specified rifle magazines are banned : a ) manufactured after 1994 ; and b ) the magazine holds in excess of 10 rounds ( handguns included ) . In December 2013 , a federal judge ruled the seven - round magazine limitation is `` ' tenuous , straitened , and unsupported , ' and therefore unconstitutional . '' Any semi-automatic rifle ( with a detachable magazine ) or shotgun ( non-pump ) with just one of these features are banned : 1 ) pistol grip ; 2 ) bayonet lug ; 3 ) telescoping or folding stock ; 4 ) flash suppressor ; 5 ) threaded barrel ; or 6 ) grenade launcher . The SAFE Act expanded the ban to add the following features : 7 ) muzzle brake ( Dec 2014 Federal court All references to muzzle `` brake '' be stricken ) ; 8 ) muzzle compensator ; 9 ) thumbhole stock ; and 10 ) foregrip . All semi-automatic versions of assault - style rifles and shotguns purchased prior to January 15 , 2013 are grandfathered , but must be registered within one year of the SAFE Act passage . Permits issued in New York are valid statewide , except in NYC , unless validated by the NYC police commissioner . A NYC concealed carry license is valid throughout the state . NY Penal Code 400 ( 6 ) . For example , regardless of license , all New York residents with a concealed carry permit must still obtain a New York State Pistol Permit , apply for a purchase document for each handgun purchased , and may possess only those handguns the license holder has registered with the state . Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No Yes S 265.20 , S 265.01 No NYS permit is required for long guns . Handguns require a permit . Permits are issued by County or State Supreme Court judges / justices outside of New York City , Nassau and Suffolk Counties , with a background check . Permits for those wanting to carry concealed are issued on a `` may issue '' basis , whereas permits to merely purchase and possess handguns in the home are issued on a `` shall issue '' basis . There is an application fee for each permit , as well as an amendment fee for each handgun added to the permit . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Firearm registration ? No Yes S 700.00 , S 265.01 No registration for long guns . All handguns must be registered under a license . There is a $3 registration fee . Handguns are registered with purchase permit . The serial number and sale is noted down . It is illegal to possess any un-registered firearm . Antique weapons are exempted from this . All handguns must travel in the manner one 's license is issued . No record is needed of previously owned handguns with law enforcement . * All rifles classified as assault weapons must be registered with the state by January 15 , 2014 . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Owner license required ? No Yes S 265.20 , S 265.01 No license is required for long guns ; however , New York State requires a license for handgun ownership . Handgun licenses are normally restricted to three types : residence or business premises permit ( must issue generally ) , Target & Hunting , and Unrestricted Carry . Target and hunting allows carry while engaged in those activities . Unrestricted allows carry at any time . All permits issued outside of New York City are not valid in New York City EXCEPT for retired police and federal law enforcement officers with that status marked on their permit and for armored car guards on duty . The minimum age to be issued a handgun license is 21 unless you are a former or current member of the armed forces or law enforcement . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Carry permits required ? No Yes S 400.00 New York counties , and some police departments , issue pistol licenses on a `` may issue '' basis . Discretionary issuance policies vary widely across the state . Generally , it is harder to obtain a license in counties closer to large New York cities . Most counties that are n't a part of downstate New York have shall / reasonable issuance policies , but may administratively restrict time or place of carry ( such as only for target shooting or hunting ) . It is not a crime to carry a weapon under a Target or Hunting permit for other purposes , but if caught or reported the permit will likely be revoked . Concealed carry without any kind of permit must be charged as a felony unless the weapon is unloaded and no ammunition for it is in possession of the person carrying . All permits are valid throughout the state , except in the City of New York , unless validated by the police commissioner of that city , NY Penal Law 400 ( 6 ) . While New York law does not allow issuance of pistol licenses to non-residents , 2013 federal appeals court and State appeals court rulings clarified the residency requirement . This clarification allowed those domiciled outside of the state with a part - time residence in New York to be issued a permit at the discretion of the licensing officer . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes S 265.00 , S 265.02 Possession of assault weapons is prohibited , except for those legally possessed on January 15 , 2013 and registered with the state by January 15 , 2014 or classified as an antique assault weapon . New York City , Buffalo , Albany , and Rochester have enacted their own assault weapon bans . Law enforcement and retired law enforcement are exempt from the assault weapons ban . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 265.02 Magazine size limited to 10 rounds . Law enforcement and retired law enforcement are exempt from the 10 round limit . Also exempt are antique high - quality magazines if registered to an associated antique assault weapon . Under the NY SAFE Act ( signed on the 15th of January , 2013 by Gov. Andrew Cuomo ) the magazine law was changed . A legal provision that mandated no more than 7 rounds that may be loaded into the magazine was struck down by a federal judge on December 31 , 2013 . Title II ( National Firearms Act ) weapons restricted ? Yes Yes S 265.02 , S 265.02 Ownership of machine guns , suppressors , short - barreled rifles , and short - barreled shotguns are prohibited to the average citizen . Destructive devices are permitted except for rockets with greater than 3 ounces of propellant , which are prohibited . AOW 's are legal to own but are still required to be on a pistol permit . AOW 's disguised as non-firearms are illegal . Open carry ? Yes No S 265.35 , S 265.01 The law is extremely vague on open carry . Open carry in public is not legal in most instances . While no law specifically bans open carry , a license to carry is issued to carry concealed as per penal law 400 . Therefore , pistol permit holders must carry concealed . Open carry permitted while hunting and possibly on one 's own property . Open carry of unloaded long guns is not explicitly prohibited by any law , but is generally not practiced . Castle Doctrine Law ? Yes * Yes * § 35.20 * New York has a castle doctrine law . It allows for the `` use of ( non-lethal ) physical force in defense of premises and in defense of a person in the course of burglary . '' Lethal force is governed under § 35.15 . State preemption of local restrictions ? No No None New York preempts only handgun licensing . Places such as Buffalo , Rochester , Albany , and most notably New York City have put in more restrictive gun laws , such as licensing of long guns and 5 - round magazine limits . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes S 265.10 With certain restrictions ( see below ) , most notably magazines are not exempt . Some law enforcement agencies ( notably the New York State Police ) do not recognize the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act , and may detain or arrest non-residents transporting firearms through New York in accordance with FOPA . Individuals in such situations would then have to use FOPA as an affirmative defense to firearms - related charges in court . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes NY Gen Bus L § 898 ( 2012 ) For firearm transfers between private parties , a licensed dealer must conduct a background check , provide documentation of the check to the New York State Police , and keep a record of the transaction . NOTE : Different laws in New York City ( see below ) Handgun licensing ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The purchase of a handgun in New York is limited to only those individuals who hold a valid pistol permit issued by a county or major city within New York , and present to the seller a purchase document issued by the licensing authority , with the specific make , model , caliber , and serial number of the handgun indicated on the document . The possession of a handgun in New York is limited only to those individuals who hold a valid pistol license and are in possession of a registered handgun ( one that appears on the license , indicating the specific make , model , caliber , and serial number of the handgun ) . The carry of a handgun in New York is limited only to those individuals who hold a valid pistol license , possess a registered handgun , and are carrying said handgun in compliance with the restrictions as they appear on the license and other applicable state and federal law . New York State Pistol Permits are not issued to out - of - state residents , although New York will issue pistol licenses to part - time residents . New York does not honor licenses or permits from any other states , although some states will recognize New York licenses without a formal agreement . Application ( edit ) Application for a handgun license is made through an individual 's county or major city of primary residence , usually the police or sheriff 's department , or a separate licensing authority . In NYC , the licensing authority is the police commissioner . In Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island , the licensing officer is the county police commissioner or county sheriff , depending on where one resides . The licensing authority is a county court judge , or more rarely , a supreme court judge . State and FBI criminal records , along with state mental health records , are checked as part of the licensing process . In addition , applicants are required to supply four personal references from individuals unrelated to them by blood or marriage . These individuals may be required to fill out forms , varying in length by county , attesting to the applicant 's `` good character '' . Pistol license approvals can take from less than four months to more than six months , even though the law allows the licensing authorities no more than six months to process a license . Types of licenses and restrictions ( edit ) Two types of pistol permits can be issued : possess on premises and concealed carry . Concealed carry permits may be restricted , but restrictions do not have the force of law . Permits issued outside of NYC are not valid in NYC unless a special license is issued granting validity . In addition to laws pertaining to the entire state , there are additional laws and statutes pertaining to licensing and permits in some of the major cities of the state . However , NYC is the only place where an individual holding a valid New York State firearm license , obtained outside of NYC , who is traveling through NYC with a firearm must make no stops and must keep the firearm and ammo in separate locked containers that are not immediately accessible by the driver or any passengers during travel . In New York State , pistol licenses are generally of two types : carry or premises - only . `` Premises - only '' is the most common license issued in NYC and is supposed to be `` Shall - Issue . '' Restrictions can be placed on either of the above types of licenses ; for example , many jurisdictions allow handgun license holders to carry handguns only while hunting ( i.e. , sportsman 's license ) and / or traveling to and from the range ( i.e. , target license ) . Regional and cultural differences throughout the state ( edit ) Restrictions on handgun licenses in New York vary greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction . In contrast to `` no carry '' New York City , and some counties which only issue `` to and from target shooting and hunting '' licenses , many upstate counties issue unrestricted pistol licenses that allow unrestricted concealed carry of a loaded handgun ( except at schools , court houses or courtrooms , and secure areas of airports ) . This dichotomy in New York 's handgun license policies ( upstate rural vs. downstate urban ) is an outgrowth of two specific cultural forces : the strength of home rule in the state and the tradition of the various hunting seasons in the rural counties . Assault weapons ( edit ) State law defines an assault weapon as : Semi-automatic rifles able to accept detachable magazines and one or more of the following : Folding or telescoping stock Pistol grip Bayonet mount Flash suppressor , or threaded barrel designed to accommodate one Grenade launcher ( more precisely , a muzzle device that enables launching or firing rifle grenades , though this applies only to muzzle mounted grenade launchers and not those mounted externally ) . Thumbhole stock A second handgrip or a protruding grip that can be held by the non-trigger hand Semi-automatic pistols with detachable magazines and one or more of the following : Magazine that attaches outside the pistol grip Threaded barrel to attach barrel extender , flash suppressor , handgrip , or suppressor Barrel shroud that can be used as a handhold Unloaded weight of 50 oz ( 1.4 kg ) or more A semi-automatic version of a fully automatic firearm A folding , telescoping or thumbhole stock Semi-automatic shotguns with one or more of the following : Folding or telescoping stock Thumbhole stock A second handgrip or a protruding grip that can be held by the non-trigger hand A fixed capacity in excess of 7 rounds The ability to accept a detachable magazine `` Large capacity feeding device '' is any belt , drum , strip , magazine , or similar instrument used to feed ammunition into a firearm that has a capability of holding more than ten rounds . Exceptions ( edit ) The first exception for the previous assault weapons ban is that anything classified above is not an assault weapon if manufactured before September 13 , 1994 . However , with the new laws the only exception is for antique assault weapons that were manufactured 50 years prior to the current date . These firearms can still be continued to be purchased and sold so long as one registers them after purchasing them . This exemption also applies to high capacity magazines , although these must be specifically registered to the antique assault weapon . This loophole is the only way an ordinary citizen can still obtain assault weapons and high capacity magazines , such as G43 's , older AR - 15 's , and M1 carbines ( with bayonet lugs ) . Police officers who are residents of the state may still own assault weapons and high capacity magazines . Retired police officers may also own assault weapons and high capacity magazines if they acquired them during the course of their career . Federally licensed firearms dealers that are licensed as a dealer or gunsmith under New York law may continue to possess assault weapons and high capacity magazines . Military members stationed within the state may still bring assault weapons into the state provided the military member has approval from his or her command . New York City ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes Yes § 1 - 03 , § 1 - 04 , § 2 - 03 , § 5 - 01 , § 5 - 25 Rifle / Shotgun Permit and Pistol Permit are prerequisites to purchase handguns and long guns respectively . A separate `` Purchase Authorization '' is required to purchase a handgun from a dealer , and one may not purchase a handgun more than once every 90 days . One may not purchase a rifle or shotgun more than once every 90 days . Upon purchase of a 5th handgun , residents must show evidence of possession of a gun safe for storage of firearms . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes § 1 - 03 , § 1 - 04 , § 2 - 03 Registration for all firearms in place . Owner license required ? Yes Yes § 1 - 03 , § 1 - 04 , § 2 - 03 , § 5 - 01 Owner licenses are required for all guns . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 5 - 01 , § 5 - 03 , § 5 - 04 Permits are usually only issued to retired LEOs , celebrities , and armed guards . State permits ( without an NYC endorsement ) and out - of - state permits are not valid for concealed carry in NYC . However , individuals with a New York State Permit that does not have an NYC endorsement may transport a firearm through the city en route to and from locations outside of the city . The firearm must be unloaded and the journey through the city must be continuous and uninterrupted . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 10 - 301 More restrictive version of New York 's state laws , with a 5 - round magazine limit for long guns and 10 for handguns . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes § 10 - 301 All NFA weapons are outlawed . Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes No § 10 - 301 i , ( 1 ) A non-resident may be arrested by police for transporting weapons through NYC and then be forced to reference the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act as an affirmative defense to charges of Unlawful Possession of a Weapon . Non-residents of NYC may transit the city with a rifle or shotgun without a permit , provided the weapon is unloaded and the person leaves the city within 24 hours . Residents of NYC who wish to obtain a pistol license must apply through the New York Police Department License Bureau at One Police Plaza in Lower Manhattan . The choice of licenses are : Unrestricted Concealed Carry License , Restricted Business Carry License , and Restricted Premises - only License . NYC Unrestricted Concealed Carry Licenses are valid throughout the rest of the state . Security guards and business people who regularly carry valuables may be issued a Restricted Business Carry License which is valid only while conducting the business specifically as it was described , in great detail , on the application for the license . NYC premises - only licenses are the licenses issued to average citizens who can not show a need for self - defense greater than any another average citizen . They are clearly marked : RESTRICTED - NOT FOR CARRY and require the licensee to obtain special permission from the NYPD License Bureau to leave the city with the handgun , unless hunting with a valid hunter authorization card . Most licenses issued in NYC are for on - premises possession only , for self - defense within the home or business . Transporting the handgun to and from a target range is permitted , but the firearm must be unloaded and in a locked container directly to and from a range within city limits . Traveling through NYC with a license issued from another jurisdiction within the state must be done in accordance to law ( locked box , in vehicle 's trunk , no unnecessary stops ) . A person carrying a firearm without a valid permit in NYC could be charged with `` criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Second Degree , '' a felony . Unlawfully carrying a firearm in NYC is typically punishable by a prison term of 3 1 / 2 years . A high - profile example of the penalties associated with New York 's restrictive gun laws is the 2 - year prison sentence served by former New York Giants wide receiver Plaxico Burress , after pleading guilty to a charge of Unlawful Possession of a Weapon , stemming from his accidentally shooting himself in the leg at an NYC nightclub with a concealed handgun , at which he did not have a valid NYC concealed carry permit . At the time of the accidental shooting , Burress had a Florida concealed carry license , which is not valid in New York . NYC 's firearms policies require that special permission must be obtained from City Hall for military members to carry weapons while performing their official duties within the city limits . For example , in November 2012 , then - mayor Michael Bloomberg denied a request by the New York National Guard for its members to carry service weapons to help maintain order in devastated parts of the city in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy , calling the presence of armed service members in Brooklyn `` a bad idea , '' and further stating , `` The NYPD is the only people we want on the street with guns . '' NYC 's gun laws are currently being challenged by the New York State Rifle and Pistol Association in Federal Court , claiming the laws infringe on their Second Amendment rights . City ordinances and New York 's state laws also require medical facilities to notify the police within a specified period of time after admitting anyone with gunshot wounds . Hospitals or clinics that fail to comply with this requirement face fines and other penalties . Rifles and shotguns , antique handguns ( edit ) Prior to January 15 , 2013 , rifles deemed assault - style did not have to be registered in any jurisdiction within New York except for NYC . Since enactment of the NY SAFE Act , all grandfathered operable assault - style rifles purchased prior to January 15 , 2013 must now be registered . The deadline to register these weapons was on or before January 14 , 2014 . NYC requires registration and has additional restrictions such as they can not take a detachable magazine having a capacity greater than five rounds . Laws pertaining to the handling of rifles are in sharp contrast to those of handguns . For example , licensed carry of a handgun on one 's person allows the handgun to be fully loaded , including within an automobile , while visiting a place of business or while crossing a public road while hunting . A rifle or shotgun can not be kept loaded in any of the above circumstances except for a self - defense emergency . Antiques and replica handguns must be registered to be legally loaded and fired . Non-resident travel throughout the state ( edit ) State law provides restricted exceptions for interstate transportation of firearms by non-residents . Non-residents may transport any lawful firearm through the state to any place outside of it where an individual may lawfully possess and carry such firearm . The firearm must be unloaded while in transit within the state . The firearm and any ammunition for it must not be easily accessible by anyone in the vehicle 's driver or passenger area . For example , the gun and ammunition must be kept in the storage area of the vehicle , such as a car 's `` trunk . '' In vehicles without a storage area separate from the driver or passenger compartment , the firearm or ammunition shall be contained in a locked container other than the glove compartment or console . '' You may also transport a firearm for target competition purposes , `` by a person who is a member or coach of an accredited college or university target pistol team '' and `` while attending or traveling to or from , an organized competitive pistol match or league competition under auspices of , or approved by , the National Rifle Association and in which he is a competitor , within 48 hours of such event or by a person who is a non-resident of the state while attending or traveling to or from an organized match sanctioned by the International Handgun Metallic Silhouette Association and in which he is a competitor , within 48 hours of such event . '' Federal protections ( edit ) The state of New York is of particular concern to interstate motorists who travel with firearms because it separates all six New England states from the rest of the United States . This means that under the Firearm Owners Protection Act ( FOPA ) , all people traveling through the state with firearms are protected by federal law , however they must have their firearms unloaded and locked in a hard case where they are not readily accessible ( e.g. in the trunk of a vehicle ) . Even with federal protections for those who properly secure their firearms and ammunition while transiting through New York , some police agencies in New York ( notably the New York State Police and the New York Police Department ) do not recognize the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act , and may still detain or arrest travelers , and place such travelers in a situation where they have to reference FOPA as an affirmative defense to criminal charges in court proceedings . Miscellaneous laws ( edit ) Gun shows : New York requires anyone who buys a gun at a gun show to pass a background check . Youth and firearms : Youths between ages 14 and 21 may shoot a handgun at a range only if they are under the supervision of a military officer or licensed professional , have not been convicted of a felony , and do not seem to be a danger to themselves or others . State assault weapons ban : New York 's ban is one of the most restrictive in the country . Cross registration of handguns : Some counties limit who can register a handgun on their license , with some allowing cross registration of a handgun from any other licensee , to licensed family members only , to no handgun can be cross registered . State law does not address this issue . Sharing use of a handgun not listed on your license is only allowed at a certified range with the licensed handgun owner present . Examples of local laws : NYC , for example , limits the color of all guns and bans all BB guns , paintball guns and pellet guns . Yonkers requires a handgun license before one may ask for a license to own a BB or pellet handgun . Renewal fees : There are periodic renewal fees , including on restricted carry licenses , like NYC 's $340 for a three - year license . Nassau , Suffolk , Westchester and several other suburban counties allow a `` to and from the range only '' form of concealed carry . However this restriction carries no weight of law and penalties for violating such are administrative in nature and not criminal . `` A State can not impose a license , tax , or fee on a Constitutionally protected Right , '' see , Murdock v. Penn 319 US 105 ( 1942 ) ; Further , `` The SCOTUS has held that licensing and registration of any Constitutional Right is itself unconstitutional , '' 321 US 573 ( 1944 ) ( emphasis added for clarification ) . The Right to self - defense is a `` central component '' of the 2d Amendment , see , McDonald v. City of Chicago ( SC 2010 ) . The Right to `` keep and bear arms '' is both a `` fundamental '' and `` individual right '' and no State may abrogate these rights nor infringe upon them . California v. Ramos , 463US 992 , 1014 , 103 SCt 3446 , 77 Led 2d 1171 ( 1983 ) supra. , `` State Law can not reduce ... a State can not restrict the Right guaranteed in ' full incorporation ' and the Bill of Rights is binding on Government . '' McDonald , supra . Periodic renewal of licenses : Most counties in the state issue `` lifetime '' licenses . Elsewhere than in the City of New York and the counties of Nassau , Suffolk and Westchester , any license to carry or possess a pistol or revolver shall be in force and effect until revoked . Renewable licenses vary in cost and last from the 3 - year New York City license to five years in the other counties , with New York City 's license costing $340 every three years and by contrast , a renewal charge of $10.00 in Suffolk County every 5 years . NY SAFE Act ( edit ) Main article : NY SAFE Act In the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and the 2012 Webster , New York shooting , New York became the first U.S. state to enact stricter gun control laws when it passed the NY SAFE Act on January 15 , 2013 . New measures included the redefining of what is considered an assault weapon , assault weapon registration , prohibition of sales of assault weapons , the prevention of selling or passing on registered assault weapons to friends or family , reducing the maximum allowed magazine capacity from ten rounds to seven rounds , ( however part of the SAFE act was redacted in court to allow loading 10 rounds into your magazine ) background checks on almost all gun sales including private sales , background checks on all ammunition sales ( has yet to go into effect ) , additional requirements for reporting of persons with mental health issues , and increased penalties for certain gun crimes . The SAFE Act also includes provisions allowing law enforcement to pre-emptively seize a person 's firearms without a warrant or court order if they have probable cause that the person in question may be mentally unstable or intends to use the weapons to commit a crime . See also ( edit ) Law of New York NY SAFE Act Sullivan Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://codes.findlaw.com/ny/civil-rights-law/cvr-sect-4.html ^ Jump up to : `` Osterweil v. Bartlett . 999 N.E. 2d 516 . '' Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ NY Penal Code § 799.99 Definitions. ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ NY Penal Code § 265.02 Criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree . ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ NY Penal Code § 265.10 Manufacture , transport , disposition and defacement of weapons and dangerous instruments and appliances . ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives - State Laws and Published Ordinances - Firearms ^ Jump up to : Legal Community Against Violence - New York Laws , Policies , and Statistics ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA - Synopsis of New York Laws ^ Jump up to : `` NY SAFE Act : Rifles -- Banned Features '' ^ Jump up to : New York passes major gun control law -- first since Newtown massacre - NBCNews.com , January 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Article 400 - NYS Penal Law - Licensing Provisions Firearms '' . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYPD - Firearms Licenses '' . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Victory for Firearms Preemption in New York '' , The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Buffalo , NY Firearms , Arrows and Other Weapons '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` City of Rochester , NY Dangerous Articles '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` City of Albany , NY Firearms and Ammunition '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 New York Consolidated Laws : Article 39 - DDD -- ( 898 ) Private Sale or Disposal of Firearms , Rifles and Shotguns '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` LICENSING AND OTHER PROVISIONS RELATING TO FIREARMS '' . NY Penal Code Article 400 . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` States that Honor `` This '' State 's Permit / License '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Permits : FAQS '' . New York State Troopers . Jump up ^ N.Y. Const . art . IX , § 1 ( a ) & § 2 ( b ) ( 1 ) Archived 2010 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gun Laws NYC '' . NRA ILA . Jump up ^ `` Assault Weapons in New York '' . Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Article 265 Penal Law Firearms - Dangerous Weapons - NY Law '' . nypdcrime.com . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More parts of NY SAFE Act take effect '' . Oneida Daily Dispatch . March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shotguns : Banned Features '' ( PDF ) . safeact.ny.gov . Jump up ^ `` GPB_1_GUNS_BILL_LBD_12007_03_3 '' ( PDF ) . governor.ny.gov . Jump up ^ `` NY Gov. Cuomo Signs SAFE Act Exemption For Retired Cops '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gun Licensing FAQ Jump up ^ Bloomberg to Brooklyn : National Guard Not Allowed With Guns , Breitbart.com , Nov 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ dskriloff ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` NYSRPA files 2nd Amendment civil rights lawsuit against City of New York '' . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : New York City Administrative Code § 10 - 131 Firearms. ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ NYC Admin . Code § 10 - 131 ( g ) Jump up ^ Opinions of the State Attorney General : P : `` December 19 , 1977 ( informal No. 77 - 00 ) : Unloaded replica muzzle loading percussion pistols may be sold , purchased and possessed without a license . Simultaneous possession of these pistols and the necessary ammunition to discharge them requires a license . PL 265.00 ( 14 ) & ( 15 ) . '' Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 926A - Interstate transportation of firearms '' . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ NY Penal Code § 265.20 ( 12 ) & ( 13 ) . ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Title 18 USC § 926A Jump up ^ NY Penal Code § 265.20 ( 7 ) ( e ) . ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ NY Penal Code § 265.20 ( 7 ) ( a ) . ( 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : `` NYPD - Firearms Licenses '' . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ NY Penal Code § 400.00 ( 10 ) . ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Cuomo Signs NY SAFE Act : 13 Provisions Of The New Gun Control Law - Huffingtonpost.com , January 16 , 2013 ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_New_York&oldid=829992270 '' Categories : New York ( state ) law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing POV - check from November 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 01 : 51 . 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the blues verse (form) is usually how many measures long | Twelve - bar blues | twelve - bar blues | The twelve - bar blues or blues changes is one of the most prominent chord progressions in popular music . The blues progression has a distinctive form in lyrics , phrase , chord structure , and duration . In its basic form , it is predominantly based on the I , IV , and V chords of a key . | The blues can be played in any key . Mastery of the blues and rhythm changes are `` critical elements for building a jazz repertoire '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Variations 2 Lyrical patterns 3 Notes 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The most common or standard twelve - bar blues progressions variations , in C. ( Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 186 ) Play A ( help info ) , B ( help info ) , C ( help info ) , D ( help info ) , and E ( help info ) as boogie woogie basslines . For example , Robert Johnson 's `` Sweet Home Chicago '' ( 1936 ) uses A . In the key of C , one basic blues progression ( E from above ) is as follows . ( For the most commonly used patterns see the section `` Variations '' , below . ) See also : Popular music symbols or Different notations Chord Function Numerical Roman numeral Tonic Subdominant IV Dominant 5 V Chords may be also represented by a few different notation systems such as sheet music and electronic music . A basic example of the progression would look like this , using T to indicate the tonic , S for the subdominant , and D for the dominant , and representing one chord . In Roman numeral analysis the tonic is called the I , the sub-dominant the IV , and the dominant the V. ( These three chords are the basis of thousands of pop songs , which thus often have a blues sound even without using the classical twelve - bar form . ) Using said notations , the chord progression outlined above can be represented as follows . Functional notation : T Roman - numeral notation : I IV IV V V The first line takes four bars , as do the remaining two lines , for a total of twelve bars . However , the vocal or lead phrases , though they often come in threes , do not coincide with the above three lines or sections . This overlap between the grouping of the accompaniment and the vocal is part of what creates interest in the twelve bar blues . Variations ( edit ) `` W.C. Handy , ' the Father of the Blues ' , codified this blues form to help musicians communicate chord changes . '' Many variations are possible . The length of sections may be varied to create eight - bar blues or sixteen - bar blues . In the original form , the dominant chord continued through the tenth bar ; later on the V -- IV -- I -- I `` shuffle blues '' pattern became standard in the third set of four bars : I IV IV V IV Play ( help info ) The common quick to four or quick - change ( quick four ) variation uses the subdominant chord in the second bar : I IV IV IV V IV These variations are not mutually exclusive ; the rules for generating them may be combined with one another ( or with others not listed ) to generate more complex variations . Seventh chords are often used just before a change , and more changes can be added . A more complicated example might look like this , where `` 7 '' indicates a seventh chord : Using a seventh chord IV IV IV V IV V When the last bar contains the dominant , that bar may be called a turnaround ; otherwise the last four measures is the blues turnaround . Basic jazz blues progression IV IV IV IV III VI ii V III VI II V Play ( help info ) In jazz , twelve - bar blues progressions are expanded with moving substitutions and chordal variations . The cadence ( or last four measures ) uniquely leads to the root by perfect intervals of fourths . Bop V / ii cliché arpeggio , in second measure , upwards from third ( C ♯ ) to ninth ( B ♭ ) : A ( Spitzer 2001 , 62 ) the dominant of D minor ( ii in C major ) Play ( help info ) . The Bebop blues : Bebop blues IV IV ♯ IV V / ii ii V I V / ii ii7 V Play ( help info ) This progression is similar to Charlie Parker 's `` Now 's the Time '' , `` Billie 's Bounce '' , Sonny Rollins 's `` Tenor Madness '' , and many other bop tunes . `` It is a bop soloist 's cliche to arpeggiate this chord ( A ( V / ii = VI ) ) from the 3 up to the ♭ 9 . '' Minor blues ( Spitzer 2001 , p. 63 ) i i i i iv iv i i ♭ VI V i i Play ( help info ) There are also minor twelve - bar blues , such as John Coltrane 's `` Equinox '' and `` Mr. P.C. '' , and `` Why Do n't You Do Right ? '' , made famous by Lil Green with Big Bill Broonzy and then Peggy Lee with the Benny Goodman Orchestra . The chord on the fifth scale degree may be major ( V ) or minor ( v ) , in which case it fits a dorian scale along with the minor i and iv chords , creating a modal feeling . Major and minor can also be mixed together , a signature characteristic of the music of Charles Brown . While the blues is most often considered to be in sectional strophic form with a verse - chorus pattern , it may also be considered as an extension of the variational chaconne procedure . Van der Merwe ( 1989 ) considers it developed in part specifically from the American Gregory Walker , though the conventional account would consider hymns to have provided the repeating chord progression or harmonic formulae of the blues . Lyrical patterns ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The lyrics of most blues songs consist of verses of three lines , of which the first two are the same or vary slightly in wording , often with an interjection in the second line : I hate to see the evening sun go down , Yes , I hate to see that evening sun go down ' Cause it makes me think I 'm on my last go ' round -- W.C. Handy , `` St. Louis Blues '' However , many songs using the blues chord progression have lyrics that are not in the three - line form . For instance , `` I 'm Moving On '' has a verse in the first four bars and a chorus in the final eight bars : That big eight - wheeler rollin ' down the track Means your true lovin ' daddy ai n't comin ' back . I 'm movin ' on , I 'll soon be gone You were flyin ' too high for my little old sky So I 'm movin ' on . -- Hank Snow , I 'm Moving On Here is an example showing the twelve - bar blues pattern and how it fits with the lyrics of a given verse . One chord symbol is used per beat , with `` - '' representing the continuation of the previous chord : I - - - IV - - - I - - - I - - - Woke up this morning with an awful aching head IV - - - IV - - - I - - - I - - - Woke up this morning with an awful aching head V - - V IV - - IV I - - - I - VV My new man had left me , just a room and an empty bed . -- Bessie Smith , `` Empty Bed Blues '' Another example , `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( written and first recorded by Chuck Berry ) , applies a `` shuffle '' or `` light ' swing ' '' rhythm to one of the more common twelve - bar progressions : Line Pickup Measure 1 Measure 2 Measure 3 Measure 4 Deep B ♭ ( I ) down in Lou'siana , close to B ♭ ( I ) New Orleans , way B ♭ ( I ) back up in the woods among the B ♭ ( I ) evergreens , 2 There E ♭ ( IV ) stood a log cabin , made from E ♭ ( IV ) earth and wood , where B ♭ ( I ) lived a country boy named B ♭ ( I ) Johnny B. Goode . He F ( V ) never really learned to read or F ( V ) write too well , but he could B ♭ ( I ) play a guitar just like a - B ♭ ( I ) - ringin ' a bell . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas 2002 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker 2003 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Kernfeld 2007 Jump up ^ Fruteland ( 2002 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Tanner and Gerow 1984 , p. 37 , cited in Baker 2004 : `` This alteration ( V -- IV -- I rather than V -- V -- I ) is now considered standard . '' Jump up ^ National Guitar Workshop ( 2003 ) , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Spitzer ( 2001 , ) p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Spitzer ( 2001 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Perna , Alan di ( April , 1991 ) . `` Jazzin ' the Blues with Charles Brown '' , Musician : Issues 147 - 152 , p. 180 ; no . 150 , p. 80 . `` Brown alternates between an Fmin7 and a B7 . Minor to major , just like the man says . '' Amordian Press . Jump up ^ Middleton 1990 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Sources ( edit ) Benward , Bruce , and Marilyn Nadine Saker ( 2003 ) . Music : In Theory and Practice , Vol . I , seventh edition . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . Covach , John . `` Form in Rock Music : A Primer '' , in Stein , Deborah ( 2005 ) . Engaging Music : Essays in Music Analysis . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517010 - 5 . Doll , Christopher ( 2009 ) . `` Transformation in Rock Harmony : An Explanatory Strategy '' . Gamut ( 2 ) : 1 -- 44 . Jackson , Fruteland ( 2002 ) . Beginning Delta Blues Guitar . Alfred Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7390 - 3006 - 6 . Gerow , Maurice and Tanner , Paul ( 1984 ) . A Study of Jazz , Dubuque , Iowa : William C. Brown Publishers , p. 37 , cited in Baker , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . Greene , Ted ( 1971 / 1992 ) . Chord Chemistry : For Guitar . Alfred Music . ISBN 9781457455292 . Kernfeld , Barry , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Blues progression '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz ;. 2nd Edition . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . Middleton , Richard ( 1990 / 2002 ) . Studying Popular Music . Philadelphia : Open University Press . ISBN 0 - 335 - 15275 - 9 . National Guitar Workshop ( 2003 ) . Electric Bass for Guitarists . Alfred Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7390 - 3335 - 2 . Spitzer , Peter ( 2001 ) . Jazz Theory Handbook . Mel Bay . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7866 - 5328 - 7 . Thomas , John ( 2002 ) . Voice Leading for Guitar : Moving Through the Changes . Berklee Press . ISBN 0 - 634 - 01655 - 5 . van der Merwe , Peter ( 1989 ) . Origins of the Popular Style . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 316121 - 4 . Cited in Middleton ( 1990 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Axelsson , Lars ; Strängliden , Eddie , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Johnny B. Goode '' . 100 Lätta Låtar : Gitarr ( 100 Easy Songs : Guitar ) . 100 Lätta Låtar. 1 . Erhrlingförlagen AB . Arc Music Corp . ISBN 978 - 91 - 85662 - 11 - 1 . Shipton , Alyn ( 2007 ) . A New History of Jazz , 2nd . ed. , Continuum , pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 9780826429728 . External links ( edit ) Anonymous ( 8 - 14 - 08 ) . `` Blues Chord Progressions and Variations : Common variations in the twelve bar form '' , How to Play Blues Guitar.com . Blues Musical form Blue note Blues scale Call and response Eight - bar blues Musical improvisation Shuffles Traditional blues verses Twelve - bar blues Walking bass Origins Origins Spirituals Work songs American folk music Coon songs Typical instruments Acoustic guitar Electric guitar Resonator guitar Slide guitar Harmonica Blues harp Piano Bass guitar Upright bass Washtub bass Drums Regional styles British blues Canadian blues Chicago blues Delta blues Detroit blues Hill country blues Kansas City blues Louisiana blues New Orleans blues Memphis blues Piedmont blues St. Louis blues Swamp blues Texas blues West Coast blues Subgenres Boogie - woogie Classic female blues Country blues Electric blues Fife and drum blues Jump blues Piano blues Fusion genres Blues rock Gospel blues Punk blues Rhythm and blues Soul blues Related styles Blue grass Hokum Jazz Jug band Ragtime Rock and roll Lists Blues genres Blues musicians Blues musicians by genre Blues standards Blues festivals Book Portal Blues songs Chord progressions Terminology Bridge Cadence Changes Constant structure Double tonic Notation ( Roman - numeral ) Rewrite rules Turnaround By number of chords Three I -- IV -- V -- I ii -- V -- I turnaround V -- IV -- I turnaround ♭ VII -- V7 cadence Backdoor progression Eight - bar blues Twelve - bar blues ( `` Bird '' changes ) Sixteen - bar blues Passamezzo moderno Four 50s progression Andalusian cadence Folía vi -- ii -- V -- I Montgomery - Ward bridge Passamezzo antico I -- V -- vi -- IV Romanesca Tadd Dameron turnaround By name 50s Andalusian cadence Backdoor `` Bird '' changes Borrowed ( contrafact ) Circle Coltrane changes Omnibus Passamezzo antico Passamezzo moderno Ragtime `` Rhythm '' changes Stomp Tadd - Dameron Montgomery - Ward bridge Related Aeolian harmony Chaconne Ground bass ( Pachelbel 's Canon ) Irregular resolution List of chord progressions Jazz theory and improvisation Avoid note Backdoor progression Bar - line shift Bebop scale Bird changes Block chord Blue note Cadenza Call and response Chord - scale system Chordioid Coltrane changes Comping Constant structure Contrafact Electroacoustic improvisation Free improvisation List Groove Harmolodics Harmony Head Jam band Jam session Jazz chord So What Jazz improvisation Lead sheet Melodic pattern Outside Polyrhythm Rhythm changes Scale Swing Syncopation Turnaround ii - V-I Tadd Dameron Twelve - bar blues Upper structure Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve-bar_blues&oldid=811794059 '' Categories : Chord progressions Song forms Blues styles Jazz genres Blues music genres American styles of music Jazz terminology Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Frysk Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 00 : 55 . 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when do you have to identify a body | Body identification | body identification | Body identification is a subfield of forensic science wherein investigators need to identify a body . Forensic ( literally , `` for the courts '' ) purposes are served by rigorous scientific forensic identification techniques , but these are generally preceded by simply asking bystanders or other persons for the victim 's name . | If a body is not badly decomposed or damaged , two persons ( or one ) who knew the deceased well should visually confirm the identity . Authorities will also compare supportive documents such as driver 's license , passport , or other authoritative photo ID before accepting a personal identification with which to further their investigative and / or forensic purposes . Of course , any formal investigation should `` reality check '' additional forensic and scientific evidence to reinforce or question the supposed identity of the victim . Reliable identification becomes increasingly difficult as time passes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Military 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Military ( edit ) In many cases , people who have died while serving in military branches remain unidentified due to how long their remains went undiscovered or due to various other causes . If unidentified bodies of service people are returned to their country , formal treatment is required in respect for the decedent . In the United States , servicemen from each branch of the military supervise the delivery and other transportation of the remains . While under examination , the unidentified person is placed in a white sheet until they are identified . After the person 's body is identified , a funeral and burial takes place in accompaniment of members of the respective branch that the person served . See also ( edit ) Unidentified decedent Dump job Identification ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burnt Beyond Recognition coronerstories Jump up ^ Hallam , E. ; Hockey , J.L. ; Howarth , G. ( 1999 ) . Beyond the Body : Death and Social Identity . Routledge . p. 82 . ISBN 9780415182928 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ The Medical Times and Gazette. 2 . J. & A. Churchill. 1863 . p. 281 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Death Investigation - The Graveyard Shift '' . leelofland.com . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Wilcox , Charlotte ( 2000 ) . Mummies , Bones & Body Parts . Minneapolis , Minnesota : San Val , Incorporated . p. 48 . ISBN 0613438531 . External links ( edit ) `` '' Naming the Dead : The final stages of DVI `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 03 - 02 . ( 551 Kb ) The Police Association Journal , May 2009 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved 28 February 2011 `` Disaster Victim Identification '' INTERPOL `` '' Forensic Odontology `` '' ( PDF ) . ( hide ) Unidentified decedents Murder victims Battersea Mystery Thames Torso Murders of 1887 -- 89 The Unknown Woman Whitehall Mystery Little Lord Fauntleroy Brighton trunk murders Mad Butcher victims Bella in the Wych Elm Somerton Man Babes in the Wood Boy in the Box Kerry Babies case Little Miss Lake Panasoffkee Long Beach Jane Doe Lady of the Dunes Norfolk headless body Sumter County Does Woodlawn Jane Doe Beth Doe Perry County Jane Doe Santa Rosa Jane Doe Sahara Sue Orange Socks Eklutna Annie Arroyo Grande Jane Doe Walker County Jane Doe Harris County Does Buckskin Girl Princess Doe Delta Dawn St. Louis Jane Doe Newton County John Does Vernon County Jane Doe Redhead murders Bear Brook murders El Dorado Jane Doe Jacksonville Jane Doe Peaches Long Island serial killer victims Racine County Jane Doe Persian Princess Adam Salish Sea victims Lavender Doe Fond du Lac County Jane Doe Other Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Female Stranger L'Inconnue de la Seine Unidentified body on Christmas Island Little Miss Nobody Miss X Rock County John Doe Green Boots Lyle Stevik Tempe Girl Joseph Newton Chandler III Peter Bergmann Case Unnao dead bodies row Isdal Woman Lists List of unidentified decedents in the United States List of unidentified decedents in California List of unidentified murder victims in the United States List of unidentified murder victims in California List of unidentified murder victims in Texas List of unidentified murder victims in New York List of unidentified murder victims in Florida List of unidentified murder victims in Michigan List of unidentified murder victims in Pennsylvania Formerly unidentified Linda Agostini Karen Price Amber Creek April Lacy Barbara Ann Hackmann Taylor Reyna Marroquin George Robert Johnston Erica Green Wanda Jean Mays Sidney Leslie Goodwin Riley Ann Sawyers Tammy Vincent Atcel Olmedo Cynthia Gastelle Jon - Niece Jones Tina Marie Beebe Anjelica Castillo Kori Lamaster Michelle Garvey Barbara Precht Tammy Alexander Deanna Criswell Carol Cole Janice Marie Young Holly Glynn Brenda Gerow Martha Morrison David Stack Marilee Bruszer Bella Bond Erika Hill Jason Callahan Kerry Graham and Francine Trimble Reet Jurvetson Kimberly McLean David Lytton Jimmy Hendricks and Kim Mills Organizations The Doe Network National Missing and Unidentified Persons System FBI Victims Identification Project National Center for Missing and Exploited Children Parabon NanoLabs See also Body identification Unreported missing Declared death in absentia Murder conviction without a body Forensic facial reconstruction This forensics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This death - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Body_identification&oldid=766348560 '' Categories : Forensic anthropology Biometrics Forensics stubs Death stubs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2017 , at 18 : 08 . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20identification | 427 |
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when does god of war come out for pc | God of War is a third - person action - adventure game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world . | April 20 , 2018 | God of War ( 2018 video game ) | god of war ( 2018 video game ) | God of War is a third - person action - adventure game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world . | Described by creative director Cory Barlog as a reimagining of the franchise , a major gameplay change is that Kratos prominently uses a magical battle axe instead of his signature double - chained blades . God of War also uses an over-the - shoulder free camera , with the game in one shot , as opposed to the fixed cinematic camera of the previous entries . The game includes role - playing video game elements , and Kratos ' son Atreus provides assistance in combat . The majority of the original game 's development team worked on God of War and designed the game to be accessible and grounded . A separate short text - based game , God of War : A Call from the Wilds released in February 2018 , follows Atreus on his first adventure . God of War received universal acclaim from critics , being praised for its narrative , world design , art direction , graphics , characters , and combat system . It received perfect scores from multiple reviewers , making it the highest - rated game in the God of War series , as well the third highest - rated PS4 game , on Metacritic . The game performed well commercially , selling five million copies within a month of release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Development 3.1 Characterization 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 God of War : A Call from the Wilds 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 6.2 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay is vastly different from the previous installments , as it was rebuilt from the ground up . Although the previous main installment , Ascension ( 2013 ) , introduced multiplayer to the series , this installment is single - player - only . The game features a third - person , over-the - shoulder free camera , a departure from the previous installments , which featured a third - person , fixed cinematic camera ( with the exception of 2007 's 2D side - scroller Betrayal ) . Cinematographically , the game is presented in a continuous shot , with no camera cuts . The game is open , but it is not open - world . Due to it being open , players can fast travel to different locations through Mystic Gateways . As the ability to swim was cut from the game , players instead use a boat to traverse bodies of water . Just like previous entries , there are puzzles for players to solve to progress through parts of the game . Enemies in the game stem from Norse mythology , such as variants of trolls , ogres , dark elves and their king , wolves , wulvers , nightmares , draugrs , tatzelwurms , as well as Gullveig and the revenants , beings warped by seiðr magic , among other original creatures . Valkyries appear as optional boss battles , and players can free the dragons Fáfnir , Otr , and Reginn -- dwarfs that were turned into dragons -- in addition to battling a dragon called Hræzlyr . A major change is that Kratos no longer uses his signature double - chained blades , the Blades of Chaos , as his default weapon . Instead , he uses a magical battle axe , called the Leviathan Axe , which is infused with ice elemental magic . The axe can be thrown at enemies and magically summoned back to his hand ( similar to Thor 's hammer Mjölnir ) . Larger enemies have precision targets and throwing the axe at those targets stuns the enemy . The weapon can also be thrown at environmental objects to trigger a damaging explosion and it can freeze objects and some enemies in place for puzzle solving until the axe is summoned back to Kratos ' hand . The axe has standard light and heavy attacks , and over time , it can be upgraded with runes to allow for special runic attacks , with one slot being for a light runic attack and the other for heavy . This provides players with a variety of options to cater to their own play style . For example , one of the light runic attacks allows Kratos to charge the axe and let out a burst of energy and one of the heavy runic attacks allows Kratos to summon a swirling ice storm . Another new weapon that Kratos utilizes is the Guardian Shield . When not in use , it folds up and appears like armor on Kratos ' left forearm . When summoned , the shield can be used offensively and defensively , similar to the Golden Fleece in previous games . Kratos also utilizes hand - to - hand combat , a feature originally introduced in Ascension . The Blades of Chaos are acquired late into the game via a plot device and perform similarly as they did in previous installments , but can also be upgraded with light and heavy runic attacks . Pre-release gameplay screenshot of God of War , taken from the trailer shown at E3 2016 : Kratos ( center ) and his son Atreus ( right ) are battling a troll . Atreus can assist in combat , such as firing lightning arrows on the player 's command . Similar to previous games , there is a `` Rage '' ability called Spartan Rage . Like the previous versions , the Rage ability has a meter that gradually fills during combat . With this ability , Kratos uses powerful bare - handed attacks , as opposed to weapons , to greatly damage enemies . The game also features elements similar to role - playing video games ( RPGs ) . There are crafting resources for the player to find that allow them to create new or upgrade existing armor with better perks . Players will also accumulate a currency called Hacksilver , a key component in crafting and purchasing new items . Experience points ( XP ) are used for learning new combat skills . Throughout the game world , players find chests containing random items , such as Hacksilver and enchantments for improving armor and weapons , as well as two special items , Iðunn 's Apples and Horns of Blood Mead , which increase the maximum length of the health and rage meters , respectively . Quick time events have changed from previous games . Enemies display two meters above their heads , one for health and the other for stun . Filling up the stun meter helps to defeat more difficult enemies . When the stun meter is full , a grab - prompt will appear . Depending on the enemy , Kratos may rip it in half or grab them and throw them into other enemies , among other possible outcomes . Although the game is played entirely as Kratos , there are times when the player may choose to passively control Kratos ' son , Atreus . One button is dedicated to Atreus and its use depends on the context . For example , if the player needs assistance , they can look at an enemy , press the button , and Atreus will use his Talon Bow to shoot arrows at the enemy . The arrows have little effect on an enemy 's health , but do increase the stun meter . Over the course of the game , Atreus helps in combat , traversal , exploration , and puzzle - solving . When facing a large number of enemies , he distracts the weaker ones as Kratos fights the stronger ones . If too many enemies gang up on Atreus , he is knocked out for the remainder of that combat . Just like Kratos , Atreus acquires new skills , armor , special arrows , such as lightning arrows , as well as runic attacks for his Talon Bow , but it only has one slot instead of two . Atreus ' runic attacks summon different spectral animals with different abilities . For example , one summons a wolf that attacks enemies , while another summons the squirrel Ratatoskr that will dig up orbs to replenish Kratos ' health or rage meters . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) While the first seven games were loosely based on Greek mythology , this installment takes the series to Norse mythology , but predates the Vikings . Six of the nine realms of Norse mythology can be explored . The majority of the game takes place in the realm of Midgard , inhabited by humans and other creatures and is the same realm that the Greek world had existed in . As more creatures began appearing , many humans fled . Other realms visited as part of the story include Alfheim , the mystical home of the light and dark elves , Helheim , the icy land of the dead , and Jötunheim , the mountainous land of the giants . Other explorable realms include Niflheim , a realm of poisonous fog with a maze - like structure of rewards , and the fire realm Muspelheim , featuring the six Trials of Muspelheim ; completing each trial grants rewards and advances Kratos and Atreus closer to the top of a large volcano . Access to the other three realms -- Asgard , home of the Æsir gods , Vanaheim , home of the Vanir gods , and Svartalfheim , home of the dwarves -- have been blocked by the ruler of Asgard and the Æsir gods , Odin . At the center of the realms is the mythical tree Yggdrasil , which connects each realm together . Although each realm is a different world , they simultaneously exist in the same space . Travel to and from realms can be done by the use of the Bifröst from a root of Yggdrasil contained within a temple located at the center of the Lake of the Nine . The temple was created by the now dead Týr , a peaceful God of War who had traveled to other lands and learned about their mythologies ; Odin had him killed as he believed Týr was secretly aiding the giants and would try to overthrow him . Characters ( edit ) Main article : Characters of God of War The protagonists of the game are Kratos ( voiced by Christopher Judge ) and his young son Atreus ( Sunny Suljic ) . Kratos is a warrior originally from Sparta who became the Greek God of War and is the son of Zeus . After ending up in Midgard , he met his second and now deceased wife , Laufey ( addressed as Faye ) , and they bore their son , Atreus , who does not know about Kratos ' past or his divine nature , but can hear other beings ' thoughts . The main antagonist is the Æsir god Baldur ( Jeremy Davies ) , the brother of Thor , whose sons Modi and Magni ( Nolan North and Troy Baker , respectively ) assist Baldur . His parents are Odin and the Vanir god Freya ( Danielle Bisutti ) . Freya tried leaving Odin , as she did not truly love him , and Odin had her banished to Midgard , after which she became known as the Witch of the Woods . To protect her son from a prophecy that foretold his death , Freya cast a spell of immortality on Baldur , which also caused him to not feel pain or any feeling of pleasure , which he resented her for . The only thing that she could not prevent from breaking the spell was mistletoe , which she kept secret . Other characters include Mímir ( Alastair Duncan ) , who claims to be the smartest man alive , and the Huldra Brothers Brok ( Roger Craighead ) and Sindri ( Adam J. Harrington ) , a pair of dwarves who appear at various points in the world and assist Kratos and Atreus with forging new gear . Their weapons , including Thor 's hammer Mjölnir , were used by the Æsir gods and they also had forged Kratos ' Leviathan Axe , which originally belonged to Faye , who also gifted Kratos his Guardian Shield . The spirit of the Greek goddess Athena ( Carole Ruggier ) makes a cameo appearance , and Zeus ( Corey Burton ) appears as an illusion to Kratos in Helheim . Plot ( edit ) Many years have passed since Kratos took his vengeance against the Olympian gods , and he now lives with his young son Atreus in Midgard . The game opens following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , Faye , whose last wish was for her ashes to be spread at the highest peak of the nine realms . Before beginning their journey , Kratos is confronted by a mysterious man with godlike powers . After seemingly killing him , Kratos and Atreus set out on their journey . Reaching the Lake of the Nine , Kratos and Atreus encounter the friendly World Serpent , Jörmungandr . After running into impenetrable black mist which can only be extinguished with the Light of Alfheim , they receive aid from the Witch of the Woods to use the Bifröst in order to travel to Alfheim and secure the Light . Upon vanquishing the mist and reaching Midgard 's peak , they overhear a conversation between the mysterious man , revealed to be Baldur , his nephews Modi and Magni , and the imprisoned Mímir . After they leave , Kratos and Atreus confront Mímir , who reveals that their goal is actually in Jötunheim , but travel there has been blocked to keep out Odin and Thor . Mímir , however , knows another passage . He instructs Kratos to cut off his head and have it revived by the Witch of the Woods , revealed to be Freya . Kratos immediately distrusts her , but both Freya and Mímir warn him that he must tell Atreus about his true nature . Kratos , Atreus , and Mímir 's head journey to collect needed components to open Jötunheim 's portal when they are attacked by Modi and Magni . After Kratos kills Magni , Modi flees , but later returns and ambushes them . Atreus collapses ill , which Mímir and Freya explain is a mental contradiction of a god believing himself to be mortal . She tells Kratos that he must retrieve the heart of the Keeper of the Bridge of the Damned in Helheim , but his Leviathan Axe is useless there . Kratos then returns home to unearth his old weapons , the Blades of Chaos , and is haunted by Athena 's spirit , who goads him about his past . After retrieving the heart , he has a haunting vision of Zeus . Atreus is cured and Kratos tells him that he is a god . Atreus then becomes increasingly arrogant on their journey , and he murders a weakened Modi , despite Kratos ordering not to . At Midgard 's peak , they are ambushed by Baldur , resulting in Jötunheim 's portal being destroyed and the group falling into Helheim . Atreus makes amends with Kratos and they find out about Freya and Baldur 's familial relationship . Returning to Midgard , Mímir realizes there is another way to reach Jötunheim , but it requires recovering his missing eye . After obtaining it from Jörmungandr 's belly , who had inadvertently swallowed it when he ate a statue of Thor , they are attacked by Baldur again , but Freya intervenes in an attempt to protect her son . During the fight , Baldur is pierced by Atreus ' mistletoe arrow , breaking Freya 's spell on him . Baldur is defeated , and although Kratos gives him an opportunity to retreat , he instead attempts to strangle Freya , forcing Kratos to kill him . A grieving Freya swears revenge on Kratos and taunts him about hiding his true nature from Atreus . Kratos finally tells Atreus about his past and how he had killed his fellow Greek gods , including his father , Zeus . Atreus laments if patricide is all that gods are good for . Kratos tells Atreus that they should both learn from their experiences and not repeat the mistakes of their predecessors . A silent Freya leaves with Baldur 's corpse and Mímir hopefully suggests that she will eventually move on from the tragedy and that Kratos did the right thing . In Jötunheim , they find a temple with a mural depicting their adventures , showing that the giants had foreseen everything that would happen and vaguely foretold what was to come . In addition , they discover that Faye was a giant who decided to stay behind in Midgard , making Atreus part giant , part god , and part mortal . Their fight with Baldur was shown , revealing he was actually after Faye the whole time . It is also revealed that Atreus was named Loki by his mother . Wondering if Faye planned this in advance , Kratos and Atreus fulfill their promise and spread her ashes at the peak . Afterwards , Kratos reveals to Atreus that his given name was also the name of a compassionate Spartan comrade . When they return to Midgard , Mímir warns them that the three - year long Fimbulwinter has started , meaning Ragnarök is soon to follow , which was not supposed to occur for another hundred years . In the game 's secret ending , Kratos and Atreus return home and slumber . Atreus has a vision that at the end of Fimbulwinter , Thor will arrive at their home to confront them . Development ( edit ) At the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6 , 2014 , Santa Monica Studios 's creative director Cory Barlog confirmed that a new God of War was in very early development . He said that the game would not be a prequel , but it might be a reboot . In April 2016 , Polygon reported that concept art of the next installment had been leaked . The images showed Kratos in the world of Norse mythology ; a concept originally considered by series creator David Jaffe after Kratos eliminated the Greek gods . At the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , the next installment was officially announced with a gameplay demo and confirmed the concept art to be true . The demo showed a fully bearded Kratos with a son , and Kratos was teaching the boy how to hunt . The pair also battled a troll . The end of the demo showed the title God of War and confirmed it was in development for the PlayStation 4 . E3 also confirmed that Barlog had returned to the series as game director for the new installment . Barlog has been a major contributor in the development of the God of War series since the original installment in 2005 , with his prior most notable role being game director of God of War II ( 2007 ) . This new installment was his fifth God of War game . In naming the game , Barlog stated that it was deliberately titled God of War with no numeral or subtitle because although it is a continuation of the series , `` we are reimagining everything . '' Head of Santa Monica Studio Shannon Studstill and Barlog said that Sony Interactive Entertainment had to be convinced to do another God of War game as a lot of people at Sony wanted the series to `` sleep and rest '' due to the lackluster response of the previous game , Ascension . In explaining why Barlog was brought back , Studstill said that he knew the series very well , `` and bringing in someone that understands that history is the respect the franchise deserves . '' Barlog followed up and said that `` You got ta know the rules to break the rules . '' Series creator David Jaffe was also considered , but was unavailable . In explaining the transition from Greek mythology to Norse mythology , Barlog said : `` it 's kind of this BC -- AD change over kind of thing . We 're moving and starting from zero and kind of moving forward on that . '' Before settling on Norse mythology , Egyptian mythology was also considered . Barlog said that half of the team was for it , but since `` there 's a lot more about civilization - it 's less isolated , less barren '' , he had to make the decision and decided on the Norse setting because they wanted the focus to stay on Kratos : `` Having too much around distracts from that central theme of a stranger in a strange land . '' In explaining why Kratos was now in the Norse world , Barlog said that different cultures ' belief systems coexisted , but they were `` separated by geography '' , suggesting that Kratos traveled from Greece to Norway ( Scandinavia ) after the conclusion of God of War III ; in clarifying the conclusion of that game , Barlog said that Kratos did not destroy what was believed to be the entire world , but only the portion that was ruled over by the Greeks . Barlog said that the new game predates the Vikings ; it is the time in which their gods walked the Earth . It was also confirmed that this would not be Kratos ' last game . Barlog said that future games could see the series tackling Egyptian or Mayan mythology , and that although this game focuses on Norse mythology , it alludes to the fact that there are other mythologies co-existing in the world . Barlog also said that he liked the idea of having different directors for each game , seen throughout the first seven games , and although he may not direct another God of War , he would still be at Santa Monica to work on future games . Most of the development team that worked on the original God of War worked on the new installment . They claimed that they matched the new gameplay with the same level of accessibility as the previous installments . It was confirmed that the game would not feature any morality system or branching story ; all players have the same story experience . The developers also confirmed that some of the more controversial mini-games found in previous entries ( such as the sex mini-game ) would not return . Some gameplay characteristics found in the previous installments were cut , such as jumping , swimming , and instant - death platforming challenges ; these were cut due to the camera being closer to Kratos . Although the previous installment , Ascension , introduced multiplayer to the series , the team decided to drop the mode to focus on the single - player experience . In changing the gameplay , Studstill said `` I felt like , in order to reinvent , we really needed to turn a lot of things around . '' In regards to the camera change , Barlog said `` We wanted a much more intimate experience , a much more up close , and a much more player - controlled experience , so the camera really is a mechanic that ( we leaned ) into heavily for everything in the game . '' Explaining Kratos ' axe , lead gameplay designer Jason McDonald , who has worked on the series since the original game , said the axe was chosen because they wanted a more grounded direction for the game . Initially , they were unsure how to make it unique , like how the double - chained blades were . After they came up with the concept of throwing the axe and having it return to Kratos , `` things started to fall into place . '' McDonald said that combat with the axe is a little slower than what it was with the blades , `` but it 's just as fluid and just as brutal as it 's ever been . '' Barlog took inspiration from Dark Souls ( 2011 ) , which influenced the game 's combat system , particularly its gameplay loop and strategic decision - making , as well as the game 's approach to storytelling . In addition , designers Anthony Dimento and Luis Sanchez revealed how God of War 's level design and exploration was influenced by Bloodborne ( 2015 ) , as they wanted to `` just have the world breathe a little bit '' and expand upon player discovery by including `` micro-loops where you 're unlocking paths , unlocking shortcuts ... '' that gave purpose . The entire game was done in a single shot , as in no camera cuts , meaning there are no loading screens or fade - to - black between gameplay and cutscenes . The frame rate was confirmed as 30 frames per second , and the enemy count was increased to up to 100 enemies on - screen ; God of War III and Ascension could do up to 50 . Unlike the previous games , Santa Monica did not make a demo specifically for public release . Barlog explained that doing so would have delayed the game by a couple of months . He also confirmed that the game was built for the standard PlayStation 4 , but the game would `` benefit from the power '' of the PlayStation 4 Pro ; an updated version of the PlayStation 4 that can render games in 4K and was released a few months after God of War was announced . In late December 2016 , Barlog confirmed that the game was playable from start to finish . At the 2017 PlayStation Experience , Barlog said that the game 's story would take 25 - 35 hours to complete , which is significantly more than the previous four main installments , which each took an average of 10 hours to complete . At E3 2017 , a new trailer was shown featuring new gameplay , cinematics , and characters . In the trailer , Kratos was shown using a shield that he could use offensively and defensively . At one point in the trailer , Kratos finds a Greek vase with himself on it , wielding his infamous double - chained blades . During the trailer , an unnamed woman warns Kratos about the Norse gods , as they know what he did to the Greek gods , while a pair of wolves were also shown . The trailer ends with Kratos and Atreus encountering the World Serpent . Atreus was able to translate what it said , which was that it wanted to help the pair . It was confirmed that the game would release in early 2018 . Since E3 2017 until the game 's launch , Santa Monica included a section on the God of War website titled `` The Lost Pages '' , detailing some of the lore of God of War 's Nordic world . In January 2018 , the game 's release date was confirmed for April 20 , 2018 . A trailer was also released that showed that the character Mímir from the mythology would have a role in the game . On March 22 , God of War went gold . Characterization ( edit ) Christopher Judge does the voice and cinematic motion capture for Kratos in the game , replacing longstanding voice actor Terrence C. Carson , who had voiced Kratos since the original 2005 game , and also did the motion capture for him in 2013 's Ascension During early development , there was talk about having a different protagonist for the game , but it was decided to keep Kratos . Referencing the Nintendo character Mario and the Mario games , Barlog said that just like Mario , `` Kratos is intrinsically tied '' to the God of War series . In regards to the new changes , Barlog said that : I knew I did n't want to simply reboot the franchise , starting over with a retelling of the origin story . I wanted to reimagine the gameplay , give players a fresh perspective and a new tactile experience while delving deeper into the emotional journey of Kratos to explore the compelling drama that unfolds when an immortal demigod makes a decision to change . Barlog explained that Kratos had to change his cycle of violence and learn how to control his rage . He said that Kratos had made many bad decisions , which led to the destruction of Olympus , and wanted to know what would happen if Kratos made a good decision . The birth of Barlog 's own son influenced the idea of Kratos ' character change . The canceled live - action Star Wars television series was also an influence . The bond between Kratos and his son is at the heart of the game and Barlog said `` This game is about Kratos teaching his son how to be a god , and his son teaching Kratos how to be human again . '' Referencing the Marvel Comics character Hulk , Barlog said that in regards to Kratos , `` We 've already told the story of The Hulk . We want to tell the story of ( Bruce ) Banner now . '' One of their goals was to make Kratos `` a more nuanced and interesting character . '' In changing the narrative focus , Studstill said `` I think we inherently knew the franchise needed to evolve in that emotional beat and be something meatier for the older generation of gamers . '' Christopher Judge , best known as Teal'c from Stargate SG - 1 , replaced T.C. Carson as the voice of Kratos ; Carson had voiced Kratos since the original God of War . Commenting in response to the change , Carson said , `` Sony went in a new direction . '' Barlog explained that the way the previous games were made , they were able to have someone else do the motion capture instead of the voice actor . Although Carson had done the motion capture for Kratos in Ascension , Barlog said the actor change was made because of the type of camera work they wanted to do . For the new camera work , they needed someone who was closer to Kratos ' size to do the motion capture along with a child . Carson was unsuitable for this because he was much shorter than Kratos , who is over 6 - feet tall : `` Offsetting ( Carson 's height ) for the size of a child , it turned out it was going to be almost impossible to try and actually shoot them and go in and redo the animations . '' Judge was chosen because he was 6 - foot - 3 and had the body of a professional football player . He was also chosen because of the chemistry with his then - 10 - year - old co-star , Sunny Suljic , who plays Kratos ' son Atreus ; Suljic 's opinion was also sought in making the decision , and out of all the auditions , he liked Judge the most . The two bonded well , and Judge described his time with Suljic as time he had missed with his own children . In stepping into the role of Kratos , Judge took it as an opportunity to add something new to the character . He researched the character and Carson 's performance , but decided not to imitate it . Since Santa Monica were going in a new direction , he decided to start fresh and go from there . Judge was thrown off when he first read the script , stating it `` was a real script '' , and not just `` a way to get into battles . '' He said `` it was really this great story of this relationship and this crazy mythology . '' While Judge did all of Kratos ' motion capture for the cinematic scenes , stuntman Eric Jacobus did all of Kratos ' combat motion capture ; Jacobus was found by God of War 's animators on YouTube . Instead of going directly to Santa Monica to audition , Jacobus recorded an audition tape and they immediately hired him . During E3 2016 , GameSpot mistakenly reported that Kratos ' son 's name was Charlie , which Barlog laughingly denied . In January 2017 , after a fan downloaded the God of War overture and saw the track 's details that said `` An introduction to Kratos and Atreus '' , Barlog confirmed on Twitter that Atreus was in fact the son 's name . Barlog said that Atreus was unaware that Kratos was a demigod , and did not know about his past . They did not reveal details of Atreus ' mother prior to release due to her being a critical part of the story . Barlog stated that during gameplay , Atreus would be `` like magic , an additional combat resource , and ( the player is ) training him and teaching him . '' The developers stated that Atreus would not be a burden during gameplay . The team experimented with several different approaches for Atreus to ensure that he was an empowering presence . Barlog said he did not want the game to be an escort - mission where the A.I. caused a problem for the player . Their goal was for Atreus to enhance Kratos ' capabilities without Atreus becoming a liability . This resulted in the developers designating a command button for Atreus as well as for him to act freely . During combat , Atreus was also designed to call out enemy locations , as due to the camera being closer to Kratos , some enemies may be difficult for the player to see . Jason McDonald said it took a lot of iterations with the enemies and Atreus to make it all work together . Early in development , it was suggested for Atreus to be cut or to significantly minimize his role due to the many developmental challenges and financial expense . Barlog stated that the game could have worked without Atreus , but it would have been completely different , likening it to that of the 2013 film All Is Lost . Barlog said that with just Kratos , it would have been `` one character who talks to himself occasionally , but generally , it will be very silent and everyone will talk in old Norse , so that you wo n't understand anything anybody 's saying . '' After hearing Barlog 's case , Sony gave him the freedom to incorporate Atreus . Lead level designer Rob Davis also noted that with Atreus , it allowed for `` significant gameplay and storytelling opportunities that might not otherwise ( been ) possible . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Bear McCreary , best known for his work on television shows such as Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead , scored God of War and composed themes for the game . McCreary said that he was called into Santa Monica Studio in November 2014 to meet with music producers Peter Scaturro and Keith Leary to discuss `` a secret project '' ; McCreary had previously collaborated with Scaturro and Leary on 2011 's SOCOM 4 : U.S. Navy SEALs . Ideas of folk music , mythology , Nordic ethnic instruments , vocal writing , and classical thematic development were discussed , to which McCreary correctly guessed that the discussions were about a new God of War . He met with Barlog early on , and they discussed Barlog 's narrative vision for the game . After meeting with Barlog , he felt that the franchise was in good hands because God of War II , which Barlog also directed , was his favorite installment . McCreary 's initial efforts focused on writing the new main theme , or what he called the Kratos Theme . He spent several months working with Barlog , Scaturro , Leary , Sony music director Chuck Doud , and the rest of the development team in making this new theme . McCreary described the Kratos Theme as `` arguably one of my most structurally satisfying and catchy melodies . '' The main theme features low orchestral instruments , Icelandic choir , deep male vocals , powerful female vocals ( in particular Faroese singer Eivør Pálsdóttir ) , folk percussion , and Nordic stringed instruments , such as the nyckelharpa and hurdy gurdy . When it was decided that God of War would be revealed at E3 2016 , Sony wanted McCreary to perform his original score with a live orchestra at the press conference . McCreary opened the show with the new main theme before the unveiling of God of War , and performed the gameplay demo 's music live during the presentation . On January 13 , 2017 , a live recording from E3 2016 of God of War 's overture was released for free for a limited time . Barlog released the overture as a thank you to fans for God of War 's E3 2016 trailer reaching fifteen million views on YouTube . Release ( edit ) The game was released worldwide on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 . In addition to the standard base game , there were three special editions : the Stone Mason Edition , the Collector 's Edition , and the Digital Deluxe Edition . Only available in the United States and Canada , the Stone Mason Edition came with several physical items , including the base game in a SteelBook case , a 9 - inch ( 230 mm ) statue of Kratos and Atreus that was created by Gentle Giant , 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the Huldra Brothers , a horse , and a troll , an exclusive lithograph , a cloth map , a stone mason 's ring , and a keychain of Mímir 's head that talks . There was also various downloadable content ( DLC ) , including an exclusive shield skin , in addition to an armor set and another shield skin for Kratos , a PlayStation 4 dynamic theme , a digital artbook , and God of War # 0 by Dark Horse Comics . The Collector 's Edition came with many of the same items , minus the ring , the keychain , the 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) carvings of the horse and troll , and the exclusive shield skin . The Digital Deluxe Edition comes with all of the digital content , minus the exclusive shield skin . U.S. and Canadian customers also received a Kratos and Atreus pin for pre-ordering the Digital Deluxe Edition . Pre-orders at select retailers received three skins for Kratos ' shield , while pre-orders from GameStop or EB Games also received a `` Luck of Ages XP Talisman '' , granting increased XP gain , increased Hacksilver gain , and increased ability to trigger perks . In addition to the special editions of the game , a Limited Edition PlayStation 4 Pro bundle was also available the same day as the game 's release . The bundle included the standard base game , a PlayStation 4 Pro console decorated with the runes as on Kratos ' axe , and a similarly themed DualShock 4 controller with the God of War logo . Game Director Cory Barlog confirmed that God of War would not have microtransactions post-launch , a feature that has become prominent with other recent games and negatively criticized . Since launch , Santa Monica has supported the game via patch updates to address software bugs . Additionally , the developers added a Photo Mode in update patch 1.20 , released on May 9 , 2018 . Photo Mode allows players to take customized in - game screenshots . Players can adjust the field of view , depth of view , filters , borders , the visibility of characters , and the ability to change the facial expressions of Kratos and Atreus . God of War : a Call from the Wilds ( edit ) God of War : A Call from the Wilds is a text - based game playable through Facebook Messenger . To help further promote God of War , Sony partnered with Facebook to develop the play - by - web game , which released on February 1 , 2018 . Completing the game unlocks downloadable concept art . The short story follows Atreus on his first adventure in the Norse wilds . After archery training and learning runes with his mother , Atreus adventures into the wilderness after telepathically hearing the voice of a dying deer ; he finds it covered in blood and stays with it during its final moments . A couple of draugrs appear and Atreus attempts to fight them , but is injured . He is saved by his father , Kratos , who was out hunting . The two then battle a revenant before returning home . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 94 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Game Informer 9.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 The Guardian USgamer God of War received `` universal acclaim '' according to review aggregator Metacritic , tying it with the original God of War for the highest score in the franchise . It has the third highest score of all - time for a PlayStation 4 game , and the highest score for an original , non-remastered PlayStation 4 game . It is the highest rated PlayStation 4 game of 2018 , and is tied with the Xbox One version of Celeste for the highest score of 2018 , regardless of platform . God of War received particular praise for its art direction , graphics , combat system , music , story , use of Norse mythology , characters , and cinematic feeling . Critics called the game a `` technical achievement '' and one of the most impressive - looking games developed for consoles . Many also felt that it had successfully revitalized the series without losing the core identity of its predecessors . Sales ( edit ) During its release week in the UK , God of War became the fastest - selling entry in the franchise , selling 35 % more physical copies than God of War III . As of 21 May , 2018 , the game had remained at the top of the all format sales chart for five consecutive weeks , setting a record for a PlayStation 4 exclusive having the most consecutive weeks at number one . It sold 46,091 copies within its first week on sale in Japan , which placed it at number two on the sales chart . The game sold over 3 million copies in three days after its release , making it the fastest - selling PlayStation 4 exclusive . The game was the fastest selling game of the month of its release and contributed to the PS4 being the best selling console of that month . In total , the game sold over five million copies in its first month , with 2.1 million in digital sales . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref 2016 Game Critics Awards 2016 Special Commendation for Graphics Won IGN 's Best of E3 2016 Awards Game of the Show Nominated Best PlayStation 4 Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated The Game Awards 2016 Most Anticipated Game Nominated 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Most Anticipated Game Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colloquially referred to as God of War 4 and God of War PS4 Jump up ^ As depicted in God of War III ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skipper , Ben ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War 4 kicks off Sony E3 2016 press conference '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ; Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` God of War 4 PS4 trailers , release date , price , gameplay and everything we know so far '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Jayce ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` In The New ' God of War 4 ' Trailer , Kratos Is Old , Grizzled , And As Brutal As Ever '' . Digital Trends . Designtechnica Corp . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Does n't Include Multiplayer , Wo n't Be Kratos 's Last Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seeto , Damian ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War PS4 Wo n't Have A Multiplayer Mode '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Modern Media Group . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Set After Third Game , Wo n't Be Open World '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ; Crossley , Rob ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Revealed for PS4 at E3 2016 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bratt , Chris ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` God of War director explains why entire game has no camera cuts '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ; Hanson , Ben ( February 2 , 2018 ) . Answering God Of War 's Lingering Questions ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Rise Of The Draugr '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kulasingham , Gajan ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War - The Lost Pages Of Norse Myth : Manifestation Of The Revenant '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Henges , Elizabeth ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Latest God of War Podcast Episode Details the Origin of the Leviathan Axe '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 40 - 41 ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ; Fillari , Alessandro ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : New God Of War Trailer Released , Release Date Set For Early 2018 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War Made Me Care About The Series For The First Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Lillah , Sarmad ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Details on God of War PS4 Game ; Same Storyline But New Gameplay '' . SegmentNext.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Director on the Challenge of Making People Take Kratos Seriously '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , pp. 42 - 43 ^ Jump up to : De Meo , Francesco ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` God Of War Original Team Is Working On New Game , 100 Enemies On Screen Confirmed And More '' . WCCF Tech . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bratt , Chris ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War team considered setting the new game in Egypt '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Jason ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` God of War How to Unlock Realms '' . Game Revolution . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` New God of War in Development at Sony Santa Monica '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ; Good , Owen ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Rumored God of War concept art shows Kratos tackling Norse mythology '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ; Juba , Joe ; ( January 5 , 2018 ) . Exclusive God Of War Studio Visit Impressions ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War : Why Kratos Is in Norse Mythology Now '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ; Studstill , Shannon ( January 9 , 2018 ) . Norse and Beyond : Expanding God of War 's Mythology ( YouTube ) . Game Informer , GameStop . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Juba 2018 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how God of War is different with Kratos ax '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God of War 's New Combat System Explained '' . YouTube . PlayStation . March 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' It Has to Be Personal '' Says ' God of War ' Creative Director Cory Barlog `` . Rolling Stone . June 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' God of War ' Level Design Inspired by ' Bloodborne ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Treese , Tyler ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Designed for Standard PS4 , Wo n't Have a Demo '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cory Barlog ( @ corybarlog ) ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` oh we will benefit from the power of the Pro , for sure . You just dont need a pro to getthe experience we intend '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War PS4 Game Reaches `` Very Exciting Milestone '' `` . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Will Take 25 - 35 Hours To Complete '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Releases On April 20 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Has Gone Gold '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barlog , Cory ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : Santa Monica Studio 's New God of War on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` God of War director Cory Barlog says that Sony 's violent series is growing up with the industry '' . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Juba 2018 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Does Not Feature Original Kratos Voice Actor '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . 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( laughs ) Barlog : Charlie , right ? ( looks at Judge ) Did you leak that ? Judge : I did . ( laughs ) Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` God of War : Kratos ' Son 's Name Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 Almost Did n't Have One Of Its Best , Most Important Characters '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : New God of War Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCreary , Bear ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` God of War at E3 '' . BearMcCreary.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker , Sammy ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Download God of War 's Live E3 2016 Overture for Free '' . Push Square . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War PS4 's Collector 's Edition Revealed , Comes With An Epic Statue Of Kratos And More '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Out April 20 on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Dave ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Sony announce God of War PS4 Pro bundle '' . WholesGame . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knezevic , Kevin ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` God Of War Wo n't Have Microtransactions , Says Director '' . 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Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review : Out With The Old , In With The New '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Leon ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review : `` I do n't think it 's possible to overstate just how good this is '' `` . GamesRadar+ . Future plc . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryckert , Dan ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Keza ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review -- violent , vital and more brilliant than ever '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` God of War review '' . USgamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games of All Time '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best PlayStation 4 Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best Video Games for 2018 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God of War is already the biggest series launch in the UK '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK Sales Charts : God of War 's Reign Continues for Fifth Consecutive Week '' . Push Square . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Media Create Sales : 4 / 16 / 18 -- 4 / 22 / 18 '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ps4-outsells-xbox-one-and-switch-in-us-april-sales/1100-6459134/?utm_source=gamefaqs&utm_medium=partner&utm_content=news_module&utm_campaign=hub_platform Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/25/god-of-war-sales-top-5-million-in-the-first-month Jump up ^ https://www.vg247.com/2018/05/24/fortnite-god-of-war-april-digital-sales/ Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards -- Best of E3 2016 '' . Game Critics Awards . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IGN 's E3 Crew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephanny ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 GOTY nominees include : Wolfenstein 2 , Horizon : Zero Dawn , PUBG , Zelda : Breath of the Wild , more '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Juba , Joe ( February 2018 ) . `` Worshipping at New Altars : How Sony is Reinventing God of War '' . Game Informer . No. 298 . Minneapolis , Minnesota : GameStop . pp. 34 -- 45 . External links ( edit ) Official website God of War U.S. PlayStation website God of War on IMDb God of War Chamber Locations Guide 2010s portal Mythology portal Sony PlayStation portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal ( hide ) God of War series Main series God of War ( 2005 ) God of War II God of War III Ascension God of War ( 2018 ) Other games Betrayal Chains of Olympus Ghost of Sparta Universe Characters Kratos Comic series Collections See also Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny Mortal Kombat PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_War_(2018_video_game)&oldid=843493176 '' Categories : 2018 video games Action - adventure games God of War ( series ) PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation 4 - only games Single - player video games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Video game sequels Video games based on Norse mythology Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 14 : 13 . 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how big is 200 cm by 100 cm | Bed size | bed size | Standard bed sizes are based on standard mattress sizes , which vary from country to country . Bed sizes also vary according to the size and degree of ornamentation of the bed frame . Dimensions and names vary considerably around the world , with most countries having their own standards and terminology . In addition , two mattresses with the same nominal size may still have slightly different dimensions , due to manufacturing tolerances , amount of padding , and support type . In almost all territories , standard beds are rectangular but other shapes , notably circular , may be obtained by special order . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of common sizes 2 Canada and United States 2.1 Standard sizes 2.2 Other sizes 3 Europe 3.1 UK and Ireland 3.2 France 3.3 Italy 3.4 Northern Europe 3.5 Portugal 3.6 Spain 3.7 Switzerland 4 Oceania 4.1 Australia 4.2 New Zealand 5 Africa 5.1 South Africa 6 Asia 6.1 China 6.2 Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Table of common sizes ( edit ) See also : Bedding § Bedding sizes Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes . Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below . These dimensions are for the mattress -- actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress . Mattress thickness varies considerably . Mattress size ( width × length ) US and Canada Australia Ireland and UK New Zealand Continental Europe Scandinavia Japan China Thailand Singapore Brazil Small single or Cot 30 in × 75 in 76 cm × 191 cm 60 cm × 190 cm 24 in × 75 in 80 cm × 190 cm 31 in × 75 in 85 cm × 195 cm 33 in × 77 in 91 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in Single , Twin , or Bunk 38 in × 75 in 97 cm × 191 cm 92 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 190 cm 35 in × 75 in 91 cm × 188 cm 36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 200 cm 35 in × 79 in 90 cm × 200 cm 35 in × 79 in 97 cm × 195 cm 38 in × 77 in 106 cm × 188 cm 42 in × 74 in 107 cm × 198 cm 42 in × 78 in 91 cm × 191 cm 36 in × 75 in 88 cm x 188 cm 35 in x 74 in Twin extra long 38 in × 80 in 97 cm × 203 cm 91 cm × 203 cm 36 in × 80 in 90 cm × 210 cm 35 in × 83 in 97 cm × 205 cm 38 in × 81 in King single or Super single 107 cm × 203 cm 42 in × 80 in 107 cm × 203 cm 42 in × 80 in 120 cm × 200 cm 47 in × 79 in 110 cm × 195 cm 43 in × 77 in 107 cm × 191 cm 42 in × 75 in 96 cm x 203 cm 38 in x 80 in Small double or Three - quarter 48 in × 75 in 122 cm × 191 cm 120 cm × 190 cm 47 in × 75 in 140 cm × 200 cm 55 in × 79 in 122 cm × 195 cm 48 in × 77 in Full or Double 54 in × 75 in 137 cm × 191 cm 138 cm × 188 cm 54 in × 74 in 135 cm × 190 cm 53 in × 75 in 137 cm × 188 cm 54 in × 74 in 140 cm × 200 cm 55 in × 79 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 140 cm × 195 cm 55 in × 77 in 152 cm × 188 cm 60 in × 74 in 122 cm × 198 cm 48 in × 78 in 138 cm x 188 cm 54 in x 74 in Double extra long 54 in × 80 in 137 cm × 203 cm 140 cm × 205 cm 55 in × 81 in Queen 60 in × 80 in 152 cm × 203 cm 153 cm × 203 cm 60 in × 80 in 153 cm × 203 cm 60 in × 80 in 154 cm × 195 cm 61 in × 77 in 182 cm × 188 cm 72 in × 74 in 152 cm × 198 cm 60 in × 78 in 152 cm × 191 cm 60 in × 75 in 158 cm x 198 cm 62 in x 78 in Expanded , Super , or Olympic queen 66 in × 80 in 168 cm × 203 cm King 76 in × 80 in 193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in 198 cm square 183 cm × 203 cm 72 in × 80 in 152 cm × 198 cm 60 in × 78 in 167 cm × 203 cm 66 in × 80 in 160 cm × 200 cm 63 in × 79 in 170 cm × 195 cm 67 in × 77 in 182 cm × 212 cm 72 in × 83 in 183 cm × 198 cm 72 in × 78 in 183 cm × 191 cm 72 in × 75 in 193 cm x 203 cm 76 in x 80 in California king or King long 72 in × 84 in 183 cm × 213 cm 72 in × 84 in 183 cm × 213 cm 80 in × 80 in 203 cm × 203 cm 170 cm × 205 cm 67 in × 81 in Grand king , Super king , Athletic King or Texas king 80 in × 98 in 203 cm × 249 cm 203 cm × 203 cm 80 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 183 cm × 203 cm 72 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm 71 in × 79 in 194 cm × 205 cm 76 in × 81 in Canada and united states ( edit ) Standard North American sizes A pillowtop queen - size mattress . Standard sizes ( edit ) Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are : Twin or single 38 in × 75 in ( 97 cm × 191 cm ) It is common misconception that a single bed is sometimes smaller than a twin . Full / Double 54 in × 75 in ( 137 cm × 191 cm ) Queen 60 in × 80 in ( 152 cm × 203 cm ) King 76 in × 80 in ( 193 cm × 203 cm ) Foundation or box spring size can be of two single L or twin XL . California king 72 in × 84 in ( 183 cm × 213 cm ) Other sizes ( edit ) Single L or twin XL 39 in × 80 in ( 99 cm × 203 cm ) Three - quarters 48 in × 75 in ( 122 cm × 191 cm ) Full XL 54 in × 80 in ( 137 cm × 203 cm ) Texas ( or athletic ) king 80 in × 98 in ( 203 cm × 249 cm ) California queen waterbed insert Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame . Subtract 2.0 inches from California queen waterbed size . 58 in × 82 in ( 147 cm × 208 cm ) California king waterbed insert Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame . Subtract 2.0 inches from California king waterbed size . 70 in × 82 in ( 178 cm × 208 cm ) Europe ( edit ) UK and Ireland ( edit ) Most modern beds / mattresses available in the UK and Ireland are sold using metric dimensions , as required by law . The names of standard mattress sizes were , however , originally attributed to specific imperial dimensions which remain in common use as a point of reference . Size Notes Small Single 75 cm × 190 cm ( 30 in × 75 in ) Common UK size for hospitality ( zip & link ) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a short king bed . Equivalent to previous 2'6 '' x 6'3 '' Single 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) Also a standard hospitality sized twin bed in Ireland , two mattresses can be zip linked to make a short Superking bed . Equivalent to previous 3 ' x 6'3 '' European single 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) Small Double 120 cm × 190 cm ( 47 in × 75 in ) Equivalent to previous 4 ' x 6'3 '' Double 135 cm × 190 cm ( 53 in × 75 in ) Equivalent to previous 4'6 '' x 6'3 '' European Double 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) King 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) Equivalent to previous 5 ' x 6'6 '' European King 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) Superking 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) Equivalent to previous 6 ' x 6'6 '' Emperor 200 cm × 202 cm ( 79 in × 80 in ) Equivalent to previous 6'6 x 6'8 '' Large Emperor 215 cm × 217 cm ( 85 in × 85 in ) Equivalent to previous 7 ' x 7 ' It is worth noting that `` bed size '' in the UK generally refers to mattress size . This is because mattresses have a standard size grading , whereas bed frames do not . While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services , most mass - produced bed linens , bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above . A Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world . At 120cm in width , however , it is smaller than a UK double . Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress . France ( edit ) Single size beds are usually 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Most common sizes for double beds are : 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long 160 centimetres ( 63 in ) wide by 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) long 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) long ( less common , but increasing popularity ) . Due to the popularity of imported beds ( especially from IKEA ) , the 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) length is becoming more common . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in `` one place '' Standard sizes are : Una piazza or singolo ( `` single '' ) 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Una piazza e mezza ( 11⁄2 ) 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long . Due piazze or letto matrimoniale 160 centimetres ( 63 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long long Less common : Piazza francese or `` Piazza e Mezza francese '' 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long Due to the popularity of imported beds ( especially from IKEA ) , the 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) length is becoming more common . Northern europe ( edit ) These sizes are for Germany , Poland , Netherlands , Belgium , Norway , Sweden , Denmark , Iceland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania . There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations , but these are the most common sizes : Single : 80 cm × 190 cm ( 31 in × 75 in ) , traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany 90 cm × 190 cm ( 35 in × 75 in ) , traditional standard in Germany 75 cm × 200 cm ( 30 in × 79 in ) , standard in Norway 80 cm × 200 cm ( 31 in × 79 in ) , common variant in Finland 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , standard single bed in Denmark , Norway , Sweden and Germany . 90 cm × 210 cm ( 35 in × 83 in ) 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , common variant in The Netherlands 90 cm × 220 cm ( 35 in × 87 in ) , extra large variant in The Netherlands 100 cm × 200 cm ( 39 in × 79 in ) , now very common in Germany 105 cm × 200 cm ( 41 in × 79 in ) 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) Three - Quarter : 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , less common in Scandinavia 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) , very common three - quarters in Scandinavia Double : 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , referred to as a `` doubter '' in the Netherlands , somewhat common for younger people 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) , common 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) , very common , common variant in Finland 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) , very common double bed in current Danish , Swedish and Norwegian standards 180 cm × 210 cm ( 71 in × 83 in ) 200 cm × 200 cm ( 79 in × 79 in ) ( very wide ) Most beds are 200 cm ( 79 in ) cm long . Extra long beds are usually 220 cm ( 87 in ) , but they are rare . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are : Solteiro ( single ) 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) long ( can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long ) Casal ( double ) 140 centimetres ( 55 in ) wide by 190 centimetres ( 75 in ) , 195 or 200 cm long Queen Size 160 centimetres ( 63 in ) or 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long King Size 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) wide by 190 , 195 or 200 cm long Super King Size 200 centimetres ( 79 in ) wide by 200 cm long Spain ( edit ) In Spain the most common sizes are : 180 / 190 / 200 cm long 80 / 90 / 105 / 120 / 135 / 150 cm wide , the most common : `` Individual '' ( single ) = 90 cm wide `` Matrimonio '' ( marital ) = 135 / 150 cm wide Switzerland ( edit ) Single : 70 cm × 200 cm ( 28 in × 79 in ) , only used for double beds with two separate mattresses 80 cm × 200 cm ( 31 in × 79 in ) , only used for double beds with two separate mattresses 90 cm × 200 cm ( 35 in × 79 in ) , common single bed 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) , uncommon , mainly available as European - style futon beds that are sold with mattress , slats and frame 140 cm × 200 cm ( 55 in × 79 in ) , common , especially among young people Double : 160 cm × 200 cm ( 63 in × 79 in ) , common 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) , common 200 cm × 200 cm ( 79 in × 79 in ) , proposed when enough space is available Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in Australia Single 92cm x 188cm ( 36in x 74in ) Long Single 92cm x 204cm ( 36in x 80in ) Three - quarter ( obsolete , but still present ) 120 cm × 188 cm ( 47in x 74in ) King Single 107cm x 203cm ( 42in x 80in ) Double 138cm x 188cm ( 54in x 74in ) Queen 153cm x 203cm ( 60in x 80in - Same as American Queen ) King 183cm x 203cm ( 72in x 80in ) California King 183cm x 213cm ( 72in x 82in ) Super King 204 cm x 204cm ( 80in x 80in ) New Zealand ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand Single 91cm x 188cm Single XL 91cm x 203cm Three - quarter ( uncommon ) 120 cm × 188 cm King Single 107cm x 203cm Double 137cm x 188cm Queen 153cm x 203cm King 167cm x 203cm Super King 183cm x 203cm Californian King 203cm x 203cm Water Bed King 213cm x 203cm Africa ( edit ) South Africa ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in South Africa : Single 92 cm × 188 cm Three - quarter 107 cm × 188 cm Double 137 cm × 188 cm Queen 152 cm × 188 cm King 183 cm × 188 cm ( equals two single mattresses ) Beds are also available in extra length , which is 200 cm . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) In China , the regulation standard has following sizes available : Length : 1900 mm , 1950 mm , 2000 mm , 2100 mm ; Width : Single : 800 mm , 900 mm , 1000 mm , 1100 mm , 1200 mm ; Width : Double : 1350 mm , 1400 mm , 1500 mm , 1800 mm . In practice , bed sizes are usually categorized by the width . The length is typically two metres , but may vary . The most common sizes are : 1.2 m 120 cm × 200 cm ( 47 in × 79 in ) 1.5 m 150 cm × 200 cm ( 59 in × 79 in ) 1.8 m 180 cm × 200 cm ( 71 in × 79 in ) There are also extra size beds available , but they are less common . Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia ( edit ) The following bed sizes are available in Indonesia , Singapore , and Malaysia : Single 36 in × 75 in ( 91 cm x 191 cm ) Twin size 39 in × 75 in ( 99 cm × 191 cm ) Super single 42 in × 75 in ( 106 cm x 191 cm ) Queen ( double ) 60 in × 75 in ( 152 cm × 191 cm ) King ( double ) 72 in × 75 in ( 183 cm × 191 cm ) See also ( edit ) Design portal Infant bed Bed sheet References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mattress Sizes '' . Better Sleep . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Apodaca , Frank ( 25 March 2017 ) . `` Single vs Twin Bed Size '' . The Sleep Judge . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Auer , Joe ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` Mattress Sizes And Dimensions - A Comprehensive Overview '' . Mattress Clarity . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What size is a three - quarter bed ? '' . Reference . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buying guide : Choosing a mattress John Lewis Partnership Jump up ^ Buying guide : Choosing a small baby mattress ^ Jump up to : Bed buyer 's guide IKEA UK Jump up ^ `` Single Bed Size & Mattress Dimensions -- Standard '' . www.standardbedsizes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 中华 人民 共和国 轻工业 标准 QB / T1952. 2 -- 99 -- 弹 簧 软 床 垫 '' . 国家 轻工业 局. 1999 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Beds at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Mattresses at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Bedding Bed types ( Bed sizes ) Banig Bassinet Box - bed Bunk bed Cage bed Camp bed Canopy bed Couch bed Cradle ( bed ) Daybed Four - poster bed Futon Hammock Hospital bed Infant bed Kang bed - stove Lit a la turque Loft bed Charpai Murphy bed Petate Platform bed Sleigh bed Sofa bed Toddler bed Trundle bed Bed components Bed frame Bed sheet Bed skirt Cot side Footboard Headboard Mattresses Air mattress Featherbed Mattress pad Mattress protector Memory foam Orthopedic mattress Waterbed Bed bases Box - spring Bunkie board Blankets Afghan Comforter Duvet Duvet cover Electric blanket Hudson 's Bay point blanket Patchwork quilt Photo blanket Quilt Razai Security blanket Silk comforter Sleeping bag Pillows Acupressure pillow Bamboo wife Bolster Contour leg pillow Cushion Dakimakura Eye pillow Orthopedic pillow Phonetic pillow Sex pillow Speaker pillow Throw pillow Related items Bed warmer Couch Nightstand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bed_size&oldid=843636361 '' Categories : Beds Mattresses Mechanical standards Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2017 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2017 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 49 . 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is cn tower the tallest building in canada | CN Tower | cn tower | The CN Tower ( French : Tour CN ) is a 553.3 m - high ( 1,815.3 ft ) concrete communications and observation tower in downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Built on the former Railway Lands , it was completed in 1976 , and held the record for the world 's tallest free - standing structure for 32 years from 1975 -- 2007 and was the world 's tallest tower until 2009 being overtaken by Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower , respectively . It is now the third tallest tower in the world and remains the tallest free - standing structure in the Western Hemisphere , a signature icon of Toronto 's skyline , attracting more than two million international visitors annually . | Its name `` CN '' originally referred to Canadian National , the railway company that built the tower . Following the railway 's decision to divest non-core freight railway assets prior to the company 's privatization in 1995 , it transferred the tower to the Canada Lands Company , a federal Crown corporation responsible for real estate development . In 1995 , the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction 1.1. 1 Phases of construction 1.1. 2 Architects 1.2 Opening 2 Events 3 Structure 3.1 EdgeWalk 3.2 Falling ice danger 3.3 Safety features 4 Lighting 5 Height comparisons 5.1 Height distinction debate 5.1. 1 `` World 's Tallest Tower '' title 5.1. 2 Height records 6 Use 6.1 Television broadcasters 6.2 Radio 6.3 Cellular and paging providers 6.4 Communications 7 Mascot 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History The CN Tower illuminated , as seen from the Toronto Islands The idea of the CN Tower originated in 1968 when the Canadian National Railway wanted to build a large TV and radio communication platform to serve the Toronto area , as well as demonstrate the strength of Canadian industry and CN in particular . These plans evolved over the next few years , and the project became official in 1972 . The tower would have been part of Metro Centre ( see CityPlace ) , a large development south of Front Street on the Railway Lands , a large railway switching yard that was being made redundant by newer yards outside the city . Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer ; John Andrews Architects ; Webb , Zerafa , Menkes , Housden Architects ; Foundation Building Construction ; and Canron ( Eastern Structural Division ) . As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s , multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core , most notably First Canadian Place . The reflective nature of the new buildings compromised the quality of broadcast signals necessitating new , higher antennas that were at least 300 m ( 980 ft ) tall . At the time , most data communications took place over point - to - point microwave links , whose dish antennae covered the roofs of large buildings . As each new skyscraper was added to the downtown , former line - of - sight links were no longer possible . CN intended to rent `` hub '' space for microwave links , visible from almost any building in the Toronto area . The CN Tower can be seen from at least as far away as Kennedy Street in Aurora , Ontario , approximately 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the north , 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of Toronto , in Oshawa , and from several points on the south shore of Lake Ontario , 48 km ( 30 mi ) to the south in the U.S. state of New York . The original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical `` pillars '' linked at various heights by structural bridges . Had it been built , this design would have been considerably shorter , with the metal antenna located roughly where the concrete section between the main level and the SkyPod lies today . As the design effort continued , it evolved into the current design with a single continuous hexagonal core to the SkyPod , with three support legs blended into the hexagon below the main level , forming a large Y - shape structure at the ground level . The idea for the main level in its current form evolved around this time , but the Space Deck ( now named SkyPod ) was not part of the plans until some time later . One engineer in particular felt that visitors would feel the higher observation deck would be worth paying extra for , and the costs in terms of construction were not prohibitive . It was also some time around this point that it was realized that the tower could become the world 's tallest structure , and plans were changed to incorporate subtle modifications throughout the structure to this end . Construction Map showing the location of the CN Tower and nearby buildings and structures Construction on the CN Tower began on February 6 , 1973 , with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation . By the time the foundation was complete , 56,000 t ( 61,729 short tons ; 55,116 long tons ) of earth and shale were removed to a depth of 15 m ( 49.2 ft ) in the centre , and a base incorporating 7,000 m ( 9,156 cu yd ) of concrete with 450 t ( 496 short tons ; 443 long tons ) of rebar and 36 t ( 40 short tons ; 35 long tons ) of steel cable had been built to a thickness of 6.7 m ( 22.0 ft ) . This portion of the construction was fairly rapid , with only four months needed between the start and the foundation being ready for construction on top . To create the main support pillar , workers constructed a hydraulically raised slipform at the base . This was a fairly unprecedented engineering feat on its own , consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 m ( 19.7 ft ) per day as the concrete below set . Concrete was poured continuously by a team of 1,532 people until February 22 , 1974 , during which it had already become the tallest structure in Canada , surpassing the recently built Inco Superstack in Sudbury , which was built using similar methods . In total , the tower contains 40,500 m ( 52,972 cu yd ) of concrete , all of which was mixed on - site in order to ensure batch consistency . Through the pour , the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip form 's location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it , observed by small telescopes from the ground . Over the height of the tower , it varies from true vertical accuracy by only 29 mm ( 1.1 in ) . Skycrane `` Olga '' lifting antenna segment In August 1974 , construction of the main level commenced . Using 45 hydraulic jacks attached to cables strung from a temporary steel crown anchored to the top of the tower , twelve giant steel and wooden bracket forms were slowly raised , ultimately taking about a week to crawl up to their final position . These forms were used to create the brackets that support the main level , as well as a base for the construction of the main level itself . The Space Deck ( currently named SkyPod ) was built of concrete poured into a wooden frame attached to rebar at the lower level deck , and then reinforced with a large steel compression band around the outside . The antenna was originally to be raised by crane as well , but during construction the Sikorsky S - 64 Skycrane helicopter became available when the United States Army sold one to civilian operators . The helicopter , named `` Olga '' , was first used to remove the crane , and then flew the antenna up in 36 sections . The flights of the antenna pieces were a minor tourist attraction of their own , and the schedule was printed in the local newspapers . Use of the helicopter saved months of construction time , with this phase taking only three and a half weeks instead of the planned six months . The tower was topped - off on April 2 , 1975 , after 26 months of construction , officially capturing the height record from Moscow 's Ostankino Tower , and bringing the total mass to 118,000 t ( 130,073 short tons ; 116,136 long tons ) . Two years into the construction , plans for Metro Centre were scrapped , leaving the tower isolated on the Railway Lands in what was then a largely abandoned light - industrial space . This caused serious problems for tourists to access the tower . Ned Baldwin , project architect with John Andrews , wrote at the time that `` All of the logic which dictated the design of the lower accommodation has been upset , '' and that `` Under such ludicrous circumstances Canadian National would hardly have chosen this location to build . '' Phases of construction Constructing the base , July 1973 Brackets being raised , August 1974 Helicopter lifting part of antenna , March 1975 Main pod construction , April 1975 Nearing completion , December 1975 Two months after opening , August 1976 Architects WZMH Architects John Hamilton Andrews Webb Zerafa Menkes Housden with the help of E.R. Baldwin Opening View of Toronto 's Financial District from the CN Tower in 2008 The CN Tower opened to the public on June 26 , 1976 . The construction costs of approximately CA $ 63 million ( $260 million in 2016 dollars ) were repaid in fifteen years . Canadian National Railway sold the tower prior to taking the company private in 1995 , when it decided to divest all operations not directly related to its core freight shipping businesses . From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s , the CN Tower was practically the only development along Front Street West ; it was still possible to see Lake Ontario from the foot of the CN Tower due to the expansive parking lots and lack of development in the area at the time . As the area around the tower was developed , particularly with the completion of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in 1984 and the SkyDome in 1989 ( renamed Rogers Centre in 2005 ) , the former Railway Lands were redeveloped and the tower became the centre of a newly developing entertainment area . Access was greatly improved with the construction of the SkyWalk in 1989 , which connected the tower and SkyDome to the nearby Union Station railway and subway station , and , in turn , to the city 's PATH underground pedestrian system . By the mid-1990s , it was the centre of a thriving tourist district . The entire area continues to be an area of intense building , notably a boom in condominium construction in the first two decades of the 21st century , as well as the 2013 opening of the Ripley 's Aquarium by the base of the tower . Events Fireworks display on the CN Tower during the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games . While still under construction , the CN Tower officially became the world 's tallest free - standing structure on March 31 , 1975 . When the CN Tower opened in 1976 , there were three public observation points : the SkyPod ( then known as the Space Deck ) that stands at 447 m ( 1,467 ft ) , the Indoor Observation Level ( later named Indoor Lookout Level ) at 346 m ( 1,135 ft ) , and the Outdoor Observation Terrace ( at the same level as the Glass Floor ) at 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) . One floor above the Indoor Observation Level was the Top of Toronto Restaurant , which completed a revolution once every 90 minutes . Stuntman Dar Robinson jumped off of the CN Tower on two occasions in 1979 and 1980 . The first was for a scene from the movie Highpoint , in which Robinson received $250,000 for the stunt . The second was for a personal documentary . Both stunts used a wire decelerator attached to his back . On June 26 , 1986 , the ten - year anniversary of the tower 's opening , high - rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin , in a sponsored publicity event , used his hands and feet to climb the outside of the tower , a feat he performed twice on the same day . Following both ascents , he used multiple rappels to descend to the ground . The Glass Floor , at an elevation of 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) , opened to the public on June 26 , 1994 . From 1997 to January 2004 , TrizecHahn Corporation managed the tower and instituted several expansion projects including a C $ 26 million entertainment expansion and revitalization that included the 1997 addition of two new elevators ( to a total of six ) and the consequential relocation of the staircase from the north side leg to inside the core of the building , a conversion that also added nine stairs to the climb . TrizecHahn also owned the Willis Tower ( Sears Tower at the time ) in Chicago approximately at the same time . In 2007 , light - emitting diode ( LED ) lights replaced the incandescent lights that lit the CN Tower at night , the reason cited that LED lights are more cost and energy efficient than the incandescent lights . The colour of the LED lights can change , compared to the constant white colour of the incandescent lights . On September 12 , 2007 , Burj Khalifa , then under construction , surpassed the CN Tower as the world 's tallest free - standing structure . In 2008 , glass panels were installed in one of the CN Tower elevators , which established a world record ( 346 m ) for highest glass floor panelled elevator in the world . The CN Tower was closed during the G20 summit on June 26 -- 27 , 2010 , for security reasons , given its proximity to the Metro Toronto Convention Centre . In 2011 , EdgeWalk ( where at an elevation of 356 metres ( 1,168 ft ) , visitors tethered to an overhead rail system can walk on the roof of the main pod ) opened to the public . On July 10 , 2015 , the CN Tower was incorporated into the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games . A pre-recorded segment featured Bruny Surin passing the flame to Donovan Bailey on the EdgeWalk and parachuting into Rogers Centre . A fireworks display off the tower served as the ceremony 's finale . On July 1 , 2017 , as part of the nationwide celebrations for Canada 150 , fireworks were once again shot from the tower , in a five - minute display coordinated with the tower lights and music broadcast on a local radio station . Structure Play media Elevator going up Play media View from 360 Restaurant The CN Tower consists of several substructures . The main portion of the tower is a hollow concrete hexagonal pillar containing the stairwells and power and plumbing connections . The Tower 's six elevators are located in the three inverted angles created by the Tower 's hexagonal shape ( two elevators per angle ) . Each of the three elevator shafts is lined with glass , allowing for views of the city as the glass - windowed elevators make their way through the Tower . The stairwell was originally located in one of these angles ( the one facing north ) , but was moved into the central hollow of the Tower ; the Tower 's new fifth and sixth elevators were placed in the hexagonal angle that once contained the stairwell . On top of the main concrete portion of the Tower is a 102 - metre ( 334.6 ft ) tall metal broadcast antenna , carrying TV and radio signals . There are three visitor areas : the Glass Floor and Outdoor Observation Terrace which are both located at an elevation of 342 metres ( 1,122 ft ) , the Indoor Lookout Level ( formerly known as `` Indoor Observation Level '' ) located at 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) , and the higher SkyPod ( formerly known as `` Space Deck '' ) at 446.5 metres ( 1,465 ft ) , just below the metal antenna . The hexagonal shape can be seen between the two areas ; however , below the main deck , three large supporting legs give the tower the appearance of a large tripod . The main deck level is seven storeys , some of which are open to the public . Below the public areas -- at 338 m ( 1,108.9 ft ) -- is a large white donut - shaped radome containing the structure 's microwave receivers . The glass floor and outdoor observation deck are at 342 metres ( 1,122.0 ft ) . The glass floor has an area of 24 m ( 258 sq ft ) and can withstand a pressure of 4,100 kilopascals ( 595 psi ) . The floor 's thermal glass units are 64 mm ( 2.5 in ) thick , consisting of a pane of 25 - millimetre ( 1.0 in ) laminated glass , 25 mm ( 1.0 in ) airspace and a pane of 13 mm ( 0.5 in ) laminated glass . Some people experience acrophobia when standing on the glass floor and looking down at the ground 342 m ( 1,122.0 ft ) below . In 2008 , one elevator was upgraded to add a glass floor panel , believed to have the highest vertical rise of any elevator equipped with this feature . The Horizons Cafe and the lookout level are at 346 metres ( 1,135.2 ft ) . The 360 Restaurant , a revolving restaurant that completes a full rotation once every 72 minutes , is at 351 m ( 1,151.6 ft ) . When the tower first opened , it also featured a disco named Sparkles ( at the Indoor Observation Level ) , billed as the highest disco and dance floor in the world . The SkyPod was once the highest public observation deck in the world until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center in 2008 . A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps , and the SkyPod 100 m ( 328 ft ) above after 2,579 steps ; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth . These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public , except for two times per year for charity stair - climb events . The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome , but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy , an Ontario Provincial Police officer . In 2002 , Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair . The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower ( facing north ) , with a glass view , but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core . Top climbs on the new , windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes . Inside 360 Restaurant Main Pod Cross-section of Main Pod Standing on glass floor View though glass floor EdgeWalk The EdgeWalk On August 1 , 2011 , the CN Tower opened the EdgeWalk , an amusement in which thrill - seekers can walk on and around the roof of the main pod of the tower at 356 m ( 1,168.0 ft ) , which is directly above the 360 Restaurant . It is the world 's highest full - circle , hands - free walk . Visitors are tethered to an overhead rail system and walk around the edge of the CN Tower 's main pod above the 360 Restaurant on a 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) metal floor . The attraction is closed throughout the winter season and during periods of electrical storms and high winds . One of the notable guests who visited EdgeWalk includes comedian Rick Mercer , as featured on his CBC Television show , Rick Mercer Report . He was accompanied by pop singer Jann Arden . Falling ice danger Looking east at the CN Tower from the Gardiner Expressway A freezing rain storm on March 2 , 2007 , resulted in a layer of ice several centimetres thick forming on the side of the tower and other downtown buildings . The sun thawed the ice , and winds of up to 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) blew some of it away from the structure . There were fears that cars and windows of nearby buildings would be smashed by large chunks of ice . In response , police closed some streets surrounding the tower . During morning rush hour on March 5 of the same year , police expanded the area of closed streets to include the Gardiner Expressway 310 metres ( 1,017 ft ) away from the tower , as increased winds blew the ice farther away , as far north as King Street , 490 m ( 1,608 ft ) away , where a taxicab window was shattered . Subsequently , on March 6 , 2007 , the Gardiner Expressway reopened after winds abated . Safety features In August 2000 , a fire broke out at the Ostankino Tower in Moscow killing three people and causing extensive damage . The fire was blamed on poor maintenance and outdated equipment . The failure of the fire - suppression systems and the lack of proper equipment for firefighters allowed the fire to destroy most of the interior and spark fears the tower might even collapse . The Ostankino Tower was completed nine years before the CN Tower , and is only 13 m ( 43 ft ) shorter . The parallels between the towers led to some concern that the CN Tower could be at risk of a similar tragedy . However , Canadian officials subsequently stated that it is `` highly unlikely '' that a similar disaster could occur at the CN Tower , as it has important safeguards that were not present in the Ostankino Tower . Specifically , officials cited : the fireproof building materials used in the tower 's construction , frequent and stringent safety inspections , an extensive sprinkler system , a 24 - hour emergency monitoring operation , two 68,160 - litre ( 15,000 - imperial gallon ; 18,006 - US gallon ) water reservoirs at the top , which are automatically replenished , a fire hose at the base of the structure capable of sending 2725 litres ( 600 imperial gallons ; 720 US Gallon ) a minute to any location in the tower , a ban on natural gas appliances anywhere in the tower ( including the restaurant in the main pod ) , an elevator that can be used during a fire as it runs up the outside of the building and can be powered by three emergency generators at the base of the structure ( unlike the elevator at the Ostankino Tower , which malfunctioned ) . Officials also noted that the CN Tower has an excellent safety record , although there was an electrical fire in the antennae on August 16 , 2017 -- the tower 's first fire . Moreover , other supertall structures built between 1967 and 1976 -- such as the Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) , the World Trade Center ( until its destruction on September 11 , 2001 ) , the Fernsehturm Berlin , the Aon Center , the John Hancock Center , and First Canadian Place -- also have excellent safety records , which suggests that the Ostankino Tower accident was a rare safety failure , and that the likelihood of similar events occurring at other supertall structures is extremely low . Panoramic view from the CN Tower . The Toronto Islands and the island airport on Lake Ontario are visible on the left side of the image while buildings of Toronto 's Financial District are visible on the right . Lighting The CN Tower illuminated in the colours of the French flag in memoriam to the November 2015 Paris attacks The CN Tower was originally lit at night with incandescent lights , which were removed in 1997 , because they were inefficient and expensive to repair . In June 2007 , the tower was outfitted with 1,330 super-bright LED lights inside the elevator shafts , shooting over the main pod and upward to the top of the tower 's mast to light the tower from dusk until 2 a.m. The official opening ceremony took place on June 28 before the Canada Day holiday weekend . The tower changes its lighting scheme on holidays and to commemorate major events . After the 95th Grey Cup in Toronto , the tower was lit in green and white to represent the colours of the Grey Cup champion Saskatchewan Roughriders . From sundown on August 27 , 2011 , to sunrise the following day , the tower was lit in orange , the official colour of the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , to commemorate the death of federal NDP leader and leader of the official opposition Jack Layton . When former South African president Nelson Mandela died , the tower was lit in the colours of the South African flag . When former federal finance minister under Stephen Harper 's Conservatives Jim Flaherty died , the tower was lit in green to reflect his Irish Canadian heritage . On the night of the attacks on Paris on November 13 , 2015 , the tower displayed the colours of the French flag . Programmed from a desktop computer with a wireless network interface controller in Burlington , Ontario , the LEDs use less energy to light than the previous incandescent lights ( 10 % less energy than the dimly lit version and 60 % less than the brightly lit version ) . The estimated cost to use the LEDs is $1,000 per month . During the spring and autumn bird migration seasons , the lights would be turned off to comply with the voluntary Fatal Light Awareness Program , which `` encourages buildings to dim unnecessary exterior lighting to mitigate bird mortality during spring and summer migration . '' Date Colour Occasion Ongoing Red and White Top of the hour CN Tower light show January 26 Light Blue and Yellow World Alzheimer Day February 4 Orange and Blue World Cancer Day February 14 Red Valentine 's Day March 17 Green Saint Patrick 's Day March 21 -- June 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during spring bird migration September 23 -- December 20 Decreased Lighting Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during autumn bird migration December Red and Green Season 's Greetings December 1 Red World AIDS Day December 6 Purple White Ribbon Day December 10 Yellow Human Rights Day December 21 Blue and White First Day of Winter December 31 Countdown to 2018 and Light Show New Year 's Eve Height comparisons CN Tower as seen from its base . Burj Khalifa , Dubai CN Tower , Toronto Willis Tower , Chicago Comparison of the CN Tower with the world 's seven tallest towers The CN Tower is the tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere . As of 2013 , there are only two other freestanding structures in the Western Hemisphere which exceed 500 m ( 1,640.4 ft ) in height ; the Willis Tower in Chicago , which stands at 527 m ( 1,729.0 ft ) when measured to its pinnacle ; and the topped - out One World Trade Center in New York City , which has a pinnacle height of 541.33 m ( 1,776.0 ft ) , or approximately 12 m ( 39.4 ft ) shorter than the CN Tower . Due to the symbolism of the number 1776 ( the year of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence ) , the height of One World Trade Center is unlikely to be increased . The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower , but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession , and was eventually cancelled in 2010 . Height distinction debate `` World 's tallest Tower '' title Guinness World Records has called the CN Tower `` the world 's tallest self - supporting tower '' and `` the world 's tallest free - standing tower '' . Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading `` tallest building '' at least once , it has also listed it under `` tallest tower '' , omitting it from its list of `` tallest buildings . '' In 1996 , Guinness changed the tower 's classification to `` World 's Tallest Building and Freestanding Structure '' . Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat both listed the CN Tower as the world 's tallest free - standing structure on land , and specifically state that the CN Tower is not a true building , thereby awarding the title of world 's tallest building to Taipei 101 , which is 44 metres ( 144 ft ) shorter than the CN Tower . The issue of what was tallest became moot when Burj Khalifa , then under construction , exceeded the height of the CN Tower in 2007 ( see below ) . Although the CN Tower contains a restaurant , a gift shop and multiple observation levels , it does not have floors continuously from the ground , and therefore it is not considered a building by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) or Emporis . CTBUH defines a building as `` a structure that is designed for residential , business , or manufacturing purposes . An essential characteristic of a building is that it has floors . '' The CN Tower and other similar structures -- such as the Ostankino Tower in Moscow , Russia ; the Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai , China ; the Stratosphere Tower in Las Vegas , Nevada , USA ; and the Eiffel Tower in Paris , France -- are categorized as `` towers '' , which are free - standing structures that may have observation decks and a few other habitable levels , but do not have floors from the ground up . The CN Tower was the tallest tower by this definition , until 2010 ( see below ) . Taller than the CN Tower are numerous radio masts and towers , which are held in place by guy - wires , the tallest being the KVLY - TV mast in Blanchard , North Dakota , USA at 628 metres ( 2,060 ft ) tall , leading to a distinction between these and `` free - standing '' structures . Additionally , the Petronius Platform stands 610 metres ( 2,001 ft ) above its base on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico , but only the top 75 metres ( 246 ft ) of this oil and natural gas platform are above water , and the structure is thus partially supported by its buoyancy . Like the CN Tower , none of these taller structures are commonly considered buildings . On September 12 , 2007 , Burj Khalifa , which is a hotel , residential and commercial building in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , and was formerly known as Burj Dubai before opening , passed the CN Tower 's 553.33 - metre height . The CN Tower held the record of tallest free - standing structure on land for over 30 years . After Burj Khalifa had been formally recognized by the Guinness World Records as the world 's tallest freestanding structure , Guinness re-certified CN Tower as the world 's tallest freestanding tower . The tower definition used by Guinness was defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as ' a building in which less than 50 % of the construction is usable floor space ' . Guinness World Records editor - in - chief Craig Glenday announced that Burj Khalifa was not classified as a tower because it has too much usable floor space to be considered to be a tower . CN Tower still held world records for highest above ground wine cellar ( in 360 Restaurant ) at 351 metres , highest above ground restaurant at 346 metres ( Horizons Restaurant ) , and tallest free - standing concrete tower during Guinness 's recertification . The CN Tower was surpassed in 2009 by the Canton Tower in Guangzhou , China , which stands at 604 metres ( 1,982 ft ) tall , as the world 's tallest tower ; which in turn was surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree in 2011 , which currently is the tallest tower at 634.0 metres ( 2,080.1 ft ) in height . The CN Tower , as of 2017 , stands as the eighth - tallest free - standing structure on land in the world and the third - tallest free - standing tower . Height records The CN Tower as seen from the interior of the Rogers Centre stadium Since the construction of the tower had been completed , it has gained the following world height records : Record Owner Value Time period Succeeded by World 's tallest free - standing structure CN Tower 553.33 metres ( 1,815.4 ft ) March 31 , 1975 to September 12 , 2007 Burj Khalifa World 's tallest tower CN Tower 553.33 metres ( 1,815.4 ft ) 1975 to 2009 Canton Tower World 's highest public observation gallery SkyPod 447 metres ( 1,467 ft ) World 's highest glass floor paneled elevator CN Tower 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) 2008 to present -- World 's longest metal staircase CN Tower 2,579 steps World 's highest glass floor CN Tower 342 metres ( 1,122 ft ) 2008 to July 2 , 2009 Willis Tower World 's highest and largest revolving restaurant 360 Restaurant 351 metres ( 1,152 ft ) World 's highest bar Horizons Restaurant 346 metres ( 1,135 ft ) September 21 , 2009 to present -- World 's highest wine cellar 360 Restaurant 351 metres ( 1,152 ft ) Use This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) Main Pod and broadcast antennas The CN Tower has been and continues to be used as a communications tower for a number of different media and by numerous companies . Television broadcasters VHF UHF Virtual Callsign Affiliation Branding 9 -- 9.1 CFTO - DT CTV CTV Toronto -- 19 19.1 CICA - DT TVOntario TVO -- 20 5.1 CBLT - DT CBC Television CBC Toronto -- 25 25.1 CBLFT - DT Ici Radio - Canada Télé ICI Toronto -- 40 40.1 CJMT - DT Omni Television Omni. 2 -- 41 41.1 CIII - DT - 41 Global Global Toronto -- 44 57.1 CITY - DT City City Toronto -- 47 47.1 CFMT - DT Omni Television Omni. 1 Radio There is no AM broadcasting on the CN Tower . The FM antennas are situated 421 metres ( 1,381 ft ) above ground . Frequency kW Callsign Branding Notes 91.1 MHz 40 CJRT JAZZ. FM91 94.1 MHz 38 CBL CBC Radio 2 97.3 MHz 28.9 CHBM boom 97.3 98.1 MHz 44 CHFI 98.1 CHFI 99.9 MHz 40 CKFM Virgin Radio 99.9 FM 100.7 MHz CHIN CHIN Radio Primarily in Italian and Portuguese 102.1 MHz 35 CFNY 102.1 the Edge 104.5 MHz 40 CHUM 104.5 CHUM FM 107.1 MHz 40 CILQ Classic Rock Q 107 Cellular and paging providers Bell Mobility Motorola Rogers Wireless Communications Bell Canada Toronto Transit Commission Amateur radio repeaters `` 2 - Tango '' ( VHF ) and `` 4 - Tango '' ( 440 / 70 cm UHF ) -- owned and operated by the Toronto FM Communications Society , under callsign VE3TWR Mascot The CN Tower has its own mascot , which resembles the tower itself . See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to CN Tower . Architecture of Toronto List of tallest buildings in Toronto List of tallest structures in Canada List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest towers List of tallest buildings and structures List of tallest structures Views , album cover by Canadian rapper Drake featuring the CN Tower 's Main Pod Architecture portal Toronto portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Compare Data : Results '' . The Skyscraper Center . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower retains world record as tallest ' tower ' '' . Toronto Star . September 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tower , according to Guinness World Records '' . CN Tower . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower no longer world 's tallest '' . Toronto Star . September 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` CN Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . ^ Jump up to : CN Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : `` Facts and visitor information on the CN Tower in Canada '' . The World Federation of Great Towers . 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CANSIM , table ( for fee ) 326 - 0021 and Catalogue nos. 62 - 001 - X , 62 - 010 - X and 62 - 557 - X . And Consumer Price Index , by province ( monthly ) ( Canada ) Last modified 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kupferman , Steve ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Man Jumps From CN Tower With No Parachute ( Thirty Years Ago ) '' . Torontoist . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Dan . `` Dan Goodwin 's Building Climbs '' . Skyscraperdefense.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building '' . CBC News . September 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Skyscraper Source Media . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canadian Press ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` CN Tower 's glass - floor elevator aims for record '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Both linked pages include a video of the elevator with glass floor in operation . Jump up ^ Malcolm , Andrew . `` A New High for Disco in Toronto 's Tower '' , The New York Times , October 10 , 1979 . Accessed February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shanghai World Financial Center '' . Emporis.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man climbs CN Tower steps in wheelchair '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . September 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ferenc , Leslie ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Corporate climbers ready to step up for charity '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual Canada Life CN Tower Climb for WWF - Canada '' . WWF . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New CN Tower attraction offers a walk on the outside '' . Toronto Star . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's Most Extreme Attraction '' . CN Tower . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . It is the world 's highest full circle hands - free walk on a 5 ft ( 1.5 metres ) wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower 's main pod , 356m / 1168ft ( 116 storeys ) above the ground . Jump up ^ `` Season 9 - Episode 1 '' . Rick Mercer Report . CBC. April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Falling CN Tower Ice '' . CITY - DT . March 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Womackin , Helen ( August 29 , 2000 ) . `` Fire in 1,800 ft TV tower adds to Russians ' feeling of doom '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : `` What if the CN Tower Caught Fire ? '' . CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 10 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brennan ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fire crews tackle smouldering fire at CN Tower antenna '' . Toronto Star . The Canadian Press . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Amara ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fire inside broadcasting antenna atop CN Tower now extinguished '' . CBC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Codi ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` CN Tower open for business after early morning fire in antenna mast '' . CTV Toronto News . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the CN Tower -- Testing of Innovative Illumination Technology Begins Early June 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . CN Tower . June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Layton 's ' passion , civility ' honoured at funeral '' . CBC News . August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Black , Debra ( May 30 , 2007 ) . `` Come Canada Day , CN Tower will once again light up the night '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower in Toronto receives LED lighting treatment '' . LEDs Magazine . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Calatrava Dances onto a New Stage '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McWhirter , Norris ( 1981 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1982 . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 704 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 0225 - 8 . OCLC 7902975 . Reference is on page 275 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guinness Book of World Records 2005 -- Science and Technology < < Buildings '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Tall Building Database '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daubs , Katie ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` CN tower now the ' world 's tallest freestanding tower ' '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower remains world 's tallest tower , Guinness says '' . National Post . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CN Tower still world 's tallest : Guinness '' . CBC News . September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Owen , James ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` World 's Tallest Tower Rises in Tokyo '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` AM Query & AM List Results '' . Federal Communications Commission -- Audio Division . April 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query & FM List Results '' . Federal Communications Commission -- Audio Division . April 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto ARES Channels '' . October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fearon , Emily ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A new mascot for the CN Tower is a mini CN Tower '' . Toronto Star . External links CBC Archives -- CN Tower opens to the public . 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why is age of consent so old connecticut | Ages of consent in the United states | ages of consent in the united states | In the United States , age of consent laws regarding sexual activity are made at the state level . There are several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators , but laws regarding specific age requirements for sexual consent are left to individual states , territories , and the District of Columbia . Depending on the jurisdiction , legal age of consent ranges from 16 to 18 years old . In some places , civil and criminal laws within the same state conflict with each other . | Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Federal laws 3 Rules for U.S. military 4 District of Columbia 5 State laws 5.1 Alabama 5.2 Alaska 5.3 Arizona 5.4 Arkansas 5.5 California 5.5. 1 History of California laws 5.6 Colorado 5.7 Connecticut 5.8 Delaware 5.9 Florida 5.10 Georgia 5.11 Hawaii 5.12 Idaho 5.13 Illinois 5.13. 1 History of Illinois laws 5.14 Indiana 5.15 Iowa 5.16 Kansas 5.17 Kentucky 5.18 Louisiana 5.19 Maine 5.20 Maryland 5.21 Massachusetts 5.22 Michigan 5.23 Minnesota 5.24 Mississippi 5.25 Missouri 5.26 Montana 5.27 Nebraska 5.28 Nevada 5.29 New Hampshire 5.30 New Jersey 5.31 New Mexico 5.32 New York 5.32. 1 Certain defenses 5.32. 2 Other crimes 5.33 North Carolina 5.34 North Dakota 5.35 Ohio 5.36 Oklahoma 5.37 Oregon 5.38 Pennsylvania 5.38. 1 Pennsylvania legal codes 5.39 Rhode Island 5.40 South Carolina 5.41 South Dakota 5.42 Tennessee 5.43 Texas 5.44 Utah 5.45 Vermont 5.46 Virginia 5.47 Washington 5.48 West Virginia 5.49 Wisconsin 5.50 Wyoming 6 Territorial laws 6.1 American Samoa 6.2 Guam 6.3 Northern Mariana Islands 6.4 Puerto Rico 6.5 United States Virgin Islands 6.6 United States Minor Outlying Islands 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) While the general age of consent is now set between 16 and 18 in all U.S. states , the age of consent has widely varied across the country in the past . In 1880 , the age of consent was set at 10 or 12 in most states , with the exception of Delaware where it was 7 . The ages of consent were raised across the U.S. during the late 19th century and the early 20th century . By 1920 ages of consent generally rose to 16 - 18 and small adjustments to these laws occurred after 1920 . As of 2015 the final state to raise its age of general consent was Hawaii , which changed it from 14 to 16 in 2001 . Age - of - consent laws were historically only applied when a female was younger than her male partner . By 2015 ages of consent were made gender - symmetric . Until the late 20th century many states had provisions requiring that the teenage girl must be of previous `` chaste character '' in order for the sexual conduct to be considered criminal . In 1998 Mississippi became the last state to remove this provision from its code . The laws were designed to prosecute persons far older than the victims rather than teenagers close in age ; therefore prosecutors rarely pursued teenagers in relationships with other teenagers even though the wordings of the laws made some close - in - age teenage relationships illegal . After the 1995 Landry and Forrest study concluded that men aged 20 and older produced half of the teenage pregnancies of girls between 15 and 17 , states began to more stringently enforce age - of - consent laws to combat teenage pregnancy in addition to prevent adults from taking advantage of minors . A backlash among the public occurred when some teenagers engaging in close - in - age relationships received punishments perceived by the public to be disproportionate , and thus age - gap provisions were installed to reduce or eliminate penalties if the two parties are close in age . Brittany Logino Smith and Glen A. Kercher of the Criminal Justice Center of Sam Houston State University wrote that these laws are often referred to as `` Romeo and Juliet laws '' , though they defined Romeo and Juliet as only referring to an affirmative defense against prosecution . Previously some of these statutes only applied to heterosexual sex , leaving homosexual sex in the same age range open to prosecution . On June 26 , 2003 , both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal ( between non-commercial , consenting adults in a private bedroom ) in all U.S. states , territories , and Washington , D.C. under the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas . In State v. Limon ( 2005 ) , the Kansas Supreme Court used Lawrence as a precedent to overturn the state 's `` Romeo and Juliet '' law , which prescribed lesser penalties for heterosexual than homosexual acts of similar age of consent - related offenses . From 2005 onwards states have started to enact Jessica 's Law statutes , which provide for lengthy penalties ( often a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison and lifetime electronic monitoring ) for the most aggravated forms of child sexual abuse ( usually of a child under age 12 ) . In 2008 , in Kennedy v. Louisiana , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the death penalty for rape of a child was unconstitutional . Federal laws ( edit ) ( Chapter 117 , 18 U.S.C. 2422 ( b ) ) forbids the use of the United States Postal Service or other interstate or foreign means of communication , such as telephone calls or use of the internet , to persuade or entice a minor ( defined as under 18 throughout the chapter ) to be involved in a criminal sexual act . The act has to be illegal under state or federal law to be charged with a crime under 2422 ( b ) , and can even be applied to situations where both parties reside within the same state but use an instant messenger program whose servers are located in another state . ( Chapter 117 , 18 U.S.C. 2423 ( a ) ) forbids transporting a minor ( defined as under 18 ) in interstate or foreign commerce with the intent of engaging in criminal sexual acts in which a person can be charged . This subsection is ambiguous on its face and seems to apply only when the minor is transported across state or international lines to a place where the conduct is already illegal to begin with . The United States Department of Justice seems to agree with this interpretation . ( Chapter 117 , 18 U.S.C. 2423 ( b ) ) forbids traveling in interstate or foreign commerce to engage in `` illicit sexual conduct '' with a minor ; this is considered one form of sexual tourism . 2423 ( f ) refers to Chapter 109A as its bright line for defining `` illicit sexual conduct '' as far as non-commercial sexual activity is concerned . For the purposes of age of consent , the only provision applicable is ( Chapter 109A , 18 U.S.C. 2243 ( a ) ) . 2243 ( a ) refers to situations where such younger person is under the age of 16 years , has attained 12 years of age , and the older person is more than 4 years older than the 12 - to - 15 - year - old ( persons under 12 are handled under 18 U.S.C. 2241 ( c ) under aggravated sexual abuse ) . So , the age is 12 years if one is within 4 years of the 12 - to - 15 - year - old 's age , 16 under all other circumstances . This most likely reflects Congressional intent not to unduly interfere with a state 's age - of - consent law , which would have been the case if the age was set to 18 under all circumstances . This law is also extraterritorial in nature to U.S. Citizens and Residents who travel outside of the United States . Although legislation tends to reflect general societal attitudes regarding male versus female ages of consent , Richard Posner notes in his Guide to America 's Sex Laws : `` The U.S. Supreme Court has held that stricter rules for males do not violate the equal protection clause of the Constitution , on the theory that men lack the disincentives ( associated with pregnancy ) that women have , to engage in sexual activity , and the law may thus provide men with those disincentives in the form of criminal sanctions . '' The Assimilative Crimes Act ( 18 U.S.C. § 13 ) incorporates local state criminal law when on federal reservations such as Bureau of Land Management property , military posts and shipyards , national parks , national forests , inter alia . Consequently , if an act is not punishable under any federal law ( such as 18 U.S.C. 2243 ( a ) mentioned above ) then the local state 's age - of - consent laws would apply to the crime . The Protect Act § 503 of 1992 ( codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2251 to 18 U.S.C. § 2260 ) makes it a federal crime to possess or create sexually explicit images of any person under 18 years of age ; this creates a federal age of consent of 18 for pornography . Thus , while some conduct covered by the statute is highly culpable , these penalties apply even when consensual sex between someone under the age of eighteen and someone over the age of eighteen is entirely legal under state law , the non-commercial possession of an explicit picture or video clip of the person under the age of eighteen ( such as a cell phone photograph of a naked sexual partner , under the age of eighteen , of the person taking the photo ) may still constitute a serious federal child pornography felony . The sentence for a first time offender convicted of producing child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2251 ( such as taking a suggestive cell phone picture of an otherwise legal sexual partner under the age of eighteen without an intent to share or sell the picture ) , face fines and a statutory minimum of 15 years to 30 years maximum in prison . While mandatory minimum offenses do not apply to mere possession of child pornography , it is almost always the case that a person in possession of child pornography is also necessarily guilty of either receipt of child pornography , which carries a five - year mandatory minimum sentence , or production of child pornography , which carries a fifteen - year mandatory minimum sentence . However , in Esquivel - Quintana v. Sessions , the Supreme Court hold that in the context of statutory rape offenses that criminalize sexual intercourse based solely on the ages of the participants , the generic federal definition of `` sexual abuse of a minor '' requires the age of the victim to be less than 16 . Rules for U.S. military ( edit ) Article 120 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( 10 U.S.C. § 920 ) , to which essentially only members of the United States Armed Services and enemy prisoners of war are subject , defines the age of consent as sixteen years in subsection but allows an exemption for people who are married to minors 12 -- 15 years old . There is also a mistake in age defense if the minor is over 12 , but not if the minor is under 12 . Within the United States , United States servicemembers are further subject to the local state law both when off - post . The local state law is incorporated , for the most part , into federal law when on - post per the Assimilative Crimes Act ( 18 U.S.C. § 13 ) . Depending upon the relevant status of forces agreement , United States servicemembers are also subject to the local criminal laws of the host nation for acts committed off - post . District of Columbia ( edit ) The age of consent in the District of Columbia is 16 with a close - in - age exemption for those within four years of age . However , sexual relations between people 18 or older and people under 18 are illegal if they are in a `` significant relationship '' . According to the Code of the District of Columbia , a relationship is considered `` significant '' if one of the partners is : `` A parent , sibling , aunt , uncle , or grandparent , whether related by blood , marriage , domestic partnership , or adoption '' `` A legal or de facto guardian or any person , more than 4 years older than the victim , who resides intermittently or permanently in the same dwelling as the victim '' `` The person or the spouse , domestic partner , or paramour of the person who is charged with any duty or responsibility for the health , welfare , or supervision of the victim at the time of the act '' `` Any employee or volunteer of a school , church , synagogue , mosque , or other religious institution , or an educational , social , recreational , athletic , musical , charitable , or youth facility , organization , or program , including a teacher , coach , counselor , clergy , youth leader , chorus director , bus driver , administrator , or support staff , or any other person in a position of trust with or authority over a child or a minor . '' State laws ( edit ) Each U.S. state has its own general age of consent . Currently state laws set the age of consent at 16 , 17 , or 18 . The most common age is 16 , a common age of consent in most other Western countries . Less than 50 % of the U.S. population resides in states which set the age of consent at 16 ; these states are usually smaller than states which set the ages of consent at 17 and 18 and therefore have lower populations . Over 60 % of the U.S. population resides in states which have ages of consent as 16 and / or 17 . age of consent 16 ( 31 ) : Alabama , Alaska , Arkansas , Connecticut , Georgia , Hawaii , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , North Carolina , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia age of consent 17 ( 8 ) : Colorado , Illinois , Louisiana , Missouri , New Mexico , New York , Texas , Wyoming age of consent 18 ( 11 ) : Arizona , California , Delaware , Florida , Idaho , North Dakota , Oregon , Tennessee , Utah , Virginia , Wisconsin These state laws are discussed in detail below . Most of these state laws refer to statutory rape using other names instead of `` statutory rape '' in particular . Such laws may refer to : `` carnal knowledge of a minor , '' `` child molestation , '' `` corruption of a minor , '' `` sexual misconduct , '' and / or `` unlawful carnal knowledge . '' The laws of Georgia , Missouri , North Carolina , Mississippi , and Tennessee specifically refer to `` statutory rape '' , with each state defining it differently . Nevada criminalizes `` statutory sexual seduction '' while Pennsylvania criminalizes `` statutory sexual assault '' . In most states there is not a single age in which a person may consent , but rather consent varies depending upon the minimum age of the younger party , the minimum age of the older party , and / or the differences in age . Some states have a single age of consent . 30 U.S. states have age gap laws which make sexual activity legal if the ages of both participants are close to one another , and these laws are often referred to as `` Romeo and Juliet laws '' . Other states have measures which reduce penalties if the two parties are close in age , and others provide an affirmative defense if the two parties are close in age . Even though state laws regarding the general age of consent and age gap laws differ , it is common for people in the United States to assume that sexual activity with someone under 18 is statutory rape . In 2011 Smith and Kercher wrote `` Because of the large number of potential statutory rape cases , it is said that many jurisdictions will `` pick and choose '' which cases they want to investigate and prosecute . '' In some states it is common to only prosecute the male in events where both parties in a heterosexual relationship are below the age of consent . Smith and Kercher wrote that there had been `` large inconsistencies '' among the decisions of prosecution and sentencing of these cases , and there had been accusations that minority males who have sex with minority women resulting in pregnancy and / or who have sex with white women have faced the brunt of enforcement . Alabama ( edit ) The age of consent in Alabama is 16 . Shown by articles of the Code of Alabama : 13A - 6 - 70 : ( c ) A person is deemed incapable of consent if he is : ( 1 ) Less than 16 years old ... 13A - 6 - 67 : ( a ) A person commits the crime of sexual abuse in the second degree if : ... ( 2 ) He , being 19 years old or older , subjects another person to sexual contact who is less than 16 years old , but more than 12 years old . 13A - 6 - 62 ( a ) A person commits the crime of rape in the second degree if : ... ( 1 ) Being 16 years old or older , he or she engages in sexual intercourse with a member of the opposite sex less than 16 and more than 12 years old ; provided , however , the actor is at least two years older than the member of the opposite sex . 13A - 6 - 64 : ( a ) A person commits the crime of sodomy in the second degree if : ... ( 1 ) He , being 16 years old or older , engages in deviate sexual intercourse with another person less than 16 and more than 12 years old . The State Legislature passed Act 2010 - 497 making it a crime for any school employee to have any sexual relations with a student under the age of 19 . A school employee includes a teacher , school administrator , student teacher , safety or resource officer , coach , and other school employee . Age of the student and consent is not a defense . So thus , the age of consent of 16 can not be used . 13A - 6 - 81 : A person commits the crime of a school employee engaging in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student under the age of 19 years if : ( a ) He or she is a school employee and engages in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student , regardless of whether the student is male or female . Consent is not a defense to a charge under this section . ( b ) As used in this section , sex act means sexual intercourse with any penetration , however slight ; emission is not required . ( c ) As used in this section , deviant sexual intercourse means any act of sexual gratification between persons not married to each other involving the sex organs of one person and the mouth or anus of another . ( d ) The crime of a school employee engaging in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student is a Class B felony . 13A - 6 - 82 : A person commits the crime of a school employee having sexual contact with a student under the age of 19 years if : ( a ) He or she is a school employee and engaging in sexual contact with a student , regardless of whether the student is male or female . Consent is not a defense to a charge under this section . ( b ) As used in this section , sexual contact means any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a student , done for the purpose of gratifying the sexual desire of either party . The term includes soliciting or harassing a student to perform a sex act . ( c ) The crime of a school employee having sexual contact with a student is a Class A misdemeanor . Any individual convicted of these offenses , regardless if they received prison time or not , will have to register as a Sex Offender for the remainder of their life . There was also a law which prohibited K - 12 teachers from having sex with students under age 19 , and violators could face prison time and / or get on the sex offender registry . In 2017 , Alabama Circuit Judge Glenn Thompson , of Morgan County in the north of the state , ruled that this law was unconstitutional . Alaska ( edit ) The age of consent is 16 , provided the older partner is not in a position of authority . Alaska Statutes -- Title 11 . Criminal Law -- Chapter 41 . Offenses Against the Person -- Sexual Abuse of a Minor Section 436 in the First Degree ( Unclassified Felony ) ; Section 436 in the Second Degree ( Class B Felony ) ; Section 438 in the Third Degree ( Class C Felony ) ; Section 440 : in the Fourth Degree ( Class A misdemeanor ) AS 11.41. 436 . Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Second Degree . ( a ) An offender commits the crime of sexual abuse of a minor in the second degree if ( 1 ) being 16 years of age or older , the offender engages in sexual penetration with a person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years of age and at least three years younger than the offender , or aids , induces , causes or encourages a person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years of age and at least three years younger than the offender to engage in sexual penetration with another person ... Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the ... : Younger minor under 13 + Elder minor under 16 ( more than 3 years between them ) : Sexual contact = 4th Degree & Sexual penetration = 3rd Degree Younger minor under 13 + Elder minor above 16 : pornography = 2nd Degree ( younger under 16 vs. elder above 16 ) Sexual contact = 2nd Degree ( for elder minor oneself or if ( s ) he helps another person ) Sexual penetration = 1st Degree ( for elder minor oneself or if ( s ) he helps another person ) Younger minor aged 13 , 14 or 15 + Elder minor above 16 ( more than 3 years between them ) : Sexual contact = 3rd Degree Sexual penetration = 2nd Degree ( for elder minor oneself or if ( s ) he helps another person ) pornography = 2nd Degree ( younger under 16 vs. elder above 16 ) Minor under 16 + partner above 18 ( civil majority ) if cohabitant with authority or position of authority : Sexual contact = 2nd Degree & Sexual penetration = 1st Degree . Minor under 18 + parent or guardian above 18 : Sexual contact = 2nd Degree & Sexual penetration = 1st Degree Indecent Exposure : with masturbation , in front of minor under 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 1st Degree ( Class C Felony ) simply , in front of minor under 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 2nd Degree ( Class A misdemeanor ) simply , in front of above 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 2nd Degree ( Class B misdemeanor ) . Arizona ( edit ) The age of consent in Arizona is 18 . However , there exist in the legislation defenses to prosecution if the defendant is close - in - age to the `` victim '' or a spouse of the `` victim '' . Note : these are not close - in - age exceptions but defenses in court . Arizona Revised Statute 13 - 1405 ( A ) 13 - 1407 ( Defenses ) B. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to sections 13 - 1404 and 13 - 1405 in which the victim 's lack of consent is based on incapacity to consent because the victim was fifteen , sixteen or seventeen years of age if at the time the defendant engaged in the conduct constituting the offence the defendant did not know and could not reasonably have known the age of the victim . D. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to section 13 - 1404 or 13 - 1405 that the person was the spouse ( legally married AND cohabiting ) of the other person at the time of commission of the act ... F. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to section 13 - 1405 if the victim is fifteen , sixteen or seventeen years of age , the defendant is under nineteen years of age or attending high school and is no more than twenty - four months older than the victim and the conduct is consensual . Arkansas ( edit ) The age of consent is 16 , with some close - in - age exemptions . Details : The age is minimum 16 for a minor ( < 18 ) with a major 20 years old or older . Under 18 , the younger must not be less than 14 , or if so , there is a defense if the minor is not more 4 years younger if 12 or above , not more 3 years younger if under 12 . Sexual intercourse of a major and a minor under 14 is a rape . Arkansas Code -- Title 5 . Criminal Offenses -- Chapter 14 . Sexual Offenses . Sections 5 - 14 - 103 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 5 - 14 - 127 . A person commits sexual assault in the fourth degree if the person : ( a ) ( 1 ) Being twenty ( 20 ) years of age or older , engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person who is : ( A ) Less than sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ; and ( B ) Not the person 's spouse ; or ( 2 ) Engages in sexual contact with another person who is : ( A ) Less than sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ; and ( B ) Not the person 's spouse . ( b ) ( 1 ) Sexual assault in the fourth degree under subdivision ( a ) ( 1 ) of this section is a Class D felony . ( 2 ) Sexual assault in the fourth degree under subdivision ( a ) ( 2 ) of this section is a Class A misdemeanor if the person engages only in sexual contact with another person as described in subdivision ( a ) ( 2 ) of this section . California ( edit ) The age of consent in California is 18 . In California , there is a crime of `` Unlawful sexual intercourse '' , which is an act of sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 who is not the spouse of the person . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( a ) ) There are no exceptions ; all sexual activity with a person under the age of 18 ( and not their spouse ) is a criminal offense . So if a 15 - year - old has consensual sex with a 17 - year old , both have committed a crime , although it is only a misdemeanor . The punishment is varied , depending on the ages of the perpetrator and the victim , and there are more severe penalties if there is a wider gap between the age of the perpetrator and the age of the victim : Any person who commits the crime with a minor not more than 3 years younger or older than the perpetrator is guilty of a misdemeanor . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( b ) ) Any person who commits the crime with a minor who is more than 3 years younger than the perpetrator is guilty of a misdemeanor or a felony . A misdemeanor conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year . A felony conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail for 16 months , or two or three years , or in the state prison , depending on the person 's criminal history . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( c ) ) Any person 21 years of age or older who commits the crime with a minor under 16 years of age is guilty of a misdemeanor or a felony . A misdemeanor conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year . A felony conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail for two , three or four years , or in the state prison , depending on the person 's criminal history . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( d ) ) There are also civil sanctions possible for a violation stated above . ( CA Penal Code § 261.5 ( e ) ) There are separate crimes for committing sodomy with minors . ( CA Penal code § 286 ) There are separate crimes for committing any lewd or lascivious act with a person under the age of 14 . ( CA Penal Code § 288 ) History of California laws ( edit ) The age of consent , at the time applying only when the girl is the younger party , was 10 when California introduced its penal code in 1850 . In 1889 the age of consent was raised to 14 . In 1897 the age of consent became 16 . The age of consent in California has been 18 since 1913 . Some media sources reported that the age of consent in California in the 1970s was 14 or 16 but in fact it was and has been 18 . In the 1990s Governor of California Pete Wilson stated that there was a trend of men in their mid-to - late 20s having sex with and impregnating teenage girls around 14 years of age and that the statutory rape laws needed to be enforced to prevent this . In 2012 Kristin Olsen , a Republican member of the State Assembly of California , sponsored a bill that criminalizes sexual relations between K - 12 teachers and students , including students over 18 , as well as sexual text messages and other communications aimed at seducing a student . The bill was proposed after a 41 - year - old teacher and 18 - year - old high school student publicly announced that they were in a relationship . The bill was killed in committee by Democratic lawmakers concerned about the constitutionality of the proposed legislation . By 2014 there had been civil court rulings in California stating that minors under 18 may consent to sexual activity , even though the age of consent is 18 under state criminal law . Colorado ( edit ) The age of consent in Colorado is 17 ; however , there exists in the legislation close - in - age exceptions , which allow those aged 15 and 16 to engage in acts with those less than ten years older and those less than 15 to engage in acts with those less than four years older . A 17 - year - old may not , however , consent to sex with a person who is in a position of trust with respect to the person under the age of eighteen . C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 405.3 . C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 402 ( 1 ) Any actor who knowingly inflicts sexual intrusion or sexual penetration on a victim commits sexual assault if : ... ( d ) At the time of the commission of the act , the victim is less than fifteen years of age and the actor is at least four years older than the victim and is not the spouse of the victim ; or ( e ) At the time of the commission of the act , the victim is at least fifteen years of age but less than seventeen years of age and the actor is at least ten years older than the victim and is not the spouse of the victim ; Notwithstanding the age of consent , however , for purposes of child prostitution offenses in Colorado , a `` child '' means a person under the age of eighteen years . C.R.S. 18 - 7 - 401 ( 2 ) . Reasonable mistake of age , or similarity in age , is not a defense to these offenses . C.R.S. 18 - 7 - 407 . All child prostitution offenses are class three felonies ( class one felonies are capital offenses , class two felonies include second degree murder ) . So , while it is not a crime for a 17 - year - old to have non-commercial sex with a 60 - year - old in Colorado , it is a serious crime punishable by four to twelve years in prison for an 18 year old to engage in any sexual act , or to present at a `` place of prostitution '' with an intent do so , for money or any other thing of value with a seventeen - year - old with the reasonable belief that the minor was under eighteen years old . C.R.S. 18 - 7 - 406 . The same conduct , entered into with an eighteen - year - old and without a belief that the prostitute was under eighteen years of age , would be a misdemeanor . C.R.S. 18 - 7 - 205 . Persons under the age of eighteen are also children for the crime of inducing or coercing someone to have sex or to have sexual conduct with another for the voyeur 's gratification , or to expose themselves to another for the voyeur 's sexual gratification , C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 404 ( 1.5 ) , and the crime of trafficking in children , C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 502 . There is a marriage exception to both Colorado 's statutory rape law , C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 402 , the crime of sexual assault upon a child by a person in a position of trust , C.R.S. 18 - 3 - 405.3 , and Colorado 's child prostitution laws . However , while Colorado law does recognize common law marriages entered into when both spouses are eighteen years of age or older , it does not recognize common law marriages entered into in Colorado or elsewhere after September 1 , 2006 , when one spouse is under eighteen years of age . C.R.S. 14 - 2 - 109.5 . Connecticut ( edit ) The general age of consent in Connecticut is 16 . This applies in most relationships . However , if any of the following apply , then the age of consent becomes 18 : Where one person is a guardian , or responsible for the general supervision , of the other . See C.G.S. § 53a - 71 ( a ) ( 4 ) . Where one person is an athletic coach or an intensive instructor ( e.g. piano teacher ) outside of a school setting , and the other is being coached or instructed . See C.G.S. § 53a - 71 ( 9 ) ( B ) . Where one person 's professional , legal , occupational or volunteer status gives him or her a role of supervision , power , or authority , over the other 's participation in a program or activity , and the older person is at least 20 years old . See C.G.S. § 53a - 71 ( a ) ( 4 ) . Connecticut recognizes that minors who are at least 13 can consent to sexual activity if ( and only if ) there is less than a 3 - year age difference . For example : A 13 - year - old can consent to any 15 - year - old . A 15 - year - old can consent to any 17 - year - old . A 15 - year - old born on January 1 can consent to an 18 - year - old born on February 1 . This is just under a 3 - year age difference . A 15 - year - old born on February 1 can not consent to an 18 - year - old born on January 1 . This is just over , and illegal . However consensual , sexual intercourse within the 3 - year age difference by a minor 13 through 17 years old may , upon a complaint , lead the Connecticut Superior Court to a `` family with service needs '' finding . See C.G.S. § 46b - 120 ( 7 ) ( E ) . Such a finding would allow the Court to issue orders as it finds necessary in dealing with the matter . Consensual sexual intercourse over the 3 - year age difference ( where the minor is 13 to 15 years old ) would subject the older party to a charge of Sexual Assault , 2nd Degree , in violation of C.G.S. § 53a - 71 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Any juvenile offender 14 years old or older has the case automatically transferred to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court by operation of law , and thus stands before the court to be tried as an adult . See C.G.S. § 46b - 127 ( a ) . A guilty verdict would result in conviction of a Class B felony sex offense , with a mandatory minimum of 9 months and maximum 20 years imprisonment . It would not matter if the older person did not know of the age difference , or if the younger person lied about age . However , if the offender is 17 years old or younger , has a clean record , and such sexual activity was consensual , Youthful Offender status ( a pre-trial diversionary program that seals the court record and results in a dismissal of charges ) may be granted . See C.G.S. § 54 - 76b to o . Previously the Connecticut age gap was two years , not three . By 2007 there had been a proposal to increase the gap to four years to reduce the number of close - in - age statutory rape cases being prosecuted , but three years was selected as a compromise . Connecticut also recognizes that minors under 13 are released from criminal liability as to consensual sexual activity if ( and only if ) there is less than a 2 - year age difference . For example : A 12 - year - old can consent to any 13 - year - old . A 12 - year - old can not consent to any 14 - year - old . Consensual ( between minors ) sexual intercourse over the 2 - year age difference ( where the minor is under 13 years old ) would subject the older minor to a charge of Sexual Assault , 1st Degree , in violation of C.G.S. § 53a - 70 ( a ) ( 2 ) . A guilty verdict would result in conviction of a Class A felony sex offense , with a mandatory minimum of 5 -- 10 years and maximum 25 years imprisonment . Any juvenile offender 14 years old or older has the case automatically transferred to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court by operation of law , and thus stands before the court to be tried as an adult . However , the offender would have the same chance to apply for Youthful Offender status ( see Sexual Assault , 2nd Degree above ) provided the criteria are met . A juvenile offender 13 years old and younger would be charged as a `` serious juvenile offender '' under C.G.S. § 46b - 120 ( 12 ) ( A ) . Because the charge is a sex offense , the juvenile prosecutor can request that the proceeding designated a `` serious sexual offender prosecution '' . See C.G.S. § 46b - 133d ( b ) - ( f ) . Unless the juvenile waives the right to a trial by jury , the case proceeds to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court , where the juvenile must face trial as an adult . If the juvenile agrees to the waiver , the case will proceed through the juvenile system with a bench trial . Links to Statutes Cited ( in numerical order ) C.G.S. § 46b - 120 C.G.S. § 46b - 127 C.G.S. § 46b - 133d C.G.S. § 53a - 70 C.G.S. § 53a - 71 C.G.S. § 54 - 76b to o Delaware ( edit ) The age of consent in Delaware is 18 , but it is legal for teenagers aged 16 and 17 to engage in sexual intercourse as long as the older partner is younger than 30 . Title 11 § 761 . Definitions generally applicable to sexual offences . ( j ) A child who has not yet reached his or her sixteenth birthday is deemed unable to consent to a sexual act with a person more than 4 years older than said child . Children who have not yet reached their twelfth birthday are deemed unable to consent to a sexual act under any circumstances . Crimes and Criminal Procedure , Delaware Criminal Code § 770 . Rape in the fourth degree ; class C felony . ( a ) A person is guilty of rape in the fourth degree when the person : ... 2 ) Intentionally engages in sexual intercourse with another person , and the victim has not yet reached that victim 's eighteenth birthday , and the person is 30 years of age or older , except that such intercourse shall not be unlawful if the victim and person are married at the time of such intercourse . Florida ( edit ) The age of consent in Florida is 18 , but close - in - age exemptions exist . By law , the exception permits a person 23 years of age or younger to engage in legal sexual activity with a minor aged 16 or 17 . 794.05 Unlawful sexual activity with certain minors. -- ( 1 ) A person 24 years of age or older who engages in sexual activity with a person 16 or 17 years of age commits a felony of the second degree , punishable as provided in s. 775.082 , s. 775.083 , or s . 775.084 . As used in this section , `` sexual activity '' means oral , anal , or vaginal penetration by , or union with , the sexual organ of another ; however , sexual activity does not include an act done for a bona fide medical purpose Florida code , Title XLVI , Chapter 794 A new law passed in 2007 stated that persons convicted of statutory rape may be removed from the sex offender list if they were no more than four years older than their victims , had only the statutory rape offense on their records , and had victims aged 14 -- 17 . Georgia ( edit ) The age of consent in Georgia is 16 and there is no close - in - age exception , though the offenses are a misdemeanor rather than a felony in cases where the perpetrator is less than 19 years of age and is no more than 4 years older than the victim . The crime of `` statutory rape '' makes it illegal for a perpetrator of any age to have sexual intercourse with someone under the age of 16 that they are not married to . This law specifies that a defendant can not be convicted on the testimony of the victim alone ; some other evidence must be present . This offense carries a minimum sentence of 1 year in prison , and a maximum of 20 years . If the offender is 21 years of age or older , the minimum is raised to 10 years in prison , and the offender is subject to sex offender sentencing guidelines . However , if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is age 18 or younger and within 4 years of the victim 's age , the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of 1 year in prison . The crime `` child molestation '' makes it illegal for anyone to engage in `` any immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with any child under the age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the person , '' as well as electronically transmit any depiction of such an act . It carries a minimum sentence of 5 years and a max of 20 years in prison for a first - time offender , as well as mandatory counseling and sex offender sentencing guidelines . For repeat offenders , the minimum 10 years and the maximum is life imprisonment . This crime has the same close - in - age exception as statutory rape stated above if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is 18 or younger and within 4 years of age . A third applicable crime is `` aggravated child molestation '' , which is any act of the previously mentioned child molestation that causes injuries to the victim , or involves an act of `` sodomy '' ( defined under state law as any act of oral sex or anal sex ) . This crime carries a sentence of 25 years to life , and lifetime probation thereafter . However , if the victim is 13 , 14 or 15 years old , the actor is 18 or younger and within 4 years of age , and the act committed was `` sodomy '' and did not cause injury , the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor . This exception was added after a landmark case , Wilson v. State of Georgia occurred in 2006 and caused lawmakers to think the statute should have a close - in - age exception . At the time because of the words of the law , a 17 - year - old boy was sentenced to 10 years in prison for having consensual oral sex with a 15 - year - old girl . In June 2005 , a bill was proposed before the General Assembly of Georgia ( USA ) to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18 . Hawaii ( edit ) The age of consent in Hawaii is 16 . There is however a close - in - age exemption , which allows those aged 14 and 15 to consent to sex with those less than five years older . For more on age of consent in Hawaii and the territories in the Pacific Ocean , see : Ages of consent in Oceania # United States Previously the age of consent was 14 , the lowest in the United States . Avery Chumbley , a member of the Hawaiian Senate , had made efforts to raise the age of consent . The age of consent was changed to 16 by Act 1 , House Bill 236 , passed by the Legislature of Hawaii in 2001 . Idaho ( edit ) The age of consent in Idaho is 18 . If the victim is under the age of 16 and female , and the actor is male and age 18 or older , or if the female is age 16 or 17 and the male actor is at least 3 years older , any penetrative act ( including intercourse , anal sex and oral sex ) is considered Rape . Rape carries a minimum sentence of 1 year in prison , and a maximum of life . If the victim is under the age of 16 , any lewd or lascivious act ( including any form of genital contact ) done by an actor `` with the intent of arousing , appealing to , or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of such person , such minor child , or third party '' is Lewd Conduct With Minor Child Under Sixteen . This law does not discriminate by the gender of the victim nor actor , and notably provides no exceptions based on the parties being close - in - age . If the victim is age 16 or 17 and the actor is at least 5 years older , any lewd or lascivious act ( including any form of genital contact ) or any other form of sexual contact done by an actor `` with the intent of arousing , appealing to , or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of such person , such minor child , or third party '' is Sexual Battery Of A Minor Child Sixteen Or Seventeen Years Of Age . Like Lewd Conduct above , this law does not discriminate by gender . If the victim is under the age of 16 , and the actor is age 18 or older , any sexual contact not amounting to the aforementioned Lewd Conduct is classified as Sexual Abuse Of A Child Under The Age Of Sixteen Years . Illinois ( edit ) The age of consent in Illinois is 17 , and rises to 18 with someone who has a position of authority or trust over the victim . There is no close - in - age exception , crossing the age boundary is Criminal Sexual Assault . Any sexual contact between minors the age of 9 and 16 is Criminal sexual abuse . When the victim is younger than 9 and the perpetrator 13 to 16 , the crime becomes Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault ; when the victim is younger than 13 and the perpetrator 17 or older , it becomes Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child . Sex with a victim with severe intellectual disability at any age , or with a family or household member under 18 , is Aggravated criminal sexual abuse , though penetration upgrades it to Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault . Although Illinois ' minimum marriage age ( with parental consent or court order ) is 16 , there is no statutory exception to the age of sexual consent . History of Illinois laws ( edit ) Bill 1139 was introduced in 2011 to decriminalize sexual relationships between persons 13 -- 16 years old and those fewer than five years older , but the bill failed to pass . In 2011 a bill was proposed that would allow persons who violated the age of consent laws and were close in age with their victims to petition a judge to be removed from the sex offender registry . This bill , HB1139 , was , written by Republican Party state representative Robert Pritchard . An editorial in the Chicago Sun - Times argued in favor of the bill . Emily McAsey , a Democratic state representative from Lockport , stated opposition to the idea , citing that she was `` troubled '' by the idea of a romantic relationship between a 14 - year - old and an 18 - year old . Republican state representative Dennis Reboletti of Elmhurst stated that he did not believe judges should be able to reverse decisions made by prosecutors . The bill passed the Illinois House Judiciary II Committee 4 - 3 in February 2011 and moved to the Illinois Senate . By 2012 Democratic state senator William Haine of Alton sponsored Senate Bill 3359 which included a provision that a person who had sex with a minor between 13 and 17 while he / she was fewer than five years older may petition to be removed from the sex offender registry after serving 10 years . Haine stated that he did not want `` Romeo and Juliet '' offenders to be on the sex offender registry . Indiana ( edit ) The age of consent in Indiana is 16 . A close - in - age exception allows minors 14 -- 15 years of age to legally consent to sex with a partner who is less than 18 years old . IC 35 - 42 - 4 - 9 states : `` Sexual misconduct with a minor Sec. 9 . ( a ) A person at least eighteen ( 18 ) years of age who , with a child at least fourteen ( 14 ) years of age but less than sixteen ( 16 ) years of age , performs or submits to sexual intercourse or deviate sexual conduct commits sexual misconduct with a minor , a Class C felony . '' Under certain aggravating circumstances , the offense increases to a Class B felony or to a Class A felony . The law allows the actor a defense to prosecution if the victim is currently or was previously married ( the absolute minimum marriageable age in Indiana is 15 ) , although this defense does not apply in the case of violence , threats or drugs . The law also allows a defense if the actor is within 4 years of age of the younger person and the two were in an ongoing dating / romantic relationship . This is not a close - in - age exception though , but merely a defense in court . The law also allows a mistake of age defense if the actor reasonably believed the victim was 16 or older . The age limit rises to 18 , according to IC35 - 42 - 4 - 7 , if the actor is an adult who is the guardian , adoptive parent , adoptive grandparent , custodian , or stepparent of the minor ; or a child care worker for the minor ; or a military recruiter who is attempting to enlist over the minor . Any person who engages in sexual intercourse with a child under 14 years of age commits a Class B felony , under IC 35 - 42 - 4 - 3 Child molesting . Under certain aggravating circumstances , the crime becomes a Class A felony . Iowa ( edit ) The age of consent in Iowa is 16 , with a close - in - age exemption for those aged 14 and 15 , who may engage in sexual acts with partners less than 4 years older . Section 709.4 states : A person commits sexual abuse in the third degree when the person performs a sex act under any of the following circumstances ... 2 ( c ) The other person is fourteen or fifteen years of age and any of the following are true ... ( 4 ) The person is four or more years older than the other person . Section 709.15 forbids , amongst other things , sexual contact between a school employee and a `` ... person who is currently enrolled in or attending a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school , or who was a student enrolled in or who attended a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school within thirty days of any violation ... '' There exist similar laws for those who provide or purport to provide mental health services ( § 709.15 ) , officers in charge of offenders and juveniles ( § 709.16 ) . Kansas ( edit ) The age of consent in Kansas is 16 . K.S.A. 21 - 5503 , 21 - 5504 , 21 - 5506 and 21 - 5507 prohibit sexual activity with minors aged 14 and 15 . K.S.A. 21 - 5507 allows for a lesser penalty if the minor is 14 or 15 and the offender is under 19 years old . 21 - 5506 covers indecent liberties with a child and aggravated indecent liberties with a child . Aggravated indecent liberties with a child is sexual intercourse with a child who is 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age . As per State v. Limon ( 2005 ) the previous Kansas age of consent law , which did not apply to homosexuals , was struck down by the Kansas Supreme Court due to 2003 's Lawrence v. Texas decision . Kentucky ( edit ) The age of consent in Kentucky is 16 . Kentucky Revised Statutes Section 510.020 deems a person unable to consent if he or she is less than 16 years old . In addition to the basic law regarding consent , the KRS has additional consent laws covering a variety of other situations : Under KRS 510.110 ( 1 ) ( d ) , it is `` sexual abuse in the first degree '' for `` a person in a position of authority or position of special trust '' ( as defined in KRS 532.045 , including but not limited to parents , stepparents , foster parents , teachers , coaches , corrections personnel , religious leaders , and employers ) to : engage in sexual conduct with a person under 18 , if the minor came into contact with the adult as a result of the adult 's special position , masturbate in the presence of said person under 18 , or masturbate while communicating by telephone , Internet , or other electronic means with any person known by the adult to be under 16 ( regardless of whether the actor 's position brought him or her into contact with the minor ) , and the minor can see or hear the adult masturbate . Under KRS 510.110 ( 1 ) ( c ) , the actions stated above ( without the qualification of `` position of authority ... or special trust '' ) are also `` sexual abuse in the first degree '' when performed by anyone 21 or older if the other person is under 16 . Sexual abuse in the first degree is a Class D felony if the victim is 12 to 17 years old , and a Class C felony if the victim is under 12 . Under KRS 510.120 , it is `` sexual abuse in the second degree , '' a Class A misdemeanor , for : a person at least 18 but under 21 to subject a person under age 16 to sexual conduct ( 510.120 ( 1 ) ( b ) ) , or personnel of correctional , juvenile justice , and detention facilities to engage in sexual conduct with adults ( at least 18 ) who are under the supervision of an included facility ( 510.120 ( 1 ) ( c ) ) . However , KRS 510.120 ( 2 ) provides a defense to prosecutions under 510.120 ( 1 ) ( b ) ( where the actor is between ages 18 and 21 ) for sexual abuse in the second degree if the `` victim '' is at least 14 and the actor is less than 5 years older . Similarly , it is a defense to the Class B misdemeanor of `` sexual abuse in the third degree '' ( KRS 510.130 ) , defined as subjecting another person to non-consensual sex , if the lack of consent was due solely to incapacity by age , the `` victim '' is 14 or 15 years old , and the actor is under 18 . Louisiana ( edit ) The age of consent in Louisiana is 17 . § 80 . Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile A. Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile is committed when : ( 1 ) A person who is seventeen years of age or older has sexual intercourse , with consent , with a person who is thirteen years of age or older but less than seventeen years of age , when the victim is not the spouse of the offender and when the difference between the age of the victim and the age of the offender is four years or greater ; or ... Maine ( edit ) The age of consent in Maine is 16 . Teenagers aged 14 and 15 may engage in sexual intercourse with partners who are less than 5 years older . § 254 . Sexual abuse of minors 1 . A person is guilty of sexual abuse of a minor if : A . The person engages in a sexual act with another person , not the actor 's spouse , who is either 14 or 15 years of age and the actor is at least 5 years older than the other person . Maryland ( edit ) The age of consent in Maryland is 16 . If a victim is 14 or 15 and the offender at least 4 years older than the victim , that constitutes a sexual offense in the fourth degree . If the offender is at least 21 years old , and they engage in vaginal intercourse or other sexual acts ( including oral and anal sex ) , that constitutes a sexual offense in the third degree . If a victim is under 14 and the offender at least 4 years older , and they engage in a sex act ( oral , anal and other sex acts , but not vaginal intercourse ) , that constitutes a sexual offense in the second degree . If they engage in vaginal intercourse , that constitutes rape in the second degree . If they have sexual contact ( kissing , touching for sexual gratification ) , that constitutes a sexual offense in the third degree . An additional violation is the crime of `` sexual solicitation of minor . '' § 3 - 324 . Under this statute , it is illegal to solicit any minor under 18 ( or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor ) by any means ( in person , by agent , online , telephone , mail , writing etc . ) to commit a rape or sexual offense in the second degree , sexual offense in the third degree , or prostitution . Notes Jump up ^ An exception to the age of consent is that if a person in a `` position of authority '' ( full - time , permanent employee ) engages in any sexual contact with any minor under age 18 or victim specified above , that constitutes a sexual offense in the fourth degree . Jump up ^ In Maryland , sexual offense ( 1st & 2nd degree ) and rape ( 1st & 2nd degree ) carry the same penalty . The distinction is that a rape involves vaginal intercourse . Massachusetts ( edit ) The age of consent in Massachusetts is 16 . Section 23 of Chapter 265 of the General Laws of Massachusetts states : `` Whoever unlawfully has sexual intercourse or unnatural sexual intercourse , and abuses a child under sixteen years of age shall ... be punished ... '' MGL 265 - 23 Section 35A of Chapter 272 states : `` Whoever commits any unnatural and lascivious act with a child under the age of sixteen shall be punished ... '' However , Chapter 272 , Section 4 sets another age of consent at 18 when the `` victim '' is `` of chaste life '' and the perpetrator induces them . `` Whoever induces any person under 18 years of age of chaste life to have unlawful sexual intercourse shall be punished . '' MGL 272 - 4 Michigan ( edit ) The age of consent in Michigan is 16 and there is no close - in - age exception , unless one is an authority figure in which case the age of consent is 18 . 750.520 d Criminal sexual conduct in the third degree ; felony . Sec . 520d. ( 1 ) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exist : ( a ) That other person is at least 13 years of age and under 16 years of age ... In March 2012 the Michigan Senate passed a bill which was to prohibit sexual relations between students of any age and teachers . It passed 36 - 2 . Minnesota ( edit ) The age of consent in Minnesota is 16 . If the actor is in a position of authority , the age of consent is 18 . If the younger party is under the age of 13 , the older party must be no more than 36 months older . If the younger party is 13 , 14 or 15 , the other person must be no more than 48 months older . The specifics of these laws are covered under Sections 609.34 x of the Minnesota Criminal Code . Specifically sections 609.341 Definitions , 609.342 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the First Degree , 609.343 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Second Degree , 609.344 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Third Degree , 609.345 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fourth Degree , 609.3451 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fifth Degree , and 609.349 Voluntary Relationships . Mississippi ( edit ) The age of consent in Mississippi is 16 . § 97 - 3 - 65 . Statutory rape ; enhanced penalty for forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape by administering certain substances . ( 1 ) The crime of statutory rape is committed when : ( a ) Any person seventeen ( 17 ) years of age or older has sexual intercourse with a child who : ( i ) Is at least fourteen ( 14 ) but under sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ; ( ii ) Is thirty - six ( 36 ) or more months younger than the person ; and ( iii ) Is not the person 's spouse § 97 - 3 - 95 . Sexual battery . ( 1 ) A person is guilty of sexual battery if he or she engages in sexual penetration with : ... ( c ) A child at least fourteen ( 14 ) but under sixteen ( 16 ) years of age , if the person is thirty - six ( 36 ) or more months older than the child ... Missouri ( edit ) The age of consent in Missouri is 17 . Mistake as to the age of the victim may be a defense in some circumstances as defined in RSMo 566.020 . Statutory rape and sodomy , RSMo § § 566.032 and 566.062 involve a victim less than 14 years of age . Statutory rape and sodomy in the second degree , RSMo § § 566.034 and 566.064 involve a victim less than 17 years of age and an accused who is 21 years of age or older . The crime of Child molestation in the second degree , RSMo § 566.068 , occurs when a victim less than 17 years of age is subject to `` sexual contact '' . The distinction among those crimes has led some to the false conclusion that Missouri has a close - in - age exception . Missouri has no such exception beyond the degree of crime committed . While the statutory titles are cast in terms of Rape and Sodomy , the statutes prohibit conduct that is described as `` sexual intercourse '' and `` deviant sexual intercourse '' . Those terms are defined in RSMo § 566.010 . Statutory rape , second degree , penalty . − 566.034. 1 . A person commits the crime of statutory rape in the second degree if being twenty - one years of age or older , he has sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age . Statutory sodomy , second degree , penalty . 566.064. 1 . A person commits the crime of statutory sodomy in the second degree if being twenty - one years of age or older , he has deviate sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age . Child molestation , second degree , penalties . 566.068. 1 . A person commits the crime of child molestation in the second degree if he or she subjects another person who is less than seventeen years of age to sexual contact . Montana ( edit ) The age of consent in Montana is 16 . Nebraska ( edit ) The age of consent in Nebraska is 16 . In addition Nebraska has a law prohibiting `` lewdly inducing '' a person under 17 to `` carnally know '' any other person . 28 - 319 . Sexual assault ; first degree ; penalty . ( 1 ) Any person who subjects another person to sexual penetration ( a ) without the consent of the victim , ( b ) who knew or should have known that the victim was mentally or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the nature of his or her conduct , or ( c ) when the actor is nineteen years of age or older and the victim is at least twelve but less than sixteen years of age is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree . ( 2 ) Sexual assault in the first degree is a Class II felony . The sentencing judge shall consider whether the actor caused serious personal injury to the victim in reaching a decision on the sentence . ( 3 ) Any person who is found guilty of sexual assault in the first degree for a second time when the first conviction was pursuant to this section or any other state or federal law with essentially the same elements as this section shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of twenty - five years in prison . 28 - 319.01 . Sexual assault of a child ; first degree ; penalty . ( 1 ) A person commits sexual assault of a child in the first degree : ( a ) When he or she subjects another person under twelve years of age to sexual penetration and the actor is at least nineteen years of age or older ; or ( b ) When he or she subjects another person who is at least twelve years of age but less than sixteen years of age to sexual penetration and the actor is twenty - five years of age or older . ( 2 ) Sexual assault of a child in the first degree is a Class IB felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years in prison for the first offense . ( 3 ) Any person who is found guilty of sexual assault of a child in the first degree under this section and who has previously been convicted ( a ) under this section , ( b ) under section 28 - 319 of first degree or attempted first degree sexual assault , ( c ) under section 28 - 320.01 before July 14 , 2006 , of sexual assault of a child or attempted sexual assault of a child , ( d ) under section 28 - 320.01 on or after July 14 , 2006 , of sexual assault of a child in the second or third degree or attempted sexual assault of a child in the second or third degree , or ( e ) in any other state or federal court under laws with essentially the same elements as this section , section 28 - 319 , or section 28 - 320.01 as it existed before , on , or after July 14 , 2006 , shall be guilty of a Class IB felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of twenty - five years in prison . ( 4 ) In any prosecution under this section , the age of the actor shall be an essential element of the offense that must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt . Nevada ( edit ) The age of consent in Nevada is 16 . NRS 200.364 Definitions . As used in NRS 200.364 to 200.3774 , inclusive , unless the context otherwise requires : ... 3. `` Statutory sexual seduction '' means : ( a ) Ordinary sexual intercourse , anal intercourse , cunnilingus or fellatio committed by a person 18 years of age or older with a person under the age of 16 years ; or ( b ) Any other sexual penetration committed by a person 18 years of age or older with a person under the age of 16 years with the intent of arousing , appealing to , or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of either of the persons . New Hampshire ( edit ) The age of consent in New Hampshire is 16 . But a close - in - age exception exists where a person may `` engage in sexual penetration '' with a person older than 13 but younger than 16 but only if their age difference is three years or less . However , if the partner is acting `` in loco parentis '' , e.g. as a teacher or a guardian , the minimum age is 18 . NH Criminal code Section 632 - A :3 and Section 632 - A : 2 New Jersey ( edit ) The age of consent in New Jersey is 16 . There is an exception . If the victim is less than 18 and the partner is a parent , guardian , sibling or any other person closer than a fourth cousin or has any type of authority over the victim ( for example , a teacher ) then the assailant may be charged with a crime . For instance , it 's criminal for a manager of any age to have sex with a 17 - year - old subordinate , even if the sex is consensual . State law specifies ( by not saying anything ) that minors between 13 and 15 years old may , in general , engage in a consensual sexual relationship with someone up to four years older . Therefore , for example , it is legal for a 14 - year - old male or female to engage in consensual sex with a person up to 18 years of age . Specifically , NJ state law details three circumstances of sexual assault under which the age of consent is pertinent . For aggravated sexual assault ( a crime of the first degree ) , a person must have committed sexual penetration ( that is , intercouse , oral or anal sex or something inserted ) while either ( 1 ) the victim was under 13 or ( 2 ) the assailant exercised some legal or occupational authority over the victim who was between 13 and 15 . ( All other conditions for aggravated sexual assault do not impact the NJ age of consent . ) Simple sexual assault ( a crime of the second degree ) is defined in two ways . First , a person must have committed sexual contact ( that is , intentional touching of intimate parts for sexual gratification ) while the victim was under 13 and the assailant was over four years older . Or , second , a person must have committed sexual penetration ( defined above under aggravated sexual assault ) while not using force and either ( 1 ) the victim was 16 or 17 and one of the following conditions was true : ( a ) the assailant was a third cousin or closer OR ( b ) the assailant exercised some authority over the victim OR ( c ) the assailant was a legal guardian in the household of the victim or ( 2 ) the victim was between 13 and 15 and the assailant was over four years older . ( All other conditions for simple sexual assault do not impact the NJ age of consent . ) For more information , see the actual NJ statutes at N.J.S.A. 2C : 14 - 2 . In a period before 1979 the age of consent was raised to 16 . In May 1979 the New Jersey Legislature passed a bill sponsored by Christopher Jackman , the assembly speaker , changed the age of consent to 13 . This bill was scheduled to go into effect on September 1 , 1979 . By June 1979 there were reports Governor of New Jersey Brendan T. Byrne had refused to sign the bill into law . The coordinator for New Jersey Majority Women , Elizabeth Sadowski , asked for a postponement of this bill . New Mexico ( edit ) The age of consent in New Mexico is 17 with age - gap , marital , and school employee provisions . New Mexico Code > Chapter 30 > Article 9 > Section 30 - 9 - 11 : Criminal sexual penetration . `` F. Criminal sexual penetration in the fourth degree consists of all criminal sexual penetration : ( 1 ) not defined in Subsections C through E of this section perpetrated on a child thirteen to sixteen years of age when the perpetrator is at least eighteen years of age and is at least four years older than the child and not the spouse of that child ; or : ( 2 ) perpetrated on a child thirteen to eighteen years of age when the perpetrator , who is a licensed school employee , an unlicensed school employee , a school contract employee , a school health service provider or a school volunteer , and who is at least eighteen years of age and is at least four years older than the child and not the spouse of that child , learns while performing services in or for a school that the child is a student in a school . Whoever commits criminal sexual penetration in the fourth degree is guilty of a fourth degree felony . '' New York ( edit ) The age of consent in New York is 17 . The offense will be more serious depending on relative ages , thus : Sex with a person under 17 is a misdemeanor if the perpetrator is at least 16 ( see infra ) . ( `` Sexual misconduct , '' NY Penal Law § 130.20 . ) Sex with a person under 17 is a Class `` E '' felony if the perpetrator is at least 21 . ( `` Rape in the third degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.25 ; `` Criminal sexual act in the third degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.40 . ) Sex with a person under 15 is a Class `` D '' violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 18 . However , it is a defense to this charge if an 18 - year - old perpetrator proves by a preponderance that he or she was less than four years older than the victim . This is not a defense to any other charge that might apply , i.e. , Sexual misconduct , supra . ( `` Rape in the second degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.30 ; `` Criminal sexual act in the second degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.45 . ) Sex with a person under 13 is a Class `` B '' violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 18 . ( `` Rape in the first degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.35 ( 4 ) ; `` Criminal sexual act in the first degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.50 ( 4 ) . ) Sex with a person under 11 is a Class `` B '' violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 16 . ( `` Rape in the first degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.35 ( 3 ) ; `` Criminal sexual act in the first degree , '' NY Penal Law § 130.50 ( 3 ) . ) `` Sex , '' as used above , refers to the four conspicuous types of sexual acts , including `` sexual intercourse '' , `` oral sexual conduct '' ( both types ) , and `` anal sexual conduct . '' The latter three acts were known by statute as `` deviant sexual intercourse '' prior to 2003 . Non-intercourse sexual activity is also regulated based on age . Non-intercourse sexual activity , called `` sexual contact '' is defined as `` any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person not married to the actor for the purpose of gratifying sexual desire of either party . It includes the touching of the actor by the victim , as well as the touching of the victim by the actor , whether directly or through clothing . '' ( NY Penal Law § 130.00 ( 3 ) . ) If the person is underage such `` sexual contact '' can constitute the crime of `` sexual abuse . '' `` Sexual contact '' with a person less than 17 but at least 14 , by a perpetrator who is at least five years older than the victim is `` Sexual abuse in the third degree , '' a class B misdemeanor . ( NY Penal Law § 130.55 . ) `` Sexual contact '' with a person less than 14 is `` Sexual abuse in the second degree , '' a Class A misdemeanor , if the perpetrator is at least 16 . ( NY Penal Law § 130.60 ( 2 ) . ) `` Sexual contact '' with a person less than 11 is `` Sexual abuse in the first degree , '' a class `` D '' violent felony , if the perpetrator is at least 16 . ( NY Penal Law § 130.65 ( 3 ) . ) Certain defenses ( edit ) It is not a defense that the perpetrator believed the victim was older than is later proven . ( NY Penal Law § 15.20 ( 3 ) ) . Legally recognized marriage is a defense . ( NY Penal Law § 130.10 ( 4 ) . ) The only minimum age for a perpetrator of first degree rape / criminal sexual act with a victim under 11 ( NY Penal Law § § 130.35 ( 3 ) & 130.50 ( 3 ) ) , sexual abuse in the first and second degrees ( NY Penal Law § § 130.65 ( 3 ) & 130.60 ( 2 ) ) , and misdemeanor sexual misconduct ( NY Penal Law § 130.20 ) is provided by the defense of infancy found at NY Penal Law § 30.00 ( 1 ) . That age is 16 years old . Someone under that age may be adjudicated a juvenile delinquent , but may not commit these crimes . On the other hand , someone who is 16 years old commits a crime by voluntarily having sex with anyone who can not themselves legally consent to sex , including another 16 - year - old , even if this `` victim '' is actually older . ( People v. Bowman , 88 Misc . 2d 50 ; 387 N.Y.S. 2d 982 ( City Crim . Ct. 1976 ) ; Matter of Jessie C. , 164 A.D. 2d 731 ; 565 N.Y.S. 2d 941 ( 4 Dept. , 1991 ) . ) In effect , mutual crimes are committed when two unmarried 16 - year - old individuals voluntarily have sex with each other in New York State , each being the `` victim '' of the other . Other crimes ( edit ) It appears that the crime of `` Predatory sexual assault against a child , '' a class A-II felony , effectively subsumes all instances of `` statutory '' first degree rape / criminal sexual act where the victim is under 13 ( NY Penal Law § § 130.35 ( 4 ) , 130.50 ( 4 ) ) and the perpetrator over 18 . ( NY Penal Law § 130.96 . ) Thus , any person who commits one of these lesser offenses would necessarily commit the greater offense of `` Predatory sexual assault against a child . '' ( See , People v. Lawrence , 81 A.D. 3d 1326 ; 916 N.Y.S. 2d 393 ( 4 Dept. 2011 ) . ) There are other special offenses , namely `` Course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree '' and `` Course of sexual conduct against a child in the second degree '' that punish sex with an underage person combined with an additional illegal sexual act during wide time period . These do not subject a person to more punishment than the crimes listed above but provide only a gimmick for prosecutors to avoid the requirement that an individual sex act be specified in a rape indictment . ( See , People v. Beauchamp , 74 N.Y. 2d 639 ; 539 N.E. 2d 1105 ( 1989 ) . ) ( Note that `` violent felonies '' are specified by NY Penal Law § 70.02 . Actual `` violence '' is irrelevant . ) New York Penal Law Article 130 North Carolina ( edit ) The age of consent in North Carolina is 16 . However , certain exceptions to this general rule exist . No employee of a K - 12 school can have any sexual activity with any student at that school except when married to the person ( § 14 ‐ 27.7 ) ; this is a felony unless the actor is less than 4 years older than the student and is not a teacher , administrator , student teacher , safety officer , or coach . This prohibition covers adults and students who were at the school at the same time , and continues in force as long as the younger person is a student at any K - 12 school , regardless of age . Any sexual intercourse with a person under 16 years of age is prohibited unless the defendant is less than 4 years older than the victim except when married to the person ( § 14 ‐ 27.2 , 14 ‐ 27.4 & 14 ‐ 27.7 A ) . § 14 ‐ 27.7 A. Statutory rape or sexual offense of person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years old . ( a ) A defendant is guilty of a Class B1 felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years old and the defendant is at least six years older than the person , except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person . ( b ) A defendant is guilty of a Class C felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13 , 14 , or 15 years old and the defendant is more than four but less than six years older than the person , except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person . North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 14 North Dakota ( edit ) The age of consent in North Dakota is 18 . 12.1 - 20 - 03 . Gross sexual imposition -- Penalty . 1. A person who engages in a sexual act with another , or who causes another to engage in a sexual act , is guilty of an offense if ... the victim is less than fifteen years old Section 12.1 - 20 - 05 of the code refers to sexual acts between adults and teenagers aged 15 , 16 and 17 : 12.1 - 20 - 05. Corruption or solicitation of minors . An adult who engages in , solicits with the intent to engage in , or causes another to engage in a sexual act with a minor , is guilty of a class A misdemeanor if the victim is a minor fifteen years of age or older . An adult who solicits with the intent to engage in a sexual act with a minor under age fifteen or engages in or causes another to engage in a sexual act when the adult is at least twenty - two years of age and the victim is a minor fifteen years of age or older , is guilty of a class C felony . Ohio ( edit ) The age of consent in Ohio is 16 as specified by Section 2907.04 of the Ohio Revised Code . However , there exists a close - in - age exception where a minor 13 or older can consent to sex as long as their partner is less than 18 years old . 2907.04 Unlawful sexual conduct with minor . ( A ) No person who is eighteen years of age or older shall engage in sexual conduct with another , who is not the spouse of the offender , when the offender knows the other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age , or the offender is reckless in that regard . ( § 2907.04 ) . It is illegal for a person of any age to have sex with a child beneath 13 years of age who they are not married to . 2907.02 ( A ) 1 . No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another who is not the spouse of the offender or who is the spouse of the offender but is living separate and apart from the offender when any of the following applies ... ( b ) the other person is less than thirteen years of age , whether or not the offender knows the age of the other person ( § 2907.02 ) . However , the preceding statute , Section 2907.03 , specifies that sexual conduct between anyone under 18 and a teacher , administrator , or coach of the school they attend , a cleric , or other person in authority , is punishable as a felony of the third degree . 2907.03 Sexual battery . ( A ) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another , not the spouse of the offender , when any of the following apply : ( 5 ) The offender is the other person 's natural or adoptive parent , or a stepparent , or guardian , custodian , or person in loco parentis of the other person . ( 7 ) The offender is a teacher , administrator , coach , or other person in authority employed by or serving in a school for which the state board of education prescribes minimum standards pursuant to division ( D ) of section 3301.07 of the Revised Code , the other person is enrolled in or attends that school , and the offender is not enrolled in and does not attend that school . ( 8 ) The other person is a minor , the offender is a teacher , administrator , coach , or other person in authority employed by or serving in an institution of higher education , and the other person is enrolled in or attends that institution . ( 9 ) The other person is a minor , and the offender is the other person 's athletic or other type of coach , is the other person 's instructor , is the leader of a scouting troop of which the other person is a member , or is a person with temporary or occasional disciplinary control over the other person . ( 12 ) The other person is a minor , the offender is a cleric , and the other person is a member of , or attends , the church or congregation served by the cleric . ( § 2907.03 ) ( § 2907.03 ) Ohio law also contains a rule against importuning , which means a perpetrator of any age sexually soliciting a minor over the internet if the minor is under the age of 13 , or in the case of a perpetrator 18 years of age or older , sexually soliciting any minor who is under the age of 16 . ( § 2907.07 ) Laws against `` contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child '' ( § 2919.24 ) and `` interference with custody '' ( § 2919.23 ) may be used against those who have sex with those who are 16 and 17 if a parent or guardian complains . These two crimes are not considered to be sexual offenses . In 1989 Donald Edgar Lukens was prosecuted under the misdemeanor charge `` contributing to the delinquency and unruliness of a child '' for having sex with a 16 - year - old girl . At the time he was 58 years old , and he received a 30 - day jail sentence . Oklahoma ( edit ) The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16 . A close - in - age exemption applies if the minor was over the age of 14 and the actor was age 18 or younger . An employee of a school system who has sexual conduct with a student of that school system aged between 16 and 18 may face criminal charges in Oklahoma . Oregon ( edit ) The age of consent in Oregon is 18 . Sexual offenses are defined under the Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163 . With regards to age only , the following offenses are defined . 18 : Consent for all laws . ( ORS 163.345 -- ORS 163 - 425 ) Under 18 : Defined as Sexual Abuse 3 ( Class A Misdemeanor ) Under 16 : Defined as Rape 3 / Sodomy 3 ( Class C Felony ) Under 14 : Defined as Rape 2 / Sodomy 2 ( Class B Felony ) Under 12 : Defined as Rape 1 / Sodomy 1 ( Class A Felony ) Additionally , Oregon has a three - year rule defined under ORS 163.345 . However , this does not apply to Rape 1 , or Sodomy 1 , effectively limiting the age to 12 . However , a person can still be charged with Sexual Misconduct ( Class C Misdemeanor ) under ORS 163.445 , if the victim was an unmarried person under 18 years of age . Pennsylvania ( edit ) The age of consent in Pennsylvania is 16 years of age for sexual consent . The age of consent was previously 18 but it was lowered to 16 in 1995 . There is also a corruption of minors statute against adults corrupting the morals of minors under 18 years of age . However , the corruption of minors statute only applies to perpetrators 18 years of age and older , so it is always legal for minors 16 - 17 to have sex with each other but not always with a partner 18 or older . Pennsylvania prosecutors use this law against adults who have consensual intercourse with 16 - and 17 - year - olds , and it would count as a misdemeanor offense . In 2005 JoAnne Epps , a former prosecutor and Temple University Beasley School of Law dean of academic affairs , stated that the corruption of minors charge is considered to be a separate crime from that of statutory rape ; she stated that the consideration of whether a minor is consenting to sexual activity is a separate issue from whether someone is corrupting the minor 's morals . Teenagers aged 13 , 14 and 15 may or may not be able to legally engage in sexual activity with partners who are less than 4 years older . Such partners could not be prosecuted under statutory rape laws , but may be liable for other offenses , even when the sexual activity is consensual . In December 2011 the Pennsylvania Legislature passed an amendment stating that an employee of a school who engages in sexual relations with any student or athletic player under the age of 18 may receive a third - degree felony charge . In 2014 Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Corbett signed into law an amendment making this law apply to athletic coaches who work outside of an educational setting . Historically Pennsylvania prosecutors were only allowed to issue misdemeanor charges such as corruption of minors against teachers and coaches who had sex with 16 and 17 - year - old students . In addition to the corruption of minors charge , Pennsylvania prosecutors have also brought child endangerment charges against schoolteachers who had sex with 16 and 17 - year - old students . Pennsylvania legal codes ( edit ) Under Pennsylvania law , a defendant is strictly liable for the offense of rape , a felony of the first degree , when the complainant is 12 or younger . Pennsylvania has enacted several other strict liability sexual offenses when the complainant is under 16 , but 13 years old or older . § 3122.1 . Statutory sexual assault . Except as provided in section 3121 ( relating to rape ) , a person commits a felony of the second degree when that person engages in sexual intercourse with a complainant under the age of 16 years and that person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not married to each other . § 3125 Aggravated indecent assault ( 7 ) the complainant is less than 13 years of age ; or ( 8 ) the complainant is less than 16 years of age and the person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not married to each other . ( b ) Aggravated indecent assault of a child. -- A person commits aggravated indecent assault of a child when the person violates subsection ( a ) ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) or ( 6 ) and the complainant is less than 13 years of age . § 3123 Involuntary deviate sexual intercourse ( 7 ) who is less than 16 years of age and the person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and person are not married to each other . When the alleged victim is 16 or older and less than 18 years of age , and the alleged offender is over the age of 18 , the Commonwealth may charge the offense of corruption of minors or unlawful contact with a minor , even if the activity was consensual : § 6301 Corruption of minors . ( a ) Offense defined. -- ( 1 ) Whoever , being of the age of 18 years and upwards , by any act corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of any minor less than 18 years of age , or who aids , abets , entices or encourages any such minor in the commission of any crime , or who knowingly assists or encourages such minor in violating his or her parole or any order of court , commits a misdemeanor of the first degree . The crime of corruption of minors is usually a crime that accompanies another `` more serious '' crime such as statutory rape or involuntary deviate sexual intercourse or accompanies some drug or alcohol use , possession or sale . Tending to corrupt like contributing to delinquency is a broad term involving conduct toward a child in an unlimited variety of ways which tends to produce or to encourage or to continue conduct of the child which would amount to delinquent conduct . '' The question of whether consensual intercourse with a minor 16 years or older tends to corrupt the morals of that minor is a jury question to be decided by the `` common sense of the community . '' § 6318 . Unlawful contact with minor . ( a ) Offense defined. -- A person commits an offense if he is intentionally in contact with a minor , or a law enforcement officer acting in the performance of his duties who has assumed the identity of a minor , for the purpose of engaging in an activity prohibited under any of the following , and either the person initiating the contact or the person being contacted is within this Commonwealth : ( 1 ) Any of the offenses enumerated in Chapter 31 ( relating to sexual offenses ) . ( 2 ) Open lewdness as defined in section 5901 ( relating to open lewdness ) . ( 3 ) Prostitution as defined in section 5902 ( relating to prostitution and related offenses ) . ( 4 ) Obscene and other sexual materials and performances as defined in section 5903 ( relating to obscene and other sexual materials and performances ) . ( 5 ) Sexual abuse of children as defined in section 6312 ( relating to sexual abuse of children ) . ( 6 ) Sexual exploitation of children as defined in section 6320 ( relating to sexual exploitation of children ) . Rhode Island ( edit ) The age of consent in Rhode Island is 16 . Sexual intercourse with a minor aged 14 -- 15 by an actor 18 or older is third degree sexual assault , sexual intercourse with a minor under the age of 14 by an actor of any age is child molestation . However , there is a close - in - age exception that allows people aged 16 -- 17 to have sex with a minor aged 14 or 15 , but not younger . § 11 - 37 - 6 Third degree sexual assault . -- A person is guilty of third degree sexual assault if he or she is over the age of eighteen ( 18 ) years and engaged in sexual penetration with another person over the age of fourteen ( 14 ) years and under the age of consent , sixteen ( 16 ) years of age . § 11 - 37 - 8.1 First degree child molestation sexual assault . -- A person is guilty of first degree child molestation sexual assault if he or she engages in sexual penetration with a person fourteen ( 14 ) years of age or under . South Carolina ( edit ) The age of consent in South Carolina is 16 . SECTION 16 - 3 - 651 . Criminal sexual conduct : definitions ... ( h ) `` Sexual battery '' means sexual intercourse , cunnilingus , fellatio , anal intercourse , or any intrusion , however slight , of any part of a person 's body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of another person 's body , except when such intrusion is accomplished for medically recognized treatment or diagnostic purposes . SECTION 16 - 3 - 655 . Criminal sexual conduct with a minor ; aggravating and mitigating circumstances ; penalties ; repeat offenders . ( B ) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct with a minor in the second degree if : ... ( 2 ) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is at least fourteen years of age but who is less than sixteen years of age and the actor is in a position of familial , custodial , or official authority to coerce the victim to submit or is older than the victim . However , a person may not be convicted of a violation of the provisions of this item if he is eighteen years of age or less when he engages in illicit but consensual sexual conduct with another person who is at least fourteen years of age . In addition , mistake of age may be used as a defense . SECTION 16 - 15 - 140 . Committing or attempting lewd act upon child under sixteen . It is unlawful for a person over the age of fourteen years to willfully and lewdly commit or attempt a lewd or lascivious act upon or with the body , or its parts , of a child under the age of sixteen years , with the intent of arousing , appealing to , or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of the person or of the child . South Dakota ( edit ) The age of consent in South Dakota is 16 and there is no close - in - age exemption , although if the perpetrator is within three years of age of the victim or is under 18 the penalties are reduced . 22 - 22 - 1 . Rape defined -- Degrees -- Felony . Rape is an act of sexual penetration accomplished with any person under any of the following circumstances : ... ( 5 ) If the victim is thirteen years of age , but less than sixteen years of age , and the perpetrator is at least three years older than the victim . 22 - 22 - 7 . Sexual contact with child under sixteen -- Felony or misdemeanor . Any person , sixteen years of age or older , who knowingly engages in sexual contact with another person , other than that person 's spouse if the other person is under the age of sixteen years is guilty of a Class 3 felony . If the actor is less than three years older than the other person , the actor is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor . If an adult has a previous conviction for a felony violation of this section , any subsequent felony conviction for a violation under this section , is a Class 2 felony . Notwithstanding § 23A - 42 - 2 , a charge brought pursuant to this section may be commenced at any time before the victim becomes age twenty - five or within seven years of the commission of the crime , whichever is longer . 22 - 22 - 7.3 . Sexual contact with child under sixteen years of age -- Violation as misdemeanor . Any person , younger than sixteen years of age , who knowingly engages in sexual contact with another person , other than his or her spouse , if such other person is younger than sixteen years of age , is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor . Tennessee ( edit ) The age of consent in Tennessee is 18 . A close - in - age exemption allows minors aged 13 -- 17 to engage in sexual acts with partners less than 4 years older . Penalties differ depending on the age of the minor , as well as the age difference between the minor and the offender . ( see Article 39 - 13 - 506 . Statutory rape ) . Texas ( edit ) There are two laws concerning age of consent in Texas : one sets the age of consent for sexual activity at 17 and the other sets the age of consent for inducement of sexual conduct and for sexual activity involving `` visual representation or employment '' at 18 . There is also a three - year `` Romeo and Juliet '' provision that allows for sexual contact if there is a three year or less gap between the parties . Texas age of consent is 17 years . The age of consent is gender neutral and applies the same to both heterosexual and homosexual conduct and regardless of age difference . Like many other states , Texas does not enforce harsh penalties for individuals who have sex with someone under 17 as long as that person is not more than 3 years older than the minor . If the victim is under the age of 17 ( subject to a three - year close - in - age exception ) , then underage sexual conduct can also be prosecuted ( without requiring proof of inducement ) under section 21.11 of title 5 . Sex with a child under the age of 14 is considered aggravated sexual assault Section 22.021 ( a. 2. B) . The age of consent in Texas involving visual representation such as a part in a play or movie or employment involving sex is 18 under section 43.25 ( b ) , A person commits an offense if , the person he / she employs , or includes in content of the material , he / she produces , directs , or promotes a performance that includes sexual conduct is younger than 18 years of age . A parent or legal guardian or custodian of a child younger than 18 years of age commits an offense if he / she consents to the participation by the child in a sexual performance . This crime requires proof of inducement . However , inducement does not require threat , promise of payment or any specific incentive , or even verbal persuasion to be proven . under Texas Penal Code § 33.021 . Online Solicitation of a Minor is a criminal offense in the state of Texas that makes it illegal for someone 17 years and older to intentionally or knowingly communicate certain sexual content or try to induce or solicit a minor under 17 years of age , or any communication , language , or material , including a photographic or video image , that relates to or describes sexual conduct , as defined by Section 43.25 . Some confusion arises regarding the applicability of section 43.25 to mere `` sexual conduct '' , due to the section title `` sexual performance by a child '' and other provisions that seem to suggest that the intention of this section is to criminalize commercial sexual performances by a minor . However , in John Perry DORNBUSCH , Appellant , v . The STATE of Texas and in Summers v. State , 11 - 92 - 057 - CR , 845 S.W. 2d 440 ( 1992 ) both cases brought up different views on the applicability , in Summers v. State the judge dismisses the appellant 's argument that the legislative intent of the statute was to apply only to sexual performance as defined by section 43.25 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Section 21.12 further prohibits all sexual contact between an employee of a school ( including educators ) ) , and a student enrolled at the primary or secondary school and / or school district where said employee works ( unless the student is the employee 's spouse ) . No age is specified by the statute ( thus , even if the student has reached the age of consent , it is still a violation ) , and violations are a second degree felony . Persons convicted under 21.12 do not have to register as sex offenders . The law exists to prevent scenarios where a teacher or employee coerces a student into a sexual relationship in exchange for higher grades or other favors . In 2003 Helen Giddings , a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives , first authored the anti student - teacher sex bill but only intended for it to into effect if the student is 17 or younger . Warren Chisum of Pampa removed the maximum age from the bill . The bill was passed in 2003 . Shortly after the law passed , a teacher engaged in sexual intercourse with her 18 - year - old student , and a Texas court refused to indict her . In 2011 an amendment made it so that a teacher is forbidden from having sexual relations with any student in his / her school district , not just his / her school . Afterwards criminal prosecutions of teachers in relationships with students going to other schools in the same school district , including teachers of other educational levels , began occurring . In response to this law , Houston lawyer Dick DeGuerin stated `` Unless there 's real strong evidence of a teacher trading sex for grades or using improper influence , then it 's a statute that is really open to abuse . '' Utah ( edit ) The age of consent in Utah is 18 . However , it is legal for minors aged 16 and 17 to engage in sexual activity with partners less than 7 years older , and between 7 and 10 years older if the partner reasonably did n't know the minor 's age . 76 - 5 - 401.2 . Unlawful sexual conduct with a 16 - or 17 - year - old . ( 1 ) As used in this section , `` minor '' means a person who is 16 years of age or older , but younger than 18 years of age , at the time the sexual conduct described in Subsection ( 2 ) occurred . ( 2 ) ( a ) A person commits unlawful sexual conduct with a minor if , under circumstances not amounting to an offense listed under Subsection ( 3 ) , a person who is : ( i ) seven or more years older but less than 10 years older than the minor at the time of the sexual conduct engages in any conduct listed in Subsection ( 2 ) ( b ) , and the person knew or reasonably should have known the age of the minor ; or ( ii ) 10 or more years older than the minor at the time of the sexual conduct and engages in any conduct listed in Subsection ( 2 ) ( b ) . ( b ) As used in Subsection ( 2 ) ( a ) , `` sexual conduct '' refers to when the person : ( i ) has sexual intercourse with the minor ; ( ii ) engages in any sexual act with the minor involving the genitals of one person and the mouth or anus of another person , regardless of the sex of either participant ; ( iii ) causes the penetration , however slight , of the genital or anal opening of the minor by any foreign object , substance , instrument , or device , including a part of the human body , with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any person or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person , regardless of the sex of any participant ; or ( iv ) touches the anus , buttocks , or any part of the genitals of the minor , or touches the breast of a female minor , or otherwise takes indecent liberties with the minor , or causes a minor to take indecent liberties with the actor or another person , with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any person or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person regardless of the sex of any participant . 76 - 5 - 401 . Unlawful sexual activity with a minor -- Elements -- Penalties -- Evidence of age raised by defendant . ( 1 ) For purposes of this section `` minor '' is a person who is 14 years of age or older , but younger than 16 years of age , at the time the sexual activity described in this section occurred . ( 2 ) A person commits unlawful sexual activity with a minor if , under circumstances not amounting to rape , in violation of Section 76 - 5 - 402 , object rape , in violation of Section 76 - 5 - 402.2 , forcible sodomy , in violation of Section 76 - 5 - 403 , or aggravated sexual assault , in violation of Section 76 - 5 - 405 , the actor : ( a ) has sexual intercourse with the minor ; ( b ) engages in any sexual act with the minor involving the genitals of one person and the mouth or anus of another person , regardless of the sex of either participant ; or ( c ) causes the penetration , however slight , of the genital or anal opening of the minor by any foreign object , substance , instrument , or device , including a part of the human body , with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any person or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person , regardless of the sex of any participant . ( 3 ) A violation of Subsection ( 2 ) is a third degree felony unless the defendant establishes by a preponderance of the evidence the mitigating factor that the defendant is less than four years older than the minor at the time the sexual activity occurred , in which case it is a class B misdemeanor . Vermont ( edit ) The age of consent in Vermont is 16 . Title 13 V.S.A. § 3252 . Sexual assault : § 3252 ( c ) No person shall engage in a sexual act with a child who is under the age of 16 , except : where the persons are married to each other and the sexual act is consensual ; or where the person is less than 19 years old , the child is at least 15 years old , and the sexual act is consensual . However it rises to 18 if the person is related to the minor or in a position of authority over him . ( d ) No person shall engage in a sexual act with a child who is under the age of 18 and is entrusted to the actor 's care by authority of law or is the actor 's child , grandchild , foster child , adopted child , or stepchild . Virginia ( edit ) The age of consent in Virginia is 18 , with a close - in - age exception that allows teenagers aged 15 to 17 to engage in sexual acts but only with a partner younger than 18 . The state code defines felony statutory rape as crimes against those under 15 , while adults who have sex minors over 15 can be prosecuted for a misdemeanor offense , `` contributing to the delinquency of a minor . '' Section § 18.2 - 63 of the Code refers to minors younger than 15 , while § 18.2 - 371 is about 15 - , 16 - and 17 - year - olds . Section 18.2 - 63 states in part : `` If any person carnally knows , without the use of force , a child thirteen years of age or older but under fifteen years of age , such person shall be guilty of ... felony ... For the purposes of this section , ( i ) a child under the age of thirteen years shall not be considered a consenting child and ( ii ) `` carnal knowledge '' includes the acts of sexual intercourse , cunnilingus , fellatio , analingus , anal intercourse , and animate and inanimate object sexual penetration . '' Consensual sex where one partner is 15 , 16 or 17 and the other is over 18 is a class 1 misdemeanor . § 18.2 - 371 . Causing or encouraging acts rendering children delinquent , abused , etc. ; penalty ; abandoned infant . Any person 18 years of age or older , including the parent of any child , who ( i ) willfully contributes to , encourages , or causes any act , omission , or condition which renders a child delinquent , in need of services , in need of supervision , or abused or neglected as defined in § 16.1 - 228 , or ( ii ) engages in consensual sexual intercourse with a child 15 or older not his spouse , child , or grandchild , shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor . As of 2013 the state was attempting to prosecute a 47 - year - old man who had oral sex with a 17 - year - old girl with a `` crimes against nature '' law , an anti-sodomy which forbids people from engaging in anal and oral sex and makes these acts a felony offense . The 47 year - old had been convicted under a misdemeanor offense and his lawyers did not challenge that conviction . In addition , the man had to serve one year in prison and register as a sex offender due to the sodomy charge . In March 2013 the U.S. Court of Appeals overturned the sodomy conviction , saying it was unconstitutional according to the 2003 Lawrence v. Texas decision . Attorney General of Virginia Ken Cuccinelli asked the U.S. Supreme Court to do a rehearing , arguing that the state 's sodomy laws may still constitutionally apply to 16 and 17 year olds . Dalia Lithwick of Slate stated that this scenario would cause problems for homosexual teenagers . In October of that year the Supreme Court denied the petition . Washington ( edit ) The age of consent in Washington is 16 . It is also illegal to engage in sexual acts with someone younger than 18 under three different sets of circumstances , enumerated in RCW 9A. 44.096 . Foster parents with their foster children ; school teachers and school administration employees over their students ( including , as interpreted by the Washington State Supreme Court , students up to age 21 ) ; The third set of circumstances require all of the following situations occur in tandem : The older person is 60 months or more older than the 16 - or 17 - year - old , the person is in a significant relationship as defined by RCW 9A. 44.010 , and such older person abuses the relationship to have sexual contact . There are also three exceptions for people close in age . RCW 9A. 44.079 `` A person is guilty of rape of a child in the third degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is at least fourteen years old but less than sixteen years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least forty - eight months older than the victim . Rape of a child in the third degree is a class C felony . '' RCW 9A. 44.076 `` A person is guilty of rape of a child in the second degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is at least twelve years old but less than fourteen years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least thirty - six months older than the victim . Rape of a child in the second degree is a class A felony . '' RCW 9A. 44.073 `` A person is guilty of rape of a child in the first degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is less than twelve years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least twenty - four months older than the victim . Rape of a child in the first degree is a class A felony . '' Several have reported that the immoral communication with a minor statute exists and places the age of consent at 18 due to the inability to `` communicate '' to 16 - and 17 - year - olds about sexual activity . These reports are incorrect . The Washington Court of Appeals , Division 1 decided in the case of State v. Danforth , 56 Wn . App . 133 , 782 P. 2d 1091 ( 1989 ) that such communication has to be for the purposes of committing an illegal act under RCW Chapter 9.68 A. Danforth 's conviction was overturned by that ruling . However , the Washington Supreme Court in the case of State v. McNallie , 120 Wn. 2d 925 , 846 P. 2d 1358 ( 1993 ) overturned the scope of the Danforth ruling ( though not the result ; Danforth would have still had his conviction overturned under the McNallie standard ) , applying the communication statute to encompass all sexual misconduct with a minor , not just those under RCW Chapter 9.68 A , which deal mostly with illegal child pornography and prostitution . In State v. Luther , the Court of Appeals concluded , that `` the Legislature never intended that RCW 9.68 A. 090 proscribe communications about sexual conduct that would be legal if performed , and that conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider constitutional argument based on procedural due process . '' . Due to these cases , it is clear that communications with 16 - and 17 - year - olds just for general sexual activity is legal , as long as such conduct discussed is not about illegal conduct or would be illegal in real life ( such as the teacher / student circumstance , the foster parent / foster child circumstance , the significant relationship abuse circumstance , or asking for illegal pictures or attempting to bring such younger persons into prostitution ) . A state statute makes it illegal for a teacher and a `` minor '' student defined as `` at least sixteen years old . '' The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that this policy affects all high school students up to 21 years of age , which under state law is the age cap for enrollment in high school . West Virginia ( edit ) The age of consent in West Virginia is 16 . § 61 - 8B - 5 . Sexual assault in the third degree . ( a ) A person is guilty of sexual assault in the third degree when : ( 2 ) The person , being sixteen years old or more , engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person who is less than sixteen years old and who is at least four years younger than the defendant and is not married to the defendant . Wisconsin ( edit ) The age of consent in Wisconsin is 18 and there is no close - in - age exception . There is , however , a marital exception which allows a person to have sex with a minor 16 or older if they are married to the minor . If the minor is below 16 both sexual intercourse and any sexual contact are a felony ; sexual intercourse with a minor 16 - 17 by a perpetrator who is not married to the minor is a class a misdemeanor . However , Wisconsin has a child enticement law that prohibits people of any age from taking people under 18 to a private area such as a room and exposing a sex organ to them or having the minor expose their sex organ to them . This is a class B or C felony . 948.09 Sexual intercourse with a child age 16 or older . Whoever has sexual intercourse with a child who is not the defendant 's spouse and who has attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor . 948.02 Sexual assault of a child . ( ... ) ( 2 ) Second degree sexual assault . Whoever has sexual contact or sexual intercourse with a person who has not attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class C felony . If the minor is below 16 marriage to the minor by the accused is not a defense . 948.02 ( 4 ) Marriage not a bar to prosecution . A defendant shall not be presumed to be incapable of violating this section because of marriage to the complainant . Sexual intercourse with a child younger than 13 carries the highest penalties , it is a Class B felony . 948.02 ( e ) Whoever has sexual contact with a child who has not attained the age of 13 years is guilty of a class b felony . Wisconsin law contains an unusual provision making it a class f felony for a person responsible for a child under the age of 16 years such as a parent to not prevent their child from having sexual contact with another person if it was realistically possible for them to do so and they were aware that the other person intended to have sex with their child . ( 3 ) Failure to act . A person responsible for the welfare of a child who has not attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class F felony if that person has knowledge that another person intends to have , is having or has had sexual intercourse or sexual contact with the child , is physically and emotionally capable of taking action which will prevent the intercourse or contact from taking place or being repeated , fails to take that action and the failure to act exposes the child to an unreasonable risk that intercourse or contact may occur between the child and the other person or facilitates the intercourse or contact that does occur between the child and the other person . Child Enticement . Section 948.07 , Wisconsin Statutes , prohibits causing or enticing a child into any vehicle , building , room , or secluded place with the intent to : commit an act of first or second - degree sexual assault ; cause the child to engage in prostitution ; expose a sex organ to the child or cause the child to expose a sex organ ; or take pictures or make audio recordings of the child engaging in sexually explicit conduct ( Class BC felony ) . Wyoming ( edit ) The age of consent in Wyoming is 17 . 6 ‐ 2 ‐ 304 . Sexual assault in the third degree . ( a ) An actor commits sexual assault in the third degree if , under circumstances not constituting sexual assault in the first or second degree : ( i ) The actor is at least four ( 4 ) years older than the victim and inflicts sexual intrusion on a victim under the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years ... The age of consent in Wyoming was thought by some to be 16 , as stated above by Section 6 ‐ 2 ‐ 304 . However , in the cases of Pierson v. State and Moore v. State , the Wyoming Supreme Court held that sexual activity with minors aged 16 or 17 could be charged under Section 14 - 3 - 105 of Wyoming Statutes . That statute was repealed in 2007 and re-codified as Section 6 - 2 - 316 , which provides , in pertinent part as follows : 6 - 2 - 316 . Sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree . ( a ) Except under circumstance constituting sexual abuse of a minor in the first or second degree as defined by W.S. 6 - 2 - 314 and 6 - 2 - 315 , an actor commits the crime of sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree if : ... ( iv ) Being seventeen ( 17 ) years of age or older , the actor knowingly takes immodest , immoral or indecent liberties with a victim who is less than seventeen ( 17 ) years of age and the victim is at least four ( 4 ) years younger than the actor . Territorial laws ( edit ) American Samoa ( edit ) It is an offense in American Samoa to engage in sexual acts with a person under the age of 16 . Guam ( edit ) The age of consent in Guam is 16 . § 25.25 . Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct . ( a ) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exists : ( 1 ) that other person is at least fourteen ( 14 ) years of age and under sixteen ( 16 ) years of age ( ... ) Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) The age of consent in the Northern Mariana Islands is 16 , according to Sections 1306 -- 1309 of the Commonwealth Code . There a close - in - age exemption permitting minors aged 13 -- 15 to engage in sexual activity with those less than three years older . Under the same provisions , it is also illegal for any person aged 16 or older to aid , encourage , induce or causes minors under 13 to engage in any sexual activity with anyone else , or minors aged 13 -- 15 to engage in sexual activity with persons older than them by three years or more . The age of consent rises to 18 when the older partner -- being age 18 or older -- is the parent , stepparent , adopted parent , or legal guardian of the younger person , or when the older partner has or occupies a position of authority over the younger person . This does not apply for minors aged 16 or 17 as long as the older partner is less than three years older and is not the younger person 's parent , stepparent , adopted parent or legal guardian . According to section 1317 , a position of authority `` means an employer , youth leader , scout leader , coach , teacher , counselor , school administrator , religious leader , doctor , nurse , psychologist , guardian ad litem , babysitter , or a substantially similar position , and a police officer or probation officer other than when the officer is exercising custodial control '' over a person under 18 . According to Section 1310 , affirmative defenses for the crimes outlined in Sections 1306 -- 1309 exists for consensual activity between legal spouses and for cases where the defendant reasonably believed that a minor age 13 or older was of legal age . Sections 1303 and 1304 of the Commonwealth Code also criminalize sexual activity with persons aged 18 or 19 , if they are `` committed to the custody of the Department of Public Health and Environmental Services under the Commonwealth 's civil or criminal laws , and the offender is the legal guardian of the person '' . Puerto Rico ( edit ) The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16 . Article 142. - Sexual Assault. - Any person who performs sexual penetration , whether vaginal , anal , oral - genital , digital or instrumental under any of the following circumstances shall incur a second degree felony : ( a ) When the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years at the time of the commission of the crime ( ... ) Article 144. - Lewd Acts. - Any person who without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 142 submits another person to an act that tends to awaken , excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused , under any of the following circumstances hereinbelow , shall incur a third degree felony . ( a ) When the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years at the time of the commission of the crime ( ... ) United states Virgin Islands ( edit ) Paraphrasing Virgin Islands Code : V.I.C. § 1700 -- 1709 Virgin Islands Code and appeals records Francis vs. VI NOTE : `` mistake of fact as to the victim 's age is not a defense '' . The age of consent is 18 . There is however a close - in - age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another , but not with anyone 16 or over . Article § 1700 . Aggravated rape in the first degree bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13 . Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force , intimidation , or the perpetrator 's position of authority , and by the fact that the minor , being under 16 and not the perpetrator 's spouse , is residing in the same household as the perpetrator. ( see Article § 1700 , Article § 1702 , Article § 1708 ) . Other relevant articles of the criminal code are : § 1702 . Rape in the second degree ( a ) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age , and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim , is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years . § 1703 . Rape in the third degree Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age , under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court `` Sexual contact '' , that is , non-penetrative sex , defined as `` the intentional touching of a person 's intimate parts , whether directly or through clothing , to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person '' is not permitted with children under 16 , but a close - in - age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18 . § 1708 . Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree A person who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse -- ( ... ) ( 2 ) when the other person is under thirteen years of age ; § 1709 . Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year United states minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island , are under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior , as part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument . As such , all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable . Midway Atoll is under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior ( administered as a National Wildlife Refuge ) . As such , all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable . See also ( edit ) United States portal Sexuality portal Law portal Age of consent Age of consent reform Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in North America Ages of consent in Oceania Ages of consent in South America Comprehensive sex education Child sexual abuse Fantasy defense Jailbait Adolescent sexuality in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Laws against `` contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child '' ( § 2919.24 ) and `` interference with custody '' ( § 2919.23 ) may be used against those who are 18 and older who have sex with those who are 16 and 17 if a parent or guardian complains . - See the section about Ohio for further information Jump up ^ Even though a person may legally consent to sexual activity with someone of any age older than him / her once he / she turns 16 , Pennsylvania state prosecutors may still charge a person 18 or older with corruption of a minor , a misdemeanor offense , if a person has consensual sexual intercourse with a 16 or 17 year old -- See the section about Pennsylvania for further information Jump up ^ Texas has two statutes : section 21.11 of title 5 defines the age of consent as 17 , but section 43.25 of title 9 criminalizes inducing a minor under 18 to engage in sexual conduct or causing such a minor to engage in a sexual performance -- See the section about Texas for further information References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drobac , Jennifer Ann ( 2013 ) , `` Wake up and Smell the Starbucks Coffee : How Doe v. Starbucks confirms the end of ' the Age of Consent ' in California and Perhaps Beyond '' , Boston College Journal of Law & Social Justice , 33 ( Iss. 1 , Art . 2 ) , retrieved August 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` '' Age of Consent Laws , '' in Children and Youth in History , Item # 230 `` . Stephen Robertson . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Children and Youth in History '' . gmu.edu . Jump up ^ `` Campaign to Raise the Legal Age of Consent , 1885 -- 1914 , Lesson Plan '' . alexanderstreet.com . ^ Jump up to : Volokh , Eugene . `` Statutory rape laws and ages of consent in the U.S. '' ( Archive ) . Washington Post . May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved on September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Urbina , Ian . `` The Challenge of Defining Rape '' ( Archive ) . The New York Times . October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith and Kercher , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Smith and Kercher , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Smith and Kercher , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Smith and Kercher , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Higdon , Michael J. `` Queer Teens and Legislative Bullies : The Cruel and Invidious Discrimination Behind Heterosexist Statutory Rape Laws '' ( Archive ) . UC Davis Law Review , University of California , Davis . Vol. 42 , p. 195 - 253 . 2008 . Retrieved on September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/pdf/02-102P.ZO Jump up ^ `` 85898 -- State v. Limon -- Luckert -- Kansas Supreme Court '' . Kscourts.org . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ United States v. Dhingra , which discusses the fact of incorporation of state criminal law into violation of 2422 ( b ) , specifically California statute , where Dhingra resided and committed the acts . Jump up ^ Posner , Richard ( 1996 ) . A Guide to America 's Sex Laws . The University of Chicago Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 67564 - 5 . The case cited is Michael M. v. Superior Court , 450 U.S. 464 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ `` The US Federal Age of Sexual Consent '' . SOL Research . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Child Pornography Sentences '' . famm.org . Jump up ^ `` USDOJ : CRM : Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section '' . justice.gov . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. Poulin , 631 F. 3d 17 , 20 -- 21 ( 1st Cir. 2011 ) ( sexually explicit photographs or video for `` personal use '' still constitutes production of child pornography ) ; United States v. Fore , 507 F. 3d 412 , 415 ( 6th Cir. 2007 ) ( lesser offense of possession does not require distribution or an intent to distribute to a third party ) ; United States v. Burgess , 576 F. 3d 1078 , 1102 ( 10th Cir. 2009 ) ( lesser offense of possession does not require distribution or an intent to distribute to a third party ) ; United States v. Holston , 343 F. 3d 83 , 85 -- 86 ( 2d Cir. 2003 ) ( the crime may be established without a showing of economic benefit of any kind to the defendant ) ; United States v. Williams , 553 U.S. 285 , 296 ( 2008 ) ( `` ( I ) n much Internet file sharing of child pornography each participant makes his files available for free to other participants . '' ) Jump up ^ See United States v. Richardson , 238 F. 3d 837 , 839 ( 7th Cir. 2001 ) ( Posner , J . ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 30 . Sexual Abuse '' . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Age Of Consent By State '' . Age-of-consent.info . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Barbara . `` Chester sex case points up questions A high school administrator has been charged with two misdemeanors . Experts say the issues are not clear - cut . '' ( Archive ) . Philadelphia Inquirer. April 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on August 4 , 2015 . `` Wilson 's arrest highlights confusing questions about sexual relations between youths who are of the age of legal consent at 16 and adults . Sex with a minor younger than 16 is considered statutory rape . '' and `` In Pennsylvania , prosecutors turn to broader laws , such as corrupting the morals of a minor , that are not as clearly defined . '' and `` JoAnne Epps , dean of academic affairs at Temple University 's Beasley School of Law , said that even though a teenager can legally consent to sex ( ... ) '' ( ... ) but that 's irrelevant in determining whether a person is guilty of corrupting the morals of a minor. `` '' ^ Jump up to : `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 43 . PUBLIC INDECENCY '' . ^ Jump up to : `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 21 . SEXUAL OFFENSES '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Indecency with a Child in Texas '' . Jump up ^ Norman - Eady , Sandra , Christopher Reinhart , and Peter Martino . `` STATUTORY RAPE LAWS BY STATE . '' Government of Connecticut . April 14 , 2003 . 2003 - R - 0376 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmer , Brian . `` What 's `` Unlawful Sexual Intercourse '' ? '' ( Archive ) . Slate . September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutory Rape : A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements . Summary of Current State Laws ... '' U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved on May 15 , 2016 . `` A common misperception about statutory rape is that state codes define a single age at which an individual can legally consent to sex . Only 12 states have a single age of consent , below which an individual can not consent to sexual intercourse under any circumstances , and above which it is legal to engage in sexual intercourse with another person above the age of consent . For example , in Massachusetts , the age of consent is 16 . In the remaining 39 states , other factors come into play : age differentials , minimum age of the victim , and minimum age of the defendant . Each is described below . '' - The mathematics does not add up in this section as there are 50 states , unless DC is counted as # 51 . Jump up ^ Smith and Kercher , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Remkus , Ashley ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) . `` North Alabama judge rules state 's teacher - student sex law is unconstitutional '' . AL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Patricia . `` Can Statutory Rape Laws Be Effective in Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy ? '' ( ) . Guttmacher Institute . Family Planning Perspectives Volume 29 , Number 1 , January / February 1996 . Retrieved on February 19 , 2015 . `` '' One of the most disturbing things about ( the ) exploding ( rate of ) teen pregnancy is that so many of the fathers are ... men , 26 and 28 years old , having sex with 14 - year - old girls , '' declared California Gov. Pete Wilson . `` We 've got to enforce statutory rape laws . '' '' Jump up ^ Dreier , Hannah. `` Student - Teacher Dating Would Become A Felony Under California Bill '' ( Archive ) . Associated Press at Huffington Post . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Alert : Lawmakers kill bill to make student - teacher trysts a felony -- sacbee.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Law Says Minors Ca n't Consent -- But Some Civil Courts Disagree '' ( Archive ) . National Public Radio . November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gramlich , John . `` New laws take ' Romeo ' into account '' ( ) . Stateline.org , Pew Research Center . Monday July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved on September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Rape : A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements . '' United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved on November 4 , 2014 . `` Florida ( ... ) A child under 16 years of age can not consent to sexual activity , regardless of the age of the defendant. ( 189 ) A child who is at least 16 years of age and less than 18 years of age can not consent to sexual activity if the defendant is 24 years of age or older . '' and `` Pennsylvania ( ... ) Sexual intercourse with someone less than 13 years of age is illegal regardless of the age of the defendant. ( 641 ) Sexual intercourse with someone at least 13 years of age and less than 16 years of age is illegal unless the defendant is less than four years older than the victim or is the victim 's spouse . '' Jump up ^ `` Man shed sex offender status under new ' Romeo and Juliet ' law '' ( ) . Associated Press at Tampa Bay Online . Saturday June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 6 - 3 -- Statutory rape : : 2010 Georgia Code '' . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` § 17 - 10 - 6.2 -- Punishment for sexual offenders : : 2010 Georgia Code '' . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 6 - 4 -- Child molestation ; aggravated child molestation : : 2010 Georgia Code '' . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 6 - 2 -- Sodomy ; aggravated sodomy ; medical expenses : : 2010 Georgia Code '' . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` hb722. html '' . Legis.state.ga.us. 1 July 2005 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Assembly -- HB 722 '' . Legis.ga.gov . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` House Bill '' . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Christine . `` Hawaii 's age of consent is too low , advocates say '' ( Archive ) . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Friday , August 25 , 2000 . Retrieved on November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` REPORT OF THE AGE OF CONSENT TASK FORCE '' ( Archive ) . State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General . Retrieved on November 4 , 2014 . p. i ( PDF p. 6 / 79 ) . Submitted to The Twenty - Second State Legislature Regular Session of 2003 Pursuant to Act 1 , Second Special Session , SLH 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 6101 '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 6104 '' . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 1508 '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 1508A '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Statutes -- 18 - 1506 '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Criminal Sexual Assault ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.20 ) Jump up ^ Criminal sexual abuse ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.50 ) Jump up ^ Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.30 ) Jump up ^ Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.40 ) Jump up ^ Aggravated criminal sexual abuse ( 720 ILCS 5 / 11 - 1.60 ) Jump up ^ 750 ILCS 5 / 203 and 750 ILCS 5 / 208 Jump up ^ Yeagle , Patrick ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Advocates : Do n't prosecute teens for consensual sex '' . Illinois Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois ' Romeo And Juliet ' Law Would Take Young Sex Offenders Off Registry '' . Huffington Post . March 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Hess , Hannah ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Illinois bill would pare sex offender list '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Take Romeo off sex offender list '' . Chicago Sun - Times . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Yeagle , Patrick ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Reformers : sex offender mandate would hurt Illinois '' . Illinois Times . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wall , Tobias ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Keep juvenile sex offenders off registries . '' . The State Journal - Register . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Code 35 - 42 - 4 '' . p. 438 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Code 35 - 42 - 4 '' . In.gov . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Statutes 21 - 5503 , 21 - 5504 , 21 - 5506 and 21 - 5507 '' . 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Louisiana Laws , Revised Statutes , TITLE 14 -- Criminal law , RS 14 : 80 -- Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sexual offense in the fourth degree . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 308 . ^ Jump up to : Sexual offense in the third degree . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 307 . ^ Jump up to : Sexual offense in the second degree . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 306 . ^ Jump up to : Rape in the second degree . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 304 . Jump up ^ Sexual solicitation of minor . Maryland Code , Criminal Law § 3 - 324 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . malegislature.gov . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Claire . `` Lawmakers Move To Bar Teachers From Having Sex With Students . '' AOL News . March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved on August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Dave . `` Teachers prohibited from having sex with students of any age under bill approved by Michigan Senate . '' MLive . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved on August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ These laws have been translated into layman 's terms at the child sexual abuse prevention website YouCanStopItNow.org . Jump up ^ `` § 97 - 3 - 65 . Statutory rape ; enhanced penalty for forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape by administering certain substances . '' . LexisNexis.com . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Go To Top '' . `` What is the Montana Legal Age of Consent for 2012 ? '' . Age-of-consent.info . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nebraska Legislature '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Nebraska Legislature '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 28 Section 805 . '' Nebraska Legislature . Retrieved on May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sadowski asks penal code delay '' ( Archive ) . The Daily Register ( Shrewsbury , New Jersey ) . Friday June 15 , 1979 . Volume 101 , No. 303 . p. 4 . Retrieved on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 New Mexico Statutes -- Section 30 - 9 - 11 -- Criminal sexual penetration . '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OHIO AGE OF CONSENT / STATUTORY RAPE FACT SHEET . '' Ohio Alliance to End Sexual Violence . Retrieved on August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , David . `` Lukens found guilty . '' United Press International ( UPI ) at The Bryan Times . Saturday May 27 , 1989 . Volume 41 , No. 125 . p. 1 . Retrieved from Google News . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Lukens Gets 30 Days for Sex With Minor '' ( Archive ) . Associated Press at The New York Times . July 1 , 1989 . Retrieved on May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State v. Lukens , 66 Ohio App . 3d 794 -- Ohio : Court of Appeals 1990 . '' Available at Google Scholar . See `` CONTRIBUTING TO THE UNRULINESS OR DELINQUENCY OF A CHILD '' phrasebook from the Ohio Office of the Public Defender . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Statutes § 21 - 1111 . Rape defined '' . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent in Oklahoma -- Oklahoma Legal Group '' . oklahomalegalgroup.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Statutes § 21 - 1112 . Age limitation on conviction for rape '' . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuruvilla , Carol . `` English teacher avoids jail after cops nab her in hotel room with 17 - year - old student '' ( Archive ) . New York Daily News . Sunday March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved on October 5 , 2014 . `` The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16 . But because Queen was the teenager 's teacher , different rules apply . According to state laws , a sexual act is considered rape if the victim is a student between 16 and 18 years of age and the suspect is an employee of the student 's school system . '' ^ Jump up to : Smerconish , Michael . `` The Pulse : Coming forward on abuse helps the community '' ( Archive ) . Philadelphia Inquirer . August 5 , 2011 . `` There are no statutory - rape charges pending as the age of consent in the commonwealth is 16 . '' Jump up ^ Anastasia , George . `` D.A. to fight ruling on Rinick sex tape A judge said reporters were entitled to view it . Prosecutors said four women 's privacy rights must be protected . '' ( Archive ) . Philadelphia Inquirer . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved on August 6 , 2015 . `` Rinick 's lawyer in that case , Nino Tinari , said yesterday that the charges were downgraded to corrupting the morals of minors after Rinick produced videotapes that indicated the girls took part in consensual sex . ( The age of consent in Pennsylvania for sex is 16 . ) '' Jump up ^ Elizabeth , Jane . `` State ranks low with school sex abuse law . '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Saturday May 31 , 2003 . Retrieved on August 4 , 2015 . `` The age of consent in Pennsylvania is 16 years old -- reduced in 1995 from 18 years old . '' Jump up ^ e.g. § 6318 . Unlawful contact with minor ( does not require the offender to be over the age of 18 ) or § 6301 . Corruption of minors ( requires the offender to be over the age of 18 ) Jump up ^ Finley , Ben . `` Corbett signs law targeting predatory youth coaches '' ( Archive ) . Philadelphia Inquirer . June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Josh P. `` Lower Merion High teacher suspended in student - romance allegation . '' Philadelphia Inquirer . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved on August 6 , 2015 . `` Pennsylvania law sets the age of consent for sex at 16 , although prosecutors in some counties have brought child endangerment and corruption - of - minors charges against teachers who have had relationships with 16 - and 17 - year - old students . '' ^ Jump up to : `` See Commonwealth v. Decker , 26 Pa . D. & C. 4th 157 ( 1995 ) '' . Scholar.google.com . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . - The `` common sense of the community '' comes from section 161 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Sex Crime Attorney -- Statutory Rape Law in RI '' . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Statutory Rape Laws & Criminal Penalties -- Criminal Law '' . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island Rape and Sexual Assault Laws -- FindLaw.com '' . Jump up ^ LaMance , Ken ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Rhode Island Age of Consent Lawyers -- LegalMatch Law Library '' . Jump up ^ `` 11 - 37 - 6 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 11 - 37 - 8.1 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina Bench Book for Summary Court Judges -- Crimes and Offenses Section '' . Sccourts.org . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Tennessee Code Research Tool '' . lexisnexis.com . Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent in Texas '' . Varghese Summersett PLLC . Jump up ^ `` CNS -- Tutor - Student Sex Deemed Legal , Photos Not '' . Jump up ^ reporter , miya shay , eyewitness news , ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Former HPD officer could face child porn chages '' . Jump up ^ `` Fort Worth Statutory Rape Attorney -- Arlington Sex With a Minor Defense '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas Statutory Rape Laws & Criminal Penalties -- Criminal Law '' . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 22 . ASSAULTIVE OFFENSES '' . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw 's Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas case and opinions . '' . Jump up ^ `` Johnson v. State '' . Jump up ^ `` Jose L. Mateo v . The State of Texas -- Appeal from 264th District Court of Bell County '' . Jump up ^ `` Attorney for Indecency with a Child Arrests in Fort Worth , TX '' . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Performance by a Child -- Texas Sexual Assault Attorney -- Defense '' . Jump up ^ `` Sexual Performance by a Child '' . Jump up ^ `` Attorney for Sexual Performance by a Child in San Antonio , TX '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas Penal Code -- PENAL -- PENAL § 33.021 -- FindLaw '' . findlaw.com . Jump up ^ `` Online Solicitation of a Minor '' . saputo. law . Jump up ^ `` 156 S.W. 3d 859 ( 2005 ) John Perry DORNBUSCH , Appellant , v . The STATE of Texas , Appellee . No. 13 - 02 - 700 - CR . Court of Appeals of Texas , Corpus Christi - Edinburg . January 27 , 2005 . Rehearing Overruled March 24 , 2005 ... '' `` It is uncontested that Dornbusch was substantially older than V.V. Also , as an educator at her high school , Dornbusch was in a position of authority over V.V. '' and `` We conclude that a scenario such as this , where a person of authority creates a situation in which a teenager would find it almost impossible to deny a sexual advance , can be fairly considered to constitute inducement in the common understanding of the term . '' and `` We hold that the statute was not impermissibly vague as applied to Dornbusch 's conduct . The statute forbids inducement of sexual conduct by a child under eighteen years of age , and according to the State 's evidence , Dornbusch did exactly that : he induced ( he used persuasion and influence to bring about ) V.V. 's sexual conduct . '' Jump up ^ `` Andrew Berkovsky v . The State of Texas -- Appeal from 278th District Court of Walker County '' . Jump up ^ `` Tanya Ramirez : Teacher Convicted Of Sleeping With Student Sues Him For Bragging About Their Romp '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas teacher pleads GUILTY to sex with two 17 - year - old students '' . ^ Jump up to : Lomax , John Nova . `` A Closer Look at the Texas High School Student - Teacher Sex Epidemic '' ( Archive ) . Texas Monthly . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Utah State Legislature '' . utah.gov. 76 - 5 - 401.2 Unlawful sexual conduct with a 16 - or 17 - year - old Jump up ^ `` The Vermont Statutes Online '' . Leg.state.vt.us. 26 May 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schulte , Brigide . `` An Age - Old Cultural Divide . '' Washington Post . Sunday March 20 , 2005 . Page LZ21 . Online p. 1 ( Archive ) . `` In Virginia , the age of consent is 18 . '' Jump up ^ Chandler , Michael Alison . `` Laws on child sex abuse in schools . '' Washington Post . July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Kate . `` More on Cuccinelli 's Defense of Virginia 's Anti-Sodomy Law '' ( Archive ) . Mother Jones . Thursday April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2015 . `` While that might be seen as creepy , in Virginia , the age of consent is 15 years old . '' Jump up ^ Lithwick , Dahlia . `` Ken Cuccinelli 's Sodomy Obsession '' ( Archive ) . Slate . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved on September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marcotte , Amanda . `` Ken Cuccinelli Loses Bid to Re-Ban Sodomy '' ( Archive ) . Slate . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved on September 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clark - Flory , Tracy. `` Student - teacher sex : When is it OK ? . '' Salon . November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved on December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ webmaster@wvlegislature.gov . `` West Virginia Code '' . Legis.state.wv.us . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : Subch . III of ch. 944 Title '' . Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.02 '' . Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.02 '' . Docs.legis.wisconsin.gov. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Code Annotated '' . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived October 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Code '' . - See : § 1306. Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the First Degree § 1307. Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Second Degree , § 1308 . Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Third Degree. , § 1308 . Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Fourth Degree . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Works cited Smith , Brittany Logino and Glen A. Kercher . `` Adolescent Sexual Behavior and the Law '' ( Archive ) . Crime Victims ' Institute , Criminal Justice Center , Sam Houston State University . March 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Books Cocca , Carolyn . Jailbait : The Politics of Statutory Rape Laws in the United States . SUNY Press , April 29 , 2004 . ISBN 9780791459058 . Chapter 1 : Statutory Rape Laws in Historical Context ( Archive ) See : p. 23 : `` Table 1.1. : Ages of Consent 1885 -- 1999 , and Age Spans in the Fifty States , 1999 '' Odem , Mary E. Delinquent Daughters : Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States , 1885 -- 1920 ( Gender & American culture ) . University of North Carolina Press , 1995 . ISBN 9780807845288 . See : p. 14 : `` Table 1 . Legal Ages of Consent in the United States , 1885 and 1920 '' in Chapter 1 : ' White Slaves ' and ' Vicious Men ' : The Age - of - Consent Campaign . Watkins , Christine . Age of Consent , 1st Edition . Greenhaven Press , 2013 . ISBN 9780737768169 . See info page and fact sheet at Gale Cengage . List of articles : Watchman , Kelsey . `` The age of consent should be eighteen . '' - Originally from : Wacthman , Kelsey . `` YES : This is not simply a moral issue . '' In : `` Should age of consent be raised ? '' Winnipeg Free Press . June 14 , 2009 . Appel , Jacob . `` The Age of Consent Should Be Lowered . '' - Originally published in ( Archive ) the Huffington Post . March 18 , 2010 , Updated May 25 , 2011 . Kempner , Martha . `` Age of consent laws are confusing . '' Smith , Brittany Logino and Glen A. Kercher . `` Provisions for juvenile offenders are important in age of consent laws . '' Baklo , Radley . `` Judges should have sentencing discretion regarding age of consent laws . '' Reports Glosser , Asaph , Karen Gardiner , and Mike Fishman . `` Statutory Rape : A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements . '' The Lewin Group . Prepared for : Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation , Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) . December 15 , 2004 . Complete report , PDF version ( Archive ) hosted by the HHS . PDF version ( Archive ) hosted by The Lewin Group . Report overview ( Archive ) Magazine and newspaper articles Noble , Kevin Maillard . `` The Mysterious Age of Consent in Establishing Who Is an Adult '' ( Archive ) . The New York Times . May 28 , 2012 . Updated June 12 , 2012 . Russell , Thaddeus . `` How Young Is Too Young ? '' ( Archive ) . The Daily Beast . October 1 , 2009 . Saletan , William ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Mind - Booty Problem : Rethinking the age of sexual consent '' . Slate . Journal articles Stine , Emily J. `` When Yes Means No , Legally : An Eighth Amendment Challenge to Classifying Consenting Teenagers as Sex Offenders '' ( Archive ) . DePaul Law Review . Volume 60 , Issue 4 , Article 7 . Summer 2011 . p. 1169 - 1228 . Sutherland , Kate . `` From Jailbird to Jailbait : Age of Consent Law and the Construction of Teenage Sexualities '' ( Archive ) . William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law . Volume 9 , Issue 3 , Article 2 . 2003 . p. 313 - 349 . External links ( edit ) Lowen , Linda . `` Romeo and Juliet Laws -- What They Mean For Teens . '' About.com . `` Federal Statutes Relating to Crimes Against Children . '' Federal Bureau of Investigation . 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how do you pass an amendment to the constitution | Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution , the nation 's frame of government , may be altered . Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification . Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two - thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two - thirds of the state legislatures . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either -- as determined by Congress -- the legislatures of three - quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three - quarters of the states . The vote of each state ( to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment ) carries equal weight , regardless of a state 's population or length of time in the Union . | must be ratified by either -- as determined by Congress -- the legislatures of three - quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three - quarters of the states | Article Five of the United states Constitution | article five of the united states constitution | Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process whereby the Constitution , the nation 's frame of government , may be altered . Altering the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments and subsequent ratification . Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two - thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate or by a convention of states called for by two - thirds of the state legislatures . To become part of the Constitution , an amendment must be ratified by either -- as determined by Congress -- the legislatures of three - quarters of the states or state ratifying conventions in three - quarters of the states . The vote of each state ( to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment ) carries equal weight , regardless of a state 's population or length of time in the Union . | Additionally , Article V temporarily shielded certain clauses in Article I from being amended . The first clause in Section 9 , which prevented Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves prior to 1808 , and the fourth clause in that same section , a declaration that direct taxes must be apportioned according to state populations , were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . It also shields the first clause of Article I , Section 3 , which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate , from being amended , though not absolutely . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Procedures for amending the Constitution 2.1 Proposing amendments 2.2 Ratification of amendments 3 Ratification deadline and extension 3.1 Deadlines 3.2 Extensions 4 Exclusive means for amending the Constitution 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) The Congress , whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary , shall propose amendments to this Constitution , or , on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states , shall call a convention for proposing amendments , which , in either case , shall be valid to all intents and purposes , as part of this Constitution , when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states , or by conventions in three fourths thereof , as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate . Procedures for amending the Constitution ( edit ) The U.S. constitutional amendment process Thirty - three amendments to the United States Constitution have been approved by the Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . All totaled , approximately 11,539 measures to amend the Constitution have been proposed in Congress since 1789 ( through December 16 , 2014 ) . Proposing amendments ( edit ) Article V provides two methods for amending the nation 's frame of government . The first method authorizes Congress , `` whenever two - thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary '' ( a two - thirds of those members present -- assuming that a quorum exists at the time that the vote is cast -- and not necessarily a two - thirds vote of the entire membership elected and serving in the two houses of Congress ) , to propose Constitutional amendments . The second method requires Congress , `` on the application of the legislatures of two - thirds of the several states '' ( presently 34 ) , to `` call a convention for proposing amendments '' . This duality in Article V is the result of compromises made during the 1787 Constitutional Convention between two groups , one maintaining that the national legislature should have no role in the constitutional amendment process , and another contending that proposals to amend the constitution should originate in the national legislature and their ratification should be decided by state legislatures or state conventions . Regarding the consensus amendment process crafted during the convention , James Madison ( writing in The Federalist No. 43 ) declared : It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable ; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults . It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors , as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side , or on the other . Each time the Article V process has been initiated since 1789 , the first method for crafting and proposing amendments has been used . All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in the Congress . The second method , the convention option , a political tool which Alexander Hamilton ( writing in The Federalist No. 85 ) argued would enable state legislatures to `` erect barriers against the encroachments of the national authority '' , has yet to be invoked . Resolution proposing the Nineteenth Amendment When the 1st Congress considered a series of constitutional amendments , it was suggested that the two houses first adopt a resolution indicating that they deemed amendments necessary . This procedure was not used . Instead , both the House and the Senate proceeded directly to consideration of a joint resolution , thereby implying that both bodies deemed amendments to be necessary . Also , when initially proposed by James Madison , the amendments were designed to be interwoven into the relevant sections of the original document . Instead , they were approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification as supplemental additions ( codicils ) appended to it . Both these precedents have been followed ever since . Once approved by Congress , the joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment does not require Presidential approval before it goes out to the states . While Article I Section 7 provides that all federal legislation must , before becoming Law , be presented to the President for his or her signature or veto , Article V provides no such requirement for constitutional amendments approved by Congress , or by a federal convention . Thus the president has no official function in the process . In Hollingsworth v. Virginia ( 1798 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed that it is not necessary to place constitutional amendments before the President for approval or veto . Three times in the 20th century , concerted efforts were undertaken by proponents of particular amendments to secure the number of applications necessary to summon an Article V Convention . These included conventions to consider amendments to ( 1 ) provide for popular election of U.S. Senators ; ( 2 ) permit the states to include factors other than equality of population in drawing state legislative district boundaries ; and ( 3 ) to propose an amendment requiring the U.S. budget to be balanced under most circumstances . The campaign for a popularly elected Senate is frequently credited with `` prodding '' the Senate to join the House of Representatives in proposing what became the Seventeenth Amendment to the states in 1912 , while the latter two campaigns came very close to meeting the two - thirds threshold in the 1960s and 1980s , respectively . Further information : Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution and Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Ratification of amendments ( edit ) Tennessee certificate of ratification of the nineteenth Amendment ; with this ratification , the amendment became valid as a part of the Constitution After being officially proposed , either by Congress or a national convention of the states , a constitutional amendment must then be ratified by three - fourths of the states . Congress is authorized to choose whether a proposed amendment is sent to the state legislatures or to state ratifying conventions for ratification . Amendments ratified by the states under either procedure are indistinguishable and have equal validity as part of the Constitution . Of the 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification , the state convention method has been used for only one , the Twenty - first Amendment . In United States v. Sprague ( 1931 ) , the Supreme Court affirmed the authority of Congress to decide which mode of ratification will be used for each individual constitutional amendment . The Court had earlier , in Hawke v. Smith ( 1920 ) , upheld the Ohio General Assembly 's ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment -- which Congress had sent to the state legislatures for ratification -- after Ohio voters successfully vetoed that approval through a popular referendum , ruling that a provision in the Ohio Constitution reserving to the state 's voters the right to challenge and overturn its legislature 's ratification of federal constitutional amendments was unconstitutional . An amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution when it is ratified by the necessary number of states , rather than on the later date when its ratification is certified . No further action by Congress or anyone is required . On three occasions , Congress has , after being informed that an amendment has reached the ratification threshold , adopted a resolution declaring the process successfully completed . Such actions , while perhaps important for political reasons , are , constitutionally speaking , unnecessary . Presently , the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code § 106b . The Archivist officially notifies the states , by a registered letter to each state 's Governor , that an amendment has been proposed . Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state 's legislature ( or ratifying convention ) . When a state ratifies a proposed amendment , it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state 's action . Upon receiving the necessary number of state ratifications , it is the duty of the Archivist to issue a certificate proclaiming a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution . The amendment and its certificate of ratification are then published in the Federal Register and United States Statutes at Large . This serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed . Ratification deadline and extension ( edit ) The Constitution is silent on the issue of whether or not Congress may limit the length of time that the states have to ratify constitutional amendments sent for their consideration . It is also silent on the issue of whether or not Congress , once it has sent an amendment that includes a ratification deadline to the states for their consideration , can extend that deadline . Deadlines ( edit ) The practice of limiting the time available to the states to ratify proposed amendments began in 1917 with the Eighteenth Amendment . All amendments proposed since then , with the exception of the Nineteenth Amendment and the ( still pending ) Child Labor Amendment , have included a deadline , either in the body of the proposed amendment , or in the joint resolution transmitting it to the states . The ratification deadline `` clock '' begins running on the day final action is completed in Congress . An amendment may be ratified at any time after final congressional action , even if the states have not yet been officially notified . In Dillon v. Gloss ( 1921 ) , the Supreme Court upheld Congress 's power to prescribe time limitations for state ratifications and intimated that clearly out of date proposals were no longer open for ratification . Granting that it found nothing express in Article V relating to time constraints , the Court yet allowed that it found intimated in the amending process a `` strongly suggest ( ive ) '' argument that proposed amendments are not open to ratification for all time or by States acting at widely separate times . The court subsequently , in Coleman v. Miller ( 1939 ) , modified its opinion considerably . In that case , related to the proposed Child Labor Amendment , it held that the question of timeliness of ratification is a political and non-justiciable one , leaving the issue to Congress 's discretion . It would appear that the length of time elapsing between proposal and ratification is irrelevant to the validity of the amendment . Based upon this precedent , the Archivist of the United States proclaimed the Twenty - seventh Amendment as having been ratified when it surpassed the `` three fourths of the several states '' plateau for becoming a part of the Constitution . Declared ratified on May 7 , 1992 , it had been submitted to the states for ratification -- without a ratification deadline -- on September 25 , 1789 , an unprecedented time period of 202 years , 7 months and 12 days . Extensions ( edit ) Whether once it has prescribed a ratification period Congress may extend the period without necessitating action by already - ratified States embroiled Congress , the states , and the courts in argument with respect to the proposed Equal Rights Amendment ( Sent to the states on March 22 , 1972 with a seven - year ratification time limit attached ) . In 1978 Congress , by simple majority vote in both houses , extended the original deadline by 3 years , 3 months and 8 days ( through June 30 , 1982 ) . The amendment 's proponents argued that the fixing of a time limit and the extending of it were powers committed exclusively to Congress under the political question doctrine and that in any event Congress had power to extend . It was argued that inasmuch as the fixing of a reasonable time was within Congress ' power and that Congress could fix the time either in advance or at some later point , based upon its evaluation of the social and other bases of the necessities of the amendment , Congress did not do violence to the Constitution when , once having fixed the time , it subsequently extended the time . Proponents recognized that if the time limit was fixed in the text of the amendment Congress could not alter it because the time limit as well as the substantive provisions of the proposal had been subject to ratification by a number of States , making it unalterable by Congress except through the amending process again . Opponents argued that Congress , having by a two - thirds vote sent the amendment and its authorizing resolution to the states , had put the matter beyond changing by passage of a simple resolution , that states had either acted upon the entire package or at least that they had or could have acted affirmatively upon the promise of Congress that if the amendment had not been ratified within the prescribed period it would expire and their assent would not be compelled for longer than they had intended . In 1981 , the United States District Court for the District of Idaho , however , found that Congress did not have the authority to extend the deadline , even when only contained within the proposing joint resolution 's resolving clause . The Supreme Court had decided to take up the case , bypassing the Court of Appeals , but before they could hear the case , the extended period granted by Congress had been exhausted without the necessary number of states , thus rendering the case moot . Exclusive means for amending the Constitution ( edit ) According to constitutional theorist and scholar Lawrence G. Sager , some commentators have seriously questioned whether Article V is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution , or whether there are routes to amendment , including some routes in which the Constitution could be unconsciously or unwittingly amended in a period of sustained political activity on the part of a mobilized national constituency . For example , Akhil Amar argues that the Constitution may be constitutionally amended outside of Article V. He rejects the notion that Article V excludes other modes of constitutional change , arguing instead that the procedure provided for in Article V is simply the exclusive method the government may use to amend the Constitution . He asserts that Article V nowhere prevents the People themselves , acting apart from ordinary Government , from exercising their legal right to alter or abolish Government via the proper legal procedures . Bruce Ackerman argues that the Constitution can be amended by something he calls a `` structural amendment '' whereby the people alter their Constitutional order via succeeding elections . Similarly , Sanford Levinson believes that Constitutional amendments have been made outside of Article V and as such it is not exclusive . Other scholars disagree with Amar , Ackerman , and Levinson . Some argue that the Constitution itself provides no mechanism for the American people to adopt constitutional amendments independently of Article V. Darren Patrick Guerra has argued that Article V is a vital part of the American Constitutional tradition and he defends Article V against modern critiques that Article V is either too difficult , too undemocratic , or too formal . Instead he argues that Article V provides a clear and stable way of amending the document that is explicit , authentic , and the exclusive means of amendment ; it promotes wisdom and justice through enhancing deliberation and prudence ; and its process complements federalism and separation of powers that are key features of the Constitution . He argues that Article V remains the most clear and powerful way to register the sovereign desires of the American public with regard to alterations of their fundamental law . In the end , Article V is an essential bulwark to maintaining a written Constitution that secures the rights of the people against both elites and themselves . In his farewell address , President George Washington said : If in the opinion of the People the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong , let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates . But let there be no change by usurpation ; for though this , in one instance , may be the instrument of good , it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed . The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield . This statement by Washington has become controversial , and scholars disagree about whether it still describes the proper constitutional order in the United States . Scholars who dismiss Washington 's position often argue that the Constitution itself was adopted without following the procedures in the Articles of Confederation , while Constitutional attorney Michael Farris disagrees , saying the Convention was a product of the States ' residual power , and the amendment in adoption process was legal , having received the unanimous assent of the States ' legislatures . See also ( edit ) List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of state applications for an Article V Convention List of Rescissions of Article V Convention Applications Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On March 2 , 1861 the 36th Congress gave final approval to proposed constitutional amendment designed to shield `` domestic institutions '' ( which at the time included slavery ) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress . The following day , on his last full day in office , President Buchanan , took the unprecedented step of signing it . Submitted to the state legislatures for ratification without a time limit for ratification attached , the proposal , commonly known as the Corwin Amendment , is still technically pending before the states . Jump up ^ On January 31 , 1865 , the 38th Congress gave final approval to what would become the Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . The following day , the amendment was presented to the President Lincoln pursuant to the constitution 's Presentment Clause , and signed . On February 7 , Congress passed a resolution affirming that the Presidential signature was unnecessary . Jump up ^ 1868 regarding the Fourteenth Amendment , 1870 regarding the Fifteenth Amendment , and 1992 regarding the Twenty - seventh Amendment Jump up ^ In recent history , the signing of the certificate of ratification has become a ceremonial function attended by various dignitaries . President Johnson signed the certifications for the Twenty - fourth Amendment and Twenty - fifth Amendment as a witness . When the Administrator of General Services , Robert Kunzig , certified the adoption of the Twenty - sixth Amendment on July 5 , 1971 , President Nixon along with Julianne Jones , Joseph W. Loyd Jr. , and Paul Larimer of the `` Young Americans in Concert '' signed as witnesses . On May 18 , 1992 , the Archivist of the United States , Don W. Wilson , certified that the Twenty - seventh Amendment had been ratified , and the Director of the Federal Register , Martha Girard , signed the certification as a witness . Jump up ^ Congress incorporated the ratification deadline for the Eighteenth , Twentieth , Twenty - first , and Twenty - second amendments into the body of the amendment , so these amendments ' deadlines are now part of the Constitution . The failed District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment also contained a ratification deadline clause . Congress inserted the ratification deadline for the Twenty - third , Twenty - fourth , Twenty - fifth and Twenty - sixth amendments into the joint resolutions transmitting them to the state legislatures in order to avoid including extraneous language in the Constitution . This practice was also followed for the failed Equal Rights Amendment . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitutional Amendment Process '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wines , Michael ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Conservative Push for States to Amend the Constitution '' . NYT . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : Article V '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments : Contemporary Issues for Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , James Kenneth ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy '' ( PDF ) . 30 ( 3 ) : 1005 -- 1022 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : England , Trent & Spalding , Matthew . `` Essays on Article V : Amendments '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dranias , Nick ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Fulfilling the promise of Article V with an Interstate Compact '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : National Constitution Center . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 987 -- 1001 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tsesis , Alexander ( 2004 ) . The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History . New York : New York University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8276 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Francis Newton ( 1901 ) . `` The Constitutional History of the United States , vol. 3 : 1861 -- 1895 '' . Chicago : Callaghan & Company . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph A. ( 2001 ) . Federalism , the Supreme Court , and the Seventeenth Amendment : The Irony of Constitutional Democracy . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0285 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dellinger , Walter ( December 1983 ) . `` The Legitimacy of Constitutional Change : Rethinking the Amendment Process '' . Harvard Law Review . 97 : 386 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawke v. Smith '' . Columbus Ohio : Ohio History Connection ( formerly the Ohio Historical Society ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Dillon v. Gloss '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment : Contemporary Ratification Issues '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huckabee , David C. ( September 30 , 1997 ) . `` Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service reports . Washington D.C. : Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Nixon , Richard ( July 5 , 1971 ) . `` Remarks at a Ceremony Marking the Certification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution '' . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments , Proposed Amendments , and Amending Issues , 1789 -- 2002 ( Second ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , Inc. p. 373 . ISBN 1851094334 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Authentication and Proclamation : Proposing a Constitutional Amendment '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Idaho v. Freeman , 529 F. Supp. 1107 ( D. Idaho 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Certiorari before judgment granted , NOW v. Idaho , 455 U.S. 918 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Judgments of the District Court of Idaho vacated ; cases remanded with instructions to dismiss as moot . NOW v. Idaho , 459 U.S. 809 ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Sager , Lawrence ( 2006 ) . Justice in Plainclothes : A Theory of American Constitutional Practice . Yale University Press . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Scott J. ( 2004 ) . `` Wild Political Dreaming : Constitutional Reformation of the United States Senate '' . Fordham Law Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1026 -- 27 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce A. ( 1993 ) . We the People , Volume 1 : Foundations . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674948419 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 1995 ) . Responding to Imperfection : The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 1400821630 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Manheim , Karl and Howard , Edward . A Structural Theory of the Initiative Power in California , Loyola Los Angeles Law Review , p. 1167 ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Guerra , Darren Patrick ( 2013 ) . Perfecting the Constitution : The Case for the Article V Amendment Process . Lanham , Maryland : Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739183861 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Washington , George . `` Farewell Address '' ( 1796 ) . Jump up ^ Strauss , David . `` The Irrelevance of Constitutional Amendments , '' 114 Harvard Law Review 1457 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian . `` Fallacies of American Constitutionalism '' , Rutgers Law Journal , p. 1343 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Farris , Michael . `` Can we Trust the Constitution ? Answering the `` Runaway Convention '' Myth `` . Convention of States Project . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . 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most of the population of tibet live in the central portion of the country | Central Asia | central asia | Central Asia stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan in the south to Russia in the north . It is also colloquially referred to as `` the stans '' as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix `` - stan '' , meaning `` land of '' . Central Asia is sometimes referred to as Turkestan . | Central Asia has a population of about 70 million , consisting of six republics : Kazakhstan ( pop . 18 million ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 6 million ) , Tajikistan ( 9 million ) , Turkmenistan ( 6 million ) , and finally Uzbekistan ( 31 million ) . Afghanistan ( pop . 35 million ) is also sometimes included . Central Asia has historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road . It has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people , goods , and ideas between Europe , Western Asia , South Asia , and East Asia . The Silk Road connected Muslim lands with the people of Europe , India , and China . This crossroads position has intensified the conflict between tribalism and traditionalism and modernization . In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times , Central Asia was predominantly Iranian , populated by Eastern Iranian - speaking Bactrians , Sogdians , Chorasmians and the semi-nomadic Scythians and Parthians . After expansion by Turkic peoples , Central Asia also became the homeland for the Kazakhs , Uzbeks , Tatars , Turkmen , Kyrgyz and Uyghurs and Turkic languages largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area . From the mid-19th century until almost the end of the 20th century , most of Central Asia was part of the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union , both Slavic - majority countries , and the five former Soviet `` - stans '' are still home to about 7 million ethnic Russians and 500,000 Ukrainians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Geography 3 Historical regions 4 Climate 5 History 6 Culture 6.1 Arts 6.2 Sports 7 Economy 8 Science and technology 8.1 Modernization of research infrastructure 8.2 Financial investment in research 8.3 Trends in researchers 8.4 Research output 8.5 International cooperation 9 Territorial and regional data 10 Demographics 10.1 Languages 10.2 Religions 11 Geostrategy 11.1 War on Terror 12 Major cultural , scientific and economic centres 13 See also 14 Notes 15 Sources 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Definitions ( edit ) Three sets of possible boundaries for the region Map of Central Asia ( including Afghanistan ) The idea of Central Asia as a distinct region of the world was introduced in 1843 by the geographer Alexander von Humboldt . The borders of Central Asia are subject to multiple definitions . Historically built political geography and geoculture are two significant parameters widely used in the scholarly literature about the definitions of the Central Asia . The most limited definition was the official one of the Soviet Union , which defined Middle Asia as consisting solely of Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan . This definition was also often used outside the USSR during this period . However , the Russian culture has two distinct terms : Средняя Азия ( Srednyaya Aziya or `` Middle Asia '' , the narrower definition , which includes only those traditionally non-Slavic , Central Asian lands that were incorporated within those borders of historical Russia ) and Центральная Азия ( Tsentralnaya Aziya or `` Central Asia '' , the wider definition , which includes Central Asian lands that have never been part of historical Russia ) . Soon after independence , the leaders of the four former Soviet Central Asian Republics met in Tashkent and declared that the definition of Central Asia should include Kazakhstan as well as the original four included by the Soviets . Since then , this has become the most common definition of Central Asia . The UNESCO History of the Civilizations of Central Asia , published in 1992 , defines the region as `` Afghanistan , northeastern Iran , Pakistan , northern India , western China , Mongolia and the former Soviet Central Asian republics . '' An alternative method is to define the region based on ethnicity , and in particular , areas populated by Eastern Turkic , Eastern Iranian , or Mongolian peoples . These areas include Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , the Turkic regions of southern Siberia , the five republics , and Afghan Turkestan . Afghanistan as a whole , the northern and western areas of Pakistan and the Kashmir Valley of India may also be included . The Tibetans and Ladakhi are also included . Insofar , most of the mentioned peoples are considered the `` indigenous '' peoples of the vast region . There are several places that claim to be the geographic center of Asia , for example Kyzyl , the capital of Tuva in the Russian Federation , and a village 200 miles ( 320 km ) north of Ürümqi , the capital of the Xinjiang region of China . Geography ( edit ) On the southern shore of Issyk Kul lake , Issyk Kul Region . Central Asia is an extremely large region of varied geography , including high passes and mountains ( Tian Shan ) , vast deserts ( Kyzyl Kum , Taklamakan ) , and especially treeless , grassy steppes . The vast steppe areas of Central Asia are considered together with the steppes of Eastern Europe as a homogeneous geographical zone known as the Eurasian Steppe . Much of the land of Central Asia is too dry or too rugged for farming . The Gobi desert extends from the foot of the Pamirs , 77 ° E , to the Great Khingan ( Da Hinggan ) Mountains , 116 ° -- 118 ° E . Central Asia has the following geographic extremes : The world 's northernmost desert ( sand dunes ) , at Buurug Deliin Els , Mongolia , 50 ° 18 ′ N . The Northern Hemisphere 's southernmost permafrost , at Erdenetsogt sum , Mongolia , 46 ° 17 ′ N . The world 's shortest distance between non-frozen desert and permafrost : 770 km ( 480 mi ) . The Eurasian pole of inaccessibility . A majority of the people earn a living by herding livestock . Industrial activity centers in the region 's cities . Major rivers of the region include the Amu Darya , the Syr Darya , Irtysh , the Hari River and the Murghab River . Major bodies of water include the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash , both of which are part of the huge west - central Asian endorheic basin that also includes the Caspian Sea . Both of these bodies of water have shrunk significantly in recent decades due to diversion of water from rivers that feed them for irrigation and industrial purposes . Water is an extremely valuable resource in arid Central Asia and can lead to rather significant international disputes . Historical regions ( edit ) Ethnic map of Central Asia . White areas are thinly - populated semi-desert . The three northwest - tending lines are the Oxus and Jaxartes Rivers flowing from the eastern mountains into the Aral Sea and in the south the irrigated north side of the Kopet Dagh mountains . Khwarezm Ferghana Zhetysu Dzun - garia Tarim_Basin Historical regions of Central Asia on a map of Kazakhstan Khwarezm Ferghana Transoxiana ( Sogdia ) Zhetysu Bactria Margiana Historical Regions of Central Asia on a map of Uzbekistan Samarkand Bukhara Khiva Kokand Tashkent Merv Balkh Historic cities of Central Asia Kokand is one of the many towns that rose and fell in the Ferghana Valley Central Asia is bounded on the north by the forests of Siberia . The northern half of Central Asia ( Kazakhstan ) is the middle part of the Eurasian steppe . Westward the Kazakh steppe merges into the Russian - Ukrainian steppe and eastward into the steppes and deserts of Dzungaria and Mongolia . Southward the land becomes increasingly dry and the nomadic population increasingly thin . The south supports areas of dense population and cities wherever irrigation is possible . The main irrigated areas are along the eastern mountains , along the Oxus and Jaxartes Rivers and along the north flank of the Kopet Dagh near the Persian border . East of the Kopet Dagh is the important oasis of Merv and then a few places in Afghanistan like Herat and Balkh . Two projections of the Tian Shan create three `` bays '' along the eastern mountains . The largest , in the north , is eastern Kazakhstan , traditionally called Jetysu or Semirechye which contains Lake Balkhash . In the center is the small but densely - populated Ferghana valley . In the south is Bactria , later called Tocharistan , which is bounded on the south by the Hindu Kush mountains of Afghanistan . The Syr Darya ( Jaxartes ) rises in the Ferghana valley and the Amu Darya ( Oxus ) rises in Bactria . Both flow northwest into the Aral Sea . Where the Oxus meets the Aral Sea it forms a large delta called Khwarazm and later the Khanate of Khiva . North of the Oxus is the less - famous but equally important Zarafshan River which waters the great trading cities of Bokhara and Samarkand . The other great commercial city was Tashkent northwest of the mouth of the Ferghana valley . The land immediately north of the Oxus was called Transoxiana and also Sogdia , especially when referring to the Sogdian merchants who dominated the silk road trade . To the east , Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin were united into the Chinese province of Xinjiang about 1759 . Caravans from China usually went along the north or south side of the Tarim basin and joined at Kashgar before crossing the mountains northwest to Ferghana or southwest to Bactria . A minor branch of the silk road went north of the Tian Shan through Dzungaria and Zhetysu before turning southwest near Tashkent . Nomadic migrations usually moved from Mongolia through Dzungaria before turning southwest to conquer the settled lands or continuing west toward Europe . The Kyzyl Kum Desert or semi-desert is between the Oxus and Jaxartes , and the Karakum Desert is between the Oxus and Kopet Dagh in Turkmenistan . Khorasan meant approximately northeast Persia and northern Afghanistan . Margiana was the region around Merv . The Ustyurt Plateau is between the Aral and Caspian Seas . To the southwest , across the Kopet Dagh , lies Persia . From here Persian and Islamic civilization penetrated Central Asia and dominated its high culture until the Russian conquest . In the southeast is the route to India . In early times Buddhism spread north and throughout much of history warrior kings and tribes would move southeast to establish their rule in northern India . Most nomadic conquerors entered from the northeast . After 1800 western civilization in its Russian and Soviet form penetrated from the northwest . Climate ( edit ) Central Asia map of Köppen climate classification . Because Central Asia is not buffered by a large body of water , temperature fluctuations are severe , outside the sunny , hot summer months . In most areas the climate is dry and continental , with hot summers and cool to cold winters , with occasional snowfall . Outside high - elevation areas , the climate is mostly semi-arid to arid . In lower elevations , summers are hot with blazing sunshine . Winters feature occasional rain and / or snow from low - pressure systems that cross the area from the Mediterranean Sea . Average monthly precipitation is extremely low from July to September , rises in autumn ( October and November ) and is highest in March or April , followed by swift drying in May and June . Winds can be strong , producing dust storms sometimes , especially toward the end of the dry season in September and October . Specific cities that exemplify Central Asian climate patterns include Samarkand , Uzbekistan , Tashkent and Ashgabat , Turkmenistan , and Dushanbe , Tajikistan , the last of these representing one of the wettest climates in Central Asia , with an average annual precipitation of over 22 inches . According to the WWF Ecozones system , Central Asia is part of the Palearctic ecozone . The largest biomes in Central Asia are the temperate grasslands , savannas , and shrublands biome . Central Asia also contains the montane grasslands and shrublands , deserts and xeric shrublands as well as temperate coniferous forests biomes . History ( edit ) Geographical extent of Iranian influence in the 1st century BC . Scythia ( mostly Eastern Iranian ) is shown in orange . Main article : History of Central Asia Although , during the golden age of Orientalism the place of Central Asia in the world history was marginalized , contemporary historiography has rediscovered the `` centrality '' of the Central Asia . The history of Central Asia is defined by the area 's climate and geography . The aridness of the region made agriculture difficult , and its distance from the sea cut it off from much trade . Thus , few major cities developed in the region ; instead , the area was for millennia dominated by the nomadic horse peoples of the steppe . Relations between the steppe nomads and the settled people in and around Central Asia were long marked by conflict . The nomadic lifestyle was well suited to warfare , and the steppe horse riders became some of the most militarily potent people in the world , limited only by their lack of internal unity . Any internal unity that was achieved was most probably due to the influence of the Silk Road , which traveled along Central Asia . Periodically , great leaders or changing conditions would organize several tribes into one force and create an almost unstoppable power . These included the Hun invasion of Europe , the Wu Hu attacks on China and most notably the Mongol conquest of much of Eurasia . Uzbek men from Khiva , ca . 1861 -- 1880 During pre-Islamic and early Islamic times , southern Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by speakers of Iranian languages . Among the ancient sedentary Iranian peoples , the Sogdians and Chorasmians played an important role , while Iranian peoples such as Scythians and the later on Alans lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle . The well - preserved Tarim mummies with Caucasoid features have been found in the Tarim Basin . The main migration of Turkic peoples occurred between the 5th and 10th centuries , when they spread across most of Central Asia . The Tang Chinese were defeated by the Arabs at the battle of Talas in 751 , marking the end of the Tang Dynasty 's western expansion . The Tibetan Empire would take the chance to rule portion of Central Asia along with South Asia . During the 13th and 14th centuries , the Mongols conquered and ruled the largest contiguous empire in recorded history . Most of Central Asia fell under the control of the Chagatai Khanate . Kazakh man on a horse with golden eagle The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century , as firearms allowed settled peoples to gain control of the region . Russia , China , and other powers expanded into the region and had captured the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century . After the Russian Revolution , the western Central Asian regions were incorporated into the Soviet Union . The eastern part of Central Asia , known as East Turkistan or Xinjiang , was incorporated into the People 's Republic of China . Mongolia remained independent but became a Soviet satellite state . Afghanistan remained relatively independent of major influence by the USSR until the Saur Revolution of 1978 . The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much industrialization and construction of infrastructure , but also the suppression of local cultures , hundreds of thousands of deaths from failed collectivization programs , and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems . Soviet authorities deported millions of people , including entire nationalities , from western areas of the USSR to Central Asia and Siberia . According to Touraj Atabaki and Sanjyot Mehendale , `` From 1959 to 1970 , about two million people from various parts of the Soviet Union migrated to Central Asia , of which about one million moved to Kazakhstan . '' With the collapse of the Soviet Union , five countries gained independence . In nearly all the new states , former Communist Party officials retained power as local strongmen . None of the new republics could be considered functional democracies in the early days of independence , although in recent years Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan and Mongolia have made further progress towards more open societies , unlike Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , and Turkmenistan , which have maintained many Soviet - style repressive tactics . Culture ( edit ) Mosque in Petropavlovsk , Kazakhstan Arts ( edit ) Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Hazrat - e Turkestan , Kazakhstan . Timurid architecture consisted of Persian art . Saadi Shirazi is welcomed by a youth from Kashgar during a forum in Bukhara . At the crossroads of Asia , shamanistic practices live alongside Buddhism . Thus , Yama , Lord of Death , was revered in Tibet as a spiritual guardian and judge . Mongolian Buddhism , in particular , was influenced by Tibetan Buddhism . The Qianlong Emperor of Qing China in the 18th century was Tibetan Buddhist and would sometimes travel from Beijing to other cities for personal religious worship . Central Asia also has an indigenous form of improvisational oral poetry that is over 1000 years old . It is principally practiced in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan by akyns , lyrical improvisationists . They engage in lyrical battles , the aitysh or the alym sabak . The tradition arose out of early bardic oral historians . They are usually accompanied by a stringed instrument -- in Kyrgyzstan , a three - stringed komuz , and in Kazakhstan , a similar two - stringed instrument , the dombra . Photography in Central Asia began to develop after 1882 , when a Russian Mennonite photographer named Wilhelm Penner moved to the Khanate of Khiva during the Mennonite migration to Central Asia led by Claas Epp , Jr ... Upon his arrival to Khanate of Khiva , Penner shared his photography skills with a local student Khudaybergen Divanov , who later became the founder of Uzbek photography . Some also learn to sing the Manas , Kyrgyzstan 's epic poem ( those who learn the Manas exclusively but do not improvise are called manaschis ) . During Soviet rule , akyn performance was co-opted by the authorities and subsequently declined in popularity . With the fall of the Soviet Union , it has enjoyed a resurgence , although akyns still do use their art to campaign for political candidates . A 2005 The Washington Post article proposed a similarity between the improvisational art of akyns and modern freestyle rap performed in the West . As a consequence of Russian colonization , European fine arts -- painting , sculpture and graphics -- have developed in Central Asia . The first years of the Soviet regime saw the appearance of modernism , which took inspiration from the Russian avant - garde movement . Until the 1980s , Central Asian arts had developed along with general tendencies of Soviet arts . In the 90 's , arts of the region underwent some significant changes . Institutionally speaking , some fields of arts were regulated by the birth of the art market , some stayed as representatives of official views , while many were sponsored by international organizations . The years of 1990 -- 2000 were times for the establishment of contemporary arts . In the region , many important international exhibitions are taking place , Central Asian art is represented in European and American museums , and the Central Asian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale has been organized since 2005 . Sports ( edit ) Equestrian sports are traditional in Central Asia , with disciplines like endurance riding , buzkashi , dzhigit and kyz kuu . Association football is popular across Central Asia . Most countries are members of the Central Asian Football Association , a region of the Asian Football Confederation . However , Kazakhstan is a member of the UEFA . Wrestling is popular across Central Asia , with Kazakhstan having claimed 14 Olympic medals and Uzbekistan seven . As former Soviet states , Central Asian countries have been successful in gymnastics . Cricket is the most popular sport in Afghanistan . The Afghanistan national cricket team , first formed in 2001 , has claimed wins over Bangladesh , West Indies and Zimbabwe . Notable Kazakh competitors include cyclists Alexander Vinokourov and Andrey Kashechkin , boxer Vassiliy Jirov and Gennady Golovkin , runner Olga Shishigina , decathlete Dmitriy Karpov , gymnast Aliya Yussupova , judoka Askhat Zhitkeyev and Maxim Rakov , skier Vladimir Smirnov , weightlifter Ilya Ilyin , and figure skater Denis Ten . Notable Uzbekistani competitors include cyclist Djamolidine Abdoujaparov , boxer Ruslan Chagaev , canoer Michael Kolganov , gymnast Oksana Chusovitina , tennis player Denis Istomin and chess player Rustam Kasimdzhanov . Economy ( edit ) GDP growth trends in Central Asia , 2000 -- 2013 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Figure 14.1 Since gaining independence in the early 1990s , the Central Asian republics have gradually been moving from a state - controlled economy to a market economy . The ultimate aim is to emulate the Asian Tigers by becoming the local equivalent , Central Asian snow leopards . However , reform has been deliberately gradual and selective , as governments strive to limit the social cost and ameliorate living standards . All five countries are implementing structural reforms to improve competitiveness . In particular , they have been modernizing the industrial sector and fostering the development of service industries through business - friendly fiscal policies and other measures , to reduce the share of agriculture in GDP . Between 2005 and 2013 , the share of agriculture dropped in all but Tajikistan , where it progressed to the detriment of industry . The fastest growth in industry was observed in Turkmenistan , whereas the services sector progressed most in the other four countries . Public policies pursued by Central Asian governments focus on buffering the political and economic spheres from external shocks . This includes maintaining a trade balance , minimizing public debt and accumulating national reserves . They can not totally insulate themselves from negative exterior forces , however , such as the persistently weak recovery of global industrial production and international trade since 2008 . Notwithstanding this , they have emerged relatively unscathed from the global financial crisis of 2008 -- 2009 . Growth faltered only briefly in Kazakhstan , Tajikistan and Turkmenistan and not at all in Uzbekistan , where the economy grew by more than 7 % per year on average between 2008 and 2013 . Turkmenistan flirted with growth of 15 % ( 14.7 % ) in 2011 . Kyrgyzstan 's performance has been more erratic but this phenomenon was visible well before 2008 . GDP in Central Asia by economic sector , 2005 and 2013 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , Figure 14.2 The republics which have fared best surfed on the wave of the commodities boom during the first decade of the new century . Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have abundant oil and natural gas reserves and Uzbekistan 's own reserves make it more or less self - sufficient . Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan all have gold reserves and Kazakhstan has the world 's largest uranium reserves . Fluctuating global demand for cotton , aluminium and other metals ( except gold ) in recent years has hit Tajikistan hardest , since aluminium and raw cotton are its chief exports − the Tajik Aluminium Company is the country 's primary industrial asset . In January 2014 , the Minister of Agriculture announced the government 's intention to reduce the acreage of land cultivated by cotton to make way for other crops . Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are major cotton exporters themselves , ranking fifth and ninth respectively worldwide for volume in 2014 . Although both exports and imports have grown impressively over the past decade , Central Asian republics countries remain vulnerable to economic shocks , owing to their reliance on exports of raw materials , a restricted circle of trading partners and a negligible manufacturing capacity . Kyrgyzstan has the added disadvantage of being considered resource poor , although it does have ample water . Most of its electricity is generated by hydropower . The Kyrgyz economy was shaken by a series of shocks between 2010 and 2012 . In April 2010 , President Kurmanbek Bakiyev was deposed by a popular uprising , with former minister of foreign affairs Roza Otunbayeva assuring the interim presidency until the election of Almazbek Atambayev in November 2011 . Food prices rose two years in a row and , in 2012 , production at the major Kumtor gold mine fell by 60 % after the site was perturbed by geological movements . According to the World Bank , 33.7 % of the population was living in absolute poverty in 2010 and 36.8 % a year later . Despite high rates of economic growth in recent years , GDP per capita in Central Asia was higher than the average for developing countries only in Kazakhstan in 2013 ( PPP $23 206 ) and Turkmenistan ( PPP $14 201 ) . It dropped to PPP $5 167 for Uzbekistan , home to 45 % of the region 's population , and was even lower for Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan . Science and technology ( edit ) See also : Science and technology in Kazakhstan , Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan , Science and technology in Tajikistan , Science and technology in Turkmenistan , and Science and technology in Uzbekistan Modernization of research infrastructure ( edit ) Bolstered by strong economic growth in all but Kyrgyzstan , national development strategies are fostering new high - tech industries , pooling resources and orienting the economy towards export markets . Many national research institutions established during the Soviet era have since become obsolete with the development of new technologies and changing national priorities . This has led countries to reduce the number of national research institutions since 2009 by grouping existing institutions to create research hubs . Several of the Turkmen Academy of Science 's institutes were merged in 2014 : the Institute of Botany was merged with the Institute of Medicinal Plants to become the Institute of Biology and Medicinal Plants ; the Sun Institute was merged with the Institute of Physics and Mathematics to become the Institute of Solar Energy ; and the Institute of Seismology merged with the State Service for Seismology to become the Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics . In Uzbekistan , more than 10 institutions of the Academy of Sciences have been reorganized , following the issuance of a decree by the Cabinet of Ministers in February 2012 . The aim is to orient academic research towards problem - solving and ensure continuity between basic and applied research . For example , the Mathematics and Information Technology Research Institute has been subsumed under the National University of Uzbekistan and the Institute for Comprehensive Research on Regional Problems of Samarkand has been transformed into a problem - solving laboratory on environmental issues within Samarkand State University . Other research institutions have remained attached to the Uzbek Academy of Sciences , such as the Centre of Genomics and Bioinformatics . Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are also building technology parks as part of their drive to modernize infrastructure . In 2011 , construction began of a technopark in the village of Bikrova near Ashgabat , the Turkmen capital . It will combine research , education , industrial facilities , business incubators and exhibition centres . The technopark will house research on alternative energy sources ( sun , wind ) and the assimilation of nanotechnologies . Between 2010 and 2012 , technological parks were set up in the east , south and north Kazakhstan oblasts ( administrative units ) and in the capital , Astana . A Centre for Metallurgy was also established in the east Kazakhstan oblast , as well as a Centre for Oil and Gas Technologies which will be part of the planned Caspian Energy Hub . In addition , the Centre for Technology Commercialization has been set up in Kazakhstan as part of the Parasat National Scientific and Technological Holding , a joint stock company established in 2008 that is 100 % state - owned . The centre supports research projects in technology marketing , intellectual property protection , technology licensing contracts and start - ups . The centre plans to conduct a technology audit in Kazakhstan and to review the legal framework regulating the commercialization of research results and technology . Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia , as a percentage of GDP , 2001 -- 2013 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : 2030 ( 2015 ) , Figure 14.3 Countries are seeking to augment the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors but also to make greater use of information and communication technologies and other modern technologies , such as solar energy , to develop the business sector , education and research . In March 2013 , two research institutes were created by presidential decree to foster the development of alternative energy sources in Uzbekistan , with funding from the Asian Development Bank and other institutions : the SPU Physical − Technical Institute ( Physics Sun Institute ) and the International Solar Energy Institute . Three universities have been set up since 2011 to foster competence in strategic economic areas : Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan ( first intake in 2011 ) , an international research university , Inha University in Uzbekistan ( first intake in 2014 ) , specializing in information and communication technologies , and the International Oil and Gas University in Turkmenistan ( founded in 2013 ) . Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are both generalizing the teaching of foreign languages at school , in order to facilitate international ties . Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have both adopted the three - tier bachelor 's , master 's and PhD degree system , in 2007 and 2012 respectively , which is gradually replacing the Soviet system of Candidates and Doctors of Science . In 2010 , Kazakhstan became the only Central Asian member of the Bologna Process , which seeks to harmonize higher education systems in order to create a European Higher Education Area . Financial investment in research ( edit ) The Central Asian republics ' ambition of developing the business sector , education and research is being hampered by chronic low investment in research and development . Over the decade to 2013 , the region 's investment in research and development hovered around 0.2 -- 0.3 % of GDP . Uzbekistan broke with this trend in 2013 by raising its own research intensity to 0.41 % of GDP . Kazakhstan is the only country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development -- but research intensity overall is low in Kazakhstan : just 0.18 % of GDP in 2013 . Moreover , few industrial enterprises conduct research in Kazakhstan . Only one in eight ( 12.5 % ) of the country 's manufacturing firms were active in innovation in 2012 , according to a survey by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics . Enterprises prefer to purchase technological solutions that are already embodied in imported machinery and equipment . Just 4 % of firms purchase the license and patents that come with this technology . Nevertheless , there appears to be a growing demand for the products of research , since enterprises spent 4.5 times more on scientific and technological services in 2008 than in 1997 . Central Asian researchers by sector of employment ( HC ) , 2013 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Figure 14.5 Trends in researchers ( edit ) Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan count the highest researcher density in Central Asia . The number of researchers per million population is close to the world average ( 1,083 in 2013 ) in Kazakhstan ( 1,046 ) and higher than the world average in Uzbekistan ( 1,097 ) . Kazakhstan is the only Central Asian country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development . Uzbekistan is in a particularly vulnerable position , with its heavy reliance on higher education : three - quarters of researchers were employed by the university sector in 2013 and just 6 % in the business enterprise sector . With most Uzbek university researchers nearing retirement , this imbalance imperils Uzbekistan 's research future . Almost all holders of a Candidate of Science , Doctor of Science or PhD are more than 40 years old and half are aged over 60 ; more than one in three researchers ( 38.4 % ) holds a PhD degree , or its equivalent , the remainder holding a bachelor 's or master 's degree . Central Asian researchers by field of science , 2013 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Figure 14.4 Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have all maintained a share of women researchers above 40 % since the fall of the Soviet Union . Kazakhstan has even achieved gender parity , with Kazakh women dominating medical and health research and representing some 45 -- 55 % of engineering and technology researchers in 2013 . In Tajikistan , however , only one in three scientists ( 34 % ) was a woman in 2013 , down from 40 % in 2002 . Although policies are in place to give Tajik women equal rights and opportunities , these are underfunded and poorly understood . Turkmenistan has offered a state guarantee of equality for women since a law adopted in 2007 but the lack of available data makes it impossible to draw any conclusions as to the law 's impact on research . As for Turkmenistan , it does not make data available on higher education , research expenditure or researchers . Table : PhDs obtained in science and engineering in Central Asia , 2013 or closest year PhDs PhDs in science PhDs in engineering Total Women ( % ) Total Women ( % Total per million population Women PhDs per million population Total Women ( % Total per million population Women PhDs per million population Kazakhstan ( 2013 ) 247 51 73 60 4.4 2.7 37 38 2.3 0.9 Kyrgyzstan ( 2012 ) 499 63 91 63 16.6 10.4 54 63 -- -- Tajikistan ( 2012 ) 331 11 31 -- 3.9 -- 14 -- -- -- Uzbekistan ( 2011 ) 838 42 152 30 5.4 1.6 118 27.0 -- -- Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Table 14.1 Note : PhD graduates in science cover life sciences , physical sciences , mathematics and statistics , and computing ; PhDs in engineering also cover manufacturing and construction . For Central Asia , the generic term of PhD also encompasses Candidate of Science and Doctor of Science degrees . Data are unavailable for Turkmenistan . Table : Central Asian researchers by field of science and gender , 2013 or closest year Total researchers ( head counts ) Researchers by field of science ( head counts ) Natural Sciences Engineering and technology Medical and health sciences Agricultural sciences Social sciences Humanities Total researchers Per million pop . Number of women Women ( % Total Women ( % Total Women ( % ) Total Women ( % ) Total Women ( % ) Total Women ( % ) Total Women ( % ) Kazakhstan 2013 17 195 1 046 8 849 51.5 5 091 51.9 4 996 44.7 1 068 69.5 2 150 43.4 1 776 61.0 2 114 57.5 Kyrgyzstan 2011 2 224 412 961 43.2 593 46.5 567 30.0 393 44.0 212 50.0 154 42.9 259 52.1 Tajikistan 2013 2 152 262 728 33.8 509 30.3 206 18.0 374 67.6 472 23.5 335 25.7 256 34.0 Uzbekistan 2011 30 890 1 097 12 639 40.9 6 910 35.3 4 982 30.1 3 659 53.6 1 872 24.8 6 817 41.2 6 650 52.0 Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Table 14.1 Research output ( edit ) Scientific publications from Central Asia catalogued by Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science , Science Citation Index Expanded , 2005 -- 2014 , UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Figure 14.6 The number of scientific papers published in Central Asia grew by almost 50 % between 2005 and 2014 , driven by Kazakhstan , which overtook Uzbekistan over this period to become the region 's most prolific scientific publisher , according to Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science ( Science Citation Index Expanded ) . Between 2005 and 2014 , Kazakhstan 's share of scientific papers from the region grew from 35 % to 56 % . Although two - thirds of papers from the region have a foreign co-author , the main partners tend to come from beyond Central Asia , namely the Russian Federation , USA , German , United Kingdom and Japan . Five Kazakh patents were registered at the US Patent and Trademark Office between 2008 and 2013 , compared to three for Uzbek inventors and none at all for the other three Central Asian republics , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Turkmenistan . Cumulative total of articles by Central Asians between 2008 and 2013 , by field of science . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Figure 14.6 Kazakhstan is Central Asia 's main trader in high - tech products . Kazakh imports nearly doubled between 2008 and 2013 , from US $2.7 billion to US $5.1 billion . There has been a surge in imports of computers , electronics and telecommunications ; these products represented an investment of US $744 million in 2008 and US $2.6 billion five years later . The growth in exports was more gradual -- from US $2.3 billion to US $3.1 billion -- and dominated by chemical products ( other than pharmaceuticals ) , which represented two - thirds of exports in 2008 ( US $1.5 billion ) and 83 % ( US $2.6 billion ) in 2013 . International Cooperation ( edit ) The five Central Asian republics belong to several international bodies , including the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , the Economic Cooperation Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation . They are also members of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation ( CAREC ) Programme , which also includes Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , China , Mongolia and Pakistan . In November 2011 , the 10 member countries adopted the CAREC 2020 Strategy , a blueprint for furthering regional co-operation . Over the decade to 2020 , US $50 billion is being invested in priority projects in transport , trade and energy to improve members ' competitiveness . The landlocked Central Asian republics are conscious of the need to co-operate in order to maintain and develop their transport networks and energy , communication and irrigation systems . Only Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan border the Caspian Sea and none of the republics has direct access to an ocean , complicating the transportation of hydrocarbons , in particular , to world markets . Kazakhstan is also one of the three founding members of the Eurasian Economic Union in 2014 , along with Belarus and the Russian Federation . Armenia and Kyrgyzstan have since joined this body . As co-operation among the member states in science and technology is already considerable and well - codified in legal texts , the Eurasian Economic Union is expected to have a limited additional impact on co-operation among public laboratories or academia but it should encourage business ties and scientific mobility , since it includes provision for the free circulation of labour and unified patent regulations . Kazakhstan and Tajikistan participated in the Innovative Biotechnologies Programme ( 2011 -- 2015 ) launched by the Eurasian Economic Community , the predecessor of the Eurasian Economic Union , The programme also involved Belarus and the Russian Federation . Within this programme , prizes were awarded at an annual bio-industry exhibition and conference . In 2012 , 86 Russian organizations participated , plus three from Belarus , one from Kazakhstan and three from Tajikistan , as well as two scientific research groups from Germany . At the time , Vladimir Debabov , Scientific Director of the Genetika State Research Institute for Genetics and the Selection of Industrial Micro-organisms in the Russian Federation , stressed the paramount importance of developing bio-industry . ' In the world today , there is a strong tendency to switch from petrochemicals to renewable biological sources , ' he said . ' Biotechnology is developing two to three times faster than chemicals . ' Kazakhstan also participated in a second project of the Eurasian Economic Community , the establishment of the Centre for Innovative Technologies on 4 April 2013 , with the signing of an agreement between the Russian Venture Company ( a government fund of funds ) , the Kazakh JSC National Agency and the Belarusian Innovative Foundation . Each of the selected projects is entitled to funding of US $3 -- 90 million and is implemented within a public -- private partnership . The first few approved projects focused on supercomputers , space technologies , medicine , petroleum recycling , nanotechnologies and the ecological use of natural resources . Once these initial projects have spawned viable commercial products , the venture company plans to reinvest the profits in new projects . This venture company is not a purely economic structure ; it has also been designed to promote a common economic space among the three participating countries . Four of the five Central Asian republics have also been involved in a project launched by the European Union in September 2013 , IncoNet CA . The aim of this project is to encourage Central Asian countries to participate in research projects within Horizon 2020 , the European Union 's eighth research and innovation funding programme . The focus of this research projects is on three societal challenges considered as being of mutual interest to both the European Union and Central Asia , namely : climate change , energy and health . IncoNet CA builds on the experience of earlier projects which involved other regions , such as Eastern Europe , the South Caucasus and the Western Balkans . IncoNet CA focuses on twinning research facilities in Central Asia and Europe . It involves a consortium of partner institutions from Austria , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Germany , Hungary , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Poland , Portugal , Tajikistan , Turkey and Uzbekistan . In May 2014 , the European Union launched a 24 - month call for project applications from twinned institutions -- universities , companies and research institutes -- for funding of up to € 10 , 000 to enable them to visit one another 's facilities to discuss project ideas or prepare joint events like workshops . The International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) was established in 1992 by the European Union , Japan , the Russian Federation and the USA to engage weapons scientists in civilian research projects and to foster technology transfer . ISTC branches have been set up in the following countries party to the agreement : Armenia , Belarus , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan . The headquarters of ISTC were moved to Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan in June 2014 , three years after the Russian Federation announced its withdrawal from the centre . Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan and Kazakhstan have been members of the World Trade Organization since 1998 , 2013 and 2015 respectively . Territorial and regional data ( edit ) Country Area km2 Population ( 2016 ) Population density per km Nominal GDP ( 2017 ) GDP per capita ( 2017 ) HDI ( 2017 ) Capital Official languages Kazakhstan 2,724,900 17,987,736 6.3 $225.619 billion 12,950 0.788 Astana Kazakh , Russian Kyrgyzstan 199,950 5,955,734 29.7 $6.854 billion $1,106 0.655 Bishkek Kyrgyz , Russian Tajikistan 142,550 8,734,951 60.4 $7.242 billion $819 0.624 Dushanbe Tajik , Russian Turkmenistan 488,100 5,662,544 11.1 $42.355 billion 7,645 0.688 Ashgabat Turkmen Uzbekistan 447,400 31,446,795 69.1 $68.324 billion $2,154 0.701 Tashkent Uzbek Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Central Asia The ethnolinguistic patchwork of Central Asia Uzbek children in Samarkand By a broad definition including Mongolia and Afghanistan , more than 90 million people live in Central Asia , about 2 % of Asia 's total population . Of the regions of Asia , only North Asia has fewer people . It has a population density of 9 people per km , vastly less than the 80.5 people per km of the continent as a whole . Languages ( edit ) Russian , as well as being spoken by around six million ethnic Russians and Ukrainians of Central Asia , is the de facto lingua franca throughout the former Soviet Central Asian Republics . Mandarin Chinese has an equally dominant presence in Inner Mongolia , Qinghai and Xinjiang . The languages of the majority of the inhabitants of the former Soviet Central Asian Republics belong to the Turkic language group . Turkmen , is mainly spoken in Turkmenistan , and as a minority language in Afghanistan , Russia , Iran and Turkey . Kazakh and Kyrgyz are related languages of the Kypchak group of Turkic languages and are spoken throughout Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and as a minority language in Tajikistan , Afghanistan and Xinjiang . Uzbek and Uyghur are spoken in Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Afghanistan and Xinjiang . The Turkic languages may belong to a larger , but controversial , Altaic language family , which includes Mongolian . Mongolian is spoken throughout Mongolia and into Buryatia , Kalmyk , Tuva , Inner Mongolia , and Xinjiang . Middle Iranian languages were once spoken throughout Central Asia , such as the once prominent Sogdian , Khwarezmian , Bactrian and Scythian , which are now extinct and belonged to the Eastern Iranian family . The Eastern Iranian Pashto language is still spoken in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan . Other minor Eastern Iranian languages such as Shughni , Munji , Ishkashimi , Sarikoli , Wakhi , Yaghnobi and Ossetic are also spoken at various places in Central Asia . Varieties of Persian are also spoken as a major language in the region , locally known as Dari ( in Afghanistan ) , Tajik ( in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan ) , and Bukhori ( by the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia ) . Tocharian , another Indo - European language group , which was once predominant in oases on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang , is now extinct . Other language groups include the Tibetic languages , spoken by around six million people across the Tibetan Plateau and into Qinghai , Sichuan , Ladakh and Baltistan , and the Nuristani languages of northeastern Afghanistan . Dardic languages , such as Shina , Kashmiri , Pashayi and Khowar , are also spoken in eastern Afghanistan , the Gilgit - Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan and the disputed territory of Kashmir . Religions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Islam is the religion most common in the Central Asian Republics , Afghanistan , Xinjiang and the peripheral western regions , such as Bashkortostan . Most Central Asian Muslims are Sunni , although there are sizable Shia minorities in Afghanistan and Tajikistan . Buddhism and Zoroastrianism were the major faiths in Central Asia prior to the arrival of Islam . Zoroastrian influence is still felt today in such celebrations as Nowruz , held in all five of the Central Asian states . Buddhism was a prominent religion in Central Asia prior to the arrival of Islam , and the transmission of Buddhism along the Silk Road eventually brought the religion to China . Amongst the Turkic peoples , Tengrianism was the popular religion before arrival of Islam . Tibetan Buddhism is most common in Tibet , Mongolia , Ladakh and the southern Russian regions of Siberia . The form of Christianity most practiced in the region in previous centuries was Nestorianism , but now the largest denomination is the Russian Orthodox Church , with many members in Kazakhstan where about 25 % of the population of 19 million identify as Christian , 17 % in Uzbekistan and 5 % in Kyrgyzstan . The Bukharan Jews were once a sizable community in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan , but nearly all have emigrated since the dissolution of the Soviet Union . In Siberia , Shamanism is practiced , including forms of divination , such as Kumalak . Contact and migration with Han people from China has brought Confucianism , Daoism , Mahayana Buddhism , and other Chinese folk beliefs into the region . Geostrategy ( edit ) Main article : Geostrategy in Central Asia Kazakh prostrating before Qianlong Emperor of China ( 1757 ) . Central Asia has long been a strategic location merely because of its proximity to several great powers on the Eurasian landmass . The region itself never held a dominant stationary population nor was able to make use of natural resources . Thus , it has rarely throughout history become the seat of power for an empire or influential state . Central Asia has been divided , redivided , conquered out of existence , and fragmented time and time again . Central Asia has served more as the battleground for outside powers than as a power in its own right . Central Asia had both the advantage and disadvantage of a central location between four historical seats of power . From its central location , it has access to trade routes to and from all the regional powers . On the other hand , it has been continuously vulnerable to attack from all sides throughout its history , resulting in political fragmentation or outright power vacuum , as it is successively dominated . Political cartoon from the period of the Great Game showing the Afghan Amir Sher Ali with his `` friends '' Imperial Russia and the United Kingdom ( 1878 ) To the North , the steppe allowed for rapid mobility , first for nomadic horseback warriors like the Huns and Mongols , and later for Russian traders , eventually supported by railroads . As the Russian Empire expanded to the East , it would also push down into Central Asia towards the sea , in a search for warm water ports . The Soviet bloc would reinforce dominance from the North and attempt to project power as far south as Afghanistan . To the East , the demographic and cultural weight of Chinese empires continually pushed outward into Central Asia since the Silk road period of Han Dynasty . However , with the Sino - Soviet split and collapse of Soviet Union , China would project its soft power into Central Asia , most notably in the case of Afghanistan , to counter Russian dominance of the region . To the Southeast , the demographic and cultural influence of India was felt in Central Asia , notably in Tibet , the Hindu Kush , and slightly beyond . From its base in India , the British Empire competed with the Russian Empire for influence in the region in the 19th and 20th centuries . To the Southwest , Western Asian powers have expanded into the southern areas of Central Asia ( usually Uzbekistan , Afghanistan , and Turkmenistan ) . Several Persian empires would conquer and reconquer parts of Central Asia ; Alexander the Great 's Hellenic empire would extend into Central Asia ; two Islamic empires would exert substantial influence throughout the region ; and the modern state of Iran has projected influence throughout the region as well . Turkey , through a common Turkic nation identity , has gradually increased its ties and influence as well in the region . Furthermore , all Central Asian Turkic - speaking states are together with Turkey part of the Turkic Council . In the post -- Cold War era , Central Asia is an ethnic cauldron , prone to instability and conflicts , without a sense of national identity , but rather a mess of historical cultural influences , tribal and clan loyalties , and religious fervor . Projecting influence into the area is no longer just Russia , but also Turkey , Iran , China , Pakistan , India and the United States : Russia continues to dominate political decision - making throughout the former SSRs ; although , as other countries move into the area , Russia 's influence has begun to wane though Russia still maintains military bases in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan . The United States , with its military involvement in the region and oil diplomacy , is also significantly involved in the region 's politics . The United States and other NATO members are the main contributors to the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan and also exert considerable influence in other Central Asian nations . China has security ties with Central Asian states through the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , and conducts energy trade bilaterally . India has geographic proximity to the Central Asian region and , in addition , enjoys considerable influence on Afghanistan . India maintains a military base at Farkhor , Tajikistan , and also has extensive military relations with Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan . Turkey also exerts considerable influence in the region on account of its ethnic and linguistic ties with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and its involvement in the Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan oil pipeline . Political and economic relations are growing rapidly ( e.g. , Turkey recently eliminated visa requirements for citizens of the Central Asian Turkic republics ) . Iran , the seat of historical empires that controlled parts of Central Asia , has historical and cultural links to the region and is vying to construct an oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf . Pakistan , a nuclear - armed Islamic state , has a history of political relations with neighboring Afghanistan and is termed capable of exercising influence . For some Central Asian nations , the shortest route to the ocean lies through Pakistan . Pakistan seeks natural gas from Central Asia and supports the development of pipelines from its countries . According to an independent study , Turkmenistan is supposed to be the fifth largest natural gas field in the world . The mountain ranges and areas in northern Pakistan lie on the fringes of greater Central Asia ; the Gilgit -- Baltistan region of Pakistan lies adjacent to Tajikistan , separated only by the narrow Afghan Wakhan Corridor . Being located on the northwest of South Asia , the area forming modern - day Pakistan maintained extensive historical and cultural links with the central Asian region . Russian historian Lev Gumilev wrote that Xiongnu , Mongols ( Mongol Empire , Zunghar Khanate ) and Turkic peoples ( Turkic Khaganate , Uyghur Khaganate ) played a role to stop Chinese aggression to the north . The Turkic Khaganate had special policy against Chinese assimilation policy . Another interesting theoretical analysis on the historical - geopolitics of the Central Asia was made through the reinterpretation of Orkhun Inscripts . The region , along with Russia , is also part of `` the great pivot '' as per the Heartland Theory of Halford Mackinder , which says that the power which controls Central Asia -- richly endowed with natural resources -- shall ultimately be the `` empire of the world '' . War on Terror ( edit ) Uzbekistan 's authoritarian leader Islam Karimov in the Pentagon , March 2002 In the context of the United States ' War on Terror , Central Asia has once again become the center of geostrategic calculations . Pakistan 's status has been upgraded by the U.S. government to Major non-NATO ally because of its central role in serving as a staging point for the invasion of Afghanistan , providing intelligence on Al - Qaeda operations in the region , and leading the hunt on Osama bin Laden . Afghanistan , which had served as a haven and source of support for Al - Qaeda under the protection of Mullah Omar and the Taliban , was the target of a U.S. invasion in 2001 and ongoing reconstruction and drug - eradication efforts . U.S. military bases have also been established in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan , causing both Russia and the People 's Republic of China to voice their concern over a permanent U.S. military presence in the region . Western governments have accused Russia , China and the former Soviet republics of justifying the suppression of separatist movements , and the associated ethnics and religion with the War on Terror . Major cultural , scientific and Economic centres ( edit ) Cities within the regular definition of Central Asia and Afghanistan City Country Population Image Information Astana Kazakhstan 7006100657400000000 ♠ 1,006,574 ( 2017 ) The capital and second largest city in Kazakhstan . After Kazakhstan gained its independence in 1991 , the city and the region were renamed Aqmola . The name was often translated as `` White Tombstone '' , but actually means `` Holy Place '' or `` Holy Shrine '' . The `` White Tombstone '' literal translation was too appropriate for many visitors to escape notice in almost all guide books and travel accounts . In 1994 , the city was designated as the future capital of the newly independent country and again renamed to the present Astana after the capital was officially moved from Almaty in 1997 . Almaty Kazakhstan 7006171322000000000 ♠ 1,713,220 ( 2017 ) It was the capital of Kazakhstan ( and its predecessor , the Kazakh SSR ) from 1929 to 1998 . Despite losing its status as the capital , Almaty remains the major commercial center of Kazakhstan . It is a recognized financial center of Kazakhstan and the Central Asian region . Bishkek Kyrgyzstan 7005865527000000000 ♠ 865,527 ( 2009 ) The capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan . Bishkek is also the administrative center of Chuy Region , which surrounds the city , even though the city itself is not part of the region , but rather a region - level unit of Kyrgyzstan . Osh Kyrgyzstan 7005243216000000000 ♠ 243,216 ( 2009 ) The second largest city of Kyrgyzstan . Osh is also the administrative center of Osh Region , which surrounds the city , even though the city itself is not part of the region , but rather a region - level unit of Kyrgyzstan . Dushanbe Tajikistan 7005780000000000000 ♠ 780,000 ( 2014 ) The capital and largest city of Tajikistan . Dushanbe means `` Monday '' in Tajik and Persian , and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday marketplace . Ashgabat Turkmenistan 7006103200000000000 ♠ 1,032,000 ( 2014 ) The capital and largest city of Turkmenistan . Ashgabat is a relatively young city , growing out of a village of the same name established by Russians in 1818 . It is not far from the site of Nisa , the ancient capital of the Parthians , and it grew on the ruins of the Silk Road city of Konjikala , which was first mentioned as a wine - producing village in the 2nd century BCE and was leveled by an earthquake in the 1st century BCE ( a precursor of the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake ) . Konjikala was rebuilt because of its advantageous location on the Silk Road , and it flourished until its destruction by Mongols in the 13th century CE . After that , it survived as a small village until the Russians took over in the 19th century . Bukhara Uzbekistan 7005237900000000000 ♠ 237,900 ( 1999 ) The nation 's fifth - largest city and the capital of the Bukhara Region of Uzbekistan . Bukhara has been one of the main centers of Persian civilization from its early days in the 6th century BCE , and , since the 12th century CE , Turkic speakers gradually moved in . Its architecture and archaeological sites form one of the pillars of Central Asian history and art . Kokand Uzbekistan 7005209389000000000 ♠ 209,389 ( 2011 ) Kokand ( Uzbek : Qo'qon / Қўқон ; Tajik : Хӯқанд ; Persian : خوقند ; Chagatai : خوقند ; Russian : Коканд ) is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan , at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley . It has a population of 192,500 ( 1999 census estimate ) . Kokand is 228 km southeast of Tashkent , 115 km west of Andijan , and 88 km west of Fergana . It is nicknamed `` City of Winds '' , or sometimes `` Town of the Boar '' . Samarkand Uzbekistan 7005596300000000000 ♠ 596,300 ( 2008 ) The second largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Region . The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West , and for being an Islamic center for scholarly study . It was here that the ruler Ulugh Beg ( 1394 -- 1449 ) built a gigantic astronomical observatory . Tashkent Uzbekistan 7006218000000000000 ♠ 2,180,000 ( 2008 ) The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan . In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times , the town and the region were known as Chach . Tashkent started as an oasis on the Chirchik River , near the foothills of the Golestan Mountains . In ancient times , this area contained Beitian , probably the summer `` capital '' of the Kangju confederacy . Kabul Afghanistan 7006389500000000000 ♠ 3,895,000 ( 2011 ) The capital and largest city of Afghanistan . The city of Kabul is thought to have been established between 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE . In the Rig Veda ( composed between 1700 -- 1100 BCE ) , the word Kubhā is mentioned , which appears to refer to the Kabul River . Mazar - e Sharif Afghanistan 7005375181000000000 ♠ 375,181 ( 2008 ) The fourth largest city in Afghanistan and the capital of Balkh province , is linked by roads to Kabul in the southeast , Herat to the west and Uzbekistan to the north . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Asia portal Chinese Central Asia : Western Regions and Xinjiang Central Asian studies Central Asian Union Central Asian Football Federation Continental pole of inaccessibility Economic Cooperation Organization Inner Asia Hindutash Central Asians in Ancient Indian literature India 's ' Connect Central Asia ' Policy Bactria Greater Khorasan Khwarezm Sogdia Transoxiana Turan Turkestan Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The area figure is based on the combined areas of five countries in Central Asia . Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , 365 -- 387 , UNESCO , UNESCO Publishing . To learn how to add freely licensed text to Wikipedia articles , please see the terms of use . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul McFedries ( 25 October 2001 ) . `` stans '' . Word Spy . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Polo , Marco ; Smethurst , Paul ( 2005 ) . The Travels of Marco Polo . p. 676 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 6589 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ferrand , Gabriel ( 1913 ) , `` Ibn Batūtā '' , Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes , persans et turks relatifs à l'Extrème - Orient du 8e au 18e siècles ( Volumes 1 and 2 ) ( in French ) , Paris : Ernest Laroux , pp. 426 -- 458 Jump up ^ Andrea , Bernadette . `` Ibn Fadlan 's Journey to Russia : A Tenth ‐ Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River by Richard N. Frye : Review by Bernadette Andrea '' . Middle East Studies Association Bulletin . 41 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Emadi , H ( 2005 ) . Culture and Customs of Afghanistan . Jump up ^ Starr , S.F. ( 2013 ) . Lost Enlightenment : Central Asia 's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Steppe Nomads and Central Asia Archived 29 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Silkroad Foundation , Adela C.Y. Lee . `` Travelers on the Silk Road '' . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ta'lim Primary 6 Parent and Teacher Guide ( p. 72 ) -- Islamic Publications Limited for the Institute of Ismaili Studies London Jump up ^ Phillips , Andrew ; James , Paul ( 2013 ) . `` National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation : The Contradictions of Central Asia '' . National Identities. 3 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 35 . In Central Asia the collision of modernity and tradition led all but the most deracinated of the intellectuals - clerics to seek salvation in reconstituted variants of traditional identities rather than succumb to the modern European idea of nationalism . The inability of the elites to form a united front , as demonstrated in the numerous declarations of autonomy by different authorities during the Russian civil war , paved the way for the Soviet re-conquest of Central Asia in the early 1920s . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Iranica , `` CENTRAL ASIA : The Islamic period up to the Mongols '' , C. Edmund Bosworth : `` In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan , which in the Shahnama of Ferdowsi is regarded as the land allotted to Fereydun 's son Tur . The denizens of Turan were held to include the Turks , in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes , and behind them the Chinese ( see Kowalski ; Minorsky , `` Turan '' ) . Turan thus became both an ethnic and a diareeah term , but always containing ambiguities and contradictions , arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples , such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians . '' Jump up ^ C.E. Bosworth , `` The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam '' , in History of Civilizations of Central Asia , Vol. IV : The Age of Achievement : AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century , Part One : The Historical , Social and Economic Setting , edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth . Multiple History Series . Paris : Motilal Banarsidass Publ. / UNESCO Publishing , 1999 . excerpt from page 23 : `` Central Asia in the early seventh century , was ethnically , still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages . '' . Jump up ^ Демоскоп Weekly -- Приложение . Справочник статистических показателей Archived 16 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Demoscope.ru . Retrieved on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5.01. 00.03 Национальный состав населения '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года : национальный , возрастной , половой , семейный и образовательный составы Archived 25 August 2011 at WebCite . Demoscope.ru ( 20 January 2000 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mehmet Akif Okur , `` Classical Texts Of the Geopolitics and the `` Heart Of Eurasia '' , Journal of Turkish World Studies , XIV / 2 , pp. 74 -- 75 http://tdid.ege.edu.tr/files/dergi_14_2/mehmet_akif_okur.pdf https://www.academia.edu/10035574/CLASSICAL_TEXTS_OF_THE_GEOPOLITICS_AND_THE_HEART_OF_EURASIA_Jeopoliti%C4%9Fin_Klasik_Metinleri_ve_Avrasya_n%C4%B1n_Kalbi_ Jump up ^ History of civilizations of Central Asia . Dani , Ahmad Hasan. , Masson , V.M. ( Vadim Mikhaĭlovich ) , 1929 -- , Harmatta , J. ( János ) , 1917 -- 2004. , Puri , Baij Nath. , Etemadi , G.F. , Litvinskiĭ , B.A. ( Boris Anatolʹevich ) . Paris : Unesco. 1992 -- 2005 . p. 8 . ISBN 9789231027192 . OCLC 28186754 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ 43 ° 40'52 `` N 87 ° 19'52 '' E Degree Confluence Project . Jump up ^ Mehmet Akif Okur , `` Classical Texts Of the Geopolitics and the `` Heart Of Eurasia '' , Journal of Turkish World Studies , XIV / 2 , pp. 86 -- 90 https://www.academia.edu/10035574/CLASSICAL_TEXTS_OF_THE_GEOPOLITICS_AND_THE_HEART_OF_EURASIA_Jeopoliti%C4%9Fin_Klasik_Metinleri_ve_Avrasya_n%C4%B1n_Kalbi_ http://tdid.ege.edu.tr/files/dergi_14_2/mehmet_akif_okur.pdf Jump up ^ A Land Conquered by the Mongols Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ C.E. Bosworth , `` The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam '' , in History of Civilizations of Central Asia , Vol. IV : The Age of Achievement : AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century , Part One : The Historical , Social and Economic Setting , edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth . Multiple History Series . Paris : UNESCO Publishing , 1998 . excerpt from page 23 : `` Central Asia in the early seventh century , was ethnically , still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages . Jump up ^ Saiget , Robert J. ( 19 April 2005 ) . `` Caucasians preceded East Asians in basin '' . The Washington Times . News World Communications . Archived from the original on 20 April 2005 . Retrieved 20 August 2007 . A study last year by Jilin University also found that the mummies ' DNA had Europoid genes . Jump up ^ `` Deported Nationalities '' . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Anne Applebaum -- Gulag : A History Intro Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Central Asia and the Caucasus : transnationalism and diaspora '' . Touraj Atabaki , Sanjyot Mehendale ( 2005 ) . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33260 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2011 '' . Economist Intelligence Unit . Jump up ^ Walter Ratliff , `` Pilgrims on the Silk Road : A Muslim - Christian Encounter in Khiva '' , Wipf and Stock Publishers , 2010 Jump up ^ `` '' In Central Asia , a Revival of an Ancient Form of Rap -- Art of Ad - Libbing Oral History Draws New Devotees in Post-Communist Era '' by Peter Finn , Washington Post Foreign Service , Sunday , March 6 , 2005 , p . A20 `` . The Washington Post . 6 March 2005 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mukhitdinova , Nasiba ( 2015 ) . Central Asia . In : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 . Paris : UNESCO . pp. 365 -- 387 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erocal , Deniz ; Yegorov , Igor ( 2015 ) . Countries in the Black Sea basin . In : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . Paris : UNESCO . pp. 324 -- 341 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Greenall , Russians left behind in Central Asia , BBC News , 23 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Zürcher , Erik ( 2007 ) . The Buddhist Conquest of China : The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China . BRILL . p. 23 . ISBN 9789004156043 . Jump up ^ Millward , James A. ( 2007 ) , Eurasian crossroads : a history of Xinjiang , Columbia University Press , pp. 45 -- 47 , ISBN 0 - 231 - 13924 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Why Russia Will Send More Troops to Central Asia '' . Stratfor . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Scheineson , Andrew ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation '' . Backgrounder . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India : Afghanistan 's influential ally '' . BBC News . 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India , Pakistan and the Battle for Afghanistan '' . TIME.com. 5 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Reiter , Erich ; Hazdra , Peter ( 2004 ) . The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments . Springer , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7908 - 0092 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chazan , Guy . `` Turkmenistan Gas Field Is One of World 's Largest '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ ЛЮДИ И ПРИРОДА ВЕЛИКОЙ СТЕПИ ( Russian ) Jump up ^ Mehmet Akif Okur , `` Classical Texts Of the Geopolitics and the `` Heart Of Eurasia '' , Journal of Turkish World Studies , XIV / 2 , pp. 91 -- 100 https://www.academia.edu/10035574/CLASSICAL_TEXTS_OF_THE_GEOPOLITICS_AND_THE_HEART_OF_EURASIA_Jeopoliti%C4%9Fin_Klasik_Metinleri_ve_Avrasya_n%C4%B1n_Kalbi_ http://tdid.ege.edu.tr/files/dergi_14_2/mehmet_akif_okur.pdf Jump up ^ For an analysis of Mackinder 's approach from the perspective of `` Critical Geopolitics '' look : Mehmet Akif Okur , `` Classical Texts Of the Geopolitics and the `` Heart Of Eurasia '' , Journal of Turkish World Studies , XIV / 2 , pp. 76 -- 80 https://www.academia.edu/10035574/CLASSICAL_TEXTS_OF_THE_GEOPOLITICS_AND_THE_HEART_OF_EURASIA_Jeopoliti%C4%9Fin_Klasik_Metinleri_ve_Avrasya_n%C4%B1n_Kalbi_ http://tdid.ege.edu.tr/files/dergi_14_2/mehmet_akif_okur.pdf Jump up ^ D. Saimaddinov , S.D. Kholmatova , and S. Karimov , Tajik - Russian Dictionary , Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan , Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature , Scientific Center for Persian - Tajik Culture , Dushanbe , 2006 . Jump up ^ Konjikala Archived 29 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. : the Silk Road precursor of Ashgabat Jump up ^ Konjikala , in : MaryLee Knowlton , Turkmenistan , Marshall Cavendish , 2006 , pp. 40 -- 41 , ISBN 0 - 7614 - 2014 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2014 - 9 ( viewable on Google Books ) . Jump up ^ Ehgamberdiev , Shuhrat ( January 2009 ) . `` Ulugh Beg : the scholar on the throne '' ( PDF ) . A World of Science . 7 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Pulleyblank , Edwin G ( 1963 ) . `` The consonantal system of Old Chinese '' . Asia Major . 9 : 94 . Jump up ^ The history of Afghanistan , Ghandara.com website Archived 27 July 2013 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Kabul '' Chambers 's Encyclopaedia : A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge ( 1901 edition ) J.B. Lippincott Company , NY , page 385 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Blank , Stephen J. ( 2013 ) . Central Asia After 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58487 - 593 - 2 . Chow , Edward . `` Central Asia 's Pipelines : Field of Dreams and Reality '' , in Pipeline Politics in Asia : The Intersection of Demand , Energy Markets , and Supply Routes . National Bureau of Asian Research , 2010 . Farah , Paolo Davide , Energy Security , Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia , World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim , Imperial College Press ( London , UK ) & World Scientific Publishing , Nov. 2015 ... Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=2701215 Dani , A.H. and V.M. Masson , eds . History of Civilizations of Central Asia . Paris : UNESCO , 1992. * Gorshunova . Olga V. Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora ... , ( Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror : Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia ) in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie , 2008 , n ° 1 , pp. 71 -- 82 . ISSN 0869 - 5415 . ( in Russian ) . Klein , I. ; Gessner , U. ; Kuenzer ( 2012 ) . `` Regional land cover mapping and change detection in Central Asia using MODIS time - series '' . Applied Geography. 35 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 219 -- 234 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apgeog. 2012.06. 016 . Mandelbaum , Michael , ed . Central Asia and the World : Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Turkmenistan . New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press , 1994 . Marcinkowski , M. Ismail . Persian Historiography and Geography : Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran , the Caucasus , Central Asia , Pakistan and Early Ottoman Turkey . Singapore : Pustaka Nasional , 2003 . Olcott , Martha Brill . Central Asia 's New States : Independence , Foreign policy , and Regional security . Washington , D.C. : United States Institute of Peace Press , 1996 . Phillips , Andrew ; James , Paul ( 2013 ) . `` National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation : The Contradictions of Central Asia '' . National Identities. 3 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 35 . Hasan Bulent Paksoy . ALPAMYSH : Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule . Hartford : AACAR , 1989 . http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ Soucek , Svatopluk . A History of Inner Asia . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Rall , Ted . Silk Road to Ruin : Is Central Asia the New Middle East ? New York : NBM Publishing , 2006 . Stone , L.A. The International Politics of Central Eurasia ( 272 pp ) . Central Eurasian Studies On Line : Accessible via the Web Page of the International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research : http://www.iicas.org/forumen.htm Weston , David . Teaching about Inner Asia , Bloomington , Indiana : ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies , 1989 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Central Asia . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Central Asia . The Library : Central on politics , universities , culture , languages , etc . 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when did croatia finish 3rd in the world cup | In spite of the quarter - final exit , Blažević continued to lead Croatia in the 1998 World Cup qualifying campaign , which ended successfully after an aggregate victory against Ukraine in the two - legged play - off . In the group stage of the World Cup , Croatia beat Jamaica and Japan but lost to Argentina , before defeating Romania to reach a quarter - final tie against Germany , then ranked second in the world . Croatia won 3 -- 0 with goals from Robert Jarni , Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker , all after Christian Wörns had been sent off . Croatia then faced the host nation , France , in the semi-final . After a goalless first - half , Croatia took the lead , only to concede two goals by opposing defender Lilian Thuram and lose 1 -- 2 . In the third - place match , Croatia beat the Netherlands 2 -- 1 , with Davor Šuker winning the Golden Boot award for scoring the most goals of the tournament with six goals in seven games . Croatia 's performance in 1998 was among the best debut performances in the World Cup ( equaling Portugal 's third place debut finish at the 1966 World Cup ) , and as a result , Croatia rose to number three in the January 1999 FIFA World Rankings , their highest ranking to date . For their achievements , the team of the 1990s was dubbed the `` Golden Generation . '' A considerable portion of this squad ( Jarni , Štimac , Boban , Prosinečki and Šuker ) , previously won the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship with the Yugoslavia under - 20 team . | 1998 | Croatia national Football team | croatia national football team | This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see Croatia women 's national football team . Croatia Nickname ( s ) Vatreni ( The Blazers or Fiery Ones ) Il furioso incendio ( Istrian Italian for : Blazing Fire ) Srce vatreno ( Fiery Hearts ) Kockasti ( The Chequered Ones ) Crvena i bijela ( The Red and White ) Plavi ( The Blues ) Association Croatian Football Federation Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Head coach Zlatko Dalić Captain Luka Modrić Most caps Darijo Srna ( 134 ) Top scorer Davor Šuker ( 45 ) Home stadium Various FIFA code CRO First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 20 ( 7 June 2018 ) Highest 3 ( January 1999 ) Lowest 125 ( March 1994 ) Elo ranking Current 7 ( 16 July 2018 ) Highest 5 ( July 1998 , July 2018 ) Lowest 26 ( October 2002 ) First international Croatia 4 -- 0 Switzerland ( Zagreb , Croatia ; 2 April 1940 ) as modern Croatia Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( Zagreb , Croatia ; 17 October 1990 ) Biggest win Croatia 10 -- 0 San Marino ( Rijeka , Croatia ; 4 June 2016 ) Biggest defeat England 5 -- 1 Croatia ( London , England ; 9 September 2009 ) World Cup Appearances 5 ( first in 1998 ) Best result Runners - up ( 2018 ) European Championship Appearances 5 ( first in 1996 ) Best result Quarter - finals ( 1996 , 2008 ) Medal record ( show ) Men 's football FIFA World Cup 1998 France Team 2018 Russia Team The Croatia national football team ( Croatian : Hrvatska nogometna reprezentacija ) represents Croatia in international association football matches . The team is controlled by the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) , the nation 's governing body for football , and is widely supported throughout the country due to the ever - present popularity of the sport . Most home matches are played at the Stadion Maksimir in Zagreb or at the Stadion Poljud in Split , though other smaller venues are also used occasionally . They are one of the youngest national teams ( since formation ) to reach the knockout stage of a major tournament , as well as the youngest team to occupy the top 10 in the FIFA World Rankings . Croatia has represented itself as an independent nation since 1993 , when the team was officially recognised by both FIFA and UEFA following dissolution from Yugoslavia . However , short - lived national sides were briefly active during periods of political upheaval , representing sovereign states such as the Banovina of Croatia from 1939 to 1941 , or the Independent State of Croatia from 1941 to 1944 . Before the current team was formed , most Croatian players represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia instead . The modern - day team has played competitive matches since 1994 , starting with a successful qualifying campaign for the 1996 European Championships . In 1998 , they competed in their first FIFA World Cup , finishing 3rd and providing the tournament 's top scorer , Davor Šuker . Exactly twenty years later , under their second golden generation , Croatia reached the 2018 World Cup Final , securing second place and featuring the tournament 's best player , Luka Modrić . Among other nicknames , the team is colloquially referred to as the Vatreni ( `` Blazers '' or `` Fiery Ones '' ) or the Kockasti ( `` Chequered '' ) . In the Italian - speaking counties the team is known as Il furioso incendio ( `` The Blazing Fire '' ) . Since becoming eligible to compete , Croatia has only failed to qualify for two major tournaments ; the 2000 European Championship and the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Their biggest defeat came in 2009 with a 5 -- 1 loss to England , while their highest - scoring victory was a 10 -- 0 friendly win over San Marino in 2016 . The national team is also known for some long - standing rivalries , such as the Derby Adriatico with Italy , or the politically - charged rivalry with Serbia , both of which have led to controversial or disruptive matches . The team represents the second - smallest country by population and land mass to reach the World Cup final , behind Uruguay and Netherlands respectively . At major tournaments , Croatia holds joint - records for longest period between one goal and another of a player ( 2002 -- 2014 ) , most penalty shootouts played ( 2 ) , most extra time periods played ( 3 ) and most penalties saved in a match ( 3 ) . They are also one of only two teams -- along with Colombia -- to be named FIFA 's `` Best Mover of the Year '' more than once , winning the award in 1994 and 1998 . Upon admission to FIFA , Croatia was ranked 125th in the world ; following the 1998 World Cup campaign , the side rose to third place in the rankings , making it the most volatile team in FIFA Rankings history . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-independence 1.2 Official formation 1.3 Blažević period and the `` golden generation '' ( 1994 -- 99 ) 1.4 Barić , Kranjčar , and Bilić periods ( 2000 -- 12 ) 1.5 Štimac , Kovač and Čačić period ( 2012 -- 17 ) 1.6 Dalić period and the second `` golden generation '' ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Team image 2.1 Kits and crests 3 Supporters 4 Stadiums 5 Rivalries 6 Competitive record 6.1 FIFA World Cup 6.2 UEFA European Championship 6.3 UEFA Nations League 7 All - time team records 7.1 Head - to - head record ( 1992 -- present ) 7.2 FIFA ranking history 8 Recent results and fixtures ( 2017 -- 18 ) 8.1 2017 8.2 2018 9 Personnel 10 Players 10.1 Current squad 10.2 Recent call - ups 10.3 Previous squads 11 Statistics 11.1 Most capped players 11.2 Top goalscorers 11.3 Managers 12 Honours 13 See also 14 References 15 Footnotes 15.1 Books 16 External links History ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) The first recognised Croatian team played against Switzerland in 1940 . Association football was first introduced to Croatia by English expatriates working on industrial projects in Rijeka and Županja in 1873 . By 1907 , local clubs had been established in Croatia and a modern edition of the sport 's laws was translated and published . Before the nation 's independence , Croatian footballers played for the national teams of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1919 -- 39 ) and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1945 -- 92 ) , though during periods of political upheaval , ethnically Croatian sides occasionally formed to play unofficial matches . A hastily arranged Croatian side , managed by Hugo Kinert , played a few matches in 1918 -- 19 . In 1940 , Jozo Jakopić led an unofficial national team representing the Banovina of Croatia ( part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia ) in four friendly matches , against Switzerland and Hungary . Following invasion by the Axis powers , the Croatian Football Federation became briefly active , joining FIFA on 17 July 1941 , representing the Independent State of Croatia . The side , led by Rudolf Hitrec , went on to play 15 friendly matches , 14 of those as a member of FIFA . Croatia 's first recorded result as a FIFA member was a 1 -- 1 draw with Slovakia on 8 September in Bratislava . The Independent State of Croatia continued playing matches until 1945 and the end of World War II , when SR Croatia was formed as constituent part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . From 1950 to 1956 , unofficial Croatian teams were briefly active once again -- winning games against Indonesia and a Yugoslav team playing as `` Serbia '' . The Yugoslavia squad at the 1956 Summer Olympics included Croatian footballers , as did Yugoslavia in World Cup and European Championship tournaments up to 1990 . Official formation ( edit ) The last Yugoslav team to field a considerable Croatian contingent played against Faroe Islands on 16 May 1991 , days before Croatia 's independence referendum . However , an unofficial Croatian team was formed shortly before , and played the team 's first modern international game , against the United States on 17 October 1990 at Maksimir Stadium . The game , which Croatia won 2 -- 1 , was one of three games played under caretaker manager Dražan Jerković . The match against the American side also marked the introduction of Croatia 's national jersey , inspired by the chequered design of the country 's coat of arms . Although Croatia was still officially part of Yugoslavia until its independence declaration on 8 October 1991 , this team already served as a de facto national side . Croatia went on to win two more friendly games under Jerković , against Romania in December 1990 and Slovenia in June 1991 . On 3 July 1992 , Croatia was re-admitted to FIFA , playing its first official matches in the modern era against Australia in Melbourne , Adelaide and Sydney . This team was led by Stanko Poklepović as part of an international exhibition tour ; in April 1993 , Vlatko Marković was appointed as manager . Croatia finally gained admission into UEFA in June 1993 , which was too late for the national team to enter the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifiers , as these already commenced the year before . Marković only led the team in one match , a home win against Ukraine in June 1993 , before being dismissed in February 1994 and replaced by Miroslav Blažević the following month . The team 's performances before Croatia 's official independence were not recorded by FIFA , so they entered the World Rankings in 125th place . Blažević led Croatia 's qualifying campaign for Euro 1996 , beginning with the nation 's first post-independence competitive victory , a 2 -- 0 win over Estonia on 4 September 1994 . Their first competitive defeat came on 11 June 1995 in a 1 -- 0 away loss to Ukraine during the same qualifying campaign . They eventually finished first in their qualifying group and won FIFA 's 1994 Best Mover of the Year award as they moved up to 62nd in the rankings by the end of the year . Blažević period and the `` Golden Generation '' ( 1994 -- 99 ) ( edit ) Ladić Štimac Šimić Bilić Soldo Stanić Jarni Prosinečki Asanović Boban ( C ) Šuker Croatian squad at the 1998 World Cup . ( coach : Miroslav Blažević ) . Goran Vlaović scored the team 's first goal at a major tournament , a late winner against Turkey at the City Ground in Nottingham in their first group match at Euro 96 . After their opening victory , Croatia beat reigning champions Denmark 3 -- 0 , but went on to lose against Portugal by the same scoreline in their final group fixture . Croatia still advanced to the knockout stage , but were beaten in the quarter - finals 1 -- 2 by Germany , who went on to win the tournament . In spite of the quarter - final exit , Blažević continued to lead Croatia in the 1998 World Cup qualifying campaign , which ended successfully after an aggregate victory against Ukraine in the two - legged play - off . In the group stage of the World Cup , Croatia beat Jamaica and Japan but lost to Argentina , before defeating Romania to reach a quarter - final tie against Germany , then ranked second in the world . Croatia won 3 -- 0 with goals from Robert Jarni , Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker , all after Christian Wörns had been sent off . Croatia then faced the host nation , France , in the semi-final . After a goalless first - half , Croatia took the lead , only to concede two goals by opposing defender Lilian Thuram and lose 1 -- 2 . In the third - place match , Croatia beat the Netherlands 2 -- 1 , with Davor Šuker winning the Golden Boot award for scoring the most goals of the tournament with six goals in seven games . Croatia 's performance in 1998 was among the best debut performances in the World Cup ( equaling Portugal 's third place debut finish at the 1966 World Cup ) , and as a result , Croatia rose to number three in the January 1999 FIFA World Rankings , their highest ranking to date . For their achievements , the team of the 1990s was dubbed the `` Golden Generation . '' A considerable portion of this squad ( Jarni , Štimac , Boban , Prosinečki and Šuker ) , previously won the 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship with the Yugoslavia under - 20 team . Despite good performances in their first two major competitions , Croatia 's qualifying campaign for Euro 2000 was less successful , as they finished third in their qualifying group behind Yugoslavia and Republic of Ireland , and thus failed to qualify . Both fixtures against archenemies Yugoslavia ( the rump state later renamed Serbia and Montenegro ) ended in draws , which prevented Croatia from qualifying for the tournament . Barić , Kranjčar , and Bilic periods ( 2000 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Croatian football fans during the 2001 international season . Although Blažević continued his tenure in spite of failure to qualify for Euro 2000 , he resigned in October 2000 following draws against Belgium and Scotland in the first two games of the 2002 World Cup qualifiers . His successor at the helm of the national team was Mirko Jozić , who previously led the Yugoslavia under - 20 team to a World Cup triumph in 1987 . Despite the retirement of many Golden Generation players , Croatia went unbeaten during the rest of the qualifiers . They opened their 2002 World Cup campaign with a narrow loss to Mexico before producing a surprise 2 -- 1 victory over Euro 2000 finalists Italy in the next fixture , giving life to hopes of passing through to the knockout stage . However , they lost their final group fixture to Ecuador and were eliminated . Jozić then resigned , and was replaced in July 2002 by Croatian - Austrian Otto Barić , the team 's first manager born outside the Balkans . During Barić 's tenure , most of the remaining players from the Golden Generation squad were gradually replaced by younger players over the course of the Euro 2004 qualifiers . Croatia went on to qualify for the tournament with a playoff victory against Slovenia , winning 2 -- 1 on aggregate after Dado Pršo 's decisive late goal in the second leg . At the finals tournament in Portugal , Croatia drew 0 -- 0 with Switzerland and 2 -- 2 with reigning champions France only to lose to England 2 -- 4 and suffer another elimination in the group stage . Barić 's two - year contract ended in June 2004 and was not renewed . Former Croatia international Zlatko Kranjčar , appointed to succeed Barić in July 2004 , led the team through the 2006 World Cup qualifiers without losing a single match and topping the group ahead of Sweden and Bulgaria . However , local media outlets accused him of nepotism for selecting his son Niko Kranjčar for the national squad . At the 2006 World Cup , Croatia lost their opening game to Brazil and drew 0 -- 0 with Japan after Darijo Srna missed a first - half penalty . A 2 -- 2 draw with Australia , in which three players were sent off , confirmed Croatia 's exit in the group stage . The game was also notable for a mistake by referee Graham Poll , who gave three yellow cards to Croatian defender Josip Šimunić , failing to send him off after his second offense . He later stated that he mistook Šimunić for an Australian player due to his Australian accent . Poll was heavily criticised for losing control of the match , and retired from refereeing shortly afterwards . Croatia vs. Brazil at the 2006 FIFA World Cup In July 2006 , the Croatian Football Federation replaced Kranjčar with Slaven Bilić , who played for the national team during their Golden Generation era . Bilić , who previously managed the under - 21 team between 2004 and 2006 , introduced a host of young players into the squad , which ultimately proved successful . His first game was a friendly away victory against 2006 World Cup champions Italy . After controversially suspending Darijo Srna , Ivica Olić and Boško Balaban for missing a curfew after a turbofolk nightclub outing , Bilić led the team through qualifiers for Euro 2008 . Croatia topped their group , losing only one game to Macedonia and beating England twice , who as a result failed to qualify for the first time since 1984 . Shortly before the European Championships , first - choice striker Eduardo , who was the team 's top goalscorer during qualifying , suffered a compound fracture while playing for Arsenal in the Premier League . Bilić was forced to alter his final Euro 2008 squad significantly and recruited Nikola Kalinić and Nikola Pokrivač , neither of whom had yet played competitive games for the national team . The team received criticism after poor attacking performances in warm - up games against Scotland and Moldova , but at the tournament they beat Austria , Germany and Poland in the group stages to reach the quarter - finals with maximum group points for the first time in their tournament history . Niko Kovač remained team captain at what was expected to be his final international tournament , except in the final group fixture when Dario Šimić temporarily held the captain 's armband . Croatia 's campaign ended dramatically when they lost a penalty shoot - out to Turkey , with Luka Modrić , Mladen Petrić and Ivan Rakitić all missing their penalties . Croatia left the tournament with records for fewest goals conceded ( 2 ) , fewest games lost ( 0 ) , and earliest goal ( in the fourth minute of their opening game against Austria ; this was also the all - time earliest successful penalty at the European Championship Finals ) . Following the tournament , Bilić renewed his contract , becoming the first manager since Blažević to lead Croatia to successive tournaments . Croatia were again drawn to play England in the qualifying stages for the 2010 World Cup ; the tie was voted the most anticipated of the campaign on FIFA.com . After a home win against Kazakhstan Croatia lost at home to England , ending a 14 - year unbeaten home record . The team was eventually weakened due to a number of key players ' injuries and went on to suffer their heaviest defeat in history , losing 5 -- 1 to England at Wembley Stadium . Although Croatia defeated Kazakhstan in their final qualifying fixture , they were ultimately eliminated as Ukraine , who had previously defeated group leaders England , beat Andorra to win second place in the group . Bilić was once again heavily expected to resign as national coach , but instead vowed to renew his contract and remain in charge . Croatia vs. Italy match at UEFA Euro 2012 Despite heavy loss of form , which also saw the team fall outside the top ten in the FIFA rankings , Croatia were placed in the top tier of teams for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying draw ; Croatia was previously a candidate to co-host the tournament with Hungary which would have allowed the team to qualify automatically , but UEFA eventually chose Poland and Ukraine as hosts instead . Despite being top - seeds in their qualifying group , Croatia finished second behind Greece , settling for a play - off against Euro 2008 rivals Turkey . Croatia proceeded to beat Turkey 3 -- 0 on aggregate , with all three goals coming in the away leg in Istanbul , thereby qualifying for the 2012 European championship . In the proceeding group - stage draw for the tournament , Croatia were placed in the third tier of teams , and were eventually grouped with Ireland , Italy and defending champions Spain . In the buildup towards the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament , the team 's first major competition since their 2008 run at the same event , manager Slaven Bilić formally agreed a deal to manage Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow , thereby announcing he would resign from the national team when the tournament ended . Croatia opened their campaign with a comfortable 3 -- 1 victory over the Republic of Ireland , with striker Mario Mandžukić scoring twice . Mandžukić continued his run at the tournament with an equaliser in the 1 -- 1 draw against Italy , which was marred by controversial fan reactions and referee decisions from English official Howard Webb . In their last group match , Croatia suffered a 0 -- 1 defeat to Spain . The late Spanish goal by Jesús Navas , along with Italy 's victory over the Republic of Ireland in the final round , forced Croatia to exit the tournament in the group stage once again . Upon his formal departure , Bilić was also praised for his long - standing service to the national side . Jutarnji List daily labelled him as Croatia 's only manager to depart on such positive terms and credited him for his strong revival of the national side during his six - year tenure . Štimac , Kovač and Čačić period ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Croatia vs. Brazil at 2014 World Cup Following Bilić 's departure , former player and pundit Igor Štimac was appointed manager of the national team . Croatia 's all - time top goalscorer Davor Šuker also took over as president of the Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) after the death of Vlatko Marković ended a 14 - year tenure . Štimac 's managerial campaign was unsuccessful , as the team endured a succession of poor performances and narrowly finished second in their 2014 World Cup qualifying group . After only a year of his appointment , Štimac was replaced by former captain Niko Kovač , who previously managed the under - 21 youth side . Kovač led the team to a 2 -- 0 aggregate victory over Iceland in the qualifying playoffs for the 2014 World Cup , with both goals coming in the home leg in Zagreb . At the World Cup , Croatia were drawn with host - nation Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . In the opening game of the tournament , Croatia lost 3 -- 1 to Brazil . The match garnered heavy media attention and controversy as Japanese referee Yuichi Nishimura was scrutinized for a number of controversial decisions . In their second game , Croatia won 4 -- 0 against Cameroon , but did not progress from the group as they lost 3 -- 1 to Mexico in their final fixture . In the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign , Croatia were drawn against Italy , Bulgaria , Norway , Azerbaijan and Malta . Following a goalless away draw against Azerbaijan and an away defeat to Norway , in early September 2015 , the Executive Committee of the Croatian Football Federation unanimously decided to terminate Kovač 's contract . On 21 September 2015 , Ante Čačić was named as the head coach of the Croatian national team . On 13 October 2015 , Croatia qualified for the finals by finishing as runners - up in Group H. Under Čačić , Croatia broke the record for most goals scored in one match , by beating San Marino in a friendly 10 -- 0 . At Euro 2016 , Croatia were drawn in Group D ; against Turkey , the Czech Republic and defending champions Spain , who had won the two previous editions of the tournament , in 2008 and 2012 . Croatia began their campaign with a 1 -- 0 win over Turkey ; following a sensational long - volley kick from Luka Modrić , with the goal receiving praise and being considered one of the best of the tournament . The next match was against the Czech Republic ; with Croatia taking the lead through Ivan Perišić and doubling it through Ivan Rakitić , before goals from Milan Škoda and a last - minute penalty from Tomáš Necid ; but the match received controversy for crowd trouble in the last minutes of the match , with Flares being thrown on the pitch and a steward being hurt by a firework during stoppage time . Croatia 's final match was against Spain ; conceding an early goal from Álvaro Morata , before goals from Nikola Kalinić and a late winning goal from Ivan Perišić , securing Croatia a historic win as they topped the group , meanwhile for Spain it was their first defeat at a Euro finals match for the first time since 2004 . After the match , Croatia were tipped as one of the tournament favourites , and drew Portugal in the round of sixteen , who surprisingly finished third in the group , advancing only as the third - best third - placed team . The match was extremely poor , described by BBC Sport as `` abysmal '' , as there were no serious efforts on goal , with Ricardo Quaresma 's winning goal in the 117th minute knocking Croatia out of the tournament . Shortly after the Euro 2016 campaign , long - standing captain Darijo Srna announced his retirement from international football , amassing a record 134 appearances for the national side . Luka Modrić was announced as his successor for team captain . Dalić period and the second `` Golden Generation '' ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Subašić Lovren Vida Vrsaljko Strinić Rakitić Brozović Rebić Perišić Modrić Mandžukić Croatia starting line - up against France at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . Croatia started their 2018 World Cup qualification strongly , leading their group and remaining undefeated for the first round of matches . However , consecutive defeats against Iceland and Turkey , as well as a draw against lowly - ranked Finland threatened their qualification hopes and caused a public outcry against manager Ante Čačić . He was quickly replaced by Zlatko Dalić , who led the team to a crucial 2 -- 0 win against Ukraine in Kiev , securing a spot in the playoff round against Greece . Croatia went on to qualify for the 2018 World Cup after beating Greece 4 -- 1 , with all goals coming in the first leg in Zagreb . In the buildup to the tournament , The Guardian , among other news outlets , labelled the 2017 -- 18 squad as Croatia 's second golden generation . Key players such as Luka Modrić , Ivan Rakitić , and Mario Mandžukić drew close comparisons to their 1998 counterparts , and were expected to achieve similar success . Despite a poor showing in their friendly matches , Croatia started their World Cup campaign with a 2 -- 0 victory over Nigeria , with Luka Modrić scoring a penalty . Modrić went on to score again in a highly - applauded 3 -- 0 victory over previous finalists Argentina , which was also marked by Vedran Ćorluka earning his 100th cap for the national team . Croatia then defeated Iceland to top the group with maximum points , marking their best ever performance in the group stages of the World Cup . They went on to play Denmark in the round of sixteen ; the match was dubbed as Croatia 's best chance to finally win a knockout round fixture at a major tournament , which they had n't done since 1998 . Despite conceding in the first minute of the match , they equalized to force extra-time . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Croatia prevailed after goalkeeper Danijel Subašić saved three penalties , equalling the record for most penalties saved in a match . This was the team 's first ever successful penalty shootout , garnering praise from the local public and media . In the quarter - finals , Croatia drew 2 -- 2 with hosts Russia , but advanced after another successful penalty shootout . This made them the first team since 1990 to win two consecutive penalty shootouts at the World Cup , and also equalled their best ever run at the tournament . The 2017 -- 18 national squad , dubbed the `` Second Golden Generation '' , posing with Vladimir Putin and Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović after the 2018 World Cup Final against France . Croatia went on to play England in the semi-finals . After going behind once more , they equalized to force their third consecutive extra-time , equalling another record for most extra-time matches at the tournament . Mario Mandžukić eventually scored as Croatia won 2 -- 1 , making them the second - smallest country by population to reach the World Cup final ( after Uruguay in 1930 ) . The win sparked massive celebrations across the country , as reported by several media outlets . In the buildup to the final , Croatian parliamentary members , including president Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović , wore football jerseys in support of the team . Online searches for the team also reached their highest level in history , as the Croatian tourist board reported a 250 % increase in website visits . Due to tournament structure , France received an extra day of rest before the final which promoted many , most notably football manager Jose Mourinho , to label the final `` unfair '' and deserving of `` equal opportunities '' . Croatia eventually lost the final 4 -- 2 to France , after a controversial penalty awarded by the video assistant referee ( VAR ) . After the match , Luka Modrić became the first Croatian to win the Golden Ball award for best player of the tournament . For achieving their best ever World Cup finish , the Croatian players were greeted by over 550 , 000 people at their homecoming in Zagreb . On 23 January 2018 , Croatia were drawn to play against England and Spain in the inaugural edition of the UEFA Nations League ; an international tournament contested by all UEFA member 's national teams . Team image ( edit ) Kits and crests ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croatia national football team kits . The Croatian chequy has been a symbol of Croatia since the Middle Ages . Croatia 's modern - day jersey was designed in 1990 by locally acclaimed painter Miroslav Šutej , who also designed the nation 's coat of arms and banknotes . The traditional red and white motif is based on the historic Croatian checkerboard ( šahovnica ) , which has been used to represent Croats since the Middle Ages . Although there have been many slight variations made by manufacturers Lotto and Nike since the original release , the traditional chequered theme has remained a symbol of national identity , with similar incorporation used by many Croatian national sports teams and entities . Kit supplier Period Uhlsport 1990 -- 1991 Lotto 1992 -- 1994 Kappa 1994 Lotto 1994 -- 2000 Nike 2000 -- present Supporters ( edit ) Croatia supporters at UEFA Euro 2012 Football is Croatia 's most popular team sport , and the national team has developed an extensive fan base since its formation in 1991 . Following their run at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , just three years after the Croatian war of Independence , there was a rapid rise in domestic and global attention for the side . Balkan Insight commented that the national team became a symbol of Croatian independence from Yugoslavia . However , after the death of former - president Franjo Tuđman , local political ties with the national team have loosened . All matches are widely followed and televised throughout the country , particularly during tournaments . A large part of the team 's support base consists of fans of Hajduk Split and Dinamo Zagreb , the two best - supported clubs in the Croatian domestic league , the Prva HNL . Both sets of fans -- the Bad Blue Boys of Zagreb and The Torcida from Split -- have been associated with hooliganism due to their ultra-style support , though violence between them does not occur at international matches . Heavy support for the Croatian national team also comes from Croats in Bosnia - Herzegovina , particularly from fans of Zrinjski Mostar . There are also considerable Croatian communities in Australia , North America , and South America that follow the team . Among supporters , it is customary to include an inscription of their city of origin onto the Croatian flag to indicate where they are from . They are also notable for their vocal support and orchestrated chants during matches . It is common for one section to shout `` U boj , u boj '' ( to battle , to battle ) , with another responding `` za narod svoj '' ( for our people ) , which is an old Croatian mantra . When the team wins , supporters often chant `` Bježite ljudi , bježite iz grada '' ( beware people , move away from here ) , which is a song praising the large presence of euphoric Croatian fans . The Croatian Football Federation endorses an official fan club for the team , known as Uvijek Vjerni ( Always Faithful ) . The national team enjoys widespread support from various local musicians , who often release tracks dedicated to them . Former manager Slaven Bilić and his rock band released a single , `` Vatreno Ludilo '' ( Fiery Madness ) , which reached the top position on the Croatian music charts during Euro 2008 . Other Croatian artists such as Dino Dvornik , Connect , Prljavo Kazalište and Baruni have also recorded songs praising the team . The most widely used among supporters are `` Malo nas je al nas ima '' ( We are few , but we exist ) , `` Samo je jedno '' ( There is but one thing ( in my life ) ) , `` Moja Domovina '' ( My Homeland ) , `` Srce vatreno '' ( Fiery Heart ) , and `` Hrvatska je prvak svijeta '' ( Croatia are World Champions ) . The players and fans often adopt other patriotic songs to celebrate victories as well . Croatian supporters have traditionally used flares to celebrate the team 's victories , though the use of pyrotechnics has become increasingly controversial due to sanctions imposed by FIFA and UEFA . Fans ' behaviour at international games has led to various sanctions against the national side , despite due efforts by the HNS , Croatian government and players to prevent unwanted incidents . The team has been heavily penalized for multiple acts of inappropriate behaviour by its travelling fans , such as an isolated incident of racial abuse towards English striker Emile Heskey in 2010 . There were also reports of minor clashes involving Croatian fans at various tournaments , which led to further sanctions imposed by FIFA and UEFA . There are often fears of violence during matches against Serbia too , such as the politically - fuelled football riot between Croat and Serb fans following the 1990 parliamentary election . This has led to extra security measures being imposed for these matches , such as restrictions on travelling fans , which has prevented any major incidents from occurring . In response to widespread allegations of corruption within the Croatian Football Federation , there have been multiple acts of protest against the national team . Croatia 's Euro 2016 qualifying fixture against Italy in Milan was interrupted due to flares being thrown onto the field by a small section of attendants , which also occurred at a European Championship match against Czech Republic . A similar incident took place in 2015 during another fixture against Italy as a swastika symbol was embedded onto the pitch at the Poljud Stadium . The Croatian Football Federation apologized for the incident and called it an act of sabotage . The players and supporters also condemned this behavior . A criminal investigation was commenced , and the team was docked 1 point in their qualifying group over the incident . Stadiums ( edit ) The majority of home matches take place at the Stadion Maksimir in Zagreb , which is also the home - ground of local football club Dinamo Zagreb . The venue , built in 1912 and refurbished in 1997 , is named after the surrounding neighbourhood of Maksimir and has hosted national team games since Croatia 's competitive home debut against Lithuania . The Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) previously agreed on extensive plans with the government to renovate the stadium and increase its current forty - thousand seating capacity , however the proposal was eventually rejected by Zagreb Mayor Milan Bandić in 2008 due to high construction costs . Some home matches are occasionally played at other , smaller venues around the country . The Poljud Stadium in Split has hosted several qualifying fixtures since 1995 , the first being a 1 -- 1 draw with Italy . In the period between 1995 and 2011 , Croatia never won a competitive match at Poljud , which the local media dubbed `` Poljudsko prokletsvo '' ( `` the Poljud curse '' ) . The run was finally ended after the team came from behind to beat Georgia on 3 June 2011 . Qualifying fixtures have also been played at the Stadion Kantrida in Rijeka , along with the Gradski vrt stadium in Osijek and the Stadion Anđelko Herjavec in Varaždin . However , these venues are rarely used due to their remote locations and smaller seating capacity , despite objections from local residents and some players . The following table provides a summary Croatia results at various venues used for home games . Since Croatia 's first match in October 1990 , they played home games at eleven stadiums around the country . The following table provides a summary of Croatia 's results at home venues . The Stadion Poljud in Split holds nearly 35,000 spectators and has been occupied by the national team since 1995 . Key : Pld -- games played , W -- games won , D -- games drawn ; L -- games lost , % -- win percentage Stadium City / town Pld Win % Last match hosted Stadion Maksimir Zagreb 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001677000000000000 ♠ 67.7 2017 Stadion Poljud Split 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 00 7000830000000000000 ♠ 8.3 2015 Stadion Kantrida Rijeka 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001909000000000000 ♠ 90.9 2011 Stadion Gradski vrt Osijek 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001818000000000000 ♠ 81.8 2018 Stadion A. Herjavec Varaždin 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001714000000000000 ♠ 71.4 2015 Stadion A. Drosina Pula 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 07001750000000000000 ♠ 75.0 2014 Stadion Rujevica Rijeka 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.0 2017 Stadion Cibalia Vinkovci 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 2009 Stadion Kranjčevićeva Zagreb 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 Stadion Šubićevac Šibenik 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.0 2003 Stadion Koprivnica Koprivnica 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 2016 Totals 113 74 29 10 7001652000000000000 ♠ 65.2 % & -- Last updated : Croatia vs. Senegal , 8 June 2018 . Statistics include official FIFA - recognised matches only . Rivalries ( edit ) `` Derby Adriatico '' redirects here . For the similarly named rivalry between the two Croatian clubs Hajduk Split and Rijeka , see Adriatic derby . Croatia contests the Derby Adriatico with Italy . Croatia and Serbia , belligerents during the violent Yugoslav Wars , have developed a fierce rivalry . Croatia contest the Le derby tricolore with France . The 2018 World Cup Final is seen as the pinnacle of their rivalry . Croatia were the first team to defeat England at Wembley Stadium ( pictured ) . Two years later , England beat Croatia 5 -- 1 at the same venue , which was Croatia 's heaviest defeat in the modern era . The Croatia national football team has developed numerous rivalries with other national teams . Most of these are friendly in nature , stemming from repeated match - ups and the context in which they are played . However , some are also politically and socially charged . Here are the team 's most notable opponents : Croatia v. Italy : Croatia competes with Italy in games known as the Derby Adriatico or Adratic Derby , named after the Adriatic which separates the two nations . This rivalry is not to be confused with the similarly named Adriatic derby between Croatian clubs Hajduk Split and Rijeka . Croatia has not lost against Italy since 1991 , with many matches between the two teams being notable for their competitive nature . During the Euro 2016 qualifying phase , Croatia and Italy played each other twice , drawing both times . Both matches were marred by crowd troubles due to flares being thrown onto the pitch , which also occurred when the two teams met at the 2012 European Championships . At the 2002 FIFA World Cup , Croatia came from behind to beat Italy 2 -- 1 , though this match was also marked by controversy after two Italian goals were disallowed . As of July 2018 , the two countries have played nine times : Croatia has won three times , drawn five times , and lost once . Croatia v. Serbia : Stemming from the Croatian war of Independence , Croatia and Serbia have developed a politically - charged football rivalry , described as one of the fiercest rivalries in the world . Supporters of both national teams clashed for the first time at the Dinamo Zagreb -- Red Star Belgrade riot , as both clubs were seen as symbols of national identity at the time . Since the breakup of Yugoslavia , both countries have continued to use their national teams to assert their national identities . Croatia and Serbia played each other for the first time during qualifying for Euro 2000 , with both matches ending in a draw and sparking violence among supporters and players . Since then , the two teams have met twice in World Cup Qualifying , with Croatia winning 2 -- 0 in Zagreb and the away leg ending in a draw after Josip Šimunić and Nemanja Matić were sent off . These matches were played without away supporters and with added security to avoid crowd trouble . Croatia v. France : France and Croatia began competing against each other in a series of friendly exhibition games , however since 1998 , their encounters have become increasingly competitive . As both countries have the red - white - blue tricolor , matches between the two are nicknamed Le derby tricolore ( `` Tricolor Derby '' ) or Trobojnica ( `` Tricolor '' game ) . During the 1998 World Cup , both France and Croatia reached their then - pinnacle of international prowess after the former won the tournament after defeating the latter who took third place . Twenty years later , the two teams battled the 2018 World Cup final where France overcame Croatia 4 -- 2 to secure the trophy . Similarly to 1998 , the match with France elevated Croatia to its highest - ever ranking with runners - up positioning . The two teams have competed against each other five times with France winning three matches and drawing two . Croatia v. Germany : Although there have only been three competitive meetings between Croatia and Germany , each of them took place at a major tournament and featured a red card . The first was a quarter - final at the 1996 European Championships , which Germany won en route to becoming champions . Two years later , Croatia eliminated Germany in a 3 -- 0 World Cup quarter - final win , one of their most notable results to date . The two sides played each other again at the 2008 European Championships , with Croatia winning 2 -- 1 . Croatia v. Turkey : Croatia 's first match at a major tournament was against Turkey at the 1996 European Championships , which they won after a late goal . At the 2008 European Championships , the two teams were involved in one of the most dramatic matches in the history of the tournament ; Croatia took the lead with less than a minute left to play , only for Turkey to equalise almost immediately and then win the ensuing penalty shootout . Croatia responded by beating Turkey 3 -- 0 in the 2012 European Championship playoffs , qualifying at their expense . Since then , the two teams have played each other three times , one time at the 2016 European Championships and twice in World Cup qualifying , with each of them winning 1 -- 0 and also a 1 -- 1 draw in - between the two matches . Croatia v. England : Croatia and England have played each other eight times , six in competitive matches , some of which are regarded as the most notable matches in both teams ' histories . During Euro 2008 qualifying , in addition to a 2 -- 0 victory over England in Zagreb , Croatia were the first team to defeat England at the newly - built Wembley Stadium . The 3 -- 2 defeat to Croatia meant England failed to qualify for their first major competition since hosting Euro 1996 twelve years earlier , which was also Croatia 's debut tournament . England in turn went on to defeat Croatia twice during qualifying for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , which caused Croatia to miss their first World Cup since gaining independence . This included a 5 -- 1 defeat at the Wembley Stadium , which was Croatia 's biggest defeat in the modern era . The two teams also competed for a place in the quarter - finals at the 2004 European Championships , with England winning 4 -- 2 . Most recently , they played again at the 2018 FIFA World Cup semi-finals , with Croatia winning 2 -- 1 and ending England 's best run at the tournament in 28 years . It also marked Croatia 's first World Cup final , their best ever achievement at the competition . Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Croatia qualified for and competed in three consecutive World Cup tournaments between 1998 and 2006 , but failed to qualify for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa after finishing 3rd in Group 6 behind England and Ukraine . Although they had joined both FIFA and UEFA by 1992 , they were unable to enter the 1994 World Cup as qualification had started before the side was officially recognised as a state . In the following three World Cup groups they were eliminated after finishing third in all of them , before finally advancing further than the group stage at the 2018 World Cup . On 11 July 2018 , Croatia won their semi-final match against England , advancing the national team to their first FIFA World Cup final wherein they secured second place as runners - up against winners France . Supplanting their third place positioning in 1998 , this is the nation 's best performance to date . * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks ; correct as of 26 June 2018 after the match against Iceland . The current national squad , lining up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup qualification record Year Result Position Pld GF GA Squad Position Pld GF GA 1930 -- 1990 Part of Yugoslavia -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1994 Did not enter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 11 5 Squad 2nd 10 5 20 13 2002 Group stage 23rd 0 Squad 1st 8 5 0 15 2006 22nd 0 Squad 1st 10 7 0 21 5 Did not qualify 3rd 10 6 19 13 2014 Group stage 19th 0 6 6 Squad 2nd 12 6 14 9 2018 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 9 Squad 2nd 12 7 19 5 2022 To be determined To be determined 2026 Total 5 / 6 Runners - up 23 11 8 35 26 -- -- 62 36 18 8 108 47 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show List of FIFA World Cup matches Year Round Opponent Score Result Date Venue 1998 Group H Jamaica 3 -- 1 Win 14 June 1998 Stade Félix - Bollaert , Lens Japan 1 -- 0 Win 20 June 1998 Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes Argentina 0 -- 1 Loss 26 June 1998 Stade Chaban - Delmas , Bordeaux Round of 16 Romania 1 -- 0 Win 30 June 1998 Stade Chaban - Delmas , Bordeaux Quarter - final Germany 3 -- 0 Win 4 July 1998 Stade de Gerland , Lyon Semi-final France 1 -- 2 Loss 8 July 1998 Stade de France , Paris Bronze Final Netherlands 2 -- 1 Win 11 July 1998 Parc des Princes , Paris 2002 Group G Mexico 0 -- 1 Loss 3 June 2002 Denka Big Swan Stadium , Niigata , Niigata Italy 2 -- 1 Win 8 June 2002 Kashima Soccer Stadium , Kashima Ecuador 0 -- 1 Loss 13 June 2002 International Stadium , Yokohama 2006 Group F Brazil 0 -- 1 Loss 13 June 2006 Olympiastadion , Berlin Japan 0 -- 0 Draw 18 June 2006 Frankenstadion , Nuremberg Australia 2 -- 2 Draw 22 June 2006 Mercedes - Benz Arena , Stuttgart 2014 Group A Brazil 1 -- 3 Loss 12 June 2014 Arena Corinthians , São Paulo Cameroon 4 -- 0 Win 18 June 2014 Arena da Amazônia , Manaus Mexico 1 -- 3 Loss 23 June 2014 Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife 2018 Group D Nigeria 2 -- 0 Win 16 June 2018 Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Argentina 3 -- 0 Win 21 June 2018 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Iceland 2 -- 1 Win 26 June 2018 Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( 3 -- 2 p ) Draw 1 July 2018 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Quarter - final Russia 2 -- 2 ( 4 -- 3 p ) Draw 7 July 2018 Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Semi-final England 2 -- 1 Win 11 July 2018 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Final France 2 -- 4 Loss 15 July 2018 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks UEFA European Championship ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the UEFA European Championship * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks ; correct as of 25 June 2016 ( Croatia v. Portugal ) . UEFA European Championship record / UEFA European Championship qualifying Year Round Position Pld GF GA Squad Position Pld GF GA 1960 to 1992 Part of Yugoslavia -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Quarter - final 7th 0 5 5 Squad 1st 10 7 22 5 2000 Did not qualify 3rd 8 13 9 Group stage 13th 0 6 Squad 2nd 10 6 14 5 2008 Quarter - final 5th 0 5 Squad 1st 12 9 28 8 2012 Group stage 10th Squad 2nd 12 8 21 7 2016 Round of 16 9th 5 Squad 2nd 10 6 20 5 2020 To be determined To be determined Total Quarter - final 5 / 6 18 8 5 5 23 20 -- -- 62 40 14 8 118 39 show List of UEFA European Football Championship matches Year Round Opponent Score Result Date Venue Group D Turkey 1 -- 0 Win 11 June 1996 Nottingham , England Denmark 3 -- 0 Win 16 June 1996 Sheffield , England Portugal 0 -- 3 Loss 19 June 1996 Nottingham , England Quarter - final Germany 1 -- 2 Loss 23 June 1996 Manchester , England Group B Switzerland 0 -- 0 Draw 13 June 2004 Leiria , Portugal France 2 -- 2 Draw 17 June 2004 Leiria , Portugal England 2 -- 4 Loss 21 June 2004 Lisboa , Portugal 2008 Group B Austria 1 -- 0 Win 8 June 2008 Wien , Austria Germany 2 -- 1 Win 12 June 2008 Klagenfurt , Austria Poland 1 -- 0 Win 16 June 2008 Klagenfurt , Austria Quarter - final Turkey 1 -- 1 ( 1 -- 3 p ) Draw ( elim . ) 20 June 2008 Wien , Austria 2012 Group C Republic of Ireland 3 -- 1 Win 10 June 2012 Poznań , Poland Italy 1 -- 1 Draw 14 June 2012 Poznań , Poland Spain 0 -- 1 Loss 18 June 2012 Gdańsk , Poland 2016 Group D Turkey 1 -- 0 Win 12 June 2016 Paris , France Czech Republic 2 -- 2 Draw 17 June 2016 Saint - Étienne , France Spain 2 -- 1 Win 21 June 2016 Bordeaux , France Round of 16 Portugal 0 -- 1 Loss 25 June 2016 Lens , France UEFA Nations League ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the UEFA Nations League Croatia is set to play in the UEFA Nations League 's League A in against Spain and England . UEFA Nations League Year Division Group Round Pos Pld GF GA 2018 -- 19 TBD Total -- 0 / 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 All - time team records ( edit ) Alen Halilović is the youngest player to represent the team , making his debut aged 16 . Dario Šimić was Croatia 's first player to reach 100 appearances , doing so before his retirement in 2008 . This allowed him to surpass Robert Jarni 's previous record of 81 appearances . On 6 February 2013 , captain Darijo Srna , Josip Šimunić and Stipe Pletikosa each also played their 100th cap for Croatia in a 4 -- 0 friendly victory over South Korea in London . The trio went on to set a new joint - record of 101 appearances for the national team in March 2013 in a World Cup qualifying victory against Serbia in Zagreb . Srna eventually surpassed his teammates and accrued a record total of 134 international caps for Croatia before retiring in 2016 . Alen Halilović is the youngest player to represent the team , making his senior debut in June 2013 aged 16 years , 11 months and 22 days . The team 's oldest player is Dražen Ladić , who played his last match in May 2000 aged 37 years , 4 months and 27 days . With 45 goals scored , Davor Šuker , the current president of the Croatian Football Federation , is the team 's highest - scoring player . Mladen Petrić holds the national team record for goals in a single match , having scored four times during Croatia 's 7 -- 0 home victory over Andorra on 7 October 2006 . The national team 's record for highest - scoring victory was achieved in 2016 , a 10 -- 0 friendly win over San Marino . Croatia 's heaviest defeat is a joint record ; the Independent State of Croatia side lost 5 -- 1 to Germany twice in the 1940s . The modern Croatian team also lost to England by the same scoreline in a 2010 World Cup qualifying fixture in London . Head - to - head record ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit ) Key Positive balance ( more wins ) Neutral balance ( equal W / L ratio ) Negative balance ( more losses ) show Croatia head - to - head record ( 1992 -- present ) As of 15 July 2018 , after the match against France . Opponents Pld GF GA GD Andorra 6 6 0 0 24 0 + 24 Argentina 5 7 5 + 2 Australia 6 11 6 + 5 Austria 5 5 0 0 9 + 7 Azerbaijan 0 6 0 + 6 Belarus 0 0 + 3 Belgium 7 9 5 + 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 14 6 + 8 Brazil 0 7 - 5 Bulgaria 7 10 5 + 5 Cameroon 0 0 0 + 4 Chile 0 0 0 China PR 0 0 0 Cyprus 0 0 0 + 2 Czech Republic 0 7 5 + 2 Denmark 6 8 7 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 - 1 Egypt 0 0 0 England 8 12 19 - 7 Estonia 9 6 16 5 + 11 Finland 0 + 1 France 6 0 5 13 - 8 Georgia 0 0 Germany 5 8 6 + 2 Gibraltar 0 0 0 + 4 Greece 8 10 9 + 1 Hong Kong 0 0 0 + 4 Hungary 7 0 13 5 + 8 Iceland 7 5 13 + 10 Iran 0 + 2 Israel 9 8 0 22 8 + 14 Italy 8 5 0 10 6 + 4 Jamaica 0 0 + 2 Japan 0 Jordan TBP - - - - - - Kazakhstan 0 0 5 + 4 Kosovo 0 0 7 0 + 7 Latvia 0 0 10 + 9 Liechtenstein 0 0 8 + 6 Lithuania 0 0 + 2 Macedonia 8 5 12 9 + 3 Mali 0 0 + 1 Malta 8 7 0 19 + 15 Mexico 6 0 9 6 + 3 Moldova 0 0 0 + 2 Morocco 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 - 2 Nigeria 0 0 0 + 2 Northern Ireland 0 0 0 + 3 Norway 5 10 6 + 4 Peru 0 0 0 - 2 Poland 5 7 + 4 Portugal 0 0 0 7 - 7 Qatar 0 0 + 1 Republic of Ireland 7 8 8 0 Romania 0 0 + 3 Russia 0 5 + 2 San Marino 0 0 18 0 + 18 Scotland 5 0 5 - 3 Senegal 0 0 + 1 Serbia 0 5 + 2 Slovakia 6 8 8 0 Slovenia 8 5 0 15 8 + 7 South Korea 7 11 7 + 4 Spain 6 6 7 - 1 Sweden 0 5 + 1 Switzerland 0 6 - 2 Turkey 9 5 10 6 + 4 Ukraine 9 5 15 5 + 10 Wales 0 7 + 5 Jump up ^ Includes matches against Serbia and Montenegro which existed between 1992 and 2006 ( also by a different name ) . FIFA ranking history ( edit ) FIFA - ranking yearly averages for Croatia . Upon admission to FIFA , Croatia was ranked 125th in the world ; following the 1998 World Cup campaign , the side rose to third place in the rankings , making it the most volatile team in FIFA Rankings history . Recent results and fixtures ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Croatia national football team results 2017 ( edit ) Croatia v Kosovo 3 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Croatia 1 -- 0 Kosovo show Zagreb , Croatia 14 : 30 ( 14 : 30 UTC + 2 ) Vida 74 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stadium : Stadion Maksimir Attendance : 6,838 Referee : Stefan Johannesson ( Sweden ) Turkey v Croatia 5 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Turkey 1 -- 0 Croatia show Eskişehir , Turkey 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Tosun 75 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stadium : New Eskişehir Stadium Attendance : 28,600 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) Croatia v Finland 6 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Croatia 1 -- 1 Finland show Rijeka , Croatia 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Mandžukić 57 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Soiri 90 ' Stadium : Stadion Rujevica Attendance : 7,578 Referee : Daniel Stefanski ( Poland ) Ukraine v Croatia 9 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Ukraine 0 -- 2 Croatia show Kiev , Ukraine 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Kramarić 62 ' 70 ' Stadium : Olympic Stadium Attendance : 60,200 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) Croatia v Greece 9 November 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Croatia 4 -- 1 Greece show Zagreb , Croatia 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Modrić 13 ' ( pen . ) N. Kalinić 19 ' Perišić 33 ' Kramarić 49 ' Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Papastathopoulos 30 ' Stadium : Stadion Maksimir Attendance : 30,013 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Greece v Croatia 12 November 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Greece 0 -- 0 ( 1 -- 4 agg . ) Croatia show Piraeus , Greece 20 : 45 ( 21 : 45 UTC + 3 ) Report ( FIFA ) Report ( UEFA ) Stadium : Karaiskakis Stadium Attendance : 18,667 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 2018 ( edit ) Peru v Croatia 23 March 2018 Friendly match Peru 2 -- 0 Croatia show Miami , United States 01 : 00 ( UTC + 1 ) Carrillo 12 ' Flores 48 ' Yoshimar Yotun 57 ' , 75 ' Report Stadium : Hard Rock Stadium Attendance : 46,893 Referee : Ismail Elfath ( United States ) Mexico v Croatia 27 March 2018 Friendly match Mexico 0 -- 1 Croatia show Dallas , United States 04 : 00 ( UTC + 1 ) Report Rakitić 62 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : AT&T Stadium Attendance : 79,128 Referee : Mario Alberto Escobar ( Guatemala ) Croatia v Brazil 3 June 2018 Friendly match Croatia 0 -- 2 Brazil show Liverpool , England 16 : 00 ( UTC + 1 ) Report Neymar 69 ' Firmino 90 + 4 ' Stadium : Anfield Attendance : 36,584 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Croatia v Senegal 8 June 2018 Friendly match Croatia 2 -- 1 Senegal show Osijek , Croatia 18 : 00 ( UTC + 2 ) Perišić 63 ' Kramarić 78 ' Report Sarr 48 ' Stadium : Stadion Gradski vrt Attendance : 15,998 Referee : Ádám Farkas ( Hungary ) Croatia v Nigeria 16 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria show Kaliningrad , Russia 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadium : Kaliningrad Stadium Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Argentina v Croatia 21 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia show Nizhny Novgorod , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Iceland v Croatia 26 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia show Rostov - on - Don , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Stadium : Rostov Arena Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Croatia v Denmark 1 July 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Denmark show Nizhny Novgorod , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Stadium : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Russia v Croatia 7 July 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 4 p ) Croatia show Sochi , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Stadium : Fisht Olympic Stadium Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Croatia v England 11 July 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England show Moscow , Russia 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Stadium : Luzhniki Stadium Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) France v Croatia 15 July 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Final France 4 -- 2 Croatia show Moscow , Russia 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Stadium : Luzhniki Stadium Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Portugal v Croatia 6 September 2018 Friendly match Portugal Croatia show Loulé , Portugal 20 : 45 ( UTC + 2 ) Report Stadium : Estádio do Algarve Spain v Croatia 11 September 2018 2018 -- 19 Nations League Spain Croatia show Elche , Spain 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Report Stadium : Estadio Manuel Martínez Valero Croatia v England 12 October 2018 2018 -- 19 Nations League Croatia England show Rijeka , Croatia 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 2 ) Report Stadium : Stadion Rujevica Attendance : 0 Croatia v Jordan 15 October 2018 Friendly match Croatia Jordan show Rijeka , Croatia Report Stadium : Stadion Rujevica Croatia v Spain 15 November 2018 2018 -- 19 Nations League Croatia Spain show Zagreb , Croatia 20 : 45 ( 20 : 45 UTC + 1 ) Report Stadium : Stadion Maksimir England v Croatia 18 November 2018 2018 -- 19 Nations League England Croatia show London , England 15 : 00 ( 14 : 00 UTC ± 0 ) Report Stadium : Wembley Stadium Personnel ( edit ) Zlatko Dalić , the current manager of the Croatia national football team Position Name Head coach Zlatko Dalić Assistant coaches Dražen Ladić Ivica Olić Goalkeeping coach Marjan Mrmić Condition coach Luka Milanović Physiotherapists Nenad Krošnjar Mario Petrović Nderim Redžaj Doctors Zoran Bahtijarević Saša Janković Boris Nemec Team manager Iva Olivari Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following players were called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and preceding warm - up matches . All numbers , caps and goals as of 15 July 2018 after match against France , only matches as FIFA member are included . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Dominik Livaković ( 1995 - 01 - 09 ) 9 January 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Dinamo Zagreb 12 1GK Lovre Kalinić ( 1990 - 04 - 03 ) 3 April 1990 ( age 28 ) 12 0 Gent 23 1GK Danijel Subašić ( 1984 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1984 ( age 33 ) 44 0 Monaco 2DF Šime Vrsaljko ( 1992 - 01 - 10 ) 10 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 41 0 Internazionale 2DF Ivan Strinić ( 1987 - 07 - 17 ) 17 July 1987 ( age 31 ) 49 0 Milan 5 2DF Vedran Ćorluka ( 1986 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1986 ( age 32 ) 103 Lokomotiv Moscow 6 2DF Dejan Lovren ( 1989 - 07 - 05 ) 5 July 1989 ( age 29 ) 46 Liverpool 13 2DF Tin Jedvaj ( 1995 - 11 - 28 ) 28 November 1995 ( age 22 ) 13 0 Bayer Leverkusen 15 2DF Duje Ćaleta - Car ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) 17 September 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Marseille 21 2DF Domagoj Vida ( 1989 - 04 - 29 ) 29 April 1989 ( age 29 ) 65 Beşiktaş 22 2DF Josip Pivarić ( 1989 - 01 - 30 ) 30 January 1989 ( age 29 ) 23 0 Dynamo Kyiv 3MF Ivan Perišić ( 1989 - 02 - 02 ) 2 February 1989 ( age 29 ) 73 21 Internazionale 7 3MF Ivan Rakitić ( Vice-captain ) ( 1988 - 03 - 10 ) 10 March 1988 ( age 30 ) 99 15 Barcelona 8 3MF Mateo Kovačić ( 1994 - 05 - 06 ) 6 May 1994 ( age 24 ) 46 Chelsea 10 3MF Luka Modrić ( Captain ) ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) 9 September 1985 ( age 32 ) 113 14 Real Madrid 11 3MF Marcelo Brozović ( 1992 - 11 - 16 ) 16 November 1992 ( age 25 ) 41 6 Internazionale 14 3MF Filip Bradarić ( 1992 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 5 0 Cagliari 19 3MF Milan Badelj ( 1989 - 02 - 25 ) 25 February 1989 ( age 29 ) 41 Lazio 9 4FW Andrej Kramarić ( 1991 - 06 - 19 ) 19 June 1991 ( age 27 ) 38 10 1899 Hoffenheim 17 4FW Mario Mandžukić ( 1986 - 05 - 21 ) 21 May 1986 ( age 32 ) 89 33 Juventus 18 4FW Ante Rebić ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) 21 September 1993 ( age 24 ) 22 Eintracht Frankfurt 20 4FW Marko Pjaca ( 1995 - 05 - 06 ) 6 May 1995 ( age 23 ) 19 Fiorentina Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the Croatia squad in the last 12 months and are still eligible for selection . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Karlo Letica ( 1997 - 02 - 11 ) 11 February 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Club Brugge 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Matej Mitrović ( 1993 - 11 - 10 ) 10 November 1993 ( age 24 ) 9 Club Brugge 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Borna Barišić ( 1992 - 11 - 10 ) 10 November 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Rangers 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Zoran Nižić ( 1989 - 10 - 11 ) 11 October 1989 ( age 28 ) 0 Hajduk Split 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Borna Sosa ( 1998 - 01 - 21 ) 21 January 1998 ( age 20 ) 0 0 VfB Stuttgart 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Marin Leovac ( 1988 - 08 - 07 ) 7 August 1988 ( age 30 ) 0 Dinamo Zagreb v. Peru , 23 March 2018 DF Antonio Milić ( 1994 - 03 - 10 ) 10 March 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Anderlecht v. Ukraine , 9 October 2017 MF Marko Rog ( 1995 - 07 - 19 ) 19 July 1995 ( age 23 ) 12 0 Napoli 2018 FIFA World Cup MF Mario Pašalić ( 1995 - 02 - 09 ) 9 February 1995 ( age 23 ) 6 0 Atalanta 2018 FIFA World Cup MF Nikola Vlašić ( 1997 - 10 - 04 ) 4 October 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 CSKA Moscow v. Greece , 12 November 2017 FW Nikola Kalinić ( 1988 - 01 - 05 ) 5 January 1988 ( age 30 ) 42 15 Atlético Madrid 2018 FIFA World Cup FW Duje Čop ( 1990 - 02 - 01 ) 1 February 1990 ( age 28 ) 13 Standard Liège 2018 FIFA World Cup FW Ivan Santini ( 1989 - 05 - 21 ) 21 May 1989 ( age 29 ) 0 Anderlecht 2018 FIFA World Cup Previous squads ( edit ) UEFA European Football Championship squads UEFA Euro 1996 squad UEFA Euro 2004 squad UEFA Euro 2008 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad FIFA World Cup squads 1998 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2006 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad 2018 FIFA World Cup squad Statistics ( edit ) Most capped players ( edit ) Darijo Srna , former captain ( 2008 -- 2016 ) and all - time most capped player . Main article : List of Croatia international footballers Highlighted names denote a player still playing or available for selection . # Name Croatia career Caps Goals Darijo Srna 2002 -- 2016 134 22 Stipe Pletikosa 1999 -- 2014 114 0 Luka Modrić 2006 -- 113 14 Josip Šimunić 2001 -- 2013 105 5 Ivica Olić 2002 -- 2015 104 20 6 Vedran Ćorluka 2006 -- 2018 103 7 Dario Šimić 1996 -- 2008 100 8 Ivan Rakitić 2007 -- 99 15 9 Mario Mandžukić 2007 -- 89 33 10 Robert Kovač 1999 -- 2009 84 0 Last updated : France vs. Croatia , 15 July 2018 . Source : Croatian Football Federation Top goalscorers ( edit ) Davor Šuker , Croatia 's all - time top scorer . Highlighted names denote a player still playing or available for selection . # Name Croatia career Goals Caps Davor Šuker 1991 -- 2002 45 69 Mario Mandžukić 2007 -- 33 89 Eduardo da Silva 2004 -- 2014 29 64 Darijo Srna 2002 -- 2016 22 134 5 Ivan Perišić 2011 -- 21 73 6 Ivica Olić 2002 -- 2015 20 104 7 Niko Kranjčar 2004 -- 2013 16 81 8 Goran Vlaović 1992 -- 2002 15 52 Nikola Kalinić 2007 -- 42 Ivan Rakitić 2007 -- 99 Last updated : France vs. Croatia , 15 July 2018 . Source : Croatian Football Federation Managers ( edit ) The following table provides a summary of the complete record of each Croatia manager including their results regarding World Cups and European Championships . Key : Pld -- games played , W -- games won , D -- games drawn ; L -- games lost , % -- win percentage Manager Croatia tenure Pld Win % Major competitions Dražan Jerković 1990 -- 1991 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 & -- Stanko Poklepović 1992 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 07001250000000000000 ♠ 25.0 & -- Vlatko Marković 1993 -- 1994 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 & -- Miroslav Blažević 1994 -- 2000 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 07001458000000000000 ♠ 45.8 1996 European Championship -- Quarter - final 1998 World Cup -- Third place 2000 European Championship -- Failed to qualify Tomislav Ivić ( c ) 1994 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.0 & -- Mirko Jozić 2000 -- 2002 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.0 2002 World Cup -- Group stage Otto Barić 2002 -- 2004 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001458000000000000 ♠ 45.8 2004 European Championship -- Group stage Zlatko Kranjčar 2004 -- 2006 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 07001440000000000000 ♠ 44.0 2006 World Cup -- Group stage Slaven Bilić 2006 -- 2012 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 07001645999999900000 ♠ 64.6 2008 European Championship -- Quarter - final 2010 World Cup -- Failed to qualify 2012 European Championship -- Group stage Igor Štimac 2012 -- 2013 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001533000000000000 ♠ 53.3 & -- Niko Kovač 2013 -- 2015 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 07001526000000000000 ♠ 52.6 2014 World Cup -- Group stage Ante Čačić 2015 -- 2017 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 07001600000000000000 ♠ 60.0 2016 European Championship -- Round of 16 Zlatko Dalić 2017 -- 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 07001571000000000000 ♠ 57.1 2018 World Cup -- Runners - up Totals 286 153 78 55 7001537000000000000 ♠ 53.7 % 10 out of 12 Last updated : Croatia vs. France , 15 July 2018 . Source : Croatian Football Federation Honours ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Runners - up : 2018 Third place : 1998 Minor tournaments Kirin Cup Runners - up : 1997 Korea Cup Winners : 1999 Carlsberg Cup Third place : 2006 China Cup Fourth place : 2017 Other awards Best Mover of the Year 1994 1998 See also ( edit ) Association football portal Croatia portal Croatia national football team results List of Croatia international footballers Croatia women 's national football team Croatia national under - 21 football team Croatia national under - 20 football team Croatia national under - 19 football team Croatia national under - 17 football team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spain finish 2012 on top , Colombia in fifth '' . FIFA. 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Best Mover of the Year awards '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bach , N. 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Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Croatia beat hosts Russia 4 -- 3 on penalties to reach semi-final '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida i Raketa ! ! ! Vatreni kroz rulet penala do polufinala '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : Russia 2 -- 2 Croatia ( aet ; Croatia win 4 -- 3 on pens ) -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) HRVATSKA JE U FINALU SVJETSKOG PRVENSTVA ! Herojski i povijesni preokret u režiji Mandže i Perišića ! Dnevno.hr '' . Dnevno.hr ( in Croatian ) . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska u Moskvi ispisala nogometnu povijest : ' sretna ' 13 . država u finalu , druga najmanja na svijetu '' . Slobodna Dalmacija ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Croatia - England - FIFA '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 1 England AET : Mario Mandzukic breaks Three Lions hearts '' . Daily Mailaccess - date = 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hrvatska je u finalu Svjetskog prvenstva : Pogledajte nevjerojatnu navijačku atmosferu u Zagrebu '' . Gol.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Srušili smo Engleze , Hrvatska je u finalu Svjetskog prvenstva ! '' ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 's cabinet members wore team jerseys to celebrate their entry into FIFA World Cup 2018 final '' . The Indian Express . 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Bethany ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final ' means everything ' to Croatia fans '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 's World Cup consolation : Google searches soar as world seeks information on finalists '' . theconversation.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Factbox : France v Croatia '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . France have also had an extra day of rest having beaten Belgium 1 - 0 in their semi-final on Tuesday . Croatia won 2 - 1 after extra time against England on Wednesday . Jump up ^ McMahon , Bobby ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 World Cup : Mourinho Says Extra Day Of Rest Gives France An Advantage Over Croatia '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . France has one more day of rest . I think that 's unfair . I think both teams should play in one day . In the final both teams should have equal opportunities . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Comeback king Croatia still has unfinished business '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . We reached the final , we want to play the final , France had one extra day to recover but there will be no excuses . Jump up ^ `` In Photos : The highest scoring FIFA World Cup finals since 1966 '' . Rappler . July 15 , 2018 . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philosophical fans celebrate Croatia 's historic World Cup , despite final defeat '' . The Guardian . July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sve što trebate znati o premijernom izdanju novog UEFA - ina natjecanja -- Lige nacija ! '' . Gol.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` UEFA Nations League 2018 / 19 League Phase draw '' . UEFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Knjižnice grada Zagreba -- Hrvatski nacionalni simboli '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Croatian coat of arms till 1600 -- Croatian History '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE STORY BEHIND THE CHECKERS ( AND A FEW LINES ON EMBLEMS AS WELL ) '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Foster 2004 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Bellamy , A 2003 , The Formation of Croatian National Identity : A Centuries - old Dream , Manchester University Press , pg. 116 Jump up ^ `` HRT Broadcasts via Satellite to Australia and New Zealand '' . Hrvatska radiotelevizija. 20 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Za koji hrvatski nogometni klub navijate ? '' ( in Croatian ) . Growth from Knowledge ( GFK Hrvatska ) . 18 May 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 19 August 2008 . Translation Jump up ^ Brincat , Henry . `` Incident brings back memories of Malta - Croatia match : Seven Hajduk fans arrested '' . The Malta Independent . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Brimson , Dougie / Miles , Kevin ( 31 May 2006 ) . `` Is hooliganism inevitable at this World Cup ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Football , blood and war '' . The Observer . London . 18 January 2004 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , Oliver . `` Forget ' It 's coming home ' , you should n't be supporting England '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Joe . `` Back to the future - Croatia 's presence in Australian football '' . SBS . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO Slavlje na ulicama Kanade : Bježite ljudi , bježite iz grada '' . direktno.hr ( in Croatian ) . 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Plenković objavio video iz aviona za Rusiju : `` Bježite ljudi , bježite iz grada ... '' `` . Maxportal ( in Croatian ) . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About the club '' . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bilic has Croatia rocking '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 18 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Jeffrey ( 19 June 2008 ) . `` Rock on Slaven Bilic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia federation fined over racist fans '' . Reuters. 28 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` Tabloids steam in as racists make a monkey of Fifa '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia threatened with expulsion '' . Daily Maildate = 10 October 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Eder , Alan ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Police Clash with Croatian Football Fans '' . Javno . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia faces fresh Euro 2012 racism probe '' . CNN . 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Days When Things Got Out of Hand '' . Sports Illustrated . 18 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Marcotti , Gabriele ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` Why did Croatian fans use flares to disrupt their team 's Euro matches ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fraser Masefield ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Euro 2016 Qualifying -- Croatia hold Italy after match suspended due to crowd trouble '' . Eurosport . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Holiga , Aleksandar ( 18 June 2016 ) . `` WWhy did Croatia fans disrupt their Euro 2016 match against Czech Republic ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gittings , Paul ( 13 June 2015 ) . `` Euro 2016 : Croatia apologizes over Nazi swastika on its home pitch '' . CNN . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Katie , Architecture & Design -- Maksimir Stadium , 7 ( 4 ) , Panstadia , archived from the original on 13 January 2010 , retrieved 7 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Maksimir Stadium -- World 's Most Expensive '' . Javno. 11 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor : I Will Not Build Stadium at That Cost '' . Javno. 11 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nastavljeno poljudsko prokletstvo '' ( in Croatian ) . Net.hr. 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Translation Jump up ^ `` Vatreni poručili HNS - u : Ne želimo više igrati `` manje utakmice '' u Maksimiru '' ( in Croatian ) . Slobodna Dalmacija. 10 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quanti incroci : Italia e Croazia , la storia infinita '' . Sky Sport Italia. 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Parla Boban : `` Italia , riscopri l'arte di Rivera e Baggio '' `` . La Gazzetta dello Sport. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kroatien bleibt Italiens Angstgegner '' . Tiroler Tageszeitung. 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jadranski derbi završio remijem u sjeni svastike '' . Index.hr. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vatreni duel jadranskih susjeda '' . N1. 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Croatia and Italy clash in empty stadium '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Federation , UEFA ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` Italy 's competitive record against Croatia in football '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italy national football team : record v Croatia '' . www.11v11.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Football 's 10 Most Politically - Charged Football Rivalries '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ CNN -- SPORT -- Football -- Top 10 international rivalries Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Fenton - Thomas , Alex ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Croatia v Serbia : the sporting rivalry - in pictures '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Serbia the rematch : memories of riots , battles and war '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fenton - Thomas , Alex ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Croatia v Serbia : the sporting rivalry - in pictures '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sportske -- Vest -- Domaci Fudbal -- Bez navijaca u Zagrebu i Beogradu ( Without fans in Zagreb and Belgrade ) Retrieved 20 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Paul . `` France - Croatia : Three things to know about the rivalry '' . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` 32 Teams Entered , 2 Remain . Your Ultimate Guide to the World Cup Final '' . Time . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mather , Andrew Das and Victor ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` France , the Class of the World Cup , Brings Home the Trophy '' . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Deutschland - Kroatien : Vom Aufbaugegner zum Rivalen '' . Der Spiegel . 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ uefa.com ( 6 October 2003 ) . `` UEFA EURO 1996 - History - Germany - Croatia -- UEFA '' . UEFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France -- Matches -- Germany - Croatia '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia national football team : record v Germany '' . 11v11.com . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 - 1 Germany '' . 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Euro 2016 : Croatia and Turkey Resume Old European Rivalry in Paris '' . News18 . June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Luka Modric stunner for Croatia sinks Turkey in Euro 2016 Group D tie '' . the Guardian . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` European Qualifiers - Turkey - Croatia '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Croatia - Turkey - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` England 2 - 3 Croatia '' . BBC . 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 5 - 1 Croatia '' . BBC . 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England challenge ignited by Rooney '' . UEFA. 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . The Guardian . 11 Jul 2018 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1994 qualifications '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia '' . BBC Sport. 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - FIFA '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Šimić ends playing career '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Milosavljevic , Zoran ( 5 June 2008 ) . `` Croatia ` s Dario Simic Eyes 100th Cap '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Pacak , Tomislav ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` Šimić završio sa stotkom '' ( in Croatian ) . Sportnet.hr . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Translation Jump up ^ `` Alen Halilović player profile '' . Hrvatski Nogometni Savez ( Croatian Football Federation ) . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statistike Hrvatskog Nogometa '' . HR Nogomet . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Suker : a man with the Midas touch '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Archived from the original on 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Islamović , Elvir ( 7 October 2006 ) . `` Petric inspires Croatian record '' . European Championships archive . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA.com ) . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kramarsic , Igor / Puric , Bojan . `` Croatia International matches '' . Rec . Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` FIFAranking yearly averages for Croatia '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia follow in golden footsteps '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 7 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia eyeing top ten '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA.com ) . 3 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ The game was originally scheduled for 2 September , but due to heavy rains in Zagreb was postponed for the next day . Jump up ^ `` ODLUKE IZVRŠNOGODBORA HNS - A '' . hns-cff.hr . Jump up ^ hns-cff.hr ( 4 June 2018 ) . `` IZBORNIK DALIĆ POTVRDIO KONAČAN POPIS PUTNIKA ZA SP '' . hns-cff.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The rules of Association football state that on receiving a second yellow card in a single match a player must be given a red card and be removed for the rest of the match per the Laws of the Game . Jump up ^ Under the rules of Association football and the official European Championship tournament regulations , a loss inflicted via a penalty shootout does not count as a defeat , but rather a tie which needed a final process to determine the team which advances per the Laws of the Game . Jump up ^ In September 1994 , national team manager Miroslav Blažević , who was also coaching Croatia Zagreb at the time , was dismissed in a 1994 -- 95 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup match against Auxerre . Blažević was suspended by UEFA for one game and Ivić was appointed as his replacement for the UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying match against Italy in November 1994 . Books ( edit ) Ramet . P , Sabrina ( 2005 ) . Thinking about Yugoslavia . Cambridge University . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85151 - 3 . Klemenčić , Mladen ( 2004 ) . Nogometni leksikon . Miroslav Krleža lexicographic institute . ISBN 953 - 6036 - 84 - 3 . Foster , Jane ( 2004 ) . Footprint Croatia . Footprint Travel Guides . ISBN 1 - 903471 - 79 - 6 . Bellamy . J , Alex ( 2003 ) . The Formation of Croatian National Identity . Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6502 - X . Giulianotti , Richard ( 1997 ) . Entering the Field : New Perspectives on World Football . Berg Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85973 - 198 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croatia national football team . Official website ( in Croatian ) FIFA profile Official supporters ' club website ( in Croatian ) Croatia -- Players ' stats at RSSSF ( Last updated 29 March 2011 ) Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation Statistics Results Hat - tricks Players 20 + caps World Cup Finals Summary 2018 FIFA World Cup Final European Finals Summary Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Football in Croatia Croatian Football Federation ( HNS ) National teams Croatia U21 U20 U19 U18 U17 Women 's League system Men 's : 1 . HNL 2 . HNL 3 . HNL 1. ŽNL Women 's : 1 . HNLŽ Domestic cups Croatian Football Cup Super Cup Women 's Cup Seasons 1992 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Records List of clubs List of venues International players Men Women National football teams of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Ireland ( 1882 -- 1950 ) Saarland Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union ( CIS ) Yugoslavia Squads Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 1996 1 Ladić 2 Jurčević 3 Jarni 4 Štimac 5 Jerkan 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Bokšić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Pavličić 16 Mladenović 17 Pamić 18 Brajković 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Cvitanović 22 Gabrić Coach : Blažević Croatia squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach : Blažević Croatia squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach : Jozić Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 Vasilj 2 Tokić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Tudor 6 Živković ( c ) 7 Rapaić 8 Srna 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač 11 Šokota 12 Butina 13 Šimić 14 Neretljak 15 Leko 16 Babić 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 Mornar 20 Roso 21 R. Kovač 22 Bjelica 23 Didulica Coach : Barić Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Pletikosa 2 Šimić 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Ćorluka 6 Vejić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Kalinić 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Srna 12 Galinović 13 Pokrivač 14 Modrić 15 Knežević 16 Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 Kranjčar 20 Budan 21 Petrić 22 Pranjić 23 Runje Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Pletikosa 2 Strinić 3 Šimunić 4 Buljat 5 Ćorluka 6 Pranjić 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Kelava 13 Schildenfeld 14 Badelj 15 Vrsaljko 16 Dujmović 17 Mandžukić 18 Kalinić 19 Kranjčar 20 Perišić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Bilić Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač Croatia squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Vargić 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Jedvaj 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 L. Kalinić 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Ćorić 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rog 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Čop 23 Subašić Coach : Čačić Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić Finalists UEFA Euro 1996 finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Czech Republic Eliminated in the semi-finals England France Eliminated in the quarter - finals Croatia Netherlands Portugal Spain Eliminated in the group stage Group A Scotland Switzerland Group B Bulgaria Romania Group C Italy Russia Group D Denmark Turkey 1998 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Brazil Third place Croatia Fourth place Netherlands Quarter - finals Argentina Denmark Germany Italy Round of 16 Chile England Mexico Nigeria Norway Paraguay Romania FR Yugoslavia Group stage Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cameroon Colombia Iran Jamaica Japan Morocco Saudi Arabia Scotland South Africa South Korea Spain Tunisia United States 2002 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Quarter - finals England Senegal Spain United States Round of 16 Belgium Denmark Italy Japan Mexico Paraguay Republic of Ireland Sweden Group stage Argentina Cameroon China PR Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador France Nigeria Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Tunisia Uruguay UEFA Euro 2004 finalists Champions Greece Runners - up Portugal Eliminated in the semi-finals Czech Republic Netherlands Eliminated in the quarter - finals Denmark England France Sweden Eliminated in the group stage Group A Russia Spain Group B Croatia Switzerland Group C Bulgaria Italy Group D Germany Latvia 2006 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Italy Runners - up France Third place Germany Fourth place Portugal Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil England Ukraine Round of 16 Australia Ecuador Ghana Mexico Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Group stage Angola Costa Rica Ivory Coast Croatia Czech Republic Iran Japan South Korea Paraguay Poland Saudi Arabia Serbia and Montenegro Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United States UEFA Euro 2008 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Germany Eliminated in the semi-finals Russia Turkey Eliminated in the quarter - finals Croatia Italy Netherlands Portugal Eliminated in the group stage Group A Czech Republic Switzerland Group B Austria Poland Group C France Romania Group D Greece Sweden UEFA Euro 2012 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Italy Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Portugal Eliminated in the quarter - finals Czech Republic England France Greece Eliminated in the group stage Group A Poland Russia Group B Denmark Netherlands Group C Croatia Republic of Ireland Group D Sweden Ukraine 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain UEFA Euro 2016 finalists Champions Portugal Runners - up France Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Wales Eliminated in the quarter - finals Belgium Iceland Italy Poland Eliminated in the round of 16 Croatia England Hungary Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Slovakia Spain Switzerland Eliminated in the group stage Group A Albania Romania Group B Russia Group C Ukraine Group D Czech Republic Turkey Group E Sweden Group F Austria 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia National sports teams of Croatia Australian football Baseball Basketball Beach handball Cricket Field hockey Football ( Soccer ) Futsal Minifootball Handball Ice hockey Inline hockey Rugby Union Speedway Tennis Volleyball Water polo Olympic Games Youth Paralympic Games European Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_national_football_team&oldid=854574405 '' Categories : European national association football teams Croatia national football team National sports teams of Croatia Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2018 Articles containing Croatian - 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when do you start high school in us | Secondary education in the United states | secondary education in the united states | In most jurisdictions , secondary education in the United States refers to the last four years of statutory formal education ( grade nine through grade twelve ) either at high school or split between a final year of ' junior high school ' and three in high school . | Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Curriculum 2.1 Electives 3 Levels of education 3.1 Middle school / Junior high school 3.2 High school 4 Types of schools 4.1 Charter schools 4.2 University - preparatory schools 4.3 Home schooling 5 Teacher certification 6 Compulsory Education 6.1 History 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The United States historically had a demand for general skills rather than specific training / apprenticeships . High school enrollment increased when schools at this level became free , laws required children to attend until a certain age , and it was believed that every American student had the opportunity to participate regardless of their ability . In 1892 , in response to many competing academic philosophies being promoted at the time , a working group of educators , known as the `` Committee of Ten '' was established by the National Education Association . It recommended twelve years of instruction , consisting of eight years of elementary education followed by four years of high school . Rejecting suggestions that high schools should divide students into college - bound and working - trades groups from the start , and in some cases also by race or ethnic background , they unanimously recommended that `` every subject which is taught at all in a secondary school should be taught in the same way and to the same extent to every pupil so long as he pursues it , no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be , or at what point his education is to cease . '' At the turn of the 20th Century , it was common for high schools to have entrance examinations which restricted entrance to fewer than 5 percent of the population in preparation for college . Most were expected to be ready for a job or a family after junior high school . The first public secondary schools started around the 1830s and 40 's within the wealthier areas of similar income levels and greatly expanded after the American Civil War into the 1890s . Between 1910 and 1940 the `` high school movement '' resulted in rapidly increasing founding of public high schools in many cities and towns and later with further expansions in each locality with the establishment of neighborhood , district , or community high schools in the larger cities which may have had one or two schools since the 19th Century . High school enrollment and graduation numbers and rates increased markedly , mainly due to the building of new schools , and a practical curriculum based on gaining skills `` for life '' rather than `` for college '' . There was a shift towards local decision making by school districts , and a policy of easy and open enrollment . The shift from theoretical to a more practical approach in curriculum also resulted in an increase of skilled blue - collar workers . The open enrollment nature and relatively relaxed standards , such as ease of repeating a grade , also contributed to the boom in secondary schooling . There was an increase in educational attainment , primarily from the grass - roots movement of building and staffing public high schools . By mid-century , comprehensive high schools became common , which were designed to give a free education to any student who chose to stay in school for 12 years to get a diploma with a minimal grade point average . In 1954 the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education made desegregation of elementary and high schools mandatory , although private Christian schools expanded rapidly following this ruling to accommodate white families attempting to avoid desegregation . By 1955 , the enrollment rates of secondary schools in the United States were around 80 % , higher than enrollment rates in most or all European countries . The goal became to minimize the number who exited at the mandatory attendance age , which varies by state between 14 and 18 years of age , and become considered to be dropouts , at risk of economic failure . In 1965 the far - reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ' ESEA ' ) , passed as a part of President Lyndon B. Johnson 's `` War on Poverty '' , provided funds for primary and secondary education ( ' Title I funding ' ) while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a national curriculum . It emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability . The bill also aimed to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing every child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education . After 1980 , the growth in educational attainment decreased , which caused the growth of the educated workforce to slow down . Under the education reform movement started in the early 1990s by many state legislatures and the federal government , about two - thirds of the nation 's public high school students are required to pass a graduation exam , usually at the 10th and higher grade levels , though no new states had adopted a new requirement in 2006 . This requirement has been an object of controversy when states have started to withhold diplomas , and the right to attend commencement exercises , if a student does not meet the standards set by the state . Pressure to allow people and organizations to create new Charter schools developed during the 1980s and were embraced by the American Federation of Teachers in 1988 . These would be legally and financially autonomous public school free from many state laws and district regulations , and accountable more for student outcomes rather than for processes or inputs . Minnesota was the first state to pass a charter school law in 1991 . By 2009 charter schools were operating in 41 states ( and the District of Columbia ) and 59 % of these had waiting lists . The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 required all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students . Schools that receive Title I funding must make Adequate Yearly Progress ( AYP ) in test scores ( e.g. each year , fifth graders must do better on standardized tests than the previous year 's fifth graders ) and Schools that miss AYP for a second consecutive year are publicly labeled as in need of improvement , and students have the option to transfer to a better school within the school district , if any exists . Standards - based education has been embraced in most states which changed the measurement of success to academic achievement , rather than the completion of 12 years of education . By 2006 , two - thirds of students lived in states with effective standards requiring passing tests to ensure that all graduates had achieved these standards . Curriculum ( edit ) See also : Mathematics education in the United States Authority to regulate education resides constitutionally with the individual states , with direct authority of the U.S. Congress and the federal U.S. Department of Education being limited to regulation and enforcement of federal constitutional rights . Great indirect authority is , however , exercised through federal funding of national programs and block grants although there is no obligation upon any state to accept these funds . The U.S. government may also propose , but can not enforce national goals , objectives and standards , which generally lie beyond its jurisdiction . Many high schools in the United States offer a choice of vocational or college prep curriculum . Schools that offer vocational programs include a very high level of technical specialization , e.g. , auto mechanics or carpentry , with a half - day instruction / approved work program in senior year as the purpose of the program is to prepare students for gainful employment without a college degree . The level of specialization allowed varies depending on both the state and district the school is located in . Many states require that courses in the `` core '' areas of English , science , social studies , and mathematics every year although others allow more choice after 10th grade . The majority of high schools require four English credits to graduate . Generally , three science courses are required . Biology , chemistry , and physics are usually offered . Courses such as physical and life science serve as introductory alternatives to those classes . Other science studies include geology , anatomy , astronomy , health science , environmental science , and forensic science . High school mathematics courses typically include pre-algebra , algebra I , geometry , algebra II w / trigonometry classes . Advanced study options can include precalculus , calculus , statistics , and discrete math generally with an opportunity to earn Advanced Placement ( AP ) or International Baccalaureate ( IB ) accreditation . Usually , only three math credits are required for graduation ( although four is recommended ) . English / Language classes are usually required for four years of high school although many schools count journalism , public speaking / debate , foreign language , literature , drama , and writing ( both technical and creative ) classes as English / Language classes . Social science classes include world history , U.S. history , government , and economics . Government and economics classes are sometimes combined as two semesters of a year - long course . Additional study options can include classes in law ( constitutional , criminal , or international ) , criminal justice , sociology , and psychology . Many states require a health or wellness course in order to graduate . The class typically covers basic anatomy , nutrition , first aid , sexual education , and how to make responsible decisions regarding illegal drugs , tobacco , and alcohol . In some places , contraception is not allowed to be taught for religious reasons . In some places , the health and physical education class are combined into one class or are offered in alternate semesters . In some private schools , such as Catholic schools , theology is required before a student graduates . Two years of physical education ( usually referred to as `` gym , '' `` PE '' or `` phys ed '' by students ) is commonly required , although some states and school districts require that all students take Physical Education every semester . Electives ( edit ) Public high schools offer a wide variety of elective courses , although the availability of such courses depends upon each particular school 's financial situation . Some schools and states require students to earn a few credits of classes considered electives , most commonly foreign language and physical education . Common types of electives include : Visual arts ( drawing , sculpture , painting , photography , film studies , and art history ) Performing arts ( choir , drama , band , orchestra , dance , guitar ) Vocational education ( woodworking , metalworking , computer - aided drafting , automobile repair , agriculture , cosmetology , FFA ) Computer science / information technology ( word processing , computer programming , graphic design , computer club , Web design and web programming , video game design , music production , film production ) Journalism / publishing ( school newspaper , yearbook , television production ) Foreign languages ( French , German , Italian , and Spanish are common ; Chinese , Japanese , Russian , Greek , Latin , Korean , Dutch , and Portuguese are less common , though the former two are gaining popularity . ) Business Education ( Accounting , Data Processing , Entrepreneurship , Finance , Business , Information and Communication Technology , Management , Marketing , and Secretarial ) Family and consumer science / health ( nutrition , nursing , culinary , child development , and additional physical education and weight training classes ) Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( In some schools , JROTC may replace a credit of health or P.E. ) Some American high schools offer drivers ' education . At some schools , a student can take it during school as a regular course for a credit . At some schools , drivers education courses are only available after school . The Association for Career and Technical Education is the largest U.S. association dedicated to promoting this type of education . Levels of education ( edit ) Middle school / junior high school ( edit ) Middle schools , or junior high schools , are schools that span grades 7 , 8 , and sometimes 5 , 6 and 9 , which straddle primary and secondary education . Upon arrival in middle school or junior high school , students begin to enroll in class schedules where they take classes from several teachers in a given day . The classes are usually a set of four or five ( if foreign language is included in the curriculum ) core academic classes ( English or `` language arts , '' science , mathematics , history or `` social studies , '' and in some schools , foreign language ) with two to four other classes , either electives , supplementary , or remedial academic classes . Some students also start taking a foreign language or advanced math and science classes in middle school . Typically schools will offer Spanish and French ; and , often German ; and , sometimes Latin ; Chinese , Japanese , and / or Greek . In addition to Pre-Algebra and other high school mathematics prep courses , Algebra I and Geometry are both commonly taught . Schools also offer Earth Science , Life Science , or Physical Science classes . Physical education classes ( also called `` PE '' , `` phys ed '' , Kinesiology , or by the older term , `` gym '' ) are usually mandatory for various periods . For social studies , some schools offer U.S. History , Geography , and World History classes . Most also have `` honors '' classes for motivated and gifted students , where the quality of education is higher and much more is expected from the enrolled student . Successful completion of middle school or junior high school leads to entry into high school . High school ( edit ) High school comprises grades 9 or 10 to 12 . Most American high schools are comprehensive high schools and accept all students from their local area , regardless of ability or vocational / college track . Students have significant control of their education , and may choose even their core classes , although the control given to students varies from state to state and school to school . The schools are managed by local school districts rather than by the central government . Some states and cities offer special high schools with examinations to admit only the highest performing students , such as Boston Latin School or Alexandria , Virginia 's Thomas Jefferson High School . Other high schools cater to the arts . Some schools have been set up for students who do not succeed with normal academic standards ; while others , like Harvey Milk High School , have even been created for special social groups such as LGBT students . Most states operate special residential schools for the blind and deaf , although a substantial number of such students are mainstreamed into standard schools . Several operate residential high schools for highly gifted students in specialized areas such as science , mathematics , or the arts . A smaller number of high schools are operated by the Department of Defense on military bases for children of military personnel . In 2001 there were 26,407 public high schools and 10,693 private schools in the United States , although this figure may be inflated somewhat by the U.S. Department of Education 's definition of high schools as `` schools with secondary grades '' , which could include junior high schools with 9th and 10th grades . The Catholic Church operates 1,220 of such institutions , as of 2007 , with other religious groups operating their own high schools . Other private high schools are nonsectarian . Most high schools have classes known as `` honors '' classes for motivated and gifted students , where the quality of education is higher and much more is expected from the enrolled student . Some high schools offer Regular Honors ( H ) ( sometimes called Advanced ) , Advanced Placement ( AP ) or International Baccalaureate ( IB ) courses , which are special forms of honors classes . AP courses are usually taken during the second , third , or fourth years of high school . International schools offering programs of study in line with foreign systems of Education , such as those of Britain and France , are also available . Some schools also offer dual - enrollment programs , in which select classes at a university may be taken for both university and high school credit . Graduation from high school leads to the awarding of the high school diploma . After this secondary education is considered complete and students may pursue tertiary level study . Types of schools ( edit ) West Orange - Stark High School , a college preparatory high school in Texas Secondary education can be provided within a number of different schools and settings . Charter schools ( edit ) Main article : Charter schools in the United States Charter schools are subject to fewer rules , regulations , and statutes than traditional state schools , receive less public funding than public schools , typically a fixed amount per pupil and are often over-subscribed . University - preparatory schools ( edit ) Main article : University - preparatory school University - preparatory schools , commonly referred to as ' prep schools ' , can be either publicly funded , charter schools or private independent secondary schools funded by tuition fees and philanthropic donations , and governed by independent boards of trustees . Fewer than 1 % of students enrolled in school in the United States attend an independent private preparatory school , a small fraction compared with the 9 % who attend parochial schools and 88 % who attend public schools . While these schools are not subject to government oversight or regulation , they are accredited by one of the six regional accreditation agencies for educational institutions . Home schooling ( edit ) Main article : Homeschooling in the United States It is estimated that some 2 million or 2.9 % of U.S. children are home educated . Home schooling is lawful in all 50 states , and although the U.S. Supreme Court has never ruled on homeschooling specifically , in Wisconsin v. Yoder , 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) it supported the rights of Amish parents to keep their children out of public schools for religious reasons . Teacher certification ( edit ) Teachers are certified in one of two areas for high school ( and in some states , certification can be to teach grades 6 - 12 ) . These certifications can overlap . In Missouri , for example , middle school certification covers grades 6 -- 8 , elementary school certification covers up to grade 5 , and high school certification covers grades 9 -- 12 . This reflects the wide range of grade combinations of middle schools , junior high schools , and elementary schools . Alternatively , some states certify teachers in various curricular areas ( such as math or history ) to teach secondary education . Compulsory education ( edit ) See also : Compulsory Education Compulsory education laws refer to `` legislative mandates that school - aged children ( shall ) attend public , nonpublic , or homeschools until reaching specified ages . '' In most cases , local school attendance officers enforce compulsory education laws , and all jurisdictions hold parents / legal guardians responsible to ensure their child / children attend school . History ( edit ) Compulsory education first became required in Massachusetts upon the passing of the Compulsory Attendance Act of 1852 . The law required that all children eight to fourteen to attend school for three months out of the year , and of these twelve weeks , six of them had to be consecutive . The only exceptions to this law was if the child already attended another school for the same amount of time , proof the child had already learned the material , if they lived in poverty , or the child had a physical or mental disability preventing them from learning the material . Later , in 1873 , the law was revised . The age limit was reduced from 14 to 12 , but the annual attendance requirement was increased to 20 weeks a year . By 1918 , all U.S. states had some sort of mandatory attendance law for school . See also ( edit ) Education portal Comprehensive high school Lists of schools in the United States Education in the United States Secondary education Primary education in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fast Facts : Educational institutions '' . Jump up ^ `` Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G8 Countries : 2004 '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Education Statistics . Jump up ^ `` junior high school '' . Merriam-Webster.com. 2010 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Philip J. Cook ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Should sixth grade be in elementary school or middle school '' ( PDF ) . sanford.duke.edu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Education Association of the United States . Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies . ( 1894 ) . Report of the Committee of ten on secondary school studies : with the reports of the conferences arranged by the committee . Pub . for the National Education Association by the American Book Co ... p. 17 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ( 2008 ) . The Race between Education and Technology . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press . p. 195 . Jump up ^ Nordin , Virginia Davis ; Turner , William Lloyd ( 1980 ) . `` More than Segregation Academies : The Growing Protestant Fundamentalist Schools '' . The Phi Delta Kappan. 61 ( 6 ) : 391 -- 394 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Carper , James C. ( 1983 ) . `` The Christian Day School Movement '' . The Educational Forum. 47 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 149 . doi : 10.1080 / 00131728309335955 . Jump up ^ Carper , James C. ; Layman , Jack ( 1995 ) . `` Independent Christian Day Schools Past , Present , and Prognosis '' . Journal of Research on Christian Education . 4 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 10656219509484824 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ( 2008 ) . The Race between Education and Technology . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 forbids federally determined curricula . '' Hoover Institution -- Daily Report Archives -- Secretary Riley Reignites the Math Wars Archived 2012 - 08 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA ) Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia , `` The Race between Education and Technology . '' Cambridge , MA : Harvard University , 2008 , p. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` A ' kickback ' against graduation exams , USA Today , August 17 , 2006 6D Jump up ^ `` Annual Survey of America 's Charter Schools 2008 '' . Center for Education Reform . July 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Erin & Rotherham , Andy . `` States ' Evidence : What It Means to Make ' Adequate Yearly Progress ' Under NCLB '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gay High Schools Offer a Haven From Bullies Education US News '' . US News . 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First LGBT high school opens in Phoenix '' . 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gay friendly high school program opening in Ferndale '' . M Live . MLive Media Group . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Digest of Education Statistics 2001 '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Education Statistics . Jump up ^ Annual Data Report - National Catholic Educational Association Archived February 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 1.5 Million Home - schooled Students in the United States in 2007 Issue Brief from Institute of Education Sciences , U.S. Department of Education . December 2008 . NCES 2009 -- 030 Jump up ^ Education : Keep it in the family The Economist ^ Jump up to : `` Compulsory Attendance '' . Education Law . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Grocke , Vicky . `` Compulsory Education '' . University of Notre Dame . University of Notre Dame . Further reading ( edit ) Cubberley , Ellwood Patterson ( 1911 ) . `` Certification of Teachers : United States '' . In Paul Monroe . Cyclopedia of Education . 1 . New York : Macmillan -- via HathiTrust . Cubberley , Ellwood Patterson ( 1912 ) . `` High Schools in the United States '' . In Paul Monroe . Cyclopedia of Education . 3 . New York : Macmillan . pp. 263 -- 275 . Huwer , Hank ( 2002 ) . `` United States '' . In Marlow - Ferguson , Rebecca . World Education Encyclopedia : A Survey of Educational Systems Worldwide . 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . Gale . pp. 1491 -- 1519 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 5578 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Digest of Education Statistics , 2004 , U.S. Department of Education Percent of high school dropouts , U.S. Department of Education Consumer Guide : High School Dropout Rates , U.S. Department of Education American High School Hall of Fame Listing Occupational Outlook for High School Teachers , Bureau of Labor Statistics Finance Advice for New Graduates Elmer Ellsworth Brown ( 1920 ) . `` Education , Secondary , in America '' . Encyclopedia Americana . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secondary_education_in_the_United_States&oldid=823435296 '' Categories : Secondary education in the United States Education in the United States High schools in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 06 : 14 . 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pirates of the carribean dead man tells no tails full movie | Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales | pirates of the caribbean : dead men tell no tales | Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( released outside the US as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge ) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film . It is the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) . The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson , with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer . Johnny Depp , Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow , Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa , respectively , while Javier Bardem , Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario join the cast as Armando Salazar , Henry Turner and Carina Smyth . The film also features the returns of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley as Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann , following their absence from the previous film . | The filmmakers cited the series ' first installment , The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) , as inspiration for the script and tone of the film . Pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011 , with Terry Rossio writing a script for the film . In early 2013 , Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script , with Depp being involved in Nathanson 's writing process . Initially planned for a 2015 release , the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017 , due to script and budget issues . Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015 , after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives , and ended in July 2015 . Dead Men Tell No Tales was released in conventional , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D and IMAX 3D formats on May 26 , 2017 , ten years and one day after the release of At World 's End ( 2007 ) . The film received mixed reviews , with many critics praising the performances , visuals , music , and shorter running time , while others criticized the convoluted and complicated plot . Some critics considered the film an improvement over its predecessor , while others felt the franchise had run its course . The film grossed $794 million worldwide , the second - lowest gross of the series but the eighth - highest - grossing film of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 4.3 Hacking incident 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Henry Turner , the twelve year - old son of Will Turner , boards his cursed father 's ship , the Flying Dutchman , informing his father that the mythical Trident of Poseidon will be able to break his curse , intending on recruiting Captain Jack Sparrow to help . Will however believes that the trident ca n't be found and orders Henry to leave and tells him to let him go and that he loves him and gives Henry his necklace . Will and the Dutchman then disappear under the sea but Henry still vows to find Jack Sparrow and the Trident . Nine years later , Henry is a sailor in the British Royal Navy , but is locked up for attempting mutiny when his ship sails for the supernatural Devil 's Triangle . The ship comes across a shipwreck , the Silent Mary , and are attacked by its ghostly crew led by Captain Salazar . Salazar and his crew kill everyone aboard except Henry . Salazar , seeing a wanted poster of Jack allows him to live so he can deliver a message to Jack that he is coming for him before leaving . In Saint Martin , a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for alleged witchcraft , but escapes custody . She briefly crosses paths with Jack , who tries to steal a bank vault with his crew , but accidentally drag the entire bank with them and lose the fortune before crashing the building at the town 's exit and escaping . Jack 's crew end up abandoning him , even Gibbs who has lost faith in Jack . Depressed , Jack forsakes his magic compass to pay for a drink , subsequently freeing Salazar 's crew from their imprisonment within the Devil 's Triangle . Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident 's location and offers to help him using a diary left by her unknown father . Carina and Jack are both captured and face execution , but are saved by Henry and Jack 's crew , setting sail on the Dying Gull . Carina deciphers that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden . Salazar destroys Captain Barbossa 's fleet , but Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help him find Jack , to which Salazar agrees . He tells Barbossa that long ago he worked for the Spanish Navy hunting down pirates . However , a young Jack tricked him into sailing into the Devil 's Triangle , cursing his crew . Salazar pursues the Dying Gull , forcing Jack , Henry , and Carina to flee to an island while fighting off Salazar 's cursed sharks , discovering that Salazar 's crew can not go on land . After saving Jack from a forced - marriage , Barbossa allies himself with Jack and provides him his compass , obtained from the sea witch Shansa . He uses the Sword of Triton to restore the miniaturized Black Pearl , trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard , to its original size but betrays Jack and takes the Pearl for himself once more . During the voyage , Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter 's long - lost daughter . Barbossa had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life . Approaching the Trident 's island , the Pearl evades a British Navy warship , which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl run aground on the island . Jack , Barbossa , and Carina use the island 's magic to open a path to the Trident 's spot on the ocean floor , parting the ocean . Salazar captures Henry and possesses his body , chasing Jack and the others across the ocean floor and seizes the Trident , freeing Henry . Henry shatters the Trident , breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar 's crew to life . However , the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself . The Pearl drops its anchor to lift them to safety , but Salazar , not satisfied with being human , follows Jack , still hell - bent on killing him . Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary 's cover . Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar , allowing the others to escape alive . Some time later , Henry and Carina reach Port Royal , where Will appears , free from the Dutchman . His wife , Elizabeth , appears moments later and the Turner family reunite . Jack watches from the Pearl sailing away into the horizon . In a post-credits scene , Will and Elizabeth sleep in their bedroom but the resurrected Davy Jones appears . Will wakes up , assuming it was a nightmare , but a small puddle filled with barnacles under the bed implies that Jones has indeed returned . Cast ( edit ) Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : The eccentric but noble pirate captain of the Black Pearl on the hunt for the Trident of Poseidon , which bestows control over the seas . In the film , according to director Joachim Rønning , Jack has `` lost his mojo ; he ca n't even be on the water '' . Rønning stated that Sparrow 's role in the film mirrors his role in the original : `` it was important to go back to the same dynamic that the first film had where Jack is not the main character . I wanted a story about real people , real characters -- and then Jack Sparrow comes in and crashes the party every now and then '' , and called Depp `` a comedic genius , he has a comedic timing that I 've never seen in anyone '' . The film goes into the backstory of Sparrow , with the young Sparrow portrayed by Anthony De La Torre , whose face was replaced by a CGI replica of Depp as he looked in 21 Jump Street and What 's Eating Gilbert Grape . Co-director Rønning believed de-aging Depp was tricky in terms of `` trying to give him a backstory and still honour the mythology of the franchise '' . Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar : A powerful and maniacal undead pirate hunter of the Spanish Navy who was trapped in the Devil 's Triangle . After escaping , he seeks the Trident of Poseidon to wipe out all piracy and exact revenge on his old enemy , Captain Jack Sparrow . Bardem set out to imbue the character with `` a rage based on dented pride '' , comparing the character to `` a wounded bull '' , owing to his spectacular fall from grace , going from a high ranking commander of a Spanish fleet to being betrayed and trapped in hell by Sparrow , who Bardem says is the reason for Salazar `` holding that revenge in his body for eternity '' . It took three hours a day to apply the make - up to Bardem 's face , with Bardem referring to the process as having `` cold chicken breasts '' glued to his face . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : The one - legged pirate captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge , former captain of the Black Pearl , and Captain Jack 's former rival - turned - ally . In the film , Barbossa has become extremely wealthy since the previous film , with Rush referring to him as a `` corporate pirate '' , having amassed a fleet of ships under his command and encrusted his peg - leg with jewels . Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner : The son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann - Turner , who tries to reconnect with his father . He struggles to break a curse that is preventing him from doing so . The directors were keen to draft a new protagonist relationship , different to the two relationships explored in On Stranger Tides , with Henry and Carina , stating that `` in the middle of a big action scene , you need to be able to lean on the characters and find the heart of that story , and channel the characters ' vulnerability '' . Rønning noted that identity is a major theme in the film and to Henry and Carina 's story arc : `` they are on a similar quest and find common ground in looking for who they are '' . Lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry . Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth ( née Barbossa ) : A headstrong , altruistic astronomer . Scodelario explained the character 's motivation and role saying , `` she is an academic , she 's fighting for the right to study at university because women could n't at that time . So she 's on her own journey -- looking for the trident of Poseidon -- and she has a diary with clues . '' She discussed the difference between Carina and Elizabeth Swann , believing that she was not just a carbon copy of that character . For the directors , it was important to `` modernise it with Henry and Carina , Kaya , especially brought that with her . She 's a modern woman . '' Scodelario worked with Nathanson to ensure the character was unique to the series and prevent her from being a `` Mary Sue archetype '' , saying that `` she 's got her flaws ... that 's such an important thing to include when building a character , especially female characters , who often fall into two camps ; they are either pretty and perfectly put together or completely insane . Carina has definitely got a little bit of both . '' Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Captain Jack 's loyal friend and First Mate . Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa : a sea - witch and ally of Captain Barbossa . David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield : the second antagonist of the film and a British Royal Navy officer , who commands the HMS Essex . Stephen Graham as Scrum : a member of Jack Sparrow 's crew and former member of Blackbeard 's crew . Martin Klebba as Marty : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew . Giles New and Angus Barnett as Murtogg and Mullroy : Former Royal Marines turned pirates , who serve as Barbossa 's right - hand men on board the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Orlando Bloom as Captain William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : a blacksmith - turned - pirate , who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At World 's End . Speaking about his possible return to the franchise , Bloom stated that he would love to portray a character outside of his usual role types as a good - looking hero : `` Of course , I 'm Davy Jones now , so I 'm down the bottom of the ocean . It might be kind of fun to do something where I 'm rumbling ' round the bottom of the ocean , because I wo n't look anything like me . ( Gestures to his face ) Get all gnarly . '' Additionally , Keira Knightley reprises her role in the film series as Elizabeth Swann , Will Turner 's wife , and Henry 's mother . Adam Brown , Danny Kirrane , and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack 's crew . In the prison scene , Paul McCartney appears briefly as Jack 's paternal uncle , Uncle Jack . Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence , while Keith Richards ' likeness ( as Jack 's father ) was also used . A silhouette of Davy Jones , one of the series ' former villains , was seen in the post-credits scene , but no actor was credited for this appearance . Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who reprise their roles from the previous films as Jack Sparrow , Hector Barbossa , Will Turner , and Elizabeth Swann , respectively . Bloom and Knightley return to the series after not appearing in 2011 's On Stranger Tides . Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides in 2011 , the cast and crew of the fourth film were told to set aside time in the near future , as Walt Disney Pictures intended to shoot a fifth and sixth film back - to - back ( like the first two sequels ) . However , it was later stated that only a fifth film was in the works . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . Rob Marshall , the director of the last film , was believed for return to direct , but he declined after he chose to direct Into the Woods ( 2014 ) and The Thin Man ( both projects for Disney and starring Johnny Depp ) . After Marshall passed on the project , many directors were rumored to direct the film , like Tim Burton , Sam Raimi , Shawn Levy , Chris Weitz , Alfonso Cuarón and Gore Verbinski ( who directed the first three films ) . On May 9 , 2013 , it was reported that Fredrik Bond , Rupert Sanders , and the Norwegian film duo Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were considered to direct the fifth film . Finally , on May 29 , 2013 , Rønning and Sandberg were selected to direct . This decision was based both on their Academy Award - nominated high sea film Kon - Tiki , as well as their ability to work with a limited budget . Geoffrey Rush argued that the pair brought `` a kind of Euro sensibility to traditional Hollywood franchise thinking '' . While Orlando Bloom believed that they 'd `` recaptured the simplicity and charm '' , calling the film `` fantastic , really entertaining '' . On August 22 , 2013 , Rønning and Sandberg revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl , stating that the original is `` scary , it 's funny , and most of all it 's a comedy , but with great heart , and that structure and the dynamics between the characters was something I really wanted to try and reinvent '' . On the pair 's decision to direct the film , Rønning believed that `` it was all there in this script already , and for me , it was just a matter of adding scenes that carry the tradition of Gore Verbinski , bring the emotional core and big action set pieces '' , with Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton also being in the director 's mind when crafting the tone of the film . The pair also wanted to include two things new to the series : `` it needs to have heart ; I really believe this to be the most emotional Pirates yet '' , argued Rønning , as well as exploring the roots of Jack Sparrow . Kaya Scodelario felt that the film `` will have much more of the feel of the first film , the producers want to take it back to the beginning again . They wanted it to have this epic journey , and for it to make sense , and for it to tie things up , and also lead to new storylines . '' However , after Disney 's The Lone Ranger lost the studio $190 million in 2013 -- a film also starring Depp in a similarly eccentric role -- Disney questioned the bankability of Depp and thus the franchise , so the film was reconsidered and not actually green - lit as of early 2014 . Another problem , along with the lack of success Depp experienced outside of the Pirates franchise were script problems , as Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn stated : `` We have n't seen a screenplay yet that I 've been able to sign off on . There are a lot of variables that affect the final outcome once it leaves the studio lot , so we are very careful . '' Due to these problems , the film 's production was delayed , and it moved from a 2015 release aspired by Disney in 2013 to a likely release in 2016 . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script as well as budget issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline , stating : `` It 's all a factor . We want a script that everyone 's signed off on and a budget that everyone 's signed off on . '' After the script was accepted and the film was finally officially green - lit by Disney in July 2014 , the release date moved to July 7 , 2017 . Many of the crew members for the film were new to the franchise , replacing members that had served on the previous four films . Apart from directors Rønning and Sandberg and writer Nathanson , a new director of photography , Paul Cameron replaced Dariusz Wolski , production designer Nigel Phelps , visual effects supervisor Gary Brozenich , special effects supervisor Dan Oliver , supervising stunt coordinator R.A. Rondell , stunt coordinators Thomas Robinson Harper and Kyle Gardiner , makeup and hair designer Peter Swords King , executive producers Joe Caracciolo Jr. and Brigham Taylor replacing Mike Stenson , film editors Joel Cox , Gary D. Roach and Roger Barton and composer Geoff Zanelli taking over from composer of the primary themes for the series , Hans Zimmer . Costume designer Penny Rose returned after providing the costumes for all four previous films , along with executive producer Chad Oman . Speaking to IGN while promoting The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , Orlando Bloom indicated that the film might serve as a soft reboot for the franchise , saying : `` Basically , they want to reboot the whole franchise , I think , and do something with me and the relationship with my son . '' Writing ( edit ) By 2011 , shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , Terry Rossio was writing a script for a fifth film without his partner Ted Elliott . Rossio 's draft was ultimately rejected . `` My version of Dead Men Tell No Tales was set aside because it featured a female villain , '' recalled Rossio , `` and Johnny Depp was worried that would be redundant to Dark Shadows , which also featured a female villain . '' In January 2013 , Disney hired Jeff Nathanson to work on a script . That September , producer Bruckheimer said , `` We have an outline everyone loves but the script is not done , '' explaining that the release would be postponed beyond summer 2015 . On April 13 , 2014 , Depp said Bruckheimer and Disney had invited him in to collaborate with the writer Jeff Nathanson , noting : Everyone involved wants the script to be right and perfect . So we have gone on to do other things ( in the meantime ) . We are still going to do the film together . I enjoy them immensely . They are super talented . They have a great sense of humor . I think they have a really fun approach to what we are going to do with the next Pirates . Very happily and proudly , I have welcomed taking part in the story and working directly with the screenwriter ( Jeff Nathanson ) -- he and I. It 's working out really well that way . So I have high hopes for that Pirates 5 because if that 's really the last one , which it probably is , I feel that we owe it to the audience who went and saw the films so many times . We 'll do it right and end it on a high note . Casting ( edit ) Speaking at the On Stranger Tides press launch in Cannes , Depp said he would play the role for as long as it is popular with the public . In August 2012 news surfaced that Johnny Depp signed on officially for the fifth film , earning A $ 90 million to reprise his role . As with the fourth film , Depp was also involved in scripting and planning Dead Men Tell No Tales . Geoffrey Rush had commented on returning as Hector Barbossa in the fifth installment , saying `` If they keep shapeshifting this character , absolutely '' as well as implying he may return as the villain . He also said that Barbossa 's megalomania `` could explode in horrific ways '' . In December 2014 , Rush confirmed his return for the fifth installment , where Barbossa and Jack were `` at the heart of it and there 's a whole new set of story lines '' . In late 2011 , about four years after choosing not to return for the fourth installment , Orlando Bloom stated that he would like to return for the fifth film if he was offered . On May 11 , 2011 , Naomie Harris expressed her desire to return as Tia Dalma if they called her . Several weeks after Disney officially green - lit the film , Bloom stated that there were `` discussions '' about his return to the franchise in September 2014 . Bloom further commented in December 2014 , that while he was not sure whether he would return , there were talks . He also indicated that Disney could do a soft reboot with the franchise and focus on Will Turner and his son . After months of speculation and after filming wrapped up , Bloom 's participation was confirmed at Disney D23 on August 15 , 2015 . On December 2 , 2013 , it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film 's main antagonist , but he finally declined . Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014 , after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton , George MacKay , Mitchell Hope , Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley . In mid-January 2015 , he stated that he was to travel to Australia for the film in February , disclosing that his role was indeed that of Will Turner 's son , struggling to break a curse to meet his father . The shortlist of actresses for the female lead consisted of Gabriella Wilde , Kaya Scodelario , Alexandra Dowling , Jenna Thiam and Lucy Boynton . On January 24 , Jerry Bruckheimer announced via Twitter that Scodelario had won the role . In July , her character was revealed to be called Carina . In earlier drafts of the script the name Carina Smyth appeared as Barbossa 's daughter and was a love interest of Sparrow 's and was an astronomer accused of being a witch . Scodelario confirmed that the character was an astronomer and that `` she 's a totally different character '' to Keira Knightley 's Elizabeth Swann , and also confirmed that Smyth will be Henry 's love interest instead of Jack 's . By October 2014 , Javier Bardem , husband of Penélope Cruz ( who portrayed Angelica in the fourth installment ) , was in early talks to appear as the antagonist of the film . His role was eventually confirmed to be that of Armando Salazar , who in early scripts was referred as Captain John Brand . However , during an interview with Collider in 2012 , Penélope Cruz stated that she would most likely not reprise her role as Angelica Teach . Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs via Twitter in late January . Shortly after on location pre-production opened in Australia , Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all age - and experience levels to apply for roles and as extras in the upcoming film , with casting also open in the US . Adam Brown , Delroy Atkinson , Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming . Martin Klebba confirmed his return as Marty via Twitter days before filming began . On February 17 , 2015 , Stephen Graham revealed that he will reprise his role as Scrum . On September 24 , 2015 , a YouTube video was uploaded stating that Giles New and Angus Barnett would reprise their roles as Murtogg and Mullroy . Director Joachim Rønning 's two children appear in the film as extras . Also , Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague . Additionally , Greg Ellis expressed interest in reprising his role as Theodore Groves , despite his character 's apparent death in the previous film , saying the possibility that Groves survived . Apart from this declaration , reports that a deceased Navy officer will star in the film , had sparked many rumors regarding the possibility of the return of James Norrington ( portrayed again by Jack Davenport ) , who died in the third film . Both Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook commented on the possibility of returning as Pintel and Ragetti . Arenberg confirmed in several interviews that , despite wanting to return to the fourth film , he hoped to reprise his role as Pintel . In an interview on November 7 , 2014 , Crook confirmed that he had received a call of availability from Disney for the film , although stated that he was uncertain about whether he wanted to reprise his role . Crook declined to reprise his role ultimately , in order to focus on his television series Detectorists . He said he felt `` pangs of nostalgia '' when the cast and crew filmed the film without him . Furthermore , shortly before filming started , Arenberg announced on Twitter that he would not reprise his role as well , despite having been interested in doing so . In early 2017 , there were rumors that Keira Knightley was back to the franchise for a cameo scene despite Knightley saying in 2011 that she was n't coming back to any future films . On April 18 , 2017 , the international trailer was released , confirming Knightley 's participation . Filming ( edit ) Depp on set in Queensland in June 2015 On January 15 , 2014 , directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg confirmed that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana . However , a spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations . According to Australian film industry sources , on location pre-production started in late September 2014 and its cost is around $250 million . This was officially confirmed by Disney and the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Queensland , Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . On January 1 , 2015 , The Rainbow Gypsy , a 15 - year - old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley , sailed into the Gold Coast to start the extensive refit , which will include a new bowsprit and reconfigured decks and cabins in order to become the Dying Gull , a single - masted ghost ship . Its captain and owner Kit Woodward was a rigger on the film . Filming commenced on February 17 , 2015 . Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale , while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland . Given the greenscreens were so tall they blocked sunlight , containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow for light to creep in . While an initial draft of the script featured six ships , the end product had 11 vessels , meaning that to cut costs , most of them were not full sets , but partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics , at times built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while still on land . The camera crew also made extensive use of drones to capture immersive views on sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes . Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15 , 2015 for water bound scenes . However , due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew due to `` big swells '' at The Spit , filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters . Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1 . Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850 - plus crew then working on the film . After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return , Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner . Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23 . A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production . The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa 's pet monkey Jack , as the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and require strict requirements and a 30 - day quarantine . Further controversy surrounding the use of the monkeys erupted from animal rights activist groups , who urged the Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the application to fly two capuchin monkeys from California to Australia , arguing that the trip would `` harm the monkeys ' health , that movie performances are unnatural for wild creatures and that the appearance of monkeys in films encourages the illegal wildlife trade '' . One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World and bit a make up artist on another production on the ear . Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release . To prevent fans from interfering with the production , secret filming locations used the production name of `` Herschel '' to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film . Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security , the already tight security was increased . On March 10 , 2015 , Depp was injured off set and had to be flown back to the United States for surgery . Due to his absence , filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks as they had done all they had been able to without Depp . Filming was set to resume `` on or about April 20 '' and Depp returned to set on April 21 . In June , Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman . Most of the cast and crew had finished on the July 8 , 2015 , and a wrap party was held on July 11 . Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots to be filmed . On July 21 , 2015 , Joachim Rønning announced via Instagram that filming has wrapped after a 95 - day shoot . After nearly a year in post production , reshoots and additional photography was conducted in Vancouver , Canada from March 24 to April 13 , 2016 under the production title `` Herschel Additional Photography '' . The entire film was filmed in IMAX for an expanded 1.9 : 1 aspect ratio , giving IMAX screenings of the film 26 % more picture on the screen . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) For the first time in the series since Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( which he co-wrote with Klaus Badelt ) , Hans Zimmer is not composing the music for the film . Instead , one of his protégés , Geoff Zanelli , who worked on all previous four installments in the franchise , is the main composer for the film . Zanelli said of taking over from Zimmer as composer for the series , `` What Hans did for the Pirates movies redefined the sound of the entire genre , it has been very fulfilling to work alongside him and ( producer ) Jerry ( Bruckheimer ) on the past four films . Dead Men Tell No Tales enlarges the Pirates universe with many new , unique elements , and I 'm building a distinctive sound for this film that springboards off of many years of collaborating in the Pirates world . '' The film 's soundtrack was released on May 26 , 2017 . Post-production ( edit ) Work on the film concluded on April 19 , 2017 . Eight companies handled the film 's 2,000 visual effects shots , with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics . The primary vendor was Moving Picture Company , from which hails the film 's overall effects supervisor Gary Brozenich . Among MPC 's work was Salazar 's pirates , whose on - set footage filmed against a blue screen was mostly replaced by CGI given all have missing parts of their body as well as floating hair and clothing , with Brozenich stating that was kept of the original actors was `` their run , gait and faces . '' To provide reference for the floating parts , that was meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state , a stuntman in full costume and wig dove into a swimming pool , and was filmed underwater by both a GoPro and a Canon 5D doing various actions . '' Atomic Fiction handled the scenes of St. Martin , turning the few blocks of buildings built on set onto more than 600 CG buildings surrounded by a jungle environment environment combining references from both the Caribbean and Thailand , and enhancing through CGI both the guillotine on which Jack Sparrow is nearly executed and the bank from the heist scene , that was meant to look as if it was dragging through the ground instead of driving on top of it . Along with sea footage filmed in both the Australian sets and Key West , Florida , there was extensive usage of water simulations , with the artists basing on the Beaufort scale to ensure the sea and wind was realistic . Release ( edit ) Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11 , 2017 . In several countries , the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge , including English - speaking countries . It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24 . The film was released in the United States , Canada , and China on May 26 . It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama - like ScreenX format ; it will play in two locations in the U.S. -- CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas -- both in Los Angeles , California . Additionally , it will play in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea , China , Thailand , Vietnam , Turkey and Indonesia . The film will also play in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide . It is Disney 's third wide release of the year following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Marketing ( edit ) A robust marketing effort helped promote Dead Men Tell No Tales . The film was first showcased at the Disney D23 Expo 2015 where Depp appeared in costume as Jack Sparrow and the film 's logo was revealed with Orlando Bloom confirmed to be starring in the film . Elizabeth Rudnick has been self - confirmed to novelize the film , as well as describing the film as bringing back `` sensibility '' plus bringing back Jack Sparrow in `` all of his swaggering glory '' . Another book is set to be released by Disney , a tie - in prequel expanding the backstory of the character of Carina Smyth , titled Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales -- The Brightest Star in the North . The film was also showcased at the Walt Disney Content Showcase in Africa in 2016 where concept art , story details and on set images were previewed . The first teaser trailer was released on October 2 , 2016 , during Fear the Walking Dead and showcased Armando Salazar hunting for Jack Sparrow who does n't appear in the trailer except only his image on a wanted poster . On January 27 , 2017 , Disney uploaded an eight - second motion poster to their official Instagram account for the release of a TV spot of the film during Super Bowl LI . Disney then released a 30 - second television teaser at Super Bowl LI , with an extended version released online set to Johnny Cash 's `` Ai n't No Grave '' . The trailer was considered to be the `` big '' trailer of the event and was the most viewed trailer of all the films advertised at the halftime show . A new teaser poster was also released with the trailer . Both teasers received a highly positive reaction from audiences . The official trailer was released on March 2 , 2017 . Another trailer was released on March 25 , 2017 . The first 30 - second TV spot was released on March 31 , 2017 . On April 21 , at Disney Parks and on the four Disney cruise ships , Disney previewed a sneak peek of the film . With the release of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 on April 28 , 2017 in the UK , Disney premiered a 5 - minute extended sequence of the film in front of the Marvel film . Home media ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 19 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on October 3 , 2017 . Hacking incident ( edit ) In May 2017 , the film was allegedly stolen by a group of piracy hackers , who demanded a large sum of money from Disney in order for them not to distribute the unreleased film . The company refused to do so and worked with the FBI in order to get the identity of the group . Also Disney CEO , Bob Iger reported that hackers did not steal their movie . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.5 million in the United States and Canada and $622 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $794.2 million , against a production budget of $230 million . The film had a worldwide opening of $271.4 million from 55 markets , with $24 million coming from 1,088 IMAX screens . The film 's six - day opening gross pushed the franchise gross past the $4 billion mark . Despite being the lowest - grossing film of the series in the US by nearly $70 million , the film became the highest - grossing entry of the Pirates franchise internationally when going by modern foreign - exchange rates , passing On Stranger Tides , which grossed $593.4 million at current rates . Despite weak US totals , Deadline.com noted the film should turn a net profit of around $280 million after factoring together all expenses and revenues . North America ( edit ) In April 2017 , early projections had the film grossing $115 million over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend . In early May , projections were adjusted to $90 -- 100 million , which was again lowered down to $80 -- 85 million , with a chance of hitting $100 million , by the week of its release . It was released in 4,276 theaters , of which over 3,100 were 3D , including 400 IMAX locations , over 500 Premium Large Format locations , 170 D - Box locations , 10 4D auditoriums and three venues featuring the ScreenX three - screen format . It opened Friday , May 26 , 2017 , and earned $23.4 million on its opening day , including $5.5 million it made from Thursday night previews . Its opening day was the lowest of the franchise . In total , it grossed $63 million over three days , and $78.5 million over four ( Friday -- Monday ) , finishing first at the box office ahead of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and fellow newcomer Baywatch . On a three - day basis , the film did 31 % less than On Stranger Tides did over its first three days in 2011 , after adjusting for inflation , and on a four - day basis , it was down 34 % from At World 's End and overall is the second - smallest debut of the franchise after the first film . Despite the film registering the highest test score in the series ' history , the opening came in well below initial expectations , which was attributed to various reasons , such as Johnny Depp 's diminishing returns and his depreciating public image amid his personal problems , the wave of negative reviews from critics ( mainly on Rotten Tomatoes ) , franchise fatigue and the problem of Memorial Day weekend failing to attract considerable moviegoers in the past years . However , although the film 's opening was below predictions , it was n't considered a fatal failure and was better than Disney had for its last few Memorial Day releases ( Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , Tomorrowland and Alice Through the Looking Glass ) . Studio executives said they were pleased with the movie 's opening , both in the US and abroad . Its opening further helped Disney push past $1 billion in the US to record the second - fastest time a studio has reached the mark in the US , second only to Disney 's own record from 2016 when the studio surpassed $1 billion in early May . After dropping by 73 % on its second Friday , the worst Friday - to - Friday drop in the series , the film fell by a total of 65 % in its second weekend , also the worst of the series , grossing $22.1 million . As a result , it finished in third place , after newcomers Wonder Woman ( $103.3 million ) and Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( $23.9 million ) . It made $10.7 million in its third weekend , $9 million in its fourth and $5.2 million in its fifth , respectively , finishing 4th , 6th and 7th at the box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , where it is marketed as Salazar 's Revenge in many countries , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 54 markets ( 91 % of its total marketplace , except Japan , where it debuted on July 1 ) . Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150 -- 175 million , but possibly overperforming depending on major markets , most notably China . While its Chinese run benefited from the Dragon Boat Festival -- a lucrative moviegoing period -- from May 28 -- 30 as well as from International Children 's Day ( June 1 ) , the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets , and eased moviegoing admissions across the continent over the film 's opening weekend . From Wednesday to Friday , it registered an opening of $208.8 million . Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings , the second - biggest international IMAX opening in May only after Captain America : Civil War . Similar to its US plunge , it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend , thus , falling in second place behind Wonder Woman . It recorded the biggest opening day of the year in several markets including Germany ( $3.6 million ) , Austria , France ( $2.3 million ) , Finland , Sweden , Belgium , Thailand ( $400,000 ) , Indonesia , Malaysia and the Netherlands ( $900,000 , also the second - biggest Disney bow , behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) , while Russia opened with $4 million , the fifth - biggest ever . In terms of opening , Russia posted the biggest opening of all time with $18.4 million ( $18.6 million including previews ) while South Korea ( $11.5 million ) , France ( $9.1 million ) , Germany ( $8.3 million ) , Mexico ( $6.9 million ) , the UK ( $6.1 million ) , Brazil ( $5.6 million ) , Italy ( $5.5 million ) , Australia ( $4.4 million ) , Spain ( $4.4 million ) , Indonesia ( $4 million ) , Taiwan ( $3.6 million ) , India ( $3 million ) and Argentina ( $3 million ) recorded the top openings. . In China , where the film had its global premiere , it earned $21.3 million on its opening day , the fourth - biggest Disney opening day in the country . It had an 87 % marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Earning a total of $67.9 million , it registered the third - highest three - day for any Disney title , only behind Captain America : Civil War and Avengers : Age of Ultron and a much higher opening than the U.S. The film did extremely well in IMAX , earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings . The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival , as well as Depp 's star power , the ubiquity of the franchise , the impact of the Shanghai Disneyland Park , which opened last year and good word of mouth -- it has a score of 7.5 / 10 on reviews aggregator Douban , and 8.7 / 10 on top mobile ticketing platform Weying . The final market for the film to be released in was Japan ( July 1 ) , where it opened at Number 1 , achieving the highest - grossing opening for a Western film of the year , earning $9.25 million over the July 1 -- 2 weekend . It remained at the number 1 spot at the box office for three weeks . The biggest earning markets so far are China ( $172.3 million ) , followed by Japan ( $55 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $40.7 million ) , where is the second - highest - grossing film ever , behind only Avatar , Germany ( $31 million ) , France ( $28.7 million ) and U.K. ( $25.1 million ) . The film is the highest - grossing of the series internationally by modern - foreign exchange rates . Critical response ( edit ) Dead Men Tell No Tales received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 29 % based on 226 reviews , with an average rating of 4.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales proves that neither a change in directors nor an undead Javier Bardem is enough to drain this sinking franchise 's murky bilge . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized the convoluted plot and overabundance of characters , writing : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man Tell No Tales is practically incoherent . I 've been trying to wrap my head around the ' plot , ' but it 's been futile . I 've asked literally eight other people who saw this movie to answer a couple specific questions and no one has been able to do it . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers called the film `` bloated , boring , repetitive and draining '' and gave it one star out of four , saying , `` Abandon ship , audiences . Paying cash money to see Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales is the equivalent of walking the plank . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film returns `` to the basic formula of the first three Pirates films directed by Gore Verbinski , in which Johnny Depp 's louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story ... the two romantic leads ( ... ) succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` Its pleasures are so meager , its delight in its own inventions so forced and false , that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was `` loud , overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting '' , comparing it to a `` vacation that you 'll need a vacation from . '' Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be `` a jumble of half - baked impulses '' , with the film 's directors `` trying to pump air and passion into a stinking corpse of a franchise . '' Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Dead Men works well enough as a stand - alone , swashbuckling comedic spectacle , thanks to the terrific performances , some ingenious practical effects , impressive CGI and a steady diet of PG - 13 dialogue peppered with not particularly sophisticated but ( I have to admit ) fairly funny sexual innuendo . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com praised the film , calling it `` the most entertaining installment , '' giving credit to Directors Rønning and Sandberg for creating a `` rollicking good time '' . He praised the visual effects , particularly Salazar and his crew , arguing that it should be in line to receive an Academy Award for Visual Effects . He also gave high praise to Bardem for being able to create such a `` fully dimensional villain '' under the layers of make - up and CGI , as well as Depp for keeping the film and franchise going . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B ' , praising the fun nature of the film as well as its visuals , calling it `` gorgeously detailed swashbuckling nonsense , '' but wished that the script had taken more risks instead of following the formula used in previous films . Ashley Esqueda of CNET gave the film a positive review , arguing it brought the franchise back to what made its first two installments so fun , and praised Depp 's performance as `` delightful as ever . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying `` What was once a past - its - prime franchise seems to have found new life . '' Mark Hughes of Forbes opined `` Dead Men Tell No Tales is n't as good as the first three films , but it 's better than the fourth film '' , adding `` it has mostly good performances , and a couple of great ones . It has fantastic visual effects , lots of humor that works , a lighthearted feel and sense of fun , and many terrific action set pieces to make your eyeballs pop out . '' Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for six Teen Choice Awards : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor , Sci - fi / Fantasy Actress , Sci - Fi Fantasy villain and Sci - Fi Fantasy Liplock . Sequel ( edit ) Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized . The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , and Davy Jones , implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in a sixth film . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . See also ( edit ) De-aging in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brzeski , Patrick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to World Premiere at Shanghai Disneyland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp absent from first Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge teaser trailer '' . Yahoo ! Movies UK . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ′ Directors Tease ' Dead Men ' Sequel '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ali Plumb ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario on Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : ' It 'll be much more like the first film ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mixed reviews for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Reviews Draw Comparisons to The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . E ! News . May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Delayed Until End of 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess , Matthew ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . The Age . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Total Film . June 2017 , Issue 258 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Revisits Its Dual Disney Legacies '' . April 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Dude Who Plays A Young Jack Sparrow Looks Alarmingly Like Johnny Depp '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Trevor ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Setting Sail with Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . 3D Total . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine . June 2017 , Issue 336 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Empire Magazine . June 2017 , Issue 336 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Bardem dishes on Pirates of the Caribbean make - up '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Laura , Nauman , Zoe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' He knows Australia quite well ! ' : Geoffrey Rush says Pirates Of The Caribbean actor Johnny Depp has enjoyed secret trips Down Under ahead of Gold Coast filming '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe - heraldsun '' . www.heraldsun.com.au . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates 5 : Will Turner 's Son Confirmed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed , Tufayel ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : Brenton Thwaites CONFIRMS role opposite Johnny Depp in swashbuckling sequel '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Christmas ad Scot to star in Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali Plumb ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario on Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : ' It 'll be much more like the first film ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huw Fullerton . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 : Who is Kaya Scodelario playing ? '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Officially Confirmed for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' ( D23 Expo 2015 ) '' . Slashfilm.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : bigfootkam ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` More new footage # JohnnyDepp on # BlackPearl # KevinMcNally , # MartinKlebba , # GilesNew # AngusBarnett V1 '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Kamali , Luke ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Says Pirates of the Caribbean 5 May Be a Soft Reboot '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley confirmed for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Adds Three to Cast '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flemng , Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Paul McCartney Joins Johnny Depp & Crew For ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCahill , Mike ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales review -- Cap'n Jack 's panto 's back '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Spoilers ) : Did anyone notice this easter egg during the flashback scene ? r / piratesofthecaribbean '' . reddit . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( December 4 , 2010 ) . `` Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 & 6 back - to - back '' . HitFix.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Will Hit Theaters July 2015 ; ' Maleficent ' Moves to Summer 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Is Being Rewritten ; Rob Marshall May Direct '' . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` D23 : The Official Disney Fan Club '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BWW . `` Rob Marshall to Direct INTO THE WOODS Film for Disney ! '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Raimi , Shawn Levy And Others Being Considered For Pirates 5 Directing Job - CINEMABLEND '' . June 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Getting Close On ' Pirates 5 ' Director ; Here 's The Short List '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Total Film . June 2017 . Issue 258 . Jump up ^ Klompus , Jack ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' title revealed '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Empire Magazine . June 2017 . Issue 336 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Has Not Been Greenlit Yet '' . Screenrant.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen 2 , Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 Are n't Happening Any Time Soon '' . CinemaBlend.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Delayed ; 2016 Release Likely '' . ComingSoon.net . September 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to Hit Theaters July 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Caranicas . `` Below the Line Agencies Place Clients in Films and TV Shows - Variety '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Taps Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline , com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rossio , Terry ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` WORDPLAY / Columns / 55 . `` Time Risk '' by Terry Rossio `` . Wordplayer.com . ^ Jump up to : Nepales , Ruben ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Depp has high hopes for ' Pirates 5 ' Inquirer Entertainment '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp pledges future to ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' & Film & TV News '' . NME . May 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stadler , Nancy ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush is n't rushing to exit Disney 's `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' film franchise `` . JimHillMedia.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Margaret , Mary ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush On ' Pirates ' 4 : Jack Sparrow Has Met His Match '' . Parade . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ingham , James ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` Orlando Bloom would love to go back to Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Daily Star . UK . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Naomie Harris on the Incredible True Story Behind Her New Film ( and Her Possible Pirates Return ) '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swanwick , Tristan ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Orlando Bloom says he 's ' in discussions ' about returning to Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 -- mainly because of Johnny Depp '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Will Return for the Fifth Pirates of the Caribbean Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Casts Its New Villain ? '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda , Sneider , Jeff ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Brenton Thwaites in Talks to Join ' Pirates of the Carribbean 5 ' ( sic ) ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Oh , Henry ! Disney Chasing Hearththrobs For Next ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kaya Scodelario Boards Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . The Age . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates abandon ships as Johnny Depp and crew prepare to set sail for final scenes in Whitsundays '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christoph Waltz and Rebecca Hall Circling ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ParentHerald ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' Rumors , Latest News and Updates : Orlando Bloom Leads Reboot ? '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Javier Bardem May Play Villain in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . IGN.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penelope Cruz Talks TWICE BORN , THE COUNSELOR , I 'M SO EXCITED and PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN 5 '' . September 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` exkevinmcnally '' . January 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sayers , Sarah ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Shiver me timbers ! Pirates Of The Caribbean searching for Australians to star as busty wenches and buccaneers alongside Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Speculation Pirates of the Caribbean cast shooting two films at once on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ bigfootkam ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` # JohnnyDepp greeting # GilesNew # AngusBarnett onboard # BlackPearl with # KevinMcNally , # MartinKlebba '' . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Richards to star in Pirates 5 '' . October 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Greg Ellis wonders if his `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' character will be returning for the fifth film in this series `` . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Norrington Death Support Group '' . Jump up ^ Pirates of The Caribbean 5 Lee Arenberg Interview . YouTube . May 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Lee Arenberg Interview '' . Outright Geekery . October 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louise ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mackenzie Crook interview : Game Of Thrones , The Detectorists , Pirates 5 '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Crook turned down Pirates of the Caribbean to focus on Detectorists '' . Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Crook 's Pirates nostalgia '' . The List . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` leearenberg '' . February 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Keira Knightley returns in new Pirates of the Caribbean trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Joachim Rønning , Espen Sandberg Contract ' Amnesia ' As Possible Post - ' Pirates ' Project '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( June 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jerry Bruckheimer Talks Status of ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Indiewire.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Maria ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Open for business ! Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 starts production Down Under with cast and crew arriving ... and Johnny Depp set to join them next year '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean movie confirmed to film in Queensland '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crane , Kristoffer ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 has strict requirements for swashbuckling extras '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Shaya ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Helensvale set chosen to film ship scenes for Pirates of the Caribbean blockbuster '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedo , Stephanie ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 filming location no longer a secret as nosy Maudsland locals take a peak at Hollywood at work '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( June 2017 ) . `` VFX : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . Post Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Kelle ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dead Men Tell No Tales DP on how They Made the Splashiest Pirates Film of All Time '' . Where to Watch . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Jack ; Simonot Suzanne ; Wuth Robyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean to shoot at Doug Jennings Park on The Spit as Broadwater becomes Hollywood backdrop '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp and Pirates of Caribbean in search of calmer waters in Raby Bay after seasickness hits '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Depp declares love for Sunshine State '' . Jump up ^ Simonot , Suzanne ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Disney confirms Depp set to battle deadly ghost pirates in Dead Men 's plot on Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Johnny , Orlando Bloom the Hollywood heavyweight in Coast 's Pirates spotlight '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean star Orlando Bloom spotted out and about on the Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean invade NSW '' . Jump up ^ Ironside , Robyn ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean ' pests ' to be quarantined for a month on Gold Coast '' . News.com.au . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Anger at bid to fly monkeys to Australia for Pirates of the Caribbean film '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joshua Robertson . `` Monkey bites woman on ear in sneak attack near Pirates of the Caribbean set '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolz , Greg ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Mobile phones with `` eye patches '' amid extreme security measures on set of Pirates of the Caribbean `` . Courier Mail . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriend of ' pirate ' tells of romance as he is charged for film set stunt '' . 9news.com.au . March 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Injured on Location for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp hand injury delays Pirates of the Caribbean filming '' . BBC News . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ van Boom , Daniel ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` The second coming ! Johnny Depp 's return Down Under imminent as Pirates Of The Caribbean set to resume filming next week after stopping for star 's surgery '' . Daily Mail . UK . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Captain Jack 's back : Johnny Depp to resume filming Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Injured star 's curse of the Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales wraps but local crew says it 's been top for Gold Coast '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Southport , Queensland , Australia : News Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Captain Jack Sparrow to visit the Whitsundays next week '' . Whitsunday Times . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood North : Pirates of the Caribbean coming ashore in Vancouver '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales IMAX Comparison '' . May 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Joachim Rønning Jul 8 , 2016 at 6 : 15pm UTC '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Movies News Desk . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Sets Sail 5 / 26 '' . Broadway World . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Apr 19 , 2017 at 10 : 00pm UTC '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN -- DEAD MEN TELL NO TALES : Rudy Grossman -- Digital Effects Supervisor -- Atomic Fiction '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rønning , Joachim ; Sandberg , Espen ; Bardem , Javier ; Scodelario , Kaya ( May 26 , 2017 ) , Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 , retrieved December 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Pirati dei Caraibi : la vendetta di Salazar - Film ( 2017 ) '' . ComingSoon.it . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Salazar 's Revenge - 2017 '' . Filmweb.no . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' to World Premiere at Shanghai Disneyland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates 5 ' to Be First Hollywood Feature to Play New Panoramic Cinema Format in U.S. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Plunders $5.5 Million on Thursday Night '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sequel Tops Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Flops '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James White . `` Orlando Bloom Confirmed For Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marty Sliva ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` D23 2015 : Orlando Bloom Confirmed for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Wood , R. ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Chatham Kids Magazine : Elizabeth Rudnick Hessler -- Exclusive Author Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Disney Book ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales : The Brightest Star in the North '' . Disney Press . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Disney Showcase 2016 : GOTG Vol. 2 , Pirates of the Caribbean 5 , Queen of Katwe and more ! '' . August 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : Watch the First Trailer for ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Walt Disney Studios Jan 28 , 2017 at 12 : 45am UTC '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CenturyLink . `` CenturyLinkVoice : Get In The Game : Super Bowl Tackles The Technology Wave '' . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Johnny Depp Finally Appears In Dynamite ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Super Bowl Spot '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney on Twitter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Embrace the Pirates Life with a Sneak Peek , Posters & Sweepstakes Inspired by Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN SALAZAR 'S REVENGE - British Board of Film Classification '' . www.bbfc.co.uk . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volkov , Anton ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` IN THE PIPELINE : 5 - Minute ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Preview In Cinemas With ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Sean ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 4K Blu - ray And Digital Release Dates Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Hackers Holding Disney 's Latest ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' For Ransom '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Nicole . `` Disney CEO : ' We were not hacked ' '' . Yahoo Finance . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $208 Overseas Start And $275 M Global Take Will Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Clears $77 M in U.S. ; ' Baywatch ' Capsizes With $23 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Dunkirk ' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4 M No. 1 Spot For $105 M+ Global Opening ; ' Valerian ' $23.5 M Start '' . Deadline.com . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Profit Will ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men ' Tell ? '' . Deadline.com . May 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Baywatch ' Looking To Catch A Wave At The B.O. By Opening One Day Earlier '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box - Office Preview : ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Baywatch ' Set Sail for Uncertain Shores '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' Hopes To Make Waves Around The World With $230 M+ Launch -- Memorial Day Weekend Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Snags Okay $23.4 M Friday For $110 M Global Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 26 - 28 , 2017 - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 leads slow holiday weekend at box office '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Shipwrecked At The Domestic B.O. -- Friday Night Update '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Anita Busch ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Pirates ' & ' Baywatch ' Are Casualties Of Summer Franchise Fatigue At The Domestic B.O. -- Monday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Josh Spiegel ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' : The Diminishing Returns of Johnny Depp '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails To Seaworthy $271 Million Worldwide Opening '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Hooks No. 1 , ' Baywatch ' Belly Flops '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Top Memorial Day Weekend Box Office as ' Baywatch ' Struggles '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Plunges 73 % , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Tumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Past $500 M Worldwide , ' Baywatch ' And ' Alien ' Crumble '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez On Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why ' Transformers ' Is Screaming For Reboot After $69 M Start ; ' Wonder Woman ' & ' Cars 3 ' Fight Over 2nd Place '' . Deadline.com . June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` comScore Announces Official Worldwide Box Office Results for Weekend of May 28 , 2017 '' . comScore . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sailing Toward $80 Million , ' Baywatch ' Eyes $40 Million '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Holiday Box Office : Dragon Boat Festival '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sails Toward $300 Million Opening Weekend Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $34.5 M In Offshore Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Powers $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global In Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Sets Sail With $40 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sonia Kil ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Korea Box Office : ' Pirates ' Rules Weekend , ' President ' Lands in Second '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dangal ' Overtakes ' Baahubali 2 ' While Sachin Tendulkar Biopic Wins The Duel With ' Pirates 5 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Says Ahoy To $86.5 M -- Int'l Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates 5 ' Sails Off With $67.8 M in Treasure '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Pirates ' Sails Off With $66 Million Opening '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Opens at No. 1 in Japan '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Jul 16 , 2017 at 7 : 06pm UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Crosses $500 Million at Global Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Aug 2 , 2017 at 8 : 20am UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Mixed reviews for Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' : A Confusing Revival '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Abandon Ship ! '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean slogs out to sea for the fifth time in Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales . ' Not Very Well , Anyway . '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' : Long , Loud and Overstimulating '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Pirates ' : Some Dead Things Ca n't Be Resurrected '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Smartly there ! Latest ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' picks up the pace '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Review : Johnny Depp And A Couple Of Oscar Winners Help Keep This Fun Ride Afloat '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Is Gorgeously Detailed Swashbuckling Nonsense '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Esqueda , Ashley ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates 5 ' review : This time around , dead men tell good tales '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Johnny Depp 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' rights ship with ' Dead Men ' '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates Of The Caribbean ' Comes Close To What You Want '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lupo , Marc ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : All the Nominees and Winners '' . US Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 & 6 back - to - back '' . December 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack 's Final Adventure '' . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Post-Credits Scene Explained '' . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 6 May Depend On Pirates 5 Home Release '' . ScreenRant . September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-6-kaya-scodelario-return/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ComicFade/status/915333922883432448 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Official website Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales on IMDb Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales at Box Office Mojo Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Films directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Roenberg Bandidas ( 2006 ) Max Manus : Man of War ( 2008 ) Kon - Tiki ( 2012 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales&oldid=804954945 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) 2017 3D films 2010s 3D films 2010s action films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American films American sequel films American fantasy adventure films Films about revenge Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films set in the 18th century Films set in the Caribbean Films set on fictional islands Films shot in Australia Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Treasure hunt films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 45 . 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how many pdp senators are in the senate now | Senate of Nigeria | senate of nigeria | The Senate is the upper house of the Nigeria 's bicameral legislature , the National Assembly of Nigeria . The National Assembly ( popularly referred to as NASS ) is the nation 's highest legislature , whose power to make laws is summarized in chapter one , section four of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution . It consists of 109 senators : the 36 states are each divided in 3 senatorial districts each electing one senator ; the Federal Capital Territory elects only one senator . | The President of the Senate is the presiding officer of the Senate , whose chief function is to guide and regulate the proceedings in the Senate . The Senate President is third in the Nigerian presidential line of succession . He is assisted by the Deputy President of the Senate . The current Senate President is Sen. Bukola Saraki and the current Deputy Senate President is Ike Ekweremadu both of the People 's Democratic Party . The Senate President and his Deputy are also assisted by principal officers including the Majority Leader , Deputy Majority Leader , Minority Leader , Deputy Minority Leader , Chief Whip , Deputy Chief Whip , Minority Whip , and Deputy Minority Whip . In addition , there are 63 Standing Committees in the Senate chaired by Committee Chairmen . The lower house is the House of Representatives . Contents 1 Nigerian State Delegations 2 Functions of the Senate 2.1 Legislation 2.2 Checks and Balances 3 Majority and minority parties 4 Term 5 Defection of some members in 2018 6 References 7 External links Nigerian State Delegations ( edit ) Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara FCT Functions of the Senate ( edit ) Legislation ( edit ) Bills may be introduced in any chamber of the National Assembly . However , the Nigerian constitution provides that money bills ( Revenue and Appropriation bills ) must originate in the House of Representatives , although the approval of both the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for any bill , including money bills , to become law . Checks and balances ( edit ) The constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to `` check and balance '' other elements of the Federal Government of Nigeria . These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the President 's government appointments ; also the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments and it tries all impeachments . Majority and Minority parties ( edit ) The `` Majority party '' is the party that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats ; if two or more parties are tied the Senate President 's affiliation determines which party becomes the majority party . The second largest party is the Minority party . Term ( edit ) Senators are to serve a term of four years until a General election . Senators have unlimited tenure and can remain in the chamber for as long as they are re-elected in general elections . Defection of some members in 2018 ( edit ) A group of 15 senators of Nigeria 's ruling party defected to the main opposition group underscoring rising political tensions thereby making the All Progressive Congress lose her majority stake , although Senate President Bukola Saraki was not among initially , but he finally decamped to the people 's democratic party on Tuesday 31st July 2018 . In August 2018 , Senator Akpabio resigned as the Senate Minority Leader while joining the long list of Legislative defectors by joining the ruling APC . Members of the Senate of Nigeria in the 8th National Assembly ( 2015 - 2019 ) Abia S : Abaribe Enynnaya ( PDP ) C : Theodore Orji ( PDP ) N : Mao Ohuabunwa ( PDP ) Abuja FCT : Philips Tanimu Aduda ( PDP ) Adamawa S : Ahmad Abubakar ( APC ) C : Nyako Abdul - Aziz ( PDP ) N : Binta Garba ( APC ) Akwa Ibom NW : Bassey Albert ( PDP ) NE : Godswill Akpabio ( PDP ) S : Nelson Effiong ( PDP ) Anambra C : Uche Ekwunife ( PDP ) S : Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba ( PDP ) N : Stella Oduah - Ogiemwonyi ( PDP ) Bauchi C : Isah Misau ( PDP ) N : Suleiman Nazif ( PDP ) S : Malam Wakili ( APC ) Bayelsa W : Foster Ogola ( PDP ) E : Ben Murray - Bruce ( PDP ) C : Emmanuel Paulker ( PDP ) Benue S : David Mark ( PDP ) NW : George Akume ( APC ) NE : Barnabas Andyar Gemade ( PDP ) Borno C : Baba Garba ( APC ) N : Abubakar Kyari ( APC ) S : Mohammed Ali Ndume ( APC ) Cross River S : Gershom Bassey ( PDP ) N : Rose Okoji Oko ( PDP ) C : John Enoh ( PDP ) Delta S : James Manager ( PDP ) N : Peter Nwaoboshi ( PDP ) C : Ovie Omo - Agege ( APC ) Ebonyi N : Samuel Egwu ( PDP ) S : Sonni Ogbuoji ( PDP ) C : Joseph Ogba ( PDP ) Edo S : Aisagbonriodion Urhoghide ( PDP ) C : Ordia Clifford ( PDP ) N : Francis Alimikhena ( APC ) Ekiti C : Fatimat Olufunke Raji - Rasaki ( PDP ) N : Duro Faseyi ( PDP ) S : Biodun Olujimi ( PDP ) Enugu N : Utazi Chukwuka ( PDP ) E : Gilbert E. Nnaji ( PDP ) W : Ike Ekweremadu ( PDP ) Gombe C : Mohammed Danjuma Goje ( APC ) N : Usman Bayero Nafada ( PDP ) S : Joshua Moltobok ( PDP ) Imo E : Samuel Anyanwu ( PDP ) W : Hope Uzodinma ( PDP ) N : Benjamin Uwajumogu ( APC ) Jigawa NE : Muhammad Shittu ( PDP ) NW : Abdullahi Gumel ( APC ) SW : Senator Mohammed Sabo ( APC ) Kaduna N : Suleiman Hunkuyi ( PDP ) S : Danjuma Laah ( PDP ) C : Shehu Sani ( APC ) Kano N : Jibrin Barau ( APC ) S : Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya ( APC ) C : Rabiu Kwankwaso ( PDP ) Katsina S : Abu Ibrahim ( APC ) C : Kurfi Umaru ( APC ) N : Mustapha Bukar ( APC ) Kebbi S : Bala Naallah ( APC ) C : Ahmed Ogembe ( APC ) N : Yahaya Abdullahi ( APC ) Kogi E : Isaac Alfa ( APC ) ( sacked ) Atia Usman ( PDP ) C : Ahmed Ogembe ( PDP ) W : Dino Melaye ( PDP ) Kwara C : Bukola Saraki ( APC ) N : Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi ( PDP ) S : Rafiu Ibrahim ( PDP ) Lagos E : Gbenga Bareehu Ashafa ( APC ) W : Solomon Olamilekan Adeola ( APC ) C : Oluremi Tinubu ( APC ) Nasarawa W : Abdullahi Adamu ( APC ) N : Aruwa Gyunka ( PDP ) S : Suleiman Asonya Adokwe ( PDP ) Niger E : David Umaru ( APC ) N : Aliyu Abdullahi ( APC ) S : Sani Mohammed ( APC ) Ogun W : Joseph Dada ( APC ) C : Lanre Tejuosho ( PDP ) E : Buruji Kashamu ( PDP ) Ondo N : Robert Ajayi Boroffice ( APC ) C : Omotayo Donald ( APC ) S : Yele Omogunwa ( PDP ) Osun W : Isiaka Adeleke ( APC ) -- 2015 -- 2017 Ademola Adeleke ( PDP ) -- 2017 -- Present E : Christopher Omoworare Babajide ( APC ) C : Olusola Adeyeye ( APC ) Oyo N : Abdulfatai Buhari ( APC ) S : Rilwan Adesoji Akanbi ( PDP ) C : Monsurat Sunmonu ( PDP ) Plateau N : Jonah Jang ( PDP ) S : Jeremiah Useni ( PDP ) C : Joshua Dariye ( PDP ) Rivers E : George Thompson Sekibo ( PDP ) S : Magnus Ngei Abe ( APC ) W : Osinakachukwu Ideozu ( PDP ) Sokoto E : Abdullahi Ibrahim Gobir ( APC ) N : Aliyu Wamakko ( APC ) S : Ibrahim Abdullahi Danbaba ( PDP ) Taraba N : Abubakar Sani ( PDP ) C : Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf ( APC ) S : Emmanuel G. Bwacha ( PDP ) Yobe N : Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan ( APC ) E : Bukar Ibrahim ( APC ) S : Mohammed Hassan ( PDP ) Zamfara W : Ahmad Rufai Sani ( PDP ) C : Kabir Garba Marafa ( APC ) N : Tijjani Kaura ( APC ) APC : All Progressives Congress - PDP : People 's Democratic Party References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Republic of Nigeria , National Assembly . `` Administration '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Federal Republic of Nigeria , National Assembly . `` History And Roles '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Federal Republic of Nigeria , National Assembly . `` Principal Officers of The Senate '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Federal Republic of Nigeria , National Assembly . `` Find a Committee '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nassnig.org/nass/Princ_officers.php?title_sur=Sen Jump up ^ Federal Republic of Nigeria , National Assembly . `` The Legislative Process '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Federal Republic of Nigeria , National Assembly . `` Senate Constitutional Role '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Federal Republic of Nigeria , National Assembly . `` Senate Constitutional Role '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pardoned for Senate '' . 2015 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ David Malingha Doya and Paul Wallace . `` Nigeria Ruling APC Party Loses Senate Majority on Defections '' . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Chudi , Felix . `` Senate hurriedly adjourns till September 25 as PDP becomes majority party '' . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Vanguard , News . `` Akpabio drops Senate Minority leader post '' . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Members of the Senate of Nigeria in the 8th National Assembly ( 2015 - 2019 ) Abia S : Abaribe Enynnaya ( PDP ) C : Theodore Orji ( PDP ) N : Mao Ohuabunwa ( PDP ) Abuja FCT : Philips Tanimu Aduda ( PDP ) Adamawa S : Ahmad Abubakar ( APC ) C : Nyako Abdul - Aziz ( PDP ) N : Binta Garba ( APC ) Akwa Ibom NW : Bassey Albert ( PDP ) NE : Godswill Akpabio ( PDP ) S : Nelson Effiong ( PDP ) Anambra C : Uche Ekwunife ( PDP ) S : Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba ( PDP ) N : Stella Oduah - Ogiemwonyi ( PDP ) Bauchi C : Isah Misau ( PDP ) N : Suleiman Nazif ( PDP ) S : Malam Wakili ( APC ) Bayelsa W : Foster Ogola ( PDP ) E : Ben Murray - Bruce ( PDP ) C : Emmanuel Paulker ( PDP ) Benue S : David Mark ( PDP ) NW : George Akume ( APC ) NE : Barnabas Andyar Gemade ( PDP ) Borno C : Baba Garba ( APC ) N : Abubakar Kyari ( APC ) S : Mohammed Ali Ndume ( APC ) Cross River S : Gershom Bassey ( PDP ) N : Rose Okoji Oko ( PDP ) C : John Enoh ( PDP ) Delta S : James Manager ( PDP ) N : Peter Nwaoboshi ( PDP ) C : Ovie Omo - Agege ( APC ) Ebonyi N : Samuel Egwu ( PDP ) S : Sonni Ogbuoji ( PDP ) C : Joseph Ogba ( PDP ) Edo S : Aisagbonriodion Urhoghide ( PDP ) C : Ordia Clifford ( PDP ) N : Francis Alimikhena ( APC ) Ekiti C : Fatimat Olufunke Raji - Rasaki ( PDP ) N : Duro Faseyi ( PDP ) S : Biodun Olujimi ( PDP ) Enugu N : Utazi Chukwuka ( PDP ) E : Gilbert E. 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our lady of the abandoned church lamayan santa ana manila metro manila | Santa Ana church | santa ana church | The Santa Ana Church , also known as the Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned ( Spanish : Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados ) , is a Spanish colonial period church located in the district of Santa Ana in Manila , Philippines . The parish was established by the Franciscan missionaries in 1578 under the patronage of Saint Anne . The present stone church was constructed by Father Vicente Inglés , OFM from 1720 to 1725 and was dedicated to its present patron , the Our Lady of the Abandoned . The revered image of its patron was made in Valencia , Spain in 1713 and arrived in the Philippines in 1717 . | The church houses two National Cultural Treasures declared by the National Museum of the Philippines ; the Santa Ana Site Museum located in the convent patio and the Camarín de la Virgen ( or the Dressing Room of the Virgin ) . Contents 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Notable features and components 3.1 Baptistery 3.2 Retablo 3.3 Dome interior 3.4 Camarín de la Virgen 3.5 Pozo de la Virgen 3.6 Convent and patio 4 Historical and cultural declarations 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The town of Santa Ana was first established by the Spanish Franciscan missionaries in 1578 , in a settlement beside a creek connecting to the Pasig River , which the local inhabitants referred to as Sâpa . Its first church , dedicated to their titular patroness Saint Anne , was made of nipa and bamboo until a decree from the Colonial Government in 1599 permitted the religious order to build the church in stone . However , the construction came only around 1720 upon the direction of then parish priest of Santa Ana Fr . Vicente Inglés , OFM wherein a new site was chosen , which is the current location of the structure . Dedicated to Our Lady of the Abandoned ( Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados ) , the building of the stone church began in September 12 , 1720 with the laying of the cornerstone by Governor General and Archbishop of Manila Francisco de la Cuesta , OSA . The construction took five years to finish , with the total cost of ₱ 33,000 including the donation of the Governor General amounting to four thousand pesos . In the early 1700s , Fr . Inglés went to Valencia , Spain . The friar had been very enamored of a famous image of Our Lady that had become a popular spiritual attraction in Valencia . The image was known as the Our Lady of the Abandoned . While Fr . Inglés was in Valencia , in the year 1713 he decided to have a copy of this image for Santa Ana Parish , which was in the process of being constructed near Manila . After reverently touching the copy to the original image , the friar brought the new replica image with him to the Philippines in 1717 . The image has been venerated in Santa Ana since then . In time , the parish became known as Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish , as it is today , though St. Anne still is honored in the church with a statue of her with the child Mary in a niche directly above the image of Our Lady of the Abandoned . Governor General Francisco de la Cuesta , offered his '' baston de mando `` to the Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados de Manila and Proclaimed the title ( Gobernadora de la Ciudad de Manila ) . The Santa Ana Church also served as barracks for the wounded American soldiers during the Philippine -- American War in 1899 . Architecture ( edit ) The church structure follows the Baroque architectural style , utilizing adobe blocks in its wall surface finish to give an impression of massiveness . Its floor plan formed the shape of a Latin cross oriented in north - south direction , with the main entrance facing north . The church facade is divided into three levels by heavily molded string courses . The topmost level or the pediment is adorned with Vitruvian - scroll design on its raking cornice , and a central niche flanked with octagonal windows . The second level is composed of semicircular arched windows covered with stained glass . The lowermost level is the main entrance flanked with two niches containing the statues of St. Anne and St. Joachim , the parents of the Virgin Mary . The ornamentation is mostly found in the frames of lateral niches and the moldings in the cornices and the apertures . Attached to the right side of the structure next to the church facade is the four - floored octagonal bell tower , also made of adobe blocks and were embellished by heavy string courses and other ornamentation . Notable features and components ( edit ) Baptistery ( edit ) The baptistery or bautisterio is located at the base of the bell tower on the right side of the vestibule or entrance hall . Inside the small room contains the marble baptismal font and a Neoclassical retablo featuring the painting of the Baptism of Christ , framed by two Corinthian columns on each side . Conservation efforts on the Santa Ana church revealed that two paintings have actually adorned the retablo of the baptistery . The first painting one was done on wood , which depicted Saint John the Baptist pouring water on Jesus Christ , the Holy Spirit ( symbolized by the dove ) together with cherubs above them , and two angels holding a red cloak to cover Jesus . The wooden painting was later covered with the painting on metal , which most likely dated around 1938 . The second painting has much simpler depiction , composing of only St. John the Baptist , Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit above them . Retablo ( edit ) The retablo of the church The main altarpiece or the retablo is in churrigueresque style , characterized by heavy ornamentation , which is further highlighted by gold leaf on its details . It has thirteen niches , framed with solomonic and churrigueresque columns . The tabernacle or sagrario occupied the central niche at the lower level and is flanked by Franciscan Saints , namely Saint Bonaventure , Saint Peter of Alcantara , Saint Bernardino of Siena and Saint Clare . The central niche of the second or main level is occupied by Our Lady of the Abandoned at the center , which is flanked by the images of Saint Dominic and Saint Francis of Assisi , founders of Catholic religious orders , and Biblical figures Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist . The upper level niches contained the images of Saint Anne ( the titular patron of Santa Ana district ) at the center with Saint Peter and Saint Paul on its sides . At the top the retablo is the image of Saint Michael the Archangel , which is flanked by medallions containing the painted images of Saint Didacus and Saint Paschal Baylon . Dome interior ( edit ) The interior of the dome structure located above the transept crossing has two layers of balconies . Sixteen paintings depicting Jesus , the twelve apostles ( with Saint Matthias instead of Judas Iscariot ) , the evangelists Saint Mark and Saint Luke , and Saint Paul decorated the first level balcony . Camarín de la Virgen ( edit ) The Camarín de la Virgen ( also Dressing Room of the Virgin ) is a chapel room located behind the second level of the retablo where the image of Our Lady of the Abandoned is placed . It was built around the same period as the Santa Ana church ( c. 1720 -- 1725 ) and has retained much of its features . One can actually view the nave of the church from the octagonal vaulted niche ( hornacina ) where the Marian image stands . Its high arched opening is crested with a large silver corona imperial ( imperial crown ) . Below the hornacina is a semicircular gilded platform , which is said to be a part of the galleon that brought the image of Our Lady of the Abandoned from Valencia , Spain all the way to Manila -- the Santo Cristo de Burgos . Wooden steps flanked the platform , where devotees used to climb to kiss the image . At present , only the Virgin 's long cape was allowed to be touched or kissed . Very notable in this structure are the paintings on the ceiling and on the entrance , which are believed to be as old as the Camarín and the church itself . The art tradition of these paintings belonged to the short - lived Estampita Age of Filipino - Spanish art . The entrance paintings depict the life - size images of the archangels Saint Michael and Saint Gabriel guarding the door , also painted with a heavenly scene . The ceiling paintings contained an image of Heaven at the center surrounded by eleven segments of painting depicting scenes from the lives of Mary and Jesus , from Mary 's betrothal to Joseph to the Baptism of Jesus . The central painting of Heaven portrays the Holy Trinity and the kneeling Virgin Mary , with cherubs and angels on both sides . ' ' Inside Camarín de la Virgen ' ' Due to the preservation of the structure as well as the irreplaceable value of its paintings , which were considered the oldest datable , the Camarín de la Virgen was declared a National Cultural Treasure on November 2008 by the National Museum of the Philippines . Pozo de la Virgen ( edit ) Interior of the Capillita de la Virgen del Pozo Located at the back of the Santa Ana Church is the Capillita de la Virgen del Pozo ( Small Chapel of the Virgin of the Well ) . Better known as the Pozo de la Virgen ( Well of the Virgin ) , it housed a well or spring , which was believed to contain healing waters. The exact date of its construction is currently unknown , although it was generally assumed to be around the 18th century ; almost the same period as the building of the Santa Ana Church . The Pozo de la Virgen enshrines an 18th - century wood and ivory relieve image of the Our Lady of the Abandoned , placed in a low niche and appeared to be guarding the sacred well which was in front of it . A wooden trap door , which has occupied most of the floor space , opens the passage to the well . There are ten stone steps that leads to the water level , which was contained within a small stone - and - concrete arched chamber . During the typhoid epidemic in 1920 , the well was forced to be closed down due to sanitary concerns and during the 1977 -- 85 renovations it was eventually cemented over and decorated with broken tiles from the Camarin de la Virgen . In 2011 the Pozo de la Virgen was reopened after 92 years of being hidden from the public . Convent and patio ( edit ) Santa Ana Church Convent Adjoining the Santa Ana church is the convent , which was also built on the same period as the church under the direction of Fr . Vicente Inglés . The ground floor is a stone and clay tile cloister surrounding the grassy patio . Above the cloister is a wooden corridor with capiz and glass windows and high doors leading to the priest 's quarters , the choir loft and a room previously used as a library . In 1966 , archaeological excavations have been conducted by the National Museum of the Philippines on the patio and the churchyard , uncovering 71 human burials dating around late 11th to 14th centuries from the associated Chinese ceramics recovered with the graves . The bulk of data gathered regarding the pre-Hispanic culture of Santa Ana ( known as the ancient settlement of Namayan ) led to the construction of a site museum in the patio , which was later declared as a National Cultural Treasure on August 1973 by the virtue of Presidential Decree No. 260 . Historical and Cultural declarations ( edit ) Historical Marker of Santa Ana Church The Santa Ana Church has been designated by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines ( then Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee ) as a Historic Building in 1936 with a historical marker for being the first Franciscan mission established outside Manila . The Santa Ana Site Museum located in the convent patio and the Camarín de la Virgen was declared as a National Cultural Treasure on August 1973 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Huerta , Felix de ( 1865 ) . Estado geográfico , topográfico , estadístico , histórico - religioso . Binondo : Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Ca . ^ Jump up to : Laya , Jaime C. ( 2008 ) . Santa Ana Church of Manila : Parish of Our Lady of the Abandoned : A Historical Guide . Manila : Cofradía de la Inmaculada Concepción Foundation . Jump up ^ Wintz , Jack . `` Philippine Diary : The Old Franciscan Church in Santa Ana '' . American Catholic . ^ Jump up to : Alarcon , Norma I. ( 1991 ) . Philippine Architecture During the Pre-Spanish and Spanish Periods . Manila : Santo Tomas University Press . ISBN 971 - 506 - 040 - 4 . Jump up ^ Laya , Jaime C. ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` Wala Lang : Excitement in Sta . Ana '' . Santa Ana Church Manila . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Laya , Jaime C. ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Restoration and Conservation Work at Manila 's Shrine of Nstra . Sra . De Los Samparados '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2009 '' ( PDF ) . National Museum of the Philippines . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Austria , Jose Alain ( 2013 ) . `` Virgen de los Desamparados / del Pozo : Sacred Space , Syncretism and the Geopolitics of Healing Water '' . MANILA : Selected Papers of the MSA 21st Annual Conference . Jump up ^ Laya , Jaime C. ( July 5 -- 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Virgin 's Well , the Temple to Pao Ong Hu and to the Mother of Sta . Ana '' ( PDF ) . Tulay : Chinese - Filipino Digest . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Fox , Robert B. ; Legaspi , Avelino ( 1977 ) . Excavations at Santa Ana . Manila : National Museum of the Philippines . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Decree No. 260 , s . 1973 '' . Official Gazette . Republic of the Philippines . 1973 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Historical Markers : Metropolitan Manila . National Historical Institute . 1993 . p. 210 . ISBN 971 - 538 - 046 - 8 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Ana Church , Manila . 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nothing gonna stop my love for you | Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You | nothing's gonna change my love for you | `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' is a song written by composers Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin . It was originally recorded in 1984 by American singer and guitarist George Benson , and released in 1985 on his studio album 20 / 20 , by Warner Bros. Records . This original version was produced by its own author Michael Masser , and was released as a single only in Germany in 1985 . The song was not released as a single in the United States , but nevertheless , Benson recorded two video clips in the U.S. the same year , which were displayed on television programs . Two years later , the song became even more well known for a re-recording by Hawaiian singer Glenn Medeiros , whose 1987 cover eventually topped the charts in several countries . | Contents ( hide ) 1 George Benson version 1.1 Track listing 1.2 Music videos 1.3 Personnel 1.4 B - side 2 Glenn Medeiros version 2.1 Background and release 2.2 Music video 2.3 Track listings 2.4 Certifications 2.5 Chart performance 2.5. 1 Weekly charts 2.5. 2 Year - end charts 2.5. 3 Chart successions 3 Other cover versions 4 External links 5 References George Benson version ( edit ) Track listing ( edit ) This is the track list of the original single by George Benson released in 1985 in Germany : Year Side Song Length Interpreter Writer / Composer Producer Album 1985 A-side `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' 4 : 04 George Benson Michael Masser , Gerry Goffin Michael Masser 20 / 20 1985 B - side `` Beyond The Sea ( La Mer ) '' 4 : 10 George Benson Charles Trenet , Jack Lawrence Russ Titelman 20 / 20 The length of 4 : 04 for `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' and 4 : 10 for `` Beyond The Sea ( La Mer ) '' , are the same in both the single and the album 20 / 20 . Music videos ( edit ) The original version of `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' by George Benson has two video clips recorded by him in 1985 in the United States : The first music video shows a field where are Benson , a woman , a chauffeur , a car and an airplane . The video suggests that the coachman brought Benson with a woman in a car to this field and that one of them is about to board a plane , which is already connected with their propellers . Benson and women are side by side throughout the video , and he remains touching she with the right hand . When the song starts , Benson sings looking at the camera and looking at the woman alternately . The chauffeur who brought the two car appears throughout the video a little behind the two and looking for them . At the beginning and end of the video , Benson and the woman kiss . This first music video of the song is available to be watched by clicking on : `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' , George Benson ( video 1 ) on YouTube In the second music video , Benson sings `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' on a small stage lit by purple lights and whose backdrop shows large buildings with bright windows . Without looking at the camera , Benson sings showing his feelings through gestures with his hands and face , walking on the small stage . Several cameras film Benson from different angles of the stage , but he sings without looking at them . At the end , Benson is darkened , but the purple lights on stage remain . This second music video of the song is available to be watched by clicking on : `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' , George Benson ( video 2 ) on YouTube Personnel ( edit ) Written by -- Michael Masser , Gerry Goffin Produced by -- Michael Masser Arranged by -- Robbie Buchanan Programmed by ( Synthesizer ) -- Robbie Buchanan Lead Vocal -- George Benson Guitar Soloist -- George Benson Backing Vocals -- Deborah Thomas , Richard Marx Guitar -- Dann Huff , Paul Jackson , Jr . Keyboards -- Robbie Buchanan Bass -- Nathan East Drums -- Carlos Vega B - side ( edit ) The B - side of single `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' released in Germany brought George Benson 's cover of the classic `` Beyond The Sea ( La Mer ) '' , which , although not an original song Benson , also it was released as a single in the USA and the UK , where peaked position # 60 and remained on the UK Singles Chart for four weeks . `` Beyond The Sea '' is an English version of the French song `` La Mer '' by Charles Trenet , recorded in 1946 . The letter was written in English by American Jack Lawrence and his version titled `` Beyond The Sea '' was recorded by numerous artists to over the years . The Benson 's cover was also released on the album 20 / 20 in 1985 . Glenn Medeiros version ( edit ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' Single by Glenn Medeiros from the album Glenn Medeiros B - side `` ( Instrumental ) '' Released February 1987 ( US ) August 17 , 1987 ( Australia ) June 1988 ( UK ) Format 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded 1986 Length 3 : 46 Label Amherst ( USA ) A&M ( Canada ) London ( UK ) Mercury ( Australia / Netherlands ) Songwriter ( s ) Michael Masser Gerry Goffin Producer ( s ) Jay Stone Glenn Medeiros singles chronology `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1987 ) Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You1987 `` Lonely Wo n't Leave Me Alone '' ( 1988 ) Lonely Wo n't Leave Me Alone 1988 Nick Carter singles chronology `` Get Over Me '' ( 2015 ) Get Over Me 2015 `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 2016 ) Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You2016 `` 19 in 99 '' ( 2016 ) 19 in 99 2016 A 1987 cover version by American singer Glenn Medeiros reached Number 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the charts in Canada and the United Kingdom . It also topped the charts in a further four countries in Europe . Medeiros also recorded the song in Spanish under the title Nada cambiará mi amor por ti . Argentine singer - songwriter Sergio Denis also recorded a cover version for his album Afectos ( 1985 ) , with Spanish lyrics written by Rolando J. Hernández . Background and release ( edit ) Medeiros originally released the song on a small independent label at the age of 16 , after winning a local radio talent contest in Hawaii . A visiting radio executive from KZZP in Phoenix , Arizona heard the song and took the record back to Phoenix , where , through word of mouth , it became a national hit . In 2009 , the song was used in France in a television advert for Spontex sponges . The song was additionally used in a commercial for Thinkbox in the UK in 2015 . During the same year the song was used in an episode of British soap opera Coronation Street , where characters Beth Tinker and Kirk Sutherland got married . Music video ( edit ) The music video features Medeiros strolling around a beach with a girl in a pink dress . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' -- 3 : 46 `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( instrumental ) -- 5 : 11 12 '' single `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 09 `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( seven inch version ) -- 3 : 46 `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( instrumental version ) -- 5 : 20 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Date Sales certified Canada Gold 9 July 1987 50,000 France Gold 1988 500,000 Netherlands Gold 1988 40,000 UK Gold 1 August 1988 400,000 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Rank Canada 10 US Billboard Hot 100 85 Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australian Singles Chart 36 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Dutch Top 40 UK 6 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Boys ( Summertime Love ) '' by Sabrina Salerno French SNEP number one single 12 March 1988 - 30 April 1988 ( 8 weeks ) Succeeded by `` N'importe quoi '' by Florent Pagny Preceded by `` Yé ké yé ké '' by Mory Kanté Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single 9 July 1988 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Dirty Diana '' by Michael Jackson Preceded by `` I Owe You Nothing '' by Bros UK number one single 9 July 1988 - 31 July 1988 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Only Way Is Up '' by Yazz and the Plastic Population Preceded by `` Fast Car '' by Tracy Chapman Irish IRMA number one single 16 July 1988 - 30 July 1988 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Flight of Earls '' by Paddy Reilly Other cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Lui ( zh ) sings the Cantonese version of this song as 求 你 講 清楚 ( 1986 ) . Engelbert Humperdinck released a version on his album Remember - I Love You ( 1987 ) . The Shadows released an instrumental version on their album Steppin ' to the Shadows ( 1989 ) . Irish boyband , Westlife released a version on their album The Love Album . Khalil Fong covered this song on his album Timeless ( 2009 ) . Richard Clayderman released an instrumental version on his album A Little Romance ( 1994 ) . John McCook released a cover on his album John McCook Sings Bold and Beautiful Songs . Nick Carter released a version on his album All American duet with Japanese singer Nissy ( 2016 ) . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics . Music video 1 of this song by George Benson on YouTube . Music video 2 of this song by George Benson on YouTube . Page of this song by Benson at 45cat . Page of this song by Benson at Discogs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 45cat ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( 1985 ) `` . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson -- 20 / 20 ( 1985 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( 1985 ) `` . ^ Jump up to : YouTube ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( 1985 ) - Vídeo 1 `` . ^ Jump up to : YouTube ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( 1985 ) - Vídeo 2 `` . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson -- 20 / 20 ( 1985 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : The Official UK Charts Company ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` George Benson - Chart History ( UK Charts Songs ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Discogs ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Charles Trenet -- La Mer ( 1946 ) '' . Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/am311 Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/8886107au Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/lon184 Jump up ^ `` Musique de pub Spontex , love story entre hérisson et éponge ... '' ( in French ) . Musique de Pub. 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold & Platinum Certification Archived April 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) ( Retrieved 3 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Les certifications depuis 1973 , database '' ( in French ) . Infodisc . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Goud / Platina Archived 2010 - 01 - 13 at WebCite NVPI - de branchevereniging van de entertainmentindustrie ( Retrieved 9 December 2008 ) Jump up ^ Certified Awards Search Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . BPI - The British Recorded Music Industry ( Retrieved 3 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-t op - 50 - singles - 1988. htm Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Mississauga , Ontario : Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896 - 594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ Canadian peak Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Glenn Medeiros Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Glenn Medeiros search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Glenn Medeiros -- Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love For You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Medeiros : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Medeiros -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Glenn Medeiros . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Medeiros -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Glenn Medeiros . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0920&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=mtdql22v41iqvv3eau7no1kqh3 Jump up ^ http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1987.htm Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1988 Archived February 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Australian Recording Industry Association ( Retrieved 3 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` 1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . ultratop.be . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 1988 '' ( pdf ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Top 100 Singles : 1988 '' . BPI YearBook 1989 / 90 . London , England : British Phonographic Industry . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9061 - 5410 - 6 . George Benson Discography Studio albums The New Boss Guitar of George Benson It 's Uptown The George Benson Cookbook Giblet Gravy Shape of Things to Come Goodies Tell It Like It Is The Other Side of Abbey Road Beyond the Blue Horizon White Rabbit Body Talk Bad Benson Good King Bad Benson & Farrell Breezin ' In Flight Livin ' Inside Your Love Give Me the Night In Your Eyes Pacific Fire I Got a Woman and Some Blues 20 / 20 While the City Sleeps ... Collaboration Twice the Love Big Boss Band That 's Right Standing Together Absolute Benson Irreplaceable Givin ' It Up Songs and Stories Guitar Man Inspiration : A Tribute to Nat King Cole Live albums In Concert - Carnegie Hall Weekend in L.A. Compilations Space The George Benson Collection Main Singles `` This Masquerade '' ( 1976 ) `` Breezin ' '' ( 1976 ) `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( 1977 ) `` On Broadway '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Ballad '' ( 1979 ) `` Give Me the Night '' ( 1980 ) `` Love X Love '' ( 1980 ) `` Never Give Up on a Good Thing '' ( 1981 ) `` Turn Your Love Around '' ( 1981 ) `` Inside Love ( So Personal ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Lady Love Me ( One More Time ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Feel Like Makin ' Love '' ( 1983 ) `` In Your Eyes '' ( 1983 ) `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' ( 1985 ) `` Shiver '' ( 1986 ) `` Teaser '' ( 1986 ) `` Let 's Do It Again ( 1988 ) Book : George Benson Nick Carter Discography Studio albums Now or Never I 'm Taking Off Nick & Knight All American Compilation albums Before the Backstreet Boys 1989 -- 1993 Singles `` Help Me '' `` Do I Have to Cry for You '' `` I Got You '' `` Just One Kiss '' `` Love Ca n't Wait '' `` I Will Wait '' `` Get Over Me '' `` Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' `` 19 in 99 '' Featured songs `` Oh Aaron '' `` Not Too Young , Not Too Old '' `` Beautiful Lie '' Related topics Backstreet Boys House of Carters The Hollow Kill Speed Dead 7 Aaron Carter Leslie Carter I Heart Nick Carter Westlife singles Discography Westlife `` Swear It Again '' `` If I Let You Go '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun '' `` Fool Again '' Coast to Coast `` Against All Odds '' `` My Love '' `` What Makes a Man '' `` I Lay My Love on You '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` When You 're Looking Like That '' World of Our Own `` Queen of My Heart '' `` Evergreen '' `` World of Our Own '' `` Bop Bop Baby '' Unbreakable `` Unbreakable '' `` Tonight / Miss You Nights '' Turnaround `` Hey Whatever '' `` Mandy '' `` Obvious '' Allow Us to Be Frank `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' `` Fly Me To The Moon '' `` Smile '' Face to Face `` You Raise Me Up '' `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Amazing '' The Love Album `` The Rose '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Back Home `` Home '' `` Us Against the World '' `` Something Right '' Where We Are `` What About Now '' Gravity `` Safe '' Greatest Hits `` Lighthouse '' `` Beautiful World '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothing%27s_Gonna_Change_My_Love_for_You&oldid=803042950 '' Categories : 1985 songs 1985 singles 1987 singles George Benson songs Glenn Medeiros songs Songs written by Michael Masser Songs with lyrics by Gerry Goffin Warner Bros. Records singles Mercury Records singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in France Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 02 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%2527s%20Gonna%20Change%20My%20Love%20for%20You | 439 |
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who won i am a celebrity get me out of here australia | Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 45 Winner Shannon Noll Singer 45 Runner - up Danny Green Boxer 7 45 Third place Vicky Pattison Reality TV Star ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Winner ) 17 44 Evicted 10th Simone Holtznagel Model 41 Evicted 9th Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 40 Evicted 8th Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 39 Evicted 7th Josh Gibson AFL Player 38 Evicted 6th Paul Burrell Former Royal Butler ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Runner Up ) 17 37 Evicted 5th Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 34 Evicted 4th David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd Kerry Armstrong Actress 23 Evicted 2nd Tiffany Darwish Singer 16 Evicted 1st Anthony Mundine Boxer 12 Withdrew Bernard Tomic Tennis Player Withdrew | Fiona O'Loughlin | I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australian TV series ) | i'm a celebrity... get me out of here! ( australian tv series ) | I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( occasionally shortened to I 'm a Celebrity ) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name . The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries . The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity . The series is set in Kruger National Park , South Africa , and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown . | On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season , which premiered on 31 January 2016 . The second season was accompanied by the companion series I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Now ! . It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series , hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman . On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts , which premiered on 29 January 2017 . A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Tucker trials 1.2 Celebrity chest challenges 1.3 Secret mission 1.4 Mystery box 2 Production 2.1 Broadcast 2.2 The fallout zone 2.3 Public voting 3 Series overview 4 Series results 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2018 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2019 ) 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Lawsuit 8 See also 9 References Format ( edit ) The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle . During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events . The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing , in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation . While in the jungle , some of the contestants ( generally voted by the viewing public ) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp . These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone . Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle , based on viewer votes . In addition , if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase `` I 'm a celebrity get me out of here ! '' . However , it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced . Throughout the show , additional contestants ( called `` intruders '' ) enter the competition ; and beginning with season two , some contestants are only included temporarily ( i.e. having a guest appearance ) . In the end , a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series , who is given the title of `` King and / or Queen of the Jungle '' . Tucker trials ( edit ) The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food . These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities . The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial , with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates . Celebrity chest challenges ( edit ) Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp . Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp . However , to win the luxury item in the chest , the campmates must correctly answer a question . If they fail to answer correctly , the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won . The luxury item is `` donated '' by a celebrity from the outside . Secret mission ( edit ) This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their ' missions ' , they are rewarded . Mystery box ( edit ) A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite , each time containing a different gift for the contestants . Production ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm , with a weekly eviction show on Sunday ( except for the first week , where the celebrities arrive in the ' jungle ' ) . All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio . The program is live to AEDT States ( New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory ) , in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones . The Fallout Zone ( edit ) In addition to the television broadcast , for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten 's website and mobile app , titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ . The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show . The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran `` The Butcher '' Flannery , also known as `` The C - Word '' . On 8 and 12 March 2015 , producer Dominic `` The Domin8or '' Sullivan filled in during Flannery 's absence . The duo interact with viewers through Twitter , using the hashtag # FOZ . Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20 - minute shot of a waterfall and , on 16 February 2015 , a 15 - minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up . On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery 's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes . The show 's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac . The show did not return for the second season . Public voting ( edit ) Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite . Viewers can either vote via SMS ( by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010 ) or vote via Social Media ( namely Facebook or Twitter ) by using the celebrity 's hashtag ( # celeb ( name ) ) . Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account . For tucker trial voting , viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete . For eviction voting , viewers vote for a celebrity to stay . Voting closes at approximately 7 : 30pm AEDT for Sunday 's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days . Prior to the premiere of the second season , it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season . SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting . This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base ( who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base ) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia . However , this decision was later reversed , allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals . Series overview ( edit ) Winners crowned King or Queen of their respective year . Key : King of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle Season Presenters Start date End date Days in camp Campmates Honour places Winner Second place Third place Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 13 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 12 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 45 15 Fiona O'Loughlin Shannon Noll Danny Green 5 2019 2019 Series results ( edit ) Key Winner -- King or Queen of the Jungle Runner - up Third place Late arrival Evicted Withdrew Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 1 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Freddie Flintoff England and Wales cricketer 17 45 Winner Barry Hall Former AFL forward 45 Runner - up Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 45 Third Place Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 42 Evicted 11th Joel Creasey Comedian 41 Evicted 10th Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 39 Evicted 7th Tyson Mayr Model 38 Evicted 6th Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 31 Evicted 5th Lauren Brant Hi - 5 singer 24 Evicted 4th Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 17 Evicted 3rd Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 10 Evicted 1st Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 2 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Brendan Fevola AFL full - forward 45 Winner Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 45 Runner - up Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 45 Third Place Anthony Callea Singer - songwriter 42 Evicted 9th Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 41 Evicted 8th Havana Brown DJ 40 Evicted 7th Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 39 Evicted 6th Val Lehman Prisoner actress 38 Evicted 5th Dean Geyer Glee actor 31 Evicted 4th Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 24 Evicted 3rd Akmal Saleh Comedian 17 Evicted 2nd Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 10 Evicted 1st Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 3 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Casey Donovan Singer - songwriter ( Australian Idol Winner ) 46 Winner Dane Swan AFL Legend 46 Runner - Up Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 46 Third Place Nazeem Hussain Comedian 45 Evicted 11th Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 42 Evicted 10th Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 41 Evicted 9th Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 40 Evicted 8th Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 38 Evicted 6th Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 35 Evicted 4th Tziporah Malkah Former Model 31 Evicted 3rd Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 24 Evicted 2nd Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 17 Evicted 1st Season 4 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 4 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 45 Winner Shannon Noll Singer 45 Runner - up Danny Green Boxer 7 45 Third place Vicky Pattison Reality TV Star ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Winner ) 17 44 Evicted 10th Simone Holtznagel Model 41 Evicted 9th Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 40 Evicted 8th Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 39 Evicted 7th Josh Gibson AFL Player 38 Evicted 6th Paul Burrell Former Royal Butler ( I 'm a Celeb UK , Runner Up ) 17 37 Evicted 5th Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24 34 Evicted 4th David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd Kerry Armstrong Actress 23 Evicted 2nd Tiffany Darwish Singer 16 Evicted 1st Anthony Mundine Boxer 12 Withdrew Bernard Tomic Tennis Player Withdrew Season 5 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Main article : I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia season 5 ) Celebrity Known for Day Entered Day Exited Result Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Premiere Finale Source Premiere date Premiere viewers ( Opening Night ) Rank Premiere viewers ( Welcome to the Jungle ) Rank Finale date Finale viewers ( Grand final ) Rank Finale viewers ( Winner announced ) Rank 31 1 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.199 1.136 5 15 March 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 0.999 8 1.144 31 31 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.324 1.081 5 13 March 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 0.719 8 0.858 6 32 29 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 31 28 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) 1.274 1.108 5 12 March 2018 0.684 11 0.804 8 5 2019 2019 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result Refs . 2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Nominated Lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2017 , Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia , however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour . See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I 'm a Celebrity heads to Oz '' . C21 Media . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gusmaroli , Danielle ( 8 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm A Celebrity I 'm out Of Here ! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Kruger Welcomes I 'm A Celebrity '' . CallSheet. 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out ? '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Renewed : I 'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` Returning : I 'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 'm A Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! Is Back In 2017 '' . Ten Play . Channel Ten . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reines , Ros ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` I 'm SO glad I turned down I 'm A Celebrity ... even though it paid ' $30 k per week ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Contract clause ' penalty ' for Celebrities who quit TEN 's jungle '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Mark Waugh into TEN 's jungle ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` I 'm a Celebrity to switch - up viewer voting this year '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` TEN U-turn on voting promise for I 'm A Celebrity '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Sunday 1 February 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Sunday 15 March 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Sunday 31 January 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Sunday 13 March 2016 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Sunday 29 January 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` Monday 13 March 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Sunday 28 January 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 12 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Logie Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 April 2017 ) . `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullins , Ashley ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( Australia ) Seasons Winners Freddie Flintoff Brendan Fevola Casey Donovan Fiona O'Loughlin Related articles I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! International versions of I 'm a Celebrity ... 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download the song of movie rab ne bana di jodi | Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi | rab ne bana di jodi | Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( English : A Match Made By God ) , also known as RNBDJ , is a 2008 Indian romantic comedy film written and directed by Aditya Chopra and produced by Yash Chopra and Aditya Chopra under the banner Yash Raj Films . The film stars Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma in the lead roles . Khan plays a mild - mannered office worker named Surinder Sahni , whose love for the beautiful and vivacious Taani ( Anushka Sharma ) causes him to transform himself into the loud and fun - loving `` Raj '' to win her love . It was released worldwide on 12 December 2008 and marked Aditya Chopra 's return to directing after an eight - year break , following his previous film , Mohabbatein . | The film was not heavily promoted pre-release , contrary to previous Khan or Yash Raj films , mainly because of the filmmakers ' decision to keep it low - profile because of the terror attacks in Mumbai . Upon release , the film received positive reviews and broke many box office records . It was declared a blockbuster despite the fact that it was released only two weeks after the 2008 Mumbai attacks , amidst uncertainty and apprehensions from the trade regarding market conditions at the time . At the end of its theatrical run , it grossed over ₹ 1.58 billion ( US $24 million ) worldwide and was also the highest - grossing film of the year in the overseas market , thus becoming Yash Raj Films and Shahrukh Khan 's highest - grossing film at the time of its release . The film 's soundtrack was composed by Salim - Sulaiman , and it became the first Bollywood soundtrack to reach the top ten albums sales for the iTunes Store . The film 's script was recognised by a number of critics and was invited to be included in the Margaret Herrick Library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , just a day after its release . The script is accessible for research purposes only ; students , filmmakers , writers and actors are among the regular patrons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Theme 3.2 Casting and filming 3.3 Promotion 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 6 Soundtrack 7 Awards 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Surinder `` Suri '' Sahni is a shy , introverted , and kind - hearted clerk - office employee for Punjab Power who falls in love at first sight with Taani , the extraverted daughter of his former Professor at her engagement , but is unable to express it . Her fiancé and his entire wedding entourage are killed in a road accident . The shocked Professor suffers a major cardiac arrest and is hospitalized . On his deathbed , fearing that Taani will be alone in the world , the dying Professor implores that Surinder marry her . Surinder silently concedes because he likes her anyway , while Taani agrees to fulfill her father 's last wish . After an impromptu wedding , Surinder takes Taani to his ancestral home in Amritsar . While his good nature leads Surinder to treat her with exceptional care -- he even lets her have his bedroom all to herself -- he is too frightened to profess his love for her . Taani later tells him that she will try to be a good wife and thus respect her role in his life , but that she can never love him due to having no love left within her after the loss of her former fiancé . Surinder , grateful for the increasing acts of wifely affection that Taani shows him , proceeds to indulge her wishes . These include regular evening trips to the cinema to see Bollywood movies which appeal to Taani 's fantasies about romance and her passion for dancing . Few days later , Taani finds a dancing competition poster and asks for Surinder 's permission to take part in it as it would help her unwind from her mundane life at home . He grants her request and provides the entry fee . During the evenings that Surinder and Taani spend at theaatres , Surinder realises it is the strong and masculine images of men that Taani admires , and later on , asks his friend , Balwinder `` Bobby '' Khosla , a hair - salon owner , for grooming advice that could help him win her love . Bobby gives him a complete makeover -- which includes trimming off his mustache , changing his hairstyle to spiky , and fitting him out in a funky Western - style clothing , including aviator - style shades with oversize pastel lenses . Surinder is thus transformed into `` Raj '' , a name he borrows from the hero of a film that Taani admired . Raj goes to Taani 's dancing competition venue to see her dance . Raj joins the competition and secretly requests the instructor to pair him with Taani , explaining his dire situation . At the end of that dance class , all participants are put into groups of two by random numbers given by the staff , and as planned , both Surinder and Taani have the number ' 21 ' . Despite Raj 's initial over-the - top attempts to emulate the `` cool '' images given by heroes in films , after the first attempt of impressing Taani in that way , Taani refuses to be his partner telling ' Raj ' that he can not dance well and that she will never win the competition if he continues this way . Raj responds by imploring her that he will improve , and tells her not to worry . She reluctantly agrees and they become friends , working together on their dance routine . Raj feels encouraged with Taani 's guidance in special dance sequences , and Taani feels good to come out from the mundane home cooking - washing house wife routine . Finally , luckily and miraculously , they are both selected for the finals . It is at time , Raj can not control himself and declares his love for Taani . Taani is shocked , to say the least , and enters into a period of internal conflict . Surinder also faces a dilemma as he can not tell Taani that he is Suri , disguised as Raj . He thus attempts to win Taani 's love as Surinder , an act which only alienates her further . He is disappointed that Taani can not see his love for her as himself , only as ' Raj ' . Later that night , Taani plans to elope with Raj . Surinder tells Bobby that he will end the charade in his own way , sacrificing his cravings for her love , leaving her his property and transferring himself to Delhi . On the day of the competition , Surinder takes Taani to the Golden Temple to gain God 's blessings for her performance for that night and , internally , also for her life without ' Raj ' . While there , Taani has a realisation in which she believes God has shown her a sign that her marriage to Surinder is divinely inspired . For the first time she reflects on her husband and becomes aware of the strength and integrity of Surinder 's character , something which she can grow to love . Taani thus tells Raj on the night of the competition , that she can not choose him over her husband . She leaves him in what appears to be a state of shock with tears in his eyes . When the time comes for their performance , Taani is stunned to see Surinder instead of Raj joining her on stage . While dancing Taani puts two and two together and through a series of flashbacks , she awakens to the fact that Surinder is in fact ' Raj ' . Backstage , after their dance , she confronts Surinder , and when he confesses his love for her , she tearfully admits that she reciprocates his feelings . The two win the competition . The film ends with Surinder and Taani visiting Japan on their honeymoon . Cast ( edit ) Shah Rukh Khan as Surinder `` Suri '' Sahni , Raj Kapoor Anushka Sharma as Taani Vinay Pathak as Balwinder ' Bobby ' Khosla , Surinder 's best friend Manmeet Singh as Raju , garage owner Richa Pallod as Dance Instructor M.K. Raina as Taani 's father and Surinder 's professor Isha Koppikar as Dance Master Aneesha Dalal as Dance Instructor Special appearances during the song `` Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte '' ( in order of appearance ) Kajol as Raj Kapoor 's girl Nargis Bipasha Basu as Dev Anand 's girl Sadhana Lara Dutta as Shammi Kapoor 's girl Helen Preity Zinta as Rajesh Khanna 's girl Sharmila Tagore Rani Mukerji as Rishi Kapoor 's girl Neetu Singh Production ( edit ) Theme ( edit ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi tells a story from the point of view of an ordinary person and , most importantly , conveys a message that being ' ordinary ' is cool . The filmmakers were confident that it would be able to strike a chord with millions because the film has ordinary people as its target audience : `` As middle - class people , so many of us have a routine life . We wake up in the morning , get dressed , go to office , come back , sometimes for a change we buy things to take home , watch TV , eat dinner and go to sleep . And then we repeat this day after day , week after week . Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi talks about one such man who lives a routine life . It is simple film at heart . '' Casting and filming ( edit ) In February 2008 , Aditya Chopra announced that he will helm another film titled `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi '' and that it will star his lucky mascot , Shah Rukh Khan . The female lead was to be a newcomer who would be chosen following a massive talent hunt for a young , demure woman with quintessential Punjabi features . In May , Yash Raj announced the casting of the 19 - year - old model Anushka Sharma as the heroine opposite Shahrukh Khan . Yash Chopra commented : `` We were looking first for someone who could truly embody the spirit of small town Punjab . We know we have found her in Anushka . While she has no previous acting experience , we have seen that unique spark in her that makes us confident that she will be a standout even opposite Shah Rukh '' Sharma was chosen over hundreds of girls for this role and was kept hidden from the media during the filming . When asked about that , Khan said : `` The idea was not to keep her a secret ; we wanted her work to speak for her . When new actors come into films , it is important for people to see their work and then question them . It becomes easier after the film releases . '' Vinay Pathak was cast to play an important role in the film , making it its first commercial outing . Filming began in May 2008 ; Yash Chopra was present at the shoot . A portion was shot with Khan at the Golden Temple in Amritsar , Punjab . Khan had to lose the six - pack abs he developed for the song `` Dard - E-Disco '' of Om Shanti Om since he was playing the role of a very normal , regular person . Promotion ( edit ) The first poster of Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi was released in October in theatres and multiplexes across India , with full - page advertisements in national dailies . The first theatrical promo was released on 14 November , during the screening of Karan Johar 's Dostana . Initially very little was known about the movie , and there were many theories floating around on the Internet about the story . The first music promo of the song `` Haule Haule '' was released on 2 November 2008 , across all leading television channels to coincide with Khan 's birthday . The song promo had received unanimous praise from the public . Release ( edit ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi was released across 30 countries worldwide on 12 December 2008 on over 1,200 screens , including approximately 300 prints for the overseas market , making it the first time a Bollywood film was released on such a wide scale . Before release , the film witnessed a large volume of advance bookings . Aditya Chopra , who is known for maintaining secrecy over his films and not showing them to anyone until the day of release , made an exception and held a special screening on 23 November 2008 at Yash Raj Studios . The screening was attended by Khan and his family , Karan Johar , Yash Chopra and debutant Anushka Sharma . There was a huge debate in the industry whether Aditya Chopra 's decision to go ahead with the release of film in the wake of the terror strikes in Mumbai was the right one . With the trauma of the terrorist attacks on Mumbai city on 26 , 27 and 28 November still fresh , there was divided opinion on the release schedule . While some felt that Chopra should go ahead with the release because the public , tired and depressed after watching news of the attacks and the aftermath on television screens , would be waiting for a true entertainer to divert its mind , others thought he should postpone the film release as the audiences , not just in Mumbai but all over the country , were still not in a mood to visit theatres . Home media ( edit ) Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the DVD of Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi 3.5 out of 5 stars stating that it is a good choice if you `` want to watch a clean family movie at home . '' The DVD includes the documentaries , The Making of the Film and The Making of the Songs ( `` Haule Haule '' , `` Dance Pe Chance '' , `` Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte '' ) as well as a number of deleted scenes and interviews . The film was released on Blu - ray a year after its theatrical release . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Upon release , the film received positive reviews . Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times calls Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi an `` agreeably amusing comedy / romance / musical '' noting that , `` the magnetic Khan is a skilled enough comic actor with his physical transformation -- like a Peter Sellers - ish recessive turning into a Jerry Lewis extrovert -- that believing Taani would n't notice is n't difficult . '' Rachel Saltz of The New York Times describes it as `` soft , sweet and slow , in the words of one of its songs . It deftly blends comedy , the ruling tone of the new Bollywood , with melodrama , the ruling tone of the old . '' Manish Gajjar of the BBC gave the film 4 out of 5 stars noting that , `` Shah Rukh Khan makes you laugh and cry as the nerdy - looking , clumsy , bespectacled Surinder and the all hip and happening Raj . A true professional in his own right , Khan breezes through his dialogues during the emotional and comic scenes . '' Frank Lovece of Film Journal International argues that it is `` smarter and more self - aware of its rom - com contrivances than most Hollywood movies '' and notes that while `` the movie 's cleverness eventually devolves into a simplistic Harlequin - Romance - for - males wish - fulfillment about beauty and the geek , it 's a very well - acted variation on a Hollywood staple . '' Critic and author Maitland McDonagh of MissFlickChick.com stated that the film , `` has been dismissed in some quarters as self - conscious and artificial , a coyly self - referential reworking of outdated movie tropes a la Todd Haynes ' Far From Heaven , but it works for me in a way that most contemporary Hollywood romcoms do n't . '' Some critics did not give the film very favourable reviews . Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN was critical , giving it two out of five stars and stating that `` Aditya Chopra 's return to direction after eight years is marked by a flawed script , which in turn spawns a disappointing film . Where 's the smart dialogue and the spirited characters that defined his debut film , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ? There 's no trace of either in this film ... the problem then , at the root of Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi , is that much like those artificial sets in the film , the emotions too are contrived . '' Derek Elley of Variety argues that the film has `` a huge , hollow center that sinks the project early on ... A paper - thin script drags itself to the finish line amid tiresome mugging by Khan , a huge credibility gap ( she never recognizes him without his glasses and mustache ? ) and a blah score with only one showstopper ( featuring five famous actresses ) . '' A number of critics have further noted the similarities between this movie and superhero films . Khalid Mohamed , of the Hindustan Times , gave the film three and half out of five stars stating that Suri `` is a soul brother to the mousy Clark - Kent - cum - Superman '' who `` makes you laugh and sob alternately . '' Mayank Shekhar from Mumbai Mirror gave the film three out of five stars and argues that `` ( The ) same person , oppositely twinned , is usually the stuff of super-hero films ; the kinds of Clark Kent - Superman , Peter Parker - Spiderman etc . You feel entirely lost in this fantasy flick , because for most part , it 's built around something so intimate and real . It 'd be much easier to travel to foreign countries around far - fetched situations with fake heroes . '' In addition , Sudish Kamath of The Hindu states that while Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi could have been an interesting art film exploring the dynamics of an arranged marriage , the director instead `` treats this character type like Sam Raimi would treat Spider - Man ... Superhero ' Raj ' slips into costume and out , complains how it gets uncomfortable around the crotch , to win over his Mary Jane with not much saving - the - world business to keep him busy . But while Spidey does it for a bigger reason than just MJ , Raj 's sole motivation is to stalk his wife and play out his fantasy as somebody else . His obsession with his alter - ego reaches new heights when he wants his wife to cheat on the real him -- the goofy Surinder Saini who starts off well . '' Box office ( edit ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi collected ₹ 420 million ( US $6.3 million ) in its opening week . By its fourth week , it had earned ₹ 860 million ( US $13 million ) , making it Shah Rukh Khan 's third consecutive blockbuster in two years and Aditya Chopra 's third blockbuster as a director . The film grossed $8.43 million in the overseas market of which $2.09 million was contributed by the United States and $2.24 million from the UK , and was declared as a blockbuster overseas . At the end of its theatrical run , it grossed ₹ 1,578.9 million ( US $24 million ) worldwide , thus becoming Yash Raj Films ' and Khan 's highest - grossing film at the time of its release . It was the second - highest - grossing film domestically and the highest - grossing in the overseas market that year . Soundtrack ( edit ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Soundtrack album by Salim - Sulaiman Released 12 December 2008 ( India ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 29 : 25 Label Yash Raj Music Producer Yash Raj Films Salim - Sulaiman chronology Fashion ( 2008 ) Fashion 2008 Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) 8 X 10 Tasveer ( 2009 ) 8 X 10 Tasveer 2009 The soundtrack of Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi was composed by Salim - Sulaiman . The song `` Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte '' pays homage to Bollywood actors Raj Kapoor , Dev Anand , Rajesh Khanna , Shammi Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor and actresses Nargis , Nutan , Helen , Sharmila Tagore and Neetu Singh . The performance of the song includes appearances by Kajol , Bipasha Basu , Lara Dutta , Preity Zinta and Rani Mukerji . Serbian pop singer Jelena Karleuša remade the song `` Dance Pe Chance '' as `` Insomnia '' in 2010 , and it became a huge hit . Bulgarian pop singer Ivana also made a copy of the same song as `` Nedei '' . The Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi film score is the first Bollywood soundtrack to reach the top - ten albums sales for the iTunes Store . According to the Indian trade website Box Office India , with around 19 , 00,000 units sold , this film 's soundtrack album was the year 's second highest - selling . Track No Song Singer ( s ) Duration `` Tujh Mein Rab Dikhta Hai '' Roop Kumar Rathod , Shreya Ghoshal 4 : 44 `` Haule Haule '' Sukhwinder Singh 4 : 25 `` Dance Pe Chance '' Sunidhi Chauhan , Labh Janjua 4 : 22 `` Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte '' Sonu Nigam 6 : 36 5 `` Tujh Mein Rab Dikhta Hai ( Female ) '' Shreya Ghoshal 1 : 43 6 `` Dancing Jodi '' Instrumental 3 : 59 7 `` Tujh Mein Rab Dikhta Hai '' ( Hinglish Mashup ) Roop Kumar Rathod , Jay Kadn 3 : 33 Awards ( edit ) Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards Best Actor -- Shah Rukh Khan Best Debut Female -- Anushka Sharma Best Choreography -- Shiamak Davar -- `` Dance Pe Chance '' Best Lyrics -- Jaideep Sahni -- `` Tujh Mein Rab Dikhta Hai '' Female Playback Singer -- Shreya Ghoshal -- `` Tujh Mein Rab Dikhta Hai '' Filmfare Awards Best Male Playback Singer -- Sukhwinder Singh ( `` Haule Haule '' ) Best Scene of the Year ( First breakfast flower scene ) Nominated -- Best Film -- Aditya Chopra Nominated -- Best Director -- Aditya Chopra Nominated -- Best Actor -- Shah Rukh Khan Nominated -- Best Actress -- Anushka Sharma Nominated -- Best Supporting Actor -- Vinay Pathak Nominated -- Best Female Playback Singer -- Sunidhi Chauhan ( `` Dance Pe Chance '' ) International Indian Film Academy Awards Nominated -- Best Actor Nominated -- Best Supporting Actor -- Vinay Pathak Nominated -- Best Male Playback Singer Nominated -- Best Lyrics Stardust Awards Nominated -- Best Film Nominated -- Best Director Nominated -- Stardust Award for Star of The Year -- Male Nominated -- Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow -- Female Star Screen Awards Nominated -- Best Actor -- Shah Rukh Khan Nominated -- Most Promising Newcomer -- Anushka Sharma Nominated -- Best Choreography Nominated -- Best Male Playback Singer Nominated -- Best Female Playback Singer Nominated -- Best Lyrics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ IANS . `` Shah Rukh 's Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi sees heavy booking '' . IBNLive . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` RAB NE BANA DI JODI Main language - Hindi '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RNBDJ Budget '' . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/rab-ne-bana-di-jodi-is-yrf-srks-highest-grossing-film/26600 Jump up ^ `` Love conquers all in ' A Match Made by God ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-rab-ne-bana-di-jodi-nine-years-taani-sahni-shah-rukh-khan-4979331/ Jump up ^ `` 10 Things you would like to know about Anushka Sharma - Bollywood Hungama '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Shahrukh Khan ? '' . Oneindia.in. 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Businessofcinema.com Team . `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi is YRF & SRK 's highest grossing film '' . Businessofcinema.com . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi features in iTunes Top 10 Charts Jump up ^ `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi goes to Oscar library '' . Hindustan Times . 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Cinema/Rab-Ne-Bana-Di-Jodi-goes-to-Oscar-library/Article1-359008.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi conveys a message '' . Oneindia.in . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aditya Chopra to direct again '' . Rediff. 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SRK 's Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi gets a heroine '' . Rediff . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` When Shah Rukh kissed Anushka '' . Rediff . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vinay Pathak joins Shahrukh in Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi '' . Oneindia.in. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/16look1.htm Jump up ^ `` rediff.com : Shah Rukh Khan goes to Golden Temple '' . Rediff . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shahrukh loses his six - pack abs '' . Oneindia.in. 16 September 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shahrukh in the limelight again '' . Oneindia.in. 7 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A date with Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi '' . Rediff. 11 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Promo Shahrukh Khan Anushka Sharma Aditya Chopra '' . Oneindia.in. 5 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2008/rab-ne-bana-di-jodi-promo-051108.html Jump up ^ `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Shahrukh Khan Anushka Sharma Europe Holland '' . Oneindia.in. 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi sees heavy booking '' . Sify. 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aditya made Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi an exception '' . Oneindia.in. 28 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Why Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi now ? '' . Oneindia.in. 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi : DVD review Jump up ^ Abele , Robert . `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( A Match Made by God ) , '' Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Saltz , Rachel . `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi : Forlorn Husband Makes the Right Moves '' , The New York Times Jump up ^ Gajjar , Manish . Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( review ) , BBC Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank . Film Review : Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi , Film Journal International Jump up ^ McDonagh , Maitland , Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( review ) Jump up ^ Masand , Rajeev . `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi is contrived '' . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Rab ne bana di jodi Jump up ^ Satyam Shahrukham Surinderam Jump up ^ Mayank Shekhar . `` RNBDJ Mumbai Mirror Review '' . Mumbai Mirror . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Romance with Raj -- Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi Jump up ^ Box Office India : Top First Week Earners Jump up ^ RNBDJ : SRK 's third consecutive blockbuster ! Jump up ^ `` Top Lifetime Grossers OVERSEAS ( US $ ) '' . Boxofficeindia.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi 's music fails to excite '' , rediff.com , November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Music Hits 2000 -- 2009 ( Figures in Units ) '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Winners of 5th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards Jump up ^ Nominations for Nokia 15th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009 Further reading ( edit ) Raghavendra , M.K. ( 31 July 2014 ) . The Politics of Hindi Cinema in the New Millennium : Bollywood and the Anglophone Indian Nation . Oxford University Press India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 945056 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official trailer - Yash Raj Films Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi on IMDb Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi at Box Office Mojo Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi at Bollywood Hungama Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi at Rediff.com Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ' at BBC hide Yash Raj Films About Head Office Y - Films Yash Chopra Daag : A Poem of Love ( 1973 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1976 ) Kaala Patthar ( 1979 ) Silsila ( 1981 ) Mashaal ( 1984 ) Faasle ( 1985 ) Vijay ( 1988 ) Chandni ( 1989 ) Lamhe ( 1991 ) Darr ( 1993 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) Aditya Chopra Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) Befikre ( 2016 ) Kunal Kohli Mujhse Dosti Karoge ( 2002 ) Hum Tum ( 2004 ) Fanaa ( 2006 ) Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic ( 2008 ) Shaad Ali Saathiya ( 2002 ) Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) Jhoom Barabar Jhoom ( 2007 ) Kill Dil ( 2014 ) Siddharth Anand Salaam Namaste ( 2005 ) Ta Ra Rum Pum ( 2007 ) Bachna Ae Haseeno ( 2008 ) Sanjay Gadhvi Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai ( 2002 ) Dhoom ( 2004 ) Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) Shimit Amin Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) Jugal Hansraj Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Pyaar Impossible ! ( 2010 ) Kabir Khan Kabul Express ( 2006 ) New York ( 2009 ) Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Pradeep Sarkar Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Lafangey Parindey ( 2010 ) Mardaani ( 2014 ) Maneesh Sharma Band Baaja Baaraat ( 2010 ) Ladies vs Ricky Bahl ( 2011 ) Shuddh Desi Romance ( 2013 ) Fan ( 2016 ) Vijay Krishna Acharya Tashan ( 2008 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) Thugs of Hindostan ( 2018 ) Ramesh Talwar Doosra Aadmi ( 1977 ) Sawaal ( 1982 ) Ali Abbas Zafar Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) Gunday ( 2014 ) Sultan ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Habib Faisal Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Daawat - e-Ishq ( 2014 ) Qaidi Band ( 2017 ) Dibakar Banerjee Detective Byomkesh Bakshy ! ( 2015 ) Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar ( 2018 ) Sharat Katariya Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Sui Dhaaga ( 2018 ) Other Noorie ( 1979 ) Nakhuda ( 1981 ) Aaina ( 1993 ) Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) Neal ' n ' Nikki ( 2005 ) Aaja Nachle ( 2007 ) Dil Bole Hadippa ! 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sex and the city 2 anthony's brother | Sex and the City 2 | sex and the city 2 | Sex and the City 2 is a 2010 American romantic comedy film written , co-produced , and directed by Michael Patrick King . It is the sequel to the 2008 film Sex and the City , based on the 1998 -- 2004 HBO comedy - drama series of the same name ( itself based on the book of the same name by Candace Bushnell ) . | The film stars Sarah Jessica Parker , Kim Cattrall , Kristin Davis , Cynthia Nixon and Chris Noth , who reprised their roles as friends Carrie , Samantha , Charlotte , Miranda , and Mr. Big . It also features cameos from Liza Minnelli , Miley Cyrus , Tim Gunn , Ron White , Omid Djalili , Penélope Cruz , Norm Lewis , Kelli O'Hara , and Ryan Silverman . Sex and the City 2 was theatrically released on May 27 , 2010 , in the United States and May 28 , 2010 , in the United Kingdom , and grossed $294 million from a $95 million budget . It received seven Golden Raspberry nominations , and won in the categories of Worst Actress ( for Parker , Cattrall , Davis , and Nixon ) , Worst Screen Ensemble , and Worst Sequel . The film was nominated for Worst Picture , Worst Screenplay , Worst Director , and Minnelli for Worst Supporting Actress . A third Sex and the City film was announced in 2016 but cancelled the following year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Casting 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 Home release 7 Soundtrack 8 Cancelled sequel 9 Awards and nominations 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Carrie , Samantha , Charlotte , and Miranda meet up . In flashback Carrie is depicted arriving in New York City in 1986 , then met Charlotte in 1987 , Miranda in 1989 . She also meets Samantha , when she was a bartender at the music club CBGB . In the present , three of the four women are married but Samantha , who at 52 , is desperately trying to keep her libido alive with the help of `` Suzanne Somers and her team of doctors '' to keep her menopause at bay . The four of them attend Anthony and Stanford 's wedding , where Carrie serves as `` best man . '' Miranda quits her job after the misogynistic new managing partner disrespects her once too often . Charlotte 's two children are a handful ( mostly her two - year - old daughter Rose 's extreme and constant crying ) and she 's worried that Harry is attracted to their buxom Irish nanny , Erin . Carrie 's marriage to Mr. Big has settled down , though they differ on how to spend their spare time . For their anniversary , Carrie gives Mr. Big a vintage Rolex watch engraved with a romantic message , while he , much to her dismay , shows her a new TV in their bedroom as his gift , which Big says they can use to watch old movies together , something they did at the hotel at Anthony and Stanford 's wedding and seemed to enjoy . Carrie , however , is disappointed , as she had hoped for jewelry as a gift . Meanwhile , Samantha has been approached by an Arab sheikh to devise a PR campaign for his business . He offers to fly her and her friends on an all - expenses - paid luxury vacation to Abu Dhabi . The girls happily accept , although Carrie is worried about the separation from Big and Charlotte is worried about leaving her husband alone with the nanny . Only Miranda , unfettered by a job for the first time in her life , is enthusiastic . Upon entering Abu Dhabi , Samantha 's hormone - enhancing drugs are confiscated under UAE law . This renders her devoid of estrogen ; her famous libido goes dead . Charlotte tries to call Harry every few minutes ; Miranda revels in the luxury surrounding her , while Carrie befriends her manservant , Gaurau , who is an underpaid temporary worker from India . Carrie runs into her former lover , Aidan . He proposes dinner à deux at his hotel and she decides to meet Aidan for dinner . The dinner is very enjoyable , with the two discussing old times . Aidan remarks on the ways Carrie is `` not like other women '' . In a moment of remembered passion , they kiss . Carrie runs away in panic and returns to the hotel . Back at the hotel , Miranda and Charlotte have drinks together and discuss the difficulties of motherhood . Carrie arrives , tells her friends about the kiss , and asks them whether she should tell Big , as they have no secrets between them . Miranda reflects on the events of the previous film , when her husband , Steve , told her about his affair . Samantha counsels Carrie to wait before deciding anything . Carrie opts to call Big to tell him . Big is silent upon hearing the news , and after saying a few words , hangs up . The four women find their style and Western attitudes contrast with Muslim customs . While on a date with a handsome Dane , Samantha is arrested for public indecency after fondling him at a restaurant and making out with him on the beach . With the Sheikh 's intervention , Samantha is released , but is left with a permanent police record . Worse , the Sheikh decides to cancel the PR meeting and ceases paying for the remainder of the women 's luxurious stay . They are told they have 1 hour to either pay $22,000 a night for the rest of their stay or leave . They quickly pack their bags and leave , but must return to the souq to find Carrie 's passport . When Samantha 's flamboyance nearly incites a riot , the girls are rescued by a group of Emirati women who share their sense of style under their black robes . When Carrie returns home , she finds the bedroom television removed and Big gone . She passes an anxious day , at the end of which he returns . Big tells her that although he was `` pretty torn up '' , he realizes that what she needs is something to remind her at all times that she is married . He hands her a jewelry box , which reveals an engagement ring set with a black diamond . When Carrie asks him why a black diamond , he says , `` Because you 're not like anyone else '' , echoing Aidan 's earlier comment . Big and Carrie combine their interests ; Charlotte 's nanny , Erin , turns out to be a lesbian and is no threat to her marriage ; Miranda finds a new job at a more laid back and diverse law firm where she is appreciated , and Samantha stays the same , even meeting up with the Danish architect she met in Abu Dhabi for sex on the beach , this time a beach in The Hamptons . Cast ( edit ) Sarah Jessica Parker as Carrie Bradshaw Kim Cattrall as Samantha Jones Kristin Davis as Charlotte York Goldenblatt Cynthia Nixon as Miranda Hobbes Chris Noth as John James Preston / Mr. Big John Corbett as Aidan Shaw David Eigenberg as Steve Brady Evan Handler as Harry Goldenblatt Jason Lewis as Jerry `` Smith '' Jerrod Willie Garson as Stanford Blatch Mario Cantone as Anthony Marentino Lynn Cohen as Magda Alice Eve as Erin ( Charlotte 's Irish nanny ) Noah Mills as Nicky Marentino Megan Boone as Allie Max Ryan as Dr. Rikard Spirt Raza Jaffrey as Gaurau Viola Harris as Gloria Blatch Omid Djalili as Mr. Safir , Hotel Manager Dhaffer L'Abidine as Mahmud Art Malik as Sheikh Khaled Penélope Cruz as Carmen García Carrión Liza Minnelli as herself Miley Cyrus as herself Tuesday Knight as herself Tim Gunn as himself Production ( edit ) Sarah Jessica Parker at the movie set . Development ( edit ) After months of speculation , the cast confirmed in February 2009 that a sequel was in the works . Filming began in August 2009 . The sequel is noticeably different from its predecessor , and includes more exotic locales than the original . King credits this to the experience he had promoting the original film in such locales . He was also inspired by the recession to write something bigger more akin to the extravagant adventures and escapist comedies of the 1930s . The location of Abu Dhabi was chosen because of its high fashion culture ( although the authorities later revoked filming clearance ) and also that it was a location relatively free from the recession . All four stars , Sarah Jessica Parker , Cynthia Nixon , Kristin Davis , and Kim Cattrall , returned in the sequel ; Chris Noth also signed on to reprise the role of Mr. Big . Evan Handler returned as Harry Goldenblatt , John Corbett as Aiden Shaw , David Eigenberg played Steve Brady once more , Willie Garson returned as Stanford Blatch , and Mario Cantone again played Anthony Marentino , making the original cast almost complete . In addition , Michael Patrick King wrote and directed again , and Patricia Field once again took charge of the costumes and wardrobe . Hats were once again created by Prudence Millinery for Vivienne Westwood . Entertainment Weekly confirmed that the budget for the film was US $95 million , exactly $30 million greater than the budget for the first film . Sarah Jessica Parker was paid 15 million plus residuals for her dual role as a producer and starring as Carrie Bradshaw . Filming ( edit ) Filming in New York City was postponed to the end of July as Emirati authorities refused clearance for filming in the United Arab Emirates . As a result , the Abu Dhabi segment of the film was filmed in Morocco . All four leading ladies and other cast and crew were photographed filming scenes in Morocco in November 2009 , where they had originally planned to shoot for 13 days , which had to be extended to almost six weeks . Filming took place at several locations including the seaside town of Sidi Kaouki , and Amanjena , outside of Marrakesh . The sequel officially began filming on September 1 , 2009 and continued until the end of the year . Photos of all four leading women filming scenes around New York together and separately have emerged , featuring present - day scenes as well as a range of looks believed to be flashbacks from the earlier years of Carrie , Samantha , Miranda , and Charlotte 's long - standing friendships . Images of Samantha in a wedding dress have also been released . Additionally , scenes featuring prominent characters such as Mr. Big , Magda , Smith , Steve , and the children of Miranda and Charlotte have been filmed and photographed . Casting ( edit ) In September 2009 , American singer / actress Liza Minnelli confirmed to several media outlets that she appeared in a cameo role . Singer / actress Bette Midler had been photographed on set , but does not appear in the film . Penélope Cruz appears briefly as Carmen , a banker . Miley Cyrus appeared in one scene where she appears at the premiere of Smith Jerrod 's new film , wearing the same dress as Samantha . On October 17 , Oceanup.com posted several pictures of Miley filming the scene . John Corbett was seen on location in Morocco , confirming his speculated involvement in the film as Aidan . Release ( edit ) Promotion began in December 2009 , when the official teaser poster was released online , featuring Carrie in a white dress and gold sunglasses which reflect a Moroccan backdrop , and the tagline `` Carrie On '' , a similar pun of the lead character 's name as `` Get Carried Away '' from the first film . The same image and tagline was used for the launch of the official Sex and the City 2 website , also launched in December 2009 . The teaser trailer premiered online on December 22 , 2009 . In March 2010 , new promotional stills were released , predominantly featuring scenes from the Moroccan portion of the film . Also in March , Sarah Jessica Parker , Kristin Davis and Cynthia Nixon attended ShoWest 2010 in Las Vegas to premiere the full length trailer and discuss the film ( Kim Cattrall was in London performing on stage in the West End , and joined the rest of the cast for promotion when her stage run ended on May 3 ) . The full theatrical trailer premiered on Entertainment Tonight and online on April 8 , 2010 , featuring current New York City - themed hit `` Empire State of Mind '' by Jay - Z and Alicia Keys as well as Australian R&B / Pop singer , Ricki - Lee Coulter 's platinum selling hit , `` Ca n't Touch It '' . A full scale promotional tour with all key cast members -- including television , press conference and print -- commenced in early May 2010 , and continued throughout the film 's release , encompassing many different countries and cities . The New York City premiere of the film was held on 24 May 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 16 % of 206 critics have given the film a positive review ; the average rating is 3.7 / 10 . By comparison the first film received a score of 49 % based on 172 reviews and has an average score of 5.5 / 10 . The critical consensus is : `` Straining under a thin plot stretched to its limit by a bloated running time , Sex and the City 2 adds an unfortunate coda to the long - running HBO series . '' Metacritic gave the film a score of 27 / 100 based on a normalized average of 39 reviews indicating generally unfavorable reviews . The film was also criticized for its portrayal of the Middle East . Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` blatantly anti-Muslim '' and Hadley Freeman of the UK broadsheet The Guardian described the trailers as `` borderline racist '' . Andrew O'Hagan of the London Evening Standard described the film as ugly on the inside and ended by saying , `` This could be the most stupid , the most racist , the most polluting and women - hating film of the year '' . Roger Ebert gave the film one star out of four ; he wrote , `` I am obliged to report that this film will no doubt be deliriously enjoyed by its fans , for the reasons described above . Male couch potatoes dragged to the film against their will may find some consolation . Reader , I must confess that while attending the sneak preview with its overwhelmingly female audience , I was gob - smacked by the delightful cleavage on display . '' Lindy West wrote a noted review of the film , saying that `` SATC2 takes everything that I hold dear as a woman and as a human -- working hard , contributing to society , not being an entitled cunt like it 's my job -- and rapes it to death with a stiletto that costs more than my car . It is 146 minutes long , which means that I entered the theater in the bloom of youth and emerged with a family of field mice living in my long , white mustache . This is an entirely inappropriate length for what is essentially a home video of gay men playing with giant Barbie dolls . '' Mitu Sengupta , a Toronto - based academic , criticized the film for exploiting women 's and gay rights , and `` pitifully '' turning them into `` badges of national honor '' and `` smug patriotic pride '' . She wrote : `` what 's really worrying about Sex and the City 2 is not its Orientalism or crass materialism , but how easily this seemingly benign bubble - gum flick ends up fighting a very macho war of global one - upmanship on the bodies of women and gay men . '' British film critic Mark Kermode declared it the worst film of 2010 , saying he could not think of anything civilization had made that was `` more poisonous , more repugnant , more repulsive , more retrograde , more depressing than Sex and the City 2 '' , and said its unintentionally `` ghastly '' portrayal of the `` disgustingly wealthy '' almost made him want to become a communist . Time named it one of the top 10 worst movies based on TV shows . The film received seven nominations at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards including Worst Picture . It went on to win three awards , including a joint worst actress award for the film 's four principal actresses : Sarah Jessica Parker , Kim Cattrall , Cynthia Nixon , and Kristin Davis . David Eigenberg expressed interest in receiving the Worst Couple / Screen Ensemble Razzie , which was awarded to the entire cast . According to Razzies founder John J.B. Wilson , `` ( Eigenberg ) said that he had never won an award of any kind and if this was what he won , he would accept it . '' Eigenberg then collaborated with Wilson to make a humorous acceptance video which was posted on the official YouTube channel of the Golden Raspberry Awards . Box office ( edit ) The film opened in 3,445 theaters on May 27 , 2010 , setting a record for one of the widest release for a R rated romantic comedy film . Playing in 2,000 theaters , the film grossed $3 million from its midnight premiere . On its opening day , the film topped the box office grossing $14.2 million , for a projected $60 million for a 4 - day opening weekend , plus $75 million for a 5 - day Memorial day weekend . But it debuted in second place behind Shrek Forever After with $31 million , and its total to $45.2 million , for its 4 - day opening weekend , plus $51 million on its 5 - day opening weekend ( Memorial Day ) . Internationally the sequel topped the charts in Germany for five weeks , Britain for three weeks , Australia for two weeks and exceeding the original in Japan and Greece . Sex and the City 2 sold more tickets than the first part in many other markets . As of August 19 , 2010 , the film 's total US gross stands at $95.3 million . As of August 1 , 2010 , internationally it has grossed $199.3 million -- giving it a worldwide total of $294.7 million . Although 27 % lower than the first film , it was 2010 's highest - grossing romantic comedy . Home release ( edit ) Sex and the City 2 was released on DVD , Blu - ray , and iTunes on October 26 , 2010 , in the US where it entered the chart at number one selling almost one million copies in its first week . It was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the UK on November 29 , 2010 , also entering the sales chart at number one . Soundtrack ( edit ) Sex and the City 2 Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released May 25 , 2010 Genre Soundtrack Label Sony Music Australia Sex and the City soundtrack chronology Sex and the City , Vol. 2 : More Music ( 2008 ) Sex and the City , Vol. 2 : More Music 2008 Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) Sex and the City 2 original motion picture soundtrack was released on May 25 , 2010 . `` Rapture '' -- Alicia Keys ( Blondie ) `` Everything to Lose '' -- Dido `` Language of Love '' -- Cee Lo `` Window Seat '' -- Erykah Badu `` Kidda '' -- Natacha Atlas `` Euphrates Dream '' -- Michael McGregor `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Liza Minnelli ( Beyoncé ) `` Ca n't Touch It '' -- Ricki - Lee `` Empire State of Mind ( Part II ) Broken Down '' -- Alicia Keys `` Love Is Your Color '' -- Jennifer Hudson & Leona Lewis `` I Am Woman '' -- Sarah Jessica Parker , Kim Cattrall , Kristin Davis , Cynthia Nixon `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' -- Sex and the City Men 's Choir `` Sunrise , Sunset '' -- Sex and the City Men 's Choir `` Till There Was You '' -- Sex and the City Men 's Choir `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' -- Shayna Steele , Jordan Ballard , Kamilah Marshall `` Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye '' -- Liza Minnelli with Billy Stritch ( Cole Porter ) `` True Colors '' -- Cyndi Lauper `` Divas and Dunes '' -- Aaron Zigman Not included on the soundtrack . `` Songs Remind Me of You '' by Annie appears in the background of the after party scene , but is not included on the soundtrack . `` Empire State of Mind '' by Jay - Z featuring Alicia Keys appears in the background of the Smith 's movie premiere scene , and official trailer , but is not included on the soundtrack . The score was recorded and mixed by Dennis S. Sands and Steve Kempster and performed by a large ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by Stephen Coleman who orchestrated Zigman 's score . Patrick Kirst also orchestrated . Charts Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Compilation Chart 7 Irish Top 30 Compilation Chart Australian Albums Chart 7 US Billboard 200 13 Italian Top 30 Compilation Chart 15 Cancelled sequel ( edit ) In December 2016 , Radar Online reported that a script for the third film had been approved . On September 28 , 2017 , Sarah Jessica Parker announced that the third film was not going to happen : `` It 's over , we 're not doing it . '' She said , `` We had this beautiful , funny , heartbreaking , joyful , very relatable script and story '' , and that `` It 's not just disappointing that we do n't get to tell the story and have that experience , but more so for that audience that has been so vocal in wanting another movie . '' The Daily Mail claimed that Kim Cattrall 's `` outrageous demands '' to Warner Bros. are to blame for the third film 's cancellation . Cattrall responded that , `` The only ' DEMAND ' I ever made was that I did n't want to do a 3rd film ... & that was back in 2016 . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Work Result National Movie Awards Anticipated Movie of the Summer Sex and the City 2 Nominated 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedy Movie Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Nominated - lost to The Last Airbender Worst Actress Kim Cattrall , Kristin Davis , Cynthia Nixon , and Sarah Jessica Parker Won Worst Supporting Actress Liza Minnelli Nominated - lost to Jessica Alba for The Killer Inside Me , Little Fockers , Machete and Valentine 's Day Worst Director Michael Patrick King Nominated - lost to M. Night Shyamalan for The Last Airbender Worst Screenplay Michael Patrick King Nominated - lost to The Last Airbender Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Won Worst Screen Ensemble Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Sex and the City ' ladies to rule over ' Prince of Persia ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Warner 's New Line Cinema unit co-financed `` Sex and the City 2 '' with partner Village Roadshow Pictures for about $95 million . ^ Jump up to : `` Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) - Financial Information '' . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , Martin A. ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Sex and the City 2 ' vastly different from first film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( April 27 , 2009 ) . `` SJP : More Sex for Chris Noth ... and Maybe Gilles '' . E Online ! . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McClear , Sheila ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Ca $ h & Carrie '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Bladd , Joanne ( 30 July 2009 ) . `` Dubai bans ' Sex and the City ' shoot '' . Arabian Business . Retrieved 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Lures Hollywood - English Blog - By Morocco Channel '' . www.morocco.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Sky TV & Broadband - News , Sports , Movies & Entertainment '' . Sky . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , By Maggie . `` Sidi Kaouki , Morocco : A breath of fresh air on the windy coast '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Jemma ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` Here 's me at my 40th ! Becks joins Instagram ( ... just in time to show off his £ 250,000 party in Marrakesh ) '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Jason ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Penelope Cruz , Liza Minnelli To Appear In Sex And The City 2 '' . Entertainment Wise . Retrieved 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus SEX AND THE CITY 2 SEXY '' . oceanup.com . Jump up ^ `` Cosmo Guy 's Sex and the City 2 Movie Blog '' . Jump up ^ DiChiara , Thomas ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Sex and the City 2 ' Poster Premiere '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Scalise , Mike ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` Sarah Jessica Parker & Crew ' Carrie On ' in First Sex and the City 2 Trailer '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Emily ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Souks And The City : Sneak peek of Carrie & Co 's Moroccan adventure in Sex And The City 2 '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 trailers and video clips on Yahoo ! Movies '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City - The Movie ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Farber , Stephen . `` Sex and the City 2 -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Hadley ( May 23 , 2010 ) . `` The Death of Sex and City '' . The Guardian . London : The Scott Trust . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 is ugly on the inside '' . London Evening Standard . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Blog , Chaz 's . `` Sex and the City 2 '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tim Robey ( 31 May 2010 ) . `` Sex and the City 2 and the art of the pan '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ S.T. VanAirsdale ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` The 9 Most Scathing Critical Responses to Sex and the City 2 '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lindy West ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Burkas and Birkins '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Mitu ( June 18 -- 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sex , the City and American Patriotism '' . Counterpunch . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode -- Sex and the City 2 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode . `` My Worst Five Films of 2010 '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Worst Movies Based on TV Shows - Sex and the City 2 '' . Time . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Eclipse , ' ' Last Airbender ' Lead Razzie Nominations '' . MTV Movie News . 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 31st Annual Razzie Awards '' . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jaque ( 2011 - 03 - 17 ) . `` ' SATC 2 ' star accepts Razzie award '' . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found '' . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Gossip and Entertainment News Photos and Video - X17 Online '' . x17online.com . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 30 , 2010 ) . `` SHREK TAKES # 1 ; ' Prince Of Persia ' # 2 ; ' Sex And The City 2 ' Falls off To # 3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 '' Blu - ray Release Date and Details , The HD Room , August 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Numbers - DVD Most Recent Weekly Sales Chart '' . www.the-numbers.com . Jump up ^ `` Official Video Chart Top 100 05 December 2010 - 11 December 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . London : British Phonographic Industry and Entertainment Retailers Association ( ERA ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK Top 40 Compilations Albums '' . Radio 1 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Recorded Music Association '' . www.irma.ie . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Compilation Albums Chart '' . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Albums '' . Jump up ^ `` Italian Top 30 Compilation Chart '' . Jump up ^ https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2016/12/sex-and-the-city-filming-summer-movie-three-sarah-jessica-parker-script-drama/ Jump up ^ http://people.com/movies/sarah-jessica-parker-sex-and-city-movie-3/ Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4929412/Kim-Cattrall-causes-studio-shelve-Sex-City-3.html Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Kim Cattrall Twitter Status External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sex and the City 2 Sex and the City 2 on IMDb Sex and the City 2 at AllMovie Sex and the City 2 at Box Office Mojo Sex and the City 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Sex and the City 2 at Metacritic Sex and the City 2 at The Numbers Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell Episodes Season 1 5 6 ( `` To Market , to Market '' ) Characters Carrie Bradshaw Samantha Jones Charlotte York Goldenblatt Miranda Hobbes John James `` Mr. Big '' Preston Steve Brady Films Sex and the City soundtrack Sex and the City 2 Miscellaneous Book Sex and the City : Music from the HBO Series The Carrie Diaries episodes Accolades Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Remake or Sequel Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) The Scarlet Letter ( 1995 ) Speed 2 : Cruise Control ( 1997 ) The Avengers / Godzilla / Psycho ( 1998 ) Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 ( 2000 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Son of the Mask ( 2005 ) Prequel or Sequel Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) Daddy Day Camp ( 2007 ) Remake or Rip - off Little Man ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Land of the Lost ( 2009 ) Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Annie ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) LCCN : no2010088645 VIAF : 177709494 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_and_the_City_2&oldid=841417932 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s sequel films 2010s sex comedy films American comedy - drama films American female buddy films American films American LGBT - related films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American sequel films American sex comedy films Buddy comedy films Buddy drama films Films about fashion Films about weddings Films based on television series Films directed by Michael Patrick King Films set in New York City Films set in the United Arab Emirates Films shot in Abu Dhabi Films shot in Morocco Films shot in New York City LGBT - related comedy - drama films Liza Minnelli soundtracks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 18 : 36 . 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what was the effect of early civilizations developing a division of labor | Division of labour | division of labour | The division of labour is the separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialize . Individuals , organizations , and nations are endowed with or acquire specialized capabilities and either form combinations or trade to take advantage of the capabilities of others in addition to their own . Specialized capabilities may include equipment or natural resources in addition to skills and training and complex combinations of such assets are often important , as when multiple items of specialized equipment and skilled operators are used to produce a single product . The division of labour is the motive for trade and the source of economic interdependence . | Because of the large amount of labour saved by giving workers specialized tasks in Industrial Revolution - era factories , some classical economists as well as some mechanical engineers such as Charles Babbage were proponents of division of labour . Also , having workers perform single or limited tasks eliminated the long training period required to train craftsmen , who were replaced with lesser paid but more productive unskilled workers . Historically , an increasing division of labour is associated with the growth of total output and trade , the rise of capitalism , and the increasing complexity of industrialised processes . The concept and implementation of division of labour has been observed in ancient Sumerian ( Mesopotamian ) culture , where assignment of jobs in some cities coincided with an increase in trade and economic interdependence . Division of labour generally also increases both producer and individual worker productivity . In contrast to division of labour , division of work refers to the division of a large task , contract , or project into smaller tasks -- each with a separate schedule within the overall project schedule . Division of labour , instead , refers to the allocation of tasks to individuals or organizations according to the skills and / or equipment those people or organizations possess . Often division of labour and division of work are both part of the economic activity within an industrial nation or organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theorists 1.1 Plato 1.2 Xenophon 1.3 Ibn Khaldun 1.4 William Petty 1.5 Bernard de Mandeville 1.6 David Hume 1.7 Henri - Louis Duhamel du Monceau 1.8 Adam Smith 1.9 Immanuel Kant 1.10 Karl Marx 1.11 Henry David Thoreau 1.12 Émile Durkheim 1.13 Ludwig von Mises 1.14 Friedrich A. Hayek 2 Globalization and global division of labour 3 Modern debates 4 Limitations 5 Gendered division of labour 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Theorists ( edit ) Plato ( edit ) In Plato 's Republic , the origin of the state lies in the natural inequality of humanity , which is embodied in the division of labour . Well then , how will our state supply these needs ? It will need a farmer , a builder , and a weaver , and also , I think , a shoemaker and one or two others to provide for our bodily needs . So that the minimum state would consist of four or five men ... ( The Republic , p. 103 , Penguin Classics edition . ) Silvermintz notes that , `` Historians of economic thought credit Plato , primarily on account of arguments advanced in his Republic , as an early proponent of the division of labour . '' Notwithstanding this , Silvermintz argues that , `` While Plato recognizes both the economic and political benefits of the division of labour , he ultimately critiques this form of economic arrangement insofar as it hinders the individual from ordering his own soul by cultivating acquisitive motives over prudence and reason . '' Xenophon ( edit ) Xenophon , in the fourth century BC , makes a passing reference to division of labour in his ' Cyropaedia ' ( a.k.a. Education of Cyrus ) . Just as the various trades are most highly developed in large cities , in the same way food at the palace is prepared in a far superior manner . In small towns the same man makes couches , doors , ploughs and tables , and often he even builds houses , and still he is thankful if only he can find enough work to support himself . And it is impossible for a man of many trades to do all of them well . In large cities , however , because many make demands on each trade , one alone is enough to support a man , and often less than one : for instance one man makes shoes for men , another for women , there are places even where one man earns a living just by mending shoes , another by cutting them out , another just by sewing the uppers together , while there is another who performs none of these operations but assembles the parts , Of necessity , he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best . Ibn Khaldun ( edit ) The 14th - century scholar Ibn Khaldun emphasised the importance of the division of labour in the production process . In his Muqaddimah , he states : The power of the individual human being is not sufficient for him to obtain ( the food ) he needs , and does not provide him with as much as he requires to live . Even if we assume an absolute minimum of food ... that amount of food could be obtained only after much preparation ... Thus , he can not do without a combination of many powers from among his fellow beings , if he is to obtain food for himself and for them . Through cooperation , the needs of a number of persons , many times greater than their own number , can be satisfied . William Petty ( edit ) Sir William Petty was the first modern writer to take note of division of labour , showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards . Classically the workers in a shipyard would build ships as units , finishing one before starting another . But the Dutch had it organized with several teams each doing the same tasks for successive ships . People with a particular task to do must have discovered new methods that were only later observed and justified by writers on political economy . Petty also applied the principle to his survey of Ireland . His breakthrough was to divide up the work so that large parts of it could be done by people with no extensive training . Bernard de Mandeville ( edit ) Bernard de Mandeville discusses the matter in the second volume of The Fable of the Bees ( 1714 ) . This elaborates many matters raised by the original poem about a ' Grumbling Hive ' . He says : But if one will wholly apply himself to the making of Bows and Arrows , whilst another provides Food , a third builds Huts , a fourth makes Garments , and a fifth Utensils , they not only become useful to one another , but the Callings and Employments themselves will in the same Number of Years receive much greater Improvements , than if all had been promiscuously followed by every one of the Five . David hume ( edit ) When every individual person labors apart , and only for himself , his force is too small to execute any considerable work ; his labor being employed in supplying all his different necessities , he never attains a perfection in any particular art ; and as his force and success are not at all times equal , the least failure in either of these particulars must be attended with inevitable ruin and misery . Society provides a remedy for these three inconveniences . By the conjunction of forces , our power is augmented : By the partition of employments , our ability increases : And by mutual succor we are less exposed to fortune and accidents . ' Tis by this additional force , ability , and security , that society becomes advantageous . Henri - Louis Duhamel du Monceau ( edit ) In his introduction to Art de l'Épinglier ( The Art of the Pin - Maker ) ( 1761 ) , Henri - Louis Duhamel du Monceau writes about the `` division of this work '' : There is nobody who is not surprised of the small price of pins ; but we shall be even more surprised , when we know how many different operations , most of them very delicate , are mandatory to make a good pin . We are going to go through these operations in a few words to stimulate the curiosity to know their detail ; this enumeration will supply as many articles which will make the division of this work . ( ... ) The first operation is to have brass go through the drawing plate to calibrate it . ( ... ) By `` division of this work '' , Duhamel du Monceau is referring to the subdivisions of the text describing the various trades involved in the pin making activity ; this can also be described as division of labour . Adam Smith ( edit ) In the first sentence of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ( 1776 ) , Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industrialism by determining that division of labour represents a quantitative increase in productivity . Like du Monceau , his example was the making of pins . Unlike Plato , Smith famously argued that the difference between a street porter and a philosopher was as much a consequence of the division of labour as its cause . Therefore , while for Plato the level of specialization determined by the division of labour was externally determined , for Smith it was the dynamic engine of economic progress . However , in a further chapter of the same book Smith criticizes the division of labour saying it can lead to `` the almost entire corruption and degeneracy of the great body of the people. ... unless government takes some pains to prevent it . '' The contradiction has led to some debate over Smith 's opinion of the division of labour . Alexis de Tocqueville agreed with Smith : `` Nothing tends to materialize man , and to deprive his work of the faintest trace of mind , more than extreme division of labor . '' Adam Ferguson shared similar views to Smith , though was generally more negative . The specialization and concentration of the workers on their single subtasks often leads to greater skill and greater productivity on their particular subtasks than would be achieved by the same number of workers each carrying out the original broad task . Smith saw the importance of matching skills with equipment -- usually in the context of an organization . For example , pin makers were organized with one making the head , another the body , each using different equipment . Similarly he emphasised a large number of skills , used in cooperation and with suitable equipment , were required to build a ship . In modern economic discussion , the term human capital would be used . Smith 's insight suggests that the huge increases in productivity obtainable from technology or technological progress are possible because human and physical capital are matched , usually in an organization . See also a short discussion of Adam Smith 's theory in the context of business processes . Babbage wrote a seminal work `` On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures '' analyzing perhaps for the first time the division of labour in factories . Immanuel Kant ( edit ) In the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of morals 1785 , Kant notes the value of the division of labour : All crafts , trades and arts have profited from the division of labour ; for when each worker sticks to one particular kind of work that needs to be handled differently from all the others , he can do it better and more easily than when one person does everything . Where work is not thus differentiated and divided , where everyone is a jack - of - all - trades , the crafts remain at an utterly primitive level . Karl Marx ( edit ) Marx argued that increasing the specialization may also lead to workers with poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for their work . He described the process as alienation : workers become more and more specialized and work becomes repetitive , eventually leading to complete alienation from the process of production . The worker then becomes `` depressed spiritually and physically to the condition of a machine '' . Additionally , Marx argued that division of labour creates less - skilled workers . As the work becomes more specialized , less training is needed for each specific job , and the workforce , overall , is less skilled than if one worker did one job entirely . Among Marx 's theoretical contributions is his sharp distinction between the economic and the social division of labor . That is , some forms of labour co-operation are purely due to `` technical necessity '' , but others are a result of a `` social control '' function related to a class and status hierarchy . If these two divisions are conflated , it might appear as though the existing division of labour is technically inevitable and immutable , rather than ( in good part ) socially constructed and influenced by power relationships . He also argues that in a communist society , the division of labour is transcended , meaning that balanced human development occurs where people fully express their nature in the variety of creative work that they do . Henry David Thoreau ( edit ) Henry David Thoreau criticized the division of labour in Walden ( published in 1854 ) , on the basis that it removes people from a sense of connectedness with society and with the world at large , including nature . He claimed that the average man in a civilized society is less wealthy , in practice , than one in a `` savage '' society . The answer he gave was that self - sufficiency was enough to cover one 's basic needs . Thoreau 's friend and mentor , Ralph Waldo Emerson , criticized the division of labour in `` The American Scholar '' ; a widely informed , holistic citizenry is vital for the spiritual and physical health of the country . Emile Durkheim ( edit ) In his seminal work , The Division of Labor in Society , Émile Durkheim observes that the division of labour appears in all societies and positively correlates with societal advancement because it increases as a society progresses . Durkheim arrived at the same conclusion regarding the positive effects of the division of labour as his theoretical predecessor , Adam Smith . In The Wealth of the Nations , Smith observes the division of labour results in `` a proportionable ( sic ) increase of the productive powers of labor . '' While they shared this belief , Durkheim believed the division of labour applied to all `` biological organisms generally '' while Smith believed this law applied `` only to human societies . '' This difference may result from the influence of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species on Durkheim 's writings . For example , Durkheim observed an apparent relationship between `` the functional specialization of the parts of an organism '' and `` the extent of that organism 's evolutionary development , '' which he believed `` extended the scope of the division of labour so as to make its origins contemporaneous with the origins of life itself ... implying that its conditions must be found in the essential properties of all organized matter . '' Since Durkheim 's division of labour applied to all organisms , he considered it a `` natural law '' and worked to determine whether it should be embraced or resisted by first analysing its functions . Durkheim hypothesized that the division of labour fosters social solidarity , yielding `` a wholly moral phenomenon '' that ensures `` mutual relationships '' among individuals . As social solidarity can not be directly quantified , Durkheim indirectly studies solidarity by `` classify ( ing ) the different types of law to find ... the different types of social solidarity which correspond to it . '' Durkheim categorizes : criminal laws and their respective punishments as promoting mechanical solidarity , a sense of unity resulting from individuals engaging in similar work who hold shared backgrounds , traditions , and values ; and civil laws as promoting organic solidarity , a society in which individuals engage in different kinds of work that benefit society and other individuals . Durkheim believes that organic solidarity prevails in more advanced societies , while mechanical solidarity typifies less developed societies . He explains that , in societies with more mechanical solidarity , the diversity and division of labour is much less , so individuals have a similar worldview . Similarly , Durkheim opines that in societies with more organic solidarity , the diversity of occupations is greater , and individuals depend on each other more , resulting in greater benefits to society as a whole . Durkheim 's work enabled social science to progress more efficiently `` in ... the understanding of human social behavior . '' Ludwig von Mises ( edit ) Marx 's theories , including the negative claims regarding the division of labour have been criticized by the Austrian economists such as Ludwig von Mises . The main argument here is the economic gains accruing from the division of labour far outweigh the costs . It is argued that it is fully possible to achieve balanced human development within capitalism , and alienation is downplayed as mere romantic fiction . Friedrich a Hayek ( edit ) In The Use of Knowledge in Society , Friedrich A. Hayek states : The price system is just one of those formations which man has learned to use ( though he is still very far from having learned to make the best use of it ) after he had stumbled upon it without understanding it . Through it not only a division of labour but also a coordinated utilization of resources based on an equally divided knowledge has become possible . The people who like to deride any suggestion that this may be so usually distort the argument by insinuating that it asserts that by some miracle just that sort of system has spontaneously grown up which is best suited to modern civilization . It is the other way round : man has been able to develop that division of labour on which our civilization is based because he happened to stumble upon a method which made it possible . Had he not done so , he might still have developed some other , altogether different , type of civilization , something like the `` state '' of the termite ants , or some other altogether unimaginable type . Globalization and global division of labour ( edit ) The issue reaches its broadest scope in the controversies about globalization , which is often interpreted as a euphemism for the expansion of world trade based on comparative advantage . This would mean that countries specialise in the work they can do at the lowest cost . Critics however allege that international specialisation can not be explained sufficiently in terms of `` the work nations do best '' , rather this specialisation is guided more by commercial criteria , which favour some countries over others . The OECD recently advised ( 28 June 2005 ) that : Efficient policies to encourage employment and combat unemployment are essential if countries are to reap the full benefits of globalization and avoid a backlash against open trade ... Job losses in some sectors , along with new job opportunities in other sectors , are an inevitable accompaniment of the process of globalization ... The challenge is to ensure that the adjustment process involved in matching available workers with new job openings works as smoothly as possible . Few studies have taken place regarding the Global Division of Labour . Information can be drawn from ILO and national statistical offices . In one study , Deon Filmer estimated that 2.474 billion people participated in the global non-domestic labour force in the mid-1990s . Of these , around 15 % , or 379 million people , worked in industry , a third , or 800 million worked in services , and over 40 % , or 1,074 million , in agriculture . The majority of workers in industry and services were wage and salary earners -- 58 percent of the industrial workforce and 65 percent of the services workforce . But a big portion were self - employed or involved in family labour . Filmer suggests the total of employees worldwide in the 1990s was about 880 million , compared with around a billion working on own account on the land ( mainly peasants ) , and some 480 million working on own account in industry and services . The 2007 ILO Global Employment Trends Report indicated that services have surpassed agriculture for the first time in human history : `` In 2006 the service sector 's share of global employment overtook agriculture for the first time , increasing from 39.5 per cent to 40 per cent . Agriculture decreased from 39.7 per cent to 38.7 per cent . The industry sector accounted for 21.3 per cent of total employment . '' Modern debates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the modern world , those specialists most preoccupied in their work with theorizing about the division of labour are those involved in management and organization . In view of the global extremities of the division of labour , the question is often raised about what division of labour would be most ideal , beautiful , efficient and just . Two styles of management that are seen in modern organizations are control and commitment , control being the division of labour style of the past and commitment being the style of the future . Control management is based on the principles of job specialization and the division of labour . This is the assembly line style of job specialization where employees are given a very narrow set of tasks or one specific task . Commitment division of labour is oriented on including the employee and building a level of internal commitment towards accomplishing tasks . Tasks include more responsibility and are coordinated based on expertise rather than formal position . Job specialization is advantageous in developing employee expertise in a field and boosting organizational production . However , disadvantages of job specialization included limited employee skill , a dependence on entire department fluency , and employee discontent with repetitious tasks . It is widely accepted that the division of labour is to a great extent inevitable , simply because no one can do all tasks at once . Labour hierarchy is a very common feature of the modern workplace structure , but of course the way these hierarchies are structured can be influenced by a variety of different factors . Size , cost , and the development of new technology are factors that have influenced job specialization structures in the modern workplace . The cost of job specialization is what limits small organizations from dividing their labour responsibilities , but as organizations increase in size there is a correlation in the rise of division of labour . Technological developments have led to a decrease in the amount of job specialization in organizations as new technology makes it easier for fewer employees to accomplish a variety of tasks and still enhance production . New technology has also been supportive in the flow of information between departments helping to reduce the feeling of department isolation . It is often agreed that the most equitable principle in allocating people within hierarchies is that of true ( or proven ) competency or ability . This important concept of meritocracy could be read as an explanation or as a justification of why a division of labour is the way it is . In general , in capitalist economies , such things are not decided consciously . Different people try different things , and that which is most effective cost-wise ( produces the most and best output with the least input ) will generally be adopted . Often techniques that work in one place or time do not work as well in another . This does not present a problem , as the only requirement of a capitalist system is that you turn a profit . Limitations ( edit ) Adam Smith famously said in The Wealth of Nations that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market . This is because it is by exchange that each person can be specialised in their work and yet still have access to a wide range of goods and services . Hence , reductions in barriers to exchange lead to increases in the division of labour and so help to drive economic growth . Limitations to the division of labour have also been related to coordination and transportation costs . There can be motivational advantages to a reduced division of labour ( which has been termed ' job enlargement ' and ' job enrichment ' ) . Jobs that are too specialised in a narrow range of tasks are said to result in demotivation due to boredom and alienation . Hence , a Taylorist approach to work design contributed to worsened industrial relations . There are also limitations to the division of labour ( and the division of work ) that result from work - flow variations and uncertainties . These help to explain issues in modern work organization , such as task consolidations in business process reengineering and the use of multi-skilled work teams . For instance , one stage of a production process may temporarily work at a slower pace , forcing other stages to slow down . One answer to this is to make some portion of resources mobile between stages , so that those resources must be capable of undertaking a wider range of tasks . Another is to consolidate tasks so that they are undertaken one after another by the same workers and other resources . Stocks between stages can also help to reduce the problem to some extent but are costly and can hamper quality control . Note also that modern flexible manufacturing systems require both flexible machines and flexible workers . In project - based work , the coordination of resources is a difficult issue for the project manager as project schedules and resulting resource bookings are based on estimates of task durations and so are subject to subsequent revisions . Again , consolidating tasks so that they are undertaken consecutively by the same resources and having resources available that can be called on at short - notice from other tasks can help to reduce such problems , though at the cost of reduced specialisation . There are also advantages in a reduced division of labour where knowledge would otherwise have to be transferred between stages . For example , having a single person deal with a customer query means that only that one person has to be familiarised with the customer 's details . It is also likely to result in the query being handled faster due to the elimination of delays in passing the query between different people . Gendered division of labour ( edit ) Main articles : Gender role and Women 's work The clearest exposition of the principles of sexual division of labour across the full range of human societies can be summarized by a large number of logically complementary implicational constraints of the following form : if women of childbearing ages in a given community tend to do X ( e.g. , preparing soil for planting ) they will also do Y ( e.g. , the planting ) while for men the logical reversal in this example would be that if men plant they will prepare the soil . `` Entailment Theory and Method : A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Sexual Division of Labor '' by White , Brudner and Burton ( 1977 , public domain ) , using statistical entailment analysis , shows that tasks more frequently chosen by women in these order relations are those more convenient in relation to childrearing . This type of finding has been replicated in a variety of studies , including modern industrial economies . These entailments do not restrict how much work for any given task could be done by men ( e.g. , in cooking ) or by women ( e.g. , in clearing forests ) but are only least - effort or role - consistent tendencies . To the extent that women clear forests for agriculture , for example , they tend to do the entire agricultural sequence of tasks on those clearings . In theory , these types of constraints could be removed by provisions of child care , but ethnographic examples are lacking . See also ( edit ) Complex society Economic sector Family economy Fordism New international division of labour Productive and unproductive labour Price system Surplus product Time use survey Urbanization References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan ( 1993 ) . Exploring the Black Box : Technology , economics and history . Cambridge University Press . pp. 25 , 27 -- 32 , 37 -- 8 . ISBN 0 521 459559 . Jump up ^ Silvermintz , Daniel ( 2010 ) . `` Plato 's Supposed Defense of the Division of Labor : A Reexamination of the Role of Job Specialization in the Republic '' . History of Political Economy. 42 ( 4 ) : 747 -- 72 . doi : 10.1215 / 00182702 - 2010 - 036 . Jump up ^ Book VIII , ch , ii , 4 ( ) - 6 , cited in The Ancient Economy by M.I. Finley . Penguin books 1992 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Abdullahi , Ali Arazeem ; Salawu , Bashir ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Ibn Khaldun : A Forgotten Sociologist ? '' . South African Review of Sociology. 43 ( 3 ) : 24 -- 40 . doi : 10.1080 / 21528586.2012. 727543 . Jump up ^ R. Réaumur and A. de Ferchault . Art de l'Épinglier avec des additions de M. Duhamel du Monceau et des remarques extraites des mémoires de M. Perronet , inspecteur général des Ponts et Chaussées . Paris , Saillant et Nyon , 1761 . Jump up ^ Scan of the text of `` l'Art de l'Épinglier '' , with the expression `` division de ce travail '' . Jump up ^ `` The man whose whole life is spent in performing a few simple operations , of which the effects are perhaps always the same , or very nearly the same , has no occasion to exert his understanding or to exercise his invention in finding out expedients for removing difficulties which never occur . He naturally loses , therefore , the habit of such exertion , and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become . The torpor of his mind renders him not only incapable of relishing or bearing a part in any rational conversation , but of conceiving any generous , noble , or tender sentiment , and consequently of forming any just judgement concerning many even of the ordinary duties of private life ... But in every improved and civilized society this is the state into which the labouring poor , that is , the great body of the people , must necessarily fall , unless government takes some pains to prevent it . '' , An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ( 1776 ) , Adam Smith Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray . `` The Celebrated Adam Smith '' . An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought . Mises Institute . Archived from the original on 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tocqueville , Alexis de ( 1841 ) . Democracy in America : Volume I. New York , NY : J. & H. G. Langley . p. 460 . Jump up ^ Hill , Lisa ( 2004 ) . `` Adam Smith , Adam Ferguson and the Division of Labor '' ( PDF ) . University of Adelaide . Retrieved 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Nathan . `` Babbage : pioneer economist by Nathan Rosenberg '' . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Project Gutenberg '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts , 1844 , First Manuscript , in T.B. Bottomore , Karl Marx Early Writings , C.A. Watts and Co. Ltd. , London , 1963 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Wage Labor & Capital Jump up ^ Marx , K. ( 1977 ) . Capital : A Critique of Political Economy , Volume 1 . New York : Vintage Books , pp. 781 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Ali Rattansi : Marx and the Division of Labor ( Macmillan , 1982 ) Jump up ^ Durkheim , Emile ( 1959 ) . `` seminal work , De La Division Du Travail Social ( The Division of Labor in Society ) , '' dedicated himself to the establishment of sociology as a legitimate and respected science and as an instrument of rational social action . '' Alpert , Harry . `` Emile Durkheim : A Perspective and Appreciation '' . American Sociological Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 462 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam . The Wealth of Nations . Baltimore : Penguin Books , 1970 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Robert . Emile Durkheim : An Introduction to Four Major Works . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage Publications , Inc. , 1986 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Durkheim , Emile . The Division of Labor in Society . New York : The Free Press , 1997 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Margaret L. and Taylor , Howard F. Sociology : Understanding a Diverse Society . Belmont , CA : Thomson Wadsworth , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ Moody , James . Sociology 138 : Theory and Society . Department of Sociology , Duke University , n.d. Web . 16 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Merton , Robert K ( 1994 ) . `` Durkheim 's Division of Labor in Society '' . Sociological Forum. 9 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Harry ( 1959 ) . `` Emile Durkheim : A Perspective and Appreciation '' . American Sociological Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 462 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Editor / Trans. First Pub . Date Sep. 1945 Publisher / Edition American Economic Review . XXXV , No. 4 . pp. 519 -- 30 . American Economic Association Author Hayek , Friedrich A . Jump up ^ `` ILO releases Global Employment Trends 2007 '' . BANGKOK : ILO News . 25 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McAlister - Kizzier , Donna . `` Division of Labor . '' Encyclopedia of Business and Finance , 2nd ed ... 2007 . Encyclopedia.com. 1 Dec. 2014 http://www.encyclopedia.com Jump up ^ Houthakker , H.S. ( 1956 ) . `` ECONOMICS AND BIOLOGY : SPECIALIZATION AND SPECIATION '' . Kyklos. 9 : 181 -- 189 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6435.1956. tb02717. x . Jump up ^ Parker , Sharon K. ; Wall , Toby D. ; Cordery , John L. ( 2001 ) . `` Future work design research and practice : Towards an elaborated model of work design '' . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology . 74 : 413 -- 440 . doi : 10.1348 / 096317901167460 . Jump up ^ Wadeson , Nigel ( 2013 ) . `` The Division of Labour under Uncertainty '' . Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE. 169 : 253 -- 274 . doi : 10.1628 / 093245613X13620416111326 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Barrera , Catherine Grace ( 2014 ) . Skill , Job Design , and the Labor Market under Uncertainty . Doctoral dissertation , Harvard University Jump up ^ Rummel , Jeffrey L. ; Walter , Zhiping ; Dewan , Rajiv ; Seidmann , Abraham ( 2005 ) . `` Activity consolidation to improve responsiveness '' . European Journal of Operational Research . 161 : 683 -- 703 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejor. 2003.07. 015 . Jump up ^ eclectic.ss.uci.edu Further reading ( edit ) Gary S. Becker ( 1991 ) . A Treatise on the Family , Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 90698 - 5 , ch. 2 , `` Division of Labor in Households and Families '' Supplement `` Human Capital , Effort , and the Sexual Division of Labor , '' Journal of Labor Economics , 3 ( 1 ) Part 2 1985 ) , pp. S33 -- S58 . Harry Braverman , Labor and Monopoly Capital : The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century Stephanie Coontz & Peta Henderson , Women 's Work , Men 's Property : The Origins of Gender and Class . Cowen , Tyler ( 2008 ) . `` Division of labor '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 125 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n79 . Emile Durkheim , The Division of Labour in Society . Ralph Waldo Emerson , `` The American Scholar . '' Deon Filmer , Estimating the World at Work , a background report . Richard Florida , The rise of the creative class . Richard Florida , The flight of the creative class . F. Froebel , F. , J. Heinrichs and O. Krey , The New International Division of Labour . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Herbert Gintis , Samuel Bowles , Robert T. Boyd and Ernst Feghr . Moral Sentiments and Material Interests : The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life . Robert E. Goodin , James Mahmud Rice , Antti Parpo and Lina Eriksson ( 2008 ) , `` Part V : Household Regimes Matter , '' Discretionary Time : A New Measure of Freedom , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , pp. 197 -- 257 . André Gorz , The Division of Labour : The Labour Process and Class Struggle in Modern Capitalism . Groenewegen , Peter ( 1987 ) . `` division of labour '' . The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics . 1 : 901 -- 07 . James Heartfield , `` The Economy of Time '' Bertell Ollman , Sexual and social revolution . Ali Rattansi , Marx and the Division of Labour . George Reisman , Capitalism : A Treatise on Economics . Robert M. Solow and Jean - Philippe Touffut ( eds ) ( 2010 ) , The Shape of the Division of Labour : Nations , Industries and Households , Cheltenham , UK , and Northampton , MA , USA : Edward Elgar . Contributors : Bina Agarwal , Martin Baily , Jean - Louis Beffa , Richard N. Cooper , Jan Fagerberg , Elhanan Helpman , Shelly Lundberg , Valentina Meliciani and Peter Nunnenkamp . Murray Rothbard , Freedom , Inequality , Primitivism and the Division of Labor . Ludwig von Mises , Human Action : A Treatise on Economics : `` Human Society : The Division of Labor '' pp. 157 -- 58 and `` Human Society : The Ricardian Law of Association '' pp. 158 -- 60 George J. Stigler ( 1951 ) , `` The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market , '' Journal of Political Economy , 59 ( 3 ) , pp. 185 -- 93 World Bank , World Development Report 1995 . Washington DC . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Division of labour Summary of Smith 's example of pin - making Conference : `` The New International Division of Labour '' . Speakers : Bina Agarwal , Martin Baily , Jean - Louis Beffa , Richard N. Cooper , Jan Fagerberg , Elhanan Helpman , Shelly Lundberg , Valentina Meliciani , Peter Nunnenkamp . Recorded in 2009 . 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who distributes the power between union and state government in federation | Federalism in India | federalism in india | The Constitution of India gives a federal structure to the Republic of India , declaring it to be a `` Union of States '' . Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative , administrative and executive powers between the Union or Federal or Central government , and the States of India . The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List , a State List and a Concurrent List , representing , respectively , the powers conferred upon the Union government , those conferred upon the State governments and the shared powers . | The federalism is asymmetric in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are not all the same . The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a higher degree of autonomy than other States under the Article 370 . The Union Territories are unitary type directly governed by the Union government though Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution stipulates a two tier - governance with an additional local elected government by the local citizens throughout the country . However , Delhi and Puducherry have been accorded their own legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A respectively . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The fundamental rights of the citizens can be applicable differently to each state per Article 31 ( B ) when the required changes are added to the schedule IX of the constitution by constitutional amendments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative powers 1.1 Union List 1.2 State List 1.3 Concurrent List 1.4 Residuary Subjects 2 Executive powers 3 Financial powers 4 Disputes with Union / other states 5 Territories of India 6 Jammu and Kashmir state 7 Criticism and issues 8 Comparison of federalism in Government of India Act 1935 and Constitution of India 1950 9 Comparison with USA and EU 10 See also 11 References Legislative powers ( edit ) The power of the states and the Centre are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists : Union List ( edit ) Main article : Union List Union List consists of 100 items ( previously 97 items ) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate including : defence , armed forces , arms and ammunition , atomic energy , foreign affairs , war and peace , citizenship , extradition , railways , shipping and navigation , airways , posts and telegraphs , telephones , wireless and broadcasting , currency , foreign trade , inter-state trade and commerce , banking , insurance , control of industries , regulation and development of mines , mineral and oil resources , elections , audit of Government accounts , constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court , High Courts and union public service commission , income tax , custom duties and export duties , duties of excise , corporation tax , taxes on capital value of assets , estate duty , terminal taxes . State List ( edit ) Main article : State List State List consists of 61 items ( previously 66 items ) . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : maintaining law and order , police forces , healthcare , transport , land policies , electricity in the state , village administration , etc . The state legislature has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects . But in certain circumstances , the parliament can also make laws on subjects mentioned in the State List , then the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) has to pass a resolution with a two - thirds majority that it is expedient to legislate on this state list in the national interest . Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards to items on the State List , articles 249 , 250 , 252 , and 253 state situations in which the Union government can legislate on these items . Concurrent List ( edit ) Main article : Concurrent List Concurrent List consists of 52 ( earlier 47 ) items . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : Marriage and divorce , transfer of property other than agricultural land , education , contracts , bankruptcy and insolvency , trustees and trusts , civil procedure , contempt of court , adulteration of foodstuffs , drugs and poisons , economic and social planning , trade unions , labour welfare , electricity , newspapers , books and printing press , stamp duties . Residuary subjects ( edit ) The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects . However , there are many provisions made in the constitution outside these lists permitting parliament or state legislative assembly to legislate . Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per Article 245 , the power to legislate on residuary subjects ( not mentioned anywhere in the constitution ) , rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248 . Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the procedure per Article 368 as constitutional amendments . In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended , the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its constituent power per Article 368 with ratification by the majority of the states . Federalism is part of the basic structure of the Indian constitution which can not be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court . Executive powers ( edit ) The Union and states have independent executive staffs fully controlled by their respective governments and executive power of the states and the Centre are extended on issues they are empowered to legislate . As in legislative matters , in administrative matters also , the Central government can not overrule the constitutional rights / powers of a state government except when president rule is promulgated in a state . It is the duty of the Union to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution as per Article 355 . Article 256 of the Constitution has made it clear that the State governments can not go against the Central laws in administrative matters . When a State has failed to work according to the Constitution , President 's rule is imposed under Article 356 and President takes over its ( the State 's ) administration with post facto consent of the Parliament per Article 357 . Financial powers ( edit ) Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available to the states for public purpose . Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the Union government . However , the Union government can insist for compliance of its loan terms when a state has outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India . President constitutes a Finance Commission after every five years to recommend the modality for devolving Union government revenues between central and state governments . Under Article 360 of the constitution , President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened . However , until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the finance commission or by the Central government . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months by a simple majority . It has never been declared . A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President . The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials , including judges of the supreme court and high courts , in cases of a financial emergency . All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval . He can direct the state to observe certain principles ( economy measures ) relating to financial matters . Disputes with Union / other states ( edit ) States can make agreements between themselves without violating applicable laws in respective states . When a dispute arises with another state or group of states or Union Territory or central government , Supreme Court shall adjudicate in such disputes per Article 141 of the constitution . However , article 262 excludes Supreme Court jurisdiction with respect to adjudication of any dispute in the use , distribution or control of the interstate river waters per Article 262 . Under Article 263 , President can also establish an interstate council for serving the public interest to coordinate / resolve the disputes between states and the Union and for better implementation of policies . Territories of India ( edit ) Article 1 ( 1 ) of the Indian constitution says that India ( Bharat ) shall be Union of States which are elaborated under Parts V ( The Union ) and VI ( The States ) of the constitution . Article 1 ( 3 ) says territories of India constitute territories of states , union territories and other acquired territories . The concept of union territory was not there from the beginning of the constitution and it was incorporated by the Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 . In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India , it is applicable to the whole country including union territories . Where it refers to only India , it is applicable to all states only but not to union territories . Thus , union public service commission role is not applicable to the union territories as it refers to India only in the Part XIV . Jammu and Kashmir state ( edit ) The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a separate set of applicable laws under Article 370 read with Appendix I & II ( The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 ) of the Indian constitution . Only matters related to defence , foreign relations and communications of Jammu and Kashmir are under the jurisdiction of Union government . The laws enacted by the parliament ( including amendments to the Indian constitution ) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K state unless ratified by its state assembly . The Government of India can declare a state of emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose governor 's rule in certain conditions . The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution . Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two - thirds majority by the state assembly . Part VI ( The states ) and Part XIV ( Services ) of the Indian constitution is not applicable to J&K state per Article 152 and Article 308 . Criticism and issues ( edit ) The Government of India Act 1935 aimed to establish India as a Federation of States . It emphasized division of powers , independent and apolitical Governors and Governors - General and introduced provincial autonomy for the first time in India . On 26 January 1950 , India adopted a new constitution . The unitary bias of the constitution Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution says India shall be a union of states and its citizens shall have at least two tier governance . So the people of a UT have every right to opt for statehood in India . However , the amended ( in 1956 ) Article 3 , allows the union government power with prior consent of the President ( common head of states and union governments ) to ( a ) form a new state / UT by separating a territory of any state , or by uniting two or more states / UTs or parts of states / UTs , or by uniting any territory to a part of any state / UT . ( b ) the power to establish new states / UT ( which were not previously under India 's territory ) which were not in existence before . Appointment and role of governors The appointment of Governor of States in India is vested with the President but only on the advice of the Union Government . The governors of states are generally not residents of the state . In the case of a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state , Article 356 brings about state emergency which dissolves the state government and results in President 's rule during which the Union Government can make laws for a state . There is no emergency at the centre which can dissolve the Union government unlike Government of India Act 1935 . Misuse of Article 356 was rampant in the decades following the adoption of the new constitution especially during the prime ministry of Indira Gandhi . In 1991 , Supreme court passed a landmark judgement which acknowledged misuse of the article and laid down principles for the Union government to follow before the state emergency can be invoked . The Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories of India are designed as administrators and are once again appointed by the President on the advice of the Union government . These Lieutenant Governors can override policies made by the local government . Economic federalism States are at liberty to manage their finances as long it is not leading to financial emergency per Article 360 . Instead , the Government of India is trying to impose uniform taxation laws throughout India and trying to take over of tax collection mechanism of states without regards for the positive and negative inherent aspects of each state which are to be addressed by each state from time to time . Recently Supreme court upheld the constitutional right of states to impose Entry Tax which is against the principle of GST . Control of industries , which was a subject in the concurrent list in the 1935 act , was transferred to the Union List . The Union government in 1952 introduced the repulsive Freight equalisation policy which resulted in the resource drain and backwardness of a number of Indian states . The sufferers of this policy were the states of West Bengal , Bihar ( including present - day Jharkhand ) , Madhya Pradesh ( including present - day Chhattisgarh ) and Orissa . These states lost their competitive advantage of holding the minerals , as the factories could now be set up anywhere in India . This was not the case in the pre-independence era when the major business houses like the Tatas and the Dalmias set up industries in these states , and most of the engineering industry was located in the state of West Bengal . Even after the removal of the policy in the early 1990s , these states could not catch up with the more industrialised states . In 1996 , the Commerce & Industry Minister of West Bengal complained that `` the removal of the freight equalisation and licensing policies can not compensate for the ill that has already been done '' . GoI laws permit a private / public limited company to raise loans internally and externally to its capacity based on its performance / repayment reputation . Whereas states are unconstitutionally limited by the GoI to limit the borrowings when they have not defaulted / led to a financial emergency . The employees ' salary and pension expenditure of many state governments are exceeding their total revenue , but no financial emergency by the President is imposed to restrict the expenditure for enhancing the productivity of the government employees . Article 47 of Directive Principles of the state policy stipulates prohibition of intoxicating drinks which are injurious to health but it is not imposed even after the constitution is adopted 65 years ago . In contrary , many states promote liquor sales exponentially and collect a major chunk of their tax revenues from liquor sales for meeting expenditure on developmental works . The political economy issues GoI is devolving central funds to the states under specifically identified schemes ( like NREGA , etc . ) whose implementation by the states is subject to the satisfaction of the GoI which is highly controversial and against Article 282 . The controversy arises from the fact that the grants for centrally sponsored schemes and central plan schemes are under complete control and discretion of the ruling party . The ruling party does not use it to help the states in need or where poor people are concentrated , but to pursue its own partisan and political goals . This distributive tendency of the ruling party is known as pork - barrel politics . The nomenclature of schemes is specifically designed to convey that the central government is the source of these progressive policies . This is done to prevent leakage of benefit to state governments . Comparison of federalism in government of India Act 1935 and constitution of India 1950 ( edit ) Government of India Act 1935 Constitution of India Defines India as a Federation of States Defines India as a Union of States Princely states could choose to join or stay out of the federation via the Instrument of Accession States have no right to leave the Union . The Instrument of Accession only applies for the state of Jammu & Kashmir via Article 370 . Princely states could have their own constitution Only Jammu & Kashmir has its own constitution . Many states had the right to mint supplementary coins , use state flags , follow own civil and criminal codes and maintain state paramilitary forces With the exception of Jammu & Kashmir , no state can follow a separate criminal code . Only Goa has a different civil code . Paramilitary forces are controlled by Union government only . No state can mint currency . The Emperor of India and Governor - General of India are apolitical heads of state The President of India is an indirectly elected head of state . Governors of provinces are appointed by the Governor - General and apolitical Governors are appointed by President on the advice of the Union government . Governors of provinces need not be residents of the state Governors of states need not be residents of the state . Right to create , modify or dissolve provinces is solely vested in the hands of the Governor - General of India Right to create , modify or dissolve states is solely vested in the hands of the Parliament of India . Powers are divided into Federal , Concurrent and Provincial lists Powers are divided into Union , Concurrent and State lists Residuary powers are vested with the Governor - General of India Residuary powers are vested with the Parliament of India . A provincial emergency is declared by the Governor - General and the Governor alone can make laws for the province during this period . Provincial assembly remains dissolved . State emergency is declared by the President on the advice of the Union government and the Parliament alone has the power to make laws for the state during the period . State assembly remains dissolved . A central emergency is declared by the Governor - General and he alone can make laws for the federation during this period . Central legislative assembly remains dissolved . There is no concept of central or Union emergency . Parliament should always be functional . Judicial matters like clemency petitions shall be decided by the Governor - General on the advice of judicial councils Judicial matters shall be decided by the President on the advice of the Union government . Railways and Industries are subject matters in concurrent list Railways and Industries are subject matters in Union List . Freedom of movement throughout the British Empire and right to own property and settle only in respective provinces Freedom of movement throughout India and right to own property and settle anywhere in India except Jammu & Kashmir . Amendment in the Act is not possible unless made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom Amendment of many articles in the constitution can be made by two - thirds of majority in the Parliament . Some articles would need the assent of half of the state legislatures as well . Comparison with usa and eu ( edit ) Indian federalism comparison with United States ( USA ) and European Union ( EU ) USA EU India A state can not come out of the Union It is a loosely held federation of sovereign countries with monetary union only . A state can leave the union at any time Territorial integrity is not part of the basic structure of the constitution . Territory is ceded to Bangladesh under the 9 and 100 constitutional amendment acts . Merging or splitting of a state not allowed except with the consent of the states affected and the Congress Merging or splitting of a country possible with the citizens consent of respective countries Constitution provides provision for merging with another state or splitting of a state into few states and such powers are vested with the Central Government alone under Article 3 . Head of the Union is directly elected by its citizens through popular electoral college . It is a presidential democracy No head of the Union created . Head of state ( President of India ) is indirectly elected whereas head of the Union government ( Prime minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the House of the People who is not directly elected by the people throughout the country and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Lok Sabha constituency as a member of House of the People or can be indirectly elected as the member of Council of States . Heads of the States are directly elected by their citizens . Heads of constituent units are directly or indirectly elected Head of state ( governor ) is appointed by the Union Government whereas head of the state government ( chief minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the Vidhan Sabha who is not directly elected by the people throughout the state and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Vidhan Sabha constituency as a member of State Legislature . Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states The main purpose of the Union is for the free movement of labour and goods across the states Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states per Articles 301 and 303 . Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 protects the interests of migrant workmen . A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of union government A single currency , individual foreign policy and individual armed forces A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of Union government . Every state has constitutional rights to impose taxes and raise debt . EU body has no power to raise taxes and works as a common central bank of all countries except for the United Kingdom Every state has constitutional rights to impose certain taxes and raise debt . Part of Union government revenue is devolved to the states for public purposes . Predominantly , people speak one language and follow one religion under a secular constitution Multilingual people with predominantly following one religion under secular constitutions Multilingual and multiracial people following multi religions under a secular constitution . Highly developed democratic country Highly developed democratic countries Developing and largest democratic country with one sixth of the world population . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . Th effectiveness of executive and lawmakers hampered by inefficient functioning and corruption . Uneasy relationship of the executive with judiciary with attempts to bring latter under its control . Instances of attempts by Central Government to try to topple opposition - ruled states by unconstitutional means . High standard and prompt justice delivery set up . High standard and prompt justice delivery set up . Subsstandard and delayed justice delivery set up in a constitutional democracy . Judges of Supreme Court or High Courts do not give any reasons for not taking up a case for proceedings and many important cases which needs constitutional interpretation keep on pending for many years under the pressure of executive . Highest Judiciary does not take any responsibility morally and sometimes issue name sake written apologies in their judgements . See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Governors of states of India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Hardgrave and Stanley A. Koachanek ( 2008 ) . India : Government and politics in a developing nation ( Seventh ed . ) . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Babulal Fadia ( 1984 ) . State politics in India Volume I. Radiant publishers , New Delhi . pp. 92 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Pages 311 & 312 of A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme Court Judgement : Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May , 2010 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article 293 and its application '' ( PDF ) . Fincomindia.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 '' . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central acts applicable to J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklaw.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklegislativeassembly.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Prabhat ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Has Article 356 been the Centre 's AK - 56 ? '' . Livemint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Check on the Use and Abuse of President 's Rule in India '' . Thequint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegde , Sanjay . `` The Judiciary Can Stop the Misuse of Article 356 , If It Chooses to Act - The Wire '' . Thewire.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article 356 : Its Use and Misuse '' . Jagranjosh.com. 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court refuses to stay order declaring L-G Jung Delhi 's boss '' . Hindustantimes.com. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat opposes GST regime '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` There is merit in Jayalalithaa 's arguments against GST bill says Subramanian Swamy '' . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rules states have right to levy entry tax on goods coming in '' . Dnaindia.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Aseema Sinha ( 2005 ) . The Regional Roots Of Developmental Politics In India : A Divided Leviathan . Indiana University Press . pp. 114 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34404 - 5 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` A Situational Theory of Pork - Barrel Politics : The Shifting Logic of Discretionary Allocations in India '' . GIGA Hamburg . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` A situational theory of pork - barrel politics '' . India Review . 16 : 14 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Who Gets the Most and Why ? New Lessons in Pork Barrel Politics from India '' . BW Business World . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Government Of India ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` The Government Of India Act 1935 '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prez assents : Constitution ( One Hundredth Amendment ) Act , 2015 '' . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution ( ninth amendment ) act , 1960 '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Trade , Commerce and Intercourse in India '' . Desikanoon.co.in . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India ranks 76 in Corruption Perception Index '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC declares NJAC unconstitutional , upholds Collegium '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shailesh Gandhi , Ex Central Information Commissioner . `` Do n't need 70,000 judges . Just fill vacancies to cut backlog '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index , 2016 '' . Data.worldjusticeproject.org . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Government biggest litigant need to lessen load on judiciary , PM Modi '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court judgement on `` The Punjab termination of agreement Act , 2004 ( last page ) '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourtofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts State governments of India State governments Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_India&oldid=837050638 '' Categories : Federalism by country Federalism in India Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from March 2018 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from March 2018 All articles needing copy edit Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 12 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism%20in%20India | 444 |
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the first element of a marketing strategy is to identify a target market | Target market | target market | A target market is a group of customers within a business 's serviceable available market that the business has decided to aim its marketing efforts towards . Target markets consist of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics ( such as age , location , income , and lifestyle ) and are considered most likely to buy a business 's product or service . | Primary target markets are those market segments to which marketing efforts are primarily directed , while secondary markets are smaller or less vital to a product 's success . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Demographic 1.2 Geographic 1.3 Psychographic 1.4 Behavioural 2 Marketing mix ( 4 Ps ) 2.1 Product 2.2 Price 2.3 Place 2.4 Promotion 3 Strategies for reaching target markets 3.1 Mass marketing ( undifferentiated marketing ) 3.2 Differentiated marketing strategy 3.3 Concentrated marketing or niche marketing 3.4 Direct marketing 4 Psychology 5 Online targeting 6 See also 7 References Overview ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Too much jargon and unnecessary information Please help improve this section if you can . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It is important for a business to identify and select a target market so it can direct its marketing efforts to that group of customers and better satisfy their needs and wants . This enables the business to use its marketing resources more efficiently , resulting in more cost and time efficient marketing efforts . It allows for better understanding of customers and therefore enables the creation of promotional materials that are more relevant to customer needs . Also , targeting makes it possible to collect more precise data about customer needs and behaviors and then analyze that information over time in order to refine market strategies effectively . Target markets or also known as target consumers are certain clusters of consumers with similar or the same needs that most businesses target their marketing efforts in order to sell their products and services . Market segmentation including the following : Geographic -- Addresses , Location , Climate , Region . Demographic / socioeconomic segmentation -- Gender , age , wage , career , education . Psychographic -- Attitudes , values , religion , and lifestyles . Behavioral segmentation -- ( occasions , degree of loyalty ) Product - related segmentation -- ( relationship to a product ) Market segmentation divides the market into four main sub categories -- demographic , geographic , psychographic and behavioural segmentation . Identifying consumer demand and opportunity along these subdivisions enables businesses to align and calibrate their marketing strategy to address variable market factors . Analyzing market and consumer segments provides structure and control when measuring performance as consumer demand and behavior changes . Feedback within these segments allows businesses and marketers to align , respond and adapt their approach to changing market factors within a shared definition of variables. ( Wedel & Kamakura , 2012 ) . Demographic segmentation refers to aspects of a market such as age , gender , race , occupation and education . Creating a message aimed at a particular demographic allows the sender to reach a wide range of receivers , while still staying within the confines of a specific segment . `` Demographic segmentation almost always plays some role in a segmentation strategy '' ( Thomas , 1980 ) , and is often paired with other segments to create a slightly more specific segment . A luxury good or service may be marketed to high income earners if the marketer believes that it would be relevant across a large enough portion of the segment to make it profitable for the sender , or create the awareness intended . Certain brands only target working professionals whereas others might only target people who are at high school . Geographic segmentation divides the market by location . This could be divided into countries , cities , towns and neighborhoods etc . Different geographic locations usually have different aspects to their environment , which allows marketers to appeal to the specific needs of each location . For example , marketers could target tractors specifically towards rural areas where there are likely to be a number of farmers who operate tractors . In contrast , it would not make sense to market those same tractors in an urban area where people are not likely to find them as useful ( Thomas , 1980 ) . Psychographic segmentation relates to dividing a market based on how they live their everyday lives . This could encompass their values , as well as their personality , attitudes and general interests ( A.S. Boote , 1984 ) . According to Boote ( 1984 ) , a popular psychographic segment in marketing is personal values . In the example used , a segment categorised by how much money a consumer is willing to spend on a product could be defined by certain inclinations when shopping . One being -- `` spending no more money than is necessary ... even if it means not buying the best . '' Another orientation being -- `` shopping around to get the best price once I have decided on the kind of product I want to buy . '' By learning about these orientations , the marketer is able to gauge different attitudes of the consumers potentially being targeted . Behavioural segmentation subdivides the market depending on how consumers behave towards a product . Consumers behave differently depending on occasions and the frequency of usage of a product . For example , a spouse may not usually spend money on flowers for their significant other , but might on Valentine 's Day , as it is a special occasion . `` Many Marketers believe that behaviour variables are the best starting points for building market segments '' ( Tatum , 2007 ) . One key to identifying the best target market is assessing brand loyalty involving attitudes and behaviors toward the brand . Buyer groups can be divided into the following : those loyal to the brand , those who buy your brand but also buy from competing brands , those who buy more than one competing brand , those who are regularly loyal to another brand , and new users who are entering for the first time or re-entering . Loyalty , which concerns consumer attitudes in terms of interest in competitive alternatives , overall satisfaction , involvement , and intensity , has become increasingly important in competitive markets . Demographic ( edit ) Demographic segmentation is the process of dividing the total market according to particular characteristics such as age , gender , family size , family life cycle , income , occupation , education , religion , race , and nationality . Age and gender are two of the most commonly used demographic variables used to segment markets . Demographics are useful and widely used but should be coupled with other segmentation variables to effectively define a target market . Gender : Due to physiological differences , males and females have very different product demands and preferences , for example , in clothing , hair care , and other lifestyle items . Age : Consumers of different ages have different demand characteristics . Young people , for example , might demand bright , fashionable clothing , while the elderly prefer dignified and simple but elegant dress . Income : Lower income and higher income consumers will be quite different in product selection , leisure time arrangement , social communication and communication and so on . Occupation and education : Consumers with different occupations education levels desire different products . For example , farmers prefer to buy load - carrying bicycles while students and teachers love light , beautiful style bikes . Family life cycle : Families can be divided into five stages based on age , marital status , and children . These are newly married , full nest , empty nest and lonely . In different stages , family purchasing power and interest in particular goods and services vary greatly . Geographic ( edit ) Geographic segmentation is the process of dividing the total market according to geographic location , for instance region ( urban , suburban , rural , city size ) , climate and land type . Businesses may do this because different regions may present different needs and provide different commercial opportunities . For instance , an ice cream shop would be more likely to start up in a hot location than a cold climate . Identifying regional preferences and attitudes can help campaigns to be better targeted for particular geographic areas . Psychographic ( edit ) Psychographic segmentation is based on personality characteristics , mainly includes the consumer 's personality , the life style , the social class , the motive , the value orientation . Businesses can do this by researching consumer 's preferences , likes and dislikes , habits , interests , hobbies , values and socioeconomic group . These variables are concerned with why people behave the way they do and are often used effectively in conjunction with other segmentation variables . Psychographics also relates to attitudes toward certain activities like fitness , willingness to take risks , concern for the environment , political opinions , concern with fashion , and innovativeness . Values and culture are strongly linked to how people think and behave and are important aspects of segmentation variables , especially in global campaigns . Personality traits such as self - esteem , intelligence , and introversion / extroversion also affect the processing and persuasiveness of communication . Lifestyle : Lifestyle is a particular habit of individuals or groups in the consumption , work and entertainment . Different lifestyles tend to produce different consumer demand and purchase behavior , even on the same kind of goods , there will be different needs in the quality , appearance , style , and specifications . Today , many consumers does not only buy goods to meet the material needs , it is more important to show the performance of their lifestyle , to meet the psychological needs , such as identity , status , and the pursuit of fashion . Social class : Due to the different social class have a different social environment , different backgrounds , and different characteristics of different consumer preferences , demand for goods or services are quite different . Philip Kotler divided American society into six classes . Upper uppers : Inheritance property , family background has famous celebrities . Lower uppers : The extraordinary vitality in the occupation or business and get higher income or wealth . Upper middles : They are extremely concerned about their careers , they are doing special occupations , independent entrepreneurs and managers . Lower middles : Middle - income white - collar and blue collar workers . Upper lowers : Low wages , life is just at the poverty line , the pursuit of wealth but no skills . Lower lowers : The poor , often rely on long - term unemployment , or public charity relief to the people . People in different social classes , the demand for cars , clothing , furniture , entertainment , reading , there is a big difference . Personality : Personality refers to the individual 's unique psychological characteristics , this psychological characteristics of individuals and their environment to maintain a relatively consistent and lasting response . Everyone has a unique personality affecting their buying behavior . To distinguish between different personality , there is a strong correlation between the premise and specific personality with the product or brand choice , so personality can become the market segments of the psychological variables . Behavioural ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Behavioral segmentation relates to customers ' knowledge , attitude , use of product and the purchase occasion , such as special one - off or regular loyal buying . Identifying what customers want from products and the benefits they seek are important to behavioural segmentation to allow marketers to better design and select products that satisfy these needs . Many marketers believe that behavioral variables are the best starting point for market segmentation . Opportunity : It is the time consumers buy and use the product . these opportunities include marriage , divorce , purchase , moving , demolition , admission , study , retirement , travel , tourism , holidays , and so on . It will help improve brand usage and marketing targeted . Such as travel agencies can provide specialized travel services at Christmas , stationery enterprises can begin to provide more learning supplies before new semester . Benefit : Benefit segmentation is a kind of classification method based on the different interests of consumers from the brand products. Using the benefit segmentation method , what must be determined is the benefit people are seeking for , who are seeking these benefits , how important to them these benefits are , what brand can offer these benefits , what benefits have not been met . User status : According to the state of use , consumers can be classified into once users , nonusers , potential users , the primary user , occasionally users and often user type , for different type of consumers the brand should use different marketing strategies and methods . The brand who has a high market share can focus more on the potential users to change them to the actual users , such as leading brands ; some small businesses can only be used as an often user services . Brand loyalty : Consumer loyalty is the most valuable wealth of enterprises . Consumers can be divided into four types according to their brand loyalty : True Friends , Butterflies , Barnacles and Strangers . True Friends : They are the highest level of the four types and the most important part of the customer group . For example , a fan of a Swiss knife , they will keep telling their friends and neighbors the benefits of this knife , their frequency of use . These loyal customers will be free of charge to the brand , and continue to recommend to others . For any business , this is the most popular type of customer . Butterflies : Butterflies are not particularly loyal , but have spent money on your products and brought in good revenue . An example of a butterfly would be someone that supports Microsoft in general , but buys the iPhone since it happened to be the best available phone on the market . Barnacles : Here is where some companies , especially B2B companies , find a surprising amount of their customer base falls into . Barnacles are loyal customers , but they are loyal customers that rarely make a purchase , and may not bring in much of a profit . A great example would be a customer that buys one cup of coffee at your coffee shop , and then comes in every day for the next month to use your free WiFi without making a purchase . Strangers : Due to different reasons , some customers are not loyal to certain brands . Generally speaking , enterprises should avoid targeting strangers , because they will never become a sincere customer , they have little contribution to the development of enterprises . Market segmentation is a marketing strategy that categorises or segments the market based on their characteristics . These categories or segments are demographic , geographic , psychographic , psychological and behavioural ( market segmentatio n ) . Market segmentation is an effective tool for marketers and is said to be a fundamental concept in modern marketing . It realises that individuals have different motivations , desires , lifestyles and tastes . Market segmentation 's effectiveness is in ability to divide a market into segments which management can then use to effectively make further informed decisions . By targeting individuals with similar characteristics , management can create an effective marketing plan for their targeted buyers . They can market their brand and develop and advertise products that relate at deeper and personal level with their targeted customers ( market segmentationi ) . Demographic Demographic segmentation is the division of the market based on an individual 's sex , age , income and life style . Demographic segmentation is used the most frequently by businesses in comparison to the other market segments . This is possibly because of the ability to easily collect this kind of information . The national census of a country collects this kind of information . Demographic segmentation has been challenged with scholars stating that demographic segmentations such as age and sex are poor behaviour predictors . However , other studies have showed that demographic segmentation is accurate and effective when analysed as a group rather than looking at an individual 's behaviour . Geographic Geographic segmentation is the division of the market based on an individual 's location . This can be either nationally , regionally or locally and was said to be the first kind of segmentation used practically . Geographic segmentation can be used to compare certain habits and characteristics of different locations . UK 's National Food survey showed that Scotland 's consumption of vegetables and beverages was much lower than England and Wales . Psychological Psychological segmentation is the division of the market based on an individual 's personality , attitudes and interests . This type of segmentation is based around understanding an individual 's traits , habits and reason . Segmenting the market based on personality has been met with controversy . Some scholars state that personality is too complex of a segment and shows disappointing results . Psychological studies have seen trends in certain traits displayed by individuals . Mothers who were difficult to persuade to buy products for their child displayed high - esteem personality traits . In contrast , those portraying low self - esteem were easily influenced . Studies have also shown a correlation between aggression and cigarette smokers in men . This kind of research can prove beneficial to a company segmenting their target market psychologically . Behavioural Behavioural segmentation is the division of the market based on how individuals react or respond to a product . Behavioural segmentation relates to a consumer 's brand loyalty , usage rate and usage situation , to name a few . Consumer 's purchase products primarily for their value or benefits and this is the basic element of this segmentation . Many marketers believe the best starting point for constructing market segmentation is behavioural segmentation . This is understandable as this segment deals an individual 's reaction to the product exclusively . Businesses can use an individual 's reaction to price drops , technology changes and product status to determine how to market their product or service effectively . Marketing mix ( 4 Ps ) ( edit ) The 4Ps , also widely known as the marketing mix or occasionally as the marketing program , is a framework commonly used in marketing that covers four activities that make up the responsibilities of a marketing department or the marketing function . The marketing mix or marketing program is understood to refer to the `` set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market '' . The traditional marketing mix refers to four broad levels of marketing decision , namely : product , price , promotion , and place . When implemented successfully , these activities should deliver a firm 's products or services to target consumers in a cost efficient manner . The four core marketing activities include : product , price , place and promotion . The marketing mix is the combination of all of the factors at the command of a marketing manager to satisfy the target market . The elements of the marketing mix are : Product -- the item or service that is being offered , through its features and consumer benefits and how it is positioned within the marketplace whether it be a high or low quality product . Price , is a reference to the sacrifices made by a consumer to acquire a product and may include both monetary and psychological costs such as the combination of the ticket price , payment methods and other associated acquisition costs . Place refers to the way that a product physically reaches the consumer -- where the service or item is sold ; it also includes the distribution channels in which the company uses to get products or services to market . Finally , Promotion refers to marketing communications used to convey the offer to consumers and may include ; personal selling , advertising , public and customer relations , sales promotion and any other activities to communicate with target markets . The first reference to the term , the ' marketing mix ' was claimed to be in around 1950 by Neil H. Borden . Borden first used the term , ' marketing mix ' in an address given while he was the President of the American Marketing Association in the early 1950s . For instance , he is known to have used the term ' marketing mix ' in his presidential address given to the American Marketing Association in 1953 . However , at that stage , theorists and academics were not in agreement as to what elements made up the so - called marketing mix . Instead , they relied on checklists or lengthy classifications of factors that needed to be considered to understand consumer responses . It was n't until 1960 when E. Jerome McCarthy published his now - classic work , Basic Marketing : A Managerial Approach that the discipline accepted the 4 Ps as constituting the core elements of the marketing mix . In the 1980s , the 4Ps was modified and expanded for use in the marketing of services , which were believed to possess unique characteristics which necessitated a different marketing program . The commonly accepted 7Ps of services marketing include : the original four Ps of product , price , place , promotion plus participants ( people ) , physical evidence and process . Product ( edit ) A ' Product ' is either a good or service , which is offered to the market by a company . The definition is `` something or anything that can be offered to the customers for attention , acquisition , or consumption and satisfies some want or need '' ( Riaz & Tanveer ( n.d ) ; Goi ( 2011 ) and Muala & Qurneh ( 2012 ) ) . The product is the main part of the marketing mix where the company can show the different parts of their product compared to that of another product created by another company . The differences can include quality , look , brand name or size . By creating a unique product it allows for a gap in the market to be filled or a new market to be created increasing profits for the company . Price ( edit ) Price is the most important factor in determining customer satisfaction ; the customer weighs up the price of the item or service and then work out if it will benefit them ( Virvilaite et al. , 2009 ) . The value of the item to consumers will be different for each individual and therefore the amount that the customer is willing to pay to get the item or service also changes ( Nakhleh , 2012 ) . Price is the only one of the 4Ps that is required to be set at a certain amount after the other 3 Ps have been set . This means that the price of an item can fluctuate dramatically . Out of the 4Ps price is also the most important for a business due to the fact that it is the only way that a company can make profit and therefore making sure that the price is right is the most important thing that a company can do . The 3 remaining Ps are what are called the variable costs for an organization . The company has to use money to promote , design and distribute a product and the price of the item means has to allow the company to make a profit . The price of the item or service must reflect the supply and demand so that the company is losing out on possible profits from having the price too low or losing sales due to the price being too high . Price can be very influential , a high price may be the best way to gain large short term profits it may not be suitable to keep it at this high price as time goes on . Price can also be used as a means to advertise , short stints of lower prices increase sales for a short time promoting the company . Place ( edit ) Riaz & Tanveer ( n.d ) wrote that Place refers to the availability of the product to the targeted customers . So a product or company does n't have to be close to where its customer base is but instead they just have to make their product as available as possible . This improves efficiency and therefore price can be dropped intern increasing sales and profit . For max profits a company 's distribution channels must be effective in enticing the customer . Promotion ( edit ) Promotion refers to `` the marketing communication used to make the offer known to potential customers and persuade them to investigate it further '' . May comprise elements such as : advertising , PR , direct marketing and sales promotion . Strategies for reaching target markets ( edit ) Marketers have outlined four basic strategies to satisfy target markets : undifferentiated marketing or mass marketing , differentiated marketing , concentrated marketing , and micromarketing / nichemarketing . Mass marketing ( undifferentiated marketing ) ( edit ) Undifferentiated marketing / Mass marketing is a method which is used to target as many people as possible to advertise one message that marketers want the target market to know ( Ramya & Subasakthi ) . When television first came out , undifferentiated marketing was used in almost all commercial campaigns to spread one message across to a mass of people . The types of commercials that played on the television back then would often be similar to one another that would often try to make the viewers laugh , These same commercials would play on air for multiple weeks / months to target as many viewers as possible which is one of the positive aspects of undifferentiated marketing . However , there are also negative aspects to mass marketing as not everyone thinks the same so it would be extremely difficult to get the same message across to a huge number of people ( Ramya & Subasakthi ) . Differentiated marketing strategy ( edit ) Differentiated marketing is a practice in which different messages are advertised to appeal to certain groups of people within the target market ( Ramya & Subasakthi ) . Differentiated marketing however is a method which requires a lot of money to pull off . Due to messages being changed each time to advertise different messages it is extremely expensive to do as it would cost every time to promote a different message . Differentiated marketing also requires a lot time and energy as it takes time to come up with ideas and presentation to market the many different messages , it also requires a lot of resources to use this method . But investing all the time , money and resources into differentiated marketing can be worth it if done correctly , as the different messages can successfully reach the targeted group of people and successfully motivate the targeted group of people to follow the messages that are being advertised ( Ramya & Subasakthi ) . Concentrated marketing or niche marketing ( edit ) Niche marketing is a term used in business that focuses on selling its products and services solely on a specific target market . Despite being attractive for small businesses , niche marketing is highly considered to be a difficult marketing strategy as businesses may need thorough and in - depth research to reach its specific target market in order to succeed . According to ( Caragher , 2008 ) , niche marketing is when a firm / company focuses on a particular aspect or group of consumers to deliver their product and marketing to . Niche marketing , is also primarily known as concentrated marketing , which means that firms are using all their resources and skills on one particular niche . Niche marketing has become one of the most successful marketing strategies for many firms as it identifies key resources and gives the marketer a specific category to focus on and present information to . This allows companies to have a competitive advantage over other larger firms targeting the same group ; as a result , it generates higher profit margins . Smaller firms usually implement this method , so that they are able to concentrate on one particular aspect and give full priority to that segment , which helps them compete with larger firms . Some specialities of niche marketing help the marketing team determine marketing programs and provide clear and specific establishments for marketing plans and goal setting . According to , ( Hamlin , Knight and Cuthbert , 2015 ) , niche marketing is usually when firms react to an existing situation . There are different ways for firms to identify their niche market , but the most common method applied for finding out a niche is by using a marketing audit . This is where a firm evaluates multiple internal and external factors . Factors applied in the audit identify the company 's weaknesses and strengths , company 's current client base and current marketing techniques . This would then help determine which marketing approach would best fit their niche . There are 5 key aspects or steps , which are required to achieve successful niche marketing . 1 : develop a marketing plan ; 2 : focus your marketing program ; 3 : niche to compete against larger firms ; 4 : niche based upon expertise ; 5 : develop niches through mergers . Develop A Marketing Plan : Developing a market plan is when a firms marketing team evaluates the firms current condition , what niches the company would want to target and any potential competition . A market plan can consist of elements such as , target market , consumer interests , and resources ; it must be specific and key to that group of consumers as that is the speciality of niche marketing . Focus Your Marketing Program : Focusing your marketing program is when employees are using marketing tools and skills to best of their abilities to maximise market awareness for the company . Niche marketing is not only used for remaining at a competitive advantage in the industry but is also used as a way to attract more consumers and enlarge their client database . By using these tools and skills the company is then able to implement their strategy consistently . Niche To Compete Against Larger Firms : Smaller and medium - sized firms are able to compete against niche marketing , as they are able to focus on one primary niche , which really helps the niche to grow . Smaller firms can focus on finding out their clients problems within their niche and can then provide different marketing to appeal to consumer interest . Niche Based Upon Expertise : When new companies are formed , different people bring different forms of experience to the company . This is another form of niche marketing , known as niche based on expertise , where someone with a lot of experience in a specific niche may continue market for that niche as they know that niche will produce positive results for the company . Developing Niches Through Mergers : A company may have found their potential niche but are unable to market their product / service across to the niche . This is where merging industry specialist are utilised . As one company may have the tools and skills to market to the niche and the other may have the skills to gather all the necessary information required to conduct this marketing . According to ( Caragher , 2008 ) , niche marketing , if done effectively , can be a very powerful concept . Overall , niche marketing is a great marketing strategy for firms , mainly small and medium - sized firms , as it is a specific and straightforward marketing approach . Once a firm 's niche is identified , a team or marketers can then apply relevant marketing to satisfy that niche 's wants and demands . Niche marketing also closely interlinks with direct marketing as direct marketing can easily be implemented on niches within target markets for a more effective marketing approach . Direct marketing ( edit ) Direct marketing is a method which firms are able to market directly to their customers needs and wants , it focuses on consumer spending habits and their potential interests . Firms use direct marketing a communication channel to interact and reach out to their existing consumers ( Asllani & Halstead , 2015 ) . Direct marketing is done by collecting consumer data through various means . An example is the internet and social media platforms like Facebook , Twitter and Snapchat . Those were a few online methods of which organisations gather their data to know what their consumers like and want allowing organisations to cater to what their target markets wants and their interest ( Lund & Marinova , 2014 ) . This method of marketing is becoming increasingly popular as the data allows organisations to come up with more effective promotional strategies and come up with better customize promotional offers that are more accurate to what the customers like , it will also allows organisations to uses their resources more effectively and efficiently and improve customer management relationships . An important tool that organisations use in direct marketing is the RFM model ( recency - frequency - monetary value ) ( Asllani & Halstead , 2015 ) . Despite all the benefits this method can bring , it can be extremely costly which means organisation with low budget constraints would have trouble using this method of marketing ... Psychology ( edit ) A principal concept in target marketing is that those who are targeted show a strong affinity or brand loyalty to that particular brand . Target Marketing allows the marketer or sales team to customize their message to the targeted group of consumers in a focused manner . Research has shown that racial similarity , role congruence , labeling intensity of ethnic identification , shared knowledge and ethnic salience all promote positive effects on the target market . Research has generally shown that target marketing strategies are constructed from consumer inferences of similarities between some aspects of the advertisement ( e.g. , source pictured , language used , lifestyle represented ) and characteristics of the consumer ( e.g. reality or desire of having the represented style ) . Consumers are persuaded by the characteristics in the advertisement and those of the consumer . Online targeting ( edit ) See also : Online advertising Targeting in online advertising is when advertisers use a series of methods in order to showcase a particular advertisement to a specific group of people . Advertisers use these techniques in order to find distinct individuals that would be most interested in their product or service . With the social media practices of today , advertising has become a very profitable industry . People are constantly exposed to advertisements and their content , which is key to its success . In the past , advertisers had tried to build brand names with television and magazines ; however , advertisers have been using audience targeting as a new form of medium . The rise of internet users and its wide availability has made this possible for advertisers . Targeting specific audiences has allowed for advertisers to constantly change the content of the advertisements to fit the needs and interests of the individual viewer . The content of different advertisements are presented to each consumer to fit their individual needs . The first forms of online advertising targeting came with the implementation of the personal email message . The implementation of the internet in the 1990s had created a new advertising medium ; until marketers realized that the internet was a multibillion - dollar industry , most advertising was limited or illicit . Many argue that the largest disadvantage to this new age of advertising is lack of privacy and the lack of transparency between the consumer and the marketers . Much of the information collected is used without the knowledge of the consumer or their consent . Those who oppose online targeting are worried that personal information will be leaked online such as their personal finances , health records , and personal identification information . Advertisers use three basic steps in order to target a specific audience : data collection , data analysis , and implementation . They use these steps to accurately gather information from different internet users . The data they collect includes information such as the internet user 's age , gender , race , and many other contributing factors . Advertisers need to use different methods in order to capture this information to target audiences . Many new methods have been implemented in internet advertising in order to gather this information . These methods include demographic targeting , behavioral targeting , retargeting , and location - based targeting . Much of the information gathered is collected as the consumers are browsing the web . Many internet users are unaware of the amount of information being taken from them as they browse the internet . They do n't know how it is being collected and what it is being used for . Cookies are used , along with other online tracking systems , in order to monitor the internet behaviors of consumers . Many of these implemented methods have proven to be extremely profitable . This has been beneficial for all three parties involved : the advertiser , the producer of the good or service , and the consumer . Those who are opposed of targeting in online advertising are still doubtful of its productivity , often arguing the lack of privacy given to internet users . Many regulations have been in place to combat this issue throughout the United States . 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Baker , Marketing : Critical Perspectives on Business and Management , 5 , Routledge , pp. 3 -- 4 , Borden credits his colleague , James Culliton , with the concept of marketers as ' mixers of ingredients ' which inspired him to coin the phrase , ' marketing mix ' . However , Borden claims credit for the term and certainly contributed to the process of popularising the concept . Culliton , J. The Management of Marketing Costs , ( Research Bulletin ) Harvard University , 1948 Jump up ^ Dominici , G. , `` From Marketing Mix to E-Marketing Mix : A Literature Review , '' International Journal of Business and Management , vol. 9 , no . 4 . 2009 , pp 17 - 24 Jump up ^ W. Waterschoo ; C. van den Bulte ( 1992 ) . `` The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited '' . Journal of Marketing . 56 ( 4 ) : 83 -- 93 . JSTOR 1251988 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Shelby D. and Goolsby , Jerry , `` The Rise and Fall of the Functional Approach to Marketing : A Paradigm Displacement Perspective , '' in Historical Perspectives in Marketing : Essays in Honour of Stanley Hollander , Terence Nevett and Ronald Fullerton ( eds ) , Lexington , MA , Lexington Books , pp 35 - 51 , sdh.ba.ttu.edu/Rise % 20and % 20Fall % 20 ( 88 ). pdf Jump up ^ Grönroos , Christian . `` From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing : Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing , '' Management Decision , vol. 32 , no. 2 , 1994 , pp 4 - 20 . Jump up ^ Blythe , Jim ( 2009 ) . Key Concepts in Marketing . Los Angeles : SAGE Publications Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Niche Marketing Strategy '' . smallbusiness.chron.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Caragher , Jean Marie ( 2008 ) . `` Expand Your Horizons : Niche Marketing Success Stories '' . Journal of Accountancy . Jump up ^ Hamlin , Robert ( 2015 ) . `` Niche Marketing And Farm Diversification Processes : Insights From New Zealand And Canada '' . Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems . Jump up ^ Aaker , J. , Brumbaugh , A. , & Grier , S , & Dick Trickle. ( 2000 ) . `` Nontarget Markets and Viewer Distinctiveness : The Impact of Target Marketing on Advertising . '' Journal of Consumer Psychology ( Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ) , 9 ( 3 ) , 127 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Agatha ( 2012 ) . `` Internet Advertising After Sorrell V. IMS Health : A Discussion on Data Privacy & the First Amendment '' . Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal . 30 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 316 . Jump up ^ Draganska , Michaela ; Hartmann , Wesely R ; Stanglein , Gena ( October 2014 ) . `` Internet Versus Television Advertising : A Brand - Building Comparison '' . Journal of Marketing Research . 15 ( 5 ) : 578 -- 590 . doi : 10.1509 / jmr. 13.0124 . ^ Jump up to : Jansen , Bernard J ; Moore , Kathleen ; Carmen , Stephen ( 2013 ) . `` Evaluating the Performance of Demographic Targeting Using Gender in Sponsored Search '' . Information Processing & Management . 49 : 286 -- 302 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ipm. 2012.06. 001 . Jump up ^ Seabrook , Andrea ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` At 30 , Spam Going Nowhere Soon '' . NPR . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hairong , Li ( March 2011 ) . `` The Interactive Web '' . Journal of Advertising Research . 51 : 13 -- 34 . See p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition for Networked Information Information Policies : A Compilation of Position Statements , Principles , Statutes , and Other Pertinent Statements '' . old.cni.org . National Science Foundation . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle for Online Behavioral Advertising Regulation and Legislation : A Contemporary History '' . Conference Papers -- International Communication Association . 1 : 1 -- 29 . 2011 . Jump up ^ Learmonth , Michael ( 2009 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Tracking Makes Life Easier for Consumers '' . Advertising Age . 80 ( 25 ) : 3 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Guillaume , Johnson D ; Greir , Sonya A ( 2011 ) . `` Targeting without Alienating : Multicultural Advertising and the Subtleties of Targeted Advertising '' . International Journal of Advertising . 2 ( 30 ) : 233 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Kim Bartel ; Gleason , Timothy W ( Spring 2001 ) . `` Online Privacy : Internet Advertising Practitioners ' Knowledge and Practices '' . Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising . 23 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 41 . doi : 10.1080 / 10641734.2001. 10505112 . Jump up ^ Learmonth , Michael ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Fact vs. fiction : Truth about regulation and online - ad biz '' . Advertising Age . 82 ( 14 ) : C6 - C7 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Target_market&oldid=848268090 '' Categories : Market segmentation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2017 Articles needing cleanup from October 2017 Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from October 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Polski Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 21 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target%20market | 445 |
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who do you think you are air dates | Who Do You Think You Are ? ( UK TV series ) | who do you think you are? ( uk tv series ) | Who Do You Think You Are ? is a British genealogy documentary series that has aired on the BBC since 2004 . In each episode , a celebrity traces their family tree . It is made by the production company Wall to Wall . The show has regularly attracted an audience of more than 6 million viewers . More than ten international adaptations of the show have been produced . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Series 1 ( 2004 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2006 ) 1.3 Series 3 ( 2006 ) 1.4 Adoption special ( 2007 ) 1.5 Series 4 ( 2007 ) 1.6 Series 5 ( 2008 ) 1.7 Series 6 ( 2009 ) 1.8 Series 7 ( 2010 ) 1.9 Series 8 ( 2011 ) 1.10 Series 9 ( 2012 ) 1.11 Series 10 ( 2013 ) 1.12 Series 11 ( 2014 ) 1.13 Series 12 ( 2015 ) 1.14 Series 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 1.15 Series 14 ( 2017 ) 2 Awards and nominations 3 Media releases 4 Other countries 4.1 International versions 5 Similar programmes 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Series one and two were broadcast on BBC Two , and the first was the channel 's highest - rating programme of 2004 . This led to episodes being shown on BBC One from the third series onwards . The current narrator , as of Series 14 in 2017 , is Phil Davis . Mark Strong took over from David Morrissey after the first series , which was nominated for `` Best Factual Series or Strand '' in the 2005 BAFTAs ; Cherie Lunghi was the narrator between Series 10 and 13 . In the first series , the last ten minutes of each episode featured presenter Adrian Chiles and genealogical researcher Nick Barratt giving tips on tracing a family tree . In 2007 , a special episode was broadcast in conjunction with the BBC 's `` Family Wanted '' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell , who was adopted a few days after he was born . The theme tune was composed by Mark Sayer - Wade , who also provided the background music for earlier episodes . The music for later episodes is provided by Julian Hamlin and Edmund Jolliffe . The episode featuring Boris Johnson was filmed and set to air in late 2007 , but was pulled because at the time of transmission , Johnson was getting ready to run in the London Mayoral election , so the episode was moved to the following series in 2008 . Series 1 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Bill Oddie 12 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) 5.79 Oddie , brought up by his father and paternal grandmother , goes back to the Birmingham area to learn more about his mother 's life and her struggles with manic depression and her mother - in - law . Then he learns more about his grandmother 's life , her husband and family in Rochdale , Lancashire . He ends his journey learning more about his Oddie ancestors in Grindleton , Lancashire . Amanda Redman 19 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 19 ) 4.63 Sue Johnston 26 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 26 ) 4.25 Jeremy Clarkson 2 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 02 ) 4.95 5 Ian Hislop 9 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 09 ) 4.96 Hislop , who was 12 when his father died , never met his grandfathers . Hislop traces his family history by traveling to his late mother 's native Jersey , where for five years of her childhood , the island was occupied by Nazi Germany . He travels to Clary , France , where his paternal grandfather fought with the 9th Highland Light Infantry against the Hindenburg Line . He then goes to South Africa , where his maternal grandfather fought with the Royal Lancaster Regiment in the Battle of Spion Kop during the Boer War . While in South Africa , he discovered his father 's maternal great great grandfather had gone to South Africa in 1795 with the 72nd Regiment , Duke of Albany 's Own Highlanders in an expedition to capture Cape Town from the Dutch . 6 Moira Stuart 16 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) 5.35 7 David Baddiel 23 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) 4.60 8 Lesley Garrett 30 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 30 ) 4.41 9 Meera Syal 7 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 07 ) 3.97 10 Vic Reeves 14 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) 4.46 Series 2 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Jeremy Paxman 11 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 11 ) 5.48 Sheila Hancock 18 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 18 ) 5.43 Stephen Fry 25 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) 5.86 Julian Clary 1 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) 5.94 5 Jane Horrocks 8 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) 5.64 6 Gurinder Chadha 15 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) 3.96 Series 3 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Barbara Windsor 6 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 06 ) 6.40 Robert Lindsay 13 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 13 ) 5.95 Colin Jackson 20 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 5.19 David Tennant 27 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) 5.75 Tennant traces his paternal roots to the Isle of Mull , and is surprised to find his family came not from the lowlands but the Scottish Highlands . He discovers his maternal grandfather was a star player for Derry City F.C. in the 1930s , and expresses concern when he finds that other relatives were members of the Orange Order . He is disturbed to learn that his great - grandfather played a key role in suppressing Catholics in Derry , Northern Ireland , and that Catholic cousins came under fire on Bloody Sunday . 5 David Dickinson 4 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) 5.80 6 Nigella Lawson 11 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) 6.15 She traced her ancestors to Ashkenazi Jews who originate from eastern Europe and Germany , leaving Lawson surprised not to have Iberian - Sephardi ancestry in the family as she had believed . She also uncovered that her maternal great - great - great grandfather , Coenraad Sammes ( later Coleman Joseph ) , had fled to England from Amsterdam in 1830 to escape a prison sentence following a conviction for theft . 7 Jeremy Irons 18 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) 5.82 8 Julia Sawalha 25 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 25 ) 5.54 Adoption special ( 2007 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Nicky Campbell 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) 4.32 Campbell traces his adoptive family 's roots in Scotland and Australia . Series 4 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Natasha Kaplinsky 6 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) 6.78 Kaplinsky follows her paternal line to Slonim in Belarus and is shown official documentation relating to her cousin 's family . This includes the death of family members during the `` liquidation '' -- massacre -- of the Slonim Jewish ghetto by the Nazis and another 's escape to the partisans and eventual immigration to Australia . Her maternal line included an apothecary to King George III . John Hurt 13 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) 5.80 Griff Rhys Jones 20 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 20 ) 5.75 Carol Vorderman 27 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) 6.53 Vorderman discovers that her father was an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation . He died while the programme was being filmed . Her great - grandfather Adolphe Vorderman played a key role in the discovery of vitamins . 5 Alistair McGowan 4 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) 6.17 6 Graham Norton 11 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) 6.88 It was discovered that Norton 's Walker ancestors were originally planters from Wentworth , South Yorkshire , who were sent over from England in the 17th century to take over Irish land . Some members of his family fought for the British monarchy during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and took part in the Carnew massacre . Another member of his family was later killed in battle by the United Irishmen . 7 Matthew Pinsent 18 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) 6.57 Series 5 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Patsy Kensit 13 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 13 ) 7.10 Boris Johnson 20 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 20 ) 7.04 Jerry Springer 27 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) 6.71 Springer , who was born in England but emigrated to the United States at a young age , travels to the UK to find out how his parents were allowed in as refugees from Nazi Germany in August 1939 . He discovered that someone in England paid £ 50 as a guarantor to sponsor his parents , but the rest of the family was left behind . He travels to his great - grandfather 's hometown of Neustettin ( now Szczecinek , Poland ) , where his great grandfather , Abraham Springer , successfully appealed for outside help after anti-Semitic politician Ernst Henrici stirred up violence in 1881 . Springer then travels to Łódź , where his maternal grandmother , Marie Kallmann , was deported in 1941 . She was sent to the Chełmno extermination camp in May 1942 . Springer 's paternal grandmother , Selma Springer , died in Theresienstadt concentration camp . Esther Rantzen 3 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) 6.44 5 Ainsley Harriott 10 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) 6.70 6 David Suchet 17 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) 6.79 Suchet , who has a love of water , discovers that his maternal great - great - great - grandfather was captain of a brig which foundered off the east coast of England . His paternal ancestors were Russian Jews , and he traces their flight from Russia to Turkey , Prussia , South Africa , and then the United Kingdom . He learns about his grandfather and great - grandfather , both of whom were noted photographers . 7 Jodie Kidd 24 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 5.87 8 Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen 29 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 4.72 Series 6 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Rory Bremner 2 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 6.44 Fiona Bruce 9 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) 5.86 Rick Stein 16 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) 5.64 Zoë Wanamaker 23 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) 5.82 5 Kevin Whately 2 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) 5.99 6 Davina McCall 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) 6.92 7 Chris Moyles 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 5.23 8 Kate Humble 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) 5.19 9 David Mitchell 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) 4.55 10 Kim Cattrall 12 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) 6.27 Cattrall researches her maternal grandfather , George Baugh 's mysterious disappearance in 1938 . She discovers that he became a bigamist in 1939 and had four more children . The episode reveals that Baugh 's new family immigrated to Australia in 1961 , and had lived there until Baugh 's death in 1974 . 11 Martin Freeman 19 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) 6.48 Freeman researches his paternal grandfather , whom he learns died while serving as a medic during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II . He discovers that his great - grandfather was blind , married three times , and meets a cousin he never knew he had . He also discovers how syphilis ( a common disease at the time ) ravaged his family in the late 1800s and early 1900s . Series 7 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Bruce Forsyth 19 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) 7.22 Rupert Everett 26 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) 5.97 Dervla Kirwan 2 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) 5.58 Growing up , Kirwan knew she was related to Irish national hero Michael Collins but did not know how . She discovers he was her great - great uncle : his sister , Margaret Collins O'Driscoll , was the mother of Kirwan 's maternal grandfather . Kirwans seeks to find how her grandfather , Finian O'Driscoll , was involved in the IRA . She travels to Clonakilty , County Cork , birthplace of Michael Collins . On her father 's side , she finds out her great grandfather , Henry Kahn , was a Polish Jew from the Russian Empire who broke with his community to marry an Irish Catholic girl in the late 19th century . Kirwan was surprised to discover they were married in the Protestant Church of Ireland , after the Catholic church refused to marry them . Monty Don 9 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) 5.95 5 Rupert Penry - Jones 16 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) 5.68 Penry - Jones travels to India and confirms the family rumour that they have Indian ancestry . His great - great - great grandfather Thomas Johnstone was a sergeant major in the Royal Madras Fusiliers , and was part of the British attempts to quell the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . He discovers Johnstone 's wife , Louisa Collum , was of Anglo - Indian heritage . 6 Alexander Armstrong 23 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 23 ) 6.46 Armstrong traces his mother 's side of the family , who are descended from Irish landed gentry . The McCauslands were originally seated in Drenagh , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland and trace their ancestry through the Rouse - Boughton family , to Edward Somerset , 2nd Marquess of Worcester , a descendant of William the Conqueror via Edward III and the Beauforts , Dukes of Somerset . 7 Jason Donovan 30 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) 5.55 8 Hugh Quarshie 6 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 5.42 9 Alan Cumming 13 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 5.15 Cumming traces the life of his maternal grandfather , whom the family was told died while cleaning his pistol while serving as a British police officer in Malaya . He learns about his grandfather 's terrifying experiences as a war hero during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II , his battle wounds received while helping stave off the Empire of Japan 's invasion of India during the Burma Campaign , and his psychological problems which led to his death while playing Russian roulette in Malaya . Series 8 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) June Brown 10 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 10 ) 6.62 J.K. Rowling 17 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 17 ) 7.00 Rowling researches her mother 's paternal great - grandfather , Louis Volant , a French head waiter who previously worked at Savoy Hotel in the 1920s . Volant had won the Croix de Guerre for his bravery during the First World War . She also learns about Volant 's mother , Salomée Schuch , an unmarried maid working in Paris at the time of his birth . At age 17 , she had fled her hometown of Brumath in Alsace -- which became part of the German Empire during the Franco - Prussian War -- to become a naturalised French citizen when she eventually married Louis ' father . Sebastian Coe 24 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 24 ) 5.45 Larry Lamb 31 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) 5.45 5 Emilia Fox 7 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) 6.06 Fox researches her family history hoping to discover where the acting bug in her family originated from . Fox 's father believes that Fox 's paternal grandfather , Robin Fox , a theatrical agent , likely would have wanted to be an actor . Fox learns that Robin 's mother was Hilda Hanbury , an actress who appeared on the London stage in the late 1890s . Hanbury traveled to America with theater manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree , though did not find great success and was reduced to small roles . Fox also learns that Sampson Fox , father of Hanbury 's husband Arthur ( `` Willie '' ) was a millionaire who rose to prominence from a child laborer in a textile mill to the owner of the Leeds Forge Company . With his large fortune , Sampson Fox was the sole donor for the Royal College of Music in London . However , Sampson Fox was also involved in a scandal regarding his promotion of watergas as an energy source and the financial success of its investors . 6 Alan Carr 14 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) 5.49 7 Robin Gibb 21 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 4.37 8 Richard Madeley 28 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 5.05 9 Len Goodman 5 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 5.03 10 Tracey Emin 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) Unknown ( under 4.21 ) Series 9 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Samantha Womack 15 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 15 ) 5.30 Gregg Wallace 22 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 22 ) 5.46 Patrick Stewart 29 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 29 ) 4.58 Annie Lennox 5 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 05 ) 4.86 5 Hugh Dennis 12 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) 4.87 6 Alex Kingston 19 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) 4.97 7 William Roache 26 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4.30 8 Celia Imrie 10 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4.89 9 John Barnes 17 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) Unknown ( under 4.10 ) 10 John Bishop 6 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 5.53 Series 10 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Una Stubbs 24 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 24 ) 5.24 Nigel Havers 31 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) 5.39 Minnie Driver 7 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) 4.95 Lesley Sharp 14 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 14 ) 4.52 5 Gary Lineker 21 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) 5.37 6 Nick Hewer 28 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) 4.52 7 Nitin Ganatra 4 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) 4.31 8 Sarah Millican 11 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 11 ) 4.57 9 Marianne Faithfull 18 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) 3.78 10 John Simpson 25 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 3.99 Series 11 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) -- Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows 6 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) Unknown ( under 3.34 ) Julie Walters 7 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) 5.23 Walters traces her Irish great - grandfather , Anthony Clarke . Brian Blessed 14 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) 5.31 Blessed traces his great - great - great - grandfather , Barnabus Blessed , a bookbinder , and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth , his four children were left orphans . Blessed 's great - great - grandfather , Jabez Blessed , became a `` real life Oliver Twist '' . Tamzin Outhwaite 21 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 4.94 Brendan O'Carroll 28 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 6.06 5 Sheridan Smith 4 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 4.74 6 Mary Berry 11 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 4.75 7 Martin Shaw 18 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 5.39 8 Reggie Yates 25 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 4.18 9 Billy Connolly 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 5.74 10 Twiggy 9 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 5.33 Series 12 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) On 23 June 2015 , the BBC confirmed the lineup for Series 12 , which began on 13 August 2015 . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Paul Hollywood 13 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) 5.08 Jane Seymour 20 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 20 ) 5.14 Seymour traces the lives of two of her Polish Jewish great aunts during World War II . Derek Jacobi 27 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) 4.68 Jacobi , a descendant of Huguenots who fled persecution by Catholics , travels to France , where he discovers the horrors his Protestant ancestors faced during persecution . His sixth great - grandfather Joseph de la Plaigne , a prominent financier of Louis XIV , lived as a covert Protestant following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 . He was uncovered and imprisoned by the king in the Château de Loches in 1701 . He apparently bribed his way out of prison the next year and fled to London . In 1708 , two years before his death , the 70 - year - old de la Plaigne married fellow Huguenot Salomé de la Bastide , sister of Colonel Armand de la Bastide , and 45 years his junior . In 1709 they had a son , Guillaume , who was baptised with William Cavendish , 2nd Duke of Devonshire as his godfather . Guillaume anglicised his name to William Laplain and was chaplain to the Dukes of Devonshire . Jerry Hall 3 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) 4.38 5 Gareth Malone 10 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 4.56 6 Anne Reid 17 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 4.70 7 Frank Gardner 24 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 4.41 8 Anita Rani 1 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 4.38 9 Mark Gatiss 8 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Unknown ( under 3.80 ) 10 Frances de la Tour 22 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 3.83 Actress Frances de la Tour discovers aristocratic lineage . Her great - great - great - great grandmother Maria Elizabeth Adderley , stepdaughter of Robert Hobart , 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire , married captain Alan Gardner in 1796 . They divorced in 1805 after he discovered her affair with Henry Jadis , nephew of the Earl of Strathmore . Lady Gardner had an illegitimate child with Jadis , Henry Fenton Gardner ( born in 1802 ) , who was declared illegitimate by the House of Lords in 1825 following the Gardner Peerage Case , in which Henry unsuccessfully attempted to prove he was the rightful heir to the Gardner peerage . De la Tour visits Doddington Hall and Seaton Delaval Hall to find out more about Jadis ' mother , the Hon . Sophia Ann ( née Delaval ) , daughter of John Delaval , 1st Baron Delaval . De la Tour discovers Sophia 's sad story of becoming pregnant before marriage with Henry , and rushing to marry a man beneath her status , John Jadis . After suffering abuse from a drunken Jadis , Sophia divorced him but became ostracised socially . She developed an addiction to laudanum and died at 38 . Series 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) On 13 July , the line - up for the 13th series was confirmed . The series started on 24 November 2016 . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Danny Dyer 24 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 24 ) 5.45 Dyer discovers that his 3 × great grandmother had a criminal record for concealing the birth of her baby , who died , that his 15 × great grandfather was Thomas Cromwell , his 14 × great grandmother was Elizabeth Seymour , the sister of Jane Seymour , who was Henry VIII 's third wife and Queen , and that his 22 × great grandfather was Edward III . Amanda Holden 1 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) 4.71 Holden investigates a family rumour that she is of French heritage on her mother 's side . She discovers that her 5 × great - grandfather Collin Thomas served a year 's imprisonment after breaking his apprenticeship as a cordwainer by enlisting in the Royal Navy aged 15 . Following his sentence , he enlisted in the British Army 's 51st ( 2nd Yorkshire West Riding ) Regiment of Foot in 1807 and fought in the Peninsular War . In 1814 , while with his regiment in Bordeaux in South Western France , he met a local woman , Radegonde Charbonnel . He deserted from the army shortly before he was due to muster out , married Radegonde in 1816 and began a family , moving his wife and eldest children back to his home in Cornwall several years afterwards . She also discovers that her paternal grandfather , Frank Holden , a psychiatric nurse , survived the June 1940 bombing of the RMS Lancastria , which sank with the loss of thousands of lives , outside the port of Saint - Nazaire . Liz Bonnin 8 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) 3.94 Bonnin travels to Trinidad to discover her maternal family 's Indian heritage , discovering that her 2 × great - grandfather , Timothy Sirju , travelled to Trinidad from India with his family in 1872 , where he worked as an indentured servant . She then travels to Martinique to trace her paternal family 's French heritage and discovers that her 3 × great - grandfather , François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux , was a plantation and slave owner who married one of his freed slaves , Marie Joseph , in 1835 , and was actually born a slave . He and his mother , Pauline Zoé , were freed by his father , also François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux , and Pauline Zoé was a rare example of a freed female slave inheriting a plantation and becoming a slave owner . Cheryl 15 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) 4.81 Cheryl researches her maternal family . Research shows that her paternal line is from Tyneside and that there were a number of coal miners amongst Cheryl 's forebears . When tracing further back , in one of the branches of her paternal line , researchers find that her ancestry includes several mariners . The investigation into Cheryl 's maternal line shows that her grandmother , Olga Ridley , was one of twin girls born to Edith Annie Burton , the housekeeper for a widower named Joseph Ridley who already had a number of children from his marriage . Joseph Ridley had fought in World War I in the Durham Light Infantry as a pioneer in France and , from an examination of the census , before the war he had been a grocery warehouseman . 5 Ricky Tomlinson 22 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) 4.28 6 Ian McKellen 25 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 4.21 McKellen discovers that his great uncle , Frank Lowes , was an actor , and his great - great - grandfather , Robert Lowes , campaigned for a half - holiday for Manchester 's workers on Saturdays , an event that led to the evolution of the modern weekend . 7 Greg Davies 1 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 4.63 8 Warwick Davis 15 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 5.24 9 Sunetra Sarker 22 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 3.97 10 Sophie Raworth 8 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 4.45 Series 14 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On June 23 , the BBC announced the line - up for the series ' 14th series , which again would comprise 10 episodes and like the previous series would be split into two halves to be broadcast across the year on BBC One . The remaining five episodes feature TV presenter Fearne Cotton , comedienne Ruby Wax , actor and director Noel Clarke , singer Lulu and actress Lisa Hammond . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Charles Dance 6 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) TBA Craig Revel Horwood 13 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) TBA Clare Balding 20 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) TBA Adil Ray 27 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) TBA 5 Emma Willis 3 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) TBA 6 Lulu 17 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) TBA 7 Fearne Cotton 24 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) TBA 8 Noel Clarke 31 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) TBA 9 Lisa Hammond 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) TBA 10 Ruby Wax 4 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) The show was nominated for the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Best Factual Series . Media releases ( edit ) Series 1 -- 11 of Who Do You Think You Are ? are available on DVD in the UK ( Region 2 ) . In October 2007 , BBC Magazines began issuing Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine , a monthly publication that includes material from the TV series . The series 1 -- 4 box set of Who Do You Think You Are ? is available , distributed by Acorn Media UK . Complete Series Release dates DVD Extras and Bonus Features Number Of Discs Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Series TBA 5 March 2007 17 September 2008 Unseen Footage , First Steps to Researching Your Family The Complete Second Series TBA 4 September 2007 12 November 2008 Unseen Footage The Complete Third Series TBA 12 January 2009 18 March 2009 None The Complete Fourth Series TBA 3 August 2009 20 May 2009 Special episode in conjunction with the BBC 's `` Family Wanted '' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell , who was adopted a few days after he was born . The Complete Fifth Series TBA 1 February 2010 TBA Three behind - the - scenes features The Complete Sixth Series TBA 6 September 2010 TBA None The Complete Seventh Series TBA 7 March 2011 TBA None The Complete Eighth Series TBA 20 August 2012 TBA None The Complete Ninth Series TBA 5 August 2013 TBA None The Complete Tenth Series TBA 22 September 2014 TBA None The Complete Eleventh Series TBA 10 November 2014 TBA Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows Other countries ( edit ) See also : Who Do You Think You Are ? ( disambiguation ) The format of the series has proved popular around the world and the BBC has licensed it to many foreign television companies , who have produced their own individual versions : TVP1 has aired a Polish version , called Sekrety rodzinne , which was broadcast from November 2006 to March 2007 . In September 2007 , a first series of Canadian version , consisting of 13 episodes , aired on CBC Television . An Australian version aired on SBS in January 2008 , after six episodes of the BBC version had been shown ; the BBC programmes were those featuring Stephen Fry , Bill Oddie , Julia Sawalha , Jeremy Clarkson , Gurinder Chadha , and Nigella Lawson . In 2008 , ARD 's Das Erste aired the German version , called Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( `` The secret of my family '' ) . They aired four episodes featuring Marie - Luise Marjan , Armin Rohde , Christine Neubauer and Peter Maffay . Ireland 's national broadcaster RTÉ has aired two series of Irish version of Who Do You Think You Are ? in autumn 2008 and autumn 2009 . The Irish version has included internationally recognised names such as Ardal O'Hanlon , Dana , Rosanna Davison , and Dermot Gavin . The British version of the show already airs on TG4 in Ireland . Sveriges Television , the Swedish public service broadcaster , aired a Swedish version called Vem tror du att du är ? in 2009 . Later that year , in May and June , they also aired the BBC episodes featuring Stephen Fry , Jeremy Irons , Nigella Lawson , John Hurt , and Jane Horrocks . Also on 31 May 2009 , South African station SABC2 premiered its version , split into two parts , featuring local personalities . An American adaptation of the show premiered on 5 March 2010 on NBC . In Britain , this began airing on BBC One on Sunday 13 June 2010 . In 2010 , the Dutch version called Verborgen Verleden ( `` Hidden Past '' ) of the show started . Thus far , eight series have been produced between 2010 and 2017 . From 2005 to 2008 , four series of the show Verre Verwanten ( `` Distant Relatives '' ) were shown on Dutch television . In September 2010 , the Danish TV station Danmarks Radio aired the first episode of the Danish version , called Ved du hvem du er ? . On 1 September 2010 , France 2 aired two episodes of the French version , Retour aux Sources , featuring Vincent Pérez and Clémentine Célarié In January 2011 , the Norwegian TV station NRK started to air the Norwegian version , called Hvem tror du at du er ? Starting on 9 January 2012 , Finland 's national public - broadcasting company , YLE , aired 15 episodes of the Finnish version , called Kuka oikein olet ? , in which local public figures searched for their origins . A furthering of the concept was developed for American public broadcast TV , called Finding Your Roots , with Henry Louis Gates . This series adds DNA profiling to the format ; including Y - chromosome DNA , mitochondrial DNA and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships . The series started airing on 25 March 2012 . In January 2013 , Czech broadcaster ČT started broadcasting their version of this show , called Tajemství rodu ( `` The secret of the lineage '' ) . Starting 15 January 2013 , RTP1 broadcast a Portuguese version called Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És ? ( `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' ) at the 10 : 30 pm timeslot . The first season featured such names as the comedian Herman José , the actresses Maria do Céu Guerra and Maria João Abreu , the musician Zé Pedro from the Xutos & Pontapés rock band and the fadista Camané . International versions ( edit ) Country Local Name Network Air Dates Australia Who Do You Think You Are ? SBS One January 2008 -- present Canada Quebec Who Do You Think You Are ? CBC Television 11 October 2007 -- 31 January 2008 Qui êtes - vous ? ( Who Are You ? ) ICI Radio - Canada Télé 8 November 2013 Czech Republic Tajemství rodu ( The Secret of the Family ) ČT1 9 January 2013 Denmark Ved du hvem du er ? ( Do You Know Who You Are ? ) DR1 15 September 2010 -- 17 March 2012 Finland Kuka oikein olet ? ( Who Are You ? ) Yle TV1 9 January 2012 France Retour aux Sources ( Back to Basics ) France 2 1 September 2010 Germany Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( The Secret of My Family ) Das Erste 31 March 2008 -- Ireland Who Do You Think You Are RTÉ One 15 September 2008 -- 19 October 2009 Israel מי אתה חושב שאתה ? ( Mi Ata Hoshev She'ata ) Channel 1 4 February 2010 Netherlands Verborgen verleden ( Hidden Past ) Nederland 2 29 September 2010 -- present Norway Hvem tror du at du er ? NRK1 January 2011 -- present Poland Sekrety rodzinne ( Family Secrets ) TVP1 November 2006 -- March 2007 Portugal Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És ? RTP1 15 January 2013 Russia Моя родословная ( My Family Tree ) Channel One Russia 1 July 2009 -- 12 February 2011 South Africa Who Do You Think You Are ? SABC2 31 May 2009 Sweden Vem tror du att du är ? SVT1 Spring 2009 United States Who Do You Think You Are ? NBC ( 2010 -- 12 ) TLC ( 2013 -- present ) 5 March 2010 -- present Similar Programmes ( edit ) BBC Wales has a similar series called Coming Home , which is made by Yellow Duck Productions and features celebrities with a Welsh background . In 2007 , Wall to Wall developed You Do n't Know You 're Born for ITV1 . The series saw various celebrities taking on their ancestors ' jobs . UKTV broadcast My Famous Family in 2007 . A short parody sketch of the show featured in the first series of The Armstrong and Miller Show in which Alexander Armstrong plays a fictionalised version of himself , discovering that his paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother were a child molester and a brothel - owner , respectively . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 6.4 million uncover Davina 's family history '' . Digital Spy. 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? with Nicky Campbell '' . Who Do You Think You Are . 11 July 2007 . BBC . BBC Two . Jump up ^ Meet Sir Alan Sugar , the Del Boy business tsar , who faces storm over Apprentice ' conflict ' Daily Mail , 10 June 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigella Lawson . BBC Who Do You Think You Are ? , 26 September 2006 ; retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth Traces Family History '' . BBC News . 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Articles -- BBC launching new series of Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . TheGenealogist.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Submitted by mattelton ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` This year 's Who Do You Think You Are ? celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ richardm56 ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Yup . Sep 28 , 9pm BBC1 '' . Twitter . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Elton , Matt ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? 2012 : new series celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? 2013 : new celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows '' . BBC . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Julie Walters '' . BBC . 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 9 August 2014 ) . `` Tearful Brian Blessed overcome as he discovers ' real - life Oliver Twist ' in the family '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Carl ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are returns with Paul Hollywood , Derek Jacobi and Jerry Hall '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC reveals WDYTYA ? 2015 running order '' . Who Do You Think You Are Magazine . 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Methven , Nicola ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Danny Dyer discovers he is related to royalty during making of BBC documentary '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Television Awards Winners in 2010 '' . BAFTA. 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AcornMediaUk.com is coming soon '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series Eight ( DVD ) : Alan Carr , June Brown , J.K. Rowling , Larry Lamb , Robin Gibb , Emilia Fox : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk. 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series Nine ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series 10 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series 11 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are % 3F ( Irish TV series ) '' . RTÉ . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ About The Show ( Series 2 ) Who Do You Think You Are ? RTÉ Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? ( SA ) '' . TVSA . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retour aux sources , TV Show '' , Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Sarja : Kuka oikein olet ? Ohjelmat Yle.fi '' . YLE . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tajemství rodu '' ( Secrets of the family ) ( in Czech ) . Ceskatelevize.cz. 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home , Coming Soon '' . South East Wales . BBC Wales . 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home Coming Soon '' . Mid Wales . BBC Wales . 28 January 2008 . Jump up ^ YouTube Armstrong and Miller - Who Do You Think You Are Spoof Published on 18 Nov 2007 accessed 15 July 2017 References ( edit ) `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series one : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series two : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series three : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series four : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series five : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? NBC Info Page With Celebrity Links '' . Footnote.com . External Links ( edit ) `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . BBC Programmes . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine BBC Who Do You Think You Are ? Story Family History at BBC Online Who Do You Think You Are ? on IMDb ( hide ) Who Do You Think You Are ? United Kingdom ( original ) Australia Canada Czech Republic Denmark Ireland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=802840647 '' Categories : 2004 British television programme debuts 2000s British television series 2010s British television series BBC television documentaries Television series about family history Television series by Warner Bros. Television English - language television programs British genealogy Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk فارسی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 20 : 20 . 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where is acetylcholine released in the sympathetic nervous system | At a schematic level , the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are both organized in essentially the same way : preganglionic neurons in the central nervous system send projections to neurons located in autonomic ganglia ; these neurons then send output projections to virtually every tissue of the body . In both branches the internal connections -- the projections from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia -- use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter , and the receptors it activates are of the nicotinic type . In the parasympathetic nervous system the output connections -- the projections from ganglion neurons to tissues that do n't belong to the nervous system -- also release acetylcholine , acting on muscarinic receptors . In the sympathetic nervous system the output connections mainly release noradrenaline , although acetylcholine is released at a few points , such as the sudomotor innervation of the sweat glands . | Acetylcholine | acetylcholine | Acetylcholine ( ACh ) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals , including humans , as a neurotransmitter -- a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells ( neurons , muscle cells , and gland cells ) . Its name is derived from its chemical structure : it is an ester of acetic acid and choline . Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic . Substances that interfere with acetylcholine activity are called anticholinergics . Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction -- in other words , it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles . This property means that drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions . Acetylcholine is also a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system , both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic nervous system and as the final product released by the parasympathetic nervous system . | The Acetylcholine ( ACh ) , has also been traced in cells of non-neural origins and microbes . Recently , enzymes related to its synthesis , degradation and cellular uptake have been traced back to early origins of unicellular eukaryotes . The protist pathogen Acanthamoeba spp . has shown the presence of ACh , which provides growth and proliferative signals via a membrane located M1 - muscarinic receptor homolog . In the brain , acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator . The brain contains a number of cholinergic areas , each with distinct functions ; such as playing an important role in arousal , attention , memory and motivation . Partly because of its muscle - activating function , but also because of its functions in the autonomic nervous system and brain , a large number of important drugs exert their effects by altering cholinergic transmission . Numerous venoms and toxins produced by plants , animals , and bacteria , as well as chemical nerve agents such as Sarin , cause harm by inactivating or hyperactivating muscles via their influences on the neuromuscular junction . Drugs that act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors , such as atropine , can be poisonous in large quantities , but in smaller doses they are commonly used to treat certain heart conditions and eye problems . Scopolamine , which acts mainly on muscarinic receptors in the brain , can cause delirium and amnesia . The addictive qualities of nicotine are derived from its effects on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain . Contents 1 Chemistry 2 Biochemistry 3 Functions 3.1 Cellular effects 3.2 Neuromuscular junction 3.3 Autonomic nervous system 3.3. 1 Direct vascular effects 3.4 Central nervous system 3.4. 1 Memory 4 Diseases and disorders 4.1 Myasthenia gravis 5 Pharmacology 5.1 Nicotine 5.2 Atropine 5.3 Cholinesterase inhibitors 5.4 Curare 5.5 Synthesis inhibitors 5.6 Release inhibitors 6 Comparative biology and evolution 7 History 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Chemistry ( edit ) Acetylcholine is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom . Because of the presence of a highly polar , charged ammonium group , acetylcholine does not penetrate lipid membranes . Because of this , when the drug is introduced externally , it remains in the extracellular space and does not pass through the blood -- brain barrier . A synonym of this drug is miochol . Biochemistry ( edit ) Acetylcholine is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl - CoA . Cholinergic neurons are capable of producing ACh . An example of a central cholinergic area is the nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain . The enzyme acetylcholinesterase converts acetylcholine into the inactive metabolites choline and acetate . This enzyme is abundant in the synaptic cleft , and its role in rapidly clearing free acetylcholine from the synapse is essential for proper muscle function . Certain neurotoxins work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase , thus leading to excess acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction , causing paralysis of the muscles needed for breathing and stopping the beating of the heart . Functions ( edit ) Acetylcholine pathway . Acetylcholine functions in both the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . In the CNS , cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus support the cognitive functions of those target areas . In the PNS , acetylcholine activates muscles and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system . Cellular effects ( edit ) Main article : Acetylcholine receptor Acetylcholine processing in a synapse . After release acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase . Like many other biologically active substances , acetylcholine exerts its effects by binding to and activating receptors located on the surface of cells . There are two main classes of acetylcholine receptor , nicotinic and muscarinic . They are named for chemicals that can selectively activate each type of receptor without activating the other : muscarine is a compound found in the mushroom Amanita muscaria ; nicotine is found in tobacco . Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand - gated ion channels permeable to sodium , potassium , and calcium ions . In other words , they are ion channels embedded in cell membranes , capable of switching from a closed to an open state when acetylcholine binds to them ; in the open state they allow ions to pass through . Nicotinic receptors come in two main types , known as muscle - type and neuronal - type . The muscle - type can be selectively blocked by curare , the neuronal - type by hexamethonium . The main location of muscle - type receptors is on muscle cells , as described in more detail below . Neuronal - type receptors are located in autonomic ganglia ( both sympathetic and parasympathetic ) , and in the central nervous system . Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have a more complex mechanism , and affect target cells over a longer time frame . In mammals , five subtypes of muscarinic receptors have been identified , labeled M1 through M5 . All of them function as G protein - coupled receptors , meaning that they exert their effects via a second messenger system . The M1 , M3 , and M5 subtypes are G - coupled ; they increase intracellular levels of IP and calcium by activating phospholipase C. Their effect on target cells is usually excitatory . The M2 and M4 subtypes are G / G - coupled ; they decrease intracellular levels of cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase . Their effect on target cells is usually inhibitory . Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are found in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system of the heart , lungs , upper gastrointestinal tract , and sweat glands . Neuromuscular junction ( edit ) Muscles contract when they receive signals from motor neurons . The neuromuscular junction is the site of the signal exchange . The steps of this process in vertebrates occur as follows : ( 1 ) The action potential reaches the axon terminal . ( 2 ) Calcium ions flow into the axon terminal . ( 3 ) Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft. ( 4 ) Acetylcholine binds to postsynaptic receptors. ( 5 ) This binding causes ion channels to open and allows sodium ions to flow into the muscle cell . ( 6 ) The flow of sodium ions across the membrane into the muscle cell generates an action potential which induces muscle contraction . Labels : A : Motor neuron axon B : Axon terminal C : Synaptic cleft D: Muscle cell E : Part of a Myofibril Main article : Neuromuscular junction Acetylcholine is the substance the nervous system uses to activate skeletal muscles , a kind of striated muscle . These are the muscles used for all types of voluntary movement , in contrast to smooth muscle tissue , which is involved in a range of involuntary activities such as movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract and constriction of blood vessels . Skeletal muscles are directly controlled by motor neurons located in the spinal cord or , in a few cases , the brainstem . These motor neurons send their axons through motor nerves , from which they emerge to connect to muscle fibers at a special type of synapse called the neuromuscular junction . When a motor neuron generates an action potential , it travels rapidly along the nerve until it reaches the neuromuscular junction , where it initiates an electrochemical process that causes acetylcholine to be released into the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber . The acetylcholine molecules then bind to nicotinic ion - channel receptors on the muscle cell membrane , causing the ion channels to open . Calcium ions then flow into the muscle cell , initiating a sequence of steps that finally produce muscle contraction . Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) Components and connections of the parasympathetic nervous system . The autonomic nervous system controls a wide range of involuntary and unconscious body functions . Its main branches are the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system . Broadly speaking , the function of the sympathetic nervous system is to mobilize the body for action : the slogan often used for it is fight - or - flight . The function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to put the body in a state conducive to rest , regeneration , digestion , and reproduction : it is sometimes described using the slogans `` rest and digest '' or `` feed and breed '' . Both branches use acetylcholine , but in different ways . At a schematic level , the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are both organized in essentially the same way : preganglionic neurons in the central nervous system send projections to neurons located in autonomic ganglia ; these neurons then send output projections to virtually every tissue of the body . In both branches the internal connections -- the projections from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia -- use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter , and the receptors it activates are of the nicotinic type . In the parasympathetic nervous system the output connections -- the projections from ganglion neurons to tissues that do n't belong to the nervous system -- also release acetylcholine , acting on muscarinic receptors . In the sympathetic nervous system the output connections mainly release noradrenaline , although acetylcholine is released at a few points , such as the sudomotor innervation of the sweat glands . Direct vascular effects ( edit ) Acetylcholine in the serum exerts a direct effect on vascular tone by binding to muscarinic receptors present on vascular endothelium . These cells respond by increasing production of nitric oxide , which signals the surrounding smooth muscle to relax , leading to vasodilation . Central nervous system ( edit ) Micrograph of the nucleus basalis ( of Meynert ) , which produces acetylcholine in the CNS . LFB - HE stain . In the central nervous system , ACh has a variety of effects on plasticity , arousal and reward . ACh has an important role in the enhancement of alertness when we wake up , in sustaining attention and in learning and memory . Damage to the cholinergic ( acetylcholine - producing ) system in the brain has been shown to be associated with the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer 's disease . ACh has also been shown to promote REM sleep . In the brainstem acetylcholine originates from the Pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus collectively known as the meso pontine tegmentum area or pontomesencephalotegmental complex . In the basal forebrain , it originates from the basal nucleus of Meynert and medial septal nucleus : The pontomesencephalotegmental complex acts mainly on M1 receptors in the brainstem , deep cerebellar nuclei , pontine nuclei , locus coeruleus , raphe nucleus , lateral reticular nucleus and inferior olive . It also projects to the thalamus , tectum , basal ganglia and basal forebrain . Basal nucleus of Meynert acts mainly on M1 receptors in the neocortex . Medial septal nucleus acts mainly on M1 receptors in the hippocampus and parts of the cerebral cortex . In addition , ACh acts as an important internal transmitter in the striatum , which is part of the basal ganglia . It is released by cholinergic interneurons . In humans , non-human primates and rodents , these interneurons respond to salient environmental stimuli with responses that are temporally aligned with the responses of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra . Memory ( edit ) Acetylcholine has been implicated in learning and memory in several ways . The anticholinergic drug , scopolamine , impairs acquisition of new information in humans and animals . In animals , disruption of the supply of acetylcholine to the neocortex impairs the learning of simple discrimination tasks , comparable to the acquisition of factual information and disruption of the supply of acetylcholine to the hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas produces forgetting comparable to anterograde amnesia in humans . Diseases and disorders ( edit ) Myasthenia gravis ( edit ) The disease myasthenia gravis , characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue , occurs when the body inappropriately produces antibodies against acetylcholine nicotinic receptors , and thus inhibits proper acetylcholine signal transmission . Over time , the motor end plate is destroyed . Drugs that competitively inhibit acetylcholinesterase ( e.g. , neostigmine , physostigmine , or primarily pyridostigmine ) are effective in treating this disorder . They allow endogenously released acetylcholine more time to interact with its respective receptor before being inactivated by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft ( the space between nerve and muscle ) . Pharmacology ( edit ) Blocking , hindering or mimicking the action of acetylcholine has many uses in medicine . Drugs acting on the acetylcholine system are either agonists to the receptors , stimulating the system , or antagonists , inhibiting it . Acetylcholine receptor agonists and antagonists can either have an effect directly on the receptors or exert their effects indirectly , e.g. , by affecting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase , which degrades the receptor ligand . Agonists increase the level of receptor activation , antagonists reduce it . Acetylcholine itself does not have therapeutic value as a drug for intravenous administration because of its multi-faceted action ( non-selective ) and rapid inactivation by cholinesterase . However , it is used in the form of eye drops to cause constriction of the pupil during cataract surgery , which facilitates quick post-operational recovery . Nicotine ( edit ) Nicotine binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors , mimicking the effect of acetylcholine at these receptors . When ACh interacts with a nicotinic ACh receptor , it opens a Na+ channel and Na+ ions flow into the membrane . This causes a depolarization , and results in an excitatory post-synaptic potential . Thus , ACh is excitatory on skeletal muscle ; the electrical response is fast and short - lived . Atropine ( edit ) Atropine is a non-selective competitive antagonist with Acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors . Cholinesterase inhibitors ( edit ) Main article : Cholinesterase inhibitors Many ACh receptor agonists work indirectly by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase . The resulting accumulation of acetylcholine causes continuous stimulation of the muscles , glands , and central nervous system , which can result in fatal convulsions if the dose is high . They are examples of enzyme inhibitors , and increase the action of acetylcholine by delaying its degradation ; some have been used as nerve agents ( Sarin and VX nerve gas ) or pesticides ( organophosphates and the carbamates ) . Many toxins and venoms produced by plants and animals also contain cholinesterase inhibitors . In clinical use , they are administered in low doses to reverse the action of muscle relaxants , to treat myasthenia gravis , and to treat symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease ( rivastigmine , which increases cholinergic activity in the brain ) . Curare ( edit ) Main article : Curare Synthesis inhibitors ( edit ) Organic mercurial compounds , such as methylmercury , have a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups , which causes dysfunction of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase . This inhibition may lead to acetylcholine deficiency , and can have consequences on motor function . Release inhibitors ( edit ) Botulinum toxin ( Botox ) acts by suppressing the release of acetylcholine , whereas the venom from a black widow spider ( alpha - latrotoxin ) has the reverse effect . ACh inhibition causes paralysis . When bitten by a black widow spider , one experiences the wastage of ACh supplies and the muscles begin to contract . If and when the supply is depleted , paralysis occurs . Comparative biology and evolution ( edit ) Acetylcholine is used by organisms in all domains of life for a variety of purposes . It is believed that choline , a precursor to acetylcholine , was used by single celled organisms billions of years ago ( 2 ) for synthesizing cell membrane phospholipids . Following the evolution of choline transporters , the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become incorporated into other synthetic pathways , including acetylcholine production . Acetylcholine is used by bacteria , fungi , and a variety of other animals . Many of the uses of acetylcholine rely on its action on ion channels via GPCRs like membrane proteins ( 3 ) . The two major types of acetylcholine receptors , muscarinic and nicotinic receptors , have convergently evolved to be responsive to acetylcholine . This means that rather than having evolved from a common homolog , these receptors evolved from separate receptor families . It is estimated that the nicotinic receptor family dates back longer than 2.5 billion years . Likewise , muscarinic receptors are thought to have diverged from other GPCRs at least 0.5 billion years ago . Both of these receptor groups have evolved numerous subtypes with unique ligand affinities and signaling mechanisms . The diversity of the receptor types enables acetylcholine to creating varying responses depending on which receptor types are activated , and allow for acetylcholine to dynamically regulate physiological processes . History ( edit ) Acetylcholine ( ACh ) was first identified in 1915 by Henry Hallett Dale for its actions on heart tissue . It was confirmed as a neurotransmitter by Otto Loewi , who initially gave it the name Vagusstoff because it was released from the vagus nerve . Both received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work . Acetylcholine was also the first neurotransmitter to be identified . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tiwari , Prashant ; Dwivedi , Shubhangi ; Singh , Mukesh Pratap ; Mishra , Rahul ; Chandy , Anish ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Basic and modern concepts on cholinergic receptor : A review '' . Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease . 3 ( 5 ) : 413 -- 420 . doi : 10.1016 / S2222 - 1808 ( 13 ) 60094 - 8 . ISSN 2222 - 1808 . PMC 4027320 . Jump up ^ Baig AM , Rana Z , Tariq S , Lalani S , Ahmad HR . Traced on the Timeline : Discovery of Acetylcholine and the Components of the Human Cholinergic System in a Primitive Unicellular Eukaryote Acanthamoeba spp . ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018 Mar 21 ; 9 ( 3 ) : 494 - 504 . doi : 10.1021 / acschemneuro. 7b00254 . Epub 2017 Nov 13 . PubMed PMID : 29058403 Jump up ^ Baig AM , Ahmad HR . Evidence of a M ( 1 ) - muscarinic GPCR homolog in unicellular eukaryotes : featuring Acanthamoeba spp bioinformatics 3D - modelling and experimentations . J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2017 Jun ; 37 ( 3 ) : 267 - 275 . doi : 10.1080 / 10799893.2016. 1217884 . Epub 2016 Sep 7 . PubMed PMID : 27601178 Jump up ^ Smythies J ( 2009 ) . `` Philosophy , perception , and neuroscience '' . Perception. 38 ( 5 ) : 638 -- 51 . doi : 10.1068 / p6025 . PMID 19662940 . Jump up ^ Smythies , John ; Lantremange , De ; d'Oreye , Maximilien ( 2016 ) . `` The Nature and Function of Digital Information Compression Mechanisms in the Brain and in Digital Television Technology '' . Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 10 . doi : 10.3389 / fnsys. 2016.00040 . ISSN 1662 - 5137 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , D.L. ; Zhao , J.L. ; Coey , U. ; Green , J.V. ( February 2005 ) . `` Acetylcholine - induced vasodilation is mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandins in human skin '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 98 ( 2 ) : 629 -- 632 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 00728.2004 . ISSN 8750 - 7587 . PMID 15649880 . Jump up ^ Jones , BE ( November 2005 ) . `` From waking to sleeping : neuronal and chemical substrates '' . Trends in Pharmacological Sciences . 26 ( 11 ) : 578 -- 86 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tips. 2005.09. 009 . PMID 16183137 . Jump up ^ Himmelheber , AM ; Sarter , M ; Bruno , JP ( June 2000 ) . `` Increases in cortical acetylcholine release during sustained attention performance in rats '' . Brain Research . Cognitive Brain Research . 9 ( 3 ) : 313 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / S0926 - 6410 ( 00 ) 00012 - 4 . PMID 10808142 . ^ Jump up to : Ridley , R.M. ; Bowes , P.M. ; Baker , H.F. ; Crow , T.J. ( 1984 ) . `` An involvement of acetylcholine in object discrimination learning and memory in the marmoset '' . Neuropsychologia. 22 ( 3 ) : 253 -- 263 . doi : 10.1016 / 0028 - 3932 ( 84 ) 90073 - 3 . PMID 6431311 . Jump up ^ Francis PT , Palmer AM , Snape M , Wilcock GK ( February 1999 ) . `` The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer 's disease : a review of progress '' . Journal of Neurology , Neurosurgery , and Psychiatry . 66 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 47 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 66.2. 137 . PMC 1736202 . PMID 10071091 . Jump up ^ Platt , Bettina ; Riedel , Gernot ( 10 August 2011 ) . `` The cholinergic system , EEG and sleep '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 221 ( 2 ) : 499 -- 504 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbr. 2011.01. 017 . PMID 21238497 . ^ Jump up to : Woolf , NJ ; Butcher , LL ( May 1986 ) . `` Cholinergic systems in the rat brain : III . Projections from the pontomesencephalic tegmentum to the thalamus , tectum , basal ganglia , and basal forebrain '' . Brain Research Bulletin . 16 ( 5 ) : 603 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / 0361 - 9230 ( 86 ) 90134 - 6 . PMID 3742247 . ^ Jump up to : Woolf , NJ ; Butcher , LL ( December 1989 ) . `` Cholinergic systems in the rat brain : IV . Descending projections of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum '' . Brain Research Bulletin . 23 ( 6 ) : 519 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / 0361 - 9230 ( 89 ) 90197 - 4 . PMID 2611694 . 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( June 1986 ) . `` Learning impairment following lesion of the basal nucleus of Meynert in the marmoset : modification by cholinergic drugs '' . Brain Research . 376 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 116 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 8993 ( 86 ) 90904 - 2 . PMID 3087582 . Jump up ^ Easton , A. ; Ridley , R.M. ; Baker , H.F. ; Gaffan , D. ( July 2002 ) . `` Severe learning impairments after combined lesion of the cholinergic basal forebrain and fornix system in Rhesus monkeys '' . Cerebral Cortex. 12 ( 7 ) : 729 -- 736 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / 12.7. 729 . PMID 12050084 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Human CNS Cholineric System : Has This Resulted in the Emergence of Psychiatric Disease ? '' . ResearchGate . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brenner , G.M. ; Stevens , C.W. ( 2006 ) . Pharmacology ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia PA : W.B. Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2984 - 2 . Canadian Pharmacists Association ( 2000 ) . Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties ( 25th ed . ) . Toronto ON : Webcom . ISBN 0 - 919115 - 76 - 4 . Carlson , NR ( 2001 ) . Physiology of Behavior ( 7th ed . ) . Needham Heights MA : Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 0 - 205 - 30840 - 6 . Gershon , Michael D. ( 1998 ) . The Second Brain . New York NY : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018252 - 0 . Siegal , A. ; Sapru , H.N. ( 2006 ) . `` Ch. 15 '' . Essential Neuroscience ( Revised 1st ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott , Williams & Wilkins . pp. 255 -- 267 . Hasselmo ME ( February 1995 ) . `` Neuromodulation and cortical function : modeling the physiological basis of behavior '' . Behav . Brain Res. 67 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 27 . doi : 10.1016 / 0166 - 4328 ( 94 ) 00113 - T. PMID 7748496 . as PDF Yu , AJ ; Dayan , P ( May 2005 ) . `` Uncertainty , neuromodulation , and attention '' . Neuron. 46 ( 4 ) : 681 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2005.04. 026 . PMID 15944135 . as PDF External links ( edit ) Warning over combining common medicines for elderly Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Acetylcholine receptor modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators mAChRs Agonists 77 - LH - 28 - 1 AC - 42 AC - 260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150 ( S ) AF267B Alvameline AQRA - 741 Arecoline Bethanechol Bevonium Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD - 0034 CDD - 0078 CDD - 0097 CDD - 0098 CDD - 0102 Cevimeline Choline cis - Dioxolane Clozapine Desmethylclozapine ( norclozapine ) Ethoxysebacylcholine Itameline LY - 593,039 L - 689,660 LY - 2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX - 267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD - 151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210 - 086 Sebacylcholine Suberyldicholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU - 0029767 VU - 0090157 VU - 0152099 VU - 0152100 VU - 0238429 WAY - 132,983 Xanomeline YM - 796 Antagonists 3 - Quinuclidinyl benzilate 4 - DAMP Aclidinium bromide ( + formoterol ) Abediterol AF - DX 250 AF - DX 384 Ambutonium bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Antihistamines ( first - generation ) ( e.g. , brompheniramine , buclizine , captodiame , chlorphenamine ( chlorpheniramine ) , cinnarizine , clemastine , cyproheptadine , dimenhydrinate , dimetindene , diphenhydramine , doxylamine , meclizine , mepyramine ( pyrilamine ) , mequitazine , perlapine , phenindamine , pheniramine , phenyltoloxamine , promethazine , propiomazine , triprolidine ) AQ - RA 741 Atropine Atropine methonitrate Atypical antipsychotics ( e.g. , clozapine , fluperlapine , olanzapine ( + fluoxetine ) , rilapine , quetiapine , tenilapine , zotepine ) Benactyzine Benzatropine ( benztropine ) Benzilone Benzilylcholine mustard Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine Camylofin CAR - 226,086 CAR - 301,060 CAR - 302,196 CAR - 302,282 CAR - 302,368 CAR - 302,537 CAR - 302,668 Caramiphen Cimetropium bromide Clidinium bromide Cloperastine CS - 27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU - 5884 Desfesoterodine Dexetimide DIBD Dicycloverine ( dicyclomine ) Dihexyverine Difemerine Diphemanil metilsulfate Ditran EA - 3167 EA - 3443 EA - 3580 EA - 3834 Emepronium bromide Etanautine Etybenzatropine ( ethybenztropine ) Fenpiverinium Fentonium bromide Fesoterodine Flavoxate Glycopyrronium bromide ( + beclometasone / formoterol , + indacaterol ) Hexahydrodifenidol Hexahydrosiladifenidol Hexbutinol Hexocyclium Himbacine HL - 031,120 Homatropine Imidafenacin Ipratropium bromide ( + salbutamol ) Isopropamide J - 104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba toxin 3 Mamba toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Meladrazine Mepenzolate Methantheline Methoctramine Methylatropine Methylhomatropine Methylscopolamine Metixene Muscarinic toxin 7 N - Ethyl - 3 - piperidyl benzilate N - Methyl - 3 - piperidyl benzilate Nefopam Octatropine methylbromide ( anisotropine methylbromide ) Orphenadrine Otenzepad ( AF - DX 116 ) Otilonium bromide Oxapium iodide Oxitropium bromide Oxybutynin Oxyphencyclimine Oxyphenonium bromide PBID PD - 102,807 PD - 0298029 Penthienate Pethidine pFHHSiD Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pipenzolate bromide Piperidolate Pirenzepine Piroheptine Pizotifen Poldine Pridinol Prifinium bromide Procyclidine Profenamine ( ethopropazine ) Propantheline bromide Propiverine Quinidine Revefenacin Rociverine RU - 47,213 SCH - 57,790 SCH - 72,788 SCH - 217,443 Scopolamine ( hyoscine ) Scopolamine butylbromide ( hyoscine butylbromide ) Silahexacyclium Sofpironium bromide Solifenacin SSRIs ( e.g. , femoxetine , paroxetine ) Telenzepine Terodiline Tetracyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amoxapine , maprotiline , mianserin , mirtazapine ) Tiemonium iodide Timepidium bromide Tiotropium bromide Tiquizium bromide Tofenacin Tolterodine Tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , amitriptyline ( + perphenazine ) , amitriptylinoxide , butriptyline , cidoxepin , clomipramine , desipramine , desmethyldesipramine , dibenzepin , dosulepin ( dothiepin ) , doxepin , imipramine , lofepramine , nitroxazepine , northiaden ( desmethyldosulepin ) , nortriptyline , protriptyline , quinupramine , trimipramine ) Tridihexethyl Trihexyphenidyl Trimebutine Tripitamine ( tripitramine ) Tropacine Tropatepine Tropicamide Trospium chloride Typical antipsychotics ( e.g. , chlorpromazine , chlorprothixene , cyamemazine ( cyamepromazine ) , loxapine , mesoridazine , thioridazine ) Umeclidinium bromide ( + vilanterol ) WIN - 2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRs Agonists ( and PAMs ) 5 - HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT - 202 ABT - 418 ABT - 560 ABT - 894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin - a AR - R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP - 4473 EVP - 6124 Galantamine GTS - 21 Ispronicline Ivermectin JNJ - 39393406 Levamisole Lobeline MEM - 63,908 ( RG - 3487 ) Morantel Nicotine ( tobacco ) NS - 1738 PHA - 543,613 PHA - 709,829 PNU - 120,596 PNU - 282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR - 2429 Sazetidine A SB - 206553 Sebacylcholine SIB - 1508Y SIB - 1553A SSR - 180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium ( succinylcholine ) Suxethonium ( succinyldicholine ) TC - 1698 TC - 1734 TC - 1827 TC - 2216 TC - 5214 TC - 5619 TC - 6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB - 165 Varenicline WAY - 317,538 XY - 4083 Antagonists ( and NAMs ) 18 - MAC 18 - MC α - Neurotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , α - cobratoxin , α - conotoxin , many others ) ABT - 126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates ( e.g. , pentobarbital , sodium thiopental ) BNC - 210 Bungarotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , κ - bungarotoxin ) Bupropion BW - A444 Candocuronium iodide ( chandonium iodide ) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine ( metocurine ) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium ( benzohexonium ) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium ( laudolissin ) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME - 18 - MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan ( racemethorphan ) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol ( racemorphan ) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate ( trimethaphan camsylate ) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators Enzyme ( modulators ) ChAT Inhibitors : 1 - ( - Benzoylethyl ) pyridinium 2 - ( α - Naphthoyl ) ethyltrimethylammonium 3 - Chloro - 4 - stillbazole 4 - ( 1 - Naphthylvinyl ) pyridine Acetylseco hemicholinium - 3 Acryloylcholine AF64A B115 BETA CM - 54,903 N , N - Dimethylaminoethylacrylate N , N - Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate AChE Inhibitors : Reversible : Carbamates : Aldicarb Aminocarb Bendiocarb Bufencarb Carbaryl Carbendazim Carbetamide Carbofuran Carbosulfan Chlorbufam Chloropropham Dimetilan Ethienocarb Ethiofencarb Fenobucarb Formetanate Formparanate Methiocarb Methomyl Metolcarb Miotine Oxamyl Phenmedipham Pinmicarb Pirimicarb Propamocarb Propham Propoxur Thiofanox ; Stigmines : Distigmine Eptastigmine Ganstigmine Neostigmine Phenserine Physostigmine Pyridostigmine Quilostigmine Rivastigmine Terestigmine ; Others : Acotiamide Ambenonium Caffeine Donepezil EA - 3990 EA - 4056 Edrophonium Galantamine Huperzine A Ipidacrine Itopride Ladostigil Minaprine Octamethylene - bis ( 5 - dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide ) T - 1123 Tacrine Zanapezil Irreversible : Organophosphates : Acephate Anatoxin - a ( S ) Azinphos - ethyl Azinphos - methyl BAY - 29952 Bensulide Cadusafos Carbophenothion Chlorethoxyfos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos - methyl Coumaphos Cyanophos Cyclosarin Demephion Demeton Demeton - S - methyl Dialifor Diazinon Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Diisopropylphosphate Dimefox Dimethoate Dimethyl 4 - ( methylthio ) phenyl phosphate Dioxathion Disulfoton EA - 3148 Echothiophate Endothion Ethion Ethoprop Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Fluorotabun Fonofos Formothion Fosthiazate GV Hexaethyl tetraphosphate Isofluorophate Isoxathion Leptophos Malaoxon Malathion Methamidophos Methidathion Methyl phenkapton Metrifonate Mevinphos Monocrotophos Naled Novichok agent Omethoate Oxydemeton - methyl Paraoxon Parathion Parathion - methyl Phorate Phosalone Phosfolan Phosmet Phosphamidon Phoxim Pirimiphos - methyl Profenofos Prothoate Sarin Soman Tabun Tebupirimfos Temefos Terbufos Tetrachlorvinphos Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Triazofos Tribufos Trichlorfon Trichloronate Tricresyl phosphate VE VG VM VP VS VR VX ; Others : Demecarium Fasciculins ( green mamba toxins ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) Onchidal ( Onchidella binneyi ) Unsorted : α - Pinene α - Viniferin Affinine Affinisine Arisugacin A Bulbocapnine Conodurine Coronaridine Corydaline Corynoline Crimidine Cyclanoline Cymserine Harmaline Kobophenol A Lactucopicrin Lycorine Phosacetim Rosmarinic acid Stercuronium iodide Taspine Tetrahydrocannabinol Ungeremine Ungiminorine Reactivators : Asoxime chloride Methoxime Obidoxime Pralidoxime Trimedoxime bromide BChE Inhibitors : Affinine Affinisine Conodurine Cymserine Ladostigil Profenamine ( ethopropazine ) Rivastigmine Tacrine ZINC - 12613047 Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above Transporter ( modulators ) CHT Inhibitors : Hemicholinium - 3 ( hemicholine ) Triethylcholine Enhancers : Coluracetam VAChT Inhibitors : Vesamicol Release ( modulators ) Inhibitors SNAP - 25 inactivators : Botulinum toxin ( A , C , E ) VAMP inactivators : Botulinum toxin ( B , D , F , G ) Others : Bungarotoxins ( β - bungarotoxin , γ - bungarotoxin ) Enhancers LPHN agonists : α - Latrotoxin Others : Atracotoxin ( e.g. , robustoxin , versutoxin ) Crotoxin See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators GND : 4141256 - 4 LCCN : sh85000467 Biology portal Neuroscience portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acetylcholine&oldid=856406352 '' Categories : Acetate esters Acetylcholine Choline esters Cholinergics Muscarinic agonists Nicotinic agonists Quaternary ammonium compounds Hidden categories : E number from Wikidata ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles without EBI source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugs missing an ATC code Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Drugs that are a physiological drug Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 23 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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nominated in the best foreign film category at the oscars mother india lost to | Mother India , its star Nargis , and the director Khan received many awards and nominations . Nargis won the Filmfare Best Actress Award in 1958 and became the first Indian to receive the Best Actress award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in present - day Czech Republic . Mother India won the Filmfare Award for Best Film and scooped several other Filmfare awards including Best Director for Khan , Best Cinematographer for Faredoon Irani , and Best Sound for R. Kaushik . In 1958 , the film became India 's first submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was chosen as one of the five nominations for the category . The international version , 120 minutes long , was sent for the Oscars . Additionally , this version had English subtitles , and dropped Mehboob Productions ' logo , which featured the Communist hammer and sickle , to appease the Academy . The 120 - minute version was later distributed in the US and UK by Columbia Pictures . The film came close to winning the Academy Award , but lost to Federico Fellini 's Nights of Cabiria by a single vote . Khan was utterly disappointed at not winning the award . `` He had seen the other films in the fray and believed Mother India was far superior to them '' recalled Sunil Dutt years later . It also won two awards at the 5th National Film Awards in 1957 : an All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film and Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Hindi . | Nights of Cabiria | Mother India | mother india | Mother India Film poster Directed by Mehboob Khan Produced by Mehboob Khan Written by Mehboob Khan Wajahat Mirza S. Ali Raza Starring Nargis Sunil Dutt Rajendra Kumar Raaj Kumar Music by Naushad Cinematography Faredoon A. Irani Edited by Shamsudin Kadri Production company Mehboob Productions Release date 25 October 1957 ( 1957 - 10 - 25 ) ( India ) Running time 172 minutes Country India Language Hindi - Urdu Box office est. ₹ 40 million Play media Mother India , 1957 Mother India is a 1957 Indian epic drama film , directed by Mehboob Khan and starring Nargis , Sunil Dutt , Rajendra Kumar , and Raaj Kumar . A remake of Khan 's earlier film Aurat ( 1940 ) , it is the story of a poverty - stricken village woman named Radha ( Nargis ) , who in the absence of her husband , struggles to raise her sons and survive against a cunning money - lender amidst many troubles . Despite her hardships , she sets a goddess - like moral example of an ideal Indian woman . The title of the film was chosen to counter American author Katherine Mayo 's 1927 polemical book Mother India , which vilified Indian culture . Allusions to Hindu mythology are abundant in the film , and its lead character has been seen as a metonymic representation of a Hindu woman who reflects high moral values and the concept of what it means to be a mother to society through self - sacrifice . Mother India metaphorically represents India as a nation in the aftermath of independence , and alludes to a strong sense of nationalism and nation - building . While some authors treat Radha as the symbol of women empowerment , others see her cast in female stereotypes . The film was shot in Mumbai 's Mehboob Studios and in the villages of Maharashtra , Gujarat , and Uttar Pradesh states . The music by Naushad introduced Western classical music and Hollywood - style orchestra to Hindi cinema . The film was the most expensive Hindi cinema ( Bollywood ) production and earned the highest revenue for any Hindi film at that time . Adjusted for inflation , Mother India still ranks among the all - time Indian box office hits . It was released in India amid fanfare in October or November 1957 , and had several high - profile screenings , including one at the capital , New Delhi , attended by the country 's president and prime minister . Mother India became a definitive cultural classic and is regarded as one of the best films in Indian and world cinema . It was India 's first submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1958 , where it got the nomination and lost the award by just one vote . The film won the All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film , the Filmfare Best Film Award for 1957 , and Nargis and Khan won the Best Actress and Best Director awards respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Title 3.2 Script 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Release 5.2 Reviews 5.3 Awards 6 Music 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 Explanatory notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is set in 1957 , the present day at the time of shooting . When construction of an irrigation canal to the village is completed , Radha ( Nargis ) , considered to be the `` mother '' of the village , is asked to inaugurate the canal . She remembers her past , when she was newly married . The wedding between Radha and Shamu ( Raaj Kumar ) is paid for by Radha 's mother - in - law , who borrows the money from the moneylender Sukhilala ( Kanhaiyalal ) . The conditions of the loan are disputed , but the village elders decide in favour of the moneylender , after which Shamu and Radha are forced to pay three quarters of their crop as interest on the loan of ₹ 500 ( valued at about US $ 105 in 1957 ) . While Shamu works to bring more of their rocky land into use , his arms are crushed by a boulder . Ashamed of his helplessness ( being without arms ) , and humiliated by Sukhilala for living on the earnings of his wife , Shamu decides that he is of no use to his family and permanently leaves Radha and their three sons , walking to his own probable death by starvation . Soon after , Radha 's youngest son and her mother - in - law die . A severe storm and the resulting flood destroys houses in the village and ruins the harvest . Sukhilala offers to save Radha and her sons if she trades her body to him for food . Radha vehemently refused his offer , but had to also lose her infant ( her fourth son ) to the atrocities of the storm . Although the villagers begin initially to evacuate the village , they decide to stay and rebuild it , persuaded by Radha . Several years later , Radha 's two surviving children , Birju ( Sunil Dutt ) and Ramu ( Rajendra Kumar ) , are young men . Birju , embittered since childhood by the demands of Sukhilala , takes out his frustrations by pestering the village girls , especially Sukhilala 's daughter , Rupa . Ramu , by contrast , has a calmer temperament and is married soon after . Birju 's anger finally becomes dangerous and , after being provoked , he attacks Sukhilala and his daughter and steals Radha 's kangan ( marriage bracelets ) that were pawned with Sukhilala . He is chased out of the village and becomes a bandit . Radha promises Sukhilala that she will not let Birju cause harm to Sukhilala 's family . On Rupa 's wedding day , Birju returns with his gang of bandits to exact his revenge . He kills Sukhilala and kidnaps Rupa . When he tries to flee the village on his horse , Radha , his mother , shoots him . He dies in her arms . The film returns to 1957 ; Radha opens the gate of the canal and its reddish water flows into the fields . Cast ( edit ) External image Images of Nargis in Mother India Nargis as Radha , the heroine and an archetypal Indian woman Sunil Dutt as Birju , Radha 's rebellious younger son , who turns into a bandit Rajendra Kumar as Ramu , Radha 's elder son , who follows his mother 's path of virtuousness Raaj Kumar as Shamu , Radha 's husband Kanhaiyalal as Sukhilala `` Lala '' , a cunning money - lender Jilloo Maa as Sundar - Chachi , the mother - in - law of Radha Kumkum as Champa , the wife of Ramu Chanchal as Rupa , Sukhilala 's daughter Sheela Naik as Kamala , a family friend Mukri as Shambu , a family friend , and Kamala 's husband Azra as Chandra , daughter of a schoolmaster of the village Sajid Khan as a young Birju Surendra as a young Ramu Production ( edit ) Title ( edit ) The title Mother India was inspired by American author Katherine Mayo 's 1927 polemical book of the same name , in which she attacked Indian society , religion and culture . Written against the Indian demands for self - rule and independence from British rule , the book pointed to the treatment of India 's women , the untouchables , animals , dirt , and the character of its nationalistic politicians . Mayo singled out the rampant and fatally weakening sexuality of its males to be at the core of all problems , leading to masturbation , rape , homosexuality , prostitution , venereal diseases , and , most importantly , premature sexual intercourse and maternity . The book created an outrage across India , and it was burned along with her effigy . It was criticised by Mahatma Gandhi as a `` report of a drain inspector sent out with the one purpose of opening and examining the drains of the country to be reported upon '' . The book prompted over fifty angry books and pamphlets to be published to highlight Mayo 's errors and false perception of Indian society , which had become a powerful influence on the American people 's view of India . Mehboob Khan had the idea for the film and the title as early as 1952 , five years after India 's independence ; in October that year , he approached the import authorities of the Indian government to seek permission for importing raw stocks for the film . In 1955 , the ministries of External Affairs and Information - and - Broadcasting learned of the title of the forthcoming film and demanded that the director send them the script for review , suspicious that it was based on the book and thus a possible threat to national interest . The film team dispatched the script along with a two - page letter on 17 September 1955 saying : There has been considerable confusion and misunderstanding in regard to our film production Mother India and Mayo 's book . Not only are the two incompatible but totally different and indeed opposite . We have intentionally called our film Mother India , as a challenge to this book , in an attempt to evict from the minds of the people the scurrilous work that is Miss Mayo 's book . Script ( edit ) The 1940 film Aurat ( Woman ) was remade as Mother India . Khan 's future wife Sardar Akhtar played the role of Radha in Aurat . Khan was inspired by American author Pearl S. Buck and her books The Good Earth ( 1931 ) and The Mother ( 1934 ) ; he also saw the film The Good Earth ( 1937 ) , directed by Sidney Franklin . The Mother chronicled the life of a Chinese woman , including her married life and lonely struggle after being abandoned by her husband . Aspects of Mother India , such as moneylenders , toiling on land , and rearing children through hardship were part of the story . Khan originally drew upon these influences in making his 1940 film Aurat , the original version of Mother India . Khan bought the rights of Aurat from the production company National Studios for ₹ 35,000 ( valued at about US $7,350 in 1957 ) . Stylistic elements of Mother India show similarities with Vsevolod Pudovkin 's Soviet silent film Mother ( 1926 ) ; Our Daily Bread ( 1934 ) , directed by King Vidor ; and films of Alexander Dovzhenko . Certain imagery in the film , such as `` happy farmers , sickles in their hand , smiling from behind ripening crops '' , resemble posters by Soviet constructivist artists . The script of Aurat was devised by Wajahat Mirza , based upon a story by Babubhai Mehta . For Mother India , it was reworked by Mirza and the young screenwriter S. Ali Raza . Apart from Mehboob Khan , Mirza and Raza , prominent screenwriters Aghajani Kashmeri , Zia Sarhadi , Akhtar Mirza , music director Naushad , assistant director Chimankant Desai and many others were consulted . The dialogue , reworked by Mirza and Raza , is a blend of Urdu , vernacular Hindi , and its literary counterpart . As Mirza and Raza were from the Urdu literary tradition , they wrote the dialogues in Urdu script . The script was intentionally written in a way that promoted the empowerment of women in Indian society ( including the power to resist sexual advances ) and the maintenance of a sense of moral dignity and purpose as individuals ; this was contrary to what Mayo had claimed in her book . These themes , present in Aurat , were further developed with a strong sense of nationalism and nation - building , using characters personifying abstract qualities such as `` beauty and goodness , wealth and power , poverty and exploitation , and community spirit '' . Casting ( edit ) Nargis was the director 's first choice for the role of Radha , and despite only being aged 26 at the time , she played the role of the new wife , young single mother and an aged mother of two sons . Nargis -- the reigning queen of Hindi cinema at the time -- had started her career in a leading role with Khan 's Taqdeer ( 1943 ) and acted under his direction in Humayun ( 1945 ) and Andaz ( 1949 ) . Mother India is generally regarded as Nargis 's best performance and was her last major film before retirement after marriage . Khan had wanted to cast Sabu Dastagir , a Hollywood star of Indian origin , as Birju . Dastagir travelled to India from Los Angeles , stayed in a hotel in Mumbai ( then known as Bombay ) and received a retainer . However , delays and obstacles in beginning shooting and getting a work permit for Dastagir led to his dismissal from the project . Dilip Kumar , an established actor in the Hindi film industry , had originally expressed an interest in playing Birju , which Khan found agreeable ; Dilip Kumar agreed to play Shamu as well . However , Nargis objected that the public would not accept their casting as mother and son because she had done several romantic films alongside him . Sunil Dutt -- with the experience of just one film -- was finally cast , after Mukri , a comedian in the film , introduced him to Khan . Sajid Khan , the actor who portrayed the young Birju , was unknown at the time , and was from a poor family from the Mumbai slums . Sajid 's salary in the film was ₹ 750 . He was later adopted by Mehboob Khan . Subsequently , Raaj Kumar was cast as Shamu and Rajendra Kumar as Ramu . Mother India was the first successful film and a turning point in the careers of Dutt , Raaj Kumar and Rajendra Kumar . Before principal photography began , Nargis and Raaj Kumar familiarised themselves with farming practices such as ploughing the fields , reaping and sowing , and cotton picking . The extras in the song and dance sequences of the film were from local dance groups in villages where the shooting took place instead of the usual ones from Mumbai . Filming ( edit ) The initial filming for Mother India began unexpectedly , even before the script and cast were finalised . In 1955 , parts of Uttar Pradesh suffered from major flooding . Cinematographer Faredoon Irani travelled to flood - afflicted districts to shoot generic flood scenes . The scheduled principal photography started in 1955 with a budget of ₹ 20 -- 25 lakh ( approximately US $420,000 -- 525,000 in 1957 ) . However , the budget increased to ₹ 35 -- 40 lakh ( approximately US $735,000 -- 840,000 in 1957 ) by the end of the filming because of the outdoor sessions and cast and crew 's salaries . This budget , a record at the time , was surpassed by Mughal - e-Azam in 1960 . Mehboob Studios in Mumbai , where most of the indoor shots of the film were taken . Several indoor scenes for the film were shot in 1956 at Mehboob Studios in Bandra , Mumbai . Khan and Irani attempted to shoot frequently on location to make the film as realistic as possible . Locations included various villages in Maharashtra , Gujarat ( Maharashtra and Gujarat together formed Bombay State then ) and Uttar Pradesh . The film was shot in 35mm . Contemporary cinematographer Anil Mehta has noted the mastery of Irani 's cinematic techniques in shooting the film , including his `` intricate tracks and pans , the detailed mise en scène patterns Irani conceived , even for brief shots -- in the studios as well as on location '' . The film took about three years to make , from early organisation , planning , and scripting to completion of filming . In a November 1956 interview , Nargis described the film shoot and her role as the most demanding of her career . Mother India was shot in Gevacolor , later converted to Technicolor . It was shot mostly using the sync sound technique , which was common at the time ; some scenes were dubbed . For shooting the flood scene , a farmer agreed to flood 500 acres ( 200 ha ) of his land . In the exodus scene following the flood , 300 bullock carts , 200 farmers and many horses , tractors and ploughs were used . Gayatri Chatterjee writes about the popular belief that all these were made available by villagers without reimbursement , in her book . However , account ledgers of the production revealed that the villagers were paid . There was a protracted scene in the film in which Radha runs between burning haystacks in search for her son Birju , a renegade bandit , who was hiding there . The fire scene was shot in the Umra area of Surat , Gujarat , by burning bales of hay . Nargis and Dutt acted in the fire scene without doubles . On 1 March 1957 , an accident occurred during the fire scene when the wind direction changed and the fire grew out of control , trapping Nargis . She was saved by Dutt , who quickly grabbed a blanket , plunged inside , and rescued her . Shooting halted temporarily as both had sustained injuries . Dutt was hospitalised for the burns and Nargis helped nurse him , at Khan 's place in Billimora . Nargis -- a popular actress at the time -- fell in love with Dutt , who was in early stages of his film career and played her son in the film ; they married on 11 March 1958 . Nargis wished to marry soon after the film , but Khan protested that real - life marriage of the onscreen mother - son would be disastrous for the film . Owing to their relationship , Nargis also found it difficult to perform a scene where she beat Dutt with a lathi . Themes ( edit ) In Hindu mythology , Radha is the lover of the god Krishna . Scholars have noted that the character Radha in the film personifies the love and romance of mythological Radha . Various authors identify the character of Radha with Hindu mythological goddesses and characters , such as Radha ( the lover of the god Krishna , personifying love and romance ) , Sita ( the divine heroine of the Hindu epic Ramayana , personifying high moral value ) , Savitri ( representing great morality and loyalty to husband ) , Draupadi ( personifying duty and morality ) , Dharti - mata ( earth - mother goddess ) and Lakshmi ( Hindu goddess of prosperity ) . Besides these gentle goddesses , the character of Radha has shades of more ferocious warrior goddesses such as Durga and Kali . Film scholars have compared the mild - mannered , obedient son Ramu with the god Rama of the epic Ramayana , and the romantic outlaw Birju -- a name of Krishna -- with the god Krishna , known for his transgressions . Shamu ( another name of Krishna ) , Radha 's husband who leaves her , is also equated with Krishna , who left his lover Radha in mythological accounts . The title Mother India and Radha 's character are described to be allusions not only to the Hindu Mother Goddess , but also to Bharat Mata ( literally `` Mother India '' ) , the national personification of India , generally represented as a Hindu goddess . According to professor Nalini Natarajan of the University of Puerto Rico , Nargis 's Mother India is a metonymic representation of a Hindu woman , reflecting high Hindu values , with virtuous morality and motherly self - sacrifice . Film scholar Jyotika Virdi wrote that Mother India could also be seen as a metaphor of the trinity of mother , God , and a dynamic nation . Vijay Mishra , in his 2002 book Bollywood Cinema : Temples of Desire , opined that the Mother India figure is an icon in several respects -- being associated with a goddess , her function as a wife , as a lover , and even compromising her femininity at the end of the film by playing the role of Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer , masculine gods . According to Indian film scholars Gokulsing and Dissanayake , while aspiring to traditional Hindu values , the character of Mother India also represents the changing role of the mother in Indian cinema and society in that the mother is not always subservient or dependent on her husband , refining the relationship to the male gender or patriarchal social structures . The New Internationalist said in a 1999 review that Radha transforms from a submissive wife to an independent mother , thereby breaking female stereotypes in Hindi film . In contrast , in a 2012 article in the newspaper The Hindu , author Tarini Sridharan has pointed out themes such as upholding female chastity , wifely devotion and saintly motherhood that reinforce gender stereotypes . While the action of sacrificing motherhood to uphold a woman 's dignity is termed as feminist by some , other authors see it as an attempt of a community woman to protect the patriarchal village structure , that esteems izzat ( honour ) of women . A promotional pamphlet to introduce the social context of the film to western audiences described Indian women as being `` an altar in India '' , and that Indians `` measure the virtue of their race by the chastity of their women '' , and that `` Indian mothers are the nucleus around which revolve the tradition and culture of ages . '' In a 2002 review in The New York Times , film critic Dave Kehr compares the film with Stella Dallas ( 1937 ) for the thematic similarity of the series of sacrifices made by the female lead , and with Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) as an epic mirroring social upheavals . Film critic Mark Cousins and author Tejaswini Ganti agree that the film is the Gone with the Wind of Indian cinema . Bharat Mata ( literally `` Mother India '' ) , the national personification of India . Scholars have noted allusions to this goddess in the protagonist Radha and in the film Mother India , which is interpreted as an allegorical representation of India after independence . The term `` Mother India '' has been defined as `` a common icon for the emergent Indian nation in the early 20th century in both colonialist and nationalist discourse '' . Many authors , including Gayatri Chatterjee , author of Mother India ( 2002 ) , interpret the film as an allegory signifying patriotism and the changing situation in the newly independent nation , and how India was functioning without British authority . It echoes the tale of a modern India , liberating itself from `` feudal and colonial oppression '' . The film , an archetypal nationalistic picture , is symbolic in that it demonstrated the euphoria of `` Mother India '' in a nation that had only been independent for 10 years , and it had a long - lasting cultural impact upon the Indian people . Film scholar Saibal Chatterjee considers Mother India a `` mirror of independent India '' , highlighting problems of a nascent nation , including rural exploitation of farmers by money - lenders , in a dramatic fashion understandable to the common viewer . It also represents the agrarian poverty and hardship of the people at the time . The red water that flows from the canal irrigating the green fields at the end of the film is seen by Chatterjee as a metaphor to represent the blood of Indians in the struggle for independence , flowing to nourish a new free India . The canal is described by Virdi to signal the imminent end of the feudal order . However , despite Radha 's struggle against feudal oppression depicted in the film , her action of stopping the rebellious Birju and upholding status quo -- the feudal and patriarchal order -- is seen as `` regressive '' by various authors . In a study of media and popular culture in South Asia , author Mahasveta Barua draws a parallel between the film 's metaphorical representation of the mother as nation , and the metonymic identification with India that Indira Gandhi , India 's only woman prime minister , sought and tried for during her tenure ( 1966 -- 77 , and 1980 -- 84 ) . In his book Terrorism , Media , Liberation , John David Slocum argues that like Satyajit Ray 's classic masterpiece Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , Khan 's Mother India has `` vied for alternative definitions of Indianness '' . However , he emphasises that the film is an overt mythologising and feminising of the nation in which Indian audiences have used their imagination to define it in the nationalistic context , given that in reality the storyline is about a poverty - stricken peasant from northern India , rather than a true ideal of a modernising , powerful nation . The Radha -- Birju relationship is described to have `` Oedipal elements '' by many authors ; Virdi has argued that in her chastity , Radha channels her sexual desires into maternal love for her sons who effectively become `` substitute erotic subjects '' . Mishra opines that the crushing of the arms of Radha 's husband and the mellowness of the older son symbolise castration , which is in contrast with the rebellion of Birju , identified with sexual potency . Birju 's obsession with his mother 's bracelets is an expression of his oedipal longings , according to Chakravarty . Rachel Dwyer , Professor of Indian Cultures and Cinema at SOAS , describes how `` suspiciously smoothly '' the Oedipal elements fit into the film and the off - screen romance between Nargis and Dutt , playing mother and son in the film . Radha 's actions at the end of the film in shooting her own son was a breaking of traditional mother -- son relationship to safeguard morality , according to author William Van der Heide . Virdi points out that this brought ambiguity to the mother figure who acts as a sacrificing provider and also as a destroyer , annihilating her own son , something rare in Hindi cinema . She interprets Birju 's sexual advances on a village girl ( which is incest in north Indian village culture ) as being a substitute in the plot for the incestuous mother -- son relationship and his death at the end as a punishment for violation of the taboo . Authors such as Eshun and Woods state that Radha and Ramu are the archetypal champions of virtue in battling hardship and injustice , while Birju is a mischievous child who becomes the anarchist whose uncontrollable rebellion destroys order . Mishra has noted that although Radha upholds Dharma ( the natural law or order ) in the film , it is Birju who achieves identification from the spectators ; in his rebellion lies the agenda of political action that will usher social change . Mishra notes that due to such conflicting ideas , the film is very much conforming , and yet `` defiantly subversive '' . Film scholar Vijay Mishra has pointed out the presence of the `` highly syncretic hyphenated Hindu -- Muslim nature '' of Bollywood in the film . Parama Roy has interpreted that Nargis 's legendary status as the titular Mother India is due to Hinduisation of the role and her real - life marriage with a Hindu ; she is , according to Roy , scripted as a renouncer of Muslim separatism in the film . Mishra has found metacritical value in Salman Rushdie 's commentary on the film in his novel The Moor 's Last Sigh ( 1995 ) in which Rushdie describes : In Mother India , a piece of Hindu myth - making directed by a Muslim socialist , Mehboob Khan , the Indian peasant women is idealised as bride , mother , and producers of sons , as long - suffering , stoical , loving , redemptive , and conservatively wedded to the maintenance of the social status quo . But for Bad Birju , cast out from his mother 's love , she becomes , as one critic mentioned , ' that image of an aggressive , treacherous , annihilating mother who haunts the fantasy of Indian males ' . Reception ( edit ) Release ( edit ) A special screening of Mother India was held in the residence of the Indian president ( pictured ) on 23 October 1957 , two days before its release . The production team had planned to release Mother India to commemorate the tenth anniversary of India 's independence on 15 August 1957 , but the film was released over two months later . It premiered at the Liberty Cinema in Mumbai on 25 October 1957 , during Diwali ; it ran continuously at Liberty for over a year . It was released in Kolkata ( then called Calcutta ) the same day and in Delhi a week later . It had reached all regions of India by the end of November . Government ministers and other officials were invited to the premieres , and a special screening was held in Rashtrapati Bhavan ( the presidential quarter ) in New Delhi on 23 October 1957 ; the event was attended by President Rajendra Prasad , Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi . Chief Minister of West Bengal Bidhan Chandra Roy and Governor Padmaja Naidu attended a screening in Kolkata . Impressed with the film 's nationalistic message , Chief Minister of Bombay State Morarji Desai granted it exemption from the entertainment tax in the state . No reliable data is available on the box office earnings of Mother India . It was in continuous distribution in theatres in India until the mid-1990s . There was a renewed interest in the film in the 1970s causing an upsurge in ticket sales . Film trade websites provide estimates of its business . Boxofficeindia.com gives ₹ 40 million ( US $600,000 ) as its gross , and ₹ 1,173 million ( US $17 million ) as its adjusted net , as of 2012 . According to Chatterjee , it did exceptionally good business in Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Gujarat , Karnataka ( then called Mysore State ) and Maharashtra . The film 's success led Khan to name his next film Son of India . Released in 1962 , it was not well received . Mother India was dubbed in several European languages including Spanish , French and Russian ; it did substantial business in Greece , Spain and Russia and was released in the Eastern Bloc countries . Technicolor arranged one screening of the film in Paris on 30 June 1958 , under the name Les bracelets d'or ( `` The Gold Bracelets '' ) . It did minimal business in Paris , but fared better in French colonies . It was successful in the Latin American countries of Peru , Bolivia , and Ecuador . Mother India was also acclaimed across the Arab world , in the Middle East , parts of Southeast Asia , and North Africa and continued to be shown in countries such as Algeria at least ten years after its release . It was released in the US on 9 July 1959 to lukewarm response , and the UK release in 1961 was also a commercial failure . The initial international version with English subtitles was 40 minutes shorter than the Indian release . As of 2013 , Mother India is available on DVD in all regions NTSC format , distributed by the Eros Entertainment . Reviews ( edit ) Baburao Patel of the film magazine Filmindia ( December 1957 ) described Mother India after its release as `` the greatest picture produced in India '' and wrote that no other actress would have been able to perform the role as well as Nargis . A review in Monthly Film Bulletin in 1958 remarked that audiences in UK should be grateful that the international version was shortened by 40 minutes , and termed it a `` rag - bag pantomime '' . After its US release in 1959 , Irene Thirer reviewed the film in the New York Post in which she praised its `` striking dramatic appeal '' , but feared it might not be accepted by American audiences due to cultural differences . In a 1976 article in the journal Studies : An Irish Quarterly Review , author Michael Gallagher found the film `` an amazing mixture of political allegory and cheap musical , a cross between the impressiveness of Eisenstein and the banality of Show Boat '' . The New Internationalist in 1999 found Nargis 's acting `` exemplary '' , and noted `` a clever interplay -- artistically and politically -- between the traditional and the radical '' evident in Mother India . In a 2002 article in The Village Voice , film critic J. Hoberman described the film as `` an outrageous masala of apparently discordant elements . '' He characterised it as a mixture of `` indigenous versions of Soviet - style tractor - opera , Italian neo-realism , Hollywood kiddie - cuteness , a dozen Technicolor musical numbers , and , most significantly , a metaphoric overlay of pop Hinduism . '' Hoberman criticised the acting as `` broad '' , and also wrote about the `` vaguely left - wing '' nationalist overtone of the film . Author Phill Hall , writing for Film Threat in 2002 , described the film as exceptionally sluggish and one - dimensional , and lampooned it saying `` it takes the strongest of constitutions to endure this film without entertaining notions of matricide . '' Jonathan Romney in his 2002 report in The Independent observed the earth - mother Radha as `` India 's answer to Anna Magnani '' and the film as `` an all - out exercise in ideological myth - making . '' Women 's Feature Service , in a 2007 article , noted Mother India as `` one of the most outstanding films of the post-Independence era . '' Ziya Us Salam of The Hindu wrote in her 2010 report : `` Mehboob was able to blend the individual with the universal , thereby enhancing the film 's appeal without compromising on its sensitivity . '' Awards ( edit ) Mother India , its star Nargis , and the director Khan received many awards and nominations . Nargis won the Filmfare Best Actress Award in 1958 and became the first Indian to receive the Best Actress award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in present - day Czech Republic . Mother India won the Filmfare Award for Best Film and scooped several other Filmfare awards including Best Director for Khan , Best Cinematographer for Faredoon Irani , and Best Sound for R. Kaushik . In 1958 , the film became India 's first submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was chosen as one of the five nominations for the category . The international version , 120 minutes long , was sent for the Oscars . Additionally , this version had English subtitles , and dropped Mehboob Productions ' logo , which featured the Communist hammer and sickle , to appease the Academy . The 120 - minute version was later distributed in the US and UK by Columbia Pictures . The film came close to winning the Academy Award , but lost to Federico Fellini 's Nights of Cabiria by a single vote . Khan was utterly disappointed at not winning the award . `` He had seen the other films in the fray and believed Mother India was far superior to them '' recalled Sunil Dutt years later . It also won two awards at the 5th National Film Awards in 1957 : an All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film and Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film in Hindi . Music ( edit ) Mother India Soundtrack album by Naushad Released 1957 Recorded Mehboob Studios Genre Film soundtrack Label EMI Records Naushad chronology Uran Khatola ( 1955 ) Uran Khatola 1955 Mother India ( 1957 ) Sohni Mahiwal ( 1958 ) Sohni Mahiwal 1958 The score and soundtrack for Mother India was composed by Naushad . Mehboob Khan had worked on eight films with Naushad and developed a rapport with him . The lyrics were by Shakeel Badayuni . The soundtrack consists of 12 songs and features vocals by Mohammed Rafi , Shamshad Begum , Lata Mangeshkar , and Manna Dey . It was not particularly well received upon release , and critics said it did not match the high pitch and quality of the film . However , its later reception has been more positive : the soundtrack made Planet Bollywood 's list of `` 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever '' , compiled in the 2000s . The review gave the album 7.5 stars out of 10 . Mother India is the earliest example of a Hindi film containing Western classical music and Hollywood - style orchestra . An example is a coda during the scene in which Birju runs away from his mother and rejects her . It features a powerful symphonic orchestra with strings , woodwinds and trumpets . This orchestral music contains extensive chromaticism , diminished sevenths , and augmented scales . It also features violin tremolos . Anne Morcom writes in Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema that the piece is unmelodic and `` profoundly disturbing '' . This use of a western - style orchestra in Indian cinema influenced many later films , such as Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) , which features similar dissonant orchestral music to create atmosphere at tense moments . The song `` Holi Aayi Re Kanhai '' , sung by Shamshad Begum , has been cited as a typical Hindi film song which is written for and sung by a female singer , with an emotional charge that appeals to a mass audience . No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Chundariya Katati Jaye '' Manna Dey 3 : 15 2 . `` Nagari Nagari Dware Dware '' Lata Mangeshkar 7 : 29 3 . `` Duniya Mein Hum Aaye Hain '' Lata Mangeshkar , Meena Mangeshkar , Usha Mangeshkar 3 : 36 4 . `` O Gaadiwale '' Shamshad Begum , Mohammed Rafi 2 : 59 5 . `` Matwala Jiya Dole Piya '' Lata Mangeshkar , Mohammed Rafi 3 : 34 6 . `` Dukh Bhare Din Beete Re '' Shamshad Begum , Mohammed Rafi , Manna Dey , Asha Bhosle 3 : 09 7 . `` Holi Aayi Re Kanhai '' Shamshad Begum 2 : 51 8 . `` Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali '' Shamshad Begum 3 : 19 9 . `` Ghunghat Nahin Kholoongi Saiyan '' Lata Mangeshkar 3 : 10 10 . `` O Mere Lal Aaja '' Lata Mangeshkar 3 : 11 11 . `` O Janewalo Jao Na '' Lata Mangeshkar 2 : 33 12 . `` Na Main Bhagwan Hoon '' Mohammed Rafi 3 : 24 Total length : 42 : 30 Legacy ( edit ) `` All Hindi films come from Mother India . '' -- Javed Akhtar , Hindi cinema poet , lyricist and scriptwriter Mother India has been described as `` perhaps India 's most revered film '' , a `` cinematic epic '' , a `` flag - bearer of Hindi cinema and a legend in its own right '' , Mehboob Khan 's magnum opus and an `` all - time blockbuster '' , which ranks highly among India 's most successful films . It was in continuous distribution , being played in theatres for more than three decades ; the record ended in the mid-1990s with the advent of satellite television and a change in Indian film - viewing habits . Mother India belongs to only a small collection of films , including Kismet ( 1943 ) , Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) , Sholay ( 1975 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) , and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) which are repeatedly watched throughout India and are viewed as definitive Hindi films with cultural significance . It is also among the only three Indian films to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ( the others being Salaam Bombay ! and Lagaan ) . The Hindustan Times ( in 2007 ) identifies the `` film 's pungent social references '' which are `` too harsh to be sold at a profit today . But this heartrending tale filled Indians with hope and pride then . '' The film was remade in the Telugu language as Bangaru Talli in 1971 , and in Tamil as Punniya Boomi in 1978 . Mother India is ranked No. 80 in Empire magazine 's `` The 100 Best Films of World Cinema '' in 2010 . It is listed among the only three Hindi films in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die ( the others being Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge and Deewaar ) . Film critic Anupama Chopra included it in her list of top 100 films in world cinema . In 2005 , Indiatimes Movies ranked the film amongst the `` Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films '' . It was ranked third in the British Film Institute 's 2002 poll of `` Top 10 Indian Films '' . It was also included in TIME 's list of the best Bollywood classics in 2010 , and in CNN - IBN 's list of the `` 100 greatest Indian films of all time '' in 2013 . The film was premiered in the Cannes Classics section of the 2004 Cannes Film Festival . Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN notes that Mother India `` did n't just put India on the world map , it also defined Hindi cinema for decades that followed . '' Film critic Dave Kehr agrees that it influenced Indian films for the next 50 years . A 1983 Channel 4 documentary on Hindi cinema describes the film as setting a benchmark in Indian cinema . The shooting stance of Nargis at the end of the film is one of the all - time iconic images of Hindi cinema . Other iconic scenes include Radha pulling the plough through the field ( see film poster at the top ) and feeding chapatis to her two sons as they pull the plough . The Hindustan Times states that Nargis symbolised mothers in `` which all the mothers ( in later films ) had the same clichéd roles to play . Representing both motherhood and Mother Earth , who also nurtures and occasionally punishes , Nargis immortalised the Indian mother on celluloid . '' The film pioneered the portrayal of two morally opposed brothers personifying good and evil , which became a repeated motif in Hindi films , including Gunga Jumna ( 1961 ) and Deewaar ( 1975 ) . The rebellious Birju also inspired the `` angry young man '' stock character that arose in 1970s Hindi cinema . See also ( edit ) Bollywood portal List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film List of submissions to the 30th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Explanatory notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The exchange rate in 1957 was 4.762 Indian rupees ( ₹ ) per 1 US dollar ( US $ ). ( Statistical Abstract of the United States 1959 , p. 944 ) Jump up ^ The exact year when the loan was borrowed is not mentioned in the film , so the value is given in 1957 ( year of release of the film ) exchange rate . Jump up ^ At that time ( early 1950s ) the Joint Chief Controller of Imports , Government of India , regulated import of film stocks . The maximum number of prints for a film in those days were usually around 60 . However , Mehboob applied for the permission to import stocks needed for 180 prints . As a result , a prolonged negotiation between the import authorities and Mehboob Production ensued . The data on exact import amount is not available . Jump up ^ The idea of the nation as mother ( Bharat Mata , or Mother India ) was prevalent in pre-independence India , and was an important trope for nationalism and Indian independence movement . Representation of the nation as mother were evident in paintings , literature , music and commodities such as calendars. ( Chatterjee 2002 , p. 49 ) Jump up ^ Jyotika Virdi writes , `` In north Indian village culture men and women of the same village are conventionally considered siblings . '' ( Virdi 2003 , p. 117 ) Jump up ^ Possible reason for the delayed release is lengthy post-production . Chatterjee mentions that the director undertook `` tremendous effort to bring the film to the release print stage as quickly as possible and dispatch it to the Technicolor office in London . Mehboob then proceeded to London for the final editing and colour correction , and Irani accompanied him for sound editing . '' ( Chatterjee 2002 , p. 21 ) Jump up ^ The other nominations were the West German film The Devil Strikes at Night ( director Robert Siodmak ) , the French - Italian Gates of Paris ( director René Clair ) , the Italian Nights of Cabiria ( director Federico Fellini ) and the Norwegian Nine Lives ( director Jan Baalsrud ). ( Chatterjee 2002 , p. 79 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Aḵẖtar , Jāvīd ; Kabir , Nasreen Munni ( 2002 ) . Talking Films : Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195664621 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . most of the writers working in this so - called Hindi cinema write in Urdu : Gulzar , or Rajinder Singh Bedi or Inder Raj Anand or Rahi Masoom Raza or Vahajat Mirza , who wrote dialogue for films like Mughal - e-Azam and Gunga Jumna and Mother India . So most dialogue - writers and most song - writers are from the Urdu discipline , even today . ^ Jump up to : BoxOffice India . ^ Jump up to : Sinha 2006 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Frick 2006 . Jump up ^ Gandhi 2002 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Jayawardena 1995 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Rangoonwala 2003 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Hindustan Times 2007a . Jump up ^ Pauwels 2007 , p. 178 ; Chatterjee 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2 2009 , 1 : 27 -- 1 : 41 . Jump up ^ Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Baskaran 2012 , p. 42 -- 43 ; Rajadhyaksha 1997 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha 1997 , p. 404 ; Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times 2007a ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2 2009 , 2 : 45 -- 3 : 09 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Salam 2010 . Jump up ^ Raheja 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times 2007a ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 0 : 26 -- 0 : 33 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Thoraval 2000 , pp. 72 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Reuben 1994 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 1 : 15 -- 1 : 26 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Chandran , Ashwin . `` Gayatri Chatterjee - Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts '' . www.ssla.edu.in . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Raheja 2002 ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 2 : 08 -- 2 : 42 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 3 : 41 -- 3 : 55 . Jump up ^ Raheja 2002 ; Chatterjee 2002 , p. 68 ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 3 2009 , 2 : 59 -- 3 : 05 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 2 2009 , 2 : 14 -- 2 : 37 . Jump up ^ Pauwels 2007 , p. 178 ; Chatterjee 2002 , p. 29 ; Natarajan 1994 , pp. 84 -- 86 ; Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 118 ; Dwyer 2006 , p. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer 2006 , p. 2006 ; Woods 2011 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Natarajan , Nalini SAGE Publications Inc '' . us.sagepub.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Natarajan 1994 , pp. 84 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Punathambekar , Aswin ( 30 January 2006 ) . `` The Cinematic ImagiNation : Indian Popular Films as Social History ( review ) '' . The Velvet Light Trap. 56 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 73 . doi : 10.1353 / vlt. 2006.0009 . ISSN 1542 - 4251 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Virdi 2008 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Vijay ( 2002 ) . Bollywood Cinema : Temples of Desire . Psychology Press . ISBN 9780415930147 . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2004 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Eshun 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Sridharan 2012 . Jump up ^ Fong & Chuang 2004 , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : Kehr 2002 . Jump up ^ Cousins 2006 , p. 232 ; Ganti 2004 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi 2008 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Guha 2008 , p. 730 ; Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 123 ; Mishra 2002 , p. 81 ; National Media Museum 2007 ; Malik 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1 2009 , 0 : 45 -- 1 : 25 . Jump up ^ Kadapa - Bose 2011 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1 2009 , 2 : 33 -- 3 : 28 . Jump up ^ Virdi 2008 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Woods 2011 , pp. 166 -- 168 ; Chakravarty 1993 , p. 155 ; Virdi 2008 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Vohra 2001 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Barua 1996 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Slocum , John David ( 2005 ) . Terrorism , Media , Liberation . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813536088 . ^ Jump up to : Slocum 2005 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Woods 2011 , pp. 166 -- 168 ; Chakravarty 1993 , p. 155 ; Mishra 2002 , p. 79 ; Dwyer 2006 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Virdi 2003 , pp. 114 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Chakravarty 1993 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Dwyer 2006 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Heide 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Woods 2011 , pp. 166 -- 168 ; Eshun 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Mishra 2002 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Mishra 2002 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Roy 1998 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Sinha 2006 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Raheja 2002 ; Bollywood Blockbusters Part 4 2009 , 0 : 24 -- 0 : 29 ; Mishra 2002 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 20 ; Sadoul & Morris 1972 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Heide 2002 , p. 237 ; Chatterjee 2002 , pp. 77 -- 78 ; Gopal & Moorti 2008 , p. 28 ; Mishra 2002 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Amazon . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1976 , p. 344 . ^ Jump up to : Hoberman 2002 . Jump up ^ Hall 2002 . Jump up ^ Romney 2002 . Jump up ^ Raza 2007 . Jump up ^ Roy 1998 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Ganti 2004 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Reed 1958 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee 2002 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1 2009 , 2 : 55 -- 3 : 10 ; Chatterjee 2002 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Kabir 2010 , Commentary . Jump up ^ `` Lagaan will win Oscar , says Sunil Dutt '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 18 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Directorate of Film Festivals 1957 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ The Hindu 2004 . Jump up ^ Reuben 1994 ; Lall . Jump up ^ Planet Bollywood . Jump up ^ Morcom 2007 , pp. 138 -- 139 . ^ Jump up to : Morcom 2007 , pp. 139 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Morcom 2007 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Ranade 2006 , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : Pauwels 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Malik 2003 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Dissanayake 1993 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 66 ; Morcom 2007 , pp. 139 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Bhopatkar , Tejashree ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Bollywood and Oscars over 100 years of Cinema '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times 2007b . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 1998 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Pillai 2015 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Empire Online . Jump up ^ 1001beforeyoudie . Jump up ^ Chopra 2012 . Jump up ^ The Times of India 2005 . Jump up ^ British Film Institute 2002 . Jump up ^ Corliss 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of Indian Cinema : The 100 greatest Indian films of all time '' . CNN - IBN. 13 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mother India ' will hit Cannes classic screen '' . The Economic Times . 10 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Blockbusters Part 1 2009 , 0 : 38 -- 0 : 44 . Jump up ^ Mishra 2002 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 118 ; Majumdar 2009 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Gandhy & Thomas 1991 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times 2006 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee 2002 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Ganti 2004 , p. 149 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` 1001 Before You Die '' . www.1001beforeyoudie.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . On this website , click `` view list '' under 1001 movies . Then in the search box , search for Mother India . `` 25 Must See Bollywood Movies -- Special Features - Indiatimes -- Movies '' . The Times of India . 2005 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . `` 5th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . `` 50 Years Later , the ' Mother India ' Legend Endures '' . DNA India . 25 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Barua , Mahasveta ( 1996 ) . `` Television , Politics , and the Epic Heroine : Case Study , Sita '' . In Bahri , Deepika ; Vasudeva , Mary . Between the Lines : South Asians and Postcoloniality . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 468 - 0 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Baskaran , S. Theodore ( 2012 ) . `` Nargis '' . In Patel , Bhaichand . Bollywood 's Top 20 : Superstars of Indian Cinema . Penguin Books India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 08572 - 9 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2016 . Bollywood Blockbusters : Mother India ( Part 1 ) ( Documentary ) . CNN - IBN. 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Bollywood Blockbusters : Mother India ( Part 2 ) ( Documentary ) . CNN IBN. 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Bollywood Blockbusters : Mother India ( Part 3 ) ( Documentary ) . CNN IBN. 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2015 . Bollywood Blockbusters : Mother India ( Part 4 ) ( Documentary ) . CNN IBN. 2009 . 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Melodrama and Asian Cinema . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 41465 - 4 . Dwyer , Rachel ( 2006 ) . Filming the Gods : Religion and Indian Cinema . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 08865 - 4 . Eshun , Esi ( September 1999 ) . `` Mother India '' . New Internationalist . New Internationalist Publications ( 316 ) . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Fong , Mary ; Chuang , Rueyling ( 2004 ) . Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1738 - 7 . Frick , Katherine ( 2006 ) . `` Mayo , Katherine '' . Pennsylvania Center for the Book . Archived from the original on 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Gallagher , Michael ( 1976 ) . `` Indian and Western Cinema : Film Report '' . Studies : An Irish Quarterly Review . Irish Province of the Society of Jesus . 65 ( 260 ) . JSTOR 30090035 . Gandhi , Mahatma ( 12 November 2002 ) . The Essential Gandhi : An Anthology of His Writings on His Life , Work , and Ideas . Random House Digital . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3050 - 7 . Gandhy , Behroze ; Thomas , Rosie ( 1991 ) . Gledhill , Christine , ed . Stardom : Industry of Desire . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05217 - 7 . Ganti , Tejaswini ( 2004 ) . Bollywood : A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28854 - 5 . Gokulsing , K. ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2004 ) . Indian Popular Cinema : A Narrative of Cultural Change . Trentham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85856 - 329 - 9 . Gopal , Sangita ; Moorti , Sujata ( 16 June 2008 ) . Global Bollywood : Travels of Hindi Song and Dance . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4579 - 4 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 15 September 2008 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 39611 - 0 . Hall , Phill ( 19 August 2002 ) . `` Mother India '' . Film Threat . Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Heide , William Van der ( 2002 ) . Malaysian Cinema , Asian Film : Border Crossings and National Cultures . Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 580 - 3 . Hoberman , J. ( 20 August 2002 ) . `` Artificially Preserved '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jayawardena , Kumari ( 1995 ) . The White Woman 's Other Burden : Western Women and South Asia During British Colonial Rule . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 91104 - 7 . Kabir , N.M. ( 2010 ) . The Dialogue of Mother India : Mehboob Khan 's Immortal Classic . Niyogi Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89738 - 58 - 7 . Kadapa - Bose , Surekha ( 17 January 2011 ) . `` India : India , Through Cinema 's Lens '' . Women 's Feature Service . HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Kehr , Dave ( 23 August 2002 ) . `` Mother India ( 1957 ) . Film in review ; ' Mother India ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Lall , Randy . `` 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever '' . Planet Bollywood . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Majumdar , Neepa ( 25 September 2009 ) . Wanted Cultured Ladies Only ! : Female Stardom and Cinema in India , 1930s -- 1950s . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07628 - 2 . Malik , Amita ( 2003 ) . `` 1947 -- 1961 : The Golden Age '' . In Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema : An Enchanting Close - Up of India 's Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica , Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Mishra , Vijay ( 2002 ) . Bollywood Cinema : Temples of Desire . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93015 - 4 . Morcom , Anna ( 2007 ) . Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5198 - 7 . `` Mother India '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . `` Mother India -- Celebrating Indian Cinema '' . National Media Museum . 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . `` Mother India Turns 50 '' . Hindustan Times . HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 25 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Natarajan , Nalini ( 1994 ) . `` Woman , Nation and Narration in Midnight 's Children '' . In Grewal , Inderpal ; Kaplan , Caren . Scattered Hegemonies : Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practices . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2138 - 5 . `` Notes of Naushad ... Tuneful as Ever '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 13 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Pauwels , Heidi Rika Maria ( 2007 ) . Indian Literature and Popular Cinema : Recasting Classics . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 44741 - 6 . Pillai , Swarnavel Eswaran ( 2015 ) . Madras Studios : Narrative , Genre , and Ideology in Tamil Cinema . SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5150 - 212 - 8 . `` Planet Bollywood '' . Planet Bollywood. 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Raheja , Dinesh ( 2002 ) . `` Mother Earth Reincarnated : Mother India '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish ( 1997 ) . `` Nargis '' . In Nowell - Smith , Geoffrey . The Oxford History of World Cinema . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811257 - 0 . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish ; Willemen , Paul , eds. ( 1998 ) ( 1994 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema ( PDF ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 019 - 563579 - 5 . Ranade , Ashok Da . ( 1 January 2006 ) . Hindi Film Song : Music Beyond Boundaries . Bibliophile South Asia . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85002 - 64 - 4 . Rangoonwala , Firoze ( 2003 ) . `` 1931 -- 1946 : The Emergence of Talkies '' . In Ramchandani , Indu . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica , Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Raza , Shahla ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` India : Film Women Tame Violent Heroes '' . Women 's Feature Service . HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Reed , Sir Stanley ( 1 January 1958 ) . The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who 's Who . Bennett , Coleman . Reuben , Bunny ( December 1994 ) . Mehboob , India 's DeMille : the First Biography . Indus . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7223 - 153 - 8 . Romney , Jonathan ( 5 May 2002 ) . `` Film : It 's A Curry Western . With Sushi The Warrior Asif Kapadia 86 mins , 12 Mother India Mehboob Khan 175 mins , U Panther Panchali Satyajit Ray 115 mins , U '' . The Independent . HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Roy , Parama ( 1998 ) . Indian Traffic : Identities in Question in Colonial and Postcolonial India . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20487 - 4 . Sadoul , Georges ; Morris , Peter ( 1972 ) . Dictionary of Film Makers . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02151 - 8 . Salam , Ziya Us ( 8 January 2010 ) . `` Mother India ( 1957 ) '' . The Hindu . ( Chennai , India ) . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Siddiqi , Yumna ( 2008 ) . Anxieties of Empire and the Fiction of Intrigue . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13808 - 6 . Sinha , Mrinalini ( 2006 ) . Specters of Mother India : The Global Restructuring of an Empire . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 3795 - 9 . Slocum , John David ( July 2005 ) . Terrorism , Media , Liberation . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3608 - 8 . Sridharan , Tarini ( 25 November 2012 ) . `` Mother India , not Woman India '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1959 ( PDF ) . US Bureau of the Census . 1959 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . `` The 100 Best Films of World Cinema : 80 . Mother India '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . `` The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Thoraval , Yves ( 2000 ) . The Cinemas of India . Macmillan India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 93410 - 4 . `` Top Earners 1950 -- 1959 ( Figures in Ind Rs ) '' . BoxOfficeIndia.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Virdi , Jyotika ( August 2008 ) . `` Deewar / Wall ( 1975 ) -- Fact , Fiction and the Making of a Superstar '' . In Kavoori , Anandam P. ; Punathambekar , Aswin . Global Bollywood . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 4799 - 5 . Virdi , Jyotika ( 2003 ) . The Cinematic Imagination : Indian Popular Films as Social History . Rutgers University Press . 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External links ( edit ) Mother India on IMDb Mother India at the TCM Movie Database Mother India at AllMovie Mother India at Rotten Tomatoes Mother India at Bollywood Hungama Mother India on YouTube Films directed by Mehboob Khan Al Hilal ( 1935 ) Manmohan ( 1936 ) Deccan Queen ( 1936 ) Jagirdar ( 1937 ) Watan ( 1938 ) Hum Tum Aur Woh ( 1938 ) Ek Hi Raasta ( 1939 ) Aurat ( 1940 ) Ali Baba ( 1940 ) Bahen ( 1941 ) Roti ( 1942 ) Taqdeer ( 1943 ) Najma ( 1943 ) Humayun ( 1945 ) Anmol Ghadi ( 1946 ) Elaan ( 1947 ) Anokhi Ada ( 1948 ) Andaz ( 1949 ) Aan ( 1952 ) Amar ( 1954 ) Mother India ( 1957 ) A Handful of Grain ( 1959 ) Son of India ( 1962 ) All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film 1953 -- 1957 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1953 ) Bhagavan Sri Krishna Chaitanya ( 1953 ) Neelakuyil ( 1954 ) Biraj Bahu ( 1954 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1955 ) Shirdi Che Sai Baba ( 1955 ) Bandhan ( 1956 ) Tenali Ramakrishna ( 1956 ) Mother India ( 1957 ) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi 1954 -- 1960 Mirza Ghalib ( 1954 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1955 ) -- ( 1956 ) Do Aankhen Barah Haath ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) Anari ( 1959 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) Certificate of Merit Jagriti ( 1954 ) Shree 420 and Devdas ( 1955 ) Basant Bahar ( 1956 ) Mother India and Musafir ( 1957 ) Lajwanti and Karigar ( 1958 ) -- ( 1959 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai and Kanoon ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Dharmputra ( 1961 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Bandini ( 1963 ) Dosti ( 1964 ) Shaheed ( 1965 ) -- ( 1966 ) Hamraaz ( 1967 ) Aashirwad ( 1968 ) Satyakam ( 1969 ) Anand ( 1970 ) -- ( 1971 ) Maya Darpan ( 1972 ) 27 Down ( 1973 ) -- ( 1974 ) Nishant ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Shatranj Ke Khilari ( The Chess Players ) ( 1977 ) Kasturi and Junoon ( 1978 ) Sparsh ( 1979 ) Aakrosh ( 1980 ) Certificate of Merit Gunga Jumna and Pyaar Ki Pyaas ( 1961 ) -- ( 1962 ) Mere Mehboob and Gumrah ( 1963 ) Yaadein and Geet Gaya Patharon Ne ( 1964 ) Oonche Log and Guide ( 1965 ) Discontinued after 1965 1981 -- 2000 Arohan ( 1981 ) Katha ( 1982 ) Ardh Satya ( 1983 ) Paar ( 1984 ) Anantyatra ( 1985 ) Mirch Masala ( 1986 ) Pestonjee ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro ( 1989 ) Drishti ( 1990 ) Diksha and Dharavi ( 1991 ) Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda ( 1992 ) Patang ( 1993 ) Mammo ( 1994 ) Bandit Queen ( 1995 ) Gudia ( 1996 ) Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa ( 1997 ) Godmother ( 1998 ) Shool ( 1999 ) Zubeidaa ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) Raghu Romeo ( 2003 ) Raincoat ( 2004 ) Black ( 2005 ) Khosla Ka Ghosla ( 2006 ) 1971 ( 2007 ) Rock On ! ! ( 2008 ) Paa ( 2009 ) Do Dooni Chaar ( 2010 ) I Am ( 2011 ) Filmistaan ( 2012 ) Jolly LLB ( 2013 ) Queen ( 2014 ) Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Neerja ( 2016 ) Newton ( 2017 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Hindi Medium ( 2018 ) Indian submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1957 -- 1980 Mother India ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) The World of Apu ( 1959 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Mahanagar ( 1963 ) Guide ( 1965 ) Amrapali ( 1966 ) Aakhri Khat ( 1967 ) Majhli Didi ( 1968 ) Deiva Magan ( 1969 ) Reshma Aur Shera ( 1971 ) Uphaar ( 1972 ) Saudagar ( 1973 ) Garm Hava ( 1974 ) Manthan ( 1977 ) The Chess Players ( 1978 ) Payal Ki Jhankaar ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Saaransh ( 1984 ) Saagar ( 1985 ) Swati Mutyam ( 1986 ) Nayakan ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! 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( 2012 ) The Good Road ( 2013 ) Liar 's Dice ( 2014 ) Court ( 2015 ) Visaranai ( 2016 ) Newton ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_India&oldid=845388904 '' Categories : 1957 films Films about women in India Films directed by Mehboob Khan 1950s Hindi - language films Films scored by Naushad Indian epic films Indian films Indian film remakes Films shot in Maharashtra Films shot in Uttar Pradesh Films shot in Gujarat Filicide in fiction Films about dysfunctional families Nonlinear narrative films Urdu - language films Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with attributed pull quotes Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย اردو 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 13 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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why is alex russo the most powerful wizard | Alex Russo | alex russo | Alexandra Margarita `` Alex '' Russo is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Disney Channel sitcom Wizards of Waverly Place , portrayed by Selena Gomez . | In 2008 , AOL named her the twentieth greatest witch in television history . Selena Gomez , who portrays Alex , is one of the only two cast members to appear in every single episode of the series ; the only other cast member to do so is David Henrie , who portrays Justin Russo . The character has also appeared in The Suite Life on Deck episode , Double Crossed . Contents 1 Role 2 Development 3 Characterization and themes 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Role ( edit ) Wizards of Waverly Place revolves around Alex Russo and her two brothers , Justin ( David Henrie ) and Max ( Jake T. Austin ) , three siblings who training to become their family 's wizard and retain their powers . The siblings reside in Manhattan 's Greenwich Village with their parents Jerry ( David DeLuise ) , a former wizard , and Theresa ( Maria Canals Barrera ) , a mortal . Alex and her brothers attend classes under the tutelage of their father Jerry , from whom they inherited their magical abilities . The siblings tend to grow unfocused at times , especially pertaining to when they discover that their abilities can be applied towards more non-magical uses . Additionally , her family owns and runs a subway - themed sandwich shop , and keep the fact that they are wizards a secret from most people outside of their immediate family . Alex 's best friend is Harper Finkle ( Jennifer Stone ) , a mortal to whom Alex reveals that she and her family are wizards after a few seasons . Ultimately , Alex must eventually compete against her brothers to determine who will remain the Russo family 's only wizard , as only one wizard is allowed per family . Outside of wizardry , Alex is interested in becoming an artist . At one point , Alex begins dating a werewolf named Mason . Alex debuts in the pilot episode of Wizards of Waverly Place , `` Crazy 10 - Minute Sale '' , asking for permission from her father to attend a sale at a popular clothing store , `` Suburban Outfitters '' ( a parody of the popular clothing brand Urban Outfitters ) , to upstage her rival since pre-school , Gigi . She can not attend the sale as she has wizardry class , but decides to clone herself so that she can go to the sale and convince her father that she was at wizardry class . However , this plan falls through when her clone is unable to actually speak , and instead barks like a dog due to a mistake while performing the spell . Throughout the rest of the first season are similar magical mishaps , most of which are intended to improve things , but typically end up backfiring and causing her to revert them . Alex attends Tribeca Preparatory High School throughout nearly all of the show , a fictional school whose real location is the Salk School of Science . During the first season , Alex also attends WizTech , a fictional wizardry school , once during the summer . Alex is often seen at her family 's restaurant , the Waverly Sub Station , a fictional diner whose image is that of the bottom floor of the Bayard - Condict Building , on Bleecker Street . Alex also has a relationship with another student named Riley , which ends quickly after he witnesses her eating large amounts of chocolate , but begins again when she convinces him that she is a good luck charm for their school 's baseball team . They finally go on a date during the third to last episode , where Alex shows herself to get jealous too easily , which cause the two to break up . Alex brings life to a mannequin which she pretends to be in a relationship with in order to make Riley jealous , which causes Riley to go back to Alex , only to be replaced with another boy the following season . The second season continues with a myriad of spells and magic gone awry , the first of which is her joining an academic game at her school called the Quiz Bowl and wearing a pair of pants known as `` Smarty Pants '' that grant her infinite knowledge . She wears the pants for too long and ends up having skeleton legs , which are fixed towards the end . Another love interest of Alex 's , Dean Moriarty , also makes his debut appearance in this episode , as a new student who is forced to help set up the Quiz Bowl . Alex 's infatuation with Dean is revealed to her nemesis , Gigi , after she steals Alex 's magical diary and finds that Alex 's `` knight in shining armor '' is Dean . Alex reveals this to everyone , including Dean , in order to avoid giving Gigi any sort of satisfaction from doing it herself . The two confess their love for one another during a race which Dean is involved in , and they begin their relationship . During their relationship , Alex gets involved with another boy from WizTech , Ronald Longcape , Jr. , after he is forced to leave WizTech due to a `` plastic ball infestation '' . Ronald , after becoming infatuated with Alex himself , shapeshifts into Dean in order to `` end '' Alex 's relationship with them . This causes Alex to start a relationship with Ronald , as it appears to her as her only option . She agrees to go to WizTech with him , where she realizes that Ronald has kidnapped Dean and put him in a block of jelly . Alex realizes that she truly loves Dean , and leaves Ronald . However , the two break up shortly after , then again in Dean 's dream , after Alex uses a spell to get into his head Development ( edit ) One of the show 's several working titles before becoming Wizards of Waverly Place was The Amazing O'Malleys , during which time its main character was originally going to be called Julia , named after creator Todd J. Greenwald 's own daughter , and Brooke O'Malley . In the series ' un-aired pilot , Julia was one of only two Russo children , alongside her brother Jordan . Julia and Jordan were originally intended to be twin sister and brother until Julia was re-written into the second - born of three Russo siblings . Greenwald explained that Jordan 's name was first changed to Justin to avoid confusion with the Nickelodeon show Just Jordan , thus also changing Julia 's name to Alex because he felt that it `` would n't have been fair ( to my son ) '' . Greenwald ensured that each Russo sibling was provided with `` their own strengths and weaknesses '' . Before being cast as the lead character Wizards of Waverly Place , Gomez 's previous auditions for Disney Channel , who discovered the actress during a national talent search , had earned her recurring roles on the network 's sitcoms The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana as Gwen and Mikayla , respectively . According to AllMusic biographer Matt Collar , these minor television roles eventually `` paved the way for Gomez 's own show '' . Alex was Gomez 's first starring screen role . Being of Mexican and Italian descent herself , Gomez shares her ethnic background with her character , the only main cast member to hold this distinction . The writers originally kept the results of the series finale secret from the cast until they began filming the episode . Gomez originally felt that Max should be the ultimate winner of the Triwizard Cup instead of her own character . However , the actress was ultimately satisfied with the direction in which the writers ultimately went . Gomez and her on - screen siblings were each allowed to retain their characters ' wands after the series ' conclusion . In addition to starring in the series , Gomez contributed four original songs to the shows ' official soundtrack album , including its theme song `` Everything Is Not as It Seems '' . In addition to reprising her role as Alex in the television film The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) , Gomez served as one of its executive producers . Stone described Gomez 's approach to executive producing as `` not really that different , she has a little bit more say in what happens ... She has a great sense of humor about herself , so we give her tons of crap . '' Characterization and themes ( edit ) John M. Cunningham 's of Encyclopædia Britannica described Alex as `` a mischievous tomboy '' . The A.V. Club 's Marah Eaken described as Alex as a `` pretty dark '' character who is `` dry , lazy , and kind of a jerk , sometimes . '' Describing Alex as `` a wisecracking underachiever '' keen on using her magical abilities to `` smooth the path through high school '' , Plugged In 's Paul Asay identified the character as `` a Disney protagonist with a hint of rebellion -- Cinderella with a yen for detention '' , demonstrated by her `` slouching , too - cool - for - school vibe . '' While under a truth spell , the character explains that her attitude is simply `` a defense mechanism to hide my desire to really be liked . '' Alex 's personality strongly contrasts with that of her older brother , who unlike her is studious and hardworking . although a bit rude to others at times , is shown throughout the show to be a good person at heart . DVDizzy 's Kelvin Cedeno writes that , `` Alex is a character that could , and should , be off - putting in her narrow - mindedness and egotism . In spite of this , Selena Gomez manages to be likable and approachable in the role . Alex is usually portrayed as inconsiderate of the feelings of those around her . Alex is often shown to act aloof and indifferent to things , but she later reveals while under a `` truth spell '' that she uses her indifference as a defense mechanism to `` hide ( her ) desire to really be liked '' . Alex often uses magic to solve her problems , which frequently ends up causing more problems than she began with . DVDizzy claimed that Alex was `` cocky , self - assured , and constantly relies on magic to bail her out of mishaps '' . Alex underachieves when it comes to high school , however , she excels greatly at art . She is also shown to be only semi-literate , when it is revealed that she has never fully read a book or a menu . Alex is the middle child and the only female of the Russo family . She often argues and insults her older brother , Justin , though it is later revealed that she does so because she admires him and wishes to be like him . The fact that her parents seem to favor Justin in most cases also engenders hostility and jealousy toward her brother . Alex and Justin act as foils , as the two are near - polar opposites ; Justin is responsible and fair in judgment , though easily insecure at Alex 's great magical feats . She feels insecure when seeing Justin accomplish much with his hard work and responsibility . She is shown not to be the most apt student at both `` wizarding '' and high school , failing her Spanish midterm , her wizardry exam , and relying on the use of magic to pass several assignments . Mary McNamara , writing for the Los Angeles Times , identified that Alex is driven `` to become the family wizard , not so much for the power and prestige as the satisfaction of beating out her older brother Justin . '' Despite her flaws , Alex has numerous instances of generosity , loyalty , and compassion . She shows deep care for her best friend Harper , even going as far as to reveal to her her wizardry in `` Harper Knows '' out of guilt for lying . Alex is shown to hate `` fake people '' and silent films . Reception ( edit ) Plugged In 's Paul Asay wrote that Alex `` has proven to be a less than ideal role model for her hordes of young Disneyfied fans '' as a result of her personality , but concluded that the character `` is still pretty good deep down '' despite `` her posturing '' . Gomez 's performance as Alex garnered strong reviews , including positive comparisons to actress and singer Miley Cyrus , star of Hannah Montana . The Los Angeles Times television critic Mary McNamara described Gomez as `` sweet and sassy , with a lovely elastic face and great comic timing '' . Alex is considered to be Gomez 's breakout role . According to John M. Cunningham 's entry on Gomez in Encyclopædia Britannica , the actress ' role as Alex earned her `` legions of young fans as ( its ) winsome star '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blue , Morgan Genevieve ( 2017 ) . Girlhood on Disney Channel : Branding , Celebrity , and Femininity . United Kingdom : Routledge . ISBN 9781317365051 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` AOL -- Top TV Witches '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` AOL Picks TV 's Best Witches '' . ComicMix . Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards of Waverly Place : Season 1 '' . Metacrtic . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ashby , Emily ( 2007 ) . `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eaken , Marah ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Wizards Of Waverly Place '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steimer , Kristine ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' . IGN . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garron , Barry ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Stone of Wizards of Waverly Place '' . WLS - TV . September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gavilanes , Grace ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Wizards of Waverly Place Cast : Where Are They Now ? '' . People . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNamara , Mary ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` TV review : ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Asay , Paul . `` Wizards of Waverly Place TV Review '' . Plugged In . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Things About ' Wizards of Waverly Place ' That You Probably Did n't Know '' . Smosh . December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Grant , Stacey ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Wanted to Know About `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' on Its 10th Anniversary `` . Seventeen . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rosa , Jelani Addams ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` 14 Things You Never Knew About `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' `` . Seventeen . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 12 Things You Never Knew About Wizards Of Waverly Place '' . Buzznet . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Biography of Actress Selena Gomez '' . ThoughtCo . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Selena Gomez -- Biography by Matt Collar '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez Biography '' . Biography . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hiser , Lisa ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Selena Gomez & David Henrie Interview : `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' Series Finale ( Video ) `` . Shine On Media . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cunningham , John M. ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Selena Gomez '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Various Artists -- Wizards of Waverly Place : Songs from and Inspired by the Hit TV Series '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Stone Talks ' The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ' And Selena Gomez As Executive Producer '' . HuffPost . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cedeno , Kelvin . `` Wizards of Waverly Place : Supernaturally Stylin ' DVD Review '' . DVDizzy . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wizards of Waverly Place Characters Alex Russo Episodes Seasons : ( 1 4 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Soundtrack Video game Spellbound Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Russo&oldid=859236533 '' Categories : Selena Gomez Child characters in television Fictional artists Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters who use magic Fictional cheerleaders Fictional singers Fictional waiting staff Fictional witches Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional American people of Mexican descent Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Disney characters originating in television Wizards of Waverly Place Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français Հայերեն Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018 , at 17 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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describe the functions of the session layer in the osi model | Session layer | session layer | In the seven - layer OSI model of computer networking , the session layer is layer 5 . | The session layer provides the mechanism for opening , closing and managing a session between end - user application processes , i.e. , a semi-permanent dialogue . Communication sessions consist of requests and responses that occur between applications . Session - layer services are commonly used in application environments that make use of remote procedure calls ( RPCs ) . An example of a session - layer protocol is the OSI protocol suite session - layer protocol , also known as X. 225 or ISO 8327 . In case of a connection loss this protocol may try to recover the connection . If a connection is not used for a long period , the session - layer protocol may close it and re-open it . It provides for either full duplex or half - duplex operation and provides synchronization points in the stream of exchanged messages . Other examples of session layer implementations include Zone Information Protocol ( ZIP ) -- the AppleTalk protocol that coordinates the name binding process , and Session Control Protocol ( SCP ) -- the DECnet Phase IV session - layer protocol . Within the service layering semantics of the OSI network architecture , the session layer responds to service requests from the presentation layer and issues service requests to the transport layer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Services 2 Protocols 3 Comparison with TCP / IP model 4 See also 5 References Services ( edit ) Authentication Authorization Session restoration ( checkpointing and recovery ) The session layer of the OSI model is responsible for session checkpointing and recovery . It allows information of different streams , perhaps originating from different sources , to be properly combined or synchronized . An example usage of the session layer is session beans , which are only active as long as the session is active , and are deleted when the session is disconnected . Java developers can use them to store information about the user during a web session . An example application is web conferencing , in which the streams of audio and video must be synchronous to avoid so - called lip synch problems . Flow control ensures that the person displayed on screen is the current speaker . Another application is in live TV programs , where streams of audio and video need to be seamlessly merged and transitioned from one to the other to avoid silent airtime or excessive overlap . Protocols ( edit ) ADSP , AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ASP , AppleTalk Session Protocol H. 245 , Call Control Protocol for Multimedia Communication ISO - SP , OSI session - layer protocol ( X. 225 , ISO 8327 ) iSNS , Internet Storage Name Service L2F , Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol L2TP , Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol NetBIOS , Network Basic Input Output System PAP , Password Authentication Protocol PPTP , Point - to - Point Tunneling Protocol RPC , Remote Procedure Call Protocol RTCP , Real - time Transport Control Protocol SMPP , Short Message Peer - to - Peer SCP , Session Control Protocol SOCKS , the SOCKS internet protocol , see Internet socket ZIP , Zone Information Protocol SDP , Sockets Direct Protocol Comparison with TCP / IP model ( edit ) The TCP / IP reference model does not concern itself with the OSI model 's details of application or transport protocol semantics and therefore does not consider a session layer . OSI 's session management in connection with the typical transport protocols ( TCP , SCTP ) , is contained in the transport - layer protocols , or otherwise considered the realm of the application layer protocols . TCP / IP 's layers are descriptions of operating scopes ( application , host - to - host , network , link ) and not detailed prescriptions of operating procedures or data semantics . See also ( edit ) Session ( computer science ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ITU - T Recommendation X. 225 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Session_layer&oldid=803920368 '' Categories : OSI model Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 14 : 40 . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session%20layer | 450 |
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how many members of the national guard are there | National Guard of the United States Active English colonial government militias : since December 13 , 1636 As `` National Guard '' : since 1824 in New York , since 1903 nationwide Dual state - federal reserve forces : since 1933 Country United States Allegiance Federal ( 10 U.S.C. § E ) State and territorial ( 32 U.S.C. ) Branch United States Army United States Air Force Role Reserve component of the U.S. Armed Forces Militia of the United States Size 450,100 Part of National Guard Bureau Garrison / HQ All 50 U.S. states , and organized U.S. territories , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , and the District of Columbia Nickname ( s ) `` Air Guard '' `` Army Guard '' Motto ( s ) `` Always Ready , Always There ! '' Commanders Chief of the National Guard Bureau General Joseph L. Lengyel , USAF Insignia Seal of the Army National Guard Seal of the Air National Guard | 450,100 | National Guard of the United States | national guard of the united states | National Guard of the United States Active English colonial government militias : since December 13 , 1636 As `` National Guard '' : since 1824 in New York , since 1903 nationwide Dual state - federal reserve forces : since 1933 Country United States Allegiance Federal ( 10 U.S.C. § E ) State and territorial ( 32 U.S.C. ) Branch United States Army United States Air Force Role Reserve component of the U.S. Armed Forces Militia of the United States Size 450,100 Part of National Guard Bureau Garrison / HQ All 50 U.S. states , and organized U.S. territories , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , and the District of Columbia Nickname ( s ) `` Air Guard '' `` Army Guard '' Motto ( s ) `` Always Ready , Always There ! '' Commanders Chief of the National Guard Bureau General Joseph L. Lengyel , USAF Insignia Seal of the Army National Guard Seal of the Air National Guard The National Guard of the United States , part of the reserve components of the United States Armed Forces , is a reserve military force , composed of National Guard military members or units of each state and the territories of Guam , the Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico , and the District of Columbia , for a total of 54 separate organizations . All members of the National Guard of the United States are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 246 . National Guard units are under the dual control of the state and the federal government . The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full - time while serving part - time as a National Guard member . These part - time guardsmen are augmented by a full - time cadre of Active Guard & Reserve ( AGR ) personnel in both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard , plus Army Reserve Technicians in the Army National Guard and Air Reserve Technicians ( ART ) in the Air National Guard . The National Guard is a joint activity of the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) composed of reserve components of the United States Army and the United States Air Force : the Army National Guard of the United States and the Air National Guard of the United States respectively . Local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607 . The first colony - wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units , and several National Guard units can be traced back to this militia . The various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent . The title `` National Guard '' was used in 1824 by some New York State militia units , named after the French National Guard in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette . `` National Guard '' became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903 , and specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control since 1933 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Organization 2.1 Territorial organization 2.2 National Guard Bureau 2.3 Agricultural Development Teams 3 Standards 4 Constitutional basis 5 Other organizations 5.1 State defense forces 5.2 Naval militias 6 Duties and administrative organization 7 National Guard active duty character 7.1 State and territory duty 7.2 Federal duty 8 History 8.1 Colonial history 8.2 American Revolutionary War 8.3 Nineteenth century 8.4 Industrialization and labor unrest 8.5 Twentieth century 8.6 Twenty - first century 9 The National Guard compared to the Reserves 10 Relevant laws 11 Notable members 11.1 Presidents 11.2 Other famous or infamous members 12 Number of guardsmen by state , territory and D.C. 12.1 Sortable table 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Origins ( edit ) Artist 's re-creation of the first muster of the East Regiment ( present - day Massachusetts Army National Guard ) in Salem , Massachusetts Bay , as it may have looked Postage stamp of 1953 The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16 , 1565 , in the newly established Spanish military town of St. Augustine . Appropriately enough , this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane . The militia men were assigned to guard the expedition 's supplies while their leader , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , took the regular troops north to attack the French settlement at Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River . This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the basic nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World . The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World . Jamestown Colony ( established in 1607 ) and Plymouth Colony ( established in 1620 ) both had militia forces , which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male . By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company ( usually commanded by an officer with the rank of captain ) and the militia companies of a county formed a regiment ( usually commanded by an officer with the rank of major in the 1600s or a colonel in the 1700s ) . From the nation 's founding through the early 1900s , the United States maintained only a minimal army and relied on state militias , directly related to the earlier Colonial militias to supply the majority of its troops . As a result of the Spanish -- American War , Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias . The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792 . In 1903 , with passage of the Dick Act , the predecessor to the modern - day National Guard was formed . It required the states to divide their militias into two sections . The law recommended the title `` National Guard '' for the first section , known as the organized militia , and `` Reserve Militia '' for all others . During World War I , Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916 , which required the use of the term `` National Guard '' for the state militias and further regulated them . Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards , which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government . In 1933 , with passage of the National Guard Mobilization Act , Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment / commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the National Guard of the United States , a newly created federal reserve force . The National Defense Act of 1947 created the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces and concurrently created the Air National Guard of the United States as one of its reserve components , mirroring the Army 's structure . Organization ( edit ) Territorial organization ( edit ) The National Guard of the several states , territories , and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first - line of defense for the United States . The state National Guard is organized into units stationed in each of the 50 states , three territories , and the District of Columbia , and operates under their respective state or territorial governor , except in the instance of Washington , D.C. , where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee . The governors exercise control through the state adjutants general . The National Guard may be called up for active duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters , such as hurricanes , floods , and earthquakes . National Guard Bureau ( edit ) Seal of the National Guard Bureau , 2013 to present . The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau , which is a joint activity of the Army and Air Force under the DoD . The National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD . The National Guard Bureau also provides policies and requirements for training and funds for state Army National Guard and state Air National Guard units , the allocation of federal funds to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard , and other administrative responsibilities prescribed under 10 U.S.C. § 10503 . The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau ( CNGB ) , who is a four - star general in the Army or Air Force and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The National Guard Bureau is headquartered in Arlington County , Virginia , and is a joint activity of the Department of Defense to conduct all the administrative matters pertaining to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard . As of July 2018 , the current Chief of the National Guard Bureau is Air Force General Joseph L. Lengyel and the Vice Chief , NGB is Army Lieutenant General Daniel R. Hokanson . The chief is either an Air Force or an Army 4 - star general ( flag ) officer , is the senior uniformed National Guard officer , and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . In this capacity , he serves as a military adviser to the President , the Secretary of Defense , the National Security Council and is the Department of Defense 's official channel of communication to the Governors and to State Adjutants General on all matters pertaining to the National Guard . He is responsible for ensuring that the more than half a million Army and Air National Guard personnel are accessible , capable , and ready to protect the homeland and to provide combat resources to the Army and the Air Force . He is appointed by the President in his capacity as Commander in Chief . Agricultural Development teams ( edit ) Prior to 2008 , the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government . Today , ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard . Today , ADTs bring `` an effective platform for enhanced dialogue , building confidence , sharing interests , and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan . '' These teams are not only affiliated with the military , they frequently work across agencies , for example with USAID and the Department of State . ADTs provide education and expertise on the ground , while also providing security and order that is traditionally affiliated with the military . These teams have been essential to the counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan as a public diplomacy tool to build relations with the local people in the tribes and provinces of the country . ADTs provide classroom instruction and teachings to Afghans about how to improve their farming practices during non-seasonal growing months , which allows the farmers to use skills in the winter to prepare for farming in the summer and fall . This enhances agricultural production and the Afghan economy as a whole . Agricultural education also improves lines of communication and builds trust between the people , the US government , and the Host Nation . Additionally , through word of mouth in the provinces ideas are spread that inform others about these farming techniques , that may not have had direct interaction with the ADTs . The National Guard ADTs also introduce their US civilian colleagues to the Afghan University personnel , which further strengthens relations and trust in the US efforts in Afghanistan . ADTs also enhance public diplomacy in Afghanistan by providing security to the local provinces they are working within . This tool has provided the teams with the civilian - military partnership that is needed to conduct public diplomacy and defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan . President Barack Obama said that the US will enhance agricultural development instead of big reconstruction projects to build Afghanistan 's economy , to have an immediate impact on the Afghan people . Today , these projects include `` ... basic gardening practices , to large watershed and irrigation projects . There are also projects that teach bee keeping and livestock production : all of which will have a positive impact on unemployment , hunger , and the ability to sustain future generations . '' More and more Afghan tribal leaders have been requesting additional ADTs , which illustrates how important the use of public diplomacy has been in the efforts to win the trust of the Afghan people . The case study from Nangarhar Province in Afghanistan serves as an excellent example . This province is one of the most stable and secure provinces in Afghanistan . For example , over 100,000 Afghans have returned to province ; the province has also been declared poppy - free in 2007 by the UN . Additionally , most districts within the province have all - weather paved roads and it is also one of the most productive agricultural regions in Afghanistan . ADT should further its progress within the provinces of Afghanistan in agricultural education , technical support , and logistics . To defeat the insurgency in Afghanistan public diplomacy is an essential force , ADTs help the US educate the population of Afghanistan with the hope of strengthening Afghan trust in the American mission in Afghanistan . Standards ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their `` full - time '' active duty and `` part - time '' reserve federal counterparts . The same ranks and insignia of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force are used by the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard , respectively , and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards . The respective state National Guards also bestow state awards for services rendered both at home and abroad . Under Army and Air Force regulations , these awards may be worn while on state active duty or while on Title 32 federal activation . Regular Army and Army Reserve soldiers are also authorized to accept these awards , but are not authorized to wear them . Constitutional basis ( edit ) Army National Guard soldiers at New York City 's Penn Station in 2004 . The respective state National Guards are authorized by the Constitution of the United States . As originally drafted , the Constitution recognized the existing state militias , and gave them vital roles to fill : `` to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasion . '' ( Article I , Section 8 , Clause 15 ) . The Constitution distinguished `` militias , '' which were state entities , from `` Troops , '' which were unlawful for states to maintain without Congressional approval . ( Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 ) . Under current law , the respective state National Guards and the State Defense Forces are authorized by Congress to the states and are referred to as `` troops . '' 32 U.S.C. § 109 . Although originally state entities , the Constitutional `` Militia of the Several States '' were not entirely independent because they could be federalized . According to Article I , Section 8 ; Clause 15 , the United States Congress is given the power to pass laws for `` calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions . '' Congress is also empowered to come up with the guidelines `` for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress '' ( clause 16 ) . The President of the United States is the commander - in - chief of the state militias `` when called into the actual Service of the United States . '' ( Article II , Section 2 ) . The traditional state militias were redefined and recreated as the `` organized militia '' -- the National Guard , via the Militia Act of 1903 . They were now subject to an increasing amount of federal control , including having arms and accoutrements supplied by the central government , federal funding , and numerous closer ties to the Regular Army . Other organizations ( edit ) State Defense forces ( edit ) Main article : State defense force Many states also maintain their own state defense forces . Although not federal entities like the National Guard of the United States , these forces are components of the state militias like the individual state National Guards . These forces were created by Congress in 1917 as a result of the state National Guards ' being deployed and were known as Home Guards . In 1940 , with the onset of World War II and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard , Congress amended the National Defense Act of 1916 , and authorized the states to maintain `` military forces other than National Guard . '' This law authorized the War Department to train and arm the new military forces that became known as State Guards . In 1950 , with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard , Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years . These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense , and `` arms , ammunition , clothing , and equipment , '' as deemed necessary by the Secretary of the Army . In 1956 , Congress finally revised the law and authorized `` State defense forces '' permanently under Title 32 , Section 109 , of the United States Code . Naval militias ( edit ) Main article : Naval militia Although there are no Naval or Marine Corps components of the National Guard of the United States , there is a Naval Militia authorized under federal law. 10 U.S.C. § 7851 . Like the soldiers and airmen in the National Guard of the United States , members of the Naval Militia are authorized federal appointments or enlistments at the discretion of the Secretary of the Navy. 10 U.S.C. § 7852 . To receive federal funding and equipment , a state naval militia must be composed of at least 95 % of Navy , Coast Guard , or Marine Corps Reservists . As such , some states maintain such units . Some states also maintain naval components of their State Defense Force . Recently , Alaska , California , New Jersey , New York , South Carolina , Texas and Ohio have had or currently maintain naval militias . Other states have laws authorizing them but do not currently have them organized . To receive federal funding , as is the case in the National Guard , a state must meet specific requirements such as having a set percentage of its members in the federal reserves. 10 U.S.C. § 7851 . Duties and administrative organization ( edit ) National Guard units can be mobilized for federal active duty to supplement regular armed forces during times of war or national emergency declared by Congress , the President or the Secretary of Defense . They can also be activated for service in their respective states upon declaration of a state of emergency by the governor of the state or territory where they serve , or in the case of Washington , D.C. , by the Commanding General . Unlike U.S. Army Reserve members , National Guard members can not be mobilized individually , except through voluntary transfers and Temporary Duty Assignments ( TDY ) . National Guard active duty character ( edit ) The term `` activated '' simply means that a unit or individual of the reserve components has been placed on orders . The purpose and authority for that activation determines limitations and duration of the activation . The Army and Air National Guard may be activated in a number of ways as prescribed by public law . Broadly , under federal law , there are two titles in the United States Code under which units and troops may be activated : as federal soldiers or airmen under Title 10 ( `` Armed Forces '' ) and as state soldiers or airmen performing a federally funded mission under Title 32 ( `` National Guard '' ) . Outside federal activation , the Army and Air National Guard may be activated under state law . This is known as state active duty ( SAD ) . State and territory duty ( edit ) When National Guard units are not under federal control , the governor is the commander - in - chief of the units of his or her respective state or territory ( such as Puerto Rico , Guam and the Virgin Islands ) . The President of the United States commands the District of Columbia National Guard , though this command is routinely delegated to the Commanding General of the DC National Guard . States are free to employ their National Guard forces under state control for state purposes and at state expense as provided in the state 's constitution and statutes . In doing so , governors , as commanders - in - chief , can directly access and utilize the Guard 's federally assigned aircraft , vehicles and other equipment so long as the federal government is reimbursed for the use of fungible equipment and supplies such as fuel , food stocks , etc . This is the authority under which governors activate and deploy National Guard forces in response to natural disasters . It is also the authority under which governors deploy National Guard forces in response to man - made emergencies such as riots and civil unrest , or terrorist attacks . The Governor can activate National Guard personnel to `` State Active Duty '' in response to natural or man - made disasters or Homeland Defense missions . State Active Duty is based on State statute and policy and on State funds . Soldiers and Airmen remain under the command and control of the Governor . The federal Posse Comitatus Act ( PCA ) does not apply under state active duty status or Title 32 status . Title 32 Full - Time National Guard Duty . ( Federally funded , but command and control remains with the State Governor through his Adjutant General . ) Title 32 activation can only be done by the President or SECDEF with the approval and consent of the state Governor . Federal duty ( edit ) Title 10 service means full - time duty in the active military service of the United States . The term used is federalized . Federalized National Guard forces have been ordered , by the President to active duty either in their reserve component status or by calling them into Federal service in their militia status . There are several forms : Voluntary Order to Active Duty . Federalized with the soldier 's or airman 's consent and the consent of their Governor . Partial Mobilization . In time of national emergency declared by the President for any unit or any member for not more than 24 consecutive months . Presidential Reserve Call Up . When the President determines that it is necessary to augment the active forces for any operational mission for any unit or any member for not more than 270 days . Federal Aid for State Governments . Whenever an insurrection occurs in any state against its government , the President may , upon the request of its legislature or of its governor call into Federal service such of the militia of the other states . This is a statutory exception to the PCA Use of Militia and Armed Forces to Enforce Federal Authority . Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions , assemblages , or rebellion make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any state or territory , he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any state . This is another statutory exception to the PCA . Interference with State and Federal law . The President , by using the militia or the armed forces , or both , or by any other means , shall take such measures as he considers necessary to suppress , in a state , any insurrection , domestic violence , unlawful combination , or conspiracy . Air and Army National Guard . Air and Army National Guard can specifically be called into Federal service in case of invasion , rebellion , or inability to execute Federal law with active forces . In the categories listed above , Army and Air National Guard units or individuals may also be mobilized for non-combat purposes such as the State Partnership Program , humanitarian missions , counter-drug operations , and peacekeeping or peace enforcement missions . History ( edit ) Colonial History ( edit ) The Virginia Army National Guard traces its history back to 1607 , to the Jamestown settlement , making it the oldest and the official start of the Army National Guard . First Muster , Spring 1637 , Massachusetts Bay Colony . The claim that the National Guard is older than the nation itself , with over three and a half centuries of service , is based on the claim that the modern - day 101st Field Artillery Regiment , 182nd Infantry Regiment , 101st Engineer Battalion and 181st Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard are directly descended from Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments formed over 375 years ago . On December 13 , 1636 , the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony had ordered that the Colony 's scattered militia companies be organized into North , South and East Regiments -- with a goal of increasing the militias ' accountability to the colonial government , efficacy , and responsiveness in conflicts with indigenous Pequot Indians . Under this act , white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to take part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills . The founding date of 1636 refers to service of the colonial government ; the Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments were formed by reorganizing local militias that preceded the 1636 date and dated back to the founding dates of the various Massachusetts towns of the time . American Revolutionary War ( edit ) The Massachusetts militia began the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord , The Massachusetts militia units were mobilized either during or shortly after the above battles and used to form , along with units from Rhode Island , Connecticut and New Hampshire , the Army of Observation during the Siege of Boston . On July 3 , 1775 General George Washington , under the authority of the Continental Congress , assumed command of the Army of Observation and the new organization became the Continental Army from which the United States Army traces its origins . Throughout the war , militia units were mobilized when British forces entered their geographic areas and participated in most of the battles fought during the war . Nineteenth century ( edit ) The early United States distrusted a standing army , and kept the number of professional soldiers small . During the Northwest Indian War , the majority of soldiers were provided by state militias . There are nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812 . The Marquis de Lafayette visited the U.S. in 1824 -- 25 . The 2nd Battalion , 11th New York Artillery , was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome . This unit decided to adopt the title `` National Guard , '' in honor of Lafayette 's French National Guard . The Battalion , later the 7th Regiment , was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette 's final passage through New York en route home to France . Taking note of the troops named for his old command , Lafayette alighted from his carriage , walked down the line , clasping each officer by the hand as he passed . Militia units provided 70 % of the soldiers that fought in the Mexican -- American War , and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the American Civil War The majority of soldiers in the Spanish -- American War were from the National Guard . Industrialization and labor unrest ( edit ) Labor unrest in the industrial and mining sections of the Northeast and Midwest led to demands for a stronger military force within the states . After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 , calls for military suppression of labor strikes grew louder , and National Guard units proliferated . In many states , large and elaborate armories , often built to resemble medieval castles , were constructed to house militia units . Businessmen and business associations donated monies for the construction of armories and to supplement funds of the local National Guard units . National Guard officers also came from the middle and upper classes . National Guard troops were deployed to suppress strikers in some of the bloodiest and most significant conflicts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries , including the Homestead Strike , the Pullman Strike of 1894 , and the Colorado Labor Wars . Twentieth century ( edit ) A National Guardsman in 1917 . Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small , and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the Mexican -- American War , the American Civil War , and the Spanish -- American War . With the Militia Act of 1903 , the militia was more organized and the name `` National Guard '' recommended . In 1933 , federally - recognized state National Guard units were required to join the National Guard of the United States , a reserve component of the U.S. Army ; this is the official founding of the present National Guard . In World War I , National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France . In World War II , the National Guard made up 19 divisions . One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for Operation Desert Storm . They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in Somalia , Haiti , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Bosnia , and Kosovo and for natural disasters , strikes , riots and security for the Olympic Games when they have been in the States . Following World War II , the National Guard aviation units that had previously been part of the U.S. Army Air Corps and its successor organization , the U.S. Army Air Forces , became the Air National Guard ( ANG ) , one of two Reserve Components of the newly established United States Air Force . At this time , the National Guard consisted of 27 Divisions ; 25 Infantry and two armored , plus scores of smaller units . The Kansas Army National Guard armory in Concordia , Kansas is a typical building used for the National Guard programs . On September 24 , 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the Little Rock Nine to Little Rock Central High School the following day . Governor Orval Faubus had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school . The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller to respond to the Rochester 1964 race riot in July of that year , the first such use of the Guard in a Northern city since the Civil War . The California Army National Guard were mobilized by the Governor of California Edmund Gerald Brown , Sr. during the Watts Riots , in August 1965 , to provide security and help restore order . After 1992 Los Angeles Riots 4,000 National Guard troops patrolled the city to enforce the law . Elements of the Ohio Army National Guard were ordered to Kent State University by Ohio 's governor Jim Rhodes to quell anti-Vietnam War protests , culminating in their shooting into a crowd of students on May 4 , 1970 , killing four and injuring nine . During the Vietnam War , Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara created the Selective Reserve Force ( SRF ) in October 1965 . Since funding was not available to train and equip the entire National Guard adequately , the SRF would be a core group of 150,000 National Guardsmen available and ready for immediate overseas deployment if needed . SRF units were supposed to be authorized at 100 % strength , receive priority training funds and modern equipment , and have more training and do 58 hours of drills of four hours each a year rather than the standard 48 hours of drills . The 2 Battalion 138th Field Artillery of the Kentucky Army National Guard was ordered to service in Vietnam in late 1968 . The unit served in support of the regular 101st Airborne Division . The Battalion 's C Battery lost 9 men killed and thirty - two wounded when North Vietnamese troops overran Fire Base Tomahawk on June 19 , 1969 . During the 1992 Los Angeles Riots , when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos , overwhelming the Los Angeles Police Department 's ability to contain the violence , the California Army National Guard and selected units of the California Air National Guard was mobilized to help restore order . The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the curfew order placed on the city . During the 1993 Waco Siege of the Branch Davidians , elements of the Alabama and Texas Army National Guard were called in to assist the ATF and the follow on effort by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ; the National Guard 's involvement was limited to several specific areas ; surveillance and reconnaissance , transport , maintenance and repairs , training and instruction , helicopters , unarmed tactical ground vehicles . The Army National Guard helicopters were also used to do photographic reconnaissance work . Training for ATF agents included such subjects as Close Quarters Combat , and combat medical instruction , and a mock up of the Mount Carmel complex was constructed at Fort Hood , Texas for rehearsals . ATF also received several surplus helmets , flack vests , canteens , first aid dressings , empty magazines , and some night - vision equipment , in addition to MREs and diesel fuel . The FBI would request and receive the use of Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicles , and tank retrieval vehicles , as well as overflights by UH - 1 and CH - 47 helicopters . As a result of the Bottom Up Review and post-Cold War force cutbacks , the Army National Guard maneuver force was reduced to eight divisions ( from ten ; the 26th Infantry and 50th Armored were consolidated in the northeastern states ) and fifteen ' enhanced brigades , ' which were supposed to be ready for combat operations , augmenting the active force , within 90 days . Twenty - first century ( edit ) The National Guard Memorial Building in Washington , D.C. Soldiers in the Missouri National Guard participating in self - defense training National Guard units played a major role in providing security and assisting recovery efforts in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , in September 2005 . In 2005 , National Guard members and reservists were said to comprise a larger percentage of frontline fighting forces than in any war in U.S. history ( about 43 percent in Iraq and 55 percent in Afghanistan ) . There were more than 183,366 National Guard members and reservists on active duty nationwide who left behind about 300,000 dependents , according to U.S. Defense Department statistics . In 2011 , Army Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey , Jr. stated that `` Every Guard brigade has deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan , and over 300,000 Guardsmen have deployed in this war . '' In January and February 2007 , National Guard troops from 8 states were activated to go help shovel snow , drop hay for starving cattle , deliver food and necessities to stranded people in their houses , and help control traffic and rescue stranded motorists in blizzards dropping feet of snow across the country . In the first quarter of 2007 , United States Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced changes to the Guard deployment policy aimed at shorter and more predictable deployments for National Guard troops . `` Gates said his goal is for Guard members to serve a one - year deployment no more than every five years ... Gates is imposing a one - year limit to the length of deployment for National Guard Soldiers , effective immediately . '' Prior to this time , Guard troops deployed for a standard one - year deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan would serve for 18 or more months including training and transit time . During the transition to the new policy for all troops in the pipeline , deployed or soon to be deployed , some will face deployments faster than every five years . `` The one - to - five year cycle does not include activations for state emergencies . '' Army National Guardsman of the 1st Battalion , 151st Infantry Regiment in Parun , Afghanistan . Note that he is wearing a 10th Mountain Division Former Wartime Service SSI Prior to the attacks against the United States on September 11 , 2001 , the National Guard 's general policy regarding mobilization was that Guardsmen would be required to serve no more than one year cumulative on active duty ( with no more than six months overseas ) for each five years of regular drill . Due to strains placed on active duty units following the attacks , the possible mobilization time was increased to 18 months ( with no more than one year overseas ) . Additional strains placed on military units as a result of the invasion of Iraq further increased the amount of time a Guardsman could be mobilized to 24 months . Current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman is involuntarily activated for more than 24 months ( cumulative ) in one six - year enlistment period . Traditionally , most National Guard personnel serve `` One weekend a month , two weeks a year '' , although personnel in highly operational or high demand units serve far more frequently . Typical examples are pilots , navigators and aircrewmen in active flying assignments , primarily in the Air National Guard , and to a lesser extent in the Army National Guard , and special operations airmen and soldiers in both . A significant number also serve in a full - time capacity in roles such as Active Guard and Reserve ( AGR ) or Air Reserve Technician or Army Reserve Technician ( ART ) . The `` One weekend a month , two weeks a year '' slogan has lost most of its relevance since the Iraq War , when nearly 28 % of total US forces in Iraq and Afghanistan at the end of 2007 consisted of mobilized personnel of the National Guard and other Reserve components . In July 2012 , the Army 's top general stated his intention to increase the annual drill requirement from two weeks per year to up to seven weeks per year . The National Guard compared to the reserves. ( edit ) The Army National Guard consists of 28 fully capable brigade combat teams with combat support and combat service support components . The Army Reserve is mostly Combat Service Support and Combat Support with only one infantry unit ( the 100th Infantry Battalion ) . The senior National Guard Officer in each state is called the Adjutant General ( or `` TAG '' for short ) and is either appointed or elected in accordance with state laws . The National Guard may receive state funding , however in most states it is primarily funded through the federal government . The Army , Navy , Marine , Coast Guard , and Air Force Reserve components are not under state control and are solely funded by the federal government . Unlike the state guard , the Reserve forces , with the exception of the Coast Guard , are restricted from civilian law enforcement operations by posse comitatus . Relevant laws ( edit ) The United States Congress has enacted various laws that control the National Guard The Militia Act of 1792 Providing for the authority of the President to call out the Militia , and providing federal standards for the organization of the Militia . For the 111 years that the Militia Act of 1792 remained in effect , it defined the position of the militia in relation to the federal government . The War of 1812 tested this uniquely American defense establishment . To fight the War of 1812 , the republic formed a small regular military and trained it to protect the frontiers and coastlines . Although it performed poorly in the offensive against Canada , the small force of regulars backed by a well - armed militia , accomplished its defensive mission well . Generals like Andrew Jackson proved that , just as they had in the Revolution , regulars and militia could be effective when employed as a team . The Insurrection Act The Militia Act of 1862 Providing for the service of persons of African descent in the Militia , and the emancipation of slaves owned by Confederates . Title 18 , U.S. Code , Section 1385 : The Posse Comitatus Act of June 18 , 1878 Reaction in Congress against the Reconstruction - era suspensions of Southern states ' rights to organize militias led to the passage of the Posse Comitatus Act , restricting any person 's use of the U.S. Army and , as later amended , the U.S. Air Force in domestic law enforcement ( use of the Navy and Marine Corps , being uniformed services within the Department of Defense , is similarly restricted by statute ) . The U.S. Coast Guard , in its peacetime role within the Department of Homeland Security , and the National Guard , when not in Federal Service , are specifically not limited by this act . The States revise the military codes -- 1881 to 1892 The Militia Act of 1903 Established the creation of the National Guard of the United States as the primary organized reserve force for the U.S. armed forces . National Defense Act of 1916 This act abandoned the idea of an expandable Regular Army and firmly established the traditional concept of the citizens ' army as the keystone of the United States defense forces . It established the concept of merging the National Guard , the Army Reserve , and the Regular Army into the Army of the United States in time of war . The act further expanded the National Guard 's role , and guaranteed the State militias ' status as the Army 's primary reserve force . The law mandated use of the term `` National Guard '' for that force , and the President was given authority , in case of war or national emergency , to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency . The number of yearly drills increased from 24 to 48 and annual training from five to 15 days . Drill pay was authorized for the first time . The National Defense Act Amendments of 1920 This act established that the chief of the Militia Bureau ( later the National Guard Bureau ) would be a National Guard officer , that National Guard officers would be assigned to the general staff and that the divisions , as used by the Guard in World War I , would be reorganized . The National Guard Mobilization Act , 1933 Made the National Guard a component of the Army . The National Defense Act of 1947 Section 207 ( f ) established the Air National Guard of the United States , under the National Guard Bureau . The Total Force Policy , 1973 Requires all active and reserve military organizations be treated as a single force . The Montgomery Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 provides that a governor can not withhold consent with regard to active duty outside the United States because of any objection to the location , purpose , type , or schedule of such duty . This law was challenged and upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1990 in Perpich v. Department of Defense . The John Warner Defense Authorization Act of 2007 Pub. L. 109 -- 364 Federal law was changed in section 1076 so that the Governor of a state is no longer the sole commander in chief of their state 's National Guard during emergencies within the state . The President of the United States could then take total control of a state 's National Guard units without the governor 's consent . In a letter to Congress , all 50 governors opposed the increase in power of the President over the National Guard . The National Defense Authorization Act of 2008 Pub. L. 110 -- 181 Repeals provisions in section 1076 in Pub. L. 109 - 364 but still enables the President to call up the National Guard of the United States for active federal military service during Congressionally sanctioned national emergency or war . Places the National Guard Bureau directly under the Department of Defense as a joint activity . Promoted the Chief of the National Guard Bureau from a three - star to a four - star general . The National Defense Authorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 115 -- 91 Added the Chief , National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Notable members ( edit ) Presidents ( edit ) Militia service was a common trait among presidents of the United States . Eighteen of America 's 45 presidents have served in colonial or state militias and two have served in the National Guard since it was established in 1903 . Among these , three served in colonial militias ( George Washington , Thomas Jefferson and James Madison ) , 15 served in state militias ( James Monroe , Andrew Jackson , William Henry Harrison , Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , Abraham Lincoln , Andrew Johnson , Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford B. Hayes , James Garfield , Chester A. Arthur , William Henry Harrison , William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt ) , one in the Army National Guard ( Harry S. Truman ) and one ( George W. Bush ) served in the Air National Guard . Other famous or infamous members ( edit ) Bolton , John R. , former United States Representative to the United Nations and National Security Advisor Brown , Scott Philip , former United States Senator from Massachusetts Donovan , William Joseph , founder of the Office of Strategic Services Foss , Joe , Governor of South Dakota , Medal of Honor recipient in World War II Graham , Lindsey , Senator from South Carolina Haben , Ralph , former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives Holtzman , Ken , two - time major league baseball All Star pitcher Lesnar , Brock , professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist Muhammed , John Allen , spree killer , `` Beltway Sniper '' Murphy , Audie , highly decorated soldier from WWII , prolific 1950s actor Quayle , Dan , 44th Vice President of the United States Ruth , Babe , former Major League Baseball player Selleck , Tom , actor , Magnum , P.I. Story , Rick , mixed martial artist in the UFC Number of Guardsmen by state , territory and D.C. ( edit ) A member of the NG , often called a `` guardsman , '' is a person who has signed an Enlistment Contract and has subscribed to an Enlistment Oath , is still alive , or has not yet been discharged . The subscription to the oath ( typically a recitation ) and the signature must be witnessed by a person , typically a Guard officer , authorized as an official witness . The term of the enlistment , or membership , runs from the date on the contract through the date on the discharge or the death certificate . The `` number of guardsmen '' is a statistic generated by the Defense Manpower Data Center ( DMDC ) , an agency of the DoD tasked with tracking the identities of all persons in the active military , its reserves , and civilians employed by it . Membership in the Guard may be regarded as an independent variable . It changes constantly . Its value at any instant can not be known exactly . It can , however , be estimated from the records of the DMDC . Its data and reports are for the most part inaccessible to the general public , but it does make available some reports under the category `` DoD Personal , Workforce Reports & Publications . '' The series `` Military and Civilian Personnel by Service / Agency by State / Country ( Updated Quarterly ) , '' containing the statistics on membership in the NG by state , territory , and D.C. , is updated every 3rd month at the end of the month . For example , one was generated on June 30 , 2017 . Like all statistics , these numbers of guardsmen are a sample culled according to a certain method . The report states that it uses the sources : `` Active Duty Master File , RCCPDS , APF Civilian Master , CTS Deployment File , Civilian Deployment . '' The probabilities of the statistics being accurate to various percentages are not stated . Below is a sample summary of a profile of Guard membership taken from the file of June 30 , 2017 . Only the non-total columns come from the source . The totals are calculated from the data . Sortable table ( edit ) State / Territory Army National Guard Air National Guard Total Alabama 9,766 2,224 11,990 Alaska 1,746 2,021 3,767 Arizona 5,279 2,482 7,761 Arkansas 6,158 1,843 8,001 California 13,846 4,378 18,224 Colorado 3,603 1,580 5,183 Connecticut 3,483 1,004 4,487 Delaware 1,513 1,094 2,607 Florida 9,447 2,017 11,464 Georgia 10,789 2,687 13,476 Hawaii 2,996 2,172 5,168 Idaho 3,042 1,317 4,359 Illinois 9,810 2,894 12,704 Indiana 11,483 1,789 13,272 Iowa 6,799 1,728 8,527 Kansas 4,286 1,988 6,274 Kentucky 6,501 1,219 7,720 Louisiana 9,626 1,492 11,118 Maine 1,974 1,097 3,071 Maryland 4,225 1,834 6,059 Massachusetts 5,863 2,114 7,977 Michigan 7,989 2,197 10,186 Minnesota 10,927 2,305 13,232 Mississippi 9,547 2,582 12,129 Missouri 8,397 2,193 10,590 Montana 2,566 957 3,523 Nebraska 3,288 968 4,256 Nevada 3,271 1,103 4,374 New Hampshire 1,625 1,029 2,654 New Jersey 5,819 2,306 8,125 New Mexico 2,839 971 3,810 New York 9,863 5,539 15,402 North Carolina 10,113 1,360 11,473 North Dakota 2,917 992 3,909 Ohio 10,445 4,882 15,327 Oklahoma 6,409 2,161 8,570 Oregon 5,660 2,190 7,850 Pennsylvania 15,476 3,799 19,275 Rhode Island 1,992 1,028 3,020 South Carolina 9,094 1,314 10,408 South Dakota 3,000 1,042 4,042 Tennessee 9,128 3,273 12,401 Texas 17,270 3,086 20,356 Utah 5,372 1,373 6,745 Vermont 2,582 969 3,551 Virginia 6,876 1,302 8,178 Washington 5,934 1,959 7,893 West Virginia 4,137 2,120 6,257 Wisconsin 7,112 2,091 9,203 Wyoming 1,508 1,170 2,678 Puerto Rico 6,198 1,151 7,349 Guam 1,092 355 1,447 District of Columbia 1,358 1,248 2,606 Virgin Islands 703 55 758 Totals 332,721 101,897 434,618 See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal Transformation of the Army National Guard Minutemen Youth Challenge Program National Guard Memorial Museum Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 12 December 2017 authorized selected reserve strength is 343,500 for the ARNGUS and 106,600 for the ANGUS , per § 411 of the National Defense Authorization Act . Jump up ^ The fifteen enhanced brigades included the 27th ( NY ) , 29th ( HI ) , 32nd ( WI ) , 41st ( OR ) , 45th ( OK ) , 48th ( GA ) , 53rd ( FL ) , 76th ( IN ) , 81st ( WA ) , 256th ( LA ) , 116th Cavalry Brigade ( ID ) , 155th ( MS ) , 218th ( SC ) , and the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment ( TN ) . Jump up ^ The National Guard enlistment oath is : `` I do hereby acknowledge to have voluntarily enlisted this __ day of ____ , 19_ , in the ______ National Guard of the State of ______ for a period of __ year ( s ) under the conditions prescribed by law , unless sooner discharged by proper authority . I , ________ , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and of the State of ______ against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to them ; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the Governor of ______ and the orders of the officers appointed over me , according to law and regulations . So help me God . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 115 -- 91 ^ Jump up to : 32 U.S.C. § 101 Definitions ( National Guard ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 12401 Army and Air National Guard of the United States : status Jump up ^ `` Four - and - a-half centuries of militia tradition '' . Florida Department of Military Affairs . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 2008 ) . The Founders ' Second Amendment : Origins of the Right to Bear Arms . pp. 299 -- 309 . Jump up ^ 32 Stat. 775 ( 1903 ) Jump up ^ 40 Stat. 181 ( 1917 ) Jump up ^ 32 U.S.C. § 102 General policy ^ Jump up to : `` Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority '' . Usmilitary.about.com. April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Graphics '' . National Guard . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 110 - 181 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 110 - 181 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 full text Jump up ^ Sec. 1812 . Establishment of National Guard Bureau as Joint Activity of the Department of Defense . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 10501 National Guard Bureau ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 10503 Functions of National Guard Bureau : charter from Secretaries of the Army and Air Force Jump up ^ `` Chief , National Guard Bureau '' . National Guard . August 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vice Chief , National Guard Bureau '' . National Guard . December 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chief , National Guard Bureau '' . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § § 10501 -- 10503 ^ Jump up to : Turner , Colonel Randal L. `` Agricultural Development Teams and the Counterinsurgency Effort in Afghanistan '' . Strategy Research Project . U.S. Army War College . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Alexander ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) . `` U.S. Army Agriculture Development Teams '' . Science & Diplomacy. 3 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ McKinley , General Craig R . `` The National Guard : A Great Value for America '' ( PDF ) . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 54 Stat. 1206 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ 64 Stat. 1073 ( 1950 ) Jump up ^ 70A Stat. 600 ( 1956 ) ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 12302 Ready Reserve Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 12301 Reserve components generally ^ Jump up to : Renaud , John . `` National Guard Fact Sheet Army National Guard ( FY2005 ) '' ( PDF ) . Army National Guard , G5 , Chief , Strategic Plans and Policy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowenburg , Timothy . `` The Role of the National Guard in National Defense and Homeland Security '' ( PDF ) . National Guard Association of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A.P. ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Salem declared National Guard 's birthplace '' . Boston Herald . Associated Press . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Bill ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Born from humble beginnings , the National Guard celebrates its 375th birthday '' . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Army National Guard '' . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the National Guard '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Painter , Nell ( 1987 ) . Standing at Armageddon . W.W. Norton . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pages - Vietnam '' . Jump up ^ p. 1311 Hearings , Volume 1 United States . Congress . House , United States . Congress . Joint Committee ... U.S. Government Printing Office , 1967 Jump up ^ `` Kentucky : National Guard History eMuseum -- Summary '' . Kynghistory.ky.gov . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Military Assistance Provided at Branch Davidian Incident '' ( PDF ) . United States General Accounting Office . August 1999 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Government Accounting Office , Army National Guard : Enhanced Brigades Readiness Improving But Personnel and Workload Are Problems , June 2000 , record accessed at DTIC , May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nationwide Grassroots Drive To Aid Military Families Picks Up Steam '' . Illinois.gov - Illinois Government News Network ( IGNN ) . March 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Salzer , Darron . `` Casey : National Guard very different today than 30 years ago '' . National Guard Bureau . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FindLaw ( February 14 , 2007 ). `` National Guard to Rescue in 8 States '' . FindLaw . Retrieved on February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gates Promises Predictable Deployments '' . GX -- the Guard Experience . 4 ( 3 ) : 22 . April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MSNBC . Health . Mental Health . Most vet suicides among Guard , Reserve troops . New government report raises alarm , calls for long - term mental services . Associated Press . February 12 , 2008 '' . MSNBC . October 7 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Army to expand citizen soldiers ' training periods '' . USA Today . July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 100th / 442nd Reserve Unit . 100thbattalion.org . Retrieved on July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 375 Restriction on direct participation by military personnel Jump up ^ FindLaw ( June 27 , 2004 ) . `` PERPICH v. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE , 496 U.S. 334 ( 1990 ) '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Governors lose in power struggle over National Guard '' . Stateline.org . Jump up ^ National Governors Association Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § § 10501 -- 10503 Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 151 ( a ) Jump up ^ `` The National Guard -- Image Gallery -- Presidential Series '' . Ngb.army.mil . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 32 U.S.C. § 304 : Enlistment oath Jump up ^ `` DoD Personnel , Workforce Reports & Publications '' . DMDC . DoD . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Vest , Bonnie , M ( 2013 ) . `` Citizen , Soldier , or Citizen - Soldier ? Negotiating Identity in the US National Guard '' . Armed Forces & Society . 39 ( No. 4 ) . Lay summary . Russell , Henry Dozier ; Kaplan , Lawrence M ( 2014 ) . The purge of the Thirtieth Division . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutNational Guard of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata `` National Guard '' . United States Army National Guard . 2017 . The Army National Guard Recruiting Site . `` Air National Guard '' . US Air National Guard . 2017 . The Air National Guard Recruiting Site . `` National Guard : Always Ready Always There '' . National Guard Bureau . 2017 . Official website of the National Guard . `` Heritage Series '' . National Guard . National Guard Bureau . 2017 . Thumbnails of the current National Guard Heritage Collection , a series of original paintings commissioned by the Bureau showing scenes from the Guard 's past . `` National Guard Virtual Armory '' . facebook. 2017 . Facebook login required . 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who played edward 40 hands how i met your mother | Marshall is still hungover after Punchy 's wedding , and makes a `` sweeping declaration '' that he will henceforth permanently stay sober . Future Ted says that Marshall 's `` sweeping declarations '' typically do n't work . Marshall receives a call from Garrison Cootes , a partner at one of the nation 's largest environmental law firms . He tells Marshall that the company is `` very interested '' in Marshall 's application for employment , and he will receive a job offer after the company completes an extensive background check . The danger of a background check concerns Marshall , who fears that a college - era video of him streaking through Wesleyan calling himself `` Beercules '' , which is now available online , could result in Garrison 's dropping the job offer . Marshall contacts the uploader , Pete Durkensen , an old college acquaintance , and asks him to remove the video . However , Marshall ends up getting drunk and streaking again , the effect of playing Edward Fortyhands with Pete , although Pete originally wanted to play Darts , and thus another `` Beercules '' video is uploaded . Pete 's refusal to take it down prompts Lily to blackmail him with information that she claims to have received from women who dated him in college . Eventually , Garrison does see the video , but offers Marshall a job anyway ; the video is not an issue with him . Later , Pete calls Marshall and offers to remove the video , but Marshall refuses . | Marshall|Pete Durkensen | The Naked Truth ( How I Met Your Mother ) | the naked truth ( how i met your mother ) | Nazanin Boniadi ( Nora ) Martin Short ( Garrison Cootes ) Jimmi Simpson ( Pete Durkenson ) Ashley Williams ( Victoria ) | Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Best Man '' Next → `` Ducky Tie '' `` The Naked Truth '' is the second episode of the seventh season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother , and the 138th episode overall . It first aired on September 19 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Critical response 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marshall is still hungover after Punchy 's wedding , and makes a `` sweeping declaration '' that he will henceforth permanently stay sober . Future Ted says that Marshall 's `` sweeping declarations '' typically do n't work . Marshall receives a call from Garrison Cootes , a partner at one of the nation 's largest environmental law firms . He tells Marshall that the company is `` very interested '' in Marshall 's application for employment , and he will receive a job offer after the company completes an extensive background check . The danger of a background check concerns Marshall , who fears that a college - era video of him streaking through Wesleyan calling himself `` Beercules '' , which is now available online , could result in Garrison 's dropping the job offer . Marshall contacts the uploader , Pete Durkensen , an old college acquaintance , and asks him to remove the video . However , Marshall ends up getting drunk and streaking again , the effect of playing Edward Fortyhands with Pete , although Pete originally wanted to play Darts , and thus another `` Beercules '' video is uploaded . Pete 's refusal to take it down prompts Lily to blackmail him with information that she claims to have received from women who dated him in college . Eventually , Garrison does see the video , but offers Marshall a job anyway ; the video is not an issue with him . Later , Pete calls Marshall and offers to remove the video , but Marshall refuses . Thinking about a date with Nora , Barney appears to the gang in a leg cast and using crutches ; he hopes to use these to gain Nora 's sympathy . He meets Nora at a 24 - hour diner , where he is forced to explain to her all the plays he ever made on women , one of which irks a woman in an adjoining booth who overhears the conversation ; she turns out to be one of Barney 's previous conquests . Nora leaves , still angry at Barney for lying to her . To prove to Nora that he will never lie to her again , Barney vows not to leave the diner until she agrees to a second date . The gang eats at the diner nine hours later and sees Barney wake up . He refuses to make an order several times , and true to his word , does stay at the diner the whole time , which convinces Nora when she comes back . Ted capitalizes on being featured in New York magazine , speaking to women at newsstands when they pick up a copy of the magazine . He befriends 16 people , 13 of them being women , and dates two women from amongst them on separate occasions . With Lily 's and Robin 's help , he must decide on one of the women as a date to the exclusive `` Architect 's Ball '' . Robin thinks that the event will be boring , but hints that she would like to become Ted 's date when he mentions that Lenny Kravitz will be at the event , since she is an avid fan of the rock star . Ted winds up taking Robin to the gala , where she discovers that the Lenny Kravitz Ted was referring to is an old architect , Leonard Kravitz . Disappointed , Robin leaves the party . Future Ted tells his kids that a person will know for sure about falling in love `` pretty quickly and with absolute certainty . '' While looking at the gala guests , he sees his former girlfriend Victoria arranging cupcakes at a table and they establish eye contact . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B. Robert Canning of IGN gave the show an 8 out of 10 . Angel Cohn of Television Without Pity gave the episode a C . Despite the show being in its 7th season this episode premiered to 12.22 million viewers , making it the show 's third most watched episode to date , only behind the two - part series finale `` Last Forever '' and season one 's `` The Pineapple Incident '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listings of How I Met Your Mother at ' The Futon Critic ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What to watch , Best Bets : How I Met Your Mother '' , The Elkhart Truth , B6 , News section , reprint at eedition.ottawa.24hrs.ca , January 23 , 2012 , retrieved March 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Kelsea Stahler ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Katie Holmes is a Slutty Pumpkin for ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donna Bowman ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Best Man `` / '' The Naked Truth `` '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert Canning . `` How I Met Your Mother Review : The Naked Truth '' . IGN . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Angel Cohn ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : The Naked Truth '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two and a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` The Naked Truth '' on IMDb ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 6 7 8 9 Season 7 `` The Best Man '' `` The Naked Truth '' `` Ducky Tie '' `` The Stinson Missile Crisis '' `` Field Trip '' `` Mystery vs. History '' `` Noretta '' `` The Slutty Pumpkin Returns '' `` Disaster Averted '' `` Tick , Tick , Tick ... '' `` The Rebound Girl '' `` Symphony of Illumination '' `` Tailgate '' `` 46 Minutes '' `` The Burning Beekeeper '' `` The Drunk Train '' `` No Pressure '' `` Karma '' `` Trilogy Time '' `` Now We 're Even '' `` Good Crazy '' `` The Magician 's Code '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Naked_Truth_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=808186979 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) episodes 2011 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 11 : 56 . 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it's a small world ride in disney world | It 's a Small World | it's a small world | It 's a Small World ( currently styled it 's a small world ) is a water - based dark ride located in the Fantasyland area at the various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide ; these include : Disneyland Park in Anaheim , California , the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , Tokyo Disneyland , Disneyland Paris , and Hong Kong Disneyland . The ride features over 300 audio - animatronic children in traditional costumes from cultures around the world , frolicking in a spirit of international unity , and singing the attraction 's title song , which has a theme of global peace . | Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Song / melody 2 Global installations 2.1 1964 New York World 's Fair 2.2 Disneyland 2.2. 1 Exterior 2.2. 2 Refurbishment with new dolls 2.2. 3 The Magic , the Memories and You 2.3 Magic Kingdom 2.4 Tokyo Disneyland 2.4. 1 2017 refurbishment 2.5 Disneyland Paris 2.5. 1 2015 refurbishment 2.6 Hong Kong Disneyland 3 Holiday overlay 4 In popular culture 4.1 Film 4.1. 1 Feature film appearances 4.2 Television 4.3 Toys 4.4 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Fabricated at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank as Children of the World , it was created by WED Enterprises , then shipped to the 1964 New York World 's Fair 's UNICEF pavilion , sponsored by Pepsi , where it featured at its entrance a kinetic sculpture , The Tower of the Four Winds , a 120 - foot perpetually spinning mobile created by WED designer Rolly Crump . It was added to four attractions -- Magic Skyway ( Ford ) , Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln ( Illinois ) , The Carousel of Progress ( General Electric ) , and CircleVision 360 ( Kodak ) -- already under development , which were used by Disney to sponsor , fund , and test concepts and develop ride systems and innovative entertainment intended to be moved and re-built at Disneyland after the World 's Fair closed in 1966 . The Pepsi Board of Directors took so long to agree on what type of attraction to sponsor that then - board member and widow of past company president Alfred Steele , actress Joan Crawford , prevailed upon her longtime Hollywood friend Walt Disney to design such an attraction as would be suitable for Pepsi . Because of the short lead - time to design , create , and construct such an attraction , she insisted that the Board of Directors accept his proposal , seeing as he was already designing attractions for the state of Illinois , Ford , General Electric , and Kodak and knew Walt was the only one who could accomplish such a feat in the short time left until the fair was scheduled to open . The WED Enterprises company was given only 11 months to create and build the pavilion . Mary Blair was responsible for the attraction 's whimsical design and color styling . Blair had been an art director on several Disney animated features , including Cinderella , Alice In Wonderland , and Peter Pan . Like many Disneyland attractions , scenes and characters were designed by Marc Davis , while his wife , Alice Davis , designed the costumes for the dolls . Rolly Crump designed the toys and other supplemental figures on display . The animated dolls were designed and sculpted by Blaine Gibson . Walt was personally involved with Gibson 's and Greg S. Marinello development of the dolls ' facial design ; each animated doll face is completely identical in shape . Arrow Development was deeply involved in the design of the passenger - carrying boats and propulsion system of the attraction . Two patents that were filed by Arrow Development staff and assigned to The Walt Disney Company illustrate passenger boats and vehicle guidance systems with features very similar to those later utilized on the Disneyland installation of the attraction . The firm is credited with manufacturing the Disneyland installation . Song / melody ( edit ) `` Children of the World '' was the working title of the attraction . Its tentative soundtrack , which can be heard on the album , featured the national anthems of each country represented throughout the ride all playing all at once , which resulted in disharmonic cacophony . Walt conducted a walk - through of the attraction scale model with his staff songwriters Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman , saying , `` I need one song that can be easily translated into many languages and be played as a round . '' The Sherman brothers then wrote `` It 's a Small World ( After All ) '' in the wake of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis , which influenced the song 's message of peace and brotherhood . When they first presented it to Walt , they played it as a slow ballad . Walt requested something more cheerful , so they sped up the tempo and sang in counterpoint . Walt was so delighted with the final result that he renamed the attraction `` It 's a Small World '' after the Sherman Brothers ' song . Robert J. Sherman , youngest son of Robert B. Sherman , has claimed that this song is the single most - performed and most - translated piece of music on Earth . In 2014 , it was estimated that the song had played nearly 50 million times worldwide on the attractions alone , beating out the radio and TV estimates for You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' and Yesterday , which were believed to have been played at least eight and seven million times respectively . A third verse celebrating the attraction 's 45th anniversary was written and popularized , but not incorporated into the ride . In 1965 , an album of folk songs from around the world , that included the title track , `` It 's a Small World ( After All ) '' , was recorded by the St. Charles Boys Choir under the direction of Paul Salamunovich using the name , `` The Disneyland Boys Choir '' . It is available for purchase in the theme park . Global installations ( edit ) 1964 New York World 's Fair ( edit ) The attraction debuted at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . The first incarnation of It 's a Small World , which debuted at the 1964 New York World 's Fair , was an afterthought and nearly did not happen . Ford and General Electric had engaged Disney early on to create their pavilions for the 1964 New York World 's Fair . WED Enterprises had already long been at work developing a `` dancing - doll '' designed to reproduce human movement resulting in a crude early audio - animatronics fashioned as Abraham Lincoln when the State of Illinois approached Disney to create the Illinois Pavilion , representatives of the state instantly approved after being `` introduced '' to the robotic figurehead . A nine wide - screen CircleVision 360 ° exhibit for Kodak 's pavilion was also being planned as an improvement over the existing Disneyland eleven 4 : 3 format screen Circarama ( which later failed the installation deadline for opening ) when Pepsi approached Disney with a plan to tribute UNICEF . Disney seemed to be the showman to give us the package we want ... He 's terrific . He 's got his hands in more bowls than anyone I 've ever seen , but he accomplishes what he sets out to do . -- J.G. Mullaly , Ford 's World 's Fair program manager . 1964 World 's Fair `` It 's a Small World '' ticket , logo portion April 22 , 1964 -- opening day `` A salute to the children of the world , designed by Walt Disney , presents animated figures frolicking in miniature settings of many lands . Visitors are carried past the scenes in small boats . In an adjoining building Pepsi sponsors exhibits by the U.S. Committee for the United Nations Children 's Fund . Above the pavilion rises the 120 - foot Tower of the Four Winds , a fanciful creation of coloured shapes that dance and twist in the breeze . '' -- 1965 Official Guide Book to the New York World 's Fair The attraction was incredibly successful . Ten million 60 ¢ and 95 ¢ tickets for children and adults , respectively , were collected in two half - year seasons and the proceeds were donated to UNICEF . While other attractions had lines out the doors , there seemed to always be a seat available aboard It 's a Small World . Its high rider - per - hour capacity was recognized as a valuable innovation and was incorporated indirectly and directly into future attractions . Pirates of the Caribbean had been under construction at Disneyland as a subterranean walk - through . That design was scrapped as concrete was broken out so similar boats could sail past scenes which ( because the original walk - through scene length was not shortened ) were now different each voyage , another concept which forever influenced attraction design and popularity . Disneyland ( edit ) The boats enter the show building through a tunnel under the Small World clock and emerge from the attraction fifteen minutes later . The show building interior is larger than the façade . Voyagers see animatronic dolls in traditional local costumes singing `` It 's a Small World ( After All ) '' together , each in their native language . Boats carry voyagers as they visit the regions of the world . Other Disney park installations wind the flume around one large room , emphasizing its theme that the world is small and interconnected . Each installation may vary the countries which are represented and the order in which they appear . The boats are stored behind the facade and go in and out backstage in between the Spanish room . Exterior ( edit ) It 's a Small World at Disneyland The Tower of the Four Winds was not relocated to Disneyland 's It 's a Small World after the New York World 's Fair ; in its place is an outdoor oval flume and boarding queue decorated with topiary backed by a large , flat facade with stylized cutout turrets , towers and minarets which are vaguely reminiscent of world landmarks ( such as the Eiffel Tower and the Leaning Tower of Pisa ) . The facade was designed by Disney Imagineer Rolly Crump , who was inspired by Mary Blair 's styling . Walt Disney asked Rolly to design a large 30 - foot clock , a central feature of the exterior facade , with a smiling face that rocks back and forth to a ticking sound . A parade of wooden dolls in native culture costumes dance out from doors at the base of the Small World clock to an instrumental toy soldier version of `` It 's a Small World ( After All ) '' in preparation for each quarter - hour , reminiscent of a European automaton clock . As the last doll returns into the clock , the parade doors close and the large central pair of doors open to reveal two giant toy blocks -- the large block displays stylized numerals of the hour , the small one displays the minutes , while large and small bells toll to count the hours and quarters . The exterior has been subtly repainted over the years , first as all - white with a gold / silver trim , then in various shades of blue , then in pink and white with pastel accents . Portions of the left side of the original facade were removed in 1993 to make room for the entrance to Mickey 's Toontown . As of 2015 , the facade is white with a gold trim as it was in 1966 , except the original gold and silver paint of the clock , the smiling clock face , is now entirely gold leaf . The gardens around the building are decorated with topiary animals . During the 2005 -- 2006 holiday season , an elaborate multimedia presentation was projected on the outdoor façade which registered colored patterns matched to the façade each quarter - hour after dusk . Guests were encouraged to view the popular Remember ... Dreams Come True fireworks presentation from the It 's a Small World Mall and nearby parade viewing platform built for Light Magic ( which had included a smoking area , now relocated under the Monorail track between the Matterhorn Bobsleds and Autopia ) to decrease overwhelming crowds gathered for viewing the fireworks spectacular in Plaza and Main Street . Refurbishment with New dolls ( edit ) Disneyland 's `` It 's a Small World '' was closed from January to November 2008 ( closed and reopening in holiday version , skipping the summer season ) to receive a major refurbishment . The building 's structure was improved , permanent attachments created for the `` It 's a Small World Holiday '' overlay , the water flume replaced and its propulsion upgraded to electric water jet turbines , and the attraction 's aging fiberglass boats redesigned in durable plastic . The refurbishment added 29 new Disney characters , each in their native land in a similar manner to the Hong Kong Disneyland version . Sylvania has agreed to a twelve - year sponsorship . In 2014 , the sponsor logo at the attraction 's entrance changed to that of Siemens , the parent company of Sylvania . The Magic , the Memories and You ( edit ) As part of Disney 's `` Let the Memories Begin '' campaign for 2011 , a nighttime projection show premiered at Disneyland 's It 's a Small World in Anaheim on January 27 , 2011 . The Magic , the Memories and You show projected sequences of classic Disney attractions and characters set to Disney music onto the exterior façade of It 's a Small World to fill its architectural features , personalized with exclusive photographs and videos of park guests taken that day by Disney 's PhotoPass cast members . The show also existed in Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom , but was projected onto Cinderella Castle . As the `` Let the Memories Begin '' campaign drew to a close , the show ended its run on Labor Day , September 3 , 2012 at both locations . The Florida version was eventually replaced by Once Upon a Time Magic Kingdom ( edit ) On October 1 , 1971 , a version of the ride opened in Florida 's Walt Disney World Fantasyland within the Magic Kingdom . The boarding queue was built inside , and the three - dimensional facade that is seen outdoors in the other Disney parks was instead located in a slightly smaller scale along the far wall . The clock lacks the parade of wooden dolls , and instead goes straight to opening the central pair of doors to reveal the time . The toy company Mattel sponsored the attraction from 1988 until 1998 , when it transferred its sponsorship to another Magic Kingdom attraction , Buzz Lightyear 's Space Ranger Spin in nearby Tomorrowland from that attraction 's opening in 1998 until 1999 , when it also dropped its sponsorship of that attraction , thus ending Mattel 's history as a Walt Disney World sponsor . Magic Kingdom version Hula dancers representing Hawaii Dancers representing Thailand French dancers from the final scene Magic Kingdom Small World clock Eiffel Tower in line Clock , wooden soldier detail Tokyo Disneyland ( edit ) It 's a Small World at Tokyo Disneyland The Tokyo Disneyland version of the attraction is identical to the Magic Kingdom version except for these differences : The façade 's design is an almost - complete replica of the California counterpart under a different color scheme . The loading area is split into two zones instead of one . The Asian room features radically different sets and dolls for Japan and China compared to the Magic Kingdom version . The ride uses a different , more recent recording of the song sung in Japanese specifically created for this version instead of the original Japanese recording . The walls of the African , South American , and Polynesian rooms are painted in colors similar to the Magic Kingdom version before its 2005 renovation compared to the current black walls in the Magic Kingdom version . The African and Polynesian rooms have vocals singing in English . The finale is sung in Japanese . The Goodbye Room is shorter than the one in Florida . 2017 refurbishment ( edit ) On March 1 , 2017 , Tokyo Disneyland 's version of `` It 's a Small World '' closed down for refurbishment for its first major update since the park 's opening in 1983 . Reopening in Spring 2018 coinciding with Tokyo Disneyland 's 35th anniversary , the attraction will feature 40 characters from Disney properties including Cinderella , Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan , The Aristocats , The Little Mermaid , Aladdin , The Lion King , Mulan , Tangled , and Frozen , similar to its counterparts in California and Hong Kong . The attraction was initially set to be relocated to another area in Fantasyland with a new facade similar to the California counterpart as part of original expansion plans announced in October 2014 for the resort within the next ten years before being revised and updated . Disneyland Paris ( edit ) The attraction at Disneyland Paris is a departure from other versions of the attraction . The façade features rearranged and slightly redesigned landmarks with a completely different clock tower . The exterior clock face features a wide - awake sun on its left half and a sleeping moon on its right half . Unlike all other versions of the ride , every scene is housed in one room with arches being used to define sections of the ride . The scenery design is a complete departure from Mary Blair 's distinctive style , though the dolls used remain identical to all other versions . The ride also uses a completely different soundtrack composed by John Debney ( which was also used for roughly a decade at the Californian version from the early 1990s to the early 2000s ) , which can be described as more ornate compared to the original soundtrack . This is the first version of the ride to incorporate a scene for North America with dolls representing Canada and the United States , and a distinct Middle Eastern section with dolls singing in Arabic . In the Finale room , in addition to the song being sung in English , it is also sung in French . Also , the attraction had a post-show area called World Chorus that was sponsored by France Télécom , which opened with the park in 1992 and then closed in 2010 to make way for the Princess Pavilion meet and greet area . 2015 refurbishment ( edit ) As part of an ongoing plan to refurbish several attractions for the park 's 25th anniversary , this version went under an extensive refurbishment for six months before it reopened on December 19 , 2015 . The refurbishment included a different color scheme for the façade that is identical to the color scheme when it first opened , restored assets and special effects , refurbished boats , new LED lighting to replace the old stage lighting , and all 176 dolls in the ride being progressively replaced through 2017 . The entrance and exit rooms have been completely revamped , being identical to the entrance scene in Hong Kong Disneyland 's version and the exit scene in the Magic Kingdom and Hong Kong Disneyland versions ( rendered in the Mary Blair style similar to the other parks ) . The soundtrack has been completely remastered with the base instrumental removed from the majority of the ride 's audio except for the finale , making the soundtrack more similar to the original version . Additionally , new audio tracks are added including a new recording of someone yodeling to the tune of the song in the Switzerland scene . Hong Kong Disneyland ( edit ) It 's a Small World at Hong Kong Disneyland The Hong Kong Disneyland version of the attraction is mostly modeled after the original Disneyland counterpart , using a canal for the boats to travel through instead of the open - ended water track found in the Magic Kingdom , Tokyo , and Paris versions . Some of this version 's prominent and unique characteristics include : 38 Disney characters ( all rendered in the Mary Blair style ) added to scenes where their stories originated An expanded Asia sequence with the Philippines and Korea represented with children singing in Tagalog and Korean , respectively , as well as an extended China scene with Hong Kong represented and children singing in Mandarin and Cantonese A distinct Middle Eastern room , and scenes for North America , similar to the Paris version Extraordinary fiber - optic lighting effects in the Finale room not seen on any other Disney attraction Cantonese , Korean , Mandarin , and Tagalog versions of the song that were specifically recorded for Hong Kong Disneyland . The finale is sung in three languages : Cantonese , English and Mandarin . The attraction is the largest indoor attraction at Hong Kong Disneyland . It is situated beyond the Hong Kong Disneyland Railroad , next to Disney 's Storybook Theater where Mickey and the Wondrous Book is performed daily . Holiday overlay ( edit ) `` It 's a Small World holiday '' lighting display Since 1997 , Disneyland has featured `` It 's a Small World holiday '' during the end - of - the - year Christmas and holiday season . The attraction is closed in late October to receive temporary holiday decorations inside and outside , and reopens in early November before the start of the busy holiday tourist season . Almost one million lights are included during the holidays . The overlay has proved very popular and at one point during its run needed the use of Fastpass machines ( which have since been removed ) . The attraction is the same boat voyage through many regions of the world , though the main theme song is not played in full . Instead , the children sing `` Jingle Bells '' and a bridge of `` Deck the Halls '' in addition to the main theme . The holiday overlay has since been implemented at Tokyo Disneyland with similar decorations . Since the holiday 2009 season , the Disney characters and The Spirit of America room ( formerly the covered transition room ) have joined in the `` It 's a Small World holiday '' at Disneyland . Disneyland Paris ' version used to add subtle decorations around the attraction and changed the music in the North American area to `` Deck The Halls '' . For the 2009 winter season , Disneyland Paris has added `` It 's a Small World celebration '' , a variation of `` It 's a Small World holiday '' highlighting winter season frolic shared by people worldwide . It includes new costumes , lighting , sounds , decorations and uses the Disneyland ( California ) version `` It 's a Small World holiday '' music -- Jingle Bells , Deck the Halls . Following the 2015 renovation , `` It 's a Small World celebration '' was planned to use a newly - framed soundtrack originally set for Winter 2016 . However , it has been delayed for unknown reasons . For the 2017 season the ride opened again in its celebration mode . Hong Kong Disneyland 's `` It 's a Small World Christmas '' changes the music seasonally and subtly adds a few Christmas decorations as well as an abridged version of the Holiday soundtrack , only ran from 2009 - 10 . Tokyo Disneyland also has a version of `` It 's a Small World holiday '' called `` It 's a Small World Very Merry Holidays '' . It ran seasonally from November to January from 2003 to 2014 . Due to damaged set pieces as a result of the 2011 earthquake , the overlay did not take place that year . The Magic Kingdom does not have its own holiday edition of `` It 's a Small World '' , and the regular ride operates continuously through the holiday season . In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film ( edit ) Feature film appearances ( edit ) In the Disney film The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Scar tells Zazu to sing something `` with a little bounce in it . '' Zazu sings `` It 's a Small World '' and Scar reacts very negatively to it and stops him from finishing the song which he clearly despises . On April 22 , 2014 , it was announced that a feature film franchise about the ride was in the works , to be directed by Jon Turteltaub , written by Jared Stern , and produced by Turteltaub , Stern , and Dan Lin . No release date has been announced . The Disney film Tomorrowland , released in May 2015 , features the It 's a Small World attraction at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . In the film , it is portrayed as concealing a hidden entrance to Tomorrowland , accessible by possession of a `` T '' pin . A parody of the park ride , named `` It 's a Boko ( ボコ ; `` Beat - Up '' ) World `` , appears in the anime movie Girls und Panzer der Film , its theme altered to match the fictional Boko franchise from the accompanying TV series . Television ( edit ) In The Simpsons episode `` Selma 's Choice '' , Selma , Bart , and Lisa ride on a parody of It 's a Small World at Duff Gardens , with a song about Duff Beer . In the Sons of Anarchy season 5 episode `` Small World '' , Jax uses a musical `` It 's a Small World '' snow globe to beat a prison guard to death as revenge for killing Opie . In the Family Guy episode `` The Courtship of Stewie 's Father '' , Stewie is captured by Disney World employees and forced to sing at the `` It 's a Tiny World '' ride , which is modeled after It 's a Small World . Toys ( edit ) Mattel released a line of dolls based on the ride in 1993 . Disney Store released a line of dolls based on the ride in 2013 . Video games ( edit ) In Epic Mickey , Wasteland had its own vision of the ride . The Clock Tower also serves as a boss , having been driven mad after hearing `` It 's a Small World '' for 52 years . In 1992 Epic Megagames `` Super ZZT '' , Volume Seven , Monster Zoo ; after finishing the first level , a Chiptune version can be heard . See also ( edit ) List of Disneyland attractions List of Magic Kingdom attractions List of Tokyo Disneyland attractions List of Hong Kong Disneyland attractions Incidents at Walt Disney World Incidents at Disneyland Paris List of Disney attractions using Audio - Animatronics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paul F. Anderson ( 2001 ) . `` A Little Boat Ride : It 's A Small World '' . Excerpted from `` Disney and the 1964 New York World 's Fair '' , Persistence of Vision , Issue # 6 / # 7 . nywf64.com . Retrieved on November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube . Jump up ^ US patent 3404635 , Bacon , Karl W. & Morgan , Edgar A. , `` Boat amusement ride '' , published October 8 , 1968 , assigned to The Walt Disney Company Jump up ^ US patent D204282 , Morgan , Edgar A. , `` Passenger - carrying amusement boat '' , published April 5 , 1966 , assigned to The Walt Disney Company Jump up ^ Gurr , Bob ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` DESIGN : Those Were The Times -- No. 23 1955 Arrow Development -- Ed Morgan and Karl Bacon '' . MiceChat . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' It 's a small world '' by Disneyland Chorus `` . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dave ( 2006 ) . Disney A to Z : The Official Disney Encyclopedia . Disney Editions . p. 354 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 4919 - 3 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard . `` Is This the Most Played Song in Music History ? '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Caitlin . `` The Most Frequently Played Song in the World is One Everyone Hates '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sights and Sounds of Disney Parks : It 's a Classic Attraction . It 's Turning 50 . ' it 's a small world ! ' '' Disney Parks Blog `` . Disneyparks.disney.go.com. 2014 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Conversations , p. 83 ISBN 1 - 57806 - 713 - 8 ^ Jump up to : `` Designing `` It 's a Small World '' -- The 1964 New York World 's Fair `` . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' It 's a Small World '' attraction page `` . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press AP ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` Disney 's ' Small World ' to get big retrofit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` MousePlanet DLR Update '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Projection Show Turns ' Small World ' Into a Big Canvas , for ' The Magic , The Memories and You ' '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 東京 ディズニーランド の アトラクション 「 イッツ ・ ア ・ スモール ワールド 」 が リニューアル ! さらに 幸せ な 船旅 に . '' . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Disney Resort Expansions Announced '' . Jump up ^ `` France Télécom hangs up on `` small world '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Beautified boats at `` it 's a small world '' `` . Jump up ^ Hong Kong Disneyland 2008 promo on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Three New Attractions in 2007 and 2008 '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eades , Mark ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` How Disneyland transforms Small World for holidays '' . The Orange County Register . p . Local News 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' it 's a small world '' is reopening : interview with Tracy Eck from Walt Disney Imagineering `` . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Disney To Make ' It 's A Small World ' Movie : Jon Turteltaub To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a small world dolls '' . Merrymuffinland.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Disneyland -- It 's a Small World Walt Disney World Resort -- It 's a Small World Tokyo Disneyland -- It 's a Small World Disneyland Park ( Paris ) -- It 's a Small World Hong Kong Disneyland -- It 's a Small World Richards , Jason ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` It 's an Annoying Song ( After All ) '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Links to related articles Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad The Disneyland Story presenting Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street Windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . 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in mahabharata who is eighth son of his parents | Shantanu | shantanu | In the epic Mahabharata , Shantanu was a Kuru king of Hastinapura . He was a descendant of the Bharata race , of the lunar dynasty and great - grandfather of the Pandavas and Kauravas . He was the youngest son of King Pratipa of Hastinapura and had been born in the latter 's old age . The eldest son Devapi had leprosy and gave up his inheritance to become a hermit . The middle son Bahlika ( or Vahlika ) abandoned his paternal kingdom and started living with his maternal uncle in Balkh and inherited the kingdom from him . Shantanu became the king of Hastinapura by default . | Etymology Shantanu or Santanu is derived from Sanskrit meaning `` Wholesome '' . He is best known for being the father of Bhishma , one of the mightiest warriors of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Brahma 's Curse & Birth Of Shantanu 2 Shantanu & Ganga 3 Shantanu Reunites With His Son 4 Shantanu & Satyavati 5 References Brahma 's curse & birth of Shantanu ( edit ) In his previous birth , Shantanu was a powerful king of the Ikshvaku dynasty named Mahabhisha . Mahabhisha possessed many virtuous qualities , and after performing a thousand Ashwamedha Yagnas and a hundred Rajasuya Yagnas ( to qualify as emperor ) , he had attained heaven after his death . Once he got an opportunity to visit the court of Brahma where all the Devas and Ganga were also present . While the celestials were worshipping Brahma , a wind blew and displaced Ganga 's clothes revealing her body . Everybody present there bashfully bent their heads except Mahabhisha who kept on gazing at her body . Upon seeing this act , Brahma lost his temper and cursed him to be born as mortals and that Ganga will cause much emotional pain to him . Mahabhisha then requested Brahma to be born as the son of Kuru king Pratipa and his wish was granted by Brahma . The Kuru king Pratipa was once meditating , in atonement for the crimes he had committed in seizing the throne of Hastinapur . At that time Ganga took the form of a beautiful woman , approached the king and sat on his right thigh . When he asked her what she wanted , Ganga requested him to become her husband . Pratipa however refused since he had taken a vow not to lust for anybody , and also that she had sat on his right thigh and according to traditions a man 's right thigh was for his daughter or daughter - in - law while the left thigh was for his wife . He then proposed that she marry his son , to which she agreed . A child was born to Pratipa and his wife in their old age . He was named Shantanu because when he was born his father had controlled his passions by ascetic penances . Pratipa then installed Shantanu as king of Hastinapura and retired into the woods to perform penances . Bahlika who was elder than Shantanu also gave permission to him for becoming the king of Hastinapura . Shantanu & Ganga ( edit ) Shantanu Meets Goddess Ganga by Warwick Goble , 1913 Shantanu stops Ganga from drowning their eighth child , who later was known as Bhishma . Shantanu saw a beautiful woman on the banks of the river Ganges ( Ganga ) and asked her to marry him . She agreed but with one condition : that Shantanu would not ask any questions about her actions . They married and she later gave birth to a son . But she drowned the child . Shantanu could not ask her the reason , because of his promise , lest she would leave him . One by one , seven sons were born to them and were drowned by Ganga . When Ganga was about to drown the eighth son , Shantanu , devastated , could not restrain himself and confronted her . Finally , Ganga explained to King Shantanu about Brahma 's curse given to Mahabhisha and her . Then she told him that their eight children were Eight Vasus who were cursed by Vasishtha to be born on earth as mortal humans however when they pacified him , he limited his curse and told them that they would be freed from this curse within a year of their birth as humans . So she released the seven of them from this life by drowning them all . However the Vasu Dyaus was cursed to live a long life and to never have a wife or have children . But the sage also gave a boon to him that he would be virtuous , conversant with all the holy scriptures and will be an obedient son to his father . that she will take him to the heavens to train him properly for the King 's throne and status . With these words she disappeared along with the child while Shantanu was struck with grief thinking about spending the rest of his life without her . Shantanu reunites with his son ( edit ) Painting depicting presentation by Ganga of her son Devavrata ( the future Bhishma ) to his father , Shantanu Shantanu , filled with grief from the loss of his wife and son , began to practise Brahmacharya and ruled his kingdom extremely well . By merely adopting virtuous behaviour , Shantanu was easily able to conquer the entire world without lifting weapons . All the kings declared Shantanu as Emperor and his reign was a peaceful one . Shantanu gave up hunting and gained popularity from his subjects . One day , while walking along the banks of the Ganga , Shantanu saw that the river had become shallow . While searching for the cause of this phenomenon , he came across a handsome young boy who had checked the river 's flow with his celestial weapon . The young boy was his son however he did n't recognize this because of only having seen him for a few moments after his birth . The boy recognized that he was his father however did n't reveal it to him instead disappearing in his very sight using his powers of illusion . Shantanu upon seeing this wondered whether the boy was actually his son and called upon Ganga to show the boy to him . Ganga thus appeared . She then revealed to him that the boy was actually his son Devavrata and that he was taught the knowledge of the holy scriptures by the sage Vasishtha and the art of warfare by Parshurama . After revealing the truth about Devavrata she told Shantanu to take him back with to Hastinapura . Upon reaching the capital Shantanu crowned Devavrata as the heir - apparent to the throne . Shantanu & Satyavati ( edit ) A painting by Raja Ravi Varma depicting Shantanu wooing the fisherwoman Satyavati Devavrata taking the Bhishma Pratigya Four years later , Shantanu while travelling near the banks of Yamuna smelled a sweet scent coming from an unknown direction . While searching for the cause of the scent , he came across Satyavati from whom the smell of scent was coming . Satyavati was an adopted daughter of the chief of the fishermen of her village . Upon seeing her , Shantanu fell in love with her and desired to her . Upon asking for his consent , her father agreed to the marriage on condition that Satyavati 's son would inherit the throne of Hastinapura . King Shantanu was unable to give his word on accession as his eldest son Devavrata was the heir to the throne . However , Devavrata came to know about this and for the sake of his father , gave his word to the chief that he would renounce all his claims to the throne , in favour of Satyavati 's children . To reassure the skeptical chief , further he also vowed lifelong celibacy to ensure that future generations borne of Satyavati would also not be challenged by his offsprings . Upon hearing this vow he immediately agreed to the marriage of Satyavati and Shantanu . Devavrata was named as Bhishma ( one who has taken a terrible vow ) by the celestials because of the terrible oath he took . Upon returning with Satyavati to Hastinapura he told about his vow to his father . Upon hearing about this Shantanu became highly impressed and gave him a boon that he will only die if he chooses so . Shantanu and Satyavati went on to have two sons , Chitrāngada and Vichitravirya . After Shantanu 's death , Vichitravirya became the king of Hastinapura because Chitrangada was killed by a gandharva of same name when Shantanu was still alive . References ( edit ) Mahabharata Books ( parvas ) Adi Sabha Vana Virata Udyoga Bhishma Drona Karna Shalya Sauptika Stri Shanti Anushasana Ashvamedhika Ashramavasika Mausala Mahaprasthanika Svargarohana Harivamsa Kuru Kingdom Shantanu Ganga Bhishma Satyavati Chitrāngada Vichitravirya Ambika Ambalika Vidura Dhritarashtra Gandhari Pandu Kunti Madri Pandavas Yudhisthira Bhima Arjuna Nakula Sahadeva Draupadi Kauravas Duryodhana Dushasana Vikarna Yuyutsu Dushala Hidimbi Ghatotkacha Ahilawati Subhadra Uttarā Ulupi Chitrāngadā Abhimanyu Iravan Babruvahana Barbarika Upapandavas Parikshit Janamejaya Other characters Amba Ashwatthama Balarama Bhagadatta Brihannala Chitrasena Dhrishtadyumna Drona Drupada Durvasa Ekalavya Hidimba Jarasandha Jayadratha Kali ( demon ) Karna Kichaka Kindama Kripa Krishna Kritavarma Mayasura Sanjaya Satyaki Shakuni Shalya Shikhandi Shishupala Bahlika Sudeshna Uttara Kumara Virata Vrishasena Vyasa Related articles Avatars Hastinapur Indraprastha Kingdoms Kurukshetra War Bhagavad Gita Vedic - Puranic chronology Hindu deities and texts Gods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Ganesha Kartikeya Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Sita Radha Parvati Sati Kali Adi Parashakti Mahavidya Durga Shakti Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shantanu&oldid=815238784 '' Categories : Characters in the Mahabharata Ancient Indian people Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2017 All articles lacking sources Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский संस्कृतम् Basa Sunda தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 16 : 51 . 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kingdom hearts birth by sleep final fantasy characters | Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep | kingdom hearts birth by sleep | Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Developer ( s ) Square Enix Product Development Division 5 Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Ubisoft ( AUS ) Director ( s ) Tetsuya Nomura Tai Yasue Producer ( s ) Patrick Chen Yoichi Yoshimoto Artist ( s ) Tetsuya Nomura Writer ( s ) Masaru Oka Daisuke Watanabe Tetsuya Nomura Composer ( s ) Yoko Shimomura Tsuyoshi Sekito Takeharu Ishimoto Series Kingdom Hearts Platform ( s ) PlayStation Portable Release JP : January 9 , 2010 NA : September 7 , 2010 PAL : September 10 , 2010 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep ( Japanese : キングダム ハーツ バース バイ スリープ , Hepburn : Kingudamu Hātsu Bāsu bai Surīpu ) is an action role - playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation Portable , serving as the sixth installment in the Kingdom Hearts series . The game was released on UMD in Japan on January 9 , 2010 , in North America on September 7 , 2010 and in the PAL regions on September 10 , 2010 . An international version of the game titled Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix was released in Japan in January 2011 featuring the changes made in the non-Japanese versions . The game utilizes an overhauled battle system different from previous games in the series with new elements . It is a prequel to the original Kingdom Hearts , taking place ten years before . The game centers on the journeys of Terra , Aqua and Ventus , characters briefly featured in Kingdom Hearts II in their quest to locate the missing Master Xehanort , and protect the worlds from creatures known as the Unversed . The player has access to the three characters ' different scenarios when playing . Development of the game began in June 2005 with parts of the game Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix meant to bring clues of Birth by Sleep . The game was directed by Tetsuya Nomura and co-directed by Tai Yasue . Nomura has referred to the game as `` Episode 0 '' ( and later `` Episode 0.1 '' following the release of Kingdom Hearts χ ) saying that the game is on the same scale and plays as big an importance as Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II . The game has been well - received , selling 1.27 million copies worldwide as of November 2010 , and receiving positive comments by video game publications . Critics praised the gameplay , graphics , music , and storyline of the game , with criticism reserved for the level design and the characters . A high definition version of the Final Mix edition was released for the PlayStation 3 in 2014 and PlayStation 4 in 2017 as a part of the Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix collection . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Scenarios 1.2 Multiplayer 2 Plot 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Story 3 Development 4 Reception 5 Versions and merchandise 5.1 Final Mix 5.2 HD 2.5 Remix 5.3 A Fragmentary Passage 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Terra battling the Trinity Armor with Aqua and Ventus . Birth by Sleep is an action role - playing game with hack and slash elements that introduces a gameplay aspect to the series called the Command System . This system allows players to customize a Command Deck with techniques and abilities that they can perform at will , called Deck Commands . Performing ordinary attacks and Commands fills a gauge displayed above the Command Deck . When certain requirements are fulfilled and the gauge is full , the player 's basic attack is changed to the `` Surge '' Command , which racks up powerful combos depending on what Command Style is activated . Filling the gauge a second time replaces the `` Surge '' Command with the more powerful `` Storm '' Command . Unlike previous games in the series , the game does not utilize Magic Points ( MP ) for spells or magic casting . It instead uses a system known as Focus , which is displayed in an orange gauge on the interface . The player can use Focus to perform a technique called Shotlock with which the player enters a first person mode where they target enemies to cast homing spells that differ with each character and technique , depleting the gauge relative to the number of enemies targeted . Once depleted , the Focus gauge gradually refills with every attack and Deck Command the player lands on an enemy . Another aspect introduced in the game is the Dimension Link ( D - Link ) , measured in a blue gauge on the interface . It is used to draw power from certain companions who the player characters meet during the game , such as Experiment 626 , temporarily replacing the commands in the player 's customized command deck with a pre-determined set of commands that differ with each D - Link . Once the command gauge is filled while performing a D - Link , a powerful finishing move is activated to take out enemies . Each finishing move has two levels which can render a finishing move more powerful than before , similar to that of the Command System . The D - Link can only be used when its corresponding gauge is filled completely , and can be activated by pressing right on the directional pad to access the D - Link menu , followed by selecting the chosen ally . The game also features the Command Board , which appears whenever the player completes a world , and can be accessed from save points and the world map once unlocked . Each world has its own unique Command Board with its own tricks and mechanisms . The Command Board plays like a simplified version of the Fortune Street board game series . A die is thrown and the player moves , with each space having its own unique effect on the player . Various Disney characters from throughout the game also appear on their respective Command Board to either aid or hinder the player . Special panels in the board game can trigger `` special events '' when landed on by the player . Scenarios ( edit ) The game is divided into three separate scenarios , with each one surrounding the story of the three main characters : Terra , Aqua and Ventus . While the first ten minutes of the story are the same regardless of which character is chosen , the events that follow differ in each scenario , with each character 's narrative occurring parallel to the others . The gameplay of each scenario differs based on the abilities of each character such as their power , speed and magic : Terra is the most powerful in terms of physical damage , Ventus is the fastest character and Aqua specializes in magic . Players may choose which of the three scenarios they wish to start with near the beginning of the game . The recommended scenario order of play by Nomura is Terra , followed by Ventus , and lastly Aqua , allowing the player to best understand the story . Completing all three scenarios will unlock the story 's final chapter . Multiplayer ( edit ) The game supports up to six players at a time in four new multiplayer modes , all set in a world known as the Mirage Arena . In each mode , players control one of the three main characters . In Versus , players fight against each other in a deathmatch - style game , while in Arena players fight co-operatively in a `` Survival Mode '' style of gameplay against wave after wave of Unversed . Rumble Racing features players racing against each other competitively on their Keyblade vehicles , which can also be used to attack rivals . Command Board is a board game using the in - game Command Board mechanic , where players try to reach the end first as in traditional board games . Setting records in the Mirage Arena earns players medals which can be exchanged for rare items in - game . Only Ad - Hoc wireless multiplayer , where all of the players need to be physically near each other , is allowed . Plot ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Kingdom Hearts chronology Back Cover ( Unchained / Union ) χ Birth by Sleep A Fragmentary Passage Kingdom Hearts Chain of Memories 358 / 2 Days II Coded Dream Drop Distance III Further information : Universe of Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep is a prequel to the first Kingdom Hearts game , taking place ten years prior . Like the other games in the series , the player progresses through a collection of various worlds , based on various locales from the Disney animated features canon : Dwarf Woodlands from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Enchanted Dominion from Sleeping Beauty , Castle of Dreams from Cinderella , Olympus Coliseum from Hercules , Deep Space from Lilo & Stitch , Neverland from Peter Pan and Mysterious Tower from Fantasia . The game also features various new worlds specially created for the series by Square Enix such as the Land of Departure and Radiant Garden . Disney Town , which is the town that surrounds the castle grounds of Disney Castle , serves as the game 's minigame world . Worlds such as Destiny Islands and Castle Oblivion also appear in the form of cutscenes , while the 100 Acre Wood from the Winnie the Pooh franchise , which had appeared in most other games of the series , only appears as a Command Board in Birth by Sleep . The staff first chose the worlds based on the game 's scenario , leading to the inclusion of Princesses ' worlds . They then added the worlds of Neverland and Deep Space to add variety to the game , while Olympus Coliseum was selected to reflect the game 's earlier setting compared to the original Kingdom Hearts . Characters ( edit ) Further information : Characters of Kingdom Hearts The three main characters are Terra , Aqua , and Ventus , a trio of Keyblade apprentices under Master Eraqus who aspire to become Masters themselves . Another Keyblade Master , Xehanort , and his apprentice , Vanitas , serve as the game 's antagonists . Other characters from the previous games return , such as younger versions of Sora , Riku , and Kairi , though they are given less prominent roles . A number of characters who later come to form Organization XIII also appear in their human forms . As with the Heartless in Kingdom Hearts and the Nobodies in Kingdom Hearts II , Birth by Sleep introduces a new type of enemy : the Unversed , fledgling emotions that are `` not well - versed in their own existences '' and feed on negativity . As with the other games in the series , Birth by Sleep features an extensive cast of Disney characters . The most prominent of these characters is Mickey Mouse , the king of Disney Castle , who serves as a Keyblade apprentice under the sorcerer Yen Sid at this point in the series chronology . Donald Duck and Goofy , who assist Sora in most other games , appear in smaller roles . Most other Disney characters remain in their respective worlds regardless of their overall importance to the story in previous installments , such as Maleficent and Pete , who served as major antagonists between Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II , and a number of the Princesses of Heart . Some characters ( such as Experiment 626 , Prince Phillip , and Mickey ) occasionally fight alongside the player characters in battles as partners similar to the other games , providing assistance and performing combos to help the player proceed . However , they do not follow the player around constantly like Donald and Goofy in the other games . Unlike the other major installments , which also featured casts of various characters throughout the Final Fantasy series , Birth by Sleep only features two of these characters : Zack Fair from Final Fantasy VII , and the Moogles , creatures from several of the Final Fantasy games , who sell items to the player . As Birth by Sleep is a prequel of the first Kingdom Hearts title , the staff decided to add Zack to the title as he is the protagonist of the Final Fantasy VII prequel , Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII . Story ( edit ) Master Xehanort brings a comatose Ventus to the Destiny Islands after the latter 's heart is damaged ; a newborn heart senses Ventus 's heart and connects with it , saving him . Years later , at the Land of Departure , Terra and Aqua take an exam to achieve the Mark of Mastery . Xehanort manipulates the test so only Aqua passes while Terra fails , lessening Terra 's control of the darkness in his heart . Shortly afterward , Xehanort disappears and a horde of Unversed appear throughout the worlds . Learning about these developments from Yen Sid , Master Eraqus sends Terra and Aqua to destroy the Unversed and find Xehanort throughout the countless worlds . Meanwhile , Vanitas convinces Ventus to follow Terra against Eraqus 's wishes , while Eraqus orders Aqua to monitor Terra 's darkness and bring Ventus back to the Land of Departure . As the three travel through several worlds , Terra attracts the attention of several villains , who offer him the whereabouts of Xehanort in exchange for assistance in their own agendas . He eventually finds Xehanort , who instructs him to destroy Vanitas , the source of the Unversed , who was created from the darkness extracted from Ventus 's heart . Shortly afterward , the three friends reunite at Radiant Garden , but a schism forms between them when they have an argument over Terra 's presumed actions in the other worlds . Ventus encounters Xehanort , who reveals his intention to recombine Ventus and Vanitas 's hearts to create an all - powerful Keyblade called the χ - blade . Xehanort returns Ventus to the Land of Departure to confront Eraqus , who attempts to destroy Ventus to foil Xehanort 's plan . Terra arrives to save Ventus and fights with Eraqus ; upon his defeat , Eraqus is vanquished by Xehanort , who enshrouds the Land of Departure in darkness and tells Terra to go to a world known as the Keyblade Graveyard . Ventus is instructed to do the same by Vanitas , as is Aqua by Yen Sid upon being informed of Eraqus 's demise at Xehanort and Terra 's hands . Terra , Aqua , and Ventus reunite at the Keyblade Graveyard , where Xehanort and Vanitas reveal their plan to use the χ - blade to unlock Kingdom Hearts and start a Keyblade War , an apocalyptic event that nearly destroyed the world in the past . Terra 's heart is swallowed by darkness in the ensuing battle , and Xehanort takes over his body to replace his own aging one . However , Terra 's mind remains within his discarded suit of armor , which comes to life and defeats Xehanort . Meanwhile , Ventus is forced to fuse with Vanitas to create the χ - blade . Aqua and Mickey fight with the possessed Ventus and destroy the χ - blade , while Ventus engages and defeats Vanitas in a metaphysical battle within his own mind , losing his heart and falling into a catatonic state as a result . After learning of Ventus 's condition from Yen Sid , Aqua brings his body to the Land of Departure , which she transforms into Castle Oblivion to ensure Ventus will not be disturbed . At Radiant Garden , Aqua finds Terra still possessed by Xehanort . When Terra struggles for control of his body , Xehanort impales himself with his own Keyblade , causing him to sink into the realm of darkness . Aqua dives into the realm and rescues Terra , becoming trapped in the process . Ansem the Wise finds an amnesiac Xehanort still possessing Terra 's body , while Ventus 's heart reconnects with and rests inside the heart of a young Sora , the newborn who had previously saved him on the islands . In the game 's secret ending , which takes place after the events of Kingdom Hearts II , Aqua meets Ansem in the realm of darkness and learns from him about Sora , who has the power to save those connected to his heart . Sora has learned of Terra , Ventus , and Aqua 's fates from a letter sent by Mickey , and undertakes another quest to save them . Development ( edit ) Development of the game began in June 2005 and was originally intended for the PlayStation 2 with Sora as the prototype protagonist of the game . Birth by Sleep was developed by Square Enix 's fifth Product Development Division , based in Osaka , the same team behind Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories , and uses the same graphical engine as both Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII and Dissidia Final Fantasy . During development of Kingdom Hearts II , the Osaka - based team had requested to be involved in a spin - off if one were to be made . Development of the game began before the release of Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ . The plot was completed , but development was halted six months after it began due to development of Re : Chain of Memories . When development resumed , the team changed the platform to the PlayStation Portable so as to make use of the PSP 's functions such as co-operative and competitive multiplayer gameplay . The title of the game is based on II Final Mix 's secret ending , `` Birth by Sleep '' , a title which director Tetsuya Nomura developed as he wanted a phrase having `` by '' as well as to use an English title like previous games . Nomura has referred to the game as `` Episode 0 '' , saying that the game is on the same scale and plays as big an importance as Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II . Early during the game 's development , Nomura already had various scenes in mind such as Terra 's and Riku 's conversation in order to explain the latter 's ability in the original games . Various parts from the plot had to be modified to make the game more light - hearted such as Eraqus ' death at the hands of Xehanort after being defeated by Terra , how Aqua 's scenario was supposed to end with her already trapped in the Realm of Darkness , and the relationship between Ventus and Sora . Two of the newly introduced protagonists , Ventus and Terra , were based on other characters from the franchise while Aqua 's design did not have a base . Nevertheless , the three wear outfits meant to expand the student - and - teacher bond shown in the game . The Disney worlds were chosen to expand the characters of the Princesess of Light as well as Maleficient 's who are connected with the events of the first Kingdom Hearts game , while the worlds of Neverland and Deep Space were chosen to add variety to the game , and Olympus Coliseum was selected to reflect the game 's earlier setting compared to the original Kingdom Hearts . Birth by Sleep was directed by Nomura and co-directed by Tai Yasue . It was announced alongside Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days and Kingdom Hearts coded at the Tokyo Game Show on September 20 , 2007 , where a trailer was shown in a photo - prohibited theater . New trailers were shown at the 2008 Jump Festa in December 2007 and the DKΣ3713 Private Party , an invite - only event by Square Enix for fans , in August 2008 ; a playable demo was also available at DKΣ3713 . The June 5 , 2009 issue of Famitsu covered an interview with Tetsuya Nomura , where he said that the game was , at the time , at the voice recording stage . Nomura also confirmed in an interview that Birth by Sleep would contain a secret ending like in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II for the next game in the Kingdom Hearts series , which he confirmed to be a main game and the one which Nomura stated would link up Birth by Sleep , 358 / 2 Days and coded . He also confirmed that a Birth by Sleep demo would indeed be playable at the 2009 Tokyo Games Show together with a new trailer . In early October 2009 , Nomura revealed that the concept of the Command Board originated from when he was in elementary school as at that time he was very fascinated with board games and even made his own ; hence he wanted to incorporate a fun board game into the game . In late October 2009 , Nomura revealed that he was currently designing the cover art for Birth by Sleep as well as editing the staff rolls due to there being three main characters in the game . He also revealed that they were editing the new opening movie for the game . As with coded and 358 / 2 Days , Yoko Shimomura , the series ' main composer , composed the most prominent themes , while the rest was created by other composers . Like Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts Re : Chain of Memories , Birth by Sleep uses Hikaru Utada 's theme song `` Hikari '' for the Japanese version and its English version , `` Simple and Clean '' , in the other releases . The game made its final public appearance before its Japanese release at Jump Festa 2010 on December 19 , 2009 where a playable demo as well as new footage from the game were present and shown . Like previous console titles in the series , the game contains a secret movie at the end , which had been described as being more like a `` true ending '' rather than a teaser for the future like previous ones . Development of the movie began in October where Nomura noted in the blog that the game would contain a teaser to the next major Kingdom Hearts game similar to the teasers in previous games in the series . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 82.13 % Metacritic 82 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com B+ Eurogamer 7 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.50 / 10 GameSpot 7.5 / 10 GamesRadar+ GameTrailers 8.8 / 10 GameZone 8.5 / 10 IGN 8.5 / 10 PSM X-Play RPGamer Awards Publication Award Japan Expo Best Portable Console Videogame ASCII Media Works 10th Best Game of 2010 GamesRadar 26th Best PSP Game The game sold very well during its first two days of release with over 500,000 copies of the game sold in Japan . By February 14 , just over a month later , the game had sold a total of 800,551 copies . Sales in North America and Europe have also been good , with the game taking high places in various categories . After its release in the United States , it was listed as the sixth bestselling video game there in September 2010 by the NPD Group . By November 2010 , the game had sold 1.27 million units worldwide with 310,000 and 190,000 copies coming from North America and Europe , respectively , and the rest from Japan . In November 2011 , Sony announced Birth by Sleep would receive the `` Gold Prize '' for selling over 500,000 units in Japan . Prior to the game 's release , IGN expressed their excitement at the release of the game in 2010 having played the demo . 1UP.com echoed similar statements , praising the visuals and stating it `` plays better '' than the previous Kingdom Hearts games . They had some complaints regarding Ven 's demo due to constant jumping , but further stated that Ven 's demo gave them an idea of `` how the game is going to feel '' , and predicted the game would improve the series . 1UP also put it on their article `` Top 10 PSP Games of 2010 '' , while Gamasutra put it in their `` The Most Anticipated Games Of 2010 '' and `` The Most - Awaited Games Of 2009 : PlayStation Portable '' articles . IGN featured it as nominated of 2010 's `` Best of E3 Award '' in the category Best PSP Games . GameTrailers also had praise for the new title and gave it a nomination for Best PSP Game of E3 2010 . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep has received positive reviews from gaming reviewers . The game 's average score is of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic and GameRankings , becoming the third highest ranking Kingdom Hearts game behind Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts II . The game has been highly praised by Japanese gaming magazine , Famitsu , whose four reviewers gave scores of 10 / 9 / 9 / 9 , for a total of 37 / 40 , the third - highest rated game in the Kingdom Hearts series behind Dream Drop Distance and Kingdom Hearts II . They praised the game 's graphics and music , calling them `` superb '' , as well as praising the wide variety of customization available to the players due to the three unique playable characters . It also praised the design of boss battles , calling them `` lively and exciting '' . English websites have also given praise to the game with GameZone calling it `` amazing title that every KH fan must play '' , finding it the best portable game from the series . RPGamer praised the `` evolution '' from the gameplay ever since the series ' start . PlayStation : The Official Magazine ( PSM ) agreed calling the fighting system `` one of the deepest , most rewarding '' ones from the PSP . IGN called its battle system `` unique '' , labeling it as the best one from all the series and having a campaign story . 1UP praised the differences between the protagonists ' fighting styles with PSN comparing them with different classes of RPG characters . A common complaint has been the game 's loading times , which tended to be very long depending on the PlayStation Portable 's memory . Reviewers also called the game 's worlds `` hollow due to the lack of interaction , and also criticized the game 's camera which sometimes made fights confusing . Visuals were also well received for being similar to the ones from PlayStation 2 's games with praise on the design of the worlds , although a lack of details was also noted . Sites have also praised the game 's story , for its accessibility as a result of being a prequel , or that it did not bear elements from previous games that tended to confuse gamers such as the characters ' identities . Critics also appreciated how the story is told from three different perspectives , which helped to give different point of views as well as expand the time the game can be played . Nevertheless , some character traits were criticized such as the similarities between the protagonists to previous ones . While Eurogamer cited that the three characters had little impact to the Disney worlds ' storyline , Terra 's role was praised by 1UP.com for distancing itself from previous scenarios . Although the lack of Final Fantasy characters received mixed opinions , PSM thought that it helped to expand the exploration of Disney worlds , while Zack 's role was found suitable by GameZone . The English casting for Birth by Sleep also received positive comments with GameTrailers stating that it `` features one of the few good English dubs in recent memory '' , particularly Leonard Nimoy 's performance . GameSpot stated that Ventus ' and Aqua 's voice actor to have done a good job voicing them , but criticized Terra 's as one of the worst ones from the game , most notably , when compared with other well - received actors . IGN featured the game in their `` Game of the Month '' article series for September 2010 in the PSP category . The game has been listed as one of the best PlayStation Portable titles with GamesRadar placing it sixth and IGN eighteenth . In an ASCII Media Works poll , it was listed as the tenth best game of 2010 . It won in the category of `` Best Portable Console Videogame '' in France 's 2011 Japan Expo . Versions and merchandise ( edit ) Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep was also released with a limited edition PSP - 3000 as a bundle in Japan featuring designs from the Kingdom Hearts series on its back . On March 16 , 2010 , Square Enix announced the English version of the game , which was released on September 7 , 2010 in North America , and on September 10 , 2010 in Europe . The English version of the game contains some adjustments from the original version , such as a new difficulty setting called Critical Mode , and additional songs for the Ice Cream Beat minigame . A new boss known only as the Unknown appears in the overseas versions , as well as a new gameplay element called `` Crown Stickers '' , which act much the same way as the Puzzle Pieces from Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix . The game also has a notable voice - acting cast of returning members such as Jesse McCartney and James Woods , as well as numerous new actors such as Willa Holland , Jason Dohring , Leonard Nimoy , and Mark Hamill . An Ultimania guidebook of the game was released on March 25 , 2010 . Like previous games , a light novel of Birth by Sleep has been written by Tomoko Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano . Its first volume , `` Something Strange '' was published by Square Enix on December 24 , 2010 , the second - `` Best Friends '' - on February 24 , 2011 , and the third and final volume , `` To the Future '' , on May 26 , 2011 . Additionally , the tracks featured in the game have been released as part of a three - disc album which includes the soundtracks from Birth by Sleep , 358 / 2 Days and coded . Final Mix ( edit ) In early 2010 , Nomura was asked in an interview if Square Enix would release an international Final Mix of Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , to which he replied he would like to , as he enjoyed the work from the English voice casting done in the previous games . However , he stated that one of the main reasons for the popularity of the Final Mix version of Kingdom Hearts II was because it was released alongside the PlayStation 2 remake of Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , so he and the staff would think on it more . In September 2010 , Square Enix announced that Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix would be released on January 20 , 2011 in Japan . Like all Final Mix releases , it combines English audio with Japanese game text and subtitles , and includes all additional features implemented in the Western versions as well as brand new content , such as a new playable secret episode for Aqua , which takes place after the events of the final episode , and also has new cutscenes with dialogue provided by her voice actress Megumi Toyoguchi , which were later dubbed into English by Aqua 's english voice actress Willa Holland for the HD 2.5 Remix release . The events of the secret episode would tie - in to the later A Fragmentary Passage release . Alongside The 3rd Birthday , Final Mix includes a code that allows players to obtain downloadable content for Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy , with Final Mix featuring the character Cloud Strife costume from the original Kingdom Hearts . Final Mix topped the video game charts following its release with 77,317 units sold in the first week , and reaching 106,276 in February 2011 . Final Mix was released for the first time outside Japan as part of Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix . HD 25 Remix ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix In the credits of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix , clips of Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix were shown , hinting at its inclusion in another collection . On October 14 , 2013 , Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix , a second compilation exclusively for the PlayStation 3 after HD 1.5 Remix . The release includes both Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix in HD with trophy support . Additionally , the collection includes HD cinematic scenes from Kingdom Hearts Re : coded . It was released in Japan on October 2 , 2014 , North America on December 2 , 2014 , Australia on December 4 , 2014 , and Europe on December 5 , 2014 . A Fragmentary Passage ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue In September 2015 , Square Enix announced Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue . The collection features Kingdom Hearts 0.2 : Birth by Sleep -- A Fragmentary Passage , a new game taking place after the events of the original Birth by Sleep , told from the perspective of Aqua . The collection also features an HD remaster of Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance as well as Kingdom Hearts χ Back Cover , a cinematic retelling of Kingdom Hearts χ that reveals new parts of the series ' history . It was released on January 12 , 2017 in Japan and January 24 , 2017 for other countries . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gantayat , Anoop ( October 2 , 2007 ) . `` Nomura Discusses Kingdom Hearts '' . IGN . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` A New Chapter In The Kingdom Hearts Series Delivers Three Brand - New Titles To The Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , And Mobile Phones '' . Square Enix . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts PSP hits September 7 '' . GameSpot . May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep Nets North American Date '' . PSX Extreme . May 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Famitsu ( August 28 , 2009 ) . `` マルチプレイ の 情報 も 飛び出し た 『 キングダム ハーツ バース バイ スリープ 』 '' . Famitsu . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yui ( January 2 , 2008 ) . `` KH Birth by Sleep : DKΣ3713 '' ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Parish , Jeremy ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Preview - First glimpse of the KH prequel for PSP '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Onyett , Charles ( January 19 , 2007 ) . `` TGS 2007 : Three New Kingdom Hearts Titles '' . IGN . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 『 キングダム ハーツ バース バイ スリープ 』 で ディズニー キャラクター など の 仲間 と リンク ! '' . Famitsu . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Parish , Jeremy ( August 2 , 2008 ) . `` Previews : Kingdom Hearts PSP '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Mini-Games & More '' . IGN . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dengeki Staff ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep '' . Dengeki PlayStation ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works : 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Famitsu Staff ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Interview with Tetsuya Nomura '' . Weekly Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain : 116 -- 121 . ^ Jump up to : `` KINGDOM HEARTS BIRTH BY SLEEP OPENS THE DOORS TO AN UNTOLD WORLD THIS SUMMER '' . Square Enix . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Famitsu Staff ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Interview with Tetsuya Nomura '' . Weekly Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain : 48 -- 55 . ^ Jump up to : Famitsu Staff ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Interview with Tai Yasue '' . Weekly Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain : 262 -- 267 . Jump up ^ `` Famitsu Interview '' . Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep Ultimania ( in Japanese ) . Studio BentStuff . March 25 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 2788 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep '' . IGN . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Q&A '' . GameSpot . July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Famitsu Staff ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with Tetsuya Nomura '' . Weekly Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain : 36 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Yui ( August 2 , 2008 ) . `` KH Birth by Sleep : DKΣ3713 初 の 試遊 台 出展 レポート 、 新た な 敵 は 「 アンバース 」 '' ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Eraqus : Not only from the forces of darkness , as you may assume ... but also from a new threat -- one that feeds on negativity . Fledgling emotions that have taken monster form -- Yen Sid calls them the `` Unversed . '' Jump up ^ Jump Staff ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha : 20 . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Xehanort : There , you see ? An empty world , like a prison . I imagine you 'll be right at home . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Voice : I 'm a brand new heart . / ... / Ventus : But my heart is fractured . And now ... the little I have left is slipping away . / Voice : Then you should join your heart with mine . / ... / Voice : Now our hearts have touched . Nothing else will slip away . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Eraqus : Eliminate the Unversed and find Master Xehanort . I have unlocked the Lanes Between . You may use these forbidden pathways to travel between this world and countless others . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Vanitas : Or you 'll never see Terra again . / Ventus : What ? Get real ? I can see Terra anytime I want . / Vanitas : Like right now ? He 's leaving you behind . And by the time you catch up ... he 'll be a different person . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Eraqus : I told Terra this could be a second chance to show the Mark of Mastery ... and I meant it . However , that flicker of darkness he displayed during the examination -- I can sense it runs very deep . If he were to -- If those powers were to prove too much for him to handle , I want you to bring him back to me at once . It 's for his own good . I could not bear to lose any of you to the darkness . / Aqua : Of course . I would never let that happen . I promise you I will bring Terra back . Only this time , you 'll see he has what it takes to be a Master . He 's not as weak as you think . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Aqua : Wait , Ven ! / Eraqus : No ! He must n't ! You have to bring him back ! Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Xehanort : Vanitas uses the Keyblade to sow seeds of darkness . / ... / Terra : The Unversed ! / ... / Xehanort : Lend you me your strength , Terra . Right this wrong what I have wrought . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Terra : It might be a different route , but I 'm fighting the darkness . / Aqua : I 'm not so sure . I 've been to the same worlds as you and I 've seen what you 've done . You should n't put yourself so close to the darkness . / Ventus : Listen to yourself , Aqua . Terra would never -- / Terra : You mean you 've been spying on me ? Is that what he said to do ? The Master 's orders ? / Aqua : He was only -- / ... / Terra : Just stay put ! I 'm on my own now , all right ? Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Xehanort : Pure light against pure darkness , to forge the ultimate key . The all - powerful χ - blade ! / Ventus : And I have the power to make it ? Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Eraqus : The χ - blade has no place in this or any world . Xehanort has made his purpose clear ... and I am left with no choice . Forgive me ... but you must exist no more . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Eraqus : Why do all my attempts to reach you fail ? If you do n't have it in your heart to obey ... then you will have to share Ventus 's fate . / ... / Terra : You may be my master ... but I will not ... let you hurt my friend ! Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Xehanort : Still so blind ... Then I will make you see . Come to the place where all Keyblade wielders leave their mark on fate -- the Keyblade Graveyard ! There you will watch your dear Ventus and Aqua meet their ends , and the last light within you will die ! Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Vanitas : The Keyblade Graveyard . There you 're gon na see me choke the life out of Terra and Aqua . Then we 'll see how long you play the pacifist . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Yen Sid : Aqua , the stars bring me grave news . Master Eraqus 's star has blinked out . I am afraid that means he has been struck down . / Aqua : The Master ? But -- Who is responsible ? / Yen Sid : Master Xehanort ... and Terra . / Aqua : No ! That 's absurd ! Terra would never ! / Yen Sid : I hope with all my heart that you are right about your friend . There are some things even the stars can not tell me . Terra 's heart is leading him to the ancient Keyblade Graveyard , where wielders of those weapons once waged war . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Terra - Xehanort : Your body submits . Your heart succumbs -- so why does your mind resist ? Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Vanitas : Correct . I am not Ventus . His heart has become a part of mine now . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Vanitas : Our union was not finished . The χ - blade should n't stay broken like this . Join me now , and we can complete the χ - blade ! / Ventus : I 've got a better idea . How ' bout I destroy you both ? / Vanitas : The χ - blade is made of your heart , too , idiot . If you destroy it , your heart will vanish forever . / Ventus : Whatever it takes . Anything to save Terra and Aqua . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Aqua : Ven ! Ventus ! / Yen Sid : The boy 's heart is sleeping . / Aqua : When will he wake ? / Yen Sid : I could not say . It is almost as though his heart has left . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Eraqus : Just use the key , and this land will be transformed . From that day forward , all who visit this land will be lost to oblivion , none ever able to solve the mystery . None , Aqua , except you . / Aqua : I know it 's a lonely place , but you 'll be safe . Terra and I will be back to wake you up before you know it . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Terra - Xehanort : Terra 's heart has been extinguished -- smothered by the darkness within him . / Aqua : My name is Master Aqua . Now return my friend 's heart or pay the price ! Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Terra - Xehanort : Stop fighting back ! / Aqua : Terra , I know you 're in there ! / Terra - Xehanort : This will teach you . Get out of my heart ! Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Sora : Hey , can you hear me ? / Ventus : I heard your voice . It cut through the darkness around me . All alone , I followed the sound into a sea of light and found myself here , with you . You gave me back something when I needed it the most . A second chance . / Sora : I did ? / Ventus : But ... now I have to go back to sleep again . / Sora : Are you sad ? / Ventus : Would you mind if I stayed here , with you ? / Sora : Sure , if it 'll make you feel better . / Ventus : Thank you . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Ansem : In fact , I would like to believe ... Maybe he can set things right . A boy like him who touches so many hearts -- he could open the right door , and save all those people whose lives I managed to ruin . So many are still waiting for their new beginning , their birth by sleep . Even me ... and even you . / Aqua : What 's this boy 's name ? / Ansem : His name ... is ... / ... / Aqua : Sora . Jump up ^ Square Enix PDD 5 ( September 7 , 2010 ) . Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . PlayStation Portable . Square Enix , Disney Interactive Studios . Riku : Your mind 's made up ? / Sora : Yeah . / ... / Sora : Kairi , I ... it 's just they really need me . I have to go . I am who I am because of them . / Kairi : See you soon . Jump up ^ Famitsu Staff ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Birth by Sleep : Special Interview with the Key Men of the Development Team ! '' . Weekly Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain : 128 -- 131 . Jump up ^ `` Photophile - Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep '' . Game Informer . Cathy Preston ( 176 ) : 125 . December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep Ultimania ( in Japanese ) . Studio BentStuff . March 25 , 2010 . pp. 640 -- 649 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 2788 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gangan Staff ( February 2010 ) . `` Interview with Tetsuya Nomura '' . Monthly Shōnen Gangan ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix : 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Tetsuya Nomura Talks Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep '' . Andriasang . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Q&A '' . GameSpot . July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 『 キングダム ハーツ 』 新 プロジェクト も 明らか に ! ( in Japanese ) . Famitsu . September 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Haynes , Jeff ( August 2 , 2008 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep Hands - on '' . IGN . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Square Enix Unveils Jump Festa Lineup '' . IGN . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Square : Birth by Sleep & 3rd Birthday Development Status '' . PSP Hyper . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nomura , Tetsuya ( October 28 , 2009 ) . クリエイター ズ メッセージ ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jeriaska ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Interview : Magical Planet - The Music of Hiroki Kikuta & Yoko Shimomura '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ジャンプ フェスタ 2010 ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep '' . GameRankings . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep for PSP Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Watts , Steve ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Review '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Parkin , Simon ( September 6 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth By Sleep '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Famitsu Staff ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Introduction of Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep '' . Weekly Famitsu ( in Japanese ) . Enterbrain : 47 . ^ Jump up to : Vore , Bryan ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts BBS Review : Great Mechanics Undercut By Story Reboots '' . Game Informer . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : VanOrd , Kevin ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Review for PSP '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Antista , Chris . `` Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth By Sleep , Review '' . GameTrailers . September 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Splechta , Mike ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Kingdom Hearts : Birth By Sleep review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Ryan ( September 2 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Antista , Chris ( October 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep : Have keyblade , will travel '' . PlayStation : the Official Magazine : 74 . ^ Jump up to : Meli , Marissa ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Review '' . G4 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` RPGamer Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep review '' . RPGamer . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` France 's Japan Expo Award Winners Announced '' . Anime News Network . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 電撃 オンライン アワード 2010 結果 発表 2010 年 一 番 おもしろかっ た ゲーム は コレ ( Dengeki Online Awards - 2010 Results - The most interesting games in 2010 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best PSP Games '' . GamesRadar . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tsutaya ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` MD 松尾 の ヒット 解析 : 「 キングダム ハーツ 」 50 万 本 の 好 スタート 「 バイオ 」 人気 か '' . 每 日 JP.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dengeki Staff ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` ( 2 月 8 日 ~ 14 日 の PS ソフト 売り上げ ) 40 万 本 超 の 『 GOD EATER 』 が 1 位 '' . Dengeki PlayStation . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Danny ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Saling The World : Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep Heads U.S. PSP Sales '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` September US game sales slide 8 % , hardware down 19 % - NPD '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Square Enix 's Biggest Games Were Dragon Quest and Kane & Lynch '' . IGN . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Awards 2011 Streamed '' . Anime News Network . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 PSP Games of 2010 '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Most Anticipated Games Of 2010 : DS And PSP '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Most - Awaited Games Of 2009 : PlayStation Portable '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2010 : Best of E3 Award Nominees '' . IGN . June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best PSP Game E3 2010 '' . GameTrailers . June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Month : September 2010 '' . IGN . September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 25 PSP Games '' . IGN . September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` New Kingdom Hearts PSP Fit For Japan '' . Kotaku . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Birth By Sleep Dated , Detailed , And PSP Bundled '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` book. キングダム ハーツ バース バイ スリープ アルティマニア '' ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` キングダム ハーツ Birth by Sleep Vol. 1 Something Strange '' ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` キングダム ハーツ Birth by Sleep Vol. 2 Best Friends '' ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` キングダム ハーツ Birth by Sleep Vol. 3 To the Future '' ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep & 358 / 2 Days オリジナル ・ サウンド トラック '' ( in Japanese ) . Square Enix . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Date Set for Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix '' . Andriasang . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Jason ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` Square Youà ¢ â ‚ ¬ â '' ¢ ve got Aya in my Dissidia ! - News `` . GameZone . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` Square Enix Makes Big PSP Push '' . Andriasang . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts Tops the Charts '' . Andriasang . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Ace Attorney Investigations 2 Tops the Charts '' . Andriasang . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix coming to PS3 in 2014 '' . IGN . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spencer ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix Heads To Japan In October With A Collector 's Pack '' . Siliconera . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moriarty , Colin ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` PS3 'S Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 ReMIX Gets A Release Date '' . IGN . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 ReMIX -- Limited Edition Announced '' . Impulse Gamer . July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberly ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` ( Update ) Kingdom Hearts 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Revealed For PS4 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , Alex ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Kingdom Hearts 2.8 to miss December , now out January 24th '' . VG247 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Japan official website Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix Japan official website Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep at the Internet Movie Database Kingdom Hearts series Console games Kingdom Hearts Kingdom Hearts II Kingdom Hearts III Handheld games Chain of Memories Coded 358 / 2 Days Birth by Sleep Dream Drop Distance χ HD Collections HD 1.5 Remix HD 2.5 Remix HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Characters Sora Organization XIII Roxas Terra Ventus Aqua Music Yoko Shimomura `` Hikari '' `` Passion '' `` Chikai '' Other Media Universe Mobile World of Final Fantasy Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_Hearts_Birth_by_Sleep&oldid=854462005 '' Categories : 2010 video games Action role - playing video games Crossover video games Disney video games Donald Duck video games Goofy ( Disney ) video games Japanese role - playing video games Kingdom Hearts Mickey Mouse video games Multiplayer and single - player video games PlayStation Portable games Role - playing video games Square Enix games Video game prequels Video games scored by Yoko Shimomura Video games developed in Japan Video games featuring female protagonists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 14 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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where does esperanza live in the house on mango street | The House on Mango Street is a 1984 coming - of - age novel by Mexican - American writer Sandra Cisneros . It deals with Esperanza Cordero , a young Latina girl , and her life growing up in Chicago with Chicanos and Puerto Ricans . Esperanza is determined to `` say goodbye '' to her impoverished Latino neighborhood by turning to a life on the streets . Major themes include her quest for a better life and the importance of her promise to come back for `` the ones ( she ) left behind '' . The novel has been critically acclaimed , and has also become a New York Times Bestseller . It has also been adapted into a stage play by Tanya Saracho . | Chicago | The House on Mango Street | the house on mango street | The House on Mango Street is a 1984 coming - of - age novel by Mexican - American writer Sandra Cisneros . It deals with Esperanza Cordero , a young Latina girl , and her life growing up in Chicago with Chicanos and Puerto Ricans . Esperanza is determined to `` say goodbye '' to her impoverished Latino neighborhood by turning to a life on the streets . Major themes include her quest for a better life and the importance of her promise to come back for `` the ones ( she ) left behind '' . The novel has been critically acclaimed , and has also become a New York Times Bestseller . It has also been adapted into a stage play by Tanya Saracho . | Contents 1 Plot 2 Genre 3 Autobiographical elements 4 Critical reception 5 Publication history 6 See also 7 References Plot ( edit ) The story begins with Esperanza , the protagonist , describing how her family arrived at the house on Mango Street . Before the family settled in their new house , they moved around frequently . The reader develops a sense of Esperanza 's observant and descriptive nature as she begins the novel with descriptions of minute behaviors and observations about her family members . Though Esperanza 's age is never revealed to the reader , it is implied that she is about thirteen . She begins to write as a way of expressing herself and as a way to escape the suffocating effect of the neighborhood . The novel also includes the stories of many of Esperanza 's neighbors , providing a picture of the neighborhood and offering examples of the many influences surrounding her . Esperanza quickly befriends Lucy and Rachel Guerrero , two Texan girls who live across the street . Lucy , Rachel , Esperanza , and Esperanza 's little sister , Nenny , have many adventures in the small space of their neighborhood . As the vignettes progress , the novel depicts Esperanza 's budding personal maturity and developing world outlook . Esperanza later slips into puberty and likes it when a boy watches her dance at a baptism party . Esperanza 's newfound views lead her to become friends with Sally , a girl her age who wears black nylon stockings , makeup , high heels , and short skirts , and uses boys as an escape from her abusive father . Sally , a beautiful girl according to her father , can get into trouble with being as beautiful as she is . Esperanza is not completely comfortable with Sally 's sexuality . Their friendship is compromised when Sally ditches Esperanza for a boy at a carnival . As a result , Esperanza is sexually assaulted by a man at the carnival . Earlier at her first job , an elderly man tricked her into kissing him on the lips . Esperanza 's traumatic experiences and observations of the women in her neighborhood cement her desire to escape Mango Street . She later realizes that she will never fully be able to leave Mango Street behind . She vows that after she leaves she will return to help the people she has left behind . Esperanza exclaims that Mango Street does not hold her in both arms ; instead , which sets her free . Genre ( edit ) The House on Mango Street is made up of vignettes that are not quite poems and not quite full stories . Not wanting to write directly about herself , Cisneros constructs the book in a combnation of genres pulling mantles of poetry , autobiography , and fiction . Certain parts of the book directly reflect Cisneros ' life , while others stray . Esperanza narrates these vignettes in first - person present tense , focusing on her day - to - day activities but sometimes narrating sections that are a series of observations . The vignettes can be as short as two or three paragraphs long and sometimes contain internal rhymes . In `` The Family of Little Feet '' for example , Esperanza says : `` Their arms were little , and their hands were little , and their height was not tall , and their feet very small . '' Each vignette can stand as an independent story . These vignettes do n't follow a complete or chronological narrative , although they often mention characters introduced in earlier sections . The conflicts and problems in these short stories are never fully resolved , just as the futures of people in the neighborhood are often uncertain . The overall tone of the novel is earnest and intimate , with very little distance between the reader and the narrator . The tone varies from pessimistic to hopeful , as Esperanza herself sometimes expresses her jaded views on life : `` I knew then I had to have a house . A real house . One I could point to . But this is n't it . The house on Mango Street is n't it . For the time being , Mama says . Temporary , says Papa . But I know how those things go . '' The set of vignettes charts her life as Esperanza Cordero grows during the year : both physically and emotionally . Cisneros asserts that the goal of The House on Mango Street was to make the novel accessible to everyone . She wrote the book initially as a catharsis , not realizing that it would eventually represent a voice for Latinos and become enveloped in the works of great Latino literature . She wanted it to be lyrical enough to be appreciated by poetry enthusiasts , but also accessible enough that laymen could read and enjoy the novel . She desired the book to resonate with children , adults , and ages in between , and in totality chose to keep the novel short so that even the busiest of parents and adults who worked long shifts like her father always had , could still find time to read it . Autobiographical elements ( edit ) Sandra Cisneros ' early life was a subject she would later draw on as a writer in books like The House on Mango Street . She was the only daughter among seven children in her family . Cisneros ' family and father specifically did not initially support her writing . Her father never wanted her to be an author . When she was growing up , the only famous Latinas were those on TV , and in the seventies they were seen most often on television as weather girls . Cisneros and her father envisioned her as a newscaster for that reason . Despite a lacking support system , Cisneros continued to pursue writing , and used her life to inspire her early works . The House on Mango Street includes information inspired by her life . The story also is about the subject of migration , and about the struggles of her life during it , which included poverty , as well as misogyny . Cisneros first began writing about the protagonist , Esperanza , when she had just finished graduate school . Cisneros created Esperanza from personal feelings of displacement she had while writing . She had recently graduated from the University of Iowa and had felt marginalized as a person of color , a woman , and an individual of lower socioeconomic status . The House on Mango Street became a way for her to solidify her identities through reflection in writing . Esperanza is one of four children , with a younger sister and two younger brothers . In reality , Cisneros was the middle child and only girl with six brothers , two older and four younger . While writing , Cisneros explains that because she was new to fiction , she initially craved simplicity , which resulted in Esperanza 's family being smaller than her actual family had been . She believed it would be easier to write about fewer family members . Critical reception ( edit ) Acclaimed by critics , The House on Mango Street has been translated into various languages and has been taught in schools across the United States and Canada . The book received highly positive reception upon release and has been re-issued in a 25th Anniversary Edition . The novel has especially earned high praise from the Latino / Latina community . Oscar Hijuelos , the first Hispanic writer to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , said that the novel has `` conveyed the Southwestern Latino experience with verve , charm , and passion . '' The book won her the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation ( 1985 ) . After the initial release , the response to The House on Mango Street by the public and various academics was varied . Much of the critical reception surrounding the novel stems from the sexual content present throughout multiple scenes . During the `` Red Clowns '' chapter of the novel , Esperanza is raped by a male who repeatedly defines her as a `` Spanish girl '' whom he loves . Critics argued that the suspected audience of the book was perceived to be too young for this content . Protesters are seen in June 2011 in support of the Tucson Unified School District 's Mexican - American studies program . A new state law effectively ended the program saying it was divisive . Despite its high praise in the realm of Latino literature , The House on Mango Street has also received criticism and has been banned from some school curriculums . In response to these criticisms as well as the removal of the MAS program from TUSD schools , teachers , authors , and activists headed by Tony Diaz , a teacher from the MAS program formed a caravan in spring of 2012 that moved across the southwest conducting workshops in major cities . The caravan , called the Librotraficante Project , originated at the Alamo and ended in Tucson orchestrating workshops distributing books that had been removed with the curriculum , and informing attendees of H.B. 2281 . Though The House on Mango Street was never removed from TUSD 's curriculum and continued to be taught in middle and high school English classes within TUSD , Cisneros traveled with the caravan reading The House on Mango Street and ran workshops about Chicano literature . She brought numerous copies of the book with her , distributed them , and discussed thematic implications of her novel as well as talked about the book 's autobiographical elements . Parents and education boards in other areas have found the content to be too graphic / real for children of a young age . In response to this categorization as a children 's novel , Cisernos replies that even though it 's marketed as a young people 's book , the range of readers stems all the way to college level students . Cisernos ' novel has one general theme : to promote individuality and drive within individuals which will conversely promote a distaste for conformity and cultural labeling . Much of the critical reception surrounding the book today recants this theme due to its suspected negative effects on individuals challenging superior powers such as the government and educational institutions . Publication history ( edit ) 1984 , The United States , Arte Público Press ISBN 0 - 934770 - 20 - 4 , Pub date 1 January 1984 , paperback 1991 , The United States , Vintage Contemporaries ISBN 0 - 679 - 73477 - 5 , Pub date 3 April 1991 , paperback See also ( edit ) Chicago literature Chicano literature References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cisneros , Sandra ( 1991 ) . The House on Mango Street . Vintage Contemporaries . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73477 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cisneros , The House on Mango Street , p. 39 Jump up ^ Cisneros , The House on Mango Street , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Cisneros , Sandra ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) . `` House on Mango Street Celebrates 25 Years '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/0679734775 Jump up ^ Hijuelos , Oscar . `` José Rubén De León Takes a Stab At ' The House on Mango Street '' . San Antonio Current . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ American Booksellers Association ( 2013 ) . `` The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation ( 1980 -- 2012 ) '' . BookWeb . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . 1985 ( ... ) The House on Mango Street , Sandra Cisneros ^ Jump up to : Petty , Leslie . `` Literature Resource Center - Document - Re-Envisioning Chicano Cultural Archetypes : The ' Dual ' - ing Images of la Malinche and la Virgen de Guadalupe in Sandra Cisneros 's The House on Mango Street '' . go.galegroup.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Cisneros , Sandra . `` Spiritual Sustenance : Interview with Sandra Cisneros '' . go.galegroup.com . Susquehanna University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hoinski , Michael ( 2012 - 03 - 08 ) . `` GTT , The Papers Trail , San Antonio '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Valeria ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Librotraficantes Bring Banned Books into Arizona '' . New America Media . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Satz , Martha . `` Returning to One 's House : An Interview with Sandra Cisneros '' . go.galegroup.com . Gale Cengage Learning . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Matchie , Thomas . `` Literary Continuity in Sandra Cisneros 's The House on Mango Street '' . go.galegroup.com . Gale . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Sandra Cisneros Works Bad Boys ( 1980 ) The House on Mango Street ( 1984 ) My Wicked , Wicked Ways ( 1987 ) Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories ( 1991 ) Hairs = Pelitos ( 1994 ) Loose woman : Poems ( 1994 ) Caramelo , or , Pure Cuento : A Novel ( 2002 ) Vintage Cisneros ( 2004 ) Contributed to Days and Nights of Love and War ( 2000 ) Family Pictures / Cuadros de Familia ( 2005 ) Emergency Tacos : Seven Poets Con Picante ( 2007 ) List of works Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_on_Mango_Street&oldid=843822997 '' Categories : 1984 American novels Novels by Sandra Cisneros Hispanic and Latino American novels Novels set in Chicago Chicano literature American bildungsromans American Book Award - winning works Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 18 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20House%20on%20Mango%20Street | 456 |
xbox 360 games can you play on xbox one | The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . | List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One | list of backward compatible games for xbox one | The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . | Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 473 on this list out of 2097 games released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Adventures Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision 000000002018 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 32 on this list out of 1046 released for the Xbox . All Original Xbox games run at 4 times resolution on Xbox One and Xbox one S consoles , and run at 16 times resolution on Xbox One X Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Blinx : The Time Sweeper Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 BloodRayne 2 Majesco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Breakdown Namco 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Conker : Live & Reloaded Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Destroy All Humans ! THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind Bethesda Softworks 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Full Spectrum Warrior THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included in Rare Replay Hunter : The Reckoning White Wolf , Inc . 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Jade Empire Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 MX Unleashed THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Panzer Dragoon Orta Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Panzer Elite Action : Fields of Glory JoWooD Entertainment 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Europe only Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 SSX 3 Electronic Arts 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Republic Commando LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/?linkId=16823597 Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 電脳 戦機 バーチャロン 後方 互換 性 '' . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.windowscentral.com/original-xbox-games-run-sixteen-times-resolution-xbox-one-x ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Morrowind , Kotor 2 , Jade Empire Headline New Wave Of Original Xbox Backwards Compatible Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video gaming products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows DirectX Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Games on Demand games Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=837262405 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20backward%20compatible%20games%20for%20Xbox%20One | 285 |
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what engine is in a 1992 honda accord | Honda Accord | honda accord | The Honda Accord / əˈkɔːrd / is a series of automobiles manufactured by Honda since 1976 , best known for its four - door sedan variant , which has been one of the best - selling cars in the United States since 1989 . The Accord nameplate has been applied to a variety of vehicles worldwide , including coupes , wagons , hatchbacks and a crossover . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 First generation ( 1976 -- 1981 ) 3 Second generation ( 1981 -- 1985 ) 3.1 Refresh - 1983 ( 1984 model year ) 4 Third generation ( 1986 -- 1989 ) 4.1 Accord AeroDeck 4.2 Chassis code configurations 5 Fourth generation ( 1990 -- 1993 ) 5.1 Return of the SE ( 1991 ) 5.2 Update ( 1991 -- 1993 ) 5.3 10th Anniversary Edition and return of the SE ( 1993 ) 5.4 Honda Ascot 5.5 Honda Vigor and Honda Inspire 6 Fifth generation ( 1994 -- 1997 ) 6.1 North America , Japan and Philippines 6.1. 1 Honda Accord SiR ( 1994 -- 1997 ) 6.2 European model 6.2. 1 Rover 600 7 Sixth generation ( 1998 -- 2002 ) 8 Seventh generation ( 2002 -- 2007 ) 8.1 Japan and Europe 8.1. 1 Accord Euro R ( CL7 , 2002 -- 2007 ) 8.2 North America and Asia Pacific 9 Eighth generation ( 2008 -- 2012 ) 9.1 Accord in Japan and Europe and Spirior in China 9.2 Accord in North America and China and Inspire in Japan 10 Ninth generation ( 2013 -- 2017 ) 11 Tenth generation ( 2018 -- present ) 12 Awards 13 Motorsport 14 Sales 15 References 16 External links Background ( edit ) Since initiation , Honda has offered several different car body styles and versions of the Accord , and often vehicles marketed under the Accord nameplate concurrently in different regions differ quite substantially . It debuted in 1976 as a compact hatchback , though this style only lasted through 1989 , as the line - up was expanded to include a sedan , coupé , and wagon . By the Accord 's sixth generation in the 1990s , it evolved into an intermediate vehicle , with one basic platform but with different bodies and proportions to increase its competitiveness against its rivals in different international markets . For the eighth generation of the Accord released for the North America market in 2007 , Honda had again chosen to move the model further up - scale and increase its size . This pushed the Accord sedan from the upper limit of what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) defines as a mid-size car to just above the lower limit of a full - size car , with the coupe still rated as a mid-size car . The current tenth generation Accord for the North America market is again classified as a mid-size car , falls just short of full - size car classification with the combined interior space of 119 cubic feet ( 3.4 m ) . After a period of developing idiosyncratic automobiles such as the Honda 1300 that met a lukewarm response in both Japan and North America , Honda considered pulling out of automobile manufacturing altogether by the early 1970s . However , Honda released a more conventional automobile in 1972 called the `` Civic '' which immediately reversed their flagging fortunes due to its economy , reliability and low cost in an era of rising fuel prices . The Civic utilized Honda 's CVCC technology , later used in the Accord , to help Honda meet emission standards of the 1970s and early 1980s without the added expense of a catalytic converter . Buoyed by their success with the Civic , Honda turned their sights to developing a larger companion model . For the new model , Honda chose the name `` Accord '' , reflecting `` Honda 's desire for accord and harmony between people , society and the automobile . '' Soichiro Honda was the owner of a 1969 Pontiac Firebird , to which the Accord 's predecessor , the Honda 1300 , bore a striking frontal resemblance . Initial planning done by Honda for what would become the Accord was for a sporty competitor in the pony car market , at roughly the size of a contemporary Ford Mustang , powered by a six - cylinder engine . With the continuing fuel crisis and tighter emissions regulations surrounding the automotive market , Honda engineers changed their focus on the Accord as a Mustang competitor , and built upon the Civic 's successful formula of economy , fuel efficiency and a front - wheel drive layout in a larger package . A December 1975 issue of Motor Trend Magazine had a drawing of a new Honda automobile which was similar in shape to the Volkswagen Scirocco but powered with a CVCC engine used in the Civic . In 1982 , the Accord became the first car from a Japanese manufacturer to be produced in the United States when production commenced in Marysville , Ohio at Honda 's Marysville Auto Plant . The Accord has achieved considerable success , especially in the United States , where it was the best - selling Japanese car for sixteen years ( 1982 -- 97 ) , topping its class in sales in 1991 and 2001 , with around ten million vehicles sold . Numerous road tests , past and present , rate the Accord as one of the world 's most reliable vehicles . The Accord has been on the Car and Driver 10Best list a record 30 times . In 1989 , the Accord was the first vehicle sold under an import brand to become the best - selling vehicle in the United States . First generation ( 1976 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) First generation series SJ - SM Overview Production 1976 -- 1981 Assembly Sayama Plant , Sayama , Saitama , Japan Johor Bahru , Malaysia ( OASB ) Body and chassis Class Compact Body style 3 - door hatchback 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout Powertrain Engine 1.6 L EL1 I4 1.6 L EF I4 1.6 L EP I4 1.8 L EK1 I4 Transmission 2 - speed automatic 3 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,380 mm ( 94 in ) sedan Length 4,450 mm ( 175 in ) sedan Width 1,620 mm ( 64 in ) sedan Height 1,360 mm ( 54 in ) sedan Curb weight 945 kg ( 2,083 lb ) Hatchback Sedan The first generation Honda Accord was launched on 7 May 1976 as a three - door hatchback with 68 hp ( 51 kW ) , a 93.7 - inch ( 2,380.0 mm ) wheelbase , and a weight of about 2,000 pounds . Japanese market cars claimed 80 PS ( 59 kW ) JIS ( similar to SAE Gross ) , while European and other export markets received a model without emissions control equipment ; it claimed 80 PS as well but according to the stricter DIN norm . It was a platform expansion of the earlier Honda Civic at 4,125 mm ( 162 in ) long . To comply with recently enacted emission regulations enacted in Japan , the engine was fitted with Honda 's CVCC technology . The Accord sold well due to its moderate size and great fuel economy . It was one of the first Japanese sedans with features like cloth seats , a tachometer , intermittent wipers , and an AM / FM radio as standard equipment . In 1978 an LX version of the hatchback was added which came with air conditioning , a digital clock , and power steering . Until the Accord , and the closely related Prelude , power steering had not been available to cars under two litres . Japanese buyers were liable for slightly more annual road tax over the smaller Civic , which had a smaller engine . On 14 October 1977 ( a year later in the US market ) , a four - door sedan was added to the lineup , and power went to 72 hp ( 54 kW ) when the 1,599 cc ( 97.6 cu in ) EF1 engine was supplemented and in certain markets replaced by the 1,751 cc ( 106.9 cu in ) an EK - 1 unit . In 1980 the optional two - speed semi-automatic transmission of previous years became a three - speed fully automatic gearbox ( a four - speed automatic transaxle was not used in the Accord until the 1983 model year ) . The North American versions had slightly redesigned bumper trim . Other changes included new grilles and taillamps and remote mirrors added on the four - door ( chrome ) and the LX ( black plastic ) models . The CVCC badges were deleted , but the CVCC induction system remained . In North America , the 1981 model year only brought detail changes such as new fabrics and some new color combinations . Nivorno Beige ( code No . Y - 39 ) was replaced by Oslo Ivory ( No . YR - 43 ) . Dark brown was discontinued , as was the bronze metallic . A bit later in 1981 an SE model was added for the first time , with Novillo leather seats and power windows . Base model hatchbacks , along with the four - door , LX , and SE four - door , all received the same smaller black plastic remote mirror . The instrument cluster was revised with mostly pictograms which replaced worded warning lights and gauge markings . The shifter was redesigned to have a stronger spring to prevent unintentional engagement of reverse , replacing the spring - loaded shift knob of the 1976 to 1980 model year cars . By 1981 power for the 1.8 was down to a claimed 68 hp ( 51 kW ) in North America . Second generation ( 1981 -- 1985 ) ( edit ) Second generation series SY / SZ / AC / AD Overview Also called Honda Vigor ( Japan ) Production 1981 -- 1985 Assembly Sayama , Saitama , Japan Marysville , Ohio , US ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Nelson , New Zealand ( Honda New Zealand ) Johor Bahru , Malaysia ( OASB ) Designer Yukio Kurosu ( 1979 ) Body and chassis Class Compact Body style 3 - door hatchback 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout Powertrain Engine 1598 cc EY 12 - valve I4 ( facelift ) 1602 cc EL1 I4 ( 1981 - 1983 ) 1751 cc EK1 I4 ( 1981 - 1983 ) 1829 cc ES2 12 - valve I4 ( facelift ) 1829 cc ES3 12 - valve EFi I4 ( 1984 - 1985 ) Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,450 mm ( 96 in ) sedan Length 4,410 mm ( 174 in ) sedan Width 1,650 mm ( 65 in ) sedan Height 1,375 mm ( 54 in ) sedan European Specification Sedan ( pre-facelift ) European Specification Sedan ( pre-facelift ) Hatchback ( pre-facelift ) Interior ( pre-facelift ) Debuting on 22 September 1981 in Japan , Europe , and in North America , this generation of the Accord being produced in Japan , became the first to also be built in the U.S. , at Honda 's plant in Marysville , Ohio . Since its first year in the American market , it also became the best - selling Japanese nameplate in the U.S. , holding that position for about 15 years . In Japan , a sister model called the Honda Vigor was launched simultaneously with the new Accord . This allowed Honda to sell the product at different sales channels called Honda Clio , which sold the Accord , and Honda Verno , that sold the Vigor . Modernizing both the interior and exterior , the second generation Accord was mechanically very similar to the original , using the same 1,751 cc ( 1.751 L ; 106.9 cu in ) EK - 1 CVCC engine . Vehicles with a manual transmission and the CVCC carburator earned 13.6 km / L ( 38 mpg ; 32 mpg ) based on Japanese Government emissions tests using 10 different modes of scenario standards , and 110 PS ( 80.9 kW ; 108.5 bhp ) , and 23 km / L ( 65 mpg ; 54 mpg ) with consistently maintained speeds at 60 km / h . This automobile included popular features of the time such as shag carpet , velour cabin trim , and chrome accents . An optional extra on the 1981 Accord was an Electro Gyrocator , the world 's first automatic in - car navigation system . Models were available in Silver , Sky Blue , and Beige . The LX hatchback offered a digital clock and slightly higher fuel economy ( due to its lighter weight ) . In the United States , Federal lighting regulations required headlamps of sealed beam construction and standard size and shape on all vehicles , so Accords in North America were equipped with four rectangular headlamp units rather than the aerodynamic composite replaceable - bulb units used on Accords sold outside North America ( note European specification imagery ) . Other Automotive lighting variations included amber front and red rear side marker lights and reflectors in North America , and headlamp washers and a red rear fog lamp for European markets . Japanese - market Accords were unique from all other markets in that they offered adjustable ride height control and side view mirrors installed on the mid-forward fenders . In 1983 , Honda upgraded the automatic transmission to a four - speed , a major improvement over the earlier , three - speed transmission . The manual five - speed transmission remained unchanged . A new 192 km / h speedometer replaced the earlier 136 km / h unit . The Special Edition ( SE ) featured Novillo leather seating , power windows , power sunroof and door locks . Gray was added as a color option . A slightly modified EK - 2 engine was introduced , replacing the earlier EK - 1 , albeit still carbureted . Refresh - 1983 ( 1984 model year ) ( edit ) European Specification Sedan ( facelift ) Hatchback ( facelift ) By 1983 , the Accords sold in the eastern U.S. were produced at the new Marysville plant , with quality considered equal to those produced in Japan . In June 1983 , for the 1984 model year , the Accord body was restyled with a slightly downward beveled nose and a new series of 12 - valve CVCC powerplants . Globally there was a 1.6 ( EY ) and also the slightly more powerful ES2 1,829 cc ( 1.829 L ; 111.6 cu in ) , yielding 86 bhp ( 64 kW ) in federal trim . Honda integrated rear side marker lights and reflectors into the side of the tail light units . European Accords now included a side turn signal repeater just behind each front wheel well . The U.S. requirement for standardized headlamps was rescinded in late 1983 , but North American Accords continued to use sealed beams until the 1989 fourth - generation models were released . The LX offered velour upholstery , auto - reverse cassette stereo , air conditioning , cruise control , power brakes , power steering , power windows & power door locks ( sedan only ) , a digital clock , roof pillar antenna , along with thick black belt moldings , integrated bumpers and flush plastic mock - alloy style wheels covers that resembled the trend - setting Audi 5000 . Supplies were tight , as in the Eastern states , the wait was months for a Graphite Gray sedan , a then - popular color . The LX hatchback was the only 1984 version of the Accord to include dual side view mirrors . The 1984 sedan was available in four exterior colors , Greek White and three metallic options : Columbus Gray , Regency Red ( burgundy ) , and Stratos Blue ( steel ) . The regular hatchback was available in Greek White , Dominican Red , and the metallic Stratos Blue . The 1984 LX hatchback came in three metallic colors only : Graphite Gray , Regency Red , and Copper Brown . It was one of the first Japanese engineered vehicles to offer computer controlled , fuel - injection with one injector per cylinder , also known as multiple port fuel injection . This arrived on 24 May 1984 on the ES series 1.8 L engine , and was known as Honda 's Programmed Fuel Injection , or PGM - FI . This option was not offered until 1985 in the USA market . Vehicles with PGM - FI ( ES3 series engine ) earned 13.2 km / L ( 37 mpg ; 31 mpg ) based on Japanese Government emissions tests using 10 different modes of scenario standards , with 130 PS ( 95.6 kW ; 128.2 bhp ) , and 22 km / L ( 62 mpg ; 52 mpg ) with consistently maintained speeds at 60 km / h ( 37.3 mph ) . In 1985 , the Special Edition returned as the SE - i , capitalizing on the final year of the second generation 's production . A fuel - injected , 110 bhp ( 82 kW ) non-CVCC ES3 engine was exclusive to this model . The moniker , SE - i , was adapted from the SE trim , but included the `` - i '' to signify the higher trim level 's fuel - injected engine . This 12 - valve , 1,829 cc ( 1.829 L ; 111.6 cu in ) engine was the first non-CVCC engine used in an Accord , and was the same basic engine design used by Honda until 1989 . Like the previous SE trim in 1983 , the SE - i featured Novillo leather seating , power moonroof , bronze tinted glass , a premium sound system with cassette , and 13 - inch alloy wheels . The level of luxury equipment on the SE - i was essentially items that were installed on the Honda Vigor VTL - i , that was only sold in Japan . Available options differed from market to market . The 1.8 - liter engine , updated four - speed automatic transmission , and ' EX ' trim level options were first made available in New Zealand during the 1984 model year refresh alongside the 1.6 - liter ' LX ' model . Japan generally received more options earlier than the rest of the world . In 1981 , the Accord offered an adjustable ride height air suspension in the Japanese market . From 1983 in Japan and 1984 in Europe , the second generation Accord was available with anti-lock brakes ( called ALB ) as an option . This braking system was the first time that an Accord used four - wheel disc brakes . Fuel injection became available in 1984 in the Japan market with the earlier introduction of the ES3 engine in the SE - i . Models took a year to arrive in North American and European markets with less stringent emissions laws continuing , using carburetors throughout second generation production . Third generation ( 1986 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Third generation series CA1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 Accord DX sedan ( USA ) Overview Also called Honda Vigor ( Japan ) Production 1985 -- 1989 Assembly Sayama , Saitama , Japan Marysville , Ohio , USA ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Alliston , Ontario , Canada ( HCM ) Nelson , New Zealand ( Honda New Zealand ) Johor Bahru , Malaysia ( OASB ) Designer Toshi Oshika ( 1983 ) Body and chassis Class Compact Body style 2 - door coupe 3 - door hatchback 3 - door shooting - brake ( AeroDeck ) 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout Powertrain Engine 1.6 L A16A1 I4 , 88 hp ( 66 kW ) 1.8 L A18A I4 1.8 L B18A I4 , 115 hp ( 86 kW ) 2.0 L A20A1 / A20A2 I4 2.0 L A20A3 / A20A4 I4 , 110 -- 122 hp ( 82 -- 91 kW ) 2.0 L B20A I4 , 145 hp ( 108 kW ) 2.0 L B20A2 I4 , 137 hp ( 102 kW ) 2.0 L B20A8 I4 , 133 hp ( 99 kW ) Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,601 mm ( 102.4 in ) Length Hatchback : 4,440 mm ( 174.8 in ) 1986 -- 1987 Sedan : 4,549 mm ( 179.1 in ) 1988 -- 1989 Sedan & Coupe : 4,564 mm ( 179.7 in ) Width Hatchback & Coupe : 1,694 mm ( 66.7 in ) Sedan : 1,712 mm ( 67.4 in ) Height Hatchback & Coupe : 1,336 mm ( 52.6 in ) Sedan : 1,356 mm ( 53.4 in ) Accord EX sedan without hidden headlamps ( Europe ) The third generation Accord was introduced in Japan on 4 June 1985 and in Europe and North America later that year . It had a very striking exterior design styled by Toshi Oshika in 1983 , that resonated well with buyers internationally . One notable feature was the hidden headlamps . Because this generation was also sold as the Honda Vigor , the Accord received the hidden headlamps . Honda 's Japanese dealership channel called Honda Verno all had styling elements that helped identify products only available at Honda Verno . As a result , Japanese market Accords had a Honda Verno styling feature , but were sold at newly established Japanese dealerships Honda Clio with the all - new , luxury Honda Legend sedan , and international Accords were now visually aligned with the Prelude , the CR - X , and the new Integra . Accords of this generation for the European market did not have the concealed headlamps . The retractable headlights of the third generation Accord sedan were in Japan , USA , Canada , Australia , KY region and on cars in Taiwan that were imported from the USA . In other countries , the Accord sedan had conventional headlights . Accords in all other bodies ( hatchback , Aerodeck , coupé ) had only retractable headlights worldwide . Beginning in July 1987 , the European - spec , fixed - headlight Accord sedan ( carburetted A18A and A20A ; from 1988.04 add trims with B18A and B20A engines ) was also available in Japan as the `` Accord CA '' , with CA standing for `` Continental Accord . '' At its introduction in 1985 , it won the Car of the Year Japan Award . The third generation Accord became the first Honda to employ double wishbones at both the front and rear ends . While more expensive than competitors ' MacPherson strut systems , this setup provided better stability and sharper handling for the vehicle . All had front sway bars and upper models had rear sway bars as well . Brakes were either small all - wheel discs with twin - piston calipers ( only available on the Japanese - market 2.0 - Si model ) , larger all - wheel discs with single piston calipers , or a front disc / rear drum system . ABS was available as an option on the 4 - wheel disc brake models , though not in North America . Base model Accords rode on 13 - inch steel wheels with hubcaps with more expensive models having the option of 14 - inch alloy wheels . The Accord 's available engines varied depending on its market : Japan received the A18A , A20A , B18A , B20A and A20A3 ; Europe received the A16A1 , A20A1 , A20A2 , A20A3 , A20A4 , B20A2 , and B20A8 ; Australia received A20A2 and A20A4 ; other regions received A16A1 and / or A20A2 ; while North America received the A20A1 and A20A3 . On Accord 1986 model year engine block was marked as BS and BT in USA , BS1 and BT1 in Canada , this cars had chassis code BA . Since 1987 the engine block in Indonesia was marked as NA instead of A20A2 . The engine block in Thailand was marked as A . In Japan , the introduction of a 2.0 litre engine obligated Japanese drivers to pay a higher amount of annual road tax compared to the last two previous generations , pushing the Accord into the luxury category in Japan . The Accord 's trim levels ranged from spartan to luxurious . In the Japanese home market , the Accord was available with a full power package , heated mirrors ( optional ) , a digital instrument cluster ( optional ) , sunroof ( optional ) , cruise control , and climate control ( which was also optional ) . Some North European export models also had heated front seats and head light washers . North American and Australian Accords were not available with most of these options , presumably ( and in the U.S. in particular ) because Honda was seen as a builder of economy cars , and not to cannibalize sales from the recently introduced Acura line . Throughout the different markets , in addition to the sedan model the Accord was available with different bodystyles which included a three - door hatchback , a three - door shooting - brake called Accord Aerodeck , and a two - door coupé which was added in 1987 for the 1988 model year . The coupé , which was built exclusively in Honda 's Marysville , Ohio factory , was `` reverse exported '' back to Japan where it was known as the US - Coupé CA6 . Accord Aerodeck ( edit ) Accord AeroDeck shooting brake ( Europe ) The third - generation Accord was sold in Japan , Europe and New Zealand as a three - door hatchback with a flat roof over the rear seats , known in Europe as a shooting - brake . The bodystyle of a flat roof hatchback was also used on the third generation Honda Civic ( third generation ) subcompact , the second generation Honda City supermini and the first generation Honda Today kei car . The Honda CR - X was the only three - door hatchback that adopted a fastback , sloping rear hatch `` kammback '' appearance , demonstrating a performance car appearance identified with Honda Verno products during the mid-1980s . In North America , the Accord Coupé and hatchback models were offered instead . The `` Aerodeck '' name was reused on the Honda Civic 5 - door stationwagon ( estate ) , sold in the UK from 1996 to 2000 . In parts of Continental Europe , the Accord five - door station wagon ( estate ) was also called the Accord Aerodeck from 1990 until 2008 , when the name of the estate was renamed the `` Accord Tourer '' . The Aero Deck was only available in Japan at Honda Clio dealerships as a variation of the Accord . The cargo handling abilities of the Aero Deck were ceded to the fourth generation Accord station wagon ( estate ) in 1990 . The Aero Deck was unique to the Accord model line , as the Aero Deck was not available as a Honda Vigor , as the Accord and Vigor were mechanically identical . The AeroDeck returned an aerodynamic value of . 34 , and the 2600 mm wheelbase returned a spacious interior for both front and rear passengers , on par with a mid-size sedan . Unfortunately , the appearance was not well received in Japan , as the introduction of the Accord Coupe was more well liked . The appearance was more popular in the United Kingdom . The Aerodeck was equipped with a four - wheel double wishbone suspension , which gave both a comfortable ride and cornering performance . In addition , speed - sensitive power steering is included , which gives the car easy turning assistance at speeds below 40 kilometres per hour ( 25 mph ) during operation , such as parallel parking . Note that the top model in Japan `` 2.0 Si '' is to 4w - ALB ( 4 - wheel ABS ) are standard equipment ( with option to upgrade in other trim packages ) . Visibility from the driver 's seat and passenger seat was better due to the lower instrument panel design of the front window and a large windshield . And switches are arranged efficiently and at the time was the driving position can be fine - tuned adjustments . Because of the shape of the vehicle and the flat roof that continued to the rear of the vehicle , opening the rear hatch had some drawbacks in low clearance environments . The lower part of the hatch was not like one used on a station wagon that went all the way down to the rear bumper , so loading cargo into the back was n't as convenient as a conventional station wagon with a one piece hatchback . The rear hatch also wrapped into the rear roof , similar to a gull wing door so that the rear glass was in two pieces , one for the back window , and another partially on the rear roof . When open , the hatch rose above the roof at a right angle , providing additional overhead clearance when the hatch was open . Moreover , because of the emphasis on aiding rear - seat passenger entry , a longer front door was installed , and because power windows were not installed on the lower trim packages `` LX '' , `` LX - S '' and as such , the window regulator opening felt heavy . Accord Si hatchback ( Australia ) Accord coupe ( US ) Accord EX sedan ( Europe ) Interior Chassis code configurations ( edit ) Code CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 CA5 CA6 BA SE3 AC Engine code A18A B18A B20A A16A1 A20A A20A1 , A20A3 A20A1 , A20A2 , A20A3 , A20A4 , B20A2 , B20A8 A20A2 , A20A4 A20A2 A20A1 , A20A3 A20A3 BS , BT BS1 , BT1 A20A2 , NA Region ( s ) Japan Japan Japan Europe ( incl . Turkey ) , Pakistan , Singapore and some other countries Japan USA , Canada , Taiwan ( import from USA , A20A1 only ) Europe ( Turkey A20A2 only ) Australia other countries USA , Canada Japan ( import from USA ) USA Canada Indonesia Thailand Fourth generation ( 1990 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Fourth generation series CB7 ( Wagon is CB9 ) Overview Production 14 September 1989 -- July 1993 Assembly Marysville , Ohio , US ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Sayama , Japan Nelson , New Zealand ( Honda New Zealand ) East Liberty , Ohio ( East Liberty Auto Plant ) Johor Bahru , Malaysia ( OASB ) Designer Toshihiko Shimizu ( 1987 ) Body and chassis Class Midsize Body style 2 - door coupe 4 - door sedan 5 - door station wagon Layout FF layout Related Honda Ascot Honda Ascot Innova Honda Inspire Honda Vigor Rover 600 Powertrain Engine 1.8 L F18A I4 SOHC 2.0 L F20A I4 SOHC 2.0 L F20A I4 DOHC 2.2 L F22A I4 SOHC Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,720 mm ( 107.1 in ) Length 1989 -- 91 Coupe & Sedan : 4,694 mm ( 184.8 in ) 1991 Wagon : 4,724 mm ( 186.0 in ) 1991 -- 93 Coupe & Sedan : 4,704 mm ( 185.2 in ) 1991 -- 93 Wagon : 4,745 mm ( 186.8 in ) 4,680 mm ( 184 in ) Sedan & Wagon ( Japan only , all years ) Width 1989 -- 91 : 1,725 mm ( 67.9 in ) 1991 -- 93 Coupe & Sedan : 1,704 mm ( 67.1 in ) 1991 -- 93 Wagon : 1,714 mm ( 67.5 in ) 1,695 mm ( 67 in ) ( all bodystyles in Japan ) Height 1989 -- 91 Coupe : 1,369 mm ( 53.9 in ) 1989 -- 91 Sedan : 1,389 mm ( 54.7 in ) 1991 Wagon : 1,400 mm ( 55.1 in ) 1991 -- 93 Coupe : 1,326 mm ( 52.2 in ) 1991 -- 93 Wagon : 1,351 mm ( 53.2 in ) 1991 -- 93 Sedan : 1,341 mm ( 52.8 in ) Curb weight 1,237 kg ( 2,728 lb ) Pre-facelift Honda Accord ( Spain ) Engine Interior The 4th generation Accord , introduced on the `` CB '' chassis , was unveiled in 1989 for the 1990 model year . Although much larger than its predecessor the sedan 's styling was evolutionary , featuring the same low slung design and wraparound rear window as the 3rd generation Accord . For the first time a 3 - door hatchback was no longer available internationally . This was one of the first U.S. production cars to feature optic reflectors with completely clear lenses on the headlamps . The styling reflected influences from the flagship Honda Legend ( sold in North America as an Acura ) , as Japanese Accords were now sold at Honda Clio dealerships , where the Legend , and the Honda Inspire , were sold . The growing popularity of the Accord internationally was evident in the ever - increasing dimensions , which now matched almost exactly with the first generation Legend introduced in 1986 . For this fourth generation Accord , Honda made significant engineering design improvements . All Accords sold in North America came with a completely new all aluminium 2.2 - liter 16 - valve electronic fuel - injected engine standard , replacing the previous 2.0 - liter 12 - valve model from the past generation . Also noteworthy , all Accords equipped with automatic transmissions used an electronically controlled rear engine mount to reduce low frequency noise and vibration . The mount contained two fluid filled chambers separated by a computer controlled valve . At low engine speeds , fluid is routed through the valve damping vibration . Above 850 rpm , fluid is routed around the valve making the engine mount stiffer . In the U.S. , the LX - i and SE - i designations were dropped , being replaced with the DX , LX , and EX trim levels . The Canadian Accord trim levels varied slightly from the U.S. models with LX , EX and EX-R roughly corresponding to the American DX , LX , and EX , respectively . Fourth generation Japanese - assembled EXi Accords sold in Australia offered the same 4 - wheel steering technology as was available optionally on the U.S. Honda Prelude , but was not included on the New Zealand - assembled versions . The four - wheel steering system was also available on the Accord 's Japanese platform mate , called the Honda Ascot FTBi . U.S. Accord Coupes were available in the same DX , LX , and EX trims as the U.S. Accord Sedan ( LX , EX , and EX-R in Canada ) . A 125 - horsepower ( 93 kW ) 4 - cylinder engine was offered in the DX and LX models ( F22A1 ) , while the 1990 and 1991 EX received a 130 hp ( 97 kW ) version ( F22A4 ) . Cruise control was dropped from the DX sedan , with air conditioning remaining a dealer - installed option . The LX kept the same features as the previous generation including air conditioning , power windows , door locks , and mirrors . The 90 -- 91 EX added 5 horsepower due to a different exhaust manifold design , slightly larger exhaust piping and a twin outlet muffler. 15 - inch machined aluminum - alloy wheels , sunroof , upgraded upholstery , rear stabilizer bar and a high - power 4 - speaker stereo cassette were standard on all EX models . Some models though rare were special ordered with an anti-lock braking system ( at that time abbreviated as ALB , now all automakers refer to it as ABS ) . A redesigned manual transmission with a hydraulic clutch was standard equipment in all trims while an all - new electronically controlled 4 - speed automatic transmission was optional for all models . Some new dealer - installed accessories were now offered including a single - disc in - dash CD player or trunk mounted 6 - disc CD changer , stereo equalizer , fog lights , security system , rear wing spoiler , trunk lip spoiler , luggage rack , full and half nose mask , center armrest , window visors , sunroof visor , car cover , and a cockpit cover . Because of tightening auto safety regulations from the NHTSA , all 1990 and 1991 Accords sold in the United States came equipped with motorized shoulder belts for front passengers to comply with passive restraint mandates . These semi-automatic restraints were a two component system ; a motorized shoulder belt along with a non-integrated and manually operated seatbelt . The shoulder belts automatically raced around each window frame encircling both the driver and front seat passenger whenever the front door closed . The process reversed to release them when opened . The lap belts however , still required manual fastening . Honda of America badge ( installed on the `` C '' pillar In early 1990 for the 1991 model year , Honda unveiled the Accord wagon , manufactured at the Marysville , Ohio plant . The Ohio plant exported right - hand drive wagons and coupes to Europe and Japan , and in Europe the station wagon ( estate ) was called the `` Aerodeck '' ( in reference to the 1985 -- 1989 2 - door vehicle ) . All station wagons sold outside the United States were affixed with a small badge on the `` C '' pillar denoting the vehicle was built at the Ohio facility . European and Japanese vehicles had options not available within the U.S. including automatic climate control systems , power seats and several other minor features . The Accord Wagons were available from November 1990 , only in LX and EX trim in North America or just 2.2 i in Japan . They had larger front brakes to compensate for the added weight and unlike other U.S. Accords , included a driver 's side airbag as standard equipment . Other than a retractable tonneau cover in the rear cargo area and keyless entry on EX models , the wagons were equipped the same as their coupe and sedan counterparts . Return of the SE ( 1991 ) ( edit ) Honda reintroduced the SE ( previously SE - i ) sedan for 1991 . It returned to the lineup without the traditional Bose high powered audio system but with an AM / FM stereo cassette 4x20 watt EX audio system ; leather - trimmed steering wheel , leather seats and door panels , a fuel - injected 140 hp ( 104 kW ) engine , 4 - speed automatic transmission , and ABS as standard equipment . For the first time , a manual transmission was not offered in the SE . Two colors were available : Solaris Silver Metallic with Graphite Black interior and Brittany Blue Metallic with Ivory interior . Unlike previous editions , the 1991 SE was not equipped with uniquely styled alloy wheels but instead carried the EX model wheels . Update ( 1991 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Accords received a minor facelift in 1991 for the 1992 model year . The SE trim was dropped again but left behind its 140 hp ( 104 kW ) F22A6 engine for use in the EX models . This engine added 15 hp over the DX and LX trims and 10 hp over the 90 -- 91 EX trim due to a further revised exhaust system . The system used the same EX-SE twin outlet muffler , a revised air intake tract , a revised camshaft and a revised intake manifold using IAB butterfly valves which open at 4600 rpm to increase air intake breathing at high rpm . It was similar in design to the 92 -- 96 Prelude Si and VTEC models . For the 1992 and 1993 model years , the motorized shoulder belt system were replaced with a standard driver - side airbag and conventional shoulder / seatbelt arrangement for all but the center rear passenger . Anti-lock 4 - wheel disc brakes became standard on the EX . The front and rear facias received a more rounded and updated look . Coupe and sedan models received a new grille , new headlights , amber parking lights , slightly thinner body side molding , updated wheel designs and for the first time , the EX coupe used wheels different from the EX sedan . The sedans received restyled shortened taillights with inverted amber turn signal and backup light positions . The coupe and wagon taillights though still resembled those from the 1990 -- 1991 Accord . The coupe used the new revised inverted positioning of the signal and backup lights but the wagon taillights however remained the same as the 90 -- 91 models . EX trim levels included a radio anti-theft function to deter stereo theft . A front driver 's seat armrest was now standard on LX and EX models . Some dealer - installed accessories were dropped including the luggage rack , trunk - lip spoiler and cockpit cover . A gold finish kit was added . Coupe ( 1991 facelift ) Sedan ( 1991 facelift ) Wagon ( 1991 facelift ) 10th Anniversary Edition and return of the SE ( 1993 ) ( edit ) In 1993 , Honda introduced the 10th Anniversary Edition sedan to commemorate the 10th year of U.S. Accord production . The 10th Anniversary Edition was based on the Accord LX sedan but came equipped with several features not available in the LX trim . The upgrades included ABS , 4 - wheel disc brakes , 15 '' EX coupe six spoke alloy wheels , body colored side moldings , chin spoiler , and standard automatic transmission . Three colors were offered for the 10th Anniversary Edition : Frost White , Granada Black Pearl , and Arcadia Green Pearl . The 10th Anniversary models also included the same premium seat fabric found in EX models . The Frost White and Arcadia Green cars were paired with the same interior color as their LX / EX counterparts , Blue and Ivory , respectively . The Granada Black cars were paired with Gray interior , while the Granada Black EX had Ivory interior . The SE returned in late 1992 as both a sedan , and for the first time since the 1989 SE - i , as a coupe . The SE sedan featured standard dual front airbags ; the first Accord to do so . An 8 - button , 4 - speaker Honda - Bose audio system , automatic transmission , leather trim , body colored bumper and body side moldings were standard . The SE coupe included a factory rear wing spoiler which differed slightly in design from the already available dealer installed accessory rear wing spoiler . In Canada , the SE came with heated front seats and heated side view mirrors . Both the sedan and coupe received distinctive 15 - inch alloy wheels as well . All SE sedans during 1990 -- 1991 ( 1991 MY ) and 1992 -- 1993 ( 1993 MY ) were manufactured in Japan , while all SE coupes were produced in the U.S. The 1993 MY sedan was available in two colors : Cashmere Silver Metallic and Geneva Green Pearl , both with Ivory interior . The coupe was offered with two colors as well : Cashmere Silver Metallic and Atlantis Blue Pearl , both again with Ivory interior . Sadly , 1993 would be the swan song for the SE as an exclusive , high content , limited edition Accord model . Later generations would use a `` Special Edition '' designation rather than the previously used `` SE '' designation . These models were a combination of an Accord LX with several EX features similar to the 1993 10th Anniversary Edition LX . At the end of the model life of the CB Accord , a `` pillared hardtop '' model called the Honda Ascot Innova was launched in Japan , based on the CB Accord chassis , but with a different , much more modern - styled body , taking cues from the 1992 Honda Prelude . Honda Ascot ( edit ) Main article : Honda Ascot Japan - spec series CB Honda Ascot The 4th generation Accord spawned a sister model in 1989 called the Honda Ascot which , while mechanically identical to the Accord , featured unique sedan bodywork , although it bore a resemblance to the Accord . The Ascot was sold through the Honda Primo network in Japan while the Accord was distributed through the Honda Clio network . Honda Vigor and Honda Inspire ( edit ) Main articles : Honda Vigor and Honda Inspire 1989 Inspire 1989 Inspire Unlike previous generations of the Honda Vigor , which were simply upmarket versions of the Accord , the third generation ' CB5 ' model was spun off as a model in its own right and was based on a different platform which featured a longitudinal engine layout compared to the transverse set - up of the Accord . A sister model to the Vigor , the Honda Inspire , was also unveiled in 1989 and , bar a different front grille , front and rear lights and bumpers , sported identical bodywork . The Vigor was available in the USA and Canada under the Acura brand . Fifth generation ( 1994 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) For the first time in the model 's history , Honda developed two distinct versions of the Accord when the 5th generation model was launched in 1993 ; one version for the European market and one for the North American and Japanese market . Honda and the Rover Group created the European Accord and the Rover 600 , a reflection of the past success they had with the Honda Legend and the Rover 800 . This generation Accord was also sold in Japan as the Isuzu Aska , while some Isuzu products were sold as Honda products there also . At its introduction in 1993 , it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time . North America , Japan and Philippines ( edit ) Fifth generation Japan , North America , The Netherlands , Belgium , Germany , France , and Switzerland series CD3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 9 Overview Also called Isuzu Aska Production 1993 -- 1997 Assembly Marysville , Ohio , US ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Santa Rosa City , Laguna , Philippines Sayama , Japan Jalisco , Mexico ( Honda De México ) Nelson , New Zealand ( Honda New Zealand ) Johor Bahru , Malaysia ( OASB ) Hsinchu , Taiwan Designer Yukio Kurosu , Kohichi Hirata ( 1990 , 1992 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size Body style 2 - door coupe 4 - door sedan 5 - door station wagon Layout FF layout Related Acura CL Acura TL Acura Vigor Honda Inspire Powertrain Engine 1.8 L F18B I4 ( CD3 ) 2.0 L F20B I4 ( CD4 ) 2.0 L F20B3 I4 ( CD9 ) 2.2 L F22A3 I4 ( CD5 ) 2.2 L F22B I4 ( CD5 , CD7 ) 2.2 L F22B1 I4 ( CD5 , CD7 ) 2.2 L F22B2 I4 ( CD5 , CD7 ) 2.2 L F22B5 I4 ( CD7 , CF2 ) 2.2 L H22A I4 ( CD6 , CD8 , CF2 2.7 L C27A4 V6 ( CE6 ) Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,715 mm ( 106.9 in ) Length 1994 -- 95 Wagon : 4,770 mm ( 187.8 in ) 1994 -- 95 Sedan & Coupe : 4,674 mm ( 184.0 in ) 1996 -- 97 Coupe & Sedan : 4,714 mm ( 185.6 in ) 1996 -- 97 Wagon & V6 Sedan : 4,785 mm ( 188.4 in ) Width 1,781 mm ( 70.1 in ) Height 1994 -- 95 Wagon : 1,420 mm ( 55.9 in ) Coupe : 1,389 mm ( 54.7 in ) Sedan : 1,400 mm ( 55.1 in ) 1996 -- 97 V6 Sedan : 1,405 mm ( 55.3 in ) 1996 -- 97 LX Wagon : 1,422 mm ( 56.0 in ) 1996 -- 97 Wagon : 1,458 mm ( 57.4 in ) Curb weight 1,295 kg ( 2,855 lb ) Sedan ( pre-facelift ) Coupe ( pre-facelift ) Interior ( pre-facelift ) The 5th generation North American Accord was launched on 9 September 1993 and was based on the new ' CD ' chassis . Larger than its predecessor , primarily to better suit the requirements of the North American market , the new model grew in width but shrunk in length , leaving it classified as a mid-size car in North America . It thus became too wide to fit within the favorable tax bracket in Japan , where its role was to be partially taken over by the slightly narrower second - generation Honda Ascot ( sold at Honda Primo Japanese dealerships ) and Honda Rafaga ( sold at Honda Verno ) . Previous generations of the Accord sold in Japan were limited to a width dimension of 1,695 mm ( 67 in ) while international models were slightly wider , however this generation no longer complied . The engines offered with the Accord also exceeded the maximum limit of 2000cc to remain in the favorable `` compact '' tax bracket . The installation of a 2.0 litre engine in Japanese models made buyers liable for more annual road tax over the smaller 1.8 - litre engine , which affected sales . Development began in September 1989 , along with the design process in June 1990 . The final design was selected by an early date of 18 December 1990 and frozen in by mid-1991 . Design inconsistencies in early 1992 , caused several alterations to be made until April 1992 , when a secondary design freeze took place , ahead of scheduled 1993 production . Design patents were later filed in the United States on 16 December 1992 for the `` CD '' . Production later began at Marysville assembly on 24 August 1993 . Honda of Japan marketed four different size engines in the Japan - Spec Accord Sedan : 1.8 , 2.0 , 2.2 VTEC and 2.2 DOHC VTEC . The Japanese - spec Accord models were marketed as the following : EF , EX , 2.0 EX , 2.0 EXL , 2.2 VTE , 2.2 VTL , 2.2 VTS and SiR . All Accord versions were sold at Honda Clio locations in Japan . The fifth generation Accord became the first Accord to be built and sold in the Philippines . Coupe ( facelift ) Sedan ( facelift ) The DX , LX and EX models remained the American trim lines while Canada retained the LX , EX and EX-R . The 5 - speed manual transmission remained mostly unchanged , while the 4 - speed automatic noted for its hard shifts , now included Honda 's `` Grade - Logic '' shift program , which would prevent `` gear - hunting '' by holding the current gear while driving on a sloped incline . All Accord models received a more ergonomic interior with standard safety features such as dual airbags and reinforced side - impact beams . Exclusive to the EX was the F22B1 SOHC VTEC version of previous generation 2.2 - liter 4 - cylinder ( making 145 hp ( 108 kW ) up from 140 hp ( 104 kW ) on the previous generation EX ) , anti-lock brakes ( now an option for the LX ) , 4 - wheel disc brakes , 15 - inch alloy wheels , and a rear stabilizer bar . Leather was an option in the EX trim with leather equipped models now being referred to as EX-L . DX and LX models came equipped similarly to the previous generation and were fitted with a revised version of the previous generation 's 2.2 - liter non-VTEC 4 - cylinder engine . This F22B2 engine was rated at 130 hp ( 97 kW ) up from 125 hp ( 93 kW ) the previous generation . The Accord was again named Motor Trend Import Car of the Year for 1994 . The Accord coupe as in the previous generation looked almost exactly like the sedan , and was the last generation of the Accord to offer a wagon variant in North America until the introduction of the Accord Crosstour in 2009 . Accord Wagon LX ( U.S. ) In 1994 , the 1995 Accord debuted a V6 engine , the 2.7 L C27 borrowed from the first generation Acura Legend , in the U.S. market . The V6 was offered in both the LX and EX versions of the sedan , LX models being referred to as LX - V6 and EX models as EX-V6 . EX-V6 models came equipped similarly to the EX-L with leather seats being the only option in the EX-V6 . Addition of the taller C27 engine required substantial alterations to the CD platform , with V6 models sporting a redesigned engine layout , taller front fenders , and a different hood than I4 models ; however , these differences are difficult to spot without both models parked side - by - side . Both versions of the V6 received a dual - outlet exhaust , a 4 - speed automatic transmission , 15 - inch machined aluminum alloy wheels on the EX-V6 and 15 - inch steel wheels with full covers on the LX - V6 , and a slightly updated front grille ( which would be later used in all 96 -- 97 Accords ) . The Accord saw very few other changes for 1995 with the exception of a few different exterior and interior color combinations . In 1995 , the Accord underwent the usual mid-generation facelift for 1996 . More rounded bumpers , a slightly modified front fascia ( which was originally exclusive in the V6 models in 1995 ) with new signal lights and rear taillights gave the Accord a softer look . All Hondas now complied with the federal government 's requirement of OBD II engine diagnostics though all three engine choices remained the same . In order to increase the Accord 's competitiveness against its rivals in different international markets , Honda CEO Nobuhiko Kawamoto decided on one basic platform for the sixth - generation Accord , but with different bodies and proportions for local markets . In the U.S. , the 1996 model lineup included the 25th Anniversary Edition , a model positioned between the DX and LX . The Special Edition trim package was introduced . For the 1997 model year , Honda released the `` Special Edition '' version of the Accord ( not to be confused with the SE ) . It was offered in three colors : Heather Mist Metallic , San Marino Red and Dark Currant Pearl . The Special Edition received a factory installed security system with keyless entry , single - disc CD player , body colored side molding , distinctive alloy wheels and a sunroof . It was offered in an automatic transmission only and was fitted with the same engine as the LX . Acclaimed for its handling , the 1996 Accord has been known as one of the best handling Japanese midsized sedans of all time , posting impressive lateral g figures of up to . 89 g 's . In New Zealand , the 5th generation Accord was assembled at Honda 's manufacturing site in Nelson and was released in March 1994 . It was available in LXi , EXi and EXi - S trim levels . A facelift was released in December 1995 , which coincided with the release of VTEC engines in the upper - spec models . Trim levels were LXi , VTi , and VTi - S. These were the first NZ - market Accords to have airbags -- two in the VTi - S , one in the VTi . U.S. built coupe and wagon models of this generation were shipped to Europe with both left and right hand drive but there was no V6 option . This generation of Accord is one of the most frequently stolen cars in the U.S. The Acura Integra and Honda Civic are also popular targets for car theft . Honda Accord SiR ( 1994 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Honda of Japan produced three high - performance models of the Accord for the Japanese domestic market referred to as the SiR , which was available for sale at Honda Clio dealerships in Japan . The sports car approach to the Accord SiR was aimed at aligning the Accord with the Honda Verno sports sedan that replaced the Vigor , called the Honda Saber a platform mate shared with the Honda Inspire . The compact sedan role the Accord previously filled was now relegated to the Honda Rafaga and Ascot . The Accord SiR models came equipped with the Japan - spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine instead of the F22B1 SOHC VTEC engine found in the EX . The Japan - spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine specs were 190 bhp ( 142 kW ; 193 PS ) at 6800 rpm ; peak torque 152 lb ⋅ ft ( 206 N ⋅ m ) at 5500 rpm with a compression ratio of 10.6 : 1 . The Japan - spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine was similar to the H22A1 engine found in the North America market used in the Prelude DOHC VTEC of the same era . The Japan - built SiR sedan ( 94 -- 97 ) was available with a 5 - speed manual transmission as standard equipment or an optional `` Grade - Logic '' four - speed automatic transmission . The Honda of America - built ( HAM ) Accord SiR coupe and then the 1997 SiR wagon had the `` Grade - Logic '' four - speed automatic transmission as standard equipment ( 5 - speed manual transmission were not available for these two models ) . It came with cloth sport seats styled similar to the Prelude or optional leather seats , both exclusive to the SiR . The SiR also had some power options found on the Accord EX . The Accord SiR coupe ( 94 -- 97 ) and the Accord SiR wagon ( 1997 ) were exclusively available for the Japanese market . SiR chassis codes for the sedan were the CD6 , the coupe - CD8 and the 1997 wagon - CF2 ( production began in September 1996 for the 1997 SiR wagons which lasted for almost one year ) . The Accord SiR Coupe and the Accord SiR wagon ( 1997 ) which were exclusively built in the U.S.A at Honda 's Marysville Ohio plant ( HAM ) but were marketed for Japan export only for this particular model was not offered in North America . The Accord SiR Coupe and then Accord SiR wagon were built with the Japan - spec H22A DOHC VTEC powertrains which were shipped from Japan and were installed into the HAM - built Accord SiR models . The 1994 -- 1997 `` CD '' Accord chassis was designed for the H22A DOHC VTEC powertrain to be installed ; because the firewall was curved at the top to allow more space for the tilting backwards of the H22A DOHC VTEC engine near the middle of the firewall . The H22A DOHC VTEC engine was the most powerful inline four - cylinder engine Honda built for the Prelude and the Accord before the 1995 U.S. - spec V6 sedan . The Accord SiR suspension was improved with stiffer front sway bar ( 27.2 mmXt4. 0 mm ) , stiffer rear sway bar ( 16 mm ) , stiffer front coil springs and stiffer rear coil springs . Features for the 94 -- 95 Accord SiR models ( sedans and coupes ) included the following items : cruise control , automatic climate control ( Similar to the first generation Acura CL ) , Bose stereo system , 7,400 redline tachometer , optional electronic traction control and optional limited slip differential for automatic transmission , optional SRS and airbags , factory installed driving lights , optional factory installed `` pop up '' navigation radio head unit , sound insulation liner under front hood , black - housing headlamps , no side molding was available on the Accord SiR sedan , optional rear sunscreen , optional sunroof and power retractable outside mirrors . Features for the 96 -- 97 Accord SiR models ( sedans , coupes and wagons ) included the same as above while adding ; optional cruise control , rear window wiper on the sedan , optional leather interior and a colored side molding for the sedan as well . 1996 Accord SiR Wagon ( Japan , US import ) European model ( edit ) Fifth generation Europe Overview Also called Honda Ascot Innova Production 1993 -- 1998 Assembly Swindon , England ( HUKM ) Designer Shigeo Ueno ( 1989 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size Body style 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout Related Rover 600 Powertrain Engine 1.8 L F18A3 I4 2.0 L F20Z I4 2.2 L F22Z2 I4 2.3 L H23A3 I4 2.0 L Rover 20T2N I4 diesel Dimensions Wheelbase 2,720 mm ( 107 in ) Length 4,675 mm ( 184 in ) Width 1,715 mm ( 68 in ) Height 1,380 mm ( 54 in ) Curb weight 1,240 kg ( 2,734 lb ) - 1,375 kg ( 3,031 lb ) 1997 European - spec Accord The fifth generation Accord for the European market was unveiled in 1993 and was not related directly to the North American ' CD ' Accord . It was in fact the Japanese - market Honda Ascot Innova which was based on the previous fourth generation ' CB ' Accord . It was the result of a joint effort with the Rover Group that provided Rover with the 600 series . The exterior was designed by Shigeo Ueno in 1989 . In 1996 , the European Accord received a minor facelift and was given a new front end ( new headlights , bumper , bonnet and grill ) and slightly different taillights ( see images ) . The styling of the facelifted Accord remained identical to the styling of the Ascot Innova ( although the frameless doors were replaced with conventional items ) and featured the design language first introduced on the 5th generation Honda Civic . The styling of the European Accord differed dramatically from the North American which featured a more conventional saloon styling compared to the European model 's low slung , fastback inspired look which also incorporated rear quarter windows . The facelifted Accord was also equipped with two airbags as standard . However , the European Accord did not spawn an estate nor a coupé version , Honda instead opting to import the coupé and estate ( Aerodeck ) versions of the North American Accord . The diesel model of the Accord was fitted with the direct injection Rover L - Series diesel engine , as also fitted in the Rover 600 . Rover 600 ( edit ) Rover 600 As part of the tie - up with the Rover Group the European Accord spawned Rover 's replacement for the Austin Montego in 1993 . Called the 600 , the car shared its platform with the European Accord and , with the exception of the front doors , lower rear doors and windscreen , sported unique styling which dispensed with the rear quarter windows . The interior design of the 600 was very similar to the Accord 's however , while the dashboard design was identical . Sixth generation ( 1998 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( sixth generation ) Honda Accord ( Australia ) Honda Accord ( Australia ) For the sixth generation , Honda split the Accord into three separate models , designed for the Japanese , North American , and European markets . However , the wagon was discontinued in North America while the coupe was discontinued in Japan . This generation also spawned two distinctively branded performance versions for European and Japanese domestic markets , dubbed Type R and Euro R , respectively . See also : Honda Type R On the origin of these models , it is rumored that with the advent of the sixth generation Accord , `` Honda England were let loose to build a car that would compete with Subaru 's Impreza , and Mitsubishi 's Evo . They came up with the Accord Type R , a lightened ( 1200 kg ) track version with no sound deadening and few luxuries ( listed below ) '' . Honda Japan followed suit in 2000 , `` took the Accord Type R and developed the Accord Euro - R ( hence the ' Euro'pean tag ) '' which has a double wishbone front and 5 - link rear suspension system , stiffer suspension and chassis , Helical limited - slip - differential , twin - piston brakes , dual twin silencer exhaust system , 16 - inch alloy wheels , A exclusive `` red - top '' engine cover , white badged Euro - R meters , a strut tower bar , an exclusive Euro - R aluminium shift knob , high - intensity discharge ( HID ) headlights , fog lights , body coloured retractable electric door mirrors , power windows , key less entry , air conditioning , driver and passenger SRS air bags , and ABS. Recaro seats and a leather - trimmed Momo steering wheel . As an option , there was a distinctive tall and functional rear spoiler wing that most customers opted for . The Accord Type - R featured 209 bhp ( 212ps , 155.9 Kw ) @ 7,200 rpm and 164 lb ft ( 222 N m ) @ 6,700 , while the Euro - R variant featured an improved H22A engine with 217 bhp ( 220ps , 161.8 Kw ) @ 7200 rpm and 164 lb - ft ( 220 - Nm ) @ 5500rpm . Apart from an improved H22A engine , Euro - R badged meters , and exclusive Euro - R aluminium shift knob , The JDM Accord / Torneo Euro - R and Accord Type - R are very similar . The Accord / Torneo Euro - R was later succeeded by the seventh generation Accord Euro - R , see article below for details . Seventh generation ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The seventh generation of the Accord was launched in 2002 ( 2003 model year in North America ) , and consists of two separate models ; one for the Japanese and European markets , and the other for North America . However , both were in fact sold in many other markets , fueled by the popular Cog advertisement for the Accord . Euro R trim continued into this generation as performance model for Japanese market , making use of K20 engine producing 220 hp , however , European performance model was renamed Type S and used larger K24 engine tuned to produce 190 hp . Japan and Europe ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( Japan and Europe seventh generation ) Seventh generation ( Japan and Europe ) Seventh generation ( Japan and Europe ) The European and Japanese Accords were integrated on the previous Japanese Accord 's chassis , but with a new body . No longer made in Swindon , those Accords were made in Japan , and came in both sedan and estate form . At its introduction in 2003 , it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for a record third time . In Europe the car featured a 2.0 i - VTEC with 152BHP , a 2.4 i - VTEC with 187BHP , and an `` exceptional '' 2.2 i - CDTi turbo diesel engine with initially 138BHP and 340Nm of torque , while doing 51MPG on the EU combined cycle . This model was sold in certain markets such as Fiji , Australia and New Zealand as the `` Accord Euro '' and in North America as the Acura TSX . Accord Euro R ( CL7 , 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The Honda Accord Euro R ( CL7 ) was launched in October 2002 , succeeding the previous Euro R ( CL1 ) . A lightened and more sports focused variant of the Japanese car the Accord Euro R was powered by the K20A 2.0 L DOHC i - VTEC engine producing 220 bhp ( 217 hp , 162 kW @ 8000 rpm ) and 21.0 kg - m ( 206 Nm @ 7000 rpm ) of torque through the only option of a lightweight 6 - speed manual transmission . The same engine can be found in the JDM Integra Type R ( DC5 ) . The Accord Euro - R was available to the Japanese Domestic Market and Europe . Some features that distinguish it are the Recaro seats , the body kit , a MOMO steering wheel , lightweight 17 - inch alloys and a special aluminium gearknob found only in Honda 's Type R variants . North America and asia pacific ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( North America seventh generation ) Honda Accord ( North America ) Honda Accord ( North America ) The North American Accord grew in size yet again , becoming a vastly different car than its Japanese and European counterpart . This generation was available in both coupe and sedan forms , while a hybrid model was introduced in early 2005 . For 2006 , it was significantly updated . This Accord was the first to use wheels with five lug nuts instead of the traditional four on 4 - cylinder models . The 4 - cylinder version came with 161 horsepower ( 120 kW ) and 160 pound - feet ( 220 N ⋅ m ) ( 166 horsepower ( 124 kW ) and 161 pound - feet ( 218 N ⋅ m ) for 2005 -- 2007 models ) K24A1 2397 cc 4 cyl engine mated to a 5 - speed automatic or 5 - speed manual . The 4 - cylinder engine also utilized a timing chain instead of a timing belt . For 2003 , Honda began to offer a more aggressive Accord Coupe , equipped with the 240 horsepower ( 180 kW ) and 212 pound - feet ( 287 N ⋅ m ) ( 244 horsepower ( 182 kW ) and 211 pound - feet ( 286 N ⋅ m ) for 2006 -- 2007 models ) J30A4 2997cc V6 mated to a 6 - speed manual transmission borrowed from the Acura TL Type S ( without a limited slip differential ) . This coupe came with 17 - inch wheels ( that varied between the 03 - 05 and 06 - 07 models ) , strut tower bar , perforated leather seating , carbon fiber dash pieces , and an upgraded 180 watt stereo system . Because of the ability to maintain activation of the VTEC system all the way through hard acceleration , the Accord EX V6 6 - speed ran from 0 -- 60 MPH in just 5.9 seconds according to Car and Driver , more than a second faster than the automatic version . For 2006 , Honda offered this engine and transmission combination in the sedan , which only lasted through 2007 . This model was also sold in Japan as the Honda Inspire from 2003 to 2008 . In China the model got the name Guangzhou - Honda Accord and was sold from 2003 up to December 2009 . The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) has crash test ratings of Accord of different model years : Model year Model Type Frontal driver rating Frontal passenger rating Side driver rating Side passenger rating 4x2 rollover 2003 Accord 4dr Accord 4dr w / SAB 2005 Accord 2dr w / SAB 2006 Accord 4dr w / SAB 2007 Accord 2dr w / SAB The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found 2003 -- 04 Accords had the lowest fatality rates in the non-luxury midsize sedan class Eighth generation ( 2008 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Accord in Japan and Europe and Spirior in China ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( Japan and Europe eighth generation ) 2008 Accord ( Japan and Europe ) 2008 Accord ( Japan and Europe ) The updated Accord for the Japanese and European markets went on sale in mid-2008 . It is also sold as the Accord Euro in the Australia and New Zealand markets , and as the Acura TSX in North America . It is available as both a sedan and a station wagon . In the People 's Republic of China , a version of the sedan is sold as the Honda Spirior which later on developed an independent second generation . Production started in August 2009 in China , by Dongfeng Honda . Production ended at the end of February 2015 for Australia and New Zealand spec models . It is expected there will be enough stock to last until the end of 2015 . Sales in Europe was discontinued in 2015 . In Europe , the car maintained the 2.0 and 2.4 i - VTEC gasoline ( upped to 156 and 198BHP respectively ) , whilst a new 2.2 i - DTEC diesel engine provided 147BHP / 258 ft / lbs in standard trim levels , and 177BHP / 280 ft / lbs in Type - S sports trim level . This allowed the Accord to go 0 -- 100 in 8.5 seconds , and still do 50MPG on the EU Combined cycle . Accord in North America and China and Inspire in Japan ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( North America eighth generation ) 2008 -- 2012 Accord ( U.S. and China ) 2008 -- 2012 Accord ( U.S. and China ) The North American version of the Accord has a different body from its Japanese counterpart . This shape is sold as the Honda Inspire in Japan , and is not sold in Europe . It was discontinued in Japan in September 2012 . Larger than the previous model , the sedan is now classified as a full - size car by EPA standards . A coupe version is available , as well as a Crosstour fastback model , which was introduced in the US for the 2010 model year . Engines include a 2.4 Liter 4 - cylinder rated at 177 bhp ( 132 kW ) with 161 lb ⋅ ft ( 218 N ⋅ m ) for Lx - Se sedans and 190 bhp ( 142 kW ) with 162 lb ⋅ ft ( 220 N ⋅ m ) for EX-Ex - l and LX - S sedans and coupes ; as well as a 3.5 Liter V6 rated at 272 bhp ( 203 kW ) and 254 lb ⋅ ft ( 344 N ⋅ m ) . In Australia , New Zealand , Sri Lanka , India , Thailand , Indonesia and Singapore , this car which is assembled in Thailand , is sold as the Accord in left or right hand drive forms . In Malaysia , the Accord is locally assembled . In Hong Kong , this car is made in Japan and sold as the Accord , and in Taiwan , the Accord is locally assembled . In China , Guangqi Honda also makes this vehicle with 2.0 L , 2.4 L and 3.5 L engines . Guangqi began making the Accord Crosstour in 2010 . In Malaysia , the eighth generation is also rebadged as the Proton Perdana from December 2013 and is used by government officials . It is assembled at the Honda - DRB plant in HICOM Industrial Park Pegoh , Alor gajah , Melaka . Ninth generation ( 2013 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda Accord ( ninth generation ) Honda Accord 2.4 i - VTEC ( Singapore ; pre-facelift ) Honda Accord VTi - L ( Malaysia ; pre-facelift ) Honda Accord VTi ( Australia ; facelift ) For the ninth - generation Accord , Honda appointed Shoji Matsui , who served as an engineer on the Accord platform from 1985 to 1996 , as lead project manager . It is the first Honda vehicle to be completely developed under the administration of Honda CEO Takanobu Ito . Honda revealed the Accord Coupe Concept at the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . In August 2012 , the company released initial details pertaining to the 2013 Accord sedan , and production versions of both the sedan and coupe were fully unveiled in early September 2012 . The Accord sedan went on sale on 19 September 2012 in the United States , with the coupe following on 15 October . Corresponding release dates in Canada for the sedan and coupe models are 24 September 2012 and 1 November 2012 , respectively . In February 2013 , the Accord was scheduled to enter the Russian market . In June 2013 , the Accord hybrid and plug - in hybrid were introduced to the Japanese market , with the discontinuation of the Honda Inspire , serving as Honda 's large sedan and one level below the Honda Legend . From 2014 , Honda exports Accord to the Middle & Near East , Africa , members of CIS and others from China . Tenth generation ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) Tenth generation 2018 Accord LX 1.5 T Overview Production Sept 2017 -- present Model years 2018 -- present Assembly Marysville , Ohio ( Marysville Auto Plant ) Sayama , Japan Ayutthaya , Thailand Guangzhou , China ( Guangqi Honda ) Designer Toshinobu Minami ( exterior : 2015 ) Yosuke Shimizu ( interior : 2015 ) Powertrain Engine 1.5 L L15B7 I4 ( turbo ) 2.0 L K20 I4 ( turbo ) Transmission Continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) 10 - speed automatic 6 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 2,830 mm Length 4,852 mm Width 1,850 mm Rear view Honda unveiled the Accord 4 - door sedan on 14 July 2017 . Production began on 18 September 2017 , and sales began on 18 October 2017 in the United States as a 2018 model . It was also released in Canada on 27 October 2017 . The vehicle is equipped with standard Honda Sensing on all models , and a base 1.5 litre turbo - charged engine . The optional 2.0 litre turbo - charged engine was available beginning December 2017 . Awards ( edit ) Motor Trend 's `` Import Car of the Year '' for 1994 . Car and Driver 's recipient of the 10 Best in recognition for 31 of the last 35 years . Voted `` Car of the Year Japan '' in 1985 , 1993 and 2002 . 2008 Drive 's `` Car of the Year '' . South African Car of the Year 2009 The JB car pages awarded the 2008 -- 2011 Accord a best - in - class 4 1 / 2 Star rating . 2013 Canadian Car of the Year 2014 Green Car of the Year . 2018 North American Car of the Year Motorsport ( edit ) James Thompson , Accord Euro R , 2008 WTCC round , Imola The Accord Euro R was used in the 2008 World Touring Car Championship season and the 2009 European Touring Car Cup , and won the 1996 Japanese Touring Car Championship season and the 1997 British Touring Car Championship season . The 3 Crowns Racing team were the champions of the 2004 Asian Touring Car Series , and Golden Motors won the 2007 Russian Touring Car Championship . Driver Matt Dooley posted an impressive 10 minutes 36 seconds on a 12 - mile portion of NC - 80 , also known as The Devil 's Whip , on 28 March 2013 . The road was closed for the event . Year Championship Result Japanese Touring Car Championship British Touring Car Championship 5 North American Touring Car Championship 1997 Japanese Touring Car Championship 1997 British Touring Car Championship 1998 British Touring Car Championship 1999 British Touring Car Championship 1999 Super Tourenwagen Cup 2000 British Touring Car Championship Asian Touring Car Series 2006 World Touring Car Championship 2007 Russian Touring Car Championship 2008 World Touring Car Championship 2008 Italian Superturismo Championship 2008 Swedish Touring Car Championship 2009 European Touring Car Cup European Touring Car Cup 2011 European Touring Car Cup 2012 European Touring Car Cup 6 Sales ( edit ) Honda Accord sales in the US , 1976 -- present Calendar year Total US sales 1976 18,643 1977 75,995 1978 120,841 1979 157,919 1980 185,972 1981 172,557 1982 195,524 222,137 1984 256,650 1985 268,420 1986 325,004 334,876 362,663 362,707 417,179 1991 399,297 393,477 330,030 367,615 1995 341,384 382,298 1997 384,609 1998 401,071 1999 404,192 2000 404,515 Calendar year Total US sales 414,718 2002 398,980 2003 397,750 386,770 2005 369,293 2006 354,441 2007 392,231 2008 372,789 2009 290,056 311,381 2011 235,625 2012 331,872 2013 366,678 2014 388,374 2015 355,557 2016 345,225 2017 322,655 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Accord Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Accord Overview '' . Honda . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfcale , James . `` The Top Ten Hondas of All Time '' . DriveCult . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Accord -- Accord , Torneo , Accord Wagon '' ( Press release ) . Honda . 4 September 1997 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Niedermeyer , Paul . `` Curbside Classic : 1976 Honda Accord -- Modern Architecture '' . Curbside Classics . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Accord ( 1976 ) '' . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Honda Accord vs. 2007 Toyota Camry -- Head to Head '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 most reliable cars of the last decade ( in order ) '' . Gizmag.com. 21 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Siler , Steve . `` 2016 Honda Accord Sedan '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Beats Ford Taurus as Top Selling Car of 1989 IN U.S. '' Deseret News . 26 January 1990 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Leeps ( 4 June 1989 ) . `` Rust Busters '' . New Straits Times / Google News Archive . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ von Fersen , Olaf ( 6 March 1980 ) . `` Automobiltechnik an der Zeitenwende / La technique de l'automobile à un tournant '' ( Automobile technology at a turning point ) . Automobil Revue ' 80 ( in German and French ) . Berne , Switzerland : Hallwag , AG . 75 : 105 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Autocar. 4228 ( 147 ) : 16 -- 17 . 19 November 1977 . ^ Jump up to : Hogg , Tony ( ed . ) . `` 1981 Buyer 's Guide '' . Road & Track 's Road Test Annual & Buyer 's Guide 1981 ( January -- February 1981 ) : 99 . Jump up ^ US D272137 Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord History '' . Edmunds.com. 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Old School JDM Sat - Nav '' . grandJDM . Archived from the original on 28 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . Jump up ^ 自動車 ガイド ブック ( Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1983 - 84 ) ( in Japanese ) , 30 , Japan : Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association , 1983 - 10 - 28 , pp. 216 -- 217 , 0053 - 830030 - 3400 Jump up ^ Automobile Guide Book 1983 - 84 , p. 159 Jump up ^ 自動車 ガイド ブック ( Japanese Motor Vehicles Guide Book 1984 ~ ' 85 ) ( in Japanese ) , 31 , Japan : Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association , 1984 - 10 - 20 , p. 112 , 0053 - 840031 - 3400 Jump up ^ As quoted in Japanese market sales brochure for the Accord Jump up ^ Japanese television commercial for the Aero Deck . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Taylor III , Alex ( 10 September 1990 ) . `` Japan 's new U.S. car strategy '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben D'Cunha ( 26 December 1993 ) . `` In accord with success '' . New Straits Times / Google News Archive . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Car Is Born '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 12 September 1993 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patent USD347806 -- Automobile -- Google Patents '' . Google . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Andres , Anton. `` 40 years of Honda Accord ( Jul 14 , 2016 ) '' . Autoindustriya.com . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Wheels '' . nicb.org/ . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Jack ; Road&Track Magazine , December 1993 Ampersand - Letter from Japan `` The Pride of Marysville and its Japanese Siblings '' p53 Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord History '' . world.honda.com . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Jack ; Road&Track Magazine , July 1994 Ampersand `` Eagles are landing in Japan '' p64 - 67 Jump up ^ `` Patent USD347805 -- Automobile -- Google Patents '' . Google . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Accord Type R or Euro R ? -- Page 2 '' . Honda - Tech . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Reviews '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Acura TSX Reviews '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Saloon '' . Parkers. 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Honda Accord , Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ? on Honda Accord 4cyl timing chain yrs '' . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 -- 2010 Search Results by Model '' . NHTSA.GOV . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 15 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Saloon 2.2 i - DTEC TYPE - S 4d -- Facts and Figures '' . Parkers. 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Honda Accord Crosstour Preview '' . JB car pages . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord : The Ninth Generation '' ( Press release ) . American Honda Motor . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Accord Will Hit Russia in February 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Successful Shipment of Accord by Honda Automobile ( China ) Co. , Ltd '' . Honda Automobile ( China ) Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A2JA_2016_%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E5%BA%81.pdf Jump up ^ https://www4.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/eng/ishou/iskt_en/ISKT_EN_GM301_Detailed.action Jump up ^ 1574033 Jump up ^ `` 2018 Honda Accord World Debut '' ( Press release ) . American Honda Motor . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosevear , John ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` Honda Sharpens Its All - New 2018 Accord to Steal SUV Sales '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Completely Redesigned 2018 Honda Accord to Arrive At Dealerships This Fall '' . Cambridge Centre Honda . 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Motor Trend Import Cars of the Year Complete Winners List '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 10Best Cars -- 10Best Cars / Best / Worst Lists / High Performance / Hot Lists / Reviews / Car and Driver '' . Car And Driver . 23 March 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 10Best Cars -- 10Best Cars -- Auto Reviews '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 10Best Cars '' . Car And Driver . November 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 日本 カー ・ オブ ・ ザ ・ イヤー 2008 -- 2009 公式 サイト '' . Jcoty.org . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DCOTY 2008 : The Overall Winner -- Honda Accord V6 '' . Drive.com.au . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Wins SA Car of the Year 2009 '' . SACarFan.co.za . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Reviews & News '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Priddle , Alisa ( 21 November 2013 ) . `` Honda Accord named Green Car of the Year '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The North American Car , Utility and Truck of the Year Awards Names Honda Accord , Volvo XC60 , Lincoln Navigator 2018 Winners '' . northamericancaroftheyear.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://news.honda.com/newsandviews/local_news_content/%5B5147g%5D_Honda_2015_Digital_FactBook.pdf Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Record '' ( Press release ) . Honda . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Records Powered by Demand for Cars and Trucks '' ( Press release ) . Honda . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.hondanews.com/releases/american-honda-sets-3rd-straight-annual-sales-record-with-best-ever-december?page=3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Accord . Accord at Honda Worldwide Honda Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Acura American Honda Honda Canada Canada Manufacturing Aircraft Performance Development India Motorcycles Racing F1 Taiwan China ( 65 % ) UK Joint ventures and shareholdings Bangladesh Honda Private Limited ( 70 % ) Dongfeng Honda ( 50 % ) GE Honda Aero Engines ( 50 % ) Guangqi Honda ( 50 % ) Everus Mobilityland ( 100 % ) Aircraft MH01 MH02 HA - 420 Honda Cars Accord Accord Hybrid Amaze Brio / Brio Satya City / Grace / Greiz Civic Civic Si Crider CR - Z Clarity Elipe Fit / Jazz Gienia Legend N - Box N - One NSX Robins S660 Spirior Pickup trucks Acty Ridgeline Crossovers / SUVs Avancier / UR - V BR - V CR - V Pilot / MR - V Vezel / HR - V / XR - V Vans Acty Freed Jade Mobilio Odyssey ( International ) / Elysion Odyssey ( North America ) Stepwgn Tambor Vamos / Vamos Hobio Historic and discontinued 1300 Airwave / Partner Ascot Avancier Ballade Beat Capa City / Jazz Civic Type R Civic Hybrid Civic GX CR - X CR - X del Sol Crossroad Crosstour Concerto Domani Doal Element Elysion EV Plus FR - V Horizon Inspire Insight Integra Life Dunk Life Lily Logo Mobilio Spike N360 N600 Orthia / Partner Passport Prelude Quint Rafaga S500 S600 S800 S2000 S - MX Stream T360 / T500 That 's Today Torneo Tourmaster Z Zest Racing Curtiss Special R800 R1300 RA270 RA271 RA272 RA273 RA300 RA301 RA302 RC100 RA099 RA106 RA107 RA108 Aguri SA05 Aguri SA06 Aguri SA07 Aguri SA08 HSV - 010 GT Acura ARX - 01 Acura ARX - 02 ARX - 03 HPD ARX - 04b Concept Argento Vivo Dualnote FC Sport FCV Concept HP - X HSC J - VX New Small Concept OSM Quilt Remix Spocket U-3X Urban EV Concept WOW Bikes Motorcycles CB series CBF series CBR series CG125 CJ series CM / CMX series CR series CRF series CTX series CX series DN - 01 Fury GL series NC700 series NR series NSR series RC series ST series VF / VFR series VT series VTX series XR / XL series XRE300 Transalp Africa Twin Deauville Bros / HawkGT NX250 Pacific Coast TL Series ( Reflex ) Valkyrie X4 Scooters Activa Aero Big Ruckus Dio Elite Express Helix Juno CHF50 Motocompo NH series Reflex Ruckus Sparta Spree Ruckus / Zoomer Silver Wing Vision Other Ape Click / Vario CT series Cub F Cub series Gyro Integra NM4 Motra P50 PA50 PC50 ST series / Dax Wave series Winner Z series Engines A-series B - series B20A C - series CVCC D - series E-series E07A F - series F20C G - series H - series J - series K - series L - series Circle L Diesel N - series Diesel P - engine R - series VTEC I - DSi Honda HI3R Honda HI4R Honda HI5R Honda HI6R Honda HI7R Honda HI8R Honda HI9R Honda HI10R Honda HI11R Honda HI12RT Honda HI13RT Honda HI14TT Honda HI15TT Honda HI16TT Honda HI17TT Honda HI18TT Aero - Engines HFX - 01 Turbofan HFX20 Turbofan HF118 Turbofan HF120 Turbofan Robots Honda E series Honda P series ASIMO People Soichiro Honda Takeo Fujisawa Tadashi Kume Shoichiro Irimajiri Nobuhiko Kawamoto Takeo Fukui Tadao Baba Takahiro Hachigo Other Honda Type R Honda Collection Hall Honda FC Mugen Motorsports Keihin Corporation Showa Corporation Internavi Suzuka Circuit Twin Ring Motegi Autobacs Racing Team Aguri Super Aguri F1 Team Takuma Sato Gil de Ferran Jenson Button Geier v. 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Oberg Honda Malaysia Racing Team Commons `` previous -- Honda road car timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Kei car Today Today Life Life Life Today Associe Life That 's N - ONE Life Dunk Zest N - WGN Acty Street Street N - BOX Vamos Subcompact City / Jazz City Logo Brio City Brio Amaze Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Ballade Ballade Concerto Domani Fit Aria / City City City / Grace Compact Domani Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Civic Quint Quint Integra Integra Integra Integra Ascot Innova Integra SJ Accord Accord Accord Accord CB Accord CD Accord CF Insight Vigor Vigor Ascot Ascot Torneo Vigor Rafaga Accord Inspire Accord CB3 / CC Accord CG7 / CH5 Crider Mid-size Vigor Accord CG Accord CL Accord CU Accord CR Inspire Inspire / Saber Inspire / Saber Inspire / Accord UC FCX Clarity Clarity Full - size Inspire / Accord CP Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend Coupé Ballade Sports CR - X CR - X Civic Coupe Civic Coupe Insight CR - Z Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Legend Coupe Legend Coupe Roadster Beat S2000 S660 Convertible City Cabriolet CR - X del Sol Sport compact Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Integra Type R Integra Type R Sports car Accord Type R Accord Euro - R Torneo Euro - R NSX NSX NSX Type R NSX - R Mini Crossover Z HR - V Vezel / HR - V Compact Crossover Crossroad Crossroad Element CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crossover Crosstour Pilot Pilot SUV Jazz Passport Passport Pilot Horizon MDX MDX MDX Crossroad Station wagon Civic Country Civic Shuttle Civic Shuttle Orthia Airwave Fit Shuttle Fit Shuttle Accord Wagon CB9 Accord Wagon CEI Accord Wagon CF6 Accord Wagon CM Accord Tourer CW Avancier Avancier Mini MPV Capa Mobilio Spike Freed Spike Freed Spike EV Plus Mobilio Mobilio Compact MPV Stream Stream S - MX Edix / FR - V Jade Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Minivan Shuttle Odyssey RA6 Odyssey RB Odyssey RB3 Odyssey RC Odyssey LaGreat / Odyssey RL Odyssey RL3 Odyssey RL5 Elysion Elysion Pickup Tourmaster Ridgeline Ridgeline Microvan Acty Van Acty Acty Acty Van City Pro Civic Van Civic Pro Civic Pro Partner Van Partner 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 ( hide ) Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Insight Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit Compact Insight Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord Clarity Full - size Accord Sedan Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Sport compact CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Sports car S2000 Crossover Mini HR - V Compact Element CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crosstour Pilot Pilot Pilot Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Accord&oldid=826069167 '' Categories : Honda vehicles Cars introduced in 1976 Compact cars Coupés Euro NCAP large family cars Front - wheel - drive vehicles Full - size vehicles Mid-size cars Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Plug - in hybrid vehicles Sedans Station wagons Touring cars Vehicles with four - wheel steering Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 00 : 49 . 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who was the chocolate pilot and why was that his nickname | Halvorsen grew up in rural Utah but always had a desire to fly . He earned his private pilot 's license in 1941 and then joined the Civil Air Patrol . He joined the United States Army Air Forces in 1942 and was assigned to Germany on July 10 , 1948 to be a pilot for the Berlin Airlift . Halvorsen piloted C - 47s and C - 54s during the Berlin airlift ( `` Operation Vittles '' ) . During that time he founded `` Operation Little Vittles '' , an effort to raise morale in Berlin by dropping candy via miniature parachute to the city 's residents . Halvorsen began `` Little Vittles '' with no authorization from his superiors but over the next year became a national hero with support from all over the United States . Halvorsen 's operation dropped over 23 tons of candy to the residents of Berlin . He became known as the `` Berlin Candy Bomber '' , `` Uncle Wiggly Wings '' , and `` The Chocolate Flier '' . | Gail Halvorsen | gail halvorsen | Colonel Gail Seymour `` Hal '' Halvorsen ( born October 10 , 1920 ) is a retired officer and command pilot in the United States Air Force . He is best known as the `` Berlin Candy Bomber '' or `` Uncle Wiggly Wings '' and gained fame for dropping candy to German children during the Berlin airlift from 1948 to 1949 . | Halvorsen grew up in rural Utah but always had a desire to fly . He earned his private pilot 's license in 1941 and then joined the Civil Air Patrol . He joined the United States Army Air Forces in 1942 and was assigned to Germany on July 10 , 1948 to be a pilot for the Berlin Airlift . Halvorsen piloted C - 47s and C - 54s during the Berlin airlift ( `` Operation Vittles '' ) . During that time he founded `` Operation Little Vittles '' , an effort to raise morale in Berlin by dropping candy via miniature parachute to the city 's residents . Halvorsen began `` Little Vittles '' with no authorization from his superiors but over the next year became a national hero with support from all over the United States . Halvorsen 's operation dropped over 23 tons of candy to the residents of Berlin . He became known as the `` Berlin Candy Bomber '' , `` Uncle Wiggly Wings '' , and `` The Chocolate Flier '' . Halvorsen has received numerous awards for his role in `` Operation Little Vittles '' , including the Congressional Gold Medal . However , `` Little Vittles '' was not the end of Halvorsen 's military and humanitarian career . Over the next 25 years Halvorsen advocated for and performed candy drops in Bosnia - Herzegovina , Albania , Japan , Guam , and Iraq . Halverson 's professional career included various notable positions . He helped to develop reusable manned aircraft at the Directorate of Space and Technology and served as commander of the Templehof Airport . He retired in August 1974 after logging over 8,000 flying hours . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Operation `` Little Vittles '' 3 Professional career 4 Personal life 5 Legacy 5.1 Awards 5.2 Humanitarian work 6 References in media 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Gail Seymour Halvorsen was born in Salt Lake City on October 10 , 1920 to Basil K. and Luella Spencer Halvorsen . He grew up on small farms first in Rigby , Idaho and then in Garland , Utah . He graduated from Bear River High School in 1939 and then briefly attended Utah State University . He went on to earn his private pilot license under the non-college Civilian Pilot Training Program in September 1941 , and at about the same time joined the Civil Air Patrol as a pilot . Halvorsen joined the United States Army Air Corps in May 1942 and was 22 when he arrived in Miami to train with 25 Royal Air Force pilots at the No. 3 British Flying Training School , a branch of the Spartan School of Aeronautics . After fighter pilot training with the RAF , he returned to the Army Air Corps and was assigned flight duties in foreign transport operations in the South Atlantic Theater . He was ordered to Germany on July 10 , 1948 to be a pilot for `` Operation Vittles '' known now as the Berlin Airlift . Operation `` Little Vittles '' ( edit ) Main article : Berlin Blockade Halvorsen , who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with handmade miniature parachutes , which later became known as `` Operation Little Vittles '' . Lieutenant Halvorsen 's role in the Berlin Airlift was to fly one of many C - 54 cargo planes used to ferry supplies into the starving city . During his flights he would first fly to Berlin , then deeper into Soviet - controlled areas . Halvorsen had an interest in photography and on his days off often went sightseeing in Berlin and shot film on his personal handheld movie camera . One day in July , he was filming plane takeoffs and landings at Tempelhof , the main landing site for the airlift . While there , he saw about thirty children lined up behind one of the barbed - wire fences . He went to meet them and noticed that the children had nothing . Halvorsen remembers : `` I met about thirty children at the barbed wire fence that protected Tempelhof 's huge area . They were excited and told me that ' when the weather gets so bad that you ca n't land , do n't worry about us . We can get by on a little food , but if we lose our freedom , we may never get it back . ' '' Touched , Halvorsen reached into his pocket and took out two sticks of gum to give to the children . The kids broke it into little pieces and shared it ; the ones who did not get any sniffed the wrappers . Watching the children , so many of whom had absolutely nothing , Halvorsen regretted not having more to give them . Halvorsen recorded that he wanted to do more for the children , and so told them that the following day he would have enough gum for all of them , and he would drop it out of his plane . According to Halvorsen , one child asked `` How will we know it is your plane ? '' to which Halvorsen responded that he would wiggle his wings , something he had done for his parents when he first got his pilot 's license in 1941 . That night Halverson , his copilot , and his engineer pooled their candy rations for the next day 's drop . The accumulated candy was heavy , so in order to ensure the children were not hurt by the falling candy , Halvorsen made three parachutes out of handkerchiefs and tied them to the rations . In the morning when Halverson and his crew made regular supply drops , they also dropped three boxes of candy attached to handkerchiefs . They made these drops once a week for three weeks . Each week , the group of children waiting at the Tempelhof airport fence grew significantly . When word reached the airlift commander , Lieutenant General William H. Tunner , he ordered it expanded into Operation `` Little Vittles , '' a play on the airlift 's name of Operation Vittles . Operation Little Vittles began officially on September 22 , 1948 . Support for this effort to provide the children of Berlin with chocolate and gum grew quickly , first among Halvorsen 's friends , then to the whole squadron . As news of Operation Little Vittles reached the United States , children and candymakers from all over the US began contributing candy . By November 1948 , Halvorsen could no longer keep up with the amount of candy and handkerchiefs being sent from across America . College student Mary C. Connors of Chicopee , Massachusetts offered to take charge of the now national project and worked with the National Confectioner 's Association to prepare the candy and tie the handkerchiefs . With the groundswell of support , Little Vittles pilots , of which Halvorsen was now one of many , were dropping candy every other day . Children all over Berlin had sweets , and more and more artwork was getting sent back with kind letters attached to them . The American candy bombers became known as the Rosinenbomber ( Raisin Bombers ) , while Halvorsen himself became known by many nicknames to the children of Berlin , including his original moniker of `` Uncle Wiggly Wings , '' as well as `` The Chocolate Uncle '' , `` The Gum Drop Kid '' and `` The Chocolate Flier . '' Operation `` Little Vittles '' was in effect from September 22 , 1948 to May 13 , 1949 . Although Lieutenant Halvorsen returned home in January 1949 , he passed on leadership of the operation to one of his friends , Captain Lawrence Caskey . Upon his return home , Halvorsen met with several individuals who were key in making Operation `` Little Vittles '' a success . Halvorsen personally thanked his biggest supporter Dorothy Groeger , a homebound woman who nonetheless enlisted the help of all of her friends and acquaintances to sew handkerchiefs and donate funds . He also met the schoolchildren and `` Little Vittles '' committee of Chicopee , Massachusetts who were responsible for preparing over 18 tons of candy and gum from across the country and shipping it to Germany . In total , it is estimated that Operation `` Little Vittles '' was responsible for dropping over 23 tons of candy from over 250,000 parachutes . Professional career ( edit ) Gail Halvorsen ca . 1983 After returning home in January 1949 , Halvorsen considered the idea of leaving the air force . He changed his mind , however , when he was offered a permanent commission with full pay and the promise that the air force would send him to school . In 1951 and 1952 he earned bachelor 's and master 's degrees in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Florida as an assignment from the Air Force Institute of Technology . He went on to be the project engineer for cargo aircraft research and development with the Wright Air Development Center at Wright - Patterson Air Force Base and Hill Air Force Base from 1952 to 1957 . Halvorsen was reassigned in 1957 to the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell AFB , Alabama . He was there until 1958 , when he was assigned at the Air Force Space Systems Division of Air Force Systems Command in Inglewood , California . While on this assignment , Halvorsen researched and developed various space projects . The most notable of these was the Titan III launch vehicle program , which he chaired source selection . Halvorsen would serve as part of Air Force Systems Command for the next four years . From 1962 to 1965 , Halvorsen served in Wiesbaden , West Germany , with the Foreign Technology division of AF Systems Command . He was next assigned to the Deputy Chief of Staff for Research and Development , HQ USAF , the Pentagon , and in the Directorate of Space and Technology . He developed plans for the advanced manned reusable spacecraft , space policy and procedures , and on the Manned Orbital Laboratory Project . He then was given the command of the 659th Instrumentation Squadron of the AF Systems Command Satellite Control Facility , Vandenberg AFB , California , which was involved in both satellite launch and orbit operations . Halvorsen then became the Commander of the 7350th Air Base Group at Templehof Central Airport , Berlin , Germany , in February 1970 . It was the very same airfield he flew to daily during the Berlin Airlift . During this period , he also served as the US Air Force Europe Representative in Berlin , as well as completing a master 's degree in Guidance and Counseling from Wayne State University through an on - base educational program . His final assignment was as the Inspector General , Ogden Air Materiel Center , Hill AFB , Utah . Halvorsen retired on August 31 , 1974 , having accumulated over 8,000 flying hours and 31 years of military service . Personal life ( edit ) Colonel Halvorsen 's work with Operation `` Little Vittles '' not only won him international acclaim , but `` drew him two proposals '' according to one U.S. newspaper . He turned both of them down , hoping that the girl he left home in Garland , Utah would still have feelings for him . Halvorsen had met Alta Jolley in 1942 at Utah State Agricultural College . After Halvorsen left for Germany , the couple carried on their courtship via mail . Gail Halvorsen and Alta Jolley were married in Las Vegas , Nevada on April 16 , 1949 . The Halvorsens had five children , all of whom were raised in various parts of the United States and Germany as Halvorsen fulfilled his military assignments . After Colonel Halvorsen 's retirement in 1974 , the couple moved to Provo , Utah . From 1976 until 1986 Halvorsen served as the Assistant Dean of Student Life at Brigham Young University . Alta and Halvorsen were both active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) . They served as missionaries for the LDS Church from 1986 to 1987 in London , England and again from 1995 to 1997 in St. Petersburg , Russia . Alta died on January 25 , 1999 , at which time the couple had 24 grandchildren . Five years later , Halvorsen married again , this time to his high school sweetheart , Lorraine Pace . The couple currently resides in Spanish Fork , Utah on their farm , and spend winters in Arizona . Legacy ( edit ) Halvorsen 's life , and especially his work with Operation `` Little Vittles '' , had a profound impact on many , many lives both in the United States and throughout the world . After his official retirement in 1974 , Halvorsen continued to serve the local , national , and international community in a variety of ways . Awards ( edit ) US Air Force Command Pilot Badge Legion of Merit Meritorious Service Medal Air Force Commendation Medal American Campaign Medal European -- African -- Middle Eastern Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal w / Berlin Airlift Device Medal for Humane Action National Defense Service Medal w / 1 bronze service star Air Force Longevity Service Award w / 1 silver and 1 bronze oak leaf clusters Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Member ) In 1949 Halvorsen received the Cheney Award , given by the Air Force to recognize humanitarian action , from General Hoyt S. Vandenberg for the inception of Operation ' Little Vittles ' . Other prominent awards include the Legion of Merit , Ira Baker `` Fellow '' Award by the USAF Chief of Staff General John Dale Ryan ; Air Force Sergeants Association `` Americanism '' Award ( some previous recipients were Bob Hope and President George Bush ) ; Freedom Award from City of Provo , Utah ; The Distinguished Humanitarian Award from the Institute of German Relations ; the Eric Warburg Pries , 1998 ; and the Patriot Award from Brigham Young University ROTC . In 2014 , Halvorsen became a recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest award that Congress can give to a civilian . He was inducted into the Airlift / Tanker Hall of Fame and the Utah Aviation Hall of Fame in May 2001 . The United States Air Force has helped cement Colonel Halvorsen 's airlift legacy by naming its next generation , 25,000 - pound capacity aircraft loading vehicle in his honor . The Air Force has also created the Col. Gail Halvorsen Award for outstanding air transportation support in the logistics readiness career field . In 2008 , Halvorsen was honored as Grand Marshal of the German - American Steuben Parade in New York City , where he was celebrated by tens of thousands of spectators on Fifth Avenue . Halvorsen 's actions during the Berlin Airlift had a substantial impact on German - American relations in the years to come . For his efforts , he has also been extensively honored by the German people . In 1974 he was decorated with the Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz ( Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ) , Germany 's highest award . In 2015 he was awarded the General Lucius D. Clay medal by the Federation of German - American Clubs . The medal is the highest honor granted to an individual who has contributed significantly to the development of German - American relations . In addition , he has had numerous German schools named in his honor , including a secondary school in Berlin and the Gail S. Halvorsen Elementary school at Rhein - Main Air Base , Frankfurt , Germany . He has appeared many times on German television over the years , often paired with some of the children ( now adults ) who received his candy parachutes . On February 8 , 2002 for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , he carried the German national placard into the Rice - Eccles Stadium . He has also appeared extensively on American television and movies . In 1992 , then Brigham Young University Student Michael Van Wagenen produced a 7 - minute work entitled `` The Candy Bomber '' , which was later made into a full - length film . In 2012 Halvorsen 's story became the theme of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir Christmas concert , entitled Christmas from Heaven and narrated by Tom Brokaw . Humanitarian work ( edit ) During Halvorsen ' s career and for several years following his retirement , he voluntarily represented the U.S. Air Force and the United States of America . He helped to re-enact one of his famous candy drops in commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Berlin Airlift . The event was held at the Tempelhof Central Airport with over 40,000 people in attendance . Another re-enactment occurred in September 1989 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the airlift . Halvorsen again participated , this time with a television team from Good Morning America , and dropped candy to Berlin children , including some of the grandchildren of those he had originally given chocolate to . Additional re-enactments were performed in 1993 and 1994 . In 1998 , he was part of the regular flight crew of the Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation 's C - 54 `` Spirit of Freedom '' and took part in a 71 - day European tour . The tour included two Atlantic Ocean crossings in the then 53 - year - old airplane . During the tour , he and several other Airlift Veterans ( also members of the crew ) took part in ceremonies in Germany , France , and the UK commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Airlift . Halvorsen also performed multiple candy drops throughout the United States . Halvorsen did not want to merely re-enact the candy drop to countries no longer plagued by war . In later years he advocated using candy drops to lift spirits and promote goodwill in other nations . In 1994 he persuaded the air force to let him drop hundreds of candy bars over Bosnia - Herzegovina as part of Operation Provide Promise . Another , larger drop was planned and executed by Halvorsen over Kosovo in 1999 . Additional candy drops have been enacted in Japan , Guam , Albania , and across the United States . In 2003 and 2004 , he advocated a similar series of candy drops over Baghdad as a humanitarian mission to be a `` ray of hope , a symbol that somebody in America cares . '' Since that time , the United States military has emulated some of his actions in Iraq by dropping toys , teddy bears , and soccer balls to Iraqi children . References in media ( edit ) A board game called Operation Candy Bomber which is about the events that Gail Halvorsen started in the airlift is coming soon to kickstarter . References ( edit ) United States Air Force portal Utah portal ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Warren E. ( 2009 ) . `` Gail Halvorsen '' . Aircraft Illustrated . Ian Allen Publishing . 42 ( 10 ) : 24 -- 29 . ISSN 0002 - 2675 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` With Military in Box Elder '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner . Ogden , Utah . March 28 , 1943 . p. 5 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cottingham , David Thomas ( February 26 , 1949 ) . `` Down the Runway '' . The Daily Mail . Hagerstown , Maryland . p. 3 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights in the News : ' Little Vittles ' Comes to an End '' . Portland Press Herald . Portland , Maine . May 14 , 1949 . p. 1 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Volk , Greg ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` How One Pilot 's Sweet Tooth Helped Defeat Communism '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Wiggly Wings : This Utah Flier , Now In the Air Force , Won Berlin With Chocolate Bar Bombs '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City , Utah . January 23 , 1949 . p. 64 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Candy Bomber to Receive Congressional Gold Medal '' . www.standard.net . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Regina ( March 31 , 2004 ) . `` Gail Halvorsen Still Delivers the Goods '' . Green Valley News . Green Valley , Arizona . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halvorsen , Gail S. , Col '' . airforce.togetherweserved.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries : Sherman B. Halvorsen '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Salt Lake City , Utah . April 8 , 1935 . p. 9 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` With Military in Box Elder '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner . Ogden , Utah . March 28 , 1943 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Scott S. ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Gail Halvorsen Bombed Berlin with Candy During the 1940 's Airlift '' . Investors Business Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Launius , Roger D. Interview with Colonel Gail S. Halverson , USAF - Ret , May 13 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Roughton , Randy ( 2011 ) . `` Forever the Candy Bomber : '' ( PDF ) . Airman. 55 ( 3 ) : 44 -- 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynn , Capi ( November 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ore . Woman to Meet ' Candy Bomber , ' her Cold War Hero '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lauterborn , David ( April 4 , 2009 ) . `` Interview with Gail Halvorsen , the Berlin Candy Bomber '' . www.historynet.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Scott ( June 29 , 1998 ) . `` Sweet Memories of Berlin Candy Drop '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Air Force Brig. Gen. William H. Tunner , directed the Berlin Airlift operation , and gave his blessing to Halvorsen 's efforts , giving birth to `` Operation Little Vittles '' . '' www.defense.gov . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Tons of Candy Donated for Berlin '' . The Berkshire Eagle . Pittsfield , Massachusetts . January 18 , 1949 . p. 3 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Meets on Little Vittles '' . www.pbs.org . November 17 , 1948 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Tots ' Thank You Gifts Burden ' Little Vittles ' Flier '' . The Fresno Bee The Republican . Fresno , California . January 25 , 1949 . p. 8 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silent Longing for Gum by Kids Started ' Operations Little Vittles ' '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . Santa Cruz , California . January 25 , 1949 . p. 10 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chocolate Flier ' Candy and Gum Operation for Reich Goes On '' . Amarillo Daily News . Amarillo , Texas . January 26 , 1949 . p. 4 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Vittles ' Flier Thanks Her '' . The Marysville Tribune . Marysville , Ohio . January 26 , 1949 . p. 4 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Vittles ' Donors to Meet Pilot Founder '' . The Portsmouth Herald . Portsmouth , New Hampshire . January 22 , 1949 . p. 2 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicopee Children Plan Fete For ' Little Vittles ' Pilot '' . The Berkshire Eagle . Pittsfield , Massachusetts . January 26 , 1949 . p. 9 . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( March 2013 ) . `` Halvorsen : Candy Bomber , Engineer , Unofficial Ambassador '' ( PDF ) . Air Force Magazine : 64 -- 68 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 - Gail S. Halvorsen , USAF ( Ret ) '' . www.atlink.org . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gail S. Halvorsen '' . www.au.af.mil . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 -- Colonel Gail S. Halvorsen , USAF ( Ret ) '' . Airlift / Tanker Association . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utahn Chosen Commander of Tempelhof '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner . Ogden , Utah . January 22 , 1970 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Baker , Don ( March 10 , 1974 ) . `` ' Chocolate Pilot ' Arrives at Base to End AF Stint '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner . Ogden , Utah . p. 28 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Tots ' Thank You Gifts Burden ' Little Vittles ' Flier '' . The Fresno Bee The Republican . Fresno , California . January 25 , 1949 . p. 8 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Little Vittles '' Candy Bomber Plans Marriage `` . The Bakersfield Californian . Bakersfield , California . March 15 , 1949 . p. 8 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah 's Little Vittle Pilot Marries '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner . Ogden , Utah . April 17 , 1949 . p. 7 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Alta Jolley Halvorsen '' . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . January 25 , 1999 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warner , David T. ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Christmas From Heaven ' : The Heartwarming Saga of the Candy Bomber '' . www.today.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candy Bomber to Receive Congressional Gold Medal '' . www.standard.net . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gail Halvorsen ( 2012 ) '' . www.mormontabernaclechoir.org. 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Only Yesterday : 20 Years Ago '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner . Ogden , Utah . May 28 , 1969 . p. 8 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winter , Brian ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Gail Halvorsen 's Awards and Recognition '' . www.heraldxtra.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Aviation Hall of Fame '' . www.hill.af.mil . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Berlin Airlift : Gail Halvorsen '' . www.pbs.org . January 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavarria , Keoni . `` Team McChord Airman wins Colonel Gail Halvorsen Award '' . www.mcchord.af.mil . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Marshalls '' . germanparadenyc.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the Berlin Airlift '' . issuu.com . Friends Journal . Summer 2015 . pp. 5 -- 10 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Airlift Candy Bomber Colonel Gail Halvorsen Receives Clay Medal '' . www.germany.info . December 17 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hero of the Berlin Airlift '' . www.dw.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sowby , Laurie Williams ( June 24 , 1988 ) . `` Chocolate Bomber Drops Sweet Memories : WWII Pilot Marks ' 48 Candy Airlift for Children '' . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Drabble , Jenny ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Candy Bomber ' Re-enacts Famous Berlin Air Drop at Smith Reynolds Airport '' . Journalnow.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BYU Student Honored for Film on WWII ' Candy Bomber ' '' . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . November 27 , 1992 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas from Heaven : The Candy Bomber Story ( Narrated by Tom Brokaw ) '' . www.mormontabernaclechoir.org . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airlift ' Candy Bomber ' Will Re-Enact Berlin Drop '' . The Fresno Bee The Republican . Fresno , California . June 29 , 1969 . p. 16 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Amy ( May 5 , 1998 ) . `` ' Candy Bomber ' is to Buzz Berlin Again '' . The New York Times . New York , New York . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Candy Bomber ' drops sweets from Utah 's air for July 4 '' . Military Times . July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romboy , Dennis ( March 29 , 1994 ) . `` Watch Out Below ! ' Candy Bomber ' strikes in Bosnia '' . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Bethanne Kelly . `` ' Candy Bomber ' Fed Hopes Of Berlin 's Children During Airlift '' . www.military.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin ' Candy Bomber ' Wants a Repeat Over Iraq '' . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . April 8 , 2003 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wind , Dorian de ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` The ' Candy Bombers ' of Iraq '' . www.huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Candy Bomber '' . November 7 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Brokaw , Tom . Christmas From Heaven : The True Story of the Berlin Candy Bomber . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 60907 - 700 - 8 . Cherny , Andrei The Candy Bombers -- The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America 's Finest Hour . Berkeley : The Berkeley Publishing Group , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 22771 - 8 . Halvorsen , Gail S. Gail S. Halvorsen Collection , 1945 -- 2004 . MSS 2220 ; 20th Century Western and Mormon Manuscripts ; L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Harold B. Lee Library , Brigham Young University . Halvorsen , Gail S . The Berlin Candy Bomber . Bountiful , UT : Horizon Publishers , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 88290 - 361 - 6 . Miller , George M. To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift 1948 -- 1949 . Hawaii : University Press of the Pacific , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 89875 - 805 - X . Launius , Roger D. Interview with Gail S. Halvorsen , USAF - Ret , 13 May 1988 . Provo , Utah : L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Brigham Young University Raven , Margot Theis . Mercedes and the Chocolate Pilot : A True Story of the Berlin Airlift and the Candy that Dropped from the Sky . Chelsea , MI : Sleeping Bear Press , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 58536 - 069 - 4 . Roughton , Randy. `` Forever the Candy Bomber . '' Airman 55 , no . 3 ( 2011 ) : 44 -- 47 . Thompson , Warren E. `` Gail Halvorsen . '' Aircraft Illustrated 42 , no . 10 ( 2009 ) : 24 -- 29 . ISSN 0002 - 2675 . Tunnell , Michael O. Candy Bomber : The Story of the Berlin Airlift 's `` Chocolate Pilot '' . Watertown , Massachusetts : Charlesbridge , 2010 . ISBN 1 - 58089 - 336 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Gail Halvorsen 's personal website Gail S. Halvorsen collection , MSS 2220 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Brigham Young University VIAF : 262995396 LCCN : n92024370 GND : 130422371 SNAC : w6s48x4b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gail_Halvorsen&oldid=831726593 '' Categories : 1920 births Living people American aviators Aviators from Utah Utah Aviation Hall of Fame inductees Berlin Blockade American Latter Day Saints American Mormon missionaries in the United Kingdom Mormon missionaries in England American military personnel of World War II American Mormon missionaries in Russia 20th - century Mormon missionaries American people of Norwegian descent Military personnel from Salt Lake City United States Air Force officers Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Hidden categories : Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Norsk Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 23 : 17 . 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who is making everyone sick in minor details | During the film , someone is trying to make the students sick at the upscale boarding school , Danforth Academy . Teenagers Abby , Paige , Claire , and Taylor join forces to solve the mystery . Other teenagers , who could be potential suspects , include Mia and Riley - two girls who have everything that money can buy ; Emily - the know - it - all Principal 's daughter ; the wacky Sean Meneskie , and the school 's strange Professor Plume . The four best friends must find out who it is . In the end they figured out that the culprit was Mia , she did this so her father could earn more money to pay for her modeling camp . She tricked everyone into thinking the cafeteria food was contaminated so they would buy food from the vending machines ( which is her father 's business ) | Mia | Minor Details | minor details | Minor Details is a 2009 mystery film by John Lyde of MainStay Productions and written by Sally Meyer and Anne M. Edwards starring Kelsey Edwards , Caitlin EJ Meyer , Danielle Chuchran , Lauren Faber , Jennette McCurdy , Emma Duke , Savannah Jayde Gipson , Brady Edwards , Andrew Cottrill , and Elijah Thomas playing students at the boarding school Danforth Academy trying to discover why a mysterious epidemic of sickness is starting to take over the school . | Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Premise ( edit ) During the film , someone is trying to make the students sick at the upscale boarding school , Danforth Academy . Teenagers Abby , Paige , Claire , and Taylor join forces to solve the mystery . Other teenagers , who could be potential suspects , include Mia and Riley - two girls who have everything that money can buy ; Emily - the know - it - all Principal 's daughter ; the wacky Sean Meneskie , and the school 's strange Professor Plume . The four best friends must find out who it is . In the end they figured out that the culprit was Mia , she did this so her father could earn more money to pay for her modeling camp . She tricked everyone into thinking the cafeteria food was contaminated so they would buy food from the vending machines ( which is her father 's business ) Cast ( edit ) Kelsey Edwards as Abby Caitlin EJ Meyer as Paige Danielle Chuchran as Claire Lauren Faber as Taylor Jennette McCurdy as Mia Emma Duke as Emily Savannah Jayde as Riley Brady Edwards as Brad Andrew Cottrill as Sean Steve Anderson as Professor Plume Susanne Sutchy as Principal Littman Elijah Thomas as Ethan Frank Gerrish as Sgt . Aimes Charan Prabhakar as Coach Johnson Danor Gerald as Oscar Clara Susan Morey II as Nurse Betty JJ Neward as Karen Christy Summerhays as Pauline Shauna Thompson as Shelly Joel Bishop as Tom Dakota Edwards as Ben Jennifer Klekas as Coach Hallows Tori Ramert as Samantha Colleen Baum as Elsie Samantha Endicott as Gracie Rachelle Faber as Janis Ruby Chase as Meena ( as Ruby Chase O'Neil ) Tatiana Galindo as Lindsay Whitney Lee as Vanessa Sloane Endicott as Waitress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Minor Details ( 2009 ) - Plot Summary - IMDb External links ( edit ) Minor Details on IMDb This article about a mystery film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minor_Details&oldid=850826593 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s mystery films American mystery films Mystery film stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 05 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%20Details | 459 |
who is left in the playoffs for nfl | 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs | 2017 - - 18 nfl playoffs | The 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs began on January 6 , 2018 , after the 2017 season , and concluded with Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 , 2018 , when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . | These playoffs were notable for several teams snapping long playoff droughts , as the Buffalo Bills , Los Angeles Rams , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Tennessee Titans each qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1999 , 2004 , 2007 , and 2008 , respectively . The playoffs were also notable for the Patriots reaching a seventh consecutive AFC Championship Game , extending their own NFL record . Contents ( hide ) 1 Participants 1.1 Bracket 2 Schedule 3 Wild card playoffs 3.1 Saturday , January 6 , 2018 3.1. 1 AFC : Tennessee Titans 22 , Kansas City Chiefs 21 3.1. 2 NFC : Atlanta Falcons 26 , Los Angeles Rams 13 3.2 Sunday , January 7 , 2018 3.2. 1 AFC : Jacksonville Jaguars 10 , Buffalo Bills 3 3.2. 2 NFC : New Orleans Saints 31 , Carolina Panthers 26 4 Divisional playoffs 4.1 Saturday , January 13 , 2018 4.1. 1 NFC : Philadelphia Eagles 15 , Atlanta Falcons 10 4.1. 2 AFC : New England Patriots 35 , Tennessee Titans 14 4.2 Sunday , January 14 , 2018 4.2. 1 AFC : Jacksonville Jaguars 45 , Pittsburgh Steelers 42 4.2. 2 NFC : Minnesota Vikings 29 , New Orleans Saints 24 5 Conference championships 5.1 Sunday , January 21 , 2018 5.1. 1 AFC Championship Game : New England Patriots 24 , Jacksonville Jaguars 20 5.1. 2 NFC Championship Game : Philadelphia Eagles 38 , Minnesota Vikings 7 6 Super Bowl LII : Philadelphia Eagles 41 , New England Patriots 33 7 Television coverage 7.1 Playoff games TV ratings 8 References Participants ( edit ) Further information : NFL playoffs § Current playoff system Within each conference , the four division winners and the two wild card teams ( the top two non-division winners with the best overall regular season records ) qualified for the playoffs . The four division winners are seeded 1 through 4 based on their overall won - lost - tied record , and the wild card teams are seeded 5 and 6 . The NFL does not use a fixed bracket playoff system , and there are no restrictions regarding teams from the same division matching up in any round . In the first round , dubbed the wild - card playoffs or wild - card weekend , the third - seeded division winner hosts the sixth seed wild card , and the fourth seed hosts the fifth . The 1 and 2 seeds from each conference then receive a bye in the first round . In the second round , the divisional playoffs , the number 1 seed hosts the worst surviving seed from the first round ( seed 4 , 5 or 6 ) , while the number 2 seed will play the other team ( seed 3 , 4 or 5 ) . The two surviving teams from each conference 's divisional playoff games then meet in the respective AFC and NFC Conference Championship games , hosted by the higher seed . Although the Super Bowl , the fourth and final round of the playoffs , is played at a neutral site , the designated home team is based on an annual rotation by conference . Playoff seeds Seed AFC NFC New England Patriots ( East winner ) Philadelphia Eagles ( East winner ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( North winner ) Minnesota Vikings ( North winner ) Jacksonville Jaguars ( South winner ) Los Angeles Rams ( West winner ) Kansas City Chiefs ( West winner ) New Orleans Saints ( South winner ) 5 Tennessee Titans ( wild card ) Carolina Panthers ( wild card ) 6 Buffalo Bills ( wild card ) Atlanta Falcons ( wild card ) Bracket ( edit ) Jan 7 -- Mercedes - Benz Superdome Jan 14 -- U.S. Bank Stadium 5 Carolina 26 4 New Orleans 24 New Orleans 31 Jan 21 -- Lincoln Financial Field Minnesota 29 NFC Jan 6 -- Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 2 Minnesota 7 Jan 13 -- Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 38 6 Atlanta 26 NFC Championship 6 Atlanta 10 3 LA Rams 13 Feb 4 -- U.S. Bank Stadium Philadelphia 15 Wild card playoffs Divisional playoffs Jan 7 -- EverBank Field N1 Philadelphia 41 Jan 14 -- Heinz Field A1 New England 33 6 Buffalo 3 Super Bowl LII Jacksonville 45 Jacksonville 10 Jan 21 -- Gillette Stadium 2 Pittsburgh 42 AFC Jan 6 -- Arrowhead Stadium 3 Jacksonville 20 Jan 13 -- Gillette Stadium New England 24 5 Tennessee 22 AFC Championship 5 Tennessee 14 4 Kansas City 21 New England 35 This bracket : view talk edit Schedule ( edit ) Source : Away team Score Home Team Date Kickoff ( EST / UTC -- 5 ) TV Wild card playoffs Tennessee Titans 22 -- 21 Kansas City Chiefs January 6 , 2018 4 : 35 p.m. ABC / ESPN Atlanta Falcons 26 -- 13 Los Angeles Rams January 6 , 2018 8 : 15 p.m. NBC Buffalo Bills 3 -- 10 Jacksonville Jaguars January 7 , 2018 1 : 05 p.m. CBS Carolina Panthers 26 -- 31 New Orleans Saints January 7 , 2018 4 : 40 p.m. Fox Divisional playoffs Atlanta Falcons 10 -- 15 Philadelphia Eagles January 13 , 2018 4 : 35 p.m. NBC Tennessee Titans 14 -- 35 New England Patriots January 13 , 2018 8 : 15 p.m. CBS Jacksonville Jaguars 45 -- 42 Pittsburgh Steelers January 14 , 2018 1 : 05 p.m. New Orleans Saints 24 -- 29 Minnesota Vikings January 14 , 2018 4 : 40 p.m. Fox Conference Championships Jacksonville Jaguars 20 -- 24 New England Patriots January 21 , 2018 3 : 05 p.m. CBS Minnesota Vikings 7 -- 38 Philadelphia Eagles January 21 , 2018 6 : 40 p.m. Fox Super Bowl LII U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Philadelphia Eagles 41 -- 33 New England Patriots February 4 , 2018 6 : 30 p.m. NBC Wild card playoffs ( edit ) Saturday , January 6 , 2018 ( edit ) AFC : Tennessee Titans 22 , Kansas City Chiefs 21 ( edit ) Tennessee Titans vs. Kansas City Chiefs -- Game summary Total Titans 0 7 12 22 Chiefs 14 7 0 0 21 at Arrowhead Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri Date : January 6 , 2018 Game time : 4 : 35 p.m. EST / 3 : 35 p.m. CST Game weather : Sunny , 33 ° F ( 1 ° C ) Game attendance : 73,319 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( ABC / ESPN ) : Sean McDonough ( play - by - play ) , Jon Gruden ( color commentator ) , Lisa Salters ( sideline reporter ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter KC -- Kareem Hunt 1 - yard run ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 7 : 07 . Chiefs 7 -- 0 . Drive : 6 plays , 81 yards , 2 : 56 . KC -- Travis Kelce 13 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 2 : 15 . Chiefs 14 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 76 yards , 3 : 24 . Second quarter TEN -- Ryan Succop 49 - yard field goal , 1 : 55 . Chiefs 14 -- 3 . Drive : 8 plays , 48 yards , 4 : 02 . KC -- Demarcus Robinson 14 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 0 : 03 . Chiefs 21 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 79 yards , 1 : 52 . Third quarter TEN -- Marcus Mariota 6 - yard pass from Marcus Mariota ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 6 : 31 . Chiefs 21 -- 10 . Drive : 15 plays , 91 yards , 8 : 29 . Fourth quarter TEN -- Derrick Henry 35 - yard run ( pass failed ) , 14 : 08 . Chiefs 21 -- 16 . Drive : 6 plays , 62 yards , 3 : 17 . TEN -- Eric Decker 22 - yard pass from Marcus Mariota ( pass failed ) , 6 : 06 . Titans 22 -- 21 . Drive : 11 plays , 80 yards , 5 : 09 . Top passers TEN -- Marcus Mariota -- 19 / 31 , 205 yards , 2 TD , INT KC -- Alex Smith -- 24 / 33 , 264 yards , 2 TD Top rushers TEN -- Derrick Henry -- 23 rushes , 156 yards , TD KC -- Kareem Hunt -- 11 rushes , 42 yards , TD Top receivers TEN -- Delanie Walker -- 6 receptions , 74 yards KC -- Tyreek Hill -- 7 receptions , 87 yards The Tennessee Titans overcame an 18 - point halftime deficit to defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 22 -- 21 and won their first playoff game since the 2003 season . Kansas City opened the scoring on their second possession of the game . After Alex Smith connected with Tyreek Hill for 45 yards and Travis Kelce for a 27 - yard completion , Kareem Hunt ran in for a one - yard touchdown . On their next drive the Chiefs drove 76 yards in five plays , with Smith completing a 26 - yard pass to Hill and an 18 - yard pass to receiver Albert Wilson . Following an 18 - yard run by Hunt , Smith hit Kelce for a 13 - yard touchdown. Smith finished the quarter with 154 passing yards , a career high . In the second quarter , Tennessee advanced to Kansas City 's 21 - yard line before Marcus Mariota was intercepted by Marcus Peters , who returned the ball 28 yards to the Chiefs ' 37 - yard line . Following a punt , tight end Delanie Walker 's 22 - yard reception sparked a drive to the Chiefs ' 22 - yard line ; but on third - and - 4 , linebacker Derrick Johnson sacked Mariota and forced the team to settle for a 49 - yard Ryan Succop field goal . The Chiefs increased their lead to 18 points by the end of the half , however , with a nine - play , 79 - yard drive that culminated in a 14 - yard pass from Smith to Demarcus Robinson with three seconds left in the half . Kansas City went into halftime with a 21 -- 3 lead , with more total yards ( 284 to 127 ) and more first downs ( 16 to 3 ) . Kelce did not return to the game due to an injury , while catching a 12 - yard pass on the final drive . Tennessee opened the second half with a 15 - play , 91 - yard drive that consumed 8 : 29 off the clock . On a third - down play from the Kansas City 6 - yard line , Mariota attempted a pass , which was deflected by Darrelle Revis , back to Mariota , who promptly ran it in for a touchdown , making him the first quarterback to complete a touchdown pass to himself in a postseason game . The Chiefs were forced to punt on their next drive , but Adoree ' Jackson muffed the catch and Keith Reaser recovered for Kansas City . They were unable to capitalize on the turnover , however , as they lost two yards over their next three plays and Harrison Butker hit the upright from a 48 - yard field goal attempt . Tennessee took the ball back and drove 62 yards in six plays , scoring on a 35 - yard run by Derrick Henry on the second play of the fourth quarter to cut the score to 21 -- 16 after a failed two - point conversion . Again forcing a Kansas City punt , Tennessee drove 81 yards in 11 plays to take their first lead of the game . Mariota converted three third downs on the drive , completing a 9 - yard pass to Walker on third - and - 3 , scrambling 17 yards for a first down on third - and - 8 , and then connecting a 10 - yard pass to tight end Jonnu Smith on third - and - 2 . Eventually , Mariota finished the drive by throwing to Eric Decker for a 22 - yard touchdown , giving Tennessee a 22 -- 21 lead following another failed two - point conversion with 6 : 06 remaining . Kansas City then drove into Tennessee territory , but Alex Smith was sacked on third down by Derrick Morgan and then missed a pass to Wilson on fourth down with 2 : 09 left . On the second play of Tennessee 's drive , Johnson recovered a Henry fumble and returned it 56 yards for a touchdown , but Henry was ruled down by contact upon review . One play later , Kansas City had one last chance to get the ball back on a third - and - 10 situation . Mariota handed the ball off to Henry , who started to run to the middle , but then switched direction and ran to the left . Aided by a key block from Mariota against linebacker Frank Zombo , Henry raced 22 yards down the left sideline for a game - clinching first down , and the Titans ran out the rest of the clock , having held the Chiefs to 41 yards and three first downs in the second half . Alex Smith finished as the leading passer with 264 yards and two touchdowns , but only 110 yards after the first quarter . Mariota threw for 205 yards , two touchdowns and an interception in his first playoff start ; his self - caught touchdown pass made him the first player since at least 1950 ever to throw and catch a touchdown pass in the same playoff game . Henry gained 156 yards on 23 carries and 191 total yards from scrimmage , while Hunt , the league 's leading rusher during the regular season , gained just 42 yards on 11 carries . Chiefs coach Andy Reid faced criticism for not relying on Hunt to protect their lead in the second half , as Hunt only carried the ball five times after halftime . Tennessee became the first road team to erase an 18 - point deficit to win a postseason game since the 1972 playoffs . The loss was Kansas City 's sixth consecutive home playoff loss , extending a league record . NFC : Atlanta Falcons 26 , Los Angeles Rams 13 ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons vs. Los Angeles Rams -- Game summary Total Falcons 6 7 6 7 26 Rams 0 10 0 13 at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles , California Date : January 6 , 2018 Game time : 8 : 15 p.m. EST / 5 : 15 p.m. PST Game weather : Cloudy , 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) Game attendance : 74,300 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) , Cris Collinsworth ( color commentator ) , Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter ATL -- Matt Bryant 29 - yard field goal , 7 : 13 . Falcons 3 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 6 yards , 1 : 27 . ATL -- Matt Bryant 51 - yard field goal , 1 : 23 . Falcons 6 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 57 yards , 4 : 12 . Second quarter ATL -- Devonta Freeman 3 - yard run ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 11 : 34 . Falcons 13 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 32 yards , 4 : 41 . LAR -- Cooper Kupp 14 - yard pass from Jared Goff ( Sam Ficken kick ) , 2 : 34 . Falcons 13 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 79 yards , 3 : 05 . LAR -- Sam Ficken 35 - yard field goal , 0 : 03 . Falcons 13 -- 10 . Drive : 6 plays , 67 yards , 1 : 12 . Third quarter ATL -- Matt Bryant 25 - yard field goal , 6 : 45 . Falcons 16 -- 10 . Drive : 16 plays , 76 yards , 8 : 15 . ATL -- Matt Bryant 54 - yard field goal , 0 : 19 . Falcons 19 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 45 yards , 4 : 52 . Fourth quarter LAR -- Sam Ficken 32 - yard field goal , 10 : 49 . Falcons 19 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 30 . ATL -- Julio Jones 8 - yard pass from Matt Ryan ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 5 : 48 . Falcons 26 -- 13 . Drive : 8 plays , 83 yards , 5 : 01 . Top passers ATL -- Matt Ryan -- 21 / 30 , 218 yards , TD LAR -- Jared Goff -- 24 / 45 , 259 yards , TD Top rushers ATL -- Devonta Freeman -- 18 rushes , 66 yards , TD LAR -- Todd Gurley -- 14 rushes , 101 yards Top receivers ATL -- Julio Jones -- 9 receptions , 94 yards , TD LAR -- Robert Woods -- 9 receptions , 142 yards This was the first NFL postseason contest held in Los Angeles since the end of the 1993 season , when the Raiders defeated the Denver Broncos in an AFC Wild Card game at the Coliseum . The win was the Falcons ' first road playoff victory since 2002 . Atlanta got an early scoring opportunity when Blake Countess muffed a punt that Falcons linebacker LaRoy Reynolds recovered on the Rams ' 17 - yard line , leading to Matt Bryant 's 29 - yard field goal . Then , after a punt , Atlanta receiver Julio Jones caught a 27 - yard pass and rushed for 13 yards on an end - around play as the team drove 57 yards in nine plays to go up 6 -- 0 on Bryant 's 51 - yard field goal . Damontae Kazee forced a fumble from Pharoh Cooper on the ensuing kickoff , which Kemal Ishmael recovered for Atlanta on the Rams ' 32 - yard line . This time , the Falcons were able to take the ball to the end zone , scoring on a 3 - yard touchdown run by Devonta Freeman as a result of center Alex Mack literally dragging him across the goal line . Late in the second quarter , the Rams finally managed to get on the board , sparked by a 26 - yard run by Todd Gurley . Jared Goff finished the drive with passes to Cooper Kupp , the first for 15 yards , and the second a 14 - yard touchdown completion that made the score 13 -- 7 . The next time they had the ball , only 1 : 15 remained in the half , but they were able to convert a 38 - yard completion from Goff to Robert Woods into a 35 - yard Sam Ficken field goal , making the score 13 -- 10 at halftime . The Falcons took up more than half the third quarter with their opening drive , moving the ball 76 yards in 16 plays . Freeman carried the ball six times for 42 yards , while quarterback Matt Ryan converted a fourth - and - 1 with a 1 - yard sneak . Bryant finished the possession with his third field goal , this one from 25 yards , increasing their lead to 16 -- 10 . After a Rams punt , Ryan 's completions to Jones for gains of 12 and 16 yards set up Bryant 's fourth field goal , a 51 - yard kick , to put the team up 19 -- 10 . The Rams quickly struck back , with Gurley rushing twice for gains of 14 and 33 yards , along with Goff completing an 18 - yard pass to Woods . Ficken 's 32 - yard field goal at the end of the drive cut the deficit to 19 -- 13 with just over 10 minutes left . However , Atlanta came back with an eight - play , 83 - yard drive featuring a 52 - yard completion from Ryan to Mohamed Sanu . On the last play , Ryan 's 8 - yard touchdown pass to Jones put his team up 26 -- 13 . The Rams responded with one last drive to try and get back in the game , moving the ball to a third - and - goal situation on Atlanta 's 5 - yard line . Goff then threw a touchdown pass to tight end Tyler Higbee , but the call was reversed by a review , as replays showed the ball hit the ground as Higbee was going to the turf . On the next play , Goff threw an incomplete pass , causing a turnover on downs with 2 : 05 left . The Rams received the ball one more time , but this resulted in another turnover on downs . Ryan completed 21 of 30 passes for 213 yards and a touchdown , while Jones caught nine passes for 94 yards and a touchdown . Goff finished the day 24 - for - 45 for 259 yards and a touchdown . His top target was Woods , who caught nine passes for 142 yards . Gurley was the game 's top rusher with 101 yards on 14 carries , while also catching four passes for 10 yards . Sunday , January 7 , 2018 ( edit ) AFC : Jacksonville Jaguars 10 , Buffalo Bills 3 ( edit ) Buffalo Bills vs. Jacksonville Jaguars -- Game summary Total Bills 0 0 0 Jaguars 0 7 0 10 at EverBank Field , Jacksonville , Florida Date : January 7 , 2018 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. EST Game weather : Sunny , 53 ° F ( 12 ° C ) Game attendance : 69,442 Referee : John Hussey TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz ( play - by - play ) , Tony Romo ( color commentator ) , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely ( sideline reporters ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter No scoring plays . Second quarter BUF -- Stephen Hauschka 31 - yard field goal , 1 : 49 . Bills 3 -- 0 . Drive : 18 plays , 71 yards , 8 : 06 . JAX -- Josh Lambo 44 - yard field goal , 0 : 02 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 27 yards , 0 : 38 . Third quarter JAX -- Ben Koyack 1 - yard pass from Blake Bortles ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 0 : 42 . Jaguars 10 -- 3 . Drive : 15 plays , 86 yards , 8 : 52 . Fourth quarter No scoring plays . Top passers BUF -- Tyrod Taylor -- 17 / 37 , 134 yards , INT JAX -- Blake Bortles -- 12 / 23 , 87 yards , TD Top rushers BUF -- LeSean McCoy -- 19 rushes , 75 yards JAX -- Blake Bortles -- 10 rushes , 88 yards Top receivers BUF -- LeSean McCoy -- 6 receptions , 44 yards JAX -- Dede Westbrook -- 5 receptions , 48 yards This was the Jaguars ' first playoff appearance since 2007 , and their first home playoff game since the 1999 -- 2000 AFC Championship , which they lost to the Tennessee Titans . It was also Buffalo 's first playoff game since they also lost to the Titans in the same season , ending the longest playoff drought among any team in the four major professional leagues in North America . In the lowest scoring NFL postseason game since the 1997 season , Jacksonville 's 15 - play , 86 - yard touchdown drive in the third quarter was enough to propel them to victory . Every drive in the first quarter ended in a punt . Early in the second quarter , Jacksonville got a chance to score when Aaron Colvin intercepted a pass from Bills quarterback Tyrod Taylor on the Buffalo 35 - yard line . However , the team lost three yards over the next three plays and decided to punt rather than risk a long field goal . From there , Buffalo took up nearly all the remaining time in the quarter , driving all the way to the Jaguars ' 1 - yard line . However , an offensive pass interference penalty against receiver Kelvin Benjamin pushed them back 10 yards and they ended up settling for a 31 - yard Steven Hauschka field goal to take a 3 -- 0 lead with 1 : 49 left in the half . After an exchange of punts , Jacksonville got the ball on their own 47 - yard line with 40 seconds left , and quarterback Blake Bortles scrambled twice for gains of 20 and 12 yards to set up Josh Lambo 's 44 - yard field goal , tying the score at halftime . On the Jaguars ' second possession of the second half , they drove 86 yards in 15 plays to take a 10 -- 3 lead . The key player of the drive was running back Leonard Fournette , who carried the ball eight times for 33 yards and caught a pass for 12 yards . Eventually the team faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line , and decided to go for the touchdown , which paid off as Bortles threw a pass to tight end Ben Koyack for the score with 42 seconds left in the third quarter . Jacksonville 's defense then locked the Bills down in the fourth quarter , forcing three punts and an interception by Jalen Ramsey on the Jaguars ' 48 - yard line with 26 seconds left . Bortles completed only 12 of 23 passes for 87 yards and a touchdown , but was also the game 's leading rusher with 88 yards on the ground . Bills running back LeSean McCoy rushed for 75 yards and caught six passes for 44 yards . NFC : New Orleans Saints 31 , Carolina Panthers 26 ( edit ) Carolina Panthers vs. New Orleans Saints -- Game summary Total Panthers 0 9 14 26 Saints 7 14 7 31 at Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans , Louisiana Date : January 7 , 2018 Game time : 4 : 40 p.m. EST / 3 : 40 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 73,186 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck ( play - by - play ) , Troy Aikman ( color commentator ) , Erin Andrews and Chris Myers ( sideline reporters ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter NO -- Ted Ginn Jr. 80 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Wil Lutz kick ) , 1 : 46 . Saints 7 -- 0 . Drive : 2 plays , 80 yards , 0 : 18 . Second quarter CAR -- Graham Gano 27 - yard field goal , 14 : 12 . Saints 7 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 66 yards , 2 : 34 . NO -- Josh Hill 9 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Wil Lutz kick ) , 9 : 04 . Saints 14 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 08 . CAR -- Graham Gano 39 - yard field goal , 2 : 47 . Saints 14 -- 6 . Drive : 12 plays , 54 yards , 6 : 17 . NO -- Zach Line 1 - yard run ( Wil Lutz kick ) , 0 : 43 . Saints 21 -- 6 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 04 . CAR -- Graham Gano 58 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Saints 21 -- 9 . Drive : 5 plays , 35 yards , 0 : 43 . Third quarter CAR -- Graham Gano 29 - yard field goal , 10 : 58 . Saints 21 -- 12 . Drive : 9 plays , 64 yards , 4 : 02 . NO -- Wil Lutz 57 - yard field goal , 6 : 05 . Saints 24 -- 12 . Drive : 10 plays , 36 yards , 4 : 53 . Fourth quarter CAR -- Greg Olsen 14 - yard pass from Cam Newton ( Graham Gano kick ) , 12 : 47 . Saints 24 -- 19 . Drive : 8 plays , 68 yards , 3 : 45 . NO -- Alvin Kamara 2 - yard run ( Wil Lutz kick ) , 5 : 08 . Saints 31 -- 19 . Drive : 5 plays , 62 yards , 3 : 02 . CAR -- Christian McCaffrey 56 - yard pass from Cam Newton ( Graham Gano kick ) , 4 : 09 . Saints 31 -- 26 . Drive : 3 plays , 75 yards , 0 : 59 . Top passers CAR -- Cam Newton -- 24 / 40 , 349 yards , 2 TD NO -- Drew Brees -- 23 / 33 , 376 yards , 2 TD , INT Top rushers CAR -- Jonathan Stewart -- 11 rushes , 51 yards NO -- Alvin Kamara -- 10 rushes , 23 yards , TD Top receivers CAR -- Greg Olsen -- 8 receptions , 107 yards , TD NO -- Michael Thomas -- 8 receptions , 131 yards This was the first postseason meeting between the Panthers and Saints . This was also the Panthers ' first loss in the Wildcard Round , as they were previously 3 -- 0 in this round . The Saints last appeared in the 2014 playoffs , where they lost to eventual Super Bowl XLVIII champions , the Seattle Seahawks , while it was the Panthers ' first playoff appearance since losing in Super Bowl 50 . Carolina had a chance to score on their second possession of the game , driving to a third - and - goal on the Saints ' 7 - yard line . But over the next two plays , Kaelin Clay dropped a potential touchdown catch in the end zone and then Graham Gano missed a 25 - yard field goal attempt . On the second play after the missed field goal , New Orleans quarterback Drew Brees threw a deep pass down the middle of the field to Ted Ginn Jr. , who evaded a tackle attempt by James Bradberry and ran all the way to the end zone for an 80 - yard touchdown reception . This gave New Orleans a 7 -- 0 lead with less than two minutes left in the first quarter . Carolina responded on their next drive , converting a 22 - yard completion from Cam Newton to Greg Olsen and a 39 - yard pass interference penalty against defensive back Ken Crawley into a 27 - yard Gano field goal that cut the score to 7 -- 3 . However , New Orleans responded immediately , with Brees completing passes to Michael Thomas for gains of 19 , 8 , and 13 yards , as well as passes to running backs Mark Ingram and Alvin Kamara for gains of 13 and 10 yards . On the last play of the drive , Brees put the Saints up 14 -- 3 with a 9 - yard touchdown pass to tight end Josh Hill . Carolina struck back , with Newton completing a 19 - yard pass to Brenton Bersin and converting a fourth - and - 1 with a quarterback sneak . Gano finished the 54 - yard drive with a 39 - yard field goal to make the score 14 -- 6 with 2 : 47 left in the half . Brees responded by completing 4 of 6 passes for 67 yards on the way to a 1 - yard touchdown run by fullback Zach Line , increasing the Saints ' lead to 21 -- 6 . Taking the ball back with just over 40 seconds left , Newton completed a 24 - yard pass to Devin Funchess . A few more plays moved the ball to the Saints ' 40 - yard line , where Gano barely managed to squeeze a 58 - yard field goal inside the left upright , tying the NFL record for the longest field goal in postseason history . The Panthers continued to chip away at their deficit with their first drive of the second half , as they moved the ball 64 yards in nine plays on a possession that featured a 29 - yard run by Jonathan Stewart . Gano finished the drive with his fourth field goal , making the score 21 -- 12 . But New Orleans was able to respond , with Ginn catching two passes for 30 yards on a 36 - yard drive that ended with Wil Lutz kicking a 57 - yard field goal , bringing their lead back up to 24 -- 12 . With less than two minutes left in the third quarter , the Panthers started a 68 - yard drive in which Olsen caught three passes for 54 total yards , the last one a 14 - yard touchdown catch that cut the score to 24 -- 19 after the two - point conversion failed . Following a few punts , Brees ' 46 - yard completion to Thomas gave the Saints a first down on the Carolina 5 - yard line , where they went on to score with Kamara 's 2 - yard touchdown run and go up 31 -- 19 with 5 : 08 left . On the third play of the Panthers ' next drive , Newton completed a short pass to running back Christian McCaffrey , who raced 56 yards for a touchdown , cutting the score to 31 -- 26 . New Orleans took the ball back and drove to a fourth - and - 2 situation on the 47 - yard line at the two - minute warning . Deciding to go for the first down , Brees threw a pass that was intercepted by safety Mike Adams , giving the ball back to the Panthers , though Adams ' decision to intercept the ball instead of knocking the pass down ended up costing his team 16 yards . Carolina then drove to the Saints ' 21 - yard line . On second down , Newton was flagged for intentional grounding while throwing a pass to avoid a sack , bringing up third - and - 23 . Then after an incompletion , safety Vonn Bell sacked Newton , forcing a turnover on downs with four seconds left . Newton finished the game 24 - of - 40 for 349 yards and two touchdowns , along with 37 yards on the ground . His top target was Olsen ( eight receptions for 107 yards and a touchdown ) , who was one of four players in this game to have over 100 receiving yards . The others were McCaffrey ( six for 101 yards and a touchdown ) , Thomas ( eight receptions for 131 yards ) and Ginn ( four receptions for 115 yards and a touchdown ) . Brees was 23 - of - 33 for 376 yards with two touchdowns and one interception . Bell had nine tackles -- seven solo -- and a sack . Divisional playoffs ( edit ) Saturday , January 13 , 2018 ( edit ) NFC : Philadelphia Eagles 15 , Atlanta Falcons 10 ( edit ) Atlanta Falcons vs. Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Falcons 7 0 0 10 Eagles 0 9 15 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : January 13 , 2018 Game time : 4 : 35 p.m. EST Game weather : Sunny , 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Bill Vinovich TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) , Cris Collinsworth ( color commentator ) , Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter ATL -- Matt Bryant 33 - yard field goal , 9 : 05 . Falcons 3 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 59 yards , 5 : 32 . Second quarter PHI -- LeGarrette Blount 1 - yard run ( kick failed ) , 10 : 28 . Eagles 6 -- 3 . Drive : 14 plays , 86 yards , 6 : 44 . ATL -- Devonta Freeman 6 - yard pass from Matt Ryan ( Matt Bryant kick ) , 5 : 41 . Falcons 10 -- 6 . Drive : 4 plays , 18 yards , 1 : 50 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 53 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Falcons 10 -- 9 . Drive : 5 plays , 37 yards , 0 : 46 . Third quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 37 - yard field goal , 0 : 11 . Eagles 12 -- 10 . Drive : 12 plays , 74 yards , 5 : 42 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 21 - yard field goal , 6 : 02 . Eagles 15 -- 10 . Drive : 14 plays , 80 yards , 7 : 57 . Top passers ATL -- Matt Ryan -- 22 / 36 , 210 yards , TD PHI -- Nick Foles -- 23 / 30 , 246 yards Top rushers ATL -- Tevin Coleman -- 10 rushes , 79 yards PHI -- Jay Ajayi -- 15 rushes , 54 yards Top receivers ATL -- Julio Jones -- 9 receptions , 101 yards PHI -- Alshon Jeffery -- 4 receptions , 61 yards Philadelphia 's defense recorded three sacks , held Atlanta to 281 yards -- 83 below their season average -- and stopped the Falcons on four consecutive plays after a first - and - goal on their own 9 - yard line in the final minutes to preserve a 15 -- 10 win . The Eagles seemed primed to score on their opening drive when a 42 - yard pass interference penalty on Falcons defensive back Brian Poole gave them the ball on the Falcons ' 33 - yard line . But on the next play , Ricardo Allen forced a fumble from Jay Ajayi that was recovered by safety Keanu Neal . Atlanta then drove 59 yards in 12 plays to score on Matt Bryant 's 33 - yard field goal , giving them a 3 -- 0 lead . After the teams exchanged punts , Ajayi rushed four times for 26 yards on one drive and receiver Nelson Agholor ran for 21 yards on an end - around play as the team drove to a fourth - and - goal on the Atlanta 1 - yard line . On the next play , LeGarrette Blount finished the 86 - yard drive with a rush for the touchdown , putting the team up 6 -- 3 with 10 : 28 left in the half ; Jake Elliott hit the upright on his extra point attempt . Atlanta had to punt on their next drive , but the ball bounced into Eagles blocker Bryan Braman and was recovered by Falcons linebacker LaRoy Reynolds on the Philadelphia 18 - yard line , where they went on to go up 10 -- 6 with Matt Ryan 's six - yard touchdown pass to running back Devonta Freeman . Following a punt from each team , Philadelphia got the ball on their own 28 - yard line with 46 seconds left in the half . Quarterback Nick Foles then completed passes to Corey Clement , Torrey Smith and Alshon Jeffery for gains of 7 , 20 and 15 yards , setting up Elliott 's 53 - yard field goal , which cut the score to 10 -- 9 at halftime . With just under six minutes left in the third quarter , the Eagles got the ball on their own 7 - yard line due to a 39 - yard punt by Matt Bosher . From there , Foles completed 5 of 7 passes for 70 yards -- Jeffery caught three of them for 46 -- on a 74 - yard , 12 - play drive to take the lead at 12 -- 10 with Elliott 's 37 - yard field goal . Elliott 's ensuing kickoff went out of bounds , giving Atlanta good field position on their own 40 - yard line . On the next play , the last of the third quarter , Ryan was sacked for a 10 - yard loss by safety Rodney McLeod . The Falcons ended up going three - and - out , and their defense was soon back on the field trying to contain another long Eagles drive . This one went for 14 plays and 80 yards , 32 of them on a reception by Ajayi , taking 7 : 57 off the clock . Desmond Trufant managed to end the drive on the Falcons ' 3 - yard line by tackling Clement a yard short of a first down on third - and - 3 . However , Elliott kicked his third field goal on the next play , giving Philadelphia a 15 -- 10 lead with 6 : 02 remaining . Atlanta took the ball back and drove to a first down on the Eagles ' 9 - yard line , featuring a 20 - yard reception by Julio Jones on fourth - and - 6 . After throwing incomplete passes on the next two plays , Ryan threw a seven - yard pass to Jones on the 2 - yard line . Then with 1 : 05 left , Ryan tried to connect with Jones in the end zone , but the pass went just through his hands , enabling the Eagles to get the ball and run out the clock . Filling in for injured starter Carson Wentz , Foles completed 23 of 30 passes for 246 yards . Ajayi rushed for 54 yards and caught three passes for 44 yards . Ryan completed 22 of 36 passes for 210 yards and a touchdown . Jones caught nine passes for 101 yards , and rushed for 21 yards , while Tevin Coleman was the top rusher of the game with 10 carries for 79 yards , while also catching a pass for 14 yards . With the win , the Eagles won their first playoff game and advanced to their first NFC Championship appearance since 2008 , and their first at home since 2004 . AFC : New England Patriots 35 , Tennessee Titans 14 ( edit ) Tennessee Titans vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Titans 7 0 0 7 14 Patriots 0 21 7 7 35 at Gillette Stadium , Foxborough , Massachusetts Date : January 13 , 2018 Game time : 8 : 15 p.m. EST Game weather : Clear and cold , 24 ° F ( − 4 ° C ) Game attendance : 65,878 Referee : Ronald Torbert TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz ( play - by - play ) , Tony Romo ( color commentator ) , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely ( sideline reporters ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter TEN -- Corey Davis 15 - yard pass from Marcus Mariota ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 1 : 14 . Titans 7 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 95 yards , 5 : 17 . Second quarter NE -- James White 5 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 13 : 18 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 73 yards , 2 : 56 . NE -- James White 6 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 9 : 20 . Patriots 14 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 48 yards , 1 : 56 . NE -- Chris Hogan 4 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 1 : 52 . Patriots 21 -- 7 . Drive : 16 plays , 91 yards , 5 : 18 . Third quarter NE -- Brandon Bolden 2 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 4 : 02 . Patriots 28 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 56 yards , 4 : 20 . Fourth quarter NE -- Rob Gronkowski 4 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 10 : 22 . Patriots 35 -- 7 . Drive : 15 plays , 90 yards , 6 : 58 . TEN -- Corey Davis 11 - yard pass from Marcus Mariota ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 1 : 55 . Patriots 35 -- 14 . Drive : 16 plays , 80 yards , 3 : 53 . Top passers TEN -- Marcus Mariota -- 22 / 37 , 254 yards , 2 TD NE -- Tom Brady -- 35 / 53 , 337 yards , 3 TD Top rushers TEN -- Marcus Mariota -- 4 rushes , 37 yards NE -- Dion Lewis -- 15 rushes , 62 yards Top receivers TEN -- Eric Decker -- 6 receptions , 85 yards NE -- Danny Amendola -- 11 receptions , 112 yards New England racked up eight sacks , 438 yards , and 31 first downs as they advanced to their seventh consecutive AFC Championship game . Midway through the first quarter , Tennessee drove 95 yards in 11 plays , featuring a 36 - yard completion from Marcus Mariota to tight end Delanie Walker . Mariota finished the drive with a 15 - yard touchdown pass to Corey Davis , who made a running one - handed catch in the back corner of the end zone to put the Titans up 7 -- 0 . However , the Patriots stormed right back , with Tom Brady completing five consecutive passes for 67 yards , the longest a 32 - yard completion to Dion Lewis and the last a five - yard shovel pass to James White for a touchdown that tied the score . After a Tennessee punt , Brady completed three consecutive passes for 28 yards as the team drove 48 yards in six plays to go up 14 -- 7 on White 's six - yard touchdown run with 9 : 20 left in the half . The next time New England got the ball , they had to punt after three plays , but a neutral zone infraction penalty on Titans defensive back Brynden Trawick gave them a first down . Taking advantage of their second chance , they ended up driving 91 yards in 16 plays to take a 21 -- 7 lead on Brady 's six - yard touchdown pass to Chris Hogan . Tennessee then drove to the Patriots ' 46 - yard line ; on fourth - and - 1 , Derrick Henry tried to run for a first down , but defensive backs Malcolm Butler and Stephon Gilmore tackled him for no gain . With 17 seconds left , the Patriots were able to get to the Titans ' 35 - yard line with time remaining , but Stephen Gostkowski missed a 53 - yard field goal attempt as time expired . In the first half alone , Brady completed 21 of 31 passes for 206 yards and two touchdowns . In the third quarter , Brett Kern 's 40 - yard punt from his own 16 - yard line gave the Patriots good field position on their 44 - yard line . On the next play , Brady completed a 27 - yard pass to tight end Rob Gronkowski , and the team went on to increase their lead to 28 -- 7 with Brandon Bolden 's two - yard touchdown run . The next time New England got the ball , they went on a 15 - play , 90 - yard drive in which they only faced two third downs . Brady completed seven passes for 78 yards on the drive , the longest a 25 - yard throw to Danny Amendola , and finished it off with a four - yard touchdown toss to Gronkowski , making the score 35 -- 7 with 10 : 22 left . Before the end of the quarter , the Titans were able to make it 35 -- 14 with Mariota 's 11 - yard touchdown pass to Davis on fourth down at the end of an 80 - yard , 16 - play drive . At 7004147730000000000 ♠ 40 years , 163 days , Brady became the oldest quarterback ever to lead his team to victory in a postseason game , finishing the day 35 - of - 53 for 337 yards and three touchdowns . Amendola caught 11 passes for 112 yards , while also returning three punts for 18 yards . Lewis rushed for 62 yards , caught nine passes for 79 yards , and returned a kickoff for 27 yards . Linebacker Geneo Grissom and defensive tackle Deatrich Wise Jr. each had two sacks for New England . Mariota completed 22 of 37 passes for 225 yards and two touchdowns . This game set the NFL postseason record for largest the age difference between opposing quarterbacks : Brady was 40 and Mariota was 24 . Sunday , January 14 , 2018 ( edit ) AFC : Jacksonville Jaguars 45 , Pittsburgh Steelers 42 ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars vs. Pittsburgh Steelers -- Game summary Total Jaguars 14 14 0 17 45 Steelers 0 14 7 21 42 at Heinz Field , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Date : January 14 , 2018 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. EST Game weather : Sunny , 18 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) Game attendance : 64,524 Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle ( play - by - play ) , Dan Fouts ( color commentator ) , Evan Washburn ( sideline reporter ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information 1st quarter JAX -- Leonard Fournette 1 - yard run ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 10 : 40 . Jaguars 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 66 yards , 4 : 20 . JAX -- Leonard Fournette 18 - yard run ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 5 : 26 . Jaguars 14 -- 0 . Drive : 1 play , 18 yards , 0 : 05 . 2nd quarter JAX -- T.J. Yeldon 4 - yard run ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 11 : 31 . Jaguars 21 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 36 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 23 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 8 : 20 . Jaguars 21 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 64 yards , 3 : 11 . JAX -- Telvin Smith 50 - yard fumble return ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 2 : 20 . Jaguars 28 -- 7 . PIT -- Martavis Bryant 36 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 25 . Jaguars 28 -- 14 . Drive : 7 plays , 51 yards , 1 : 55 . 3rd quarter PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 19 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 9 : 09 . Jaguars 28 -- 21 . Drive : 10 plays , 77 yards , 5 : 51 . 4th quarter JAX -- Leonard Fournette 3 - yard run ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 10 : 34 . Jaguars 35 -- 21 . Drive : 5 plays , 61 yards , 2 : 10 . PIT -- Antonio Brown 43 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 9 : 05 . Jaguars 35 -- 28 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 29 . JAX -- Tommy Bohanon 14 - yard pass from Blake Bortles ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 4 : 19 . Jaguars 42 -- 28 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 46 . PIT -- Le'Veon Bell 8 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 2 : 18 . Jaguars 42 -- 35 . Drive : 12 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 01 . JAX -- Josh Lambo 45 - yard field goal , 1 : 45 . Jaguars 45 -- 35 . Drive : 4 plays , 9 yards , 0 : 33 . PIT -- JuJu Smith - Schuster 4 - yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 0 : 01 . Jaguars 45 -- 42 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 1 : 44 . Top passers JAX -- Blake Bortles -- 14 / 26 , 214 yards , TD PIT -- Ben Roethlisberger -- 37 / 58 , 469 yards , 5 TD , INT Top rushers JAX -- Leonard Fournette -- 25 rushes , 109 yards , 3 TD PIT -- Le'Veon Bell -- 16 rushes , 67 yards , TD Top receivers JAX -- T.J. Yeldon -- 3 receptions , 57 yards PIT -- Antonio Brown -- 7 receptions , 132 yards , 2 TD Jacksonville built up a 28 -- 7 first - half lead and held off a second - half Steelers comeback to win the fourth highest scoring NFL playoff game . The Jaguars drove 66 yards in eight plays on their opening drive , with Blake Bortles completing passes to tight ends Ben Koyack and James O'Shaughnessy for gains of 21 and 19 yards on the way to a one - yard fourth - down touchdown run by Leonard Fournette . Later in the first quarter , linebacker Myles Jack intercepted a pass from Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger on the Pittsburgh 18 - yard line , and Fournette increased Jacksonville 's lead to 14 -- 0 with a touchdown run on the next play . The Steelers responded with a drive to the Jacksonville 21 - yard line , but on fourth - and - 1 , running back Le'Veon Bell was tackled by Jalen Ramsey and Malik Jackson for a four - yard loss . The Jaguars then drove 75 yards in 11 plays and scored on T.J. Yeldon 's 4 - yard touchdown run , increasing their lead to 21 -- 0 with just over 11 minutes left in the half . This time , the Steelers responded with a 64 - yard scoring drive , featuring a 21 - yard run by Bell and ending on Roethlisberger 's 23 - yard touchdown pass to Antonio Brown . But the next time Pittsburgh got the ball , Roethlisberger lost a fumble while being sacked by Yannick Ngakoue . Linebacker Telvin Smith recovered the ball and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown , making the score 28 -- 7 with less than two minutes left until halftime . However , the Jaguars were penalized 15 yards for excessive celebration , and then Cameron Sutton returned the ensuing kickoff 22 yards to the Jacksonville 49 - yard line . Pittsburgh went on to drive 51 yards and cut their deficit to 28 -- 14 on Roethlisberger 's 36 - yard touchdown completion to Martavis Bryant with 25 seconds remaining . The Steelers drove 77 yards in 10 plays on their opening drive of the second half , cutting their deficit to 28 -- 21 with Roethlisberger 's 19 - yard touchdown pass to Bell . Early in the final period , the Steelers got the ball on the Jaguars ' 48 - yard line due to a deflected punt , but ended up turning the ball over with an incomplete pass on fourth - and - 1 . On the ensuing Jacksonville drive , Bortles ' 45 - yard completion to Keelan Cole put them on the Steelers ' 3 - yard line , and Fournette ran the ball in for a touchdown on the next play , giving the Jaguars a 35 -- 21 lead . This was the start of a scoring run from both teams , cumulatively totaling 38 points in the fourth quarter . After Fournette 's score , Roethlisberger started the next drive with a 21 - yard completion to Brown , and eventually ended it with a 43 - yard touchdown pass to Brown that cut the score to 35 -- 28 . Jacksonville stormed right back , moving the ball 75 yards in eight plays , one of them a 40 - yard completion from Bortles to Yeldon on third - and - 5 . Fullback Tommy Bohanon caught a 14 - yard touchdown pass from Bortles with 4 : 19 left , giving the Jaguars a 42 -- 28 lead . The Steelers responded by moving the ball 75 yards in 12 plays , the longest a 22 - yard reception from Bell . Bell finished the drive with an eight - yard touchdown run , reducing his team 's deficit to 42 -- 35 with 2 : 19 to play . However , Pittsburgh failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , resulting in Jacksonville getting the ball back on the Steelers ' 36 - yard line and leading to a 45 - yard Josh Lambo field goal that put the Jaguars up 45 -- 35 . Pittsburgh then drove 75 yards in 10 plays , including a 42 - yard completion from Roethlisberger to Brown . He ended up throwing a four - yard touchdown pass to JuJu Smith - Schuster , but by then , one second remained . Bortles completed 14 of 26 passes for 214 yards and a touchdown . Fournette was the top rusher of the game with 25 carries for 109 yards and three touchdowns , along with two receptions for 10 yards . Setting several franchise playoff records , Roethlisberger completed 37 of 58 passes for 469 yards -- the second highest total in NFL postseason history , behind Bernie Kosar 's 489 - yard tally , from January 1987 -- with five touchdowns and an interception . Bell rushed for 67 yards and a touchdown , while also catching nine passes for 88 yards , while Brown caught seven passes for 132 yards and two touchdowns . Tight end Vance McDonald also went over 100 yards receiving , making 10 receptions for 112 yards . The Steelers lost despite gaining 545 yards of total offense , the most yards gained by a losing team in a playoff game ( this record would later be surpassed by the Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) . NFC : Minnesota Vikings 29 , New Orleans Saints 24 ( edit ) Main article : Minneapolis Miracle New Orleans Saints vs. Minnesota Vikings -- Game summary Total Saints 0 0 7 17 24 Vikings 10 7 0 12 29 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : January 14 , 2018 Game time : 4 : 40 p.m. EST / 3 : 40 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 66,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck ( play - by - play ) , Troy Aikman ( color commentator ) , Erin Andrews and Chris Myers ( sideline reporters ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter MIN -- Jerick McKinnon 14 - yard run ( Kai Forbath kick ) , 9 : 45 . Vikings 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 55 yards , 4 : 15 . MIN -- Kai Forbath 20 - yard field goal , 4 : 42 . Vikings 10 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 79 yards , 2 : 27 . Second quarter MIN -- Latavius Murray 1 - yard run ( Kai Forbath kick ) , 9 : 58 . Vikings 17 -- 0 . Drive : 12 plays , 58 yards , 6 : 08 . Third quarter NO -- Michael Thomas 14 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Wil Lutz kick ) , 1 : 18 . Vikings 17 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 80 yards , 6 : 40 . Fourth quarter NO -- Michael Thomas 3 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Wil Lutz kick ) , 13 : 09 . Vikings 17 -- 14 . Drive : 6 plays , 30 yards , 3 : 00 . MIN -- Kai Forbath 49 - yard field goal , 10 : 12 . Vikings 20 -- 14 . Drive : 7 plays , 44 yards , 2 : 57 . NO -- Alvin Kamara 14 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Wil Lutz kick ) , 3 : 01 . Saints 21 -- 20 . Drive : 4 plays , 40 yards , 2 : 20 . MIN -- Kai Forbath 53 - yard field goal , 1 : 29 . Vikings 23 -- 21 . Drive : 9 plays , 40 yards , 1 : 32 . NO -- Wil Lutz 43 - yard field goal , 0 : 25 . Saints 24 -- 23 . Drive : 11 plays , 50 yards , 1 : 04 . MIN -- Stefon Diggs 61 - yard pass from Case Keenum ( run failed ) , 0 : 00 . Vikings 29 -- 24 . Drive : 4 plays , 75 yards , 0 : 25 . Top passers NO -- Drew Brees -- 25 / 40 , 294 yards , 3 TD , 2 INT MIN -- Case Keenum -- 25 / 40 , 318 yards , TD , INT Top rushers NO -- Alvin Kamara -- 11 rushes , 43 yards MIN -- Latavius Murray -- 19 rushes , 50 yards , TD Top receivers NO -- Michael Thomas -- 7 receptions , 85 yards , 2 TD MIN -- Stefon Diggs -- 6 receptions , 137 yards , TD Vikings quarterback Case Keenum 's 61 - yard pass to Stefon Diggs on the game 's final play sent them to the NFC title game for the first time since the 2009 season and marked the first time in the NFL postseason that a game was won with a touchdown on the final play of regulation . The game has been referred to as the `` Minneapolis Miracle . '' Minnesota dominated the first half , building up a 17 -- 0 lead . The Saints had to punt on their opening drive , and Marcus Sherels returned the ball 19 yards to the Vikings ' 45 - yard line before being tackled by punter Thomas Morstead . The Vikings then drove 55 yards in eight plays , including a 22 - yard catch by Jarius Wright on third - and - 3 , to score on Jerick McKinnon 's 14 - yard touchdown run . The next time they got the ball , two pass interference penalties on defensive back Ken Crawley gave the Vikings 54 yards on a 79 - yard drive that ended with Kai Forbath 's 20 - yard field goal , increasing their lead to 10 -- 0 . Following two more possessions , Vikings safety Andrew Sendejo intercepted a pass from Drew Brees , giving Minnesota the ball on their own 42 - yard line with 1 : 06 left in the first quarter . Keenum went 5 - of - 7 for 54 yards on a 58 - yard drive that ended with Latavius Murray 's one - yard touchdown run , giving the Vikings a 17 -- 0 lead . New Orleans responded with a drive to the Vikings ' 14 - yard line , but lost their chance to score when Brees threw a pass that was tipped at the line by Everson Griffen and intercepted by linebacker Anthony Barr . Then after a punt , Brees led the team to the Minnesota 30 - yard line . But after two incompletions , Brees was sacked by safety Harrison Smith for a 10 - yard loss , and Wil Lutz missed a 58 - yard field goal attempt with 26 seconds left in the half . The Vikings would also get a field goal try before halftime , which resulted in Forbath missing from 49 yards out . Minnesota took the opening kickoff and drove to the Saints ' 30 - yard line . However , in what turned out to be a crucial turning point , Keenum was sacked by Sheldon Rankins for a 10 - yard loss on third down , pushing the team out of field goal range . New Orleans took the ball back and drove 80 yards in 12 plays , featuring a 23 - yard reception by receiver Michael Thomas . Brees finished the drive with a 14 - yard touchdown pass to Thomas , putting New Orleans on the board at 17 -- 7 . Then on the first play after the kickoff , Keenum threw a pass that was intercepted by rookie safety Marcus Williams , who returned it 12 yards to the Vikings ' 30 - yard line . New Orleans then drove for another touchdown , scoring on Brees ' three - yard pass to Thomas that narrowed the gap to 17 -- 14 with 13 : 09 left in the game . Minnesota responded with a seven - play , 44 - yard drive that included a 27 - yard completion from Keenum to Wright and ended on Forbath 's 49 - yard field goal that increased the Vikings ' lead to 20 -- 14 . Furthermore , Saints coach Sean Payton lost two timeouts on the drive as a result of failed replay challenges . After forcing the Saints to punt , the Vikings ran the clock under six minutes before having to kick the ball back to New Orleans . Saints lineman George Johnson blocked the punt , enabling his team to take over on the Vikings ' 40 - yard line . From there , Brees completed four consecutive passes , the last one a 14 - yard touchdown completion to running back Alvin Kamara , giving them their first lead of the game at 21 -- 20 with 3 : 01 left . Undaunted , the Vikings stormed back , mainly on the strength of a 24 - yard Adam Thielen reception , moving the ball to the Saints 35 - yard line , where Forbath made a 53 - yard field goal that gave the team a 23 -- 21 lead with 1 : 29 remaining . Brees was able to answer , throwing an 18 - yard pass to tight end Josh Hill , an 11 - yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. and a 13 - yard completion to Willie Snead on fourth - and - 10 . New Orleans eventually halted the drive on the Vikings ' 25 - yard line , where Lutz kicked a 43 - yard field goal . The Vikings were now down 24 -- 23 with 25 seconds and one timeout left . After a touchback and a false start penalty put the ball on the 20 - yard line , Keenum completed a 19 - yard pass to Diggs on the 39 - yard line , where the team promptly called their last timeout . Following two incomplete passes , they faced third - and - 10 with 10 seconds left . On the next play , Keenum threw a deep pass to Diggs near the right sideline , who made a leaping catch near the Saints ' 35 - yard line . Williams was in front of Diggs when he made the catch , but while trying to make a tackle , he completely missed Diggs and instead collided with Crawley , leaving the receiver with no one around him . Diggs nearly fell over at this point , but was able to stay on his feet by using his off - hand and stay in bounds as he ran all the way to the end zone for a 61 - yard touchdown completion to give the Vikings a 29 -- 24 win . After several minutes of pandemonium , the Vikings knelt on the extra point try to close out the victory . Keenum completed 25 of 40 passes for 318 yards , a touchdown and an interception . Diggs was the game 's leading receiver with six receptions for 137 yards and a touchdown . Like Keenum , Brees also finished the game 25 - of - 40 , but for 294 yards , three touchdowns and two interceptions . Kamara rushed for 43 yards , while also catching six passes for 72 yards and a touchdown . Conference championships ( edit ) As per an annual rotation used by the NFL since 1997 and made official in 2002 , the AFC Championship Game was the first game played on January 21 at 3 : 05 p.m. EST , followed by the NFC Championship Game at 6 : 40 p.m. EST . Sunday , January 21 , 2018 ( edit ) AFC Championship game : New England Patriots 24 , Jacksonville Jaguars 20 ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Jaguars 0 14 20 Patriots 7 0 14 24 at Gillette Stadium , Foxborough , Massachusetts Date : January 21 , 2018 Game time : 3 : 05 p.m. EST Game weather : Clear and cool , 48 ° F ( 9 ° C ) Game attendance : 65,878 Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz ( play - by - play ) , Tony Romo ( color commentator ) , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely ( sideline reporters ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter NE -- Stephen Gostkowski 31 - yard field goal , 9 : 21 . Patriots 3 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 62 yards , 5 : 39 . Second quarter JAX -- Marcedes Lewis 4 - yard pass from Blake Bortles ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 14 : 15 . Jaguars 7 -- 3 . Drive : 7 plays , 76 yards , 3 : 36 . JAX -- Leonard Fournette 4 - yard run ( Josh Lambo kick ) , 7 : 06 . Jaguars 14 -- 3 . Drive : 10 plays , 77 yards , 6 : 07 . NE -- James White 1 - yard run ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 0 : 55 . Jaguars 14 -- 10 . Drive : 6 plays , 85 yards , 1 : 07 . Third quarter JAX -- Josh Lambo 54 - yard field goal , 10 : 23 . Jaguars 17 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 39 yards , 4 : 37 . Fourth quarter JAX -- Josh Lambo 43 - yard field goal , 14 : 52 . Jaguars 20 -- 10 . Drive : 11 plays , 66 yards , 4 : 49 . NE -- Danny Amendola 9 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 8 : 44 . Jaguars 20 -- 17 . Drive : 8 plays , 85 yards , 3 : 19 . NE -- Danny Amendola 4 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 2 : 48 . Patriots 24 -- 20 . Drive : 5 plays , 30 yards , 2 : 10 . Top passers JAX -- Blake Bortles -- 23 / 36 , 293 yards , TD NE -- Tom Brady -- 26 / 38 , 290 yards , 2 TD Top rushers JAX -- Leonard Fournette -- 24 rushes , 76 yards , TD NE -- Dion Lewis -- 9 rushes , 34 yards Top receivers JAX -- Allen Hurns -- 6 receptions , 80 yards NE -- Danny Amendola -- 7 receptions , 84 yards , 2 TD New England overcame a 10 - point deficit in the fourth quarter to earn the franchise 's 10th Super Bowl appearance . On the opening drive of the game , Patriots quarterback Tom Brady completed a 31 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks and a 20 - yard pass to wide receiver Danny Amendola on fourth - and - 1 as the team drove 62 yards in 10 plays to score on Stephen Gostkowski 's 31 - yard field goal . Following a pair of punts , Jacksonville quarterback Blake Bortles completed two passes to running back Corey Grant for 44 total yards as the team drove 76 yards in seven plays to take a 7 -- 3 lead on a four - yard touchdown pass to tight end Marcedes Lewis on the second play of the second quarter . The next time they got the ball , Bortles completed all four pass attempts for 47 yards , one of them a 27 - yard completion to Allen Hurns , as the team drove 77 yards in 10 plays to score on Leonard Fournette 's four - yard touchdown run , increasing their lead to 14 -- 3 . On the Jaguars ' next drive , they moved the ball to a third - and - 7 on the Patriots ' 47 - yard line . Bortles completed a 12 - yard pass to Lewis that would have picked up a first down , but the team was flagged for a delay of game and Bortles was sacked by Adam Butler on the next play . New England got the ball on their own 15 - yard line with 2 : 02 left in the half , and proceeded to drive 85 yards in six plays -- 47 yards from Jaguars penalties -- to score on James White 's 1 - yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 14 -- 10 . However , Jacksonville safety Barry Church delivered a helmet - to - helmet hit on Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski . Church drew a 15 - yard penalty , and Gronkowski was escorted off for medical testing that determined that he had suffered a concussion . Jacksonville got the ball back with 55 seconds and all three timeouts remaining , but chose to run out the clock and go to halftime , a choice that would later earn them criticism , as no team had deliberately run the first half clock out with more than 50 seconds left during the season . Jacksonville received the second half kickoff and drove 39 yards in nine plays , with 20 yards from a reception by fullback Tommy Bohanon . Josh Lambo finished the drive with a 54 - yard field goal , increasing his team 's lead to 17 -- 10 . Later in the period , the Jaguars advanced 66 yards in 11 plays , including 18 yards on a completion from Bortles to Marqise Lee on third - and - 3 . On the second play of the fourth quarter , Lambo scored with a 43 - yard field goal , making the score 20 -- 10 . The game seemed to be slipping away from New England , particularly on their ensuing drive when linebacker Myles Jack forced and recovered a fumble from Dion Lewis on a trick play in which Amendola completed a forward pass to Lewis on the Jacksonville 33 - yard line . However , the New England defense rose to the occasion and forced a three - and - out . Taking the ball back on the Patriots ' 15 - yard line , Brady started the drive with an 18 - yard pass to Cooks , and then converted a third - and - 18 with a 21 - yard completion to Amendola on the 46 - yard line . From there , Brady completed passes to Phillip Dorsett for 31 yards and Amendola for 14 yards before finishing the drive with a nine - yard touchdown pass to Amendola , making the score 20 -- 17 . Following a pair of punts , Ryan Allen 's 35 - yard kick pinned the Jaguars back at their own 10 - yard line . The Jaguars lost one yard over their next three plays , and then Amendola returned Brad Nortman 's 41 - yard punt 20 yards to the Jacksonville 30 - yard line with 4 : 58 left . From there , New England drove 30 yards in five plays , scoring on Brady 's four - yard touchdown pass to Amendola to take a 24 -- 20 lead with 2 : 48 left . After taking the ball back , Bortles ' 29 - yard completion to Dede Westbrook gave the Jaguars a first down on the Patriots ' 38 - yard line . But over the next two plays , Bortles threw an incompletion and then fumbled the ball while being sacked by linebacker Kyle Van Noy . Jacksonville tackle Cam Robinson recovered the fumble , but the team lost nine yards on the play , bringing up third - and - 19 . After a four - yard pass to James O'Shaughnessy , Bortles ' next pass was swatted away by Stephon Gilmore , causing a turnover on downs with 1 : 47 left . New England got a key first down on third - and - 10 with an 18 - yard run by Lewis that let them run out the clock . Brady completed 26 of 38 passes for 290 yards and two touchdowns , Cooks was the top receiver of the game with six receptions for 100 yards , while Amendola caught seven passes for 84 yards and two touchdowns , and also returning two punts for 24 yards . Van Noy had nine tackles -- including five solo tackles -- a sack and a forced fumble . Bortles completed 23 of 36 passes for 293 yards and a touchdown , while Fournette was the leading rusher of the game with 76 yards and a touchdown and Hurns was the Jaguars ' leading receiver with six receptions for 80 yards . NFC Championship game : Philadelphia Eagles 38 , Minnesota Vikings 7 ( edit ) Minnesota Vikings vs. Philadelphia Eagles -- Game summary Total Vikings 7 0 0 0 7 Eagles 7 17 7 7 38 at Lincoln Financial Field , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Date : January 21 , 2018 Game time : 6 : 40 p.m. EST Game weather : Cloudy , 47 ° F ( 8 ° C ) Game attendance : 69,596 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( Fox ) : Joe Buck ( play - by - play ) , Troy Aikman ( color commentator ) , Erin Andrews and Chris Myers ( sideline reporters ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter MIN -- Kyle Rudolph 25 - yard pass from Case Keenum ( Kai Forbath kick ) , 10 : 14 . Vikings 7 -- 0 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 46 . PHI -- Patrick Robinson 50 - yard interception return ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 6 : 26 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Second quarter PHI -- LeGarrette Blount 11 - yard run ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 13 : 37 . Eagles 14 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 75 yards , 6 : 20 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 53 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 1 : 09 . Eagles 21 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 76 yards , 2 : 07 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 38 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Eagles 24 -- 7 . Drive : 4 plays , 60 yards , 0 : 29 . Third quarter PHI -- Torrey Smith 41 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 10 : 05 . Eagles 31 -- 7 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 55 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 5 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 14 : 10 . Eagles 38 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 92 yards , 7 : 11 . Top passers MIN -- Case Keenum -- 28 / 48 , 271 yards , TD , 2 INT PHI -- Nick Foles -- 26 / 33 , 352 yards , 3 TD Top rushers MIN -- Jerick McKinnon -- 10 rushes , 40 yards PHI -- Jay Ajayi -- 18 rushes , 73 yards Top receivers MIN -- Jerick McKinnon -- 11 receptions , 86 yards PHI -- Zach Ertz -- 8 receptions , 93 yards Lincoln Financial Field during the NFC championship game . This was the first time a Super Bowl host team had appeared in the conference championship . Although the Vikings scored with their opening drive , they were soon buried by Philadelphia , who racked up 456 total yards and 38 unanswered points . Meanwhile , the Vikings ' seven drives after their game - opening touchdown would result in three punts , two interceptions , two turnovers on downs , and one lost fumble . Minnesota drove 75 yards in nine plays on their first possession , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with Case Keenum 's 25 - yard touchdown pass to tight end Kyle Rudolph . The Eagles had to punt on their next drive , but after moving the ball to the 43 - yard line , Keenum threw a pass that was intercepted by cornerback Patrick Robinson and returned 50 yards for a touchdown . Following a Vikings punt , Philadelphia drove 75 yards in 12 plays to take a 14 -- 7 lead . Jay Ajayi started the drive with two carries for 20 yards , while Nick Foles converted a third - and - 10 with an 11 - yard completion to Zach Ertz and LeGarrette Blount finished the drive with an 11 - yard rushing score on the third play of the second quarter . Later on , the Vikings drove to a third - and - 5 on the Eagles ' 16 - yard line . But on the next play , Derek Barnett forced a fumble while sacking Keenum and defensive end Chris Long recovered the ball . Philadelphia then drove 76 yards in six plays , scoring on Foles ' 53 - yard touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery to go up 21 -- 7 with 3 : 16 left in the half . Following a punt , the Eagles got the ball on their 20 - yard line with 29 seconds on the clock . Foles started the drive with an 11 - yard pass to Ajayi , who managed to get out of bounds , before throwing a 36 - yard completion on Ertz on the Vikings ' 33 - yard line . On the next play , Foles ' 13 - yard completion to Ajayi moved the ball to the 20 yard line with four seconds left , where Jake Elliott kicked a 43 - yard field goal , making the score 24 -- 7 at halftime . The Eagles increased their lead to 31 -- 7 less than five minutes into the second half , scoring with Foles ' 41 - yard touchdown pass to Torrey Smith on a flea - flicker play . The Vikings responded with a drive to a first - and - goal on the Eagles ' seven - yard line . After three incomplete passes , Keenum threw a pass to Adam Thielen that was initially ruled a touchdown , but overturned to an incomplete pass after replays showed the ball had hit the ground , causing a turnover on downs . The Eagles took over and drove 92 yards in 12 plays , including a 42 - yard completion from Foles to Nelson Agholor on third - and - 5 . Foles finished the drive with a five - yard touchdown pass to Jeffery on the second play of the fourth quarter , making the score 38 -- 7 . The Vikings had only two drives on the final period , one of them ending with a turnover on downs and another with an interception by Eagles defensive back Corey Graham . Foles completed 26 of 33 passes for 352 yards and three touchdowns , Ertz was the leading receiver of the game with eight receptions for 93 yards , while Jeffery caught five passes for 85 yards and two touchdowns . Ajayi rushed for 73 yards and caught three passes for 26 yards . Keenum finished the game 28 - of - 48 for 271 yards and a touchdown , with two interceptions , while Jerick McKinnon was the Vikings ' leading rusher with 40 yards , and their leading receiver with 11 receptions for 86 yards . Super Bowl LII : Philadelphia Eagles 41 , New England Patriots 33 ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 6 : 30 p.m. EST / 5 : 30 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) , Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) , Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Recap , Game Book ( show ) Game information First quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 25 - yard field goal , 7 : 55 . Eagles 3 -- 0 . Drive : 14 plays , 67 yards , 7 : 05 . NE -- Stephen Gostkowski 26 - yard field goal , 4 : 17 . Tied 3 -- 3 . Drive : 9 plays , 67 yards , 3 : 38 . PHI -- Alshon Jeffery 34 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( kick failed , wide right ) , 2 : 34 . Eagles 9 -- 3 . Drive : 3 plays , 77 yards , 1 : 43 . Second quarter PHI -- LeGarrette Blount 21 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( pass failed ) , 8 : 48 . Eagles 15 -- 3 . Drive : 6 plays , 65 yards , 3 : 05 . NE -- Stephen Gostkowski 45 - yard field goal , 7 : 24 . Eagles 15 -- 6 . Drive : 5 plays , 48 yards , 1 : 24 . NE -- James White 26 - yard run ( kick failed , wide left ) , 2 : 04 . Eagles 15 -- 12 . Drive : 7 plays , 90 yards , 2 : 57 . PHI -- Nick Foles 1 - yard pass from Trey Burton ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 0 : 34 . Eagles 22 -- 12 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 1 : 30 . Third quarter NE -- Rob Gronkowski 5 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 12 : 15 . Eagles 22 -- 19 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 45 . PHI -- Corey Clement 22 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( Jake Elliott kick ) , 7 : 18 . Eagles 29 -- 19 . Drive : 11 plays , 85 yards , 4 : 57 . NE -- Chris Hogan 26 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 3 : 23 . Eagles 29 -- 26 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 55 . Fourth quarter PHI -- Jake Elliott 42 - yard field goal , 14 : 09 . Eagles 32 -- 26 . Drive : 8 plays , 51 yards , 4 : 14 . NE -- Rob Gronkowski 4 - yard pass from Tom Brady ( Stephen Gostkowski kick ) , 9 : 22 . Patriots 33 -- 32 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 47 . PHI -- Zach Ertz 11 - yard pass from Nick Foles ( pass failed ) , 2 : 21 . Eagles 38 -- 33 . Drive : 14 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 01 . PHI -- Jake Elliott 46 - yard field goal , 1 : 05 . Eagles 41 -- 33 . Drive : 4 plays , 4 yards , 1 : 04 . Top passers PHI -- Nick Foles -- 28 / 43 , 373 yards , 3 TD , INT NE -- Tom Brady -- 28 / 48 , 505 yards , 3 TD Top rushers PHI -- LeGarrette Blount -- 14 rushes , 90 yards , TD NE -- James White -- 7 rushes , 45 yards , TD Top receivers PHI -- Nelson Agholor -- 9 receptions , 84 yards NE -- Rob Gronkowski -- 9 receptions , 116 yards , 2 TD Television coverage ( edit ) All playoff games were broadcast nationally on network television . ABC and ESPN simulcast 1 AFC Wild Card game , while CBS broadcast all other AFC playoff games . Coverage of the NFC Wild Card and Divisional rounds was split between Fox and NBC , with each network having coverage of one game in each of those two rounds . CBS had exclusive coverage of the AFC Championship Game . Fox had exclusive coverage of the NFC Championship Game . NBC had exclusive coverage of Super Bowl LII . Playoff games TV ratings ( edit ) Rank Game Date Matchup Network Viewers ( millions ) TV rating Super Bowl LII February 4 , 2018 , 6 : 30 ET Philadelphia Eagles 41 -- 33 New England Patriots NBC 103.4 43.1 AFC Championship January 21 , 2018 , 3 : 05 ET Jacksonville Jaguars 20 -- 24 New England Patriots CBS 44.1 24.3 NFC Championship January 21 , 2018 , 6 : 40 ET Minnesota Vikings 7 -- 38 Philadelphia Eagles Fox 42.3 21.7 Divisional Round January 14 , 2018 , 4 : 40 ET New Orleans Saints 24 -- 29 Minnesota Vikings 35.6 19.3 5 Divisional Round January 14 , 2018 , 1 : 05 ET Jacksonville Jaguars 45 -- 42 Pittsburgh Steelers CBS 31.4 18.3 6 Wild Card Round January 7 , 2018 , 4 : 40 ET Carolina Panthers 26 -- 31 New Orleans Saints Fox 31.2 17.5 7 Divisional Round January 13 , 2018 , 4 : 20 ET Atlanta Falcons 10 -- 15 Philadelphia Eagles NBC 27.1 15.5 8 Divisional Round January 13 , 2018 , 8 : 15 ET Tennessee Titans 14 -- 35 New England Patriots CBS 26.7 14.5 9 Wild Card Round January 7 , 2018 , 1 : 05 ET Buffalo Bills 3 -- 10 Jacksonville Jaguars 25.3 15.2 10 Wild Card Round January 6 , 2018 , 8 : 15 ET Atlanta Falcons 26 -- 13 Los Angeles Rams NBC 22.8 12.8 11 Wild Card Round January 6 , 2018 , 4 : 20 ET Tennessee Titans 22 -- 21 Kansas City Chiefs ABC / ESPN 22.2 13.0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eight Super Bowls in 17 years ? Numbers show Patriots ' dominance '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces playoff schedule '' . National Football League . December 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tomlinson , Sean . `` Major Questions Surround Chiefs After Yet Another Andy Reid Postseason Disaster '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wow ! Marcus Mariota 's first playoff touchdown pass goes to Marcus Mariota '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titans storm back from 18 points down to stun Chiefs in AFC wild card thriller '' . Guardian . January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titans rally from 21 - 3 hole , beat Chiefs 22 - 21 in playoffs '' . ESPN.com . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons 26 - 13 Los Angeles Rams : NFC wild card playoffs -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars break defensive stalemate , push past Bills for wild - card win '' . USA Today . January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL : Carolina Panthers 26 - 31 New Orleans Saints -- as it happened ! '' . Guardian . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Today , Divisional Playoffs '' . The Washington Post . Fred Ryan , WP Company LLC . Associated Press . January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Patriots advance to seventh - straight AFC title game '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Marcus Mariota age difference is insane , and history is firmly on one side in playoff games '' . 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars vs. Steelers score , takeaways : Jags pull off stunning playoff upset in Pittsburgh '' . ^ Jump up to : Fittipaldo , Ray ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Communication errors , mental lapses define disappointing defensive performance for Steelers '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . John Robinson Block , Block Communications . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shpigel , Ben ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings Shock Saints on Stefon Diggs 's Last - Second Touchdown '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay H. `` Vikings stun Saints with last - second TD to advance to NFC Championship Game '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game Center Saints Vikings 2017 playoffs '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy . `` Stefon Diggs ' last - second TD caps Vikings ' wild win '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Hurley ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Rob Gronkowski Suffers Concussion , But There 's ' Optimism ' For Super Bowl Availability '' . CBS Boston . Jump up ^ `` 3 errors at the end of the 1st half spoiled the Jaguars ' early lead '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoffs Schedule 2018 - Sports Media Watch '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE NFL TV RATINGS PAGE '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . NFL playoffs Conference tiebreakers 1941 1943 1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 NFL playoff system 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 American Football League playoffs Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII Participating teams Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. Paganetti Justin Peelle Spencer Phillips Frank Reich Jim Schwartz Duce Staley Jeff Stoutland Press Taylor Cory Undlin Dino Vasso Chris Wilson Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Minnesota Vikings Founded in 1961 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered in Eden Prairie , Minnesota Franchise Franchise History Expansion draft Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Head coaches Seasons Statistics Draft Broadcasters Stadiums Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome TCF Bank Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium Culture Purple People Eaters `` Skol , Vikings '' Herschel Walker trade Love Boat scandal `` Little Minnesota '' ( How I Met Your Mother episode ) Cheerleaders Lore The Wrong Way Run Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Miracle at the Met Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Hail Mary 2010 Metrodome roof collapse Minneapolis Miracle Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Division championships ( 20 ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1989 1992 1994 1998 2000 2008 2009 2015 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1969 1973 1976 League championships ( 0 ) does not include 1969 NFL championship Retired numbers 10 53 70 77 80 88 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 57 ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Jacksonville Jaguars Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Jacksonville , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Quarterbacks First - round draft picks Expansion draft Draft history Records Radio network Stadiums TIAA Bank Field Wembley Stadium ( only in the International Series ) Culture Wayne Weaver Shahid Khan Jason Mendoza Jaxson de Ville Roar of the Jaguars Lore River City Relay Sacksonville Rivalries Tennessee Titans Division championships ( 3 ) 1998 1999 2017 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 24 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 New Orleans Saints Founded in 1967 Based in New Orleans , Louisiana Headquartered in Metairie , Louisiana Franchise Franchise Seasons History ( playoff history ) Players Coaches Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tulane Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Temporary home venues due to Hurricane Katrina : Alamodome Giants Stadium Tiger Stadium Culture Gumbo Sir Saint Who Dat ? Effect of Hurricane Katrina Buddy D `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' Lore Dempsey 's 63 - yard field goal Dome Patrol Ricky Williams trade River City Relay Bountygate Minneapolis Miracle Owners Tom Benson ( majority owner ) Rita Benson LeBlanc ( part - owner ) Wild card berths ( 5 ) 1990 1992 2013 Division championships ( 6 ) 1991 2000 2006 2009 2011 2017 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2009 League championships ( 1 ) 2009 ( XLIV ) Ring of Honor Andersen Manning Jackson Roaf Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 52 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Pittsburgh Steelers Founded in 1933 Formerly the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 39 ) Based and headquartered in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History All - Time Team Seasons Logos and uniforms Coaches Players Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Statistics Stadiums Home fields : Forbes Field Pitt Stadium Three Rivers Stadium Heinz Field Training facilities : Rooney Field Point Stadium UPMC Sportsplex Chuck Noll Field Culture Football in Western PA Rooney family Myron Cope Steeler Nation Terrible Towel Steel Curtain Evening Shade `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Renegade '' `` Here We Go '' `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam This Is Us Lore Steelers lore J.P. Rooneys Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles Card - Pitt Steelerettes Immaculate Reception Black Sunday Fighting Back : The Rocky Bleier Story 1995 AFC Championship Game The Chief The 3 : 16 game Rivalries Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Tennessee Titans Oakland Raiders Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Media Broadcasters KDKA - TV WPCW - TV Root Sports Pittsburgh Charlie Batch Chris Hoke Bob Pompeani Radio Network WDVE - FM WBGG - AM Bill Hillgrove Tunch Ilkin Craig Wolfley Steelers figures in broadcasting Division championships ( 23 ) 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1984 1992 1994 1995 1997 2001 2002 2007 2008 2014 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1978 1979 1995 2005 2008 League championships ( 6 ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 2005 ( XL ) 2008 ( XLIII ) Retired numbers 70 75 Hall of Fame members Players : Bettis Blount Bradshaw Butler Dawson Dudley Greene Ham Harris Johnson Lambert Layne Stallworth Stautner Swann Webster Woodson Coaches and administration : Bell Kiesling Noll Art Rooney Dan Rooney Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 85 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Tennessee Titans Founded in 1960 Formerly the Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 96 ) and the Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 98 ) Based and headquartered in Nashville , Tennessee Franchise History in Houston in Tennessee Coaches Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Jeppesen Stadium Rice Stadium Houston Astrodome Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Vanderbilt Stadium Nissan Stadium Culture Bud Adams Luv Ya Blue T - Rac Cheerleaders Lore The Choke Music City Miracle Rivalries Houston Texans Jacksonville Jaguars Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1967 1991 1993 2000 2002 2008 Conference championships ( 1 ) 1999 League championships ( 2 ) 1960 1961 Retired numbers 34 43 63 65 74 Media Broadcasters Titans All Access Titans Preseason Football Titans Radio Network WKRN - TV WTVF WZTV WGFX - FM Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Atlanta Falcons Founded in 1966 Based in Atlanta , Georgia Headquartered in Flowery Branch , Georgia Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players Quarterbacks Head coaches Expansion draft Draft history First - round draft picks Stadiums Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Stadium Culture Rankin M. Smith , Sr . Arthur Blank The Dirty Bird Dance Freddie Falcon Michael Vick dog fighting investigation Cheerleaders `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' Lore Gary Anderson 's missed field goal 28 -- 3 Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1978 1991 1995 2002 2008 2011 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 1980 1998 2012 2016 Conference championships ( 2 ) 1998 2016 Ring of Honor 10 21 31 42 57 58 60 78 87 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 53 ) 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Carolina Panthers Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2005 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 24 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Buffalo Bills Founded in 1960 Based and headquartered in Orchard Park , New York Franchise Franchise History Players Seasons Pro Bowl selections First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Logos and uniforms NFL in Toronto Bills series Stadiums War Memorial Stadium New Era Field Rogers Centre ( Bills Toronto Series ) New Era Field II ( proposed ) Culture Buffalo sports curse Ralph Wilson Billy Buffalo Buffalo Jills Ken `` Pinto Ron '' Johnson Second String Flutie Flakes `` Shout '' ( The Isley Brothers song ) Four Falls of Buffalo Lore AAFC Buffalo Bills Electric Company The Comeback Wide Right Music City Miracle Rivalries Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Division championships ( 10 ) 1964 1965 1966 1980 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1990 1991 1992 1993 League championships ( 2 ) 1964 1965 Wall of Fame Simpson Kemp McGroder Sestak Shaw Wilson 12th Man Dubenion Stratton Ferguson Levy DeLamielleure James Abramoski Kalsu Saimes Kelly Smerlas Hull Talley Ritcher Thomas Reed Tasker Smith Edgerson Hansen Polian Miller Saban Gilchrist Media Broadcasters Radio Radio Network WGR 550 Television MSG Western New York Personalities : John Murphy Van Miller Mark Kelso Steve Tasker Owners Wilson Pegula family Terry Kim Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Los Angeles Rams Founded in 1936 Played in Cleveland ( 1936 -- 45 ) and St. Louis ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Headquartered in Thousand Oaks , California Franchise Franchise History in Cleveland in St. Louis Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Statistics Broadcasters Awards Stadiums Cleveland Stadium League Park Shaw Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Anaheim Stadium Busch Stadium Edward Jones Dome Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Rampage Cheerleaders Heaven Can Wait ( film ) Melonheads Carroll Rosenbloom John Ramsey Lore The Greatest Show on Turf Bull Elephant backfield Fearsome Foursome `` The Tackle '' Rivalries San Francisco 49ers Kansas City Chiefs Retired numbers 7 28 29 74 75 78 80 85 Media Broadcasters Radio network KCBS - FM J.B. Long D'Marco Farr Dick Enberg Wild card berths ( 8 ) 1980 1984 1986 1988 1989 2000 Division championships ( 16 ) 1945 1949 1967 1969 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1985 1999 2001 2003 2017 Conference championships ( 6 ) 1950 1951 1955 1979 1999 2001 League championships ( 3 ) 1945 1951 1999 ( XXXIV ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1937 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1936 ) Seasons ( 82 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Kansas City Chiefs Founded in 1960 Formerly the Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based and headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players First - round picks Coaches Logos and uniforms Awards Records Starting quarterbacks ( list ) Stadiums Cotton Bowl Municipal Stadium Arrowhead Stadium Personnel Owner : Clark Hunt President : Mark Donovan General Manager : Brett Veach Head Coach : Andy Reid Co-Offensive Coordinator : Brad Childress Co-Offensive Coordinator : Matt Nagy Defensive Coordinator : Bob Sutton Special Teams Coach : Dave Toub Culture Lamar Hunt H. 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Wolf Marty Ball Cheerleaders Rivalries Denver Broncos Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders St. Louis Cardinals / Rams Playoff appearances ( 20 ) 1962 1966 1968 1969 1971 1986 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2003 2006 2013 2015 2016 2017 Division championships ( 10 ) 1962 1966 1971 1993 1995 1997 2003 2016 2017 League championships ( 2 ) 1962 1969 ( IV ) does not include 1966 or 1969 AFL championships Retired numbers 16 18 28 33 36 58 63 78 86 Media Broadcasters Television : KCTV WDAF - TV KSHB - TV Radio : KCFX Personalities : Dave Armstrong Len Dawson Kendall Gammon Bob Gretz Art Hains Bill Grigsby Kevin Harlan Mitch Holthus Roger Twibell Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_NFL_playoffs&oldid = 826451862 '' Categories : 2017 National Football League season National Football League playoffs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 05 : 02 . 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at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs is | Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival . If these requirements are not met , the human body can not function properly and will ultimately fail . Physiological needs are thought to be the most important ; they should be met first . This is the first and basic need on the hierarchy of needs . Without them , the other needs can not follow up . | Physiological needs | Maslow 's hierarchy of needs | maslow's hierarchy of needs | Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper `` A Theory of Human Motivation '' in Psychological Review . Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans ' innate curiosity . His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology , some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans . Maslow used the terms `` physiological '' , `` safety '' , `` belonging and love '' , `` esteem '' , `` self - actualization '' , and `` self - transcendence '' to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through . The goal of Maslow 's Theory is to attain the sixth level or stage : self transcendent needs . | Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein , Jane Addams , Eleanor Roosevelt , and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people , writing that `` the study of crippled , stunted , immature , and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy . '' Maslow studied the healthiest 1 % of the college student population . Maslow 's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality . The hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research , management training and secondary and higher psychology instruction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hierarchy 1.1 Physiological needs 1.2 Safety needs 1.3 Social belonging 1.4 Esteem 1.5 Self - actualization 1.6 Self - transcendence 2 Application to Nursing 2.1 The Human Dimensions and Basic Human Needs 3 Research 4 Criticism 4.1 Ranking 4.1. 1 Global ranking 4.1. 2 Ranking of sex 4.1. 3 Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance 4.2 Definition of terms 4.2. 1 Self - actualization 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Hierarchy ( edit ) Alternative illustration as dynamic hierarchy of needs with overlaps of different needs at same time Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest , most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for self - actualization and self - transcendence at the top . The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called `` deficiency needs '' or `` d - needs '' : esteem , friendship and love , security , and physical needs . If these `` deficiency needs '' are not met -- with the exception of the most fundamental ( physiological ) need -- there may not be a physical indication , but the individual will feel anxious and tense . Maslow 's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire ( or focus motivation upon ) the secondary or higher level needs . Maslow also coined the term `` metamotivation '' to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment . The human brain is a complex system and has parallel processes running at the same time , thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow 's hierarchy can occur at the same time . Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as `` relative '' , `` general '' , and `` primarily '' . Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time , Maslow stated that a certain need `` dominates '' the human organism . Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind , but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they would tend to be met . Physiological needs ( edit ) Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival . If these requirements are not met , the human body can not function properly and will ultimately fail . Physiological needs are thought to be the most important ; they should be met first . This is the first and basic need on the hierarchy of needs . Without them , the other needs can not follow up . Physiological needs include : Air ( Breathing ) Water Food Sexual instinct Sleep Clothing Shelter Safety needs ( edit ) Once a person 's physiological needs are relatively satisfied , their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior . In the absence of physical safety -- due to war , natural disaster , family violence , childhood abuse , etc. -- people may ( re - ) experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma . In the absence of economic safety -- due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities -- these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security , grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority , savings accounts , insurance policies , disability accommodations , etc . This level is more likely to predominate in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe . Safety and Security needs include : Personal security Financial security Health and well - being Safety needs against accidents / illness and their adverse impacts Social belonging ( edit ) After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled , the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness . This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents . Deficiencies within this level of Maslow 's hierarchy -- due to hospitalism , neglect , shunning , ostracism , etc. -- can adversely affect the individual 's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general . Social Belonging needs include : Friendships Intimacy Family According to Maslow , humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among social groups , regardless whether these groups are large or small . For example , some large social groups may include clubs , co-workers , religious groups , professional organizations , sports teams , gangs , and online communities . Some examples of small social connections include family members , intimate partners , mentors , colleagues , and confidants . Humans need to love and be loved -- both sexually and non-sexually -- by others . Many people become susceptible to loneliness , social anxiety , and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element . This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs , depending on the strength of the peer pressure . Esteem ( edit ) Esteem needs are ego needs or status needs develop a concern with getting recognition , status , importance , and respect from others . All humans have a need to feel respected ; this includes the need to have self - esteem and self - respect . Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others . People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition . These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value . Low self - esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy . People with low self - esteem often need respect from others ; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory . However , fame or glory will not help the person to build their self - esteem until they accept who they are internally . Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self - esteem or self - respect . Most people have a need for stable self - respect and self - esteem . Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs : a `` lower '' version and a `` higher '' version . The `` lower '' version of esteem is the need for respect from others . This may include a need for status , recognition , fame , prestige , and attention . The `` higher '' version manifests itself as the need for self - respect . For example , the person may have a need for strength , competence , mastery , self - confidence , independence , and freedom . This `` higher '' version takes precedence over the `` lower '' version because it relies on an inner competence established through experience . Deprivation of these needs may lead to an inferiority complex , weakness , helplessness etc ... Maslow states that while he originally thought the needs of humans had strict guidelines , the `` hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated '' . This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated ; instead , the levels are closely related . Self - actualization ( edit ) Main article : Self - actualization `` What a man can be , he must be . '' This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self - actualization . This level of need refers to what a person 's full potential is and the realization of that potential . Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can , to become the most that one can be . Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically . For example , one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent . In another , the desire may be expressed athletically . For others , it may be expressed in paintings , pictures , or inventions . As previously mentioned , Maslow believed that to understand this level of need , the person must not only achieve the previous needs , but master them . Self - transcendence ( edit ) Main article : Self - transcendence In his later years , Abraham Maslow explored a further dimension of needs , while criticizing his own vision on self - actualization . By this later theory , the self only finds its actualization in giving itself to some higher outside goal , in altruism and spirituality . He equated this with the desire to reach the infinite . `` Transcendence refers to the very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness , behaving and relating , as ends rather than means , to oneself , to significant others , to human beings in general , to other species , to nature , and to the cosmos '' ( Farther Reaches of Human Nature , New York 1971 , p. 269 ) . Application to nursing ( edit ) Nurses can apply Maslow 's hierarchy of basic needs in the assessment , planning , implementation , and evaluation of patient care . It helps the nurse identify unmet needs as they become health care needs , and allows the nurse to locate the patient on the health - illness continuum and to incorporate the human dimensions and health models into meeting needs . The human dimensions and basic human needs ( edit ) Physical dimension Physiologic needs Breathing , circulation , temperature , intake of food and fluids , elimination of wastes , movement . Environmental dimension Safety and security needs Housing , community , climate . Sociocultural dimension Love and belonging needs Relationships with others , communications with others , support systems , being part of community , feeling loved by others . Emotional dimension Self - esteem needs Hope , joy , curiosity , happiness , accepting Self . Intellectual and spiritual dimensions Self - actualization needs Thinking , learning , decision making , values , beliefs , fulfillment , helping others . All basic human needs are interrelated and may require nursing actions at more than one level at a given time . For example , in caring for a person coming into the emergency department with a heart attack , the nurse 's immediate concern in the patient 's physiologic needs ( e.g. , oxygen and pain relief ) . At the same time , safety needs ( e.g. , for ensuring that the person does not fall off the examining table ) and love and belonging needs ( e.g. , for having a family member nearby if possible ) are still major considerations . Research ( edit ) Recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs , although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question . Following World War II , the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory , which was initially based on Maslow and others ' developmental psychology work by John Bowlby . Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs , attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow 's hierarchy , from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice . Criticism ( edit ) Ranking ( edit ) Global ranking ( edit ) In their extensive review of research based on Maslow 's theory , Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all . The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede . Maslow 's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies . The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self - centered than those in collectivist societies , focusing on improvement of the self , with self - actualization being the apex of self - improvement . In collectivist societies , the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality . Ranking of sex ( edit ) The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow 's hierarchy . Maslow 's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing ; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective . For example , sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers `` higher '' levels of motivation . Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional , familial , and evolutionary implications of sex within the community , although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs . Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance ( edit ) The higher - order ( self - esteem and self - actualization ) and lower - order ( physiological , safety , and love ) needs classification of Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity / country . In one study , exploratory factor analysis ( EFA ) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994 : survival ( physiological and safety ) and psychological ( love , self - esteem , and self - actualization ) . In 1991 , a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year . Once again , only two levels of needs were identified ; therefore , people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs . For citizens in the Middle East ( Egypt and Saudi Arabia ) , three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime . These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens . Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures ( the US vs. the Middle East ) . For the US citizens , there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important . With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war , in the US there were three levels : physiological needs , safety needs , and psychological needs ( social , self - esteem , and self - actualization ) . During the war , the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime , they were combined as one . For the people of the Middle East , the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime . A 1981 study looked at how Maslow 's hierarchy might vary across age groups . A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important . The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups , the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood , the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group , young adults had the highest self - actualization level , and old age had the highest level of security , it was needed across all levels comparably . The authors argued that this suggested Maslow 's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self - esteem need should be reversed according to age . Definition of terms ( edit ) Self - actualization ( edit ) The term `` self - actualization '' may not universally convey Maslow 's observations ; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others . Maslow 's term of self - actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level ; quite often , when a person is at the level of self - actualization , much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others , or `` the greater good '' . See also ( edit ) ERG theory , which further expands and explains Maslow 's theory Fundamental human needs , Manfred Max - Neef 's model Human givens defines a set of innate physical and emotional needs common to all human beings and a set of natural capabilities for getting these needs met . It suggests that mental illness is impossible when innate human needs are met in a balanced way . Need theory Positive disintegration References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A.H. ( 1943 ) . `` A theory of human motivation '' . Psychological Review . 50 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 96 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054346 -- via psychclassics.yorku.ca . Jump up ^ M. , , Wills , Evelyn . Theoretical basis for nursing . ISBN 9781451190311 . OCLC 857664345 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A ( 1954 ) . Motivation and personality . New York , NY : Harper . ISBN 0 - 06 - 041987 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mittelman , W. ( 1991 ) . `` Maslow 's study of self - actualization : A reinterpretation '' . Journal of Humanistic Psychology . 31 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 135 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022167891311010 . Jump up ^ Kremer , William Kremer ; Hammond , Claudia ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business '' . BBC news magazine . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Steere , B.F. ( 1988 ) . Becoming an effective classroom manager : A resource for teachers . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 620 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goble , F. ( 1970 ) . The third force : The psychology of Abraham Maslow . Richmond , CA : Maurice Bassett Publishing . pp. 62 . Jump up ^ A.H. Maslow , `` Critique of self - actualization theory '' , in : E. Hoffman ( Ed . ) , Future visions : The unpublished papers of Abraham Maslow ( Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage , 1996 ) , pp. 26 -- 32 Jump up ^ Cfr . A.H. Maslow , `` The farther reaches of human nature '' , in : Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 1 ( 1969 ) 1 , pp. 1 - 9 ; A. Maslow , The farther reaches of human nature ( New York : The Viking Press , 1971 ) ; Mark E. Koltko - Rivera , `` Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs : Self - Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory , Research , and Unification '' , in : Review of General Psychology 10 ( 2006 ) 4 , pp. 302 - 317 ( PDF ) ; Albert Garcia - Romeu , `` Self - transcendence as a measurable transpersonal construct '' , in : Journal of Transpersonal Psychology , 42 ( 2010 ) 1 , p. 26 - 47 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Carol . Fundamentals of Nursing : The Art and Science of Person - centered Nursing Care . 8th ed . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer , 2015 . Print . Jump up ^ Villarica , H. ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Maslow 2.0 : A new and improved recipe for happiness '' . theatlantic.com . Jump up ^ Tay , L. ; Diener , E. ( 2011 ) . `` Needs and subjective well - being around the world '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 101 ( 2 ) : 354 -- 365 . doi : 10.1037 / a0023779 . Jump up ^ Bretherton , I. ( 1992 ) . `` The Origins of Attachment Theory : John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth '' . Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 5 ) : 759 -- 775 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 5.759 . Jump up ^ Bugental DB ( 2000 ) . `` Acquisition of the Algorithms of Social Life : A Domain - Based Approach '' . Psychological Bulletin . 126 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 219 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.126. 2.187 . PMID 10748640 . Jump up ^ Wahba , M.A. ; Bridwell , L.G. ( 1976 ) . `` Maslow reconsidered : A review of research on the need hierarchy theory '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 15 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 240 . doi : 10.1016 / 0030 - 5073 ( 76 ) 90038 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hofstede , G. ( 1984 ) . `` The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Management Review . 9 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 398 . doi : 10.5465 / amr. 1984.4279653 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cianci , R. ; Gambrel , P.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Maslow 's hierarchy of needs : Does it apply in a collectivist culture '' . Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D. ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rebuilding Maslow 's pyramid on an evolutionary foundation '' . psychologytoday.com/ . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D.T. ; Griskevicius , V. ; Neuberg , S.L. ; Schaller , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Renovating the pyramid of needs : Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations '' . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 5 : 292 . doi : 10.1177 / 1745691610369469 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; West , W.B. ( 1997 ) . `` The importance of human needs during peacetime , retrospective peacetime , and the Persian Gulf War '' . International Journal of Stress Management . 4 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; Ibrahim , A.H. ( 1998 ) . `` Importance of human needs during retrospective peacetime and the Persian Gulf War : Mid-eastern employees '' . International Journal of Stress Management . 5 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; Ibrahim , A.H. ; West , W.B. ( 2002 ) . `` Effects of war - related stress on the satisfaction of human needs : The United States and the Middle East '' . International Journal of Management Theory and Practices. 3 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Goebel , B.L. ; Brown , D.R. ( 1981 ) . `` Age differences in motivation related to Maslow 's need hierarchy '' . Developmental Psychology . 17 : 809 -- 815 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.17. 6.809 . Further reading ( edit ) Heylighen , Francis ( 1992 ) . `` A cognitive - systemic reconstruction of maslow 's theory of self - actualization '' ( PDF ) . Behavioral Science . 37 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 58 . doi : 10.1002 / bs. 3830370105 . Kress , Oliver ( 1993 ) . `` A new approach to cognitive development : ontogenesis and the process of initiation '' . Evolution and Cognition . 2 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 332 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maslow 's hierarchy of needs . A Theory of Human Motivation , original 1943 article by Maslow . 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who replaced ashton kutcher on that 70 show | That ' 70s show ( season 8 ) | that'70s show ( season 8 ) | The eighth and final season of the American comedy television series That ' 70s Show premiered November 2 , 2005 on Fox in the United States . The season ended on May 18 , 2006 with an hour - long series finale . The eighth season was the first and only season without the show 's star Topher Grace who portrayed Eric Forman , the central character , since he left the series at the end of the previous season . Eric was often mentioned throughout the season , even being an important off - stage character central to an episode 's plot upon occasion . Topher Grace returned as Eric for the final episode , although his role was both brief and uncredited . | This season also marked a major change in the series , as a new character was introduced to take Eric 's place named Randy Pearson ( portrayed by new cast member Josh Meyers ) and the departure of Michael Kelso , who was portrayed by Ashton Kutcher . Kutcher actually quit the show at the end of season seven but remained on the series for five episodes during the eighth season . He appeared in the first four episodes to give closure to Kelso and he appeared again in the final episode titled `` That ' 70s Finale '' . Also , Leo ( Tommy Chong ) returned as a main character since his return to the series in the seventh season ( in a special guest role ) . Many plots of the season involved Donna 's new relationship with Randy , Jackie falling in love with Fez , Hyde getting married to a stripper named Samantha , Kelso getting a new job and moving to Chicago , and the Formans adjusting to an empty nest which is too empty for Kitty and not empty enough for Red due to the kids ' presence despite Eric 's absence . This season is set entirely in 1979 , with the final seconds of the series being the final seconds of the decade . The very last seconds of the series show the license plate of Eric 's Vista Cruiser for the final time , now featuring a tag with the year `` 80 '' on it , signaling that the 1980s have begun . All episodes of season 8 , except the finale , are named after songs by Queen . The region 1 DVD was released on April 1 , 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 1.5 Special appearance 2 Episodes 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti Wilmer Valderrama as Fez Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman Josh Meyers as Randy Pearson Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti Tommy Chong as Leo Special guest ( edit ) Tim Reid as William Barnett Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso Mary Tyler Moore as Christine St. George Topher Grace ( uncredited ) as Eric Forman Recurring ( edit ) Jim Rash as Fenton Jud Tylor as Samantha Allison Munn as Caroline Lara Everly as Hilary Guest ( edit ) Yvette Nicole Brown as Sgt . Davis Bret Harrison as Charlie Special appearance ( edit ) Bruce Willis as Vic Don Knotts as The Landlord Dick Van Patten as Murph Gavin MacLeod as Smitty Isaac Hayes as Himself Tom Bosley as Dr. Hammond Barry Williams as Jeff Christopher Knight as Josh Justin Long as Andrew Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of That ' 70s Show episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 179 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 801 Kitty , Fez and Donna record a tape for Eric , summarizing what happened since he left . Red is ashamed of Kitty 's experiment with something their son did prior to leaving . Hyde and Jackie argue about their relationship after Hyde punches Kelso , and it worsens when a stripper named Samantha finds the Formans ' house and reveals her marriage to Hyde . Charlie falls off the water tower , but lacking Kelso 's amazing luck in repeated falls , dies and has the water tower named after him . 180 `` Somebody to Love '' David Trainer Rob Deshotel November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 802 After Leo leaves an ambiguous note on Grooves ' front door , a teenager named Randy Pearson ( new cast member Josh Meyers ) applies for a non-existing job . Hyde hires him while he is intoxicated , and after sobering up , wonders if it was a good decision . Jackie , Fez and Donna go to a bar so Jackie could hit on guys and then break their hearts to make her feel better . Red and Kitty try to get Hyde 's wife , Samantha , to leave . 181 `` You 're My Best Friend '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) 803 Randy wants to throw Hyde a belated bachelor party and puts Kelso and Fez in charge of getting Hyde to the Formans ' house without him knowing . But Kelso forgets his part of the plan and the guys end up in jail . Meanwhile , the Formans are furious when Leo has the strippers at their house and Jackie is shocked when Donna befriends Samantha . 182 `` Misfire '' David Trainer Kristin Newman November 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) 804 Kelso makes one last move on Jackie , but is offered a job at the Playboy Club in Chicago . Red and Kitty celebrate their anniversary , and Donna feels bad when Eric calls Kitty much more often than he calls her . Randy tries to console Donna . At the end of the episode , Kelso joins his friends in one last circle before he moves to Chicago . 183 5 `` Stone Cold Crazy '' David Trainer Dave Schiff November 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) 805 Kitty feels neglected by Red , so Samantha helps her improve her image . Now that Kelso has moved to Chicago , Jackie moves in with Fez , who has to deal with his crazy ex-girlfriend Caroline . With some help from Samantha , Donna takes nude photos to send to Eric ; unfortunately , he is not the first one to see them . In a hilarious turn of events , the folder with the photos passes hands from Kitty to Leo ; Kitty made the mistake of emptying the folder to put in a Marmaduke comic , and hid it , but it ended up with Hyde . Leo then hid them in a Barry White record that Fez bought at Grooves . 184 6 `` Long Away '' David Trainer Philip Stark December 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 07 ) 806 Donna starts spending more time with Randy , much to Fez and Jackie 's suspicion , and the latter decides Eric has to know about this mingling . Red hires Leo to be his photographer at a Veterans ' Reunion , as Red is now the most decorated veteran and wants to show off , but Leo steals the spotlight when he reveals his military past . Leo once had a promising life ahead of him following his service in the army , but ended up the stoner he is by accepting a lift home from musicians smoking marijuana . Later , Donna reveals that she and Eric broke up , and that 's why she is now hanging out with Randy . 185 7 `` Fun It '' David Trainer David Spancer December 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 14 ) 807 The gang decide to steal the Fatso Burger mascot , unfortunately upsetting the whole town ; Jackie was against it due to her fear of clowns . Kitty finds Fatso inside the freezer , demanding the kids put him back . They attempt doing so , but lacked time to connect the speaker since Bob pulled up to order ; Fez fakes being an employee using the speaker , ordering Bob to go have a pizza instead . Unfortunately , the gang blows their good luck and accidentally smash Fatso to pieces ; everyone flees , but not before Donna snatches the clown 's nose . 186 8 `` Good Company '' David Trainer Dean Batali January 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 12 ) 808 Jackie discovers Donna 's crush on Randy , while Kitty is angry at Fez after he begins dating one of her friends . Donna 's birthday is approaching and her friends do n't know what present to give her . 187 9 `` Who Needs You '' David Trainer Sarah McLaughlin January 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 19 ) 809 Kitty and Red get annoyed with Hyde and Samantha 's constant fighting . After Jackie floods Fez 's apartment and almost gets them evicted , she decides to save the day in the most feminine way . Donna tries to get people to donate money for a children 's library and is in for some disappointment about the fans of `` Hot Donna '' ; her popularity has gone down , forcing her to make drastic promises . Hyde later reveals to Red and Kitty that his and Samantha 's arguing is to spice up their love life , which had gotten boring ; intrigued , Red and ( after some initial confusion ) Kitty give it a try . 188 10 `` Sweet Lady '' David Trainer Alan Dybner January 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 26 ) 810 Donna is suspicious of Randy 's intentions when he invites her to a cabin under questionable pretenses . Jackie wants to work for Christine St. George ( Mary Tyler Moore ) , a talk show host for What 's Up , Wisconsin ? . Hyde meets Red 's older friends and questions his marriage . 189 11 `` Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy '' David Trainer Greg Schaffer & Steve Joe February 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) 811 Jackie needs Kitty 's help to get Christine St. George to like her . Leo has a crush on someone quite unexpected and asks the other guys for help . 190 12 `` Killer Queen '' David Trainer Mark Hudis February 9 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 09 ) 812 It 's Valentine 's Day , and Hyde forgot . Red shows Hyde a stash of presents he hides in the basement ; he keeps them in case of Kitty 's birthday , their anniversary or Valentine 's Day due to missing Kitty 's birthday one year ( Kitty 's Birthday ( That Today ? ! ! ) in Season Three ) . After Hyde makes his pick , Red comes down later for Kitty 's gift to find the stash missing ; it turns out Samantha had caught Hyde with the stash and mistook it all as his gift for her . Fez and Jackie fake a relationship for Christine St. George on What 's Up , Wisconsin ? when a guest fails to appear . Donna helps Randy plan out his Valentine 's Day and is surprised to learn who his date is . 191 13 `` Spread Your Wings '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler March 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 16 ) 813 Donna unsuccessfully tries to keep her relationship with Randy a secret . Fez tries to impress a co-worker named Hillary at all costs , while Jackie gets a new job , but finds it quite disappointing . Kitty and Red clean Eric 's old bedroom with Randy 's help . Things take a turn for the worse when Kitty catches Randy and Donna kissing in the room . 192 14 `` Son and Daughter '' David Trainer Ken Blankstein March 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 23 ) 814 Hyde has to watch over his father 's house when he goes out of town . A subsequent party goes out of control and only Leo can fix the damage . Kitty is still furious at Donna for kissing Randy in Eric 's old bedroom and tries to ridicule her . After defending Randy , Red stays at Bob 's to avoid further fights with Kitty . Donna later explains that she broke up with Eric to Kitty , who understands and forgives Red for standing up to her . 193 15 `` Keep Yourself Alive '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler April 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 13 ) 815 Fez loses Kitty 's wedding ring and the gang spends their night in the woods looking for it , with Donna and Randy trying desperately to be alone , but unable due to Jackie and Hyde 's fighting . Red is uncomfortable when Bob says too much about the same ring in front of Kitty . 194 16 `` My Fairy King '' David Trainer Philip Stark April 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 27 ) 816 Hyde finds out a terrible truth about Samantha that causes their marriage to end ; she 's already married to a much older man , meaning that their marriage is a sham . Red finds a rival muffler shop is taking all his customers ; without much choice , he decides to go into retirement . Jackie makes up a list of qualities she needs in a man and is overwhelmed when she realizes who her perfect match is ... it 's no other than the very man who has been after her from the beginning - Fez . 195 17 `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' David Trainer Kristin Newman April 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 27 ) 817 Jackie goes to a therapist to understand her feelings for Fez ; she learns that she only wanted Kelso and Hyde before since they were unavailable , and now that Fez is dating , she wants him . Hyde keeps a retired Red busy , but regrets it later . Meanwhile , Fez is shocked to find his girlfriend dumping him for a very unusual reason ; believing no - one could do better than Fez for sex , she decides to become a nun . Jackie learns of Fez 's dilemma , and much to her own surprise , she finds herself still wanting him . 196 18 `` We Will Rock You '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore May 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) 818 The gang meets a variety of people at a `` Disco Sucks '' bonfire . Jackie unsuccessfully tries to use the occasion to get closer to Fez . Kitty and Red have a visit from new neighbors ( Barry Williams & Christopher Knight ) , but there is just something about them that they did n't expect : the new neighbors are gay . 197 19 `` Sheer Heart Attack '' David Trainer Steve Joe & Greg Schaffer May 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) 819 After numerous amorous adventures , Fez decides to stay with only one girl , and returns to ex-girlfriend ( the crazy ) Caroline , much to Jackie 's dismay . Red and Hyde try to sell unneeded heart pills without Kitty 's consent ; Red 's friends are grateful for them , as one can fall asleep before his wife now . When Kitty mistakenly believes Hyde is stealing his stash , he blackmails Red into getting him a television . However , one of Red 's friends shows up for some of the pills , blowing their cover . 198 20 `` Leaving Home Ai n't Easy '' David Trainer Chris Peterson & Bryan Moore & Kristin Newman May 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 11 ) 820 Bob wants Red and Kitty to move to Florida with him , while Randy suggests Donna move in with him . To Red 's surprise , Bob has decided on the genius move of opening a bait shop in a neighborhood five miles from any other ; they end up fighting over what to name the shop , since Bob 's ideas are ridiculous puns . Although she had been crying , Jackie snaps back to her old bitchy self ; she has decided to harm Fez emotionally , just as he did to her . Among many things , Jackie ruins the buttons on Fez 's shirts and graffitis offensive messages on his car . At his wits end , Fez decides to take revenge on Jackie the best way he knows how ; he puts green dye in her shampoo . When confronted , Fez tells Jackie that he just made her as ugly on the outside as she is on the inside . 199 21 `` Love of My Life '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) 821 Hyde finds a memo from his father , revealing that the Grooves franchise has been sold for a ridiculous amount of money . Fez 's friend visits from their home country , bringing more powerful marijuana . Hyde takes too much and hallucinates every one is a copy of himself ; as result , he cleans up his act and becomes a more efficient person . At the same time Red and Kitty try to sell their house , and Randy tries to figure out what went wrong in his relationship with Donna . The gang help Hyde understand it was n't the marijuana that made him freak out ; the thought of losing his job and not knowing what to do next was . Hyde 's father visits Grooves , revealing that the Point Place store is to be left to Hyde , who `` celebrates '' with Leo and his father . Fez 's friend convinces him to return home , since Jackie has rejected him . However , once Jackie learns just how heartbroken she made Fez , she decides to give being a couple a try , forgiving him . Kitty informs everyone Eric is coming home from Africa . 200 22 `` That ' 70s Finale '' David Trainer Gregg Mettler May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) 822 In the 200th episode and series finale , it is December 31 , 1979 , the final day of the 1970s . In a bit of a clip show , all the characters reminisce about the decade . Hyde helps a hesitant Kitty and Red decide about moving . Fez searches for the perfect time and place for his first kiss with Jackie while Kelso returns to spend the last night of the 1970s with his friends . Kelso also falls off the water tower ( again ) , after being tricked by Fez and Hyde . Red and Kitty announce to their guests that they decided not to move to Florida . As Donna leaves the room for some air , Eric returns just in time for New Year 's Eve . He apologizes to Donna , who says things `` are a lot different now '' , and they kiss and reconcile . Eric then joins the guys in the final `` circle '' of the decade when Donna and Jackie tell them to get upstairs . But before they do , Eric states the last person upstairs has to call Red a dumbass . Everyone races upstairs , leaving Kelso behind after Hyde pushes him . Kelso is the final character to be seen as he grabs `` the stupid helmet '' and prepares to call Red a dumbass . As the 1970s end , the episode ends in a final shot of the Formans ' basement with the kids and adults upstairs counting down to one ( with the episode ending abruptly just as they reach `` one '' , and the ' 70s officially end ) . Then shows the car license plate one last time reading `` That ' 70s Show '' along with the year saying 80 . The credits show the gang from season 1 singing Hello it 's Me by Todd Rundgren . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Credited from `` Somebody to Love '' onwards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show - Season 8 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . That ' 70s Show Episode Guide at The New York Times External links ( edit ) List of That ' 70s Show episodes on IMDb List of That ' 70s Show season 8 episodes at TV.com That ' 70s Show at epguides.com ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_%2770s_Show_(season_8)&oldid=800787474 '' Categories : 2005 American television seasons 2006 American television seasons Television series set in 1979 That ' 70s Show seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 17 : 31 . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%20%252770s%20Show%20%28season%208%29 | 462 |
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who was targeted during the reign of terror | Reign of Terror | reign of terror | The Reign of Terror , or The Terror ( French : la Terreur ) , is the label given by most historians to a period during the French Revolution after the First French Republic was established . | Several historians consider the `` reign of terror '' to have begun in 1793 , placing the starting date at either 5 September , June or March ( birth of the Revolutionary Tribunal ) , while some consider it to have begun in September 1792 ( September Massacres ) , or even July 1789 ( when the first beheadings by guillotine took place ) , but there is a consensus that it ended with the fall of Maximilien Robespierre in July 1794 . Between June 1793 and the end of July 1794 , there were 16,594 official death sentences in France , of which 2,639 were in Paris . Contents 1 Barère and Robespierre glorify `` terror '' 2 Influences on the Terror 2.1 Enlightenment thought 2.2 Popular pressure 2.3 Religious upheaval 3 Major events during the Terror 4 Thermidorian Reaction 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary sources 7.3 Historiography 8 External links Barère and Robespierre glorify `` Terror '' ( edit ) See also : History of France § Counter-revolution subdued ( July 1793 -- April 1794 ) Bertrand Barère There was a sense of emergency among leading politicians in France in the summer of 1793 between the widespread civil war and counter-revolution . Bertrand Barère exclaimed on 5 September 1793 in the Convention : `` Let 's make terror the order of the day ! '' They were determined to avoid street violence such as the September Massacres of 1792 by taking violence into their own hands as an instrument of government . Robespierre in February 1794 in a speech explained the necessity of terror : If the basis of popular government in peacetime is virtue , the basis of popular government during a revolution is both virtue and terror ; virtue , without which terror is baneful ; terror , without which virtue is powerless . Terror is nothing more than speedy , severe and inflexible justice ; it is thus an emanation of virtue ; it is less a principle in itself , than a consequence of the general principle of democracy , applied to the most pressing needs of the patrie ( homeland , fatherland ) . Some historians argue that such terror was a necessary reaction to the circumstances . Others suggest there were additional causes , including ideological and emotional . Influences on the Terror ( edit ) Enlightenment thought ( edit ) Enlightenment thought emphasized the importance of rational thinking and began challenging legal and moral foundations of society , providing the leaders of the Terror with new ideas about the role and structure of government . Rousseau 's Social Contract argued that each person was born with rights , and they would come together to form a government that would then protect those rights . Under the social contract , the government was required to act for the general will , which represented the interests of everyone rather than a few factions . Drawing from the idea of a general will , Robespierre felt that the French Revolution could result in a Republic built for the general will but only once those who fought this ideal were expelled . Those who resisted the government were deemed `` tyrants '' fighting against the virtue and honor of the general will . The leaders felt their ideal version of government was threatened from the inside and outside of France , and terror was the only way to preserve the dignity of the Republic created from French Revolution . Popular pressure ( edit ) During the Reign of Terror , the sans - culottes and the Hébertists put pressure on the National Convention delegates and contributed to the overall instability of France . The National Convention was bitterly split between the Montagnards and the Girondins . The Girondins were more conservative leaders of the National Convention , while the Montagnards supported radical violence and pressures of the lower classes . Once the Montagnards gained control of the National Convention , they began demanding radical measures . Moreover , the sans - culottes , the scrappy , urban workers of France , agitated leaders to inflict punishments on those who opposed the interests of the poor . The sans - culottes ' violent demonstrations pushing their demands , created constant pressure for the Montagnards to enact reform . The sans - culottes fed the frenzy of instability and chaos by utilizing popular pressure during the Revolution . For example , the sans - culottes sent letters and petitions to the Committee of Public Safety urging them to protect their interests and rights with measures such as taxation of foodstuffs that favored workers over the rich . They advocated for arrests of those deemed to oppose reforms against those with privilege , and the more militant members would advocate pillage in order to achieve the desired equality . The resulting instability caused problems that made forming the new Republic and achieving full political support even more critical . Religious upheaval ( edit ) The Reign of Terror was characterized by a dramatic rejection of long - held religious authority , its hierarchical structure , and the corrupt and intolerant influence of the aristocracy and clergy . Religious elements that long stood as symbols of stability for the French people , were replaced by reason and scientific thought . The radical revolutionaries and their supporters desired a cultural revolution that would rid the French state of all Christian influence . This process began with the fall of the monarchy , an event that effectively defrocked the State of its sanctification by the clergy via the doctrine of Divine Right and ushered in an era of reason . Many long - held rights and powers were stripped from the Church and given to the State . In 1789 , church lands were expropriated and priests killed and forced to leave France . A Festival of Reason was held in the Notre Dame Cathedral , which was renamed `` The Temple of Reason '' , and the old traditional calendar was replaced with a new revolutionary one . The leaders of the Terror tried to address the call for these radical , revolutionary aspirations , while at the same time trying to maintain tight control on the de-Christianization movement that was threatening to the clear majority of the still devoted Catholic population of France . The tension sparked by these conflicting objectives laid a foundation for the `` justified '' use of terror to achieve revolutionary ideals and rid France of the religiosity that revolutionaries believed was standing in the way . Major events during the Terror ( edit ) Main articles : History of France § Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) , and France § Revolutionary France ( 1789 -- 1799 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maximilien Robespierre , member of the Committee of Public Safety On 10 March 1793 the National Convention created the Revolutionary Tribunal . Among those charged by the tribunal , about a half were acquitted ( though the number dropped to about a quarter after the enactment of the Law of 22 Prairial ) . In March rebellion broke out in the Vendée in response to mass conscription , which developed into a civil war that lasted until after the Terror . On 6 April the Committee of Public Safety was created , which gradually became the de facto war - time government . On 2 June , the Parisian sans - culottes surrounded the National Convention , calling for administrative and political purges , a low fixed price for bread , and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans - culottes alone . With the backing of the national guard , they persuaded the convention to arrest 29 Girondist leaders . In reaction to the imprisonment of the Girondin deputies , some thirteen departments started the Federalist revolts against the National Convention in Paris , which were ultimately crushed . On 24 June , the convention adopted the first republican constitution of France , the French Constitution of 1793 . It was ratified by public referendum , but never put into force . On 13 July the assassination of Jean - Paul Marat -- a Jacobin leader and journalist -- resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence . Georges Danton , the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king , was removed from the committee . On July 27 , 1793 , Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety . On 23 August , the National Convention decreed the levée en masse , `` The young men shall fight ; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions ; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals ; the children shall turn all lint into linen ; the old men shall betake themselves to the public square in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic . '' The execution of the Girondins On 9 September , the convention established paramilitary forces , the `` revolutionary armies '' , to force farmers to surrender grain demanded by the government . On 17 September , the Law of Suspects was passed , which authorized the imprisonment of vaguely defined `` suspects '' . This created a mass overflow in the prison systems . On 29 September , the convention extended price fixing from grain and bread to other essential goods , and also fixed wages . On 10 October , the Convention decreed that `` the provisional government shall be revolutionary until peace . '' On 24 October , the French Republican Calendar was enacted . The trial of the Girondins started on the same day and they were executed on 31 October . Anti-clerical sentiments increased during 1793 and a campaign of dechristianization occurred . On 10 November ( 20 Brumaire Year II of the French Republican Calendar ) , the Hébertists organized a Festival of Reason . The execution of Olympe de Gouges , feminist writer close to the Girondins On 14 Frimaire ( 5 December 1793 ) was passed the Law of Frimaire , which gave the central government more control over the actions of the representatives on mission . On 16 Pluviôse ( 4 February 1794 ) , the National Convention decreed that slavery be abolished in all of France and French colonies . On 8 and 13 Ventôse ( 26 February and 3 March ) , Saint - Just proposed decrees to confiscate the property of exiles and opponents of the revolution , known as the Ventôse Decrees . By the end of 1793 , two major factions had emerged , both threatening the Revolutionary Government : the Hébertists , who called for an intensification of the Terror and threatened insurrection , and the Dantonists , led by Georges Danton , who demanded moderation and clemency . The Committee of Public Safety took actions against both . The major Hébertists were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and executed on 24 March . The Dantonists were arrested on 30 March , tried on 3 to 5 April and executed on 5 April . On 20 Prairial ( 8 June ) was celebrated across the country the Festival of the Supreme Being , which was part of the Cult of the Supreme Being , a deist national religion . On 22 Prairial ( 10 June ) , the National Convention passed a law proposed by Georges Couthon , known as the Law of 22 Prairial , which simplified the judicial process and greatly accelerated the work of the Revolutionary Tribunal . With the enactment of the law , the number of executions greatly increased , and the period from this time to the Thermidorian Reaction became known as `` The Grand Terror '' . On 8 Messidor ( 26 June ) , the French army won the Battle of Fleurus , which marked a turning point in France 's military campaign and undermined the necessity of wartime measures and the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government . Thermidorian reaction ( edit ) Main article : Thermidorian Reaction The execution of Maximilien Robespierre The fall of Robespierre was brought about by a combination of those who wanted more power for the Committee of Public Safety ( and a more radical policy than he was willing to allow ) and the moderates who completely opposed the revolutionary government . They had , between them , made the Law of 22 Prairial one of the charges against him , so that , after his fall , to advocate terror would be seen as adopting the policy of a convicted enemy of the republic , putting the advocate 's own head at risk . Between his arrest and his execution , Robespierre may have tried to commit suicide by shooting himself , although the bullet wound he sustained , whatever its origin , only shattered his jaw . Alternatively , he may have been shot by the gendarme Merda . The great confusion that arose during the storming of the municipal Hall of Paris , where Robespierre and his friends had found refuge , makes it impossible to be sure of the wound 's origin . In any case , Robespierre was guillotined the next day . The reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended . New members were appointed the day after Robespierre 's execution , and limits on terms of office were fixed ( a quarter of the committee retired every three months ) . The Committee 's powers were gradually eroded . See also ( edit ) Bals des victimes Tricoteuse Drownings at Nantes State terrorism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Reign of Terror '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2015 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linton , Marisa . `` The Terror in the French Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Kingston University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ The dates July 1789 , September 1792 , March 1793 as starting date for the Reign of Terror ( French : la Terreur ) are given in the French Wikipedia , referring to source : Jean - Clément Martin , La Terreur , part maudite de la Révolution ( ' The Terror , the cursed part of the Revolution ' ) , coll . Découvertes Gallimard ( n ° 566 ) , Paris : Gallimard , 2010 , p. 14 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Linton , Marisa ( August 2006 ) . `` Robespierre and the terror : Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history '' . History Today . 8 ( 56 ) : 23 . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Noah Shusterman -- The French Revolution . Faith , Desire , and Politics . Routledge , London and New York , 2014 . Chapter 7 ( p. 175 -- 203 ) : The federalist revolt , the Vendée , and the start of the Terror ( summer -- fall 1793 ) . Jump up ^ ( in French ) ' 30 août 1793 -- La terreur à l'ordre du jour ! ' Website Vendéens & Chouans . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Halsall , Paul ( 1997 ) . `` Maximilien Robespierre : On the Principles of Political Morality , February 1794 '' . Fordham University . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mathiez , Albert . La Révolution Française . Librairie Armand Colin . ISBN 978 - 7 - 100 - 07058 - 4 . Jump up ^ Furet , Francois . A Deep - rooted Ideology as Well as Circumstance , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Tackett , Timothy ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) . The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution . Belknap Press : An Imprint of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674736559 . Jump up ^ William F. Church , `` Introduction '' , in The Influence of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution , ed . William F. Church ( Boston : D.C. Heath and Company , 1964 ) , vii . Jump up ^ Jean - Jacques Rousseau , `` Ideal Empires and Republics . Rousseau 's Social Contract , More 's Utopia , Bacon 's New Atlantis , Campanella 's City of the Sun with an Introduction by Charles M. Andrews '' , ( Washington : M. Walter Dunne , 1901 ) , 92 -- 94 , Online Library of Liberty , http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-ideal-empires-and-republics . Jump up ^ Henri Peyre , `` The Influence of Eighteenth Century Ideas on the French Revolution '' , in The Influence of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution , ed . William F. Church ( Boston : D.C. Heath and Company , 1964 ) , 99 - 101 . Jump up ^ Maximilien Robespierre , `` Justification of the Use of Terror '' , July 28 , 1794 , Modern History Sourcebook , Fordham University , accessed May 1 , 2018 , https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/robespierre-terror.asp . Jump up ^ Maximilien Robespierre , `` Justification of the Use of Terror '' , July 28 , 1794 , Modern History Sourcebook , Fordham University , accessed May 1 , 2018 , https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/robespierre-terror.asp . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin , A Short History of the French Revolution , ( London : Routledge , 2016 ) , 64 . Jump up ^ `` Terror , Vengeance , and Martyrdom in the French Revolution : THE CASE OF THE SHADES - Oxford Scholarship '' , 2014 , accessed May 1 , 2018 , http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199959853.001.0001/acprof-9780199959853-chapter-8. 2014 . Jump up ^ Albert Soboul , The Sans - culottes ; the Popular Movement and Revolutionary Government , 1793 -- 1794 , ( Garden City , N.Y. : Anchor Books , 1972 ) , 5 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Edmond Pressense , John Lacroix , Religion and the reign of terror , or , The church during the French revolution ( World constitutions illustrated ) , ( New York : Cincinnati : Carlton & Lanahan ; Hitchcock & Walden , 1869 ) . Jump up ^ Emmet Kennedy . A Cultural History of the French Revolution . ( Yale University Press , 1989 ) , 343 . ISBN 9780300044263 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt , Politics , Culture and Class in the French Revolution ; chp 3 , `` The Imagery of Radicalism '' , 1984 , 87 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin , A Short History of the French Revolution , ( London : Routledge , 2016 ) , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt , Politics , Culture and Class in the French Revolution ; chp 3 , `` The Imagery of Radicalism '' , 1984 , 87 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Jeremy D. Popkin , A Short History of the French Revolution , ( London : Routledge , 2016 ) , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Jones , Peter . The French Revolution 1787 -- 1804 . Pearson Education , 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Maximilien Robespierre Biography , Facts , & Execution '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Merriman , John ( 2004 ) . `` Thermidor '' ( 2nd ed . ) . A history of modern Europe : from the Renaissance to the present , p 507 . W.W. Norton & Company Ltd . ISBN 0 - 393 - 92495 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) Cléry , Jean - Baptiste ; Henry Essex Edgeworth ( 1961 ) ( 1798 ) . Sidney Scott , ed . Journal of the Terror . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . OCLC 3153946 . Secondary sources ( edit ) Andress , David ( 2006 ) . The Terror : The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 27341 - 3 . Andress , David ; Popkin , Jeremy ( 2015 ) . Revolution and Changing Identities in France , 1789 - 99 . Oxford University Press . Baker , Keith M. François Furet , and Colin Lucas , eds. ( 1987 ) The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture , vol. 4 , The Terror ( London : Pergamon Press , 1987 ) Beik , William ( August 2005 ) . `` The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration : Review Article '' . Past and Present. 188 : 195 -- 224 . doi : 10.1093 / pastj / gti019 . Censer , Jack , and Lynn Hunt ( 2001 ) . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . Hunt , Lynn ( 1984 ) . Politics , Culture , and Class in the French Revolution . Berkeley : University of California Press . Gough , Hugh . The terror in the French revolution ( London : Macmillan , 1998 ) Hibbert , Christopher ( 1981 ) . The Days of the French Revolution . New York : Quill - William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 16978 - 7 . Kerr , Wilfred Brenton ( 1985 ) . Reign of Terror , 1793 -- 1794 . London : Porcupine Press . ISBN 0 - 87991 - 631 - 1 . Linton , Marisa ( August 2006 ) . `` Robespierre and the terror : Marisa Linton reviews the life and career of one of the most vilified men in history , ( Maximilien Robespierre ) ( Biography ) '' . History Today . 8 ( 56 ) : 23 . Linton , Marisa , Choosing Terror : Virtue , Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution ( Oxford University Press , 2013 ) . Loomis , Stanley ( 1964 ) . Paris in the Terror . New York : Dorset Press . ISBN 0 - 88029 - 401 - 9 . Moore , Lucy ( 2006 ) . Liberty : The Lives and Times of Six Women in Revolutionary France . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 720601 - 1 . Palmer , R.R. ( 2005 ) . Twelve Who Ruled : The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12187 - 7 . Reinberg , M ; Chaouat , Bruno ; Brewer , Daniel ; Brewer , Maria ; Schlte - Sasse , Jochen ( 2010 ) . Modernity and Ethics : The Ghost of Terror in the French Thought . ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis . Schama , Simon ( 1989 ) . Citizens : A Chronicle of the French Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 678 -- 847 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 55948 - 7 . Scott , Otto ( 1974 ) . Robespierre , The Fool as Revolutionary -- Inside the French Revolution . Windsor , New York : The Reformer Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887690 - 05 - 8 . Shadow ( February 9 , 1870 ) . `` The `` Reign of Terror '' `` . New York Times . Shulim , Joseph I. `` Robespierre and the French Revolution , '' American Historical Review ( 1977 ) 82 # 1 pp. 20 -- 38 in JSTOR Soboul , Albert . `` Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793 -- 4 '' , Past and Present , No. 5 . ( May 1954 ) , pp. 54 -- 70 . in JSTOR Steel , Mark ( 2003 ) . Vive La Revolution . London : Scribner . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0806 - 4 . Reviewed by Adam Thorpe in The Guardian , 23 December 2006 . Sutherland , D.M.G. ( 2003 ) The French Revolution and Empire : The Quest for a Civic Order pp 174 -- 253 Wahnich , Sophie ( 2016 ) . In Defence of the Terror : Liberty or Death in the French Revolution ( Reprint ed . ) . Verso . ISBN 978 - 1784782023 . Reviewed by Ruth Scurr in The Guardian , 17 August 2012 Weber , Caroline. ( 2003 ) Terror and Its Discontents : Suspect Words in Revolutionary France online Historiography ( edit ) Kafker , Frank , James M. Lauz , and Darline Gay Levy ( 2002 ) . The French Revolution : Conflicting Interpretations . Malabar , FL : Krieger Publishing Company . Rudé , George ( 1976 ) . Robespierre : Portrait of a Revolutionary Democrat . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 60128 - 4 . A Marxist political portrait of Robespierre , examining his changing image among historians and the different aspects of Robespierre as an ' ideologue ' , as a political democrat , as a social democrat , as a practitioner of revolution , as a politician and as a popular leader / leader of revolution , it also touches on his legacy for the future revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Revolution . `` The Terror '' from In Our Time ( BBC Radio 4 ) French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Museum Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) Fête de la Fédération ( 14 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 13 Vendémiaire 5 Oct 1795 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution GND : 4361185 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terror&oldid=854445358 '' Categories : 1793 events of the French Revolution 1794 events of the French Revolution French First Republic Anti-Catholicism in France Persecution of Christians Police misconduct in France Political and cultural purges Political repression in France Terrorism People killed in the French Revolution Revolution terminology Politicides Terrorist incidents in France Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles with French - language external links Articles to be expanded from May 2018 All articles to be expanded History articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from February 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 11 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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where is the military base located in germany | Ramstein Air Base is a United States Air Force base in Rhineland - Palatinate , a state in southwestern Germany . It serves as headquarters for the United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE - AFAFRICA ) and also for NATO Allied Air Command ( AIRCOM ) . Ramstein is located near the town of Ramstein - Miesenbach , in the rural district of Kaiserslautern . | Ramstein Air Base | ramstein air base | Ramstein Air Base is a United States Air Force base in Rhineland - Palatinate , a state in southwestern Germany . It serves as headquarters for the United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE - AFAFRICA ) and also for NATO Allied Air Command ( AIRCOM ) . Ramstein is located near the town of Ramstein - Miesenbach , in the rural district of Kaiserslautern . | The east gate of Ramstein Air Base is about 16 kilometers ( 9.9 mi ) from Kaiserslautern ( locally referred to by Americans as `` K - Town '' ) . Other nearby civilian communities include Ramstein - Miesenbach , just outside the base 's west gate , and Landstuhl , about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) from the west gate . Contents 1 Overview 2 Current status 3 History 3.1 Previous names 3.2 Major USAF units assigned 3.3 Major U.S. Army units assigned 3.4 Origins 3.5 NATO command center 3.6 ADOC Kindsbach 3.7 Drone war control center 3.8 Potentially illegal arms and munition transports 3.9 Operational history 3.9. 1 86th Wing 3.9. 2 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing 4 Schools 5 In popular culture 5.1 Fictional entities 5.2 In films 5.3 In games 5.4 In literature 5.5 In music 5.6 In television 6 Disasters 6.1 Red Army Faction Car Bombing , August 31 , 1981 6.2 Ramstein air show disaster , August 28 , 1988 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Overview ( edit ) The host unit is the 86th Airlift Wing ( 86 AW ) , commanded by Brigadier General Richard G. Moore , Jr . The 86th Airlift Wing is composed of six groups , 27 squadrons and three bases in Germany , Spain , and Belgium . Its mission is the operation and maintenance of airlift assets consisting of C - 130Js , C - 20s , C - 21s , C - 40B and C - 37A Gulfstream aircraft throughout Europe , Africa and the Middle East . Also at Ramstein is the 435th Air Ground Operations Wing ( formerly the 435th Air Base Wing ) ( 435 AGOW ) , which focuses on base - support responsibilities within the KMC . It is composed of five groups and 20 squadrons . The wing provides rapid mobility and agile combat support for military operations , and maintains expeditionary forces and infrastructure . The commander of the 435th AGOW is Colonel Michael T. Rawls . The new 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing stood up on 4 September 2008 . The current commander of the 521st AMOW is Colonel Thomas Cooper . Ramstein 's wings are assigned to the headquarters 3rd Air Force also based at Ramstein AB , which controls most of the USAF Wings throughout Europe . Ramstein AB is part of the Kaiserslautern Military Community ( KMC ) , where more than 54,000 American service members and more than 5,400 US civilian employees live and work . U.S. organizations in the KMC also employ the services of more than 6,200 German workers . Air Force units in the KMC alone employ almost 9,800 military members , bringing with them nearly 11,100 family members . There are more than 16,200 military , U.S. civilian and U.S. contractors assigned to Ramstein AB alone . In 1984 , an enlisted airman ( Sgt Darrel Dietlein ) assigned to the 1964th Communications Group , solicited National Headquarters Civil Air Patrol to charter the first `` Cadet Squadron '' in Germany , naming the unit `` Ramstein Cadet Squadron '' and becoming the unit 's first commander as a CAP 1Lt . The Ramstein Cadet Squadron was formed with Captain Mark Bailey serving as the unit 's first liaison officer , as well as other like minded military volunteers and roughly six cadets . To this day , the squadron enjoys vibrant member participation , as well as base support , hosting drill competitions and encampments along with their traditional military studies and aerospace education efforts . The Ramstein Cadet Squadron commander as of 6 / 2016 was Maj . Michael Livesay . In the subsequent years , a companion cadet squadron was formed at Spangdahlem Air Base and cadet flight at Wiesbaden . Current status ( edit ) From 2004 to 2006 , Ramstein Air Base underwent an extensive expansion with a major construction project -- including an all - new airport terminal , among other new facilities , through the so - called Rhein - Main Transition Program which was initiated in support of the total closure of Rhein - Main Air Base on 30 December 2005 and transferring all its former capacities to Ramstein Air Base ( 70 % ) and Spangdahlem Air Base ( 30 % ) . While the KMC remains the largest U.S. community overseas at 53,000 people , the defense drawdown continues to shape its future . Due to the departure of other main operating installations , more than 100 geographically separated units receive support from Ramstein . Ramstein Air Base also served as temporary housing for the United States men 's national soccer team during the 2006 World Cup . There is often a Summer Camp to Ramstein from British CCF ( RAF ) and ATC cadets , as well as Civil Air Patrol encampments and tours like the ones held in July 2015 and June 2016 . History ( edit ) The construction of the air base was a project designed and undertaken by the French Army and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers from 1949 to 1952 . It was an example of international collaboration : designed by French engineers , constructed by some Germans but with imported help from workers of Italy , Portugal , Spain , Greece , and Turkey ( there were very few German men to work on construction projects after World War II ) and operated by Americans . The area was a swamp that had to be built up by two meters ( six feet ) . A train line was laid out from Einsiedlerhof - Kaiserslautern in a yoke shape around to the current base and back down to the Landstuhl spur in 1948 by agreement of the U.S. and French Occupational Forces . Trainloads of earth were moved over the line and spread over the base 's current area to raise it to its current level . Once the ground was level , building construction began . Two bases were laid out . Landstuhl Air Base on the south side and Ramstein Air Station ( station , no airstrip ) on the north . From 1948 to the opening of the bases in 1953 it was the largest one spot construction site in Europe employing over 270,000 Europeans at one time . Previous names ( edit ) Landstuhl Air Base , 5 August 1952 Ramstein Air Base , 1 June 1953 Landstuhl and Ramstein were separate bases until 1 December 1957 Ramstein -- Landstuhl Air Base , 1 December 1957 Ramstein Air Base , 15 August 1958 -- present Major USAF units assigned ( edit ) Source : Fletcher , Air Force Bases Volume II 86th Air Base Group , 5 April 1952 -- 14 November 1968 86th Wing ( various designations ) , 21 August 1952 -- 18 November 1960 ; 31 January 1973 -- present ( 86th Air Base Group ( later under various designations ) assigned as subordinate unit , 21 August 1952 ) 86th Air Division , 18 November 1960 -- 14 November 1968 7030th Combat Support Group , 6 April 1953 -- 1 May 1960 7030th Air Base Wing , 5 October 1966 -- 14 June 1985 Twelfth Air Force , 27 April 1953 -- 1 January 1958 7486th Air Defense Group , 1 May 1954 -- 25 September 1957 322d Air Division , 22 March 1954 -- 12 August 1955 322d Airlift Division , 23 June 1978 -- 1 April 1992 Seventeenth Air Force , 15 November 1959 -- 7 October 1972 ; 1 October 2008 -- 24 April 2012 HQ , Atlantic Air Rescue Center ( various designations ) , 8 October 1961 -- 30 June 1973 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing , 5 October 1966 -- 31 January 1973 HQ , USAFE , 10 March 1973 -- present 306th Strategic Wing , 15 August 1976 -- 30 June 1978 7th Air Division , 1 July 1978 -- 1 February 1992 316th Air Division , 14 June 1985 -- 1 May 1991 NHQ119 Civil Air Patrol - Ramstein Cadet Squadron - Unit 3395 , 1984 - present 377th Combat Support Wing , 14 June 1985 -- 1 May 1991 435th Air Base Wing , 15 January 2004 -- 16 July 2009 435th Air Ground Operations Wing , 16 July 2009 -- present 38th Combat Support Wing , 24 May 2005 -- 30 June 2007 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing , 4 September 2008 -- present Major U.S. Army units assigned ( edit ) Source : Fletcher , Air Force Bases Volume II 21st TSC / 39th Movement Control BN. ( 2008 -- Present ) USAREUR Movement Control Team / AMC Logistic Center USAREUR Overseas Replacement Center -- Contingency Operations / AMC Passenger Terminal Origins ( edit ) In 1940 , construction of today 's Bundesautobahn 6 was stopped when a bridge that was being built across the Rhine River near Mannheim collapsed , leaving a section of autobahn that could not be used . A part of the unused autobahn to the west of Mannheim , near Kaiserslautern , was used as an airstrip by the Luftwaffe . The airstrip was also used by the advancing U.S. Army Air Forces during the final months of World War II . The old autobahn section is still used as the access road to the east and west gates of the base and the A 6 was rebuilt south of the air base after the war . During the initial postwar era , the USAAF repaired several former Luftwaffe airfields in Bavaria which was part of the American occupation zone of Germany . With the advent of the Berlin Blockade and the chilling of relations with the Soviet Union by 1948 it became obvious to United States Air Force planners that these bases were tactically untenable because of their proximity to the East German and Czechoslovakian borders . With the creation of NATO in response to Cold War tensions in Europe in 1949 , USAFE wanted its vulnerable fighter units in what was then West Germany moved west of the Rhine River to provide greater air defense warning time . France agreed to provide air base sites within their zone of occupation in the Rhineland - Palatinate as part of the NATO expansion program . Construction of the modern USAF base near Kaiserslautern began in April 1948 under the provisions of a Franco - American reciprocal agreement . Two separate , but adjoining bases were designed . A headquarters base for Twelfth Air Force , along with several NATO organizations , designated as Ramstein Air Station ; and an operational fighter base , designated as Landstuhl Air Base . What is today known as Kisling Memorial Drive would separate the two facilities . Enough construction was completed in mid-1952 , that Landstuhl AB was opened on 5 August . Its facilities included a runway , dispersal hardstands , a control tower , ramps , and other flight - related facilities and the associated flying and support units . On 1 February 1952 , Det 1 , 86th Fighter - Bomber Wing arrived at Landstuhl AB from Neubiberg Air Base near Munich . On 1 June 1953 Ramstein Air Station was opened . Ramstein was the location of headquarters , Twelfth Air Force , and supported family housing , base exchange , commissary , dependents ' schools and other administrative offices for the WAFs ( Women 's Air Force ) . The barracks that were built at Ramstein AS were used to house WAFs and single women that worked as U.S. Government Employees at both Ramstein AS and Landstuhl AB . On 27 April 1953 , Headquarters , Twelfth Air Force was activated on Ramstein Air Base , having moved from its joint facilities with HQ USAFE at Wiesbaden AB . What was not generally known at the time , and not made public until after the end of the Cold War in 1993 , was the desire to have HQ Twelfth Air Force in close proximity to the Air Defense Operations Center ( ADOC ) -- Kindsbach , AKA ' Kindsbach Cave ' -- the site of NATO 's underground combat operations center . The 86th Air Base Group was activated as the main base support unit for Landstuhl , while the 7030th HQ Support Group was the main base support unit for Ramstein . On 1 December 1957 , the two bases were consolidated into the largest NATO - controlled air base in service on the continent . It was called `` Ramstein -- Landstuhl Air Base '' , but later , after the German government continued construction of the A6 autobahn from Kaiserslautern to Saarbrücken the autobahn cut off access at the south of the base which is where the main gate was in the city limit of Landstuhl . The main gate was moved to the west side of the base which was in the town of Ramstein . The two bases were joined and the current Kisling Memorial Drive cut off to the public which made one base . In 1961 the base was officially named `` Ramstein Air Base '' . One legacy of the two separate air bases is that the north side of Ramstein retained a separate APO from the south side . The north side ( Ramstein AB ) is APO AE 09012 , while the south side ( Landstuhl AB ) is APO AE 09009 . Also separate Combat Support Groups , the 7030th for the north side , and the 86th for the south side existed . These were consolidated in the 1980s , and the two Combat Support units were merged into the 377th Combat Support Wing . There is still a north and south side Fitness Centers . The current northside Community Center before housed the WAF NCO Club . As well , there were two Movie Theaters on the North side and two on the South side . Currently , only two ( still stand on the north side , a remodeled Nightengale Theater ( known before as the Four Corners Theater ) ) on the corner across from the Base Gase Station and the north side AAFES dry cleaners was known as the Ramstein Rocket Theater . On the South side the current Hercules Theater ( Falcon Theater ) next to HQ 86th Air Wing and a non-existent theater for which new barracks are currently under construction at the corner across the street from Moms / Gear - up shops called the Landstuhler Knights Theater . Near the Ramstein Air Base is the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center ( LRMC ) , operated by the United States Army . Although part of the Kaiserslautern Military Community , LRMC has a separate history and was never a part of Ramstein or Landstuhl Air Bases , although both facilities have utilized the medical facilities at LRMC since they were established in 1953 . Currently there are plans on the drawing board from the U.S. Department of Defense to build a new Medical Center on the current U.S. Army Weilerbach Storage Installation just to the east of Ramstein AB . Construction is to begin in early 2012 and to be completed in and around 2024 . A twelve - story facility to house all departments of LRMC and the current Ramstein AB Clinic along with Dental Clinic facilities for the whole KMC . In turn , the East Gate to Ramstein AB will be extended from its current location to just off the Autobahn 6 Einsiedlerhof exit to the base at what is known as the Elvis Gate . NATO command center ( edit ) From its inception , Ramstein was designed as a NATO command base . In 1957 , Ramstein provided support for NATO 's HQ Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force , which moved to Ramstein from Trier Air Base on 10 November 1957 upon the closure of that facility . Also on that date , HQ Twelfth Air Force was transferred to Bergstrom Air Force Base , Texas and was assigned to Tactical Air Command . It was replaced by HQ Seventeenth Air Force ( USAFE ) which was moved from North Africa . In turn , the 17th AF was replaced by its mother unit HQ USAFE from Lindsey Air Station , Wiesbaden , Germany in 1973 . The HQ 17th AF was moved to Sembach AB at that time and controlled all USAF Air Divisions and Wings north of the Alps , with the exception of the British Isles and Scandinavia , which were controlled by HQ 3rd AF at Mildenhall . On 31 January 1973 , several headquarters were relocated into and out of Ramstein , when Seventeenth AF moved to Sembach Air Base to make room for the expected move of HQ USAFE to Ramstein . This entire operation , code - named `` Creek Action '' , was carried out as part of the USAF 's new worldwide policy of locating the most vital headquarters in thinly populated rural areas rather than near cities . Later , HQ USAFE was moved due to the fact that US Intelligence found that the Soviets had plans to invade Western Europe through the Fulda Gap in Germany . The military thought to move vital HQs on the other side of the Rhein River for protection . As a result of this policy change , Ramstein air base became a large multi-national NATO center : in addition to the USAFE 's headquarters , it also housed the new NATO headquarters of the Allied Air Forces Central Europe ( AAFCE ) . The AAFCE also commanded the 2nd Allied Tactical Air Force ( 2ATAF ) and the 4th ATAF . The 4th ATAF , which had been headquartered at Ramstein for many years , included the 1st Canadian Air Group , 1st and 2nd Divisions of the West German Air Force , and units of the USAFE 's 3rd and 17th Air Force . HQ USAFE fully completed its move from Wiesbaden to Ramstein early 1991 . With USAFE 's arrival in 1973 , Ramstein entered a period of expansion . The duel commander of the 316th AD / 86 TFW became host commander of Americans living in the Kaiserslautern Military Community instead of the US Army 21st Commanding General . The Wiesbaden USAF Community was then traded to the US Army Control as for an even Kaiserlautern switch . The KMC through the 1950s -- to the early 1990s had an average population of Americans of 110,000 outnumbering those Germans in the City of Kaiserslautern for that time . Allied Air Forces Central Europe was established at Ramstein on 28 June 1974 . Ramstein subsequently provided support for other headquarters , including the 322nd Airlift Division which arrived on 23 June 1978 , and SAC 's 7th Air Division , which arrived on 1 July 1978 . In December 1980 , HQ Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force was moved from Ramstein to Heidelberg and co-located with HQ Central Army Group . Today , the base is home to the Allied Air Command , which is responsible to Joint Force Command Brunssum which is the only and main NATO command unit on Ramstein AB . ADOC Kindsbach ( edit ) Close to Ramstein was the site of Air Defense Operations Center ( ADOC ) -- Kindsbach , AKA ' Kindsbach Cave ' -- the site of Europe 's underground combat operations center . The facility was located in a former German western front command headquarters . The French took control of the underground bunker after World War II , and USAFE assumed control in 1953 . After major renovations , USAFE opened the center on 15 August 1954 . The center was a state - of - the - art , 67 - room , 37,000 - square - foot ( 3,400 m ) facility where USAFE could have led an air war against the Soviet Union . The center had a digital computer to work out bombing problems , cryptographic equipment for coded message traffic and its own photo lab to develop reconnaissance photos . Responsible for an air space extending deep behind the Iron Curtain , the center interacted directly with The Pentagon , NATO , Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe and all USAFE bases . With its massive telephone switchboard and 80 teletype machines , the cave was plugged into everything in the outside world . The center was receiving more than 1,000 calls a day . As a further measure of protection , the cave was fully self - contained with its own water supply , electric backup - generators , climate controls , dining facilities and sleeping accommodations for its 125 - man crew . Visitor passes were rarely issued to this secret facility . Throughout the years , leadership changed but USAFE led the operations through numbered Air Forces . The center 's commander was the USAFE Advanced Echelon . The glassed - in office was on the top floor of the three - story underground command center . Directly under the office was the management for offensive air operations . And the bottom floor office was the management for defensive air operations -- to include support for U.S. Army forces and German Civil Defense . All three offices had a full view of the massive Air Operations Center map on the opposing wall . The AOC was the largest room in the complex . Its three - story map was used to plot minute - by - minute movements of friendly and unidentified aircraft . But the center was much more than just a tracking station , because it could also react to threats . They always knew the current operational status of air weapons in theater including missiles , and could dispatch armed response `` at a moment 's notice '' . By the early 1960s , the manual plotting system used to track aircraft at the cave and elsewhere throughout Germany was too slow and inaccurate for the quick responses necessary . Beginning in 1962 , airmen trained in the new 412L air weapons control system began to arrive in Germany and at the cave . Over the next year , the new GE semi-automatic system was installed . When complete at the cave , the current air picture over East and West Germany , as well as parts of the eastern soviet bloc countries , was displayed on a 40 - foot by 40 - foot ( 12 x 12 m ) screen with radar information provided by various 412L sites located throughout Germany . Senior U.S. staff monitored the dynamic display 24 / 7 . Over the next several years , additional 412L sites throughout Germany joined the network until the manual system had been totally replaced . By 1984 , the Kindsbach Cave had become too small and its cost for renovation too high . The USAFE vacated the facility and on 31 October 1993 , control was returned to the German government and the German government returned the facility to the original owner of the land . Today the Kindsbach Cave is private property , through tours of the cave can be arranged . The cave is overgrown by vegetation , trees , and new housing . Drone War control center ( edit ) In April 2015 the Ramstein Air Base was reported by German and international media as an important control center in the drone war staged under the Obama administration against targets in areas like Pakistan , Yemen , Afghanistan and Somalia . The German government claimed not to have been informed about this function of the U.S. base . In a TV and online documentary the German Das Erste channel cited 2014 reports from Norddeutscher Rundfunk , WDR und the Süddeutsche Zeitung that revealed Ramstein to be an important hub in the drone war against terror suspects . New data provided by Edward Snowden affiliate Glenn Greenwald supported these reports with classified documents from inside the U.S. administration , and were also presented in the Citizenfour video documentary . Potentially illegal arms and munition transports ( edit ) In 2015 , the Serbian newspaper Večernje novosti reported about Ramstein Air Base being used by the United States Armed Forces to transport arms and munitions to Syria . At the end of 2017 , an anonymous US official stated that the US does indeed use Ramstein Air Base to supplement Syrian rebels with arms and munition . The Cabinet of Germany stated that it did not grant permits for these transports , nor that it had been informed about them . The public prosecutor 's office of Kaiserslautern is currently auditing whether an official investigation should be launched . However , such investigations are complicated by the fact that despite Ramstein Air Base being located on German territory , German officials and politicians are not allowed to enter the base without permission of the US commander . Previous investigations of the Ramstein Air Base , such as the Abu Omar case , have proven to be unsuccessful as of yet . Should the investigation about the arms and munition transports be successful , it would constitute a violation of the German War Weapons Control Act . Operational History ( edit ) 86th Wing ( edit ) Further information : 86th Airlift Wing McDonnell Douglas F - 4E - 55 - MC Phantom II , AF Ser . No. 68 - 0517 , and General Dynamics F - 16C Block 25E Fighting Falcon , AF Ser . No. 84 -- 0296 of the 526th TFS / 86th TFW , flying in formation , 1985 . Lockheed C - 130E Hercules of the 37th AS / 86th Airlift Wing . Reassigned from Neubiberg Air Base , West Germany in 1952 and except for a period between 1968 and 1973 , the 86th Wing , under various designations , has been the main operational and host unit at Ramstein Air Base . Throughout the 1950s the 86th was primarily a Fighter - Bomber Wing . In 1960 , it was realigned to an air defense mission and became the 86th Air Division ( Defense ) . The 86th AD was inactivated in 1968 . Returning as an F - 4 Phantom II Tactical Fighter Wing in 1973 , the 86th TFW performed that mission until 1994 , deploying components to the middle east during the 1990 Gulf War . On 14 August 1976 , the Strategic Air Command 306th Strategic Wing was activated at Ramstein with a KC - 135 air refueling and an RC - 135 reconnaissance mission . The 306th also functioned as the focal point for all SAC operations in Europe , and as liaison between SAC and USAFE . The wing moved to RAF Mildenhall , England on 1 July 1978 . In June 1985 , the 316th Air Division was activated , centralizing command authority at Ramstein . The 86 TFW became the division 's flight operations arm , while the newly formed 377th Combat Support Wing , also activated in 1985 , became responsible for the logistical and administrative support on base , replacing the 86th and 7030 Combat Support Wings . On 28 August 1988 , Ramstein Air Base was the site of the tragic Ramstein airshow disaster , which killed 72 spectators and three pilots , and injured hundreds . After the Cold War , the 86th was realigned to become the 86th Airlift Wing . On 1 July 1993 the 55th Aeromedical Airlift Squadron moved from the 435th AW at Rhein - Main Air Base Germany to Ramstein . On 1 October , the 75th and 76th Airlift Squadron arrived at Ramstein from the 60th AW at Travis Air Force Base California , and 437th AW at Charleston AFB South Carolina , respectively . A year later on 1 October 1994 , the 37th Airlift Squadron was transferred to Ramstein from Rhein - Main . In 1999 , the activation of the 86th Contingency Response Group brought the airfield and aerial port operations and providing force protection at contingency airfields mission to the wing . On 24 May 2004 , the 38th Combat Support Wing was activated to enhance support to USAFE geographically separated units . This wing was inactivated in 2007 . The 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing was activated on 4 September 2008 . The wing is the headquarters for the existing 721st Air Mobility Operations Group at Ramstein and the 521st AMOG at Naval Station Rota , Spain . The 521st AMOW provides an enhanced level of control for the AMC route structure in Europe , which includes critical locations for getting people , cargo and patients to and from current war zones . 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing ( edit ) Further information : 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing McDonnell RF - 4C Phantoms of the 38th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron , 26th TRW , AF Serial Numbers 65 - 0891 , 65 -- 0826 and 66 - 0418 . These aircraft were retired to AMARC in the early 1990s . On 7 March 1966 , French President Charles de Gaulle announced that France would withdraw from NATO 's integrated military structure . The United States was informed that it must remove its military forces from France by 1 April 1967 . As a result , the 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing , based at Toul - Rosieres Air Base , France and two of its squadrons , the 38th and 32d , equipped with the RF - 4C Phantom II was relocated to Ramstein on 5 October 1966 . Assigned squadrons of the 26th TRW at Ramstein were : 38th Tactical Reconnaissance ( RF - 4C , Tail Code : RR ) 526th Fighter Interceptor / Tactical Fighter ( F - 102 / F - 4E ( 1970 ) Tail Code : RS ) 7th Special Operation ( C - 130 , C - 47 , UH - 1 ) While at Ramstein the 26th TRW acquired a number of other units with different flying missions . One function gained by the 26 TRW , almost immediately after arriving at Ramstein , was the maintenance and flying of the HQ USAFE liaison aircraft . In addition , the Wing was responsible for flying members of the HQ USAFE staff to Air Force and NATO bases throughout Europe . In addition , the 26th TRW was only designated a flight , because of its small size . It consisted of a mixture of aircraft , including : T - 29s , T - 33s , T - 39s , C - 54s , O - 2s , H - 19s , and UH - 1s . In 1971 a detachment of the 630th Military Airlift Support Squadron from Rhein - Main Air Base was assigned to Ramstein and a large cargo aerial port constructed . This allowed Military Airlift Command C - 141 and C - 5 Galaxy aircraft to use Ramstein as a transshipment point for material , which was then moved within USAFE by C - 130 tactical transports . In the spring of 1972 , the 7th Special Operations Squadron ( SOS ) was assigned flying C - 130Es , C - 47As , and UH - 1Ns . Because of the special operations mission of the 7 SOS , it reported directly to HQ USAFE for operational control . As part of operation `` Creek Action '' , a command - wide effort to realign functions and streamline operations , HQ USAFE transferred the 26th TRW from Ramstein to Zweibrücken Air Base , and the 86th Tactical Fighter Wing was reassigned from Zweibrücken to Ramstein on 31 January 1973 . Schools ( edit ) There are four schools at Ramstein Air Base : Ramstein Elementary School ( Koalas ) , Ramstein Intermediate School ( Jaguars ) , Ramstein American Middle School ( Rams ) , and Ramstein High School ( Royals ) . All of these schools are run by DoDDS , a component of DoDEA . In popular culture ( edit ) Fictional entities ( edit ) Lois Lane was born at Ramstein Air Base . In films ( edit ) Ramstein was the aborted landing location of Air Force One in the thriller Air Force One ( 1997 ) . Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base stood in for Ramstein as the film was shot mostly in the state of Ohio . Ramstein was the location where Colonel Masters is taken after being rescued by his son in Iron Eagle ( 1986 ) . Ramstein was the location where Ethan Hunt and his team are given a second chance to retrieve stolen plutonium in Mission : Impossible - Fallout ( 2018 ) In games ( edit ) Ramstein Air Base appears in the video game Tom Clancy 's EndWar as a possible battlefield . In the game , NATO has since collapsed , and the base is controlled by the European Federation . In Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 , Ramstein Air Base suffers a surprise invasion by Russian Ground Forces after a gas attack . In Wargame : European Escalation , one mission of the NATO campaign takes place in the base . In literature ( edit ) Both Ramstein Air Force Base and the Ramstein air disaster figure as plot points in Donna Leon 's second Guido Brunetti novel , Death in a Strange Country ( 1993 ) The Air Force Base has been mentioned in Walter Dean Myers ' book , Sunrise over Fallujah . In music ( edit ) Rammstein , a German metal band , formed in 1994 . They have stated that they take their name from the Ramstein air show disaster ; in turn , the asteroid 110393 Rammstein is named after the band . The band 's self - titled song ( on the album Herzeleid ( 1995 ) ) refers to the event ; they also produced a self - titled , unreleased album . In television ( edit ) In The West Wing episode `` Memorial Day '' , Donna Moss is flown to Ramstein to be treated at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center nearby . In The West Wing episode `` Red Haven 's on Fire '' , Air Force Veteran Leo McGarry refers to `` Ramstein Air Force Base '' . In in the Pilot of Homeland , Marine Sergeant Nicholas Brody is debriefed in Ramstein after been rescued from an al - Qaeda base in Iraq . In Madam Secretary episode `` The Seventh Floor '' , journalist Colin Mitchell is flown to Ramstein after being released by the Sudanese government . Disasters ( edit ) Red Army Faction car bombing , August 31 , 1981 ( edit ) The U.S. Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) headquarters became the target of a terrorist attack on August 31 , 1981 , at 7 : 21 a.m. carried out by a Red Army Faction commando called ' Sigurd Debus ' . A total of 20 victims were injured , some of them seriously . Ramstein Air show disaster , August 28 , 1988 ( edit ) The Ramstein air show disaster is a mid-air collision that occurred at the Ramstein Air Force Base , during the Flugtag ' 88 air show on Sunday , August 28 , 1988 , killing 70 people . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ IATA : RMS , ICAO : ETAR , former code EDAR . Jump up ^ `` Biographies : Colonel Michael T. Rawls '' . United States Air Force . July 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Saldukas , Scott ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Wing activation of the 521st AMOW '' . 435th Air Base Wing Public Affairs . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colonel Thomas M. Cooper '' . 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing Public Affairs . June 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. soccer team at Ramstein as match with Italy draws near '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.ramstein.af.mil/News/Features/Display/Article/727012/cap-turns-teens-into-cadets-through-summer-training-camp/ Jump up ^ http://www.ramstein.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/811330/civil-air-patrol-cadets-tour-ramstein/ ^ Jump up to : Fletcher 1993 , pp. 144 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Spiegel.de : US Ramstein Base Key in Drone Attacks , April 22 , 2015 , retrieved February 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ The intercept : Germany is the Tell - Tale Heart of America 's Drone War , April 17 , 2015 , retrieved February 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ dw.com : Germany 's Ramstein airbase ' heart ' of US drone program , April 18 , 2015 , retrieved February 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ daserste.de : Der Drohnenkrieg der USA , November 11 , 2015 , retrieved February 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ geheimerkrieg.de ( NDR and Sueddeutsche Zeitung ) : Germany : Ally in U.S. ' War on Terror ' , retrieved February 4 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Weißenborn , Michael ( 13 Sep 2017 ) . `` Sag nichts , frag nicht '' . stuttgarter-nachrichten.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Obermaier , Frederik ; Krüger , Paul - Anton ( 12 Sep 2017 ) . `` Heikle Fracht aus Ramstein '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung ( in German ) . ISSN 0174 - 4917 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Obermaier , Frederik ; Krüger , Paul - Anton ( 20 Sep 2017 ) . `` Millionen Schuss Munition für Kalaschnikows '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung ( in German ) . ISSN 0174 - 4917 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Deutsche Welle ( 13 Sep 2017 ) . `` USA sollen syrische Rebellen über Ramstein mit Waffen versorgt haben '' . Deutsche Welle ( in German ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Byrne , John ( w ) , Byrne , John ( p ) , Beatty , John ( i ) . `` The Power That Failed ! '' Superman v2 , 19 : 2 / 6 ( July 1988 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . Ubisoft. 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Herzeleid.com FAQ '' . Herzeleid . p. 3 . Quote from MTV interview . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Elizabeth . `` 20th anniversary of USAFE headquarters bombing observed '' . dcmilitary.com . Comprint Military Publications . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/ . Fletcher , Harry R. ( 1993 ) . Air Force Bases , Vol. II , Air Bases Outside the United States of America ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Center for Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 53 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) United States Air Force portal Military of the United States portal `` Attack Against USAFE Ramstein '' . German Guerilla . August 31 , 1981 . Baugher , J. `` USAAS - USAAC - USAAF - USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers -- 1908 to present '' . att.net . Endicott , Judy G. ( 1999 ) Active Air Force wings as of 1 October 1995 ; USAF active flying , space , and missile squadrons as of 1 October 1995 . Maxwell AFB , Alabama : Office of Air Force History . CD - ROM . Maurer , Maurer ( 1983 ) . Air Force Combat Units Of World War II . Maxwell AFB , Alabama : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 89201 - 092 - 4 . Mueller , Robert ( 1989 ) . Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 . USAF Reference Series , Maxwell AFB , Alabama : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 53 - 6 Ortiz , Elizabeth . `` 20th anniversary of USAFE headquarters bombing observed '' . dcmilitary.com . Comprint Military Publications . Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Ravenstein , Charles A. ( 1984 ) . Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947 -- 1977 . Maxwell AFB , Alabama : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 12 - 9 . Rogers , Brian ( 2005 ) . United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978 . Hinkley , England : Midland Publications . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 197 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ramstein Air Base . Official website `` Congressional Hearing about construction of new military community center '' . C = Span . `` Photos of 1988 Ramstein Airshow Disaster '' . Robert-Stetter.de . `` ADOC Kindsbach '' . Lost Places ( in German ) . Germany . `` The Most Important US Air Force Base You 've Never Heard Of '' . The Nation . United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Four - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands ACC AETC AFGSC AFMC AFRC AFSPC AFSOC AMC PACAF USAFE - AFA Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security Forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank officers enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Security Forces Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : Air Force Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Women Airforce Service Pilots Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers United States Air Force portal United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa Air Forces Third ( Europe ) Bases Aviano Air Base Lajes Air Station RAF Alconbury RAF Lakenheath RAF Mildenhall Ramstein Air Base Spangdahlem Air Base Support facilities Chièvres Morón RAF Akrotiri RAF Fairford RAF Molesworth RAF Welford San Vito Stuttgart Airport Taszár Air Base Tuzla Air Base Major units 31st Fighter Wing 39th Air Base Wing 52d Fighter Wing 65th Air Base Wing 48th Fighter Wing 86th Airlift Wing 100th Air Refueling Wing 423d Air Base Group 501st Combat Support Wing United States Air Force in Germany Bases Active Stations Kapaun Bases Ramstein Spangdahlem Former Stations Lindsey Bases Bitburg Erding Fürstenfeldbruck Kaufbeuren Hahn Landsberg Neubiberg Rhein - Main Tempelhof Central Airport Wiesbaden Zweibrücken Organizations Active United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) HQ Air Command Europe Third Air Force 52d Fighter Wing 435th Air Base Wing 86th Airlift Wing 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing Former Sixteenth Air Force Seventeenth Air Force Part of the United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) Non-USAFE bases and organizations shown in italics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramstein_Air_Base&oldid=857079432 '' Categories : Installations of the United States Air Force in Germany Buildings and structures in Rhineland - Palatinate NATO installations in Germany Military installations of the United States in Germany Military airbases established in 1953 Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 12 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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the greatest range between consecutive high and low tides occurs at which lunar phase | The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides , when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned ( syzygy ) , reinforcing each other in the same direction ( ( new moon ) ) ) or in opposite directions ( full moon ) . During neap tides , when the Moon and Sun 's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature ( making a right angle to the Earth 's orbit ) , the difference between high and low tides is smaller . Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon 's phases . The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox , if coincidental with a spring tide . | ( full moon ) . | Tidal range | tidal range | The tidal range is the vertical difference between the high tide and the succeeding low tide . | Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth . The tidal range is not constant but changes depending on the locations of the sun and the moon . The most extreme tidal range occurs during spring tides , when the gravitational forces of both the Sun and Moon are aligned ( syzygy ) , reinforcing each other in the same direction ( ( new moon ) ) ) or in opposite directions ( full moon ) . During neap tides , when the Moon and Sun 's gravitational force vectors act in quadrature ( making a right angle to the Earth 's orbit ) , the difference between high and low tides is smaller . Neap tides occur during the first and last quarters of the moon 's phases . The largest annual tidal range can be expected around the time of the equinox , if coincidental with a spring tide . Tidal data for coastal areas is published by the national hydrographic service of the country concerned . Tidal data is based on astronomical phenomena and is predictable . Storm force winds blowing from a steady direction for a prolonged time interval combined with low barometric pressure can increase the tidal range , particularly in narrow bays . Such weather - related effects on the tide , which can cause ranges in excess of predicted values and can cause localized flooding , are not calculable in advance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Classification 3 See also 4 References Geography ( edit ) The typical tidal range in the open ocean is about 0.6 metres ( 2 feet ) . Closer to the coast , this range is much greater . Coastal tidal ranges vary globally and can differ anywhere from near zero to over 11 metres ( 38 feet ) . The exact range depends on the volume of water adjacent to the coast , and the geography of the basin the water sits in . Larger bodies of water have higher ranges , and the geography can act as a funnel amplifying or dispersing the tide . The world 's largest tidal range of 16.3 metres ( 53.5 feet ) occurs in Bay of Fundy , Canada , and the United Kingdom regularly experiences tidal ranges up to 15 metres between England and Wales in the Severn Estuary . The top 50 locations with the largest tidal ranges worldwide are listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States . Some of the smallest tidal ranges occur in the Mediterranean , Baltic , and Caribbean Seas . A point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero is called an amphidromic point . Classification ( edit ) The tidal range has been classified as : Micromareal , when the tidal range is lower than 2 metres . Mesomareal , when the tidal range is between 2 metres and 4 metres . Macromareal , when the tidal range is higher than 4 metres . See also ( edit ) Tide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agencies ^ Jump up to : NOAA . `` FAQ2 Where are the highest tides ? '' . Retrieved 27 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ NOAA . `` It appears that the range of the tides gets larger the further the location from the equator . What causes this ? ? '' . Retrieved 27 Jan 2011 . Jump up ^ NOAA . `` The highest tide in the world is in Canada '' . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Masselink , G. ; Short , A.D. ( 1993 ) . `` The effect of tidal range on beach morphodynamics and morphology : a conceptual beach model '' . Journal of Coastal Research . 9 ( 3 ) : 785 -- 800 . ISSN 0749 - 0208 . ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidal_range&oldid=805593009 '' Categories : Tides Oceanography Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Melayu Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 11 : 41 . 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when did if you don't know me by now come out | `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes . It became their first hit after being released as a single in 1972 , topping the US R&B chart and peaking at number three on the US Pop chart . | in 1972 | If You Do n't Know Me by Now | if you don't know me by now | `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes . It became their first hit after being released as a single in 1972 , topping the US R&B chart and peaking at number three on the US Pop chart . | The song was originally written for Labelle ( a trio led by Patti LaBelle ) but they never recorded it . Much like the issue with `` I Miss You '' and The Dells passing on it , the song 's composers Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff gave the song to Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes , which featured Teddy Pendergrass as lead vocalist . In addition to the single release , the song was included on their debut album I Miss You . Patti LaBelle later made the song as part of her concert repertoire in 1982 . A live version appears on her 1985 album , Patti . It was later covered by the English pop / soul band Simply Red , also becoming their second best - known hit after reaching number one on the U.S. Hot 100 on July 15 , 1989 , and at number thirty - eight on the Hot Black Singles chart . It peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart . It also topped the Canadian Singles Chart . Seal recorded the song for his 2008 album Soul , and , in April 2009 , it became his first top - ten Adult Contemporary hit since `` Love 's Divine '' in 2004 ; the song was subsequently nominated for the Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Grammy . Rod Stewart also included this song on his 2009 album Soulbook . The song was chosen as one of the Songs of the Century by the RIAA . It was featured at the end of Michael Apted 's movie Class Action ( 1991 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Simply Red version 1.1 Track listings 1.2 Charts 1.2. 1 Weekly charts 1.2. 2 Year - end charts 2 Other cover versions 3 References 4 External links Simply Red version ( edit ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' Single by Simply Red from the album A New Flame B - side `` Move on Out '' Released March 27 , 1989 Format 7 '' single , 12 - inch single , CD single Genre Blue - eyed soul , jazz Length 3 : 24 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) Kenny Gamble , Leon Huff Producer ( s ) Stewart Levine A New Flame track listing `` She 'll Have to Go '' ( 8 ) `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( 9 ) `` Enough '' ( 10 ) This version of the song is heard in the film American Psycho and appears in the game Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol . It is also available to download for the Xbox 360 game Lips , which contains the music video . According to the producer Stewart Levine , he did n't want too much orchestration on the record , and went with a two part - harmony instead of a three part - harmony . Hucknall admitted he loved Harold Melvin and the Blue Note 's version , and stated he danced to their music when he was only 13 . Their version won a Grammy Award for the Best R&B Song of 1989 . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded Live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 12 '' single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 `` Shine '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 3 : 30 3 '' CD single `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' -- 3 : 23 `` Move on Out '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 5 : 18 `` Shine '' ( recorded live Manchester on February 22 , 1989 ) -- 3 : 30 `` Sugar Daddy '' -- 3 : 30 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 38 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 12 Other cover versions ( edit ) Jamaican reggae artists Zap Pow recorded a cover version of the song in 1976 . A cover by American country music artist Joe Stampley peaked at number 59 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1989 . Hong Kong Canto - pop artist , Sandy Lam released her cover on `` The Story of Sandy Lam So Far '' in 2002 . British actor / comedian Ricky Gervais covered the song as his character David Brent in the UK TV series The Office Christmas specials in December 2003 . A music video was produced and released with the BBC 's The Office DVD set . American Idol contestant LaToya London additionally covered the song in the season compilation album American Idol Season 3 : Greatest Soul Classics in 2004 . In 2004 , saxophonist Gerald Albright covered the song for the album Kickin ' It Up . R&B singer Ciara interpolated the chorus of the song for her 2009 single , `` Never Ever '' , featuring Young Jeezy . The single is from her third album Fantasy Ride . The Voice of Holland contestant Ben Saunders covered this song for the 2010 - 2011 competition . His recorded version went straight to number one in the Netherlands . American Idol season 10 contestant Stefano Langone interpreted in 2011 a cover on an episode in which contestants were required to sing songs from the year they were born . Langone was born in 1989 . South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1989 album Uptownship . American Idol season 11 contestant Joshua Ledet covered this song during the 1980s week in 2012 . Country music artist , Martina McBride released a cover version on her studio album Everlasting in 2014 . English band Blue released a cover version on their album Colours in 2015 . American Idol season 15 winner Trent Harmon covered this song for his second to last song of the contest in 2016 . British artist Rod Stewart made a cover version included in his 2009 album Soulbook . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 393 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 528 . Jump up ^ Chart Beat , Billboard.com , April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1992 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits . p. 736 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8298 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6403 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6438 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Simply Red -- If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Simply Red Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51 , No. 8 , December 23 , 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1999 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zap Pow - If You Do n't Know Me By Now '' . YouTube . 2012 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Kickin ' It Up overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Albright Biography '' . VerveMusicGroup.com . External links ( edit ) Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version song review on AllMusic Preceded by `` I 'll Be Around '' by The Spinners Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single ( Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version ) November 18 -- 25 , 1972 Succeeded by `` You Ought to Be With Me '' by Al Green Preceded by `` Everlasting Love '' by Howard Jones Billboard Adult Contemporary ( chart ) number - one single ( Simply Red version ) June 24 , 1989 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Right Here Waiting '' by Richard Marx Preceded by `` Good Thing '' by Fine Young Cannibals Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Simply Red version ) July 15 , 1989 Succeeded by `` Toy Soldiers '' by Martika Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Harold Melvin Bernard Williams Roosevelt Brodie Jesse Gillis , Jr . Franklin Peaker John Atkins Teddy Pendergrass Lawrence Brown Bernard Wilson Lloyd Parks Jerry Cummings Sharon Paige David Ebo Dwight Johnson William Spratelly Gil Saunders Studio albums I Miss You Black & Blue To Be True Wake Up Everybody Reaching for the World Compilation albums Collectors ' Item : All Their Greatest Hits ! Singles `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' `` The Love I Lost '' `` Bad Luck '' `` Hope That We Can Be Together Soon '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Related articles Discography Philadelphia International Records Book : Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Patti LaBelle Studio albums Patti LaBelle Tasty It 's Alright with Me Released The Spirit 's in It I 'm in Love Again Patti Winner in You Be Yourself Burnin ' Gems Flame When a Woman Loves Timeless Journey Classic Moments The Gospel According to Patti LaBelle Christmas albums This Christmas Miss Patti 's Christmas Live albums Patti LaBelle Live ! Live ! One Night Only Live in Washington , D.C. Singles `` You Are My Friend '' `` Release ( The Tension ) '' `` I Do n't Go Shopping '' `` The Best Is Yet To Come '' ( with Grover Washington Jr . ) `` If Only You Knew '' `` Love Has Finally Come at Last '' ( with Bobby Womack ) `` Love , Need and Want You '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now ( Part 1 ) '' `` On My Own '' ( with Michael McDonald ) `` Oh , People '' `` Kiss Away the Pain '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Yo Mister '' `` Feels Like Another One '' `` Somebody Loves You Baby ( You Know Who It Is ) '' `` When You 've Been Blessed ( Feels Like Heaven ) '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' `` All This Love '' `` When You Talk About Love '' `` New Day '' Related articles Discography Labelle Labelle discography Simply Red singles Picture Book `` Money 's Too Tight ( to Mention ) '' `` Come to My Aid '' `` Holding Back the Years '' `` Jericho '' `` Open Up the Red Box '' Men and Women `` The Right Thing '' `` Infidelity '' `` Maybe Someday ... '' `` Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye '' `` I Wo n't Feel Bad '' A New Flame `` It 's Only Love '' `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' `` A New Flame '' `` You 've Got It '' Stars `` Something Got Me Started '' `` Stars '' `` For Your Babies '' `` Thrill Me '' `` Your Mirror '' Life `` Fairground '' `` Remembering the First Time '' `` Never Never Love '' `` We 're in This Together '' Greatest Hits `` Angel '' Blue `` Night Nurse '' `` Say You Love Me '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' `` Ghetto Girl '' `` To Be Free '' Love and the Russian Winter `` Ai n't That a Lot of Love '' `` Your Eyes '' Home `` Sunrise '' `` Fake '' `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' `` Home '' Simplified `` Perfect Love '' `` Something Got Me Started / A Song for You '' Stay `` Stay '' `` So Not Over You '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Don%27t_Know_Me_by_Now&oldid=811610595 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1989 singles Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes songs Simply Red songs Patti LaBelle songs Joe Stampley songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs written by Leon Huff Philadelphia International Records singles Elektra Records singles 1972 songs 1989 songs Rhythm and blues ballads Soul ballads Songs written by Kenny Gamble 1970s ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 19 : 32 . 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when is the last time the kansas city chiefs went to the superbowl | Kansas City Chiefs Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in Arrowhead Stadium Kansas City , Missouri Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Red , Gold , White Mascot Warpaint ( 1963 -- 1988 , 2009 -- present ) K.C. Wolf ( 1989 -- present ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Hunt family Chairman Clark Hunt CEO Clark Hunt President Mark Donovan General manager Brett Veach Head coach Andy Reid Team history Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1963 -- present ) Team nicknames Redwood Forest ( Defense , 1969 -- 1971 ) Championships League championships ( 2 ) † AFL Championships ( 3 ) 1962 , 1966 , 1969 AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1969 ( IV ) Conference championships ( 0 ) Division championships ( 9 ) AFL West : 1962 , 1966 AFC West : 1971 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2010 , 2016 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 19 ) AFL : 1962 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1971 , 1986 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Municipal Stadium ( 1963 -- 1971 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1972 -- present ) | 1969 | Kansas City Chiefs | kansas city chiefs | American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) | Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Red , Gold , White Mascot Warpaint ( 1963 -- 1988 , 2009 -- present ) K.C. Wolf ( 1989 -- present ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Hunt family Chairman Clark Hunt CEO Clark Hunt President Mark Donovan General manager Brett Veach Head coach Andy Reid Team history Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1963 -- present ) Team nicknames Redwood Forest ( Defense , 1969 -- 1971 ) Championships League championships ( 2 ) † AFL Championships ( 3 ) 1962 , 1966 , 1969 AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1969 ( IV ) Conference championships ( 0 ) Division championships ( 9 ) AFL West : 1962 , 1966 AFC West : 1971 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2010 , 2016 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 19 ) AFL : 1962 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1971 , 1986 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Municipal Stadium ( 1963 -- 1971 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1972 -- present ) The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ( they are not associated with an earlier Dallas Texans NFL team that only played for one season in 1952 ) . In 1963 , the team relocated to Kansas City and assumed their current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $2 billion . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 and became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL -- NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , remains the club 's last championship game victory and appearance to date , and occurred in the final such competition prior to the leagues ' merger coming into full effect . The Chiefs were also the second team , after the Green Bay Packers , to appear in more than one Super Bowl ( the first AFL team to do so ) and the first to appear in the championship game in two different decades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980 -- 1988 1.4 1989 -- 2008 1.5 2009 -- 2012 1.6 2013 -- 2014 1.7 2015 1.8 2016 1.9 Season - by - season records 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Arrowhead Stadium 4 Training camp and practice facility 5 Mascots and cheerleaders 6 Notable players 6.1 Roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees 6.4 Chiefs Hall of Fame 7 Head coaches 8 Ownership and administration 8.1 Staff 9 Media 9.1 Radio and television 9.1. 1 Radio affiliates 9.2 Preseason game affiliates 10 Culture 10.1 Fan base 10.2 Tony DiPardo 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Franchise History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Kansas City Chiefs 1960s ( edit ) In 1959 , Lamar Hunt began discussions with other businessmen to establish a professional football league that would rival the National Football League . Hunt 's desire to secure a football team was heightened after watching the 1958 NFL Championship Game between the New York Giants and Baltimore Colts . After unsuccessful attempts to purchase and relocate the NFL 's Chicago Cardinals to his hometown of Dallas , Texas , Hunt went to the NFL and asked to create an expansion franchise in Dallas . The NFL turned him down , so Hunt then established the American Football League and started his own team , the Dallas Texans , to begin play in 1960 . Hunt hired a little - known assistant coach from the University of Miami football team , Hank Stram , to be the team 's head coach after the job offer was declined by Bud Wilkinson and Tom Landry . After Stram was hired , Don Klosterman was hired as head scout , credited by many for bringing a wealth of talent to the Texans after luring it away from the NFL , often hiding players and using creative means to land them . Len Dawson led the Chiefs to victory in Super Bowl IV and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987 The Texans shared the Cotton Bowl with the NFL 's cross-town competition Dallas Cowboys for three seasons . The Texans were to have exclusive access to the stadium until the NFL put an expansion team , the Dallas Cowboys , there . While the team averaged a league - best 24,500 at the Cotton Bowl , the Texans gained less attention due to the AFL 's relatively lower profile compared to the NFL . In the franchise 's first two seasons , the team managed only a 14 -- 14 record . In their third season , the Texans strolled to an 11 -- 3 record and a berth in the team 's first American Football League Championship Game , against the Houston Oilers . The game was broadcast nationally on ABC and the Texans defeated the Oilers 20 -- 17 in double overtime . The game lasted 77 minutes and 54 seconds , which still stands as the longest championship game in professional football history . It turned out to be the last game the team would play as the Dallas Texans . Despite competing against a Cowboys team that managed only a 9 -- 28 -- 3 record in their first three seasons , Hunt decided that the Dallas -- Fort Worth media market could not sustain two professional football franchises . He considered moving the Texans to either Atlanta or Miami for the 1963 season . However , he was ultimately swayed by an offer from Kansas City Mayor Harold Roe Bartle . Bartle promised to triple the franchise 's season ticket sales and expand the seating capacity of Municipal Stadium to accommodate the team . Hunt agreed to relocate the franchise to Kansas City on May 22 , 1963 , and on May 26 the team was renamed the Kansas City Chiefs . Hunt and head coach Hank Stram initially planned to retain the Texans name , but a fan contest determined the new `` Chiefs '' name in honor of Mayor Bartle 's nickname that he acquired in his professional role as Scout Executive of the St. Joseph and Kansas City Boy Scout Councils and founder of the Scouting Society , the Tribe of Mic - O - Say . A total of 4,866 entries were received with 1,020 different names being suggested , including a total of 42 entrants who selected `` Chiefs . '' The two names that received the most popular votes were `` Mules '' and `` Royals '' ( which , 6 years later , would be the name of the city 's Major League Baseball expansion franchise in 1969 , after the Athletics left Kansas City for Oakland following the 1967 season ) . The franchise became one of the strongest teams in the now thriving American Football League , with the most playoff appearances for an AFL team ( tied with the Oakland Raiders ) , and the most AFL Championships ( 3 ) . The team 's dominance helped Lamar Hunt become a central figure in negotiations with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle to agree on an AFL -- NFL merger . In the meetings between the two leagues , a merged league championship game was agreed to be played in January 1967 following the conclusion of the leagues ' respective 1966 seasons . Hunt insisted on calling the game the `` Super Bowl '' after seeing his children playing with a popular toy at the time , a Super Ball . While the first few games were designated the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , the Super Bowl name became its officially licensed title in years to come . The Chiefs topped the Raiders in the 1969 AFL championship game ( left ) and went on to defeat the Vikings in Super Bowl IV ( right ) . The Chiefs cruised to an 11 -- 2 -- 1 record in 1966 , and defeated the defending AFL Champion Buffalo Bills in the AFL Championship Game . The Chiefs were invited to play the NFL 's league champion Green Bay Packers in the first AFL -- NFL World Championship Game . Kansas City and Green Bay played a close game for the first half , but Green Bay took control in the final two quarters , winning the game by a score of 35 -- 10 . The Chiefs lost the game but gained the respect of several Packers opponents following the game . The Chiefs ' interleague match - up with the Packers was not the last time that they would face an NFL opponent , especially on the championship stage . The following August , Kansas City hosted the NFL 's Chicago Bears in the 1967 preseason and won the game 66 -- 24 . Despite losing to the division rival Oakland Raiders twice in the regular season in 1969 , the two teams met for a third time in the AFL Championship Game where Kansas City won 17 -- 7 . Backup quarterback Mike Livingston led the team in a six - game winning streak after Len Dawson suffered a leg injury which kept him out of most of the season 's games . While getting plenty of help from the club 's defense , Dawson returned from the injury and led the Chiefs to Super Bowl IV . Against the NFL champion Minnesota Vikings , who were favored by 121⁄2 , the Chiefs dominated the game 23 -- 7 to claim the team 's first Super Bowl championship . Dawson was named the game 's Most Valuable Player after completing 12 - of - 17 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown , with 1 interception . The following season , the Chiefs and the rest of the American Football League merged with the National Football League after the AFL -- NFL merger became official . The Chiefs were placed in the American Football Conference 's West Division . From 1960 to 1969 , the Chiefs / Texans won 87 games , which is the most in the 10 - year history of the AFL . 1970s ( edit ) In 1970 , the Chiefs won only seven games in their first season in the NFL and missed the playoffs . The following season , the Chiefs tallied a 10 -- 3 -- 1 record and won the AFC West Division . Head coach Hank Stram considered his 1971 Chiefs team as his best , but they failed to capture their championship dominance from 1969 . Most of the pieces of the team which won Super Bowl IV two years earlier were still in place for the 1971 season . The Chiefs tied with the Miami Dolphins for the best record in the AFC , and both teams met in a Christmas Day playoff game which the Chiefs lost 27 -- 24 in double overtime . The Dolphins outlasted the Chiefs with a 37 - yard field goal . The game surpassed the 1962 AFL Championship Game as the longest ever at 82 minutes and 40 seconds . The game was also the final football game at Kansas City 's Municipal Stadium . In 1972 , the Chiefs moved into the newly constructed Arrowhead Stadium at the Truman Sports Complex outside of Downtown Kansas City . The team 's first game at Arrowhead was against the St. Louis Cardinals , a preseason game which the Chiefs won 24 -- 14 . Linebacker Willie Lanier and quarterback Len Dawson won the NFL Man of the Year Award in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . The Chiefs would not return to the post-season for the remainder of the 1970s , and the 1973 season was the team 's last winning effort for seven years . Hank Stram was fired following a 5 -- 9 season in 1974 , and many of the Chiefs ' future Hall of Fame players would depart by the middle of the decade . From 1975 to 1988 , the Chiefs had become a laughing stock of the NFL and provided Chiefs fans with nothing but futility . Five head coaches struggled to achieve the same success as Stram , compiling an 81 -- 121 -- 1 record . 1980 -- 1988 ( edit ) In 1980 , Coach Marv Levy cut future Hall of Fame Kicker Jan Stenerud for little known Nick Lowery , who would become the most accurate kicker in NFL History over the next 14 years . In 1981 , running back Joe Delaney rushed for 1,121 yards and was named the AFC Rookie of the Year . The Chiefs finished the season with a 9 -- 7 record and entered the 1982 season with optimism . However , the NFL Players Association strike curbed the Chiefs ' chances of returning to the postseason for the first time in over a decade . The Chiefs tallied a 3 -- 6 record and in the off - season , Joe Delaney died while trying to save several children from drowning in a pond near his home in Louisiana . The Chiefs made a mistake in drafting quarterback Todd Blackledge over future greats such as Jim Kelly and Dan Marino in the 1983 NFL Draft . Blackledge never started a full season for Kansas City while Kelly and Marino played Hall of Fame careers . While the Chiefs struggled on offense in the 1980s , the Chiefs had a strong defensive unit consisting of Pro Bowlers such as Bill Maas , Albert Lewis , Art Still and Deron Cherry . John Mackovic took over head coaching duties for the 1983 season after Marv Levy was fired . Over the next four seasons , Mackovic coached the Chiefs to a 30 -- 34 record , but took the team to its first post-season appearance in 15 years in the 1986 NFL playoffs . Following the team 's loss to the New York Jets in the playoffs , Mackovic was fired . Frank Gansz served as head coach for the next two seasons , but won only eight of 31 games . 1989 -- 2008 ( edit ) On December 19 , 1988 , owner Lamar Hunt hired Carl Peterson as the team 's new president , general manager , and chief executive officer . Peterson fired head coach Frank Gansz two weeks after taking over and hired Marty Schottenheimer as the club 's seventh head coach . In the 1988 and 1989 NFL Drafts , the Chiefs selected both defensive end Neil Smith and linebacker Derrick Thomas , respectively . The defense that Thomas and Smith anchored in their seven seasons together was a big reason why the Chiefs reached the postseason in six straight years . In Schottenheimer 's tenure as head coach , ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , the Chiefs became a perennial playoff contender , featuring offensive players including Steve DeBerg , Christian Okoye , Stephone Paige and Barry Word , a strong defense , anchored by Thomas , Smith , Albert Lewis and Deron Cherry , and on special teams , Nick Lowery , most accurate kicker in NFL History . The team recorded a 101 -- 58 -- 1 record , and clinched seven playoff berths . The Chiefs ' 1993 season was the franchise 's most successful in 22 years . With newly acquired quarterback Joe Montana and running back Marcus Allen , two former Super Bowl champions and MVPs , the Chiefs further strengthened their position in the NFL . The 11 -- 5 Chiefs defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Houston Oilers on their way to the franchise 's first and to date only AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills . The Chiefs were overwhelmed by the Bills and lost the game by a score of 30 -- 13 . The Chiefs ' victory on January 16 , 1994 , against the Oilers remained the franchise 's last post-season victory for 21 years until their 30 -- 0 victory over the Houston Texans on January 9 , 2016 . In the 1995 NFL playoffs , the 13 -- 3 Chiefs hosted the Indianapolis Colts in a cold , damp late afternoon game at Arrowhead Stadium . Kansas City lost the game 10 -- 7 against the underdog Colts , after kicker Lin Elliot missed three field goal attempts and quarterback Steve Bono threw three interceptions . The Chiefs selected tight end Tony Gonzalez with the 13th overall selection in the 1997 NFL Draft , a move which some considered to be a gamble being that Gonzalez was primarily a basketball player at California . During a 1997 season full of injuries to starting quarterback Elvis Grbac , backup quarterback Rich Gannon took the reins of the Chiefs ' offense as the team headed to another 13 -- 3 season . Head coach Marty Schottenheimer chose Grbac to start the playoff game against the Denver Broncos despite Gannon 's successes in previous weeks . Grbac 's production in the game was lacking , and the Chiefs lost to the Broncos 14 -- 10 . Denver went on to capture their fifth AFC Championship by defeating Pittsburgh , and then defeated the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Coach Schottenheimer announced his resignation from the Chiefs following the 1998 season , and defensive coordinator Gunther Cunningham took over coaching duties for the next two seasons , compiling a 16 -- 16 record . By the end of the Chiefs ' decade of regular - season dominance , Gannon had signed with the Oakland Raiders , Neil Smith signed with the Denver Broncos , and Derrick Thomas was paralyzed from a car accident on January 23 , 2000 . Thomas died from complications of his injury weeks later . After allegedly reading online that he would be relieved of duties , head coach Gunther Cunningham was fired . Tony Gonzalez at the 2005 Pro Bowl Priest Holmes became one of the league 's top backs in the early 2000s Looking to change the Chiefs ' game plan which relied on a tough defensive strategy for the past decade , Carl Peterson contacted Dick Vermeil about the Chiefs ' head coaching vacancy for the 2001 season . Vermeil previously led the St. Louis Rams to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIV . Vermeil was hired on January 12 . The Chiefs then traded a first round draft pick in the 2001 NFL Draft to St. Louis for quarterback Trent Green and signed free agent running back Priest Holmes to be the team 's cornerstones on offense . In 2003 , Kansas City began the season with nine consecutive victories , a franchise record . They finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record and the team 's offense led the NFL in several categories under the direction of USA Today 's Offensive Coach of the Year honoree , Al Saunders . Running back Priest Holmes surpassed Marshall Faulk 's single - season touchdown record by scoring his 27th rushing touchdown against the Chicago Bears in the team 's regular season finale . The team clinched the second seed in the 2004 NFL playoffs and hosted the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional Playoffs . In a game where neither team punted , the Chiefs lost the shoot - out 38 -- 31 . It was the third time in nine seasons that the Chiefs went 8 -- 0 at home in the regular season , only to lose their post-season opener at Arrowhead . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2004 , the 2005 Chiefs finished with a 10 -- 6 record but no playoff berth . They were the fourth team since 1990 to miss the playoffs with a 10 -- 6 record . Running back Larry Johnson started in place of the injured Priest Holmes and rushed for 1,750 yards in only nine starts . Prior to the Chiefs ' final game of the season , head coach Dick Vermeil announced his retirement . The Chiefs won the game 37 -- 3 over the playoff - bound Cincinnati Bengals . Damon Huard ( left ) and Brodie Croyle ( right ) both served as the Chiefs ' starting quarterback after Trent Green 's departure Within two weeks of Vermeil 's resignation , the Chiefs returned to their defensive roots with the selection of its next head coach . The team introduced Herman Edwards , a former Chiefs scout and head coach of the New York Jets , as the team 's tenth head coach after trading a fourth - round selection in the 2006 NFL Draft to the Jets . Quarterback Trent Green suffered a severe concussion in the team 's season opener to the Cincinnati Bengals which left him out of play for eight weeks . Backup quarterback Damon Huard took over in Green 's absence and led the Chiefs to a 5 -- 3 record . Kansas City was awarded a Thanksgiving Day game against the Denver Broncos in response to owner Lamar Hunt 's lobbying for a third Thanksgiving Day game . The Chiefs defeated the Broncos 19 -- 10 in the first Thanksgiving Day game in Kansas City since 1969 . Hunt was hospitalized at the time of the game and died weeks later on December 13 due to complications with prostate cancer . The Chiefs honored their owner for the remainder of the season , as did the rest of the league . By defeating the Jaguars on December 31 , 2006 , the Chiefs clinched a playoff berth after multiple other teams lost throughout the day Trent Green returned by the end of the season , but struggled in the final stretch , and running back Larry Johnson set an NFL record with 416 carries in a season . Kansas City managed to clinch their first playoff berth in three seasons with a 9 -- 7 record and a bizarre sequence of six losses from other AFC teams on New Year 's Eve , culminating with a Broncos loss to the 49ers . The Indianapolis Colts hosted the Chiefs in the Wild Card playoffs and defeated Kansas City 23 -- 8 . Larry Johnson in 2006 In 2007 , Trent Green was traded to the Miami Dolphins leaving the door open for either Damon Huard or Brodie Croyle to become the new starting quarterback . After starting the season with a 4 -- 3 record , the Chiefs lost the remaining nine games when running back Larry Johnson suffered a season - ending foot injury and the quarterback position lacked stability with Huard and Croyle . Despite the team 's 4 -- 12 record , tight end Tony Gonzalez broke Shannon Sharpe 's NFL record for touchdowns at the position ( 63 ) and defensive end Jared Allen led the NFL in quarterback sacks with 15.5 . The Chiefs began their 2008 season with the youngest team in the NFL . The starting lineup had an average of 25.5 years of age . By releasing several veteran players such as cornerback Ty Law and wide receiver Eddie Kennison and trading defensive end Jared Allen , the Chiefs began a youth movement . The Chiefs had a league - high thirteen selections in the 2008 NFL Draft and chose defensive tackle Glenn Dorsey and offensive lineman Branden Albert in the first round . Analysts quickly called Kansas City 's selections as the best of the entire draft . Entering the season , the Chiefs were unsure if injury - prone quarterback Brodie Croyle , who was the incumbent starter , could be their quarterback in the long - term . Croyle was injured in the team 's first game of the season and Damon Huard started in Croyle 's absence . Tyler Thigpen become the third Chiefs starting quarterback in as many games for a start against the Atlanta Falcons . After a poor performance by Thigpen , in which he threw three interceptions against the Falcons defense , Huard was retained as the starting quarterback . The Chiefs struggled off the field as much as on as tight end Tony Gonzalez demanded a trade and running back Larry Johnson was involved in legal trouble . Croyle returned for the Chiefs ' game against the Tennessee Titans , but both he and Damon Huard suffered season - ending injuries in the game . The Chiefs reorganized their offense to a new spread offense game plan focused around Tyler Thigpen . The Chiefs ' new offense was implemented to help Thigpen play to the best of his abilities and also following the absence of Larry Johnson , who was suspended for his off - field conduct . The Chiefs made a huge gamble by using the spread offense , as most in the NFL believe that it can not work in professional football , and also head coach Herman Edwards was traditionally in favor of more conservative , run - oriented game plans . 2009 -- 2012 ( edit ) The Chiefs hosting the Buffalo Bills in 2009 ; Quarterback Matt Cassel , wearing # 7 The 2008 season ended with a franchise worst 2 -- 14 record , where the team suffered historic blowout defeats nearly week - in and week - out . a 34 -- 0 shut - out to the Carolina Panthers , and allowed a franchise - high 54 points against the Buffalo Bills . The team 's general manager , chief executive officer , and team president Carl Peterson resigned at the end of the season , and former New England Patriots vice president of player personnel Scott Pioli was hired as his replacement for 2009 . Upon his arrival , Pioli made an effort to bring in coaches and administrators from his successful past with the New England Patriots , where he won three Super Bowl titles . Dwayne Bowe On January 23 , 2009 , Herman Edwards was fired as head coach , and two weeks later Todd Haley signed a four - year contract to become Edwards ' successor . Haley had a background with Pioli , which made him an attractive hire for Pioli 's first coach in Kansas City . In April 2009 Tony Gonzalez was traded to the Atlanta Falcons after failed trade attempts over the previous two seasons . Notably , head coach Todd Haley fired offensive coordinator Chan Gailey just weeks before the start of the 2009 season and chose to take on the coordinator duties himself . Throughout 2009 the Chiefs acquired veterans to supplement the Chiefs ' young talent including Matt Cassel , Mike Vrabel , Bobby Engram , Mike Brown , Chris Chambers , and Andy Alleman . The team finished with a 4 -- 12 record , just a two - game improvement upon their record from the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , the Chiefs made significant hires for their coaching staff , bringing on former Patriots assistant coaches Charlie Weis and Romeo Crennel to coach the offense and defense , respectively . The coaching additions proved to be very successful , as the Chiefs would go on to secure their first AFC West title since 2003 . Their ten victories in the 2010 season combined for as many as the team had won in their previous three seasons combined . On January 9 , 2011 , the Chiefs lost their home Wild Card playoff game to the Baltimore Ravens 30 -- 7 . Six players were chosen for the Pro Bowl : Dwayne Bowe , Jamaal Charles , Brian Waters , Tamba Hali , Matt Cassel and rookie safety Eric Berry . Jamaal Charles won the FEDEX ground player of the year award and Dwayne Bowe led the NFL in Touchdown Receptions . For their first pick in the 2011 NFL draft , and 26th overall , the team selected Jonathan Baldwin , Wide Receiver from Pitt . After a poor start , Haley was relieved of duties as Head Coach on December 12 . Clark Hunt made note of `` bright spots at different points this season '' , but felt that overall the Chiefs were not progressing . The highest point of the 2011 season was an upset win against the Packers , who at that time , were undefeated with a 13 -- 0 record . The Chiefs became the first team since the 1929 Buffalo Bisons to not lead in regulation through any of their first nine games . The Chiefs tied their franchise worst record of 2 -- 14 and clinched the No. 1 overall pick in the 2013 NFL Draft . It is the first time in since the merger they have held the first overall pick . 2013 -- 2014 ( edit ) Following the 2012 season , the Chiefs fired head coach Romeo Crennel and general manager Scott Pioli . Former Philadelphia Eagles head coach Andy Reid was brought in as head coach to work with new general manager John Dorsey , a former Green Bay Packers head scout . The Chiefs acquired quarterback Alex Smith from the San Francisco 49ers for the Chiefs ' second - round pick , 34th overall , in the 2013 draft and a conditional pick in 2014 draft . Matt Cassel was released shortly after . The Chiefs selected Eric Fisher with the first overall pick of the 2013 NFL Draft . The Chiefs started 9 -- 0 for the second time in team history . They would lead their wildcard game against the Indianapolis Colts 38 -- 10 shortly after halftime , but they would collapse late and lose , 45 -- 44 . In 2014 , the Chiefs attempted to make the playoffs for the second straight season for the first time since 1995 , however they finished 9 -- 7 and were eliminated in Week 17 . 2015 ( edit ) After a promising win for the Chiefs against Houston in Week 1 , Kansas City went on a five - game losing streak culminating in a 16 -- 10 loss to Minnesota and the loss of Jamaal Charles to a torn ACL . However , they managed one of the most improbable season comebacks in the NFL and won ten straight to improve their record from 1 -- 5 to 11 -- 5 . The team clinched a playoff berth after a 17 -- 13 win over Cleveland in Week 16 to become only the second NFL team to do so after the merger . The streak achieved by the Chiefs broke a franchise record for 9 straight ( 2003 , 2013 ) and second 9 plus game win streak under Reid . After a Week 17 win over Oakland 23 -- 17 , the Chiefs achieved their longest winning streak in franchise history at ten games . They qualified for the playoffs , playing in the 2015 AFC Wild - Card playoff game , held at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on January 9 , 2016 . The Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 to earn their first NFL playoff win in 23 seasons , dating back to the 1993 -- 94 NFL playoffs , a win that also came in Houston . The Chiefs ' Wild - Card playoff victory ended what was at the time the third - longest drought in the NFL , and it also ended a then NFL record eight - game playoff losing streak . Riddled with injuries , they were defeated by the New England Patriots 27 -- 20 in the AFC Divisional Round . 2016 ( edit ) After facing a 24 -- 3 deficit with 6 minutes left in the 3rd quarter , the Chiefs engineered a 33 -- 27 comeback win against the San Diego Chargers ending with a 2 - yard touchdown run by Alex Smith in overtime to give the Chiefs their largest regular season comeback to start the season at 1 -- 0 . On Christmas Day , the Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos 33 -- 10 to give Kansas City their tenth straight win against divisional opponents . On January 1 , 2017 , the Chiefs clinched the AFC West and the second seed going into the playoffs that year . They clinched the 2nd seed in the AFC but fell to the Pittsburgh Steelers 18 - 16 as Chris Boswell hit 6 field goals . Season - by - season Records ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons ( 2012 -- 16 ) completed by the Chiefs . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Kansas City Chiefs seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Record as of the end of the 2015 NFL season Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Post-season results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2012 2012 NFL AFC West 4th 14 0 2013 2013 NFL AFC West 2nd 11 5 0 Lost AFC Wild Card round ( Colts ) 45 -- 44 2014 2014 NFL AFC West 2nd 9 7 0 2015 2015 NFL AFC West 2nd 11 5 0 Won AFC Wild Card Round ( Texans ) 30 -- 0 Lost AFC Divisional Round ( Patriots ) 20 -- 27 Marcus Peters ( Defensive Rookie of the Year ) Eric Berry ( Comeback Player of the Year ) 2016 2016 NFL AFC West 1st 12 0 Lost AFC Divisional round ( Steelers ) 18 -- 16 Total 472 424 12 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes only regular season ) 9 17 0 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes only playoffs ) 481 441 12 ( 1960 -- 2016 , includes both regular season and playoffs ; 3 AFL Championships , 1 Super Bowl Championship ) Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Main article : Logos and uniforms of the Kansas City Chiefs When the Texans began playing in 1960 , the team 's logo consisted of the state of Texas in white with a yellow star marking the location of the city of Dallas . Originally , Hunt chose Columbia blue and orange for the Texans ' uniforms , but Bud Adams chose Columbia blue and scarlet for his Houston Oilers franchise . Hunt reverted to red and gold for the Texans ' uniforms , which even after the team relocated to Kansas City , remain as the franchise 's colors to this day . The state of Texas on the team 's helmet was replaced by an arrowhead design originally sketched by Lamar Hunt on a napkin . Hunt 's inspiration for the interlocking `` KC '' design was the `` SF '' inside of an oval on the San Francisco 49ers helmets . Unlike the 49ers ' logo , Kansas City 's overlapping initials appear inside a white arrowhead instead of an oval and are surrounded by a thin black outline . From 1960 to 1973 , the Chiefs had grey facemask bars on their helmets , but changed to white bars in 1974 , making them one of the first teams in the NFL to use a non-gray facemask . The Chiefs ' uniform design has essentially remained the same throughout the club 's history . It consists of a red helmet , and either red or white jerseys with the opposite color numbers and names . White pants were used with both jerseys from 1960 to 1967 and 1989 to 1999 . Beginning in 2009 , during the Pioli / Haley era , the team has alternated between white and red pants for road games during the season . Prior to September 15 , 2013 , the Chiefs always wore white pants with their red jerseys . The Chiefs have never worn an alternate jersey in a game , although custom jerseys are sold for retail . The Chiefs wore their white jerseys with white pants at home for the 2006 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals . The logic behind the uniform selection that day was that the Bengals would be forced to wear their black uniforms on a day that forecasted for steamy temperatures . The only other time the Chiefs wore white at home was throughout the 1980 season under Marv Levy . In 2007 , the Kansas City Chiefs honored Lamar Hunt and the AFL with a special patch . It features the AFL 's logo from the 1960s with Hunt 's `` LH '' initials inside the football . In 2008 , the patch became permanently affixed to the left chest of both Kansas City 's home and away jerseys . In select games for the 2009 season , the Chiefs , as well as the other founding teams of the American Football League , wore `` throwback '' uniforms to celebrate the AFL 's 50th anniversary . For the first time in team history , the Chiefs wore their red jersey with red pants forming an all red combo in their home opener against the Dallas Cowboys on September 15 , 2013 . Arrowhead Stadium ( edit ) Further information : Arrowhead Stadium Arrowhead Stadium upon completion of renovations , July 2010 Arrowhead Stadium has been the Chiefs ' home field since 1972 and has a capacity of 76,416 , which makes it the sixth - largest stadium in the NFL . The stadium underwent a $375 million renovation , completed in mid-2010 , which included new luxury boxes , wider concourses and enhanced amenities . The stadium renovation was paid for by $250 million in taxpayer money and $125 million from the Hunt Family . The stadium cost $53 million to build in 1972 , and an average ticket in 2009 costs $81 . Centerplate serves as the stadium 's concession provider and Sprint Nextel , Anheuser - Busch and Coca - Cola are major corporate sponsors . Dating back to the Chiefs ' home opener in 1991 to mid-2009 , the Chiefs had 155 consecutive sellout games . The streak ended with the final home game of the 2009 season against the Cleveland Browns , resulting in the first local TV blackout in over 19 years . Arrowhead has been called one of the world 's finest stadiums and has long held a reputation for being one of the toughest and loudest outdoor stadiums for opposing players to play in . All noise is directly attributed to its fans and was once measured at 116 decibels by the Acoustical Design Group of Mission , Kansas . By way of comparison , take - off of aircraft may lead to a sound level of 106 decibels at the ground . Sports Illustrated named Arrowhead Stadium the `` toughest place to play '' for opposing teams in 2005 . The tailgate party environment outside the stadium on gameday has been compared to a `` college football '' atmosphere . Arrowhead Stadium features frequent fly - overs from a B - 2 Spirit stealth bomber from nearby Whiteman Air Force Base . Since the 1994 NFL season , the stadium has had a natural grass playing surface . From 1972 to 1993 , the stadium had an artificial AstroTurf surface . During the game against the Oakland Raiders on October 13 , 2013 , Arrowhead Stadium once again became the loudest stadium in the world when the fans set the Guinness Book of World Records record for loudest crowd in an outdoor stadium ( 137.5 dB ) , breaking the record set by the Seattle Seahawks just four weeks prior . A few weeks after , Seattle re-gained the record by reaching a noise level of 137.6 decibels . Chiefs fans have reclaimed the record once again ; on September 29 , 2014 , on Monday Night Football against the New England Patriots , the fans recorded a sound reading of 142.2 decibels . As of the end of the 2014 season , the Chiefs are unbeaten at Arrowhead against the Arizona Cardinals ( 4 -- 0 ) and Washington Redskins ( 3 -- 0 ) , but winless there against the Baltimore Ravens ( 0 -- 3 ) . Training camp and practice facility ( edit ) Summer camp at Spratt Stadium at Missouri Western When the franchise was based in Dallas , the team conducted their inaugural training camp at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell , New Mexico . They moved camp to Southern Methodist University , owner Lamar Hunt 's alma mater , for 1961 and continued to practice there until 1965 . From 1966 to 1971 , the Chiefs practiced in Swope Park in Kansas City , and from 1972 to 1991 held camp at William Jewell College in Clay County , Missouri -- where Lamar Hunt had extensive business dealings including Worlds of Fun , Oceans of Fun and SubTropolis . Chiefs Practice Facility near Arrowhead Stadium From 1992 to 2009 the Chiefs conducted summer training camp at the University of Wisconsin -- River Falls in River Falls , Wisconsin . The Chiefs ' 2007 training camp was documented in the HBO / NFL Films documentary reality television series , Hard Knocks . Following the passage of a $25 million state tax credit proposal , the Chiefs moved their training camp to Missouri Western State University in St. Joseph , Missouri , in 2010 . The bulk of the tax credits went for improvements to Arrowhead Stadium with $10 million applied to the move to Missouri Western . A climate - controlled , 120 - yard NFL regulation grass indoor field , and office space for the Chiefs was constructed at Missouri Western adjacent to the school 's Spratt Stadium before the 2010 season . Outside of training camp and during the regular season , the Chiefs conduct practices at their own training facility nearby Arrowhead Stadium . The facility is located near the Raytown Road entrance to the Truman Sports Complex just east of Interstate 435 and features three outdoor fields ( two grass and one artificial turf ) as well as an indoor facility with its own full - size field . Mascots and Cheerleaders ( edit ) Further information : Native American mascot controversy § Kansas City Chiefs K.C. Wolf , the Chiefs ' mascot since 1989 The Chiefs ' first mascot was Warpaint , a nickname given to several different breeds of pinto horse . Warpaint served as the team 's mascot from 1963 to 1988 . The first Warpaint ( born in 1955 , died in 1992 ) was ridden bareback by rider Bob Johnson who wore a full Native American headdress . Warpaint circled the field at the beginning of each Chiefs home game and performed victory laps following each Chiefs touchdown . On September 20 , 2009 , a new Warpaint horse was unveiled at the Chiefs ' home opener which was won by Oakland Raiders . Warpaint is now ridden by a cheerleader , Susie . In the mid-1980s , the Chiefs featured a short - lived unnamed `` Indian man '' mascot which was later scrapped in 1988 . Since 1989 the cartoon - like K.C. Wolf , portrayed by Dan Meers in a wolf costume , has served as the team 's mascot . The mascot was named after the Chiefs ' `` Wolfpack '' , a group of rabid fans from the team 's days at Municipal Stadium . K.C. Wolf is one of the most popular NFL mascots and was the league 's first mascot inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame in 2006 . The Chiefs have employed a cheerleading squad since the team 's inception in 1960 . In the team 's early days , the all - female squad was referred to as the Chiefettes . In addition to the Cheerleaders , in the early 1970s , there was also a dance / drill team that performed for pre-game and halftime . From 1986 to 1992 , the cheerleader squad featured a mix of men and women . Since 1993 , the all - female squad has been known as the Chiefs Cheerleaders . Notable players ( edit ) Further information : List of Kansas City Chiefs players , Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks , and List of Kansas City Chiefs first - round draft picks Roster ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Tyler Bray 15 Patrick Mahomes II 11 Alex Smith Running backs 31 Akeem Hunt 27 Kareem Hunt 42 Anthony Sherman FB 35 Charcandrick West Wide receivers 80 Jehu Chesson 10 Tyreek Hill 14 Demarcus Robinson 13 De'Anthony Thomas 12 Albert Wilson Tight ends 84 Demetrius Harris 87 Travis Kelce 88 Ross Travis Offensive linemen 65 Jordan Devey G 76 Laurent Duvernay - Tardif G 79 Parker Ehinger G 75 Cameron Erving T 72 Eric Fisher T 73 Zach Fulton C 61 Mitch Morse C 71 Mitchell Schwartz T 70 Bryan Witzmann T Defensive linemen 97 Allen Bailey DE 94 Jarvis Jenkins DE 95 Chris Jones DE 96 Bennie Logan NT 98 Roy Miller NT 99 Rakeem Nuñez - Roches DE Linebackers 45 Ukeme Eligwe ILB 55 Dee Ford OLB 91 Tamba Hali OLB 50 Justin Houston OLB 56 Derrick Johnson ILB 92 Tanoh Kpassagnon OLB 57 Kevin Pierre - Louis ILB 59 Reggie Ragland ILB 48 Terrance Smith ILB 53 Ramik Wilson ILB 51 Frank Zombo OLB Defensive backs 25 Kenneth Acker CB 23 Phillip Gaines CB 39 Terrance Mitchell CB 21 Eric Murray SS 20 Steven Nelson CB 38 Ron Parker SS 22 Marcus Peters CB 49 Daniel Sorensen FS 30 Steven Terrell FS Special teams 7 Harrison Butker K 2 Dustin Colquitt P 41 James Winchester LS Reserve lists 46 Keith Baxter CB ( IR ) 29 Eric Berry FS ( IR ) 46 Devin Chappell SS ( IR ) 17 Chris Conley WR ( IR ) 77 Donald Hawkins OT ( IR ) 6 Ashton Lampkin CB ( IR ) 52 Dadi Nicolas OLB ( PUP ) 32 Spencer Ware RB ( IR ) Practice squad 43 George Atkinson III RB 82 Orson Charles TE 4 Gehrig Dieter WR 19 Marcus Kemp WR -- Devin Lucien WR 64 Damien Mama G 34 Leon McQuay III FS 40 Keith Reaser CB -- Will Redmond CB Rookies in italics Roster updated November 11 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 8 Inactive , 9 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Jan Stenerud 1967 - 79 16 Len Dawson QB 1962 - 75 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 - 78 28 Abner Haynes RB 1960 - 64 33 Stone Johnson RB 1963 36 Mack Lee Hill RB 1964 - 65 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 - 99 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 - 77 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 - 74 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 - 75 Never officially on a Chiefs season roster . His number was retired after his death in training camp in 1963 . Number was posthumously retired . Names in bold spent entire playing career with the Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs . The number 37 has not been worn since the death of Joe Delaney . Number 58 was not issued after the death of Derrick Thomas until it was officially retired in 2009 . The numbers 16 and 28 are the only numbers to have been worn by a single player ( both Dawson and Haynes respectively ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees ( edit ) Nineteen members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent at least some portion of their career with the Chiefs . Eleven spent the majority of the career with the Chiefs . Nine of the Chiefs in the Hall of Fame were involved with the Chiefs during their Super Bowl Championship season of 1969 . The Chiefs have 2 contributors , 2 coaches , and 15 players in the Hall of Fame . In addition , Hall of Fame safety Ronnie Lott had a contract with the Chiefs during the 1995 season , but only played for the Chiefs in the preseason and spent the regular season on injured reserve and is not recognized by the Hall of Fame as having played for the Chiefs . Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame enshrinees No . Player Position Tenure Inducted - Lamar Hunt Founder of franchise and American Football League 1960 -- 2006 1972 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 -- 1974 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 -- 1977 1986 16 Len Dawson QB 1963 -- 1975 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 -- 1975 1990 Jan Stenerud 1967 -- 1979 1991 53 Mike Webster 1989 -- 1990 1997 19 Joe Montana QB 1993 -- 1994 2000 - Marv Levy Head coach 1978 -- 1982 2001 - Hank Stram Head coach 1960 -- 1974 2003 32 Marcus Allen RB 1993 -- 1997 2003 Warren Moon QB 1999 -- 2000 2006 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 -- 1978 2008 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 -- 1999 2009 77 Willie Roaf OT 2002 -- 2005 2012 61 Curley Culp DT 1968 -- 1974 2013 68 Will Shields OG 1993 -- 2006 2015 - Bill Polian Contributor 1978 -- 1982 2015 8 Morten Andersen 2002 -- 2003 2017 Began career in the American Football League . Member of 1969 Super Bowl championship team Spent majority of their career with the Chiefs Posthumously inducted Names in bold spent entire career with the Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs . Chiefs Hall of Fame ( edit ) Jan Stenerud 's name was honored at Arrowhead Stadium 's ring of honor The Chiefs are one of 16 organizations that honor their players , coaches and contributors with a team Hall of Fame or Ring of Honor . Established in 1970 , the Chiefs Hall of Fame has inducted a new member in an annual ceremony with the exception of the 1983 season . Several of the names were featured at Arrowhead Stadium in the stadium 's architecture prior to renovations in 2009 . The requirements for induction are that a player , coach , or contributor must have been with the Chiefs for four seasons and been out of the NFL for four seasons at the time of induction . There are some exceptions , such as Joe Delaney and Derrick Thomas , Delaney was with the team for only two seasons before his death , Thomas was inducted 1 year after his death in January 2000 ( 2 years after his final season ) . The Chiefs have the second-most enshrinees of any NFL team in their team Hall of Fame behind the Green Bay Packers , who have enshrined over 100 players and team contributors over the years in the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame . Chiefs Hall of Fame Inducted No . Player Position Tenure 1970 -- Lamar Hunt Team founder / Owner 1960 -- 2006 1971 36 Mack Lee Hill RB 1964 -- 1965 1972 75 Jerry Mays DT 1961 -- 1970 1973 84 Fred Arbanas TE 1962 -- 1970 42 Johnny Robinson 1960 -- 1971 88 Chris Burford WR 1960 -- 1967 1976 55 E.J. Holub C / LB 1961 -- 1970 1977 77 Jim Tyrer OT 1961 -- 1973 1978 21 Mike Garrett RB 1966 -- 1970 1979 16 Len Dawson QB 1963 -- 1975 1980 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 -- 1974 1981 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 -- 1975 1982 89 Otis Taylor WR 1965 -- 1975 No induction 1984 71 Ed Budde 1963 -- 1976 1985 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 -- 1977 1986 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 -- 1978 -- Hank Stram Coach 1960 -- 1974 1988 44 Jerrel Wilson 1963 -- 1977 1989 14 Ed Podolak RB 1969 -- 1977 1990 51 Jim Lynch LB 1967 -- 1977 1991 28 Abner Haynes RB 1960 -- 1964 1992 Jan Stenerud 1967 -- 1979 1993 69 Sherrill Headrick LB 1960 -- 1967 1994 58 Jack Rudnay 1969 -- 1982 1995 32 Curtis McClinton RB 1962 -- 1969 20 Deron Cherry 1981 -- 1991 1997 73 Dave Hill OT 1963 -- 1974 1998 67 Art Still DE 1978 -- 1987 1999 34 Lloyd Burruss 1981 -- 1991 2000 35 Christian Okoye RB 1987 -- 1992 2001 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 -- 1999 2002 76 John Alt OT 1984 -- 1996 2003 59 Gary Spani LB 1978 -- 1986 37 Joe Delaney RB 1981 -- 1982 2005 -- Jack Steadman President / GM 1960 -- 1989 2006 90 Neil Smith DE 1988 -- 1996 2007 29 Albert Lewis CB 1983 -- 1993 2008 61 Curley Culp DT 1968 -- 1974 2009 8 Nick Lowery 1980 -- 1993 -- Marty Schottenheimer Coach 1989 -- 1998 2011 31 Kevin Ross CB 1984 -- 1993 , 1997 2012 68 Will Shields OG 1993 -- 2006 2013 26 Gary Barbaro 1976 -- 1982 2014 31 Priest Holmes RB 2001 -- 2007 2015 24 Gary Green CB 1977 -- 1983 2016 49 Tony Richardson FB 1995 -- 2005 2017 88 Carlos Carson WR 1980 -- 1989 Head coaches ( edit ) Andy Reid ( pictured in 2010 ) , began his first season as the Chiefs ' head coach in 2013 Main article : List of Kansas City Chiefs head coaches Thirteen head coaches have served the Texans / Chiefs franchise since their first season in 1960 . Hank Stram , the team 's first head coach , led the Chiefs to three AFL championship victories and two appearances in the Super Bowl . Stram was the team 's longest - tenured head coach , holding the position from 1960 to 1974 . Marty Schottenheimer was hired in 1989 and led Kansas City to seven playoff appearances in his 10 seasons as head coach . Schottenheimer had the best winning percentage (. 634 ) of all Chiefs coaches . Gunther Cunningham was on the Chiefs ' coaching staff in various positions from 1995 to 2008 , serving as the team 's head coach in between stints as the team 's defensive coordinator . Dick Vermeil coached the team to a franchise - best 9 -- 0 start in the 2003 season . Of the ten Chiefs coaches , Hank Stram and Marv Levy have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Herman Edwards served as the team 's head coach from 2006 to 2008 , compiling a 15 -- 33 record and a franchise worst 6 -- 26 record over a two - year span . Todd Haley compiled a 19 -- 26 record with the team from 2009 -- 2011 , including an AFC West division title in 2010 . Haley was fired with three games left in the 2011 season . Romeo Crennel was named interim coach , and was promoted to full - time coach in January 2012 . Crennel was fired on Monday , December 31 , 2012 , after finishing the 2012 season with a 2 -- 14 record . On January 5 , 2013 , the Chiefs hired Andy Reid to be their next head coach . In Reid 's tenure , the Chiefs have been consistent contenders , making the playoffs in 3 of his first 4 seasons . Ownership and administration ( edit ) Chairman of the Board Clark Hunt The franchise was founded in 1959 by Lamar Hunt after a failed attempt by Hunt to purchase an NFL franchise and relocate them to Texas . remained the team 's owner until his death in 2006 . The Hunt family kept ownership of the team following Lamar 's death and Clark Hunt , Lamar 's son , represents the family 's interests . While Hunt 's official title is Chairman of the Board , he serves as the franchise 's de facto owner . In 2010 , Hunt assumed role as CEO alongside his role as Chairman of the Board . According to Forbes , the team is valued at just under $1 billion and ranks 20th among NFL teams in 2010 . Owner Lamar Hunt served as the team 's president from 1960 to 1976 . Because of Lamar Hunt 's contributions to the NFL , the AFC Championship trophy is named after him . He promoted general manager Jack Steadman to become the team 's president in 1977 . Steadman held the job until Carl Peterson was hired by Hunt in 1988 to replace him . Peterson resigned the title as team president in 2008 . Denny Thum became the team 's interim president following Peterson 's departure and was officially given the full position in May 2009 . Thum resigned from his position on September 14 , 2010 . Don Rossi served as the team 's general manager for half of the 1960 season , resigning in November 1960 . Jack Steadman assumed duties from Rossi and served in the position until 1976 . Steadman was promoted to team president in 1976 and despite being relieved of those duties in 1988 , he remained with the franchise until 2006 in various positions . Jim Schaaf took over for Steadman as general manager until being fired in December 1988 . Carl Peterson was hired in 1988 to serve as the team 's general manager , chief executive officer and team president . Peterson remained in the position for 19 years until he announced his resignation from the team in 2008 . Denny Thum served as interim general manager until January 13 , 2009 , when the Chiefs named New England Patriots executive Scott Pioli the team 's new general manager . Pioli was released in early January after the hiring of Andy Reid , and was replaced by John Dorsey . Pioli 's record as the Chief 's general manager was 23 -- 41 . On June 22 , 2017 , it was announced that the Chiefs had parted ways with Dorsey . They hired Brett Veach on July 10 , 2017 . Staff ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Clark Hunt President -- Mark Donovan General Manager -- Brett Veach Director of Football Administration -- Brandt Tilis Salary Cap & Legal Executive - Chris Shea Director of Player Personnel -- Mike Borgonzi Director of College Scouting -- Ryan Poles Assistant Director of College Scouting - Ryne Nutt Director of Pro Personnel -- Tim Terry Head Coaches Head Coach -- Andy Reid Assistant Head Coach - Brad Childress Statistical Analysis Coordinator -- Mike Frazier Special Projects -- Tommy Brasher Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Matt Nagy Assistant Quarterbacks / Assistant OL -- Corey Matthaei Running Backs -- Eric Bieniemy Wide Receivers -- Greg Lewis Tight Ends -- Tom Melvin Offensive Line -- Andy Heck Offensive Quality Control - Joe Blaymeir Offensive Quality Control - Mike Kafka Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Bob Sutton Defensive Line -- Britt Reid Assistant Defensive Line -- Mike Smith Linebackers -- Gary Gibbs Assistant Linebackers -- Mark DeLeone Defensive Backs -- Emmitt Thomas Secondary / Cornerbacks -- Al Harris Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Dave Toub Assistant Special Teams -- Rod Wilson Support Staff Director of Video Operations -- Pat Brazil Assistant Director of Video Operations -- Ken Radino Video Assistant -- Colin Clark Video Assistant -- Josh Schmidt Special Projects -- Tommy Basher Statistical Analysis Coordinator -- Mike Frazier Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Barry Rubin Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Travis Crittenden Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Devin Woodhouse Sports Science / Conditioning -- Ryan Reynolds → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media ( edit ) Radio and television ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs radio play - by - play announcers 1960 -- 1962 Charlie Jones 1963 Merle Harmon 1964 -- 1970 Tom Hedrick 1971 -- 1973 Dick Carlson 1974 -- 1975 Ray Scott 1976 Al Wisk 1977 Tom Hopkins 1978 -- 1984 Wayne Larrivee 1985 -- 1993 Kevin Harlan 1994 -- Mitch Holthus Since 1989 , KCFX , a.k.a. `` 101 The Fox '' , has broadcast all Chiefs games on FM radio under the moniker of The Chiefs Fox Football Radio Network . Since 1994 , Mitch Holthus has served as play - by - play announcer and former Chiefs quarterback Len Dawson serves as color commentator . Former Chiefs longsnapper Kendall Gammon serves as the field reporter . Former Chiefs broadcaster Bob Gretz also contributes to the broadcasts . KCFX holds broadcast rights to Chiefs games through the 2009 season . Starting in the 2016 season , Dawson will only serve as color commentator during home games , and Gammon will be color commentator during road games , with Dani Welniak assuming Gammon 's sideline reporting role for away games . The Chiefs and KCFX hold the distinction of being the longest FM radio broadcast partnering tenure in the NFL . The Chiefs Radio Network extends throughout the six - state region of Missouri , Kansas , Iowa , Nebraska , Oklahoma , and Arkansas , with 61 affiliate stations . KCTV Channel 5 ( CBS ) broadcasts most Chiefs regular season games , with exceptions as following . KCTV also broadcasts all Chiefs pre-season games . WDAF Channel 4 ( Fox ) broadcasts games in which the Chiefs host an NFC opponent . KSHB Channel 41 ( NBC ) broadcasts all games in which the Chiefs play on NBC Sunday Night Football or NBC 's NFL playoffs coverage . KMBC Channel 9 ( ABC ) has aired Monday Night Football games locally since 1970 . Prior to the 1994 season , WDAF was the primary station for the Chiefs as an NBC affiliate ( they aired on KMBC when ABC had the AFL package through 1964 ) , since NBC had the AFC package . The inter-conference home games aired on KCTV starting in 1973 ( when the NFL allowed local telecasts of home games ) . After week one of the 1994 season , WDAF switched to Fox ( which got the NFC package ) , and has aired the Chiefs ' inter-conference home games since . The bulk of the team 's games moved to KSHB through the end of the 1997 season . Since that time , they have aired on KCTV , save for the 2015 Week 17 game vs. the Oakland Raiders , which aired on WDAF when the NFL cross-flexed the game from CBS to FOX . As of the 2015 preseason , the Chiefs preseason broadcasters were Paul Burmeister who serves as the play - by - play announcer , former Chiefs quarterback Trent Green serves as the color commentator , and KCChiefs.com insider B.J. Kissel is the sideline reporter . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . Chiefs games are broadcast in Missouri and Kansas as well as parts of Iowa , Oklahoma , Nebraska , Arkansas , and South Dakota . Stations in major cities are listed below . City Call sign Frequency Kansas City , Missouri KCFX 101.1 MHz Jefferson City , Missouri KBBM 100.1 MHz Springfield , Missouri KXUS 97.3 MHz Springfield , Missouri KGMY 1400 kHz Joplin , Missouri KKOW 860 kHz Manhattan , Kansas KMAN 1350 kHz Salina , Kansas KINA 910 kHz / 94.5 MHz Salina , Kansas KSKG 99.9 MHz Topeka , Kansas KDVV 100.3 MHz Wichita , Kansas KTHR 107.3 MHz Des Moines , Iowa KBGG 1700 kHz Omaha , Nebraska KXSP 590 kHz City of St. Louis Greater St. Louis Missouri United States of America Architecture Airport Culture Crime Economy Education Fire Flag Geography History Timeline Hospitals Landmarks Neighborhoods Parks People Police Skyscrapers Sports Sheriff Transportation Wards Template : KMOX 1120AM & 98.1 FM HD3 Preseason game affiliates ( edit ) Metro area Call sign Affiliation Kansas City metro KCTV5 / KSMO CBS / MyTV Columbia , Missouri Jefferson City , Missouri KMIZ / KQFX / KZOU ABC / FOX / MyTV Des Moines , Iowa Ames , Iowa KDSM FOX Ft. Smith , Arkansas Fayetteville , Arkansas Springdale , Arkansas Rogers , Arkansas KNWA / KFTA NBC / FOX Joplin , Missouri Pittsburg , Kansas KODE / KSNF ABC / NBC Lincoln , Nebraska Hastings , Nebraska Kearney , Nebraska KFXL / KHGI FOX / ABC Ottumwa , Iowa Kirksville , Missouri KTVO / KTVO 3.2 CBS / ABC Springfield , Missouri KOLR / KOZL CBS / Indy St. Joseph , Missouri KQTV ABC Topeka , Kansas WIBW / EIBW CBS / MyTV Tulsa , Oklahoma KOTV / KQCW CBS / CW Wichita metro Ensign , Kansas Hays , Kansas Goodland , Kansas KWCH / KSCW - DT / KDCU CBS / CW / Univision Culture ( edit ) Fan base ( edit ) Arrowhead Stadium The Chiefs boast one of the most loyal fan bases in the NFL . Kansas City is the sixth - smallest media market with an NFL team , but they have had the second - highest attendance average over the last decade . Studies by Bizjournals in 2006 gave the Chiefs high marks for consistently drawing capacity crowds in both good seasons and bad . The Chiefs averaged 77,300 fans per game from 1996 to 2006 , second in the NFL behind the Washington Redskins . The franchise has an official fan club called Chiefs Kingdom which gives members opportunities to ticket priority benefits and VIP treatment . At the end of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' before home games , many Chiefs fans intentionally yell out `` CHIEFS ! '' rather than singing `` brave '' as the final word . In 1996 , general manager Carl Peterson said `` We all look forward , not only at Arrowhead , but on the road , too , to when we get to that stanza of the National Anthem ... Our players love it . '' After the September 11 , 2001 attacks , Chiefs fans refrained from doing so in honor of those who lost their lives in the tragedy and continued to do so for the remainder of the 2001 season . At the Chiefs ' September 23 , 2001 , home game against the New York Giants , fans gave the opposing Giants a standing ovation . After every Chiefs touchdown at home games , fans chant while pointing in the direction of the visiting team and fans , `` We 're gon na beat the hell outta you ... you ... you , you , you , you ! '' over the song `` Rock and Roll Part 2 . '' The chant starts after the third `` hey ! '' in the song . The original version of the song by Gary Glitter was previously used until the NFL banned his music from its facilities in 2006 following the British rocker 's conviction on sexual abuse charges in Vietnam . A cover version of the song played by Tube Tops 2000 has been played since 2006 at every home game . Chiefs fans also carry on a tradition that began at Florida State University in the mid 1980s by using the Seminole WarChant as a rallying cry during key moments in their football games . Prior to each home game , a former Chiefs player , called the honorary drum leader , bangs on a drum with a large drum stick to start the Tomahawk chop . The Chiefs ' fan base has expanded across the world like many other NFL teams . However , there is a Twitter account dedicated to Chiefs fans in the UK and has been recognized by the Kansas City Chiefs and is their official UK fan page . They have many dedicated fans writing articles and interviewing players of the team such as Tamba Hali . Arrowhead Stadium is also recognized by Guinness World Records as having the loudest outdoor stadium in the world . This was achieved on September 29 , 2014 in a Monday Night Football game against the New England Patriots when the crowd achieved a roar of 142.2 decibels which is comparable to standing 100 feet from a jet engine , which even with short term exposure , can cause permanent damage . Tony DiPardo ( edit ) From various periods between 1963 and the 2008 season , trumpeter Tony DiPardo and The T.D. Pack Band played live music at every Chiefs home game . The band was known as The Zing Band when the team was located at Municipal Stadium . DiPardo was honored by head coach Hank Stram in 1969 with a Super Bowl ring for the team 's victory in Super Bowl IV . When his health was declining , DiPardo took a leave of absence from the band from 1983 to 1988 . DiPardo 's daughter took over as bandleader in 1989 , by which time DiPardo returned to the band by popular demand . For the 2009 season , due to renovations at Arrowhead Stadium , the band did not return to perform at the stadium . DiPardo died on January 27 , 2011 , at age 98 . He had been hospitalized since December 2010 after suffering a brain aneurysm . See also ( edit ) American football portal Chiefs -- Raiders rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History - AFL Origins - Kansas City Chiefs '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uniform History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . 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Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Herm Edwards named the 10th head coach in Kansas City Chiefs history '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs given permission to talk to Herm Edwards '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Clark Hunt , Chairman of the Board '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : `` Denny Thum steps down from the Chiefs ; Clark Hunt to be CEO '' . Kansas City Chiefs . September 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 411 ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs ' Carl Peterson resigns ; Edwards ' future uncertain '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denny Thum named Kansas City Chiefs president '' . Kansas City Chiefs . May 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman of the Board Clark Hunt Press Conference on the resignation of Carl Peterson '' . Kansas City Chiefs . December 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pioli named Kansas City Chiefs general manager '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs , Dorsey Agree to Part Ways '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs promote Brett Veach to GM spot '' . Espn.com . July 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : `` 101 The Fox extends Kansas City Chiefs radio broadcast rights through 2009 season '' . Kansas City Chiefs . August 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hall Of Famer Len Dawson Reducing Role With Chiefs Radio Network '' . SunFlowerRadio.com . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Radio Network Affiliate Team '' . Cumulus Media , Inc . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schein , Adam ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Ranking the NFL : Insider grading on every franchise '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Cleveland is No. 1 in ranking of NFL fan loyalty '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Chiefs Nation ! '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lamar Hunt announces birth of Chiefs Nation '' . Kansas City Chiefs . April 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 132 Jump up ^ `` Giants beat Chiefs 13 -- 3 in defensive struggle '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . September 24 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pahigian , Josh ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 133 Jump up ^ `` The Tomahawk Chop - it ` s No Longer Just Fsu ` s '' . tribunedigital - sunsentinel . Jump up ^ `` Game Day Activities : Chiefs vs. Giants '' . Chiefs.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrowheads Abroad ( KCChiefsUK ) on Twitter . Twitter.com . Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs break Guinness crowd noise record at Arrowhead against the Patriots '' . USAToday.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Decibel ( Loudness ) Comparison Chart '' . GCAudio.com . ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 137 Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 100 Jump up ^ Justin Unell ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Chiefs band leader Tony DiPardo dies '' . KSHB 41 News , Kansas City . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Althaus , Bill ( 2007 ) . The Good , The Bad , and The Ugly : Kansas City Chiefs : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments in Kansas City Chiefs History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 928 - 9 Gruver , Ed ( 1997 ) . The American Football League : A Year - by - year History , 1960 -- 1969 . McFarland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0399 - 3 Herb , Patrick ; Kuhbander , Brad ; Looney , Josh ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . 2008 Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide . Kansas City Chiefs Football Club , Inc Hoskins , Alan ( 1999 ) . Warpaths : The Illustrated History of the Kansas City Chiefs . Taylor Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 156 - 5 Maske , Mark ( 2007 ) . War Without Death : A Year of Extreme Competition in Pro Football 's NFC East . Penguin Group . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 141 - 2 McKenzie , Michael ( 1997 ) . Arrowhead : Home of the Chiefs . Addax Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 886110 - 11 - 5 Peterson , John E. ( 2003 ) . The Kansas City Athletics : A Baseball History , 1954 -- 1967 . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1610 - 6 Stallard , Mark ( 2004 ) . Kansas City Chiefs Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 834 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kansas City Chiefs . Official website Kansas City Chiefs Founded in 1960 Formerly the Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based and headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players First - round picks Coaches Logos and uniforms Awards Records Starting quarterbacks ( list ) Stadiums Cotton Bowl Municipal Stadium Arrowhead Stadium Personnel Owner : Clark Hunt President : Mark Donovan General Manager : Brett Veach Head Coach : Andy Reid Co-Offensive Coordinator : Brad Childress Co-Offensive Coordinator : Matt Nagy Defensive Coordinator : Bob Sutton Special Teams Coach : Dave Toub Culture Lamar Hunt H. Roe Bartle Warpaint K.C. 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i don't know what it means nirvana | In Bloom | in bloom | `` In Bloom '' is a song by American rock band Nirvana . Written by frontman Kurt Cobain , the song addresses people outside the underground music community who did not understand the band 's message . | Nirvana made its first music video for an early version of `` In Bloom '' in 1990 ; however the song did not appear on a commercial release until the release of the group 's second album , Nevermind , in 1991 . `` In Bloom '' became the fourth and final single from the album in late 1992 . It was accompanied by a new music video which parodied musical performances of 1960s variety shows . The music video for `` In Bloom '' won Best Alternative Video at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1993 . Contents 1 Background and recording 2 Composition 3 Release and reception 4 Music video 5 Formats and track listings 6 Charts 7 Sturgill Simpson version 8 Personnel 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Nirvana first played the song the night before it was demoed . Bassist Krist Novoselic recalled that it `` originally sounded like a Bad Brains song . Then Kurt turned it into a pop song '' . Cobain went home and reworked the song , playing the revised version of it over the phone to Novoselic . The band recorded `` In Bloom '' with producer Butch Vig at Smart Studios in Madison , Wisconsin during April 1990 . The material recorded at Smart Studios was intended for the group 's second album for the independent record label Sub Pop . The song originally had a bridge section that Vig removed . Novoselic said that after the band recorded the song , Vig cut out the bridge from the 16 - track master tape with a razor blade and threw it in the garbage . The songs from these sessions were placed on a demo tape that circulated amongst the music industry , generating interest in the group among major record labels . After signing to DGC Records , Nirvana began recording its second album Nevermind in May 1991 . `` In Bloom '' was one of the first songs the band recorded during the album sessions at Sound City Studios in Van Nuys , California ; Vig thought it would be good to start recording a song previously recorded at Smart Studios . The arrangements for `` In Bloom '' and the other songs previously recorded with Vig in 1990 were largely unchanged ; the recently hired drummer Dave Grohl stayed mostly with what his predecessor Chad Channing had recorded , but added more power and precision to the recording . Cobain sang progressively `` harder '' during the recording of the song , which made it difficult for Vig to balance the volume levels between the verses and choruses . Vig recalled that he had to change the input level `` on the fly '' and hoped that Cobain would not `` change the phrasing or do something different '' while recording . Cobain chose not to overdub a harmony vocal part during the Smart Studios sessions , possibly due to time constraints . During the Nevermind sessions , Vig had Grohl sing harmonies on the song . Grohl had difficulty hitting the proper notes , but ultimately was able to sing what Vig wanted . Vig often had to trick Cobain , who was averse to performing multiple takes , into recording additional takes for overdubs on the record . The producer convinced Cobain to double - track his vocals on `` In Bloom '' by telling him , `` John Lennon did it . '' After doubling Cobain 's vocals , Vig decided he might as well double Grohl 's and had the drummer record an additional track of backing harmonies . Composition ( edit ) `` In Bloom '' `` In Bloom '' is a typical example of the loud - quiet techniques employed by Nirvana on Nevermind . The guitar in the song 's chorus are heavily layered as a result of the production style of Butch Vig . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Like many Nirvana songs , `` In Bloom '' shifts back and forth between quiet verses and loud choruses . Cobain uses a Mesa Boogie guitar amplifier for the verses , and during the chorus he switches to a Fender Bassman amp ( suggested by Vig ) for a heavier , double - tracked fuzztone sound . The rhythm section of Novoselic and Grohl kept its parts simple ; Grohl stated it was `` an unspoken rule '' to avoid unnecessary drum fills , while Novoselic said he felt his role was about `` serving the song '' . During the choruses , vocalist Cobain and drummer Grohl harmonize while singing `` He 's the one / Who likes all our pretty songs / And he likes to sing along / And he likes to shoot his gun / But he knows not what it means '' . The song 's intro reappears at the end of each chorus . Cobain 's lyrics address the people outside the underground music scene that began showing up at Nirvana shows after the release of the group 's debut album Bleach . Nirvana biographer Michael Azerrad wrote , `` But remarkably , ( the song 's lyrics ) translated even better to the mass popularity the band enjoyed . '' Regarding the song 's chorus , Azerrad commented , `` The brilliant irony is that the tune is so catchy that millions of people actually do sing along to it . '' In his biography of Cobain , Heavier Than Heaven , Charles R. Cross asserted that the song was a `` thinly disguised portrait '' of Cobain 's friend Dylan Carlson . Release and reception ( edit ) `` In Bloom '' was released as the fourth single from Nevermind on November 30 , 1992 . The single was only released commercially in the United Kingdom ; promotional copies were released in the United States . The 7 - inch vinyl and cassette editions of the single contained a live version of `` Polly '' as a B - side , while the 12 - inch vinyl and CD versions featured a performance of `` Sliver '' ; both songs were recorded at the same December 28 , 1991 concert . The single peaked at number 28 on the British singles chart . While lacking an American commercial release , the song charted at number five on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart . Nirvana biographer Everett True wrote an uncharacteristically unfavorable review in Melody Maker , accusing the single of being a cash - in on Nevermind 's success . `` Whoop whoop bloody whoop '' , he wrote , `` Forgive me if I do n't sound too thrilled . This release is stretching even my credulity beyond repair . Like , milking a still - breathing ( sacred ) cow , or what ? Badly inferior live versions of ' Polly ' and ' Sliver ' on the flip do n't help matters either . '' In 2011 Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song number 415 on its list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Music video ( edit ) Nirvana parodying early 1960s variety shows in the second `` In Bloom '' video . The band members are dressed as `` thoroughly alright and decent fellas '' and are filmed entirely in black and white . Nirvana first made a music video for `` In Bloom '' in 1990 for the Sub Pop Video Network Program VHS compilation ( 1991 ) . The recording of the song featured in the video is the version recorded during the Smart Studios sessions . The Sub Pop video features the band walking around various parts of lower Manhattan including the South Street Seaport , the Lower East Side , and Wall Street . While filming the video , Novoselic shaved his head as penance for a bad performance the band gave in New York City . This caused discontinuity in the final cut ; shots of the band feature the bassist with and without hair throughout the video . This video was later compiled on the Nirvana box set With the Lights Out ( 2004 ) . The audio of this version of `` In Bloom '' was later released on CD2 of the 20th Anniversary Deluxe Edition of the Nevermind album in 2011 . The second video , created to accompany the 1992 single release that was recorded at Sound City Studios , was directed by Kevin Kerslake , who had previously directed the band 's videos for `` Come as You Are '' and `` Lithium '' . Cobain 's original concept for the video told the story of a young girl born into a Ku Klux Klan family who one day realizes how evil they are . His concept was too ambitious , so Cobain instead decided to parody musical performances by bands on early 1960s variety shows , such as The Ed Sullivan Show . The humorous tone of the video was a result of Cobain being `` so tired for the last year of people taking us so seriously ... I wanted to fuck off and show them that we have a humorous side to us '' . Kerslake filmed the video on old Kinescope cameras , and the band improvised its performance . The video begins with an unnamed variety show host ( played by Doug Llewelyn , former host of The People 's Court ) introducing Nirvana to an in - studio crowd of screaming teenagers ; their non-stop screaming is heard throughout the duration of the song . The band members , whom the host refers to as `` thoroughly all right and decent fellas '' , perform dressed in Beach Boys - style outfits ; Cobain wears glasses that blurred his vision , while Novoselic cut his hair short and liked it so much he kept it that way afterwards . As the video progresses , the band destroys the set and its instruments . Three different edits of the Kerslake video were made . Cobain intended to replace the first version of the video after a period with a new take featuring the band wearing dresses instead of suits . MTV 's alternative rock show 120 Minutes insisted on premiering the video , but Cobain felt the program would not properly convey the humor of the `` pop idol '' version . Instead , a new edit was produced which contained shots of the band in both suits and dresses . The original edit of the video never aired . This video won the award for Best Alternative Video at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards , and topped the music video category in the 1992 Village Voice Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All tracks written by Kurt Cobain . 7 `` , cassette `` In Bloom '' -- 4 : 17 `` Polly '' ( live ) -- 2 : 47 12 `` , CD `` In Bloom '' -- 4 : 17 `` Sliver '' ( live - Del Mar - 28.12. 1991 ) -- 2 : 06 `` Polly '' ( live - Del Mar - 28.12. 1991 ) -- 2 : 47 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 73 European Hot 100 Singles ( Music & Media ) 65 Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 87 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Poland ( LP3 ) 15 Portugal ( AFP ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 30 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 28 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 5 Sturgill Simpson version ( edit ) Country musician Sturgill Simpson recorded a cover in 2016 for his Grammy - winning album A Sailor 's Guide to Earth . The cover was released as a single and received airplay on adult alternative stations . It also features altered lyrics in the chorus , instead of `` But he knows not what it means , knows not what it means . And I say '' his version is `` But he do n't know what it means , Do n't know what it means to love someone '' . He has stated the lyric change was a mistake during the recording process , caused by him not reading the lyrics before recording the song . Personnel ( edit ) Kurt Cobain : vocals , guitar Krist Novoselic : bass guitar Dave Grohl : vocals , drums Butch Vig : recording and mixing engineer , producer References ( edit ) Classic Albums -- Nirvana : Nevermind ( DVD ) . Isis Productions , 2004 . Azerrad , Michael . Come as You Are : The Story of Nirvana . Doubleday , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 47199 - 8 Berkenstadt , Jim ; Cross , Charles . Classic Rock Albums : Nevermind . Schirmer , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864775 - 0 Cross , Charles R. Heavier Than Heaven : A Biography of Kurt Cobain . Hyperion , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6505 - 9 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Danaher , Michael ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` The 50 Best Grunge Songs '' . Paste . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Charles R. `` Requiem for a Dream . '' Guitar World . October 2001 . Jump up ^ Fricke , David . `` Krist Novoselic on Nevermind '' at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 28 , 2010 ) . Rolling Stone . September 13 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved on June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 137 Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Classic Albums -- Nirvana : Nevermind ( DVD ) . Isis Productions , 2004 . Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Berkenstadt ; Cross , p. 70 Jump up ^ Berkenstadt ; Cross , p. 37 Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 174 Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 215 Jump up ^ Cross , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Gaar , Gillian G. `` Verse Chorus Verse : The Recording History of Nirvana '' . Goldmine . February 14 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David , ed . British Hit Singles & Albums . 19th edition . HIT Entertainment , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 90499 - 410 - 5 Jump up ^ Nirvana - Awards . Allmusic.com . Retrieved on May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ True , Everett . Nirvana : The Biography . Da Capo Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81554 - 6 . p. 409 . Jump up ^ `` `` '' The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 1 - 500 ) `` '' . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 133 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : Azerrad , p. 291 Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 293 Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 292 Jump up ^ Azerrad , p. 293 -- 94 Jump up ^ Cross , p. 286 Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` The 1992 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll '' . Village Voice . March 2 , 1993 . Retrieved on June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 14th February 1993 ( 61 -- 100 ) '' . ARIA . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Eurochart Hot 100 Singles ( Last Week 's Position ) '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . January 9 , 1993 . p. 11 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- In Loom '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Nirvana -- In Bloom '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Nirvana -- In Bloom '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` IN BLOOM '' . Polskie Radio . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Sales in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . February 6 , 1993 . p. 16 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Nirvana -- In Bloom '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Hilton , Robin . `` Sturgill Simpson Covers Nirvana 's ' In Bloom ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ SPIN ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Listen to Sturgill Simpson 's Country Cover of Nirvana 's ' In Bloom ' '' . SPIN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nevermind `` In Bloom '' on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time `` In Bloom '' song review at Allmusic `` In Bloom '' Official music video on YouTube Nirvana Kurt Cobain Krist Novoselic Dave Grohl Aaron Burckhard Chad Channing Dale Crover Jason Everman Dave Foster Dan Peters Pat Smear Studio albums Bleach Nevermind In Utero Live albums MTV Unplugged in New York From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah Live at Reading Compilation albums Incesticide Nirvana Sliver : The Best of the Box Icon Box sets Singles With the Lights Out Nevermind : The Singles Extended plays Blew Hormoaning Singles `` Love Buzz '' `` Sliver '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Come as You Are '' `` Lithium '' `` In Bloom '' `` Heart - Shaped Box '' `` All Apologies '' / `` Rape Me '' `` Pennyroyal Tea '' `` About a Girl '' `` You Know You 're Right '' Promotional singles `` On a Plain '' `` '' All Apologies '' ( Unplugged ) '' `` The Man Who Sold the World '' `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' `` Lake of Fire '' `` Aneurysm '' ( live ) `` Drain You '' ( live ) Split singles `` Candy / Molly 's Lips '' `` Here She Comes Now / Venus in Furs '' `` Puss / Oh , the Guilt '' Other songs `` Been a Son '' `` Breed '' `` Do Re Mi '' `` Dumb '' `` I Hate Myself and Want to Die '' `` Marigold '' `` Negative Creep '' `` Old Age '' `` Polly '' `` Sappy '' `` Something in the Way '' `` Spank Thru '' Videos Live ! Tonight ! Sold Out ! ! MTV Unplugged in New York Live at Reading Live at the Paramount Live and Loud Related Articles Discography ( Bootlegs ) Awards and nominations Songs Concerts `` Smells Like Nirvana '' Frances Bean Cobain Suicide of Kurt Cobain 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief Verse Chorus Verse Bands Dain Bramage Eyes Adrift Fecal Matter Flipper Foo Fighters Melvins The No WTO Combo Scream Sweet 75 Them Crooked Vultures Queens of the Stone Age Books Come as You Are : The Story of Nirvana Heavier Than Heaven Journals Letters to Kurt Albums Nevermind It 's an Interview The `` Priest '' They Called Him Smells Like Bleach : A Punk Tribute to Nirvana Newermind : A Tribute to Nirvana In Utero , in Tribute , in Entirety Whatever Nevermind Doused in Mud , Soaked in Bleach Montage of Heck : The Home Recordings Films and documentaries 1991 : The Year Punk Broke Teen Spirit : The Tribute to Kurt Cobain Hype ! Kurt & Courtney Classic Albums : Nirvana -- Nevermind Last Days Nirvana -- A Classic Album Under Review -- In Utero Kurt Cobain : About a Son Kurt Cobain : Montage of Heck Soaked in Bleach Autopsy : The Last Hours of ... Kurt Cobain Book Sturgill Simpson Studio albums High Top Mountain Metamodern Sounds in Country Music A Sailor 's Guide to Earth Singles `` Life Ai n't Fair and the World Is Mean '' `` Turtles All the Way Down '' `` The Promise '' `` Brace for Impact ( Live a Little ) '' `` In Bloom '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Bloom&oldid=853400648 '' Categories : 1991 songs 1992 singles DGC Records singles Nirvana ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Butch Vig Songs written by Kurt Cobain Black - and - white music videos Music videos directed by Kevin Kerslake Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Music infoboxes with malformed table placement Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 14 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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what is the monster from jeepers creepers 3 | Jeepers Creepers 3 | jeepers creepers 3 | Music by Andrew Morgan Smith Cinematography Don E. FauntLeRoy Edited by Misty Talley Production company Infinity Films Myriad Pictures Distributed by Screen Media Films Release date September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $3.6 million Jeepers Creepers 3 is a 2017 American horror film written and directed by Victor Salva , and the third Jeepers Creepers film , taking place in between Jeepers Creepers and Jeepers Creepers 2 . Jonathan Breck reprises his role as the Creeper . Gina Philips returns in a cameo as her character Trish Jenner , her first time returning to the series since the original film . The film was shown in theaters on September 26 , 2017 , in what was originally announced as a one - night - only showing , and was then shown again on October 4 , 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Marketing 6 Controversy 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A shuriken flies through the air and hits a wooden post as a man runs for his life . When the man reaches the road , the Creeper drops from the sky and flies off with him , while Kenny Brandon watches from his truck . When he gets out to investigate , he looks up in the air and sees a machete fall from the sky , followed by a severed hand . Twenty - three years later , shortly after the events of the first film , the police discover the Creeper 's truck filled with dead bodies . The truck has been rigged with several booby - traps , including spikes that emerge from the bed of the truck , and a spear that shoots out from the tail - pipe . When Sheriff Dan Tashtego arrives , Sergeant Davis Tubbs tells him what happened and Tashtego informs him that the Creeper has been around for thousands of years and must be stopped . They then rush to get the Creeper 's truck back after learning it is headed for the impound . As Frank and Deputy Lang transport the vehicle , the Creeper lands on the tow truck and severs the cables . They then watch as the truck drives off seemingly on its own , while the Creeper stands on top of it . When the truck returns , the Creeper abducts Frank while Lang stands frozen in fear . The next day , Gaylen Brandon sees a vision of her son Kenny , who was killed by the Creeper twenty - three years earlier . He warns her that the Creeper will return soon to uncover something buried on the property and will kill anyone who is still there , including her and her granddaughter , Addison , when it does . Meanwhile , Tashtego informs Tubbs that he has put together a small team to hunt down the Creeper and kill it once and for all . Later , a group of teenagers discover the Creeper 's truck in a field . After finding the bodies , they take off on dirt bikes , but Kirk is shot in the leg with the spear . As two of the other boys try to free him , the Creeper returns and kills them both with another spear . The last boy is abducted by the Creeper as he tries to escape after peeing on the Creeper 's truck . Later , Addison goes into town to buy hay for her horse . When she ca n't pay for it , her friend Buddy helps her out and the two drive to a plantation house to deliver more hay . There they find the owner and a couple of men hiding under cars , but before they can get help the Creeper arrives and abducts Addison , leaving Buddy traumatized . Gaylen discovers a sack containing the Creeper 's severed hand buried in her front yard , and when she touches it she goes into a hypnotic state . When Tashtego and Tubbs arrive with the team , she reveals that the hand contains secrets about the Creeper 's origins , and Tashtego decides to touch it to uncover a way to kill it . Addison wakes up in the Creeper 's truck with Kirk , and together they try to find a way out , but when Kirk reaches for the door handle a metal pipe shoots out and impales him in the head . Meanwhile , Tashtego and Tubbs discover the Creeper 's location , and they head off to find him , along with Michael ( who has a mini gun attached to his truck ) . They find the Creeper driving down the highway in his truck , but when they shoot at it , the bullets deflect , and Michael is killed . A small explosive is ejected from the bottom of the Creeper 's truck , and when it goes off , Tashtego and Tubbs ' car lands in a field . Tubbs gets out and tries to shoot the Creeper , but all of his attempts fail . However , before the Creeper can kill Tubbs , Tashtego calls him and he goes for him instead . When the Creeper jumps into the air , Tashtego shoots him several times with the machine gun , but the bullets have no effect and he is tackled to the ground and struck in the head with an axe . That night , the Creeper discovers that Addison is still alive , but before he can kill her , she causes the metal pipe to shoot out and impale him in the head . She quickly escapes and runs through a field , and the Creeper throws a shuriken which barely misses her head . He then throws a spear at her , which also barely misses her . He tries one last time to hit her with an axe , but he is hit by a truck . The axe lands directly at her feet and Addison runs away , leaving the weapon on the ground . When the truck driver gets out to see what happened , he is killed by the Creeper . Addison runs and hides in a field where she is found by Gaylen and Buddy and the three leave together . The Creeper later returns to Gaylen 's house where he finds a sign that says ' We know what you are ' , along with the hand , and yells out in anger . The next day , Addison says goodbye to Buddy before he leaves for a high school basketball game in the same bus that is attacked by the Creeper in the second movie . Twenty - three years later , Trish Jenner is seen reading a letter she presumably wrote on a computer calling for people to fight against the Creeper when it returns , and vows to get revenge on The Creeper for the death of her brother , Darry . Cast ( edit ) Jonathan Breck as The Creeper Stan Shaw as Sheriff Dan Tashtego Meg Foster as Gaylen Brandon Brandon Smith as Sergeant Davis Tubbs Gabrielle Haugh as Addison `` Addi '' Brandon Ryan Moore as Kirk Mathers Meg Wright as Gracie Mathers Chester Rushing as Buddy Hooks Jordan Salloum as Kenny Brandon Gina Philips as Trisha `` Trish '' Jenner ( cameo ) Michael Sirow as Michael Miller Joyce Giraud as Deputy Dana Lang Jason Bayle as Cal Hooks Michael Papajohn as Frank Thomas Francis Murphy as Mr. Bernardi Carrie Lazar as Beth Mathers Production ( edit ) The third film was in talks even before Jeepers Creepers 2 was released back in 2003 . In 2006 , the movie was `` announced '' and was tentatively called Jeepers Creepers 3 : The Creeper Walks Among Us . MGM had originally planned to release the movie direct to DVD , but was unable to find proper financing . The movie 's script was written by director Victor Salva , with the new title Jeepers Creepers 3 : Cathedral , with Gina Philips returning as Trish Jenner from the first film . For nine more years , the film faced many false starts and setbacks , with Victor Salva saying `` the film has come close many times to going before the cameras , and I hope someone sees the wisdom in shooting this '' . Officially on September 11 , 2015 , the movie got the green light to start filming from Myriad Pictures , and was to begin filming in early 2016 . However , before filming could begin in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canadian talent agencies sent out an alert to warn others about Victor Salva 's criminal past , and then the casting calls were removed , which halted the production . However , producer Stan Spry assured a fan on Twitter that the movie was not cancelled . On the special edition Blu - ray release of Jeepers Creepers 2 , Victor Salva stated that he has written a new script for Jeepers Creepers 3 set between the days of Jeepers Creepers and Jeepers Creepers 2 , where the Creeper terrorizes a farming community . Plans changed yet again , as Gina Philips was brought in to reprise her role as Trish in a cameo . The film 's plot is set in between the first two films , in the year 2001 , although the original Cathedral storyline had the film take place 23 years after the first two films . Actor Stan Shaw , who plays a sheriff in this film , confirmed to a fan on Twitter that the Cathedral storyline was scrapped as that material was more than 12 years old . Filming ( edit ) In January 2017 , it was confirmed the film was back in pre-production and that filming would begin in February 2017 in Louisiana , instead of Canada as originally planned ( more closely duplicating the Florida setting of the original film ) . Principal photography finally began on February 15 , 2017 in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . On April 4 , one of the cameramen of the production revealed in their social networks that the filming was already finished . Release ( edit ) During an interview for the Edmond Sun , Justin Hall specifically revealed that the film would be released on September 4 , but nothing was confirmed by Victor Salva or the movie studio . On August 16 , the AMC Theatres website stated Jeepers Creepers 3 opens on September 26 , 2017 . On August 29 , selected theaters began selling tickets along with the official poster , revealing that the film would be on display for only one night . Fathom Events then announced that the film 's premiere would also feature never - before - seen bonus pictures and an interview with Jonathan Breck , who plays the Creeper in all three franchise films . A second showing in theaters on October 4 was later added . Fandango updated the brief film synopsis shortly after , `` this Fall , the Creeper returns . See the next film in the iconic horror franchise when Jeepers Creepers 3 returns for a special encore event in movie theaters nationwide for only one night on Wednesday , October 4 . '' Other participating theaters included Marcus Theaters and Galaxy Theaters The film 's Facebook account announced that the film would have its television premiere on the Syfy network on October 28 , 2017 . The channel aired an encore showing on October 29 . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on December 26 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Since the announcement of the final filming , several photos began to appear on the internet implying that they were photos leaked from the post-production of Jeepers Creepers 3 , mainly for presenting the actor Stan Shaw that had already been confirmed in the film . The photos ended up being confirmed and shortly after it was released a Behind the Scenes video of the film in social networks . The first teaser trailer for 30 seconds was released on September 6 and the official trailer for the movie was released on September 15 on various YouTube trailer channels . Controversy ( edit ) Jeepers Creepers 3 sparked controversy over using child molestation as a plotline , which resulted in criticism of the film due to director Victor Salva 's 1988 incarceration for sexual abuse of a 12 - year - old and possession of child pornography . The dialogue `` Can you blame him though ? I mean look at her , the heart wants what it wants , am I right ? '' , in reference to the film 's character of a sexual abuse victim , was singled out for criticism , ultimately being removed from the theatrical cut , although it was present in the screened version delivered to critics . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) During its limited two - day run , Jeepers Creepers 3 grossed $2.2 million in the United States and $1.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $3.6 million . The film opened in 635 theaters for one day and debuted in # 3 in Tuesday box office rankings , alongside Kingsman : The Golden Circle and It . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a negative approval rating of 17 % based on 6 reviews , with a weighted average rating of 3.8 / 10 . Film critic Steve Pulaski gave the film a mixed review , saying that `` through all its shortcomings , some admittedly due to what the wonders the passing of time does to one 's expectations , I did find some enjoyment in Jeepers Creepers 3 . All of these films have been a tad different from their predecessor , and this one is no exception . It clearly wants to give fans something they can appreciate , it just does n't always know the best route . '' Steve Barton in review to Dread Central gave the film three and a half out of five stars and said , `` at the end of the day if you 're a fan of the franchise , you 'll be happy with this latest entry ... which for my tastes is better than the second but just falls short of the goodness and quality of the original experience . The door has been left open for Jeepers Creepers 4 , and whether or not that will happen remains to be seen '' . However , Robert Yaniz , Jr. from We Got This Covered said that `` lacking in imagination or genuine scares , Jeepers Creepers 3 falls tragically short on just about every front '' . Adam Dileo from IGN gave his verdict saying that being `` an unremarkable entry in a cult favorite franchise , Jeepers Creepers 3 offers fans too little to get excited about . While the monster still rules its slice of country highway and the skies above it , the rest of the film crashes in the cornfields '' . Ernie Trinidad gave the film two out of five stars , stating that the film `` did n't deliver the story fans were anticipating nor provide enough incentive to want to return for the inevitable sequel '' . Trinidad also felt that the film 's daytime setting only managed to draw attention to its low quality CGI and make - up effects . Sequel ( edit ) In an interview for Diabolique , actress Gina Philips revealed that Victor Salva has a plot ready for a fourth installment . She said `` Victor has written what happens from the second after the conclusion of Jeepers Creepers 3 . I think that 's all I 'm allowed to say about it , but he wrote in such detail and he had a lot of flashbacks to what happened over the years that it made it very easy for me . I got to see what will eventually happen to the character and he put enough flashbacks in there that I got to see what happened to her over the last 15 years . Let 's just say , there 's more to come . '' As of July 2018 , there have been no updates on a 4th film . See also ( edit ) Jeepers Creepers Jeepers Creepers 2 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' Is Happening ... Soon '' . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 Casting Notice Removed '' . March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' Gina Philips ' Story ? ! '' . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad . `` ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' Started Filming Today ( Exclusive ) - Bloody Disgusting ! '' . Bloody Disgusting.com . Brad Miska . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 possible release date revealed '' . May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers in Theaters '' . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 , 2nd showing in Theaters '' . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango 2nd showing of Jeepers Creepers 3 '' . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Showing October 4th , 2017 '' . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Showing October 4 2017 '' . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wegotthiscovered.com Jump up ^ Dvdreleasedates.com Jump up ^ `` Here 's Stan Shaw in ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' '' . June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 gets full trailer w / tons of new footage '' . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.indiewire.com/2017/09/jeepers-creepers-3-victor-salva-pedophile-molestation-plot-details-1201881375/ Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/09/27/jeepers-creepers-3-review Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pulaski , Steve . `` Jeepers Creepers 3 '' . The Steve Pulaski Message Board . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trinidad , Ernie . `` Jeepers Creepers 3 FILM REVIEW '' . Ernie Trinidad.com . Ernie Trinidad . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jeepers Creepers 4 ' Confirmed -- Before ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' Is Even Released ! '' . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Jeepers Creepers 3 on IMDb Jeepers Creepers 3 at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Victor Salva Clownhouse ( 1989 ) The Nature of the Beast ( 1995 ) Powder ( 1995 ) Rites of Passage ( 1999 ) Jeepers Creepers ( 2001 ) Jeepers Creepers 2 ( 2003 ) Peaceful Warrior ( 2006 ) Rosewood Lane ( 2011 ) Dark House ( 2014 ) Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) Jeepers Creepers Jeepers Creepers Jeepers Creepers 2 Jeepers Creepers 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeepers_Creepers_3&oldid=857041457 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films 2010s monster movies 2010s prequel films 2010s supernatural films American films American monster movies American sequel films American slasher films American supernatural horror films Demons in film Fictional demons and devils Films directed by Victor Salva Interquel films Obscenity controversies in film Prequel films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Română Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 05 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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who does michael kill at the end of the godfather | Michael Corleone | michael corleone | Michael Corleone is the main protagonist of Mario Puzo 's novel The Godfather . In the three Godfather films , directed by Francis Ford Coppola , Michael was portrayed by Al Pacino , for which he was twice - nominated for Academy Awards . | In June 2003 , Michael Corleone was recognized as the 11th most iconic villain in film history by the American Film Institute , although some critics consider him to be a tragic hero . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family 2 The Godfather 3 The Godfather Part II 4 The Godfather Part III 5 The Sicilian 6 Sequel novels 7 Family members 8 References 9 Bibliography Family ( edit ) Born in 1920 to mafia don Vito Corleone and Carmela , Michael has two older brothers ; Santino `` Sonny '' Corleone and Frederico `` Fredo '' Corleone and a younger sister , Constanzia `` Connie '' Corleone . The family consigliere , Tom Hagen , is their informal adoptive brother . The Godfather ( edit ) Unlike his two older brothers , Michael does not want to join the Corleone business . Vito does not want Michael to join the Corleone criminal empire either , preferring that Michael take a legitimate occupation . When the United States entered World War II in 1941 , Michael enlisted in the Marine Corps . During the war , he was in the Pacific , receiving a battlefield commission to the rank of captain and awarded the Navy Cross for bravery . In 1944 , his war heroism is featured in Life magazine . During the summer of 1945 , Michael has been discharged from the Marine Corps , supposedly having been wounded . Vito , his father , the Godfather , had arranged for his discharge . He returns home to attend his sister Connie 's wedding , accompanied by Kay Adams , his college sweetheart . Michael stays for a few weeks before re-entering college without consulting his family . Just before Christmas 1945 , Vito is severely wounded in an assassination attempt by drug kingpin Virgil Sollozzo , throwing Michael into the middle of the Mafia world he had for so long avoided . Arriving at the hospital to find his father unprotected , Michael calls Sonny and prevents Sollozzo 's second attempt on Vito 's life , then reaffirms his loyalty at his father 's bedside . Captain McCluskey , a corrupt NYPD officer on Sollozzo 's payroll , breaks Michael 's jaw . In retaliation , Sonny orders the murder of Bruno Tattaglia , son and underboss of Sollozzo 's ally Philip Tattaglia . Sollozzo proposes that Michael to be sent to broker a truce , but Sonny , believing that it 's a trap , refuses and demands that the other Mafia families hand over Sollozzo to the Corleone family or else face war . Michael suggests they agree to Sollozzo 's meeting but insist that it be in a public place with people , where he will kill both Sollozzo and McCluskey . Corleone consigliere Tom Hagen warns Sonny that killing McCluskey would violate a long - standing Mafia rule not to kill members of law enforcement and that the backlash from rival Mafia families and law enforcement would be severe . Michael successfully argues that McCluskey is fair game because he is a corrupt cop mixed up in the drug trade and serving as Sollozzo 's bodyguard . Sonny agrees and approves the hit . Michael meets with Sollozzo and McCluskey at an Italian restaurant in the Bronx , retrieves a handgun that Corleone caporegime Peter Clemenza had planted beforehand in the toilet and kills Sollozzo and McCluskey . This ignites the New York underworld 's first Mafia war in a decade . Michael flees to Sicily , where he spends two years under the protection of Vito 's friend and longtime ally , Don Tommasino . Michael meets and falls in love with a young local woman named Apollonia Vitelli . They marry , and when Michael is notified that Sonny has been murdered they prepare to move to the safer Siracusa . Apollonia is killed by a car bomb intended for Michael , planted by Fabrizio , Michael 's bodyguard , after being bought off by the Corleones ' rivals . Michael returns to the United States in early 1951 and assumes Sonny 's role as Vito 's heir apparent . After Don Corleone 's suspicions are confirmed that Don Emilio Barzini , his main rival for power in New York , had been behind Sollozzo and Tattaglia all along , Michael and his father begin a secret long - range plot to wipe out the Corleone enemies , which include the other New York Dons , deliberately allowing them to whittle away at the Corleone interests in order to lull them into inaction . Meanwhile , Michael convinces his father the time is right to remove the family from the Mafia . More than a year after his return , Michael reunites with Kay and they marry . He promises her the Corleone family will be completely legitimate in five years . Within two years , they have two children , Anthony and Mary . In the novel , Kay gives birth to two sons . Vito semi-retires in 1954 , and Michael becomes operating head of the family . He attempts to buy out casino owner Moe Greene 's stake in the Las Vegas casino that the Corleones bankrolled , intending to move the family to Nevada and legitimize all Corleone enterprises , but Greene refuses to sell . Before his death in 1955 , Vito warns Michael that Barzini will likely attempt to assassinate Michael under the pretense of establishing peace between the families , and tells Michael that whoever approaches him about the meeting is the traitor within the family . When caporegime Salvatore Tessio unknowingly exposes his complicity with Barzini by arranging the meeting , Michael sets the plan in motion to murder the other New York Mafia heads : Barzini , Philip Tattaglia , Carmine Cuneo , and Victor Stracci , as well as Moe Greene . The plot unfolds on the same day Michael stands as godfather to Connie 's newborn son . Later the same day , Tessio and Carlo Rizzi , Connie 's abusive husband who conspired in Sonny 's murder , are executed . In one stroke , Michael re-establishes the Corleone family as the nation 's most powerful crime family , and makes a reputation for himself as being even more cunning and ruthless than his father . Connie accuses Michael of murdering Carlo . Michael dismisses her accusations as hysteria , and when questioned by Kay denies any involvement . In the novel , Connie recants her accusations a few weeks later , assuring Kay she was mistaken . Kay , initially believing Michael , later observes him receiving his capos . Clemenza addresses Michael as `` Don Corleone '' and kisses his hand in the same manner that he did with Michael 's father . Kay realizes Connie 's accusations were true , and that Michael has become his father 's successor in every way . In the novel , Kay leaves Michael , but Hagen persuades her to return . The Godfather Part II ( edit ) The Godfather Part II is set in 1958 and 1959 . The Corleone family has relocated to Nevada while Frank Pentangeli runs the family 's operations in New York , Clemenza having died a few years before . Although Michael is the most powerful Mafia leader in the nation , he still actively works to remove the Corleone family from crime . His efforts have been largely unsuccessful , however , as his many enemies and growing obsession with revenge keep him tethered to the criminal underworld . Michael plans to finally legitimize the family by negotiating with Hyman Roth , his father 's former business partner , over controlling casino operations in Cuba . Hours after Anthony 's First Communion party , unseen gunmen shoot at the Corleone house , nearly killing Michael and Kay . Michael suspects Roth ordered the hit , and believes a mole within the Corleone family aided him . To uncover Roth 's involvement , Michael maintains their business relationship , and orders Pentangeli to settle a dispute with Roth 's business partners , the Rosato Brothers . When Pentangeli meets with them , they try to kill him , but he survives . Michael , Roth , and Fredo travel to Cuba to forge a partnership with Fulgencio Batista allowing them to operate casinos in Cuba without interference in exchange for generous payments to the Cuban government . Michael sends his bodyguard to eliminate Roth on New Year 's Eve , but Cuban soldiers kill the bodyguard during the attempt . That same night , Fredo unintentionally reveals that he was the mole within the family ; Michael confronts Fredo and gives him the Sicilian `` kiss of death '' . During the New Year 's Eve festivities , victorious rebel forces enter Havana , forcing Batista into exile and ruining Michael 's plans . Fredo , fearing Michael , runs off ; Roth escapes to Miami . Meanwhile , Pentangeli , believing Michael had ordered a hit on him , prepares to testify against him in the Senate 's investigation of organized crime . However , Michael has Pentangeli 's brother Vincenzo brought from Sicily . Just prior to the hearing , Vincenzo and Frank exchange glances . Understanding the threat , Pentangeli recants his earlier sworn statements , throwing the hearings into chaos and effectively destroying the government 's case against Michael . Fredo confesses to Michael that Roth 's right - hand man , Johnny Ola , had promised to reward him for information about Michael . Fredo also reveals that he resented being `` passed over '' to head the family in favor of Michael , and that he withheld key information about the Senate investigation . Michael disowns Fredo , and tells his assassin Al Neri that nothing is to happen to his brother while their mother is alive -- the implication being Neri will execute Fredo after her death . Meanwhile , Kay decides to leave Michael and take their children with her , believing Michael will always live in a world of crime and violence . Michael asks her to reconsider , but Kay reveals she aborted their unborn son because she refused to bring another child into the Corleones ' crime world . Enraged , Michael strikes Kay and banishes her , preventing her from seeing their children . Following their mother 's death , and at sister Connie 's behest , Michael seemingly forgives Fredo ; soon after , however , Neri murders Fredo on Michael 's orders . At the same time , Michael sends Hagen to persuade Pentangeli to commit suicide to spare his family , and has caporegime Rocco Lampone kill a heavily guarded Roth at Idlewild Airport upon his return to the U.S. The film ends as Michael recalls a surprise birthday party for his father on December 7 , 1941 . In a flashback scene , Michael informs the family that he has dropped out of college to enlist in the Marines . Only Fredo supports Michael 's decision . When Vito arrives off - screen , everyone goes to greet him except Michael , who sits alone . The film closes with Michael sitting alone in the Corleones ' Lake Tahoe compound . The Godfather Part III ( edit ) The Godfather Part III is set in 1979 and 1980 . Michael has moved back to New York and taken great strides to remove the family from crime . He turns over his New York criminal interests to longtime enforcer Joey Zasa . Ridden with guilt over his ruthless rise to power , he uses his wealth in an attempt to rehabilitate his reputation through numerous philanthropic acts , administered by a foundation named after his father . A decade earlier , he gave custody of his two children to Kay , who has since remarried . He sells his gambling interests to the other Mafia families and reorganizes his vast business holdings as the `` Corleone Group '' . The Holy See has named him a Commander of the Order of Saint Sebastian for his charitable works . At the ceremony , Michael and Kay have an uneasy reunion after nine years . Kay wants their son , Anthony , to have nothing to do with the Corleone `` legacy '' , and tells Michael that both she and Anthony know the truth about Fredo 's death . Michael had initially wanted Anthony to finish law school , but consents to Anthony becoming an opera singer . Michael 's new connection to the Church provides an opportunity to take over the large property company , Immobiliare . He is already its largest shareholder , and offers to buy the Vatican 's 25 percent share , which will give him controlling interest . He also takes in Sonny 's illegitimate son Vincent Mancini , a soldier in Zasa 's crew , as his protegé . Michael recognizes that Vincent has inherited Sonny 's fiery temper and fears Vincent will suffer his father 's fate . Michael also disapproves of the romance developing between him and Michael 's daughter , Mary . Michael fears that Vincent 's growing involvement in the Mafia will endanger Mary , just as it did Michael 's first wife , Apollonia . On the night Michael announces he is dissolving his gambling empire , Zasa wipes out most of The Commission in a helicopter attack in Atlantic City . Michael escapes with help from Vincent and Neri . Michael quickly realizes that his old friend , Don Altobello , conspired to murder him . Traumatized by the attack , Michael suffers a diabetic stroke , briefly incapacitating him . Francis Ford Coppola reveals in his audio commentary that Michael is seen drinking a lot of water in the first two films -- subtle hints that he is a diabetic . While Michael recovers , his sister , Connie , gives Vincent her consent to assassinate Zasa . Michael is enraged upon discovering this , and demands that no similar orders be issued while he is alive . Michael returns to Sicily for Anthony 's operatic debut at the Teatro Massimo . Suspecting that Altobello may make another attempt on his life , he has Vincent infiltrate Altobello 's regime under the pretense of defecting . Michael and Kay tour Sicily together , during which Michael asks for Kay 's forgiveness . Kay admits she will always love him . Meanwhile , the Immobiliare deal has stalled , supposedly because Pope Paul VI must personally approve it . Michael learns that the Immobiliare deal is an elaborate swindle concocted by Immobiliare chairman Licio Lucchesi , who schemed with Vatican Bank head Archbishop Gilday and accountant Frederick Keinszig to embezzle a fortune from the Vatican Bank , using Michael 's `` investment '' to cover their tracks . Hoping to salvage the deal , Michael seeks Don Tommasino 's assistance . He directs Michael to Cardinal Lamberto ( the future Pope John Paul I ) . With Lamberto 's prodding , Michael makes his first confession in 30 years , tearfully breaking down as he admits to ordering Fredo 's murder . Lamberto tells Michael he deserves to suffer for his terrible sins , but that there is hope for redemption . John Paul I dies soon after being elected pope , poisoned by Gilday . Michael learns that Altobello ( in league with the conspirators ) has hired an assassin named Mosca to kill him . Mosca murders Tommasino , and Michael vows before his old friend 's casket to sin no more . Vincent reports that Lucchesi , working with Altobello , is behind the assassination attempts on Michael . Weary of the bloody , lonely life of a Don , Michael retires , making Vincent his successor but not before giving him permission to retaliate . In return , Vincent agrees to end his romance with Mary . That night , Michael , reconciled with Kay and Anthony , watches his son 's performance in the opera Cavalleria Rusticana . Meanwhile , Vincent orchestrates the murders of Lucchesi , Gilday and Keinszig , and Connie murders Altobello with a poisoned cannoli . After the performance , Mosca shoots Michael , and the bullet passes through his body and hits Mary , killing her . Her death breaks Michael 's spirit , and he screams in agony over her body . He returns to Bagheria , Sicily , where he dies with only a dog for company in 1997 . The Sicilian ( edit ) Michael is a secondary character in Puzo 's novel The Sicilian , which takes place during his first exile in Sicily . He learns from Clemenza about the legendary exploits of the novel 's main character , Salvatore Giuliano , and is eager to meet him , but Giuliano is murdered before the meeting can take place . Sequel novels ( edit ) Michael appears in Mark Winegardner 's sequel novels The Godfather Returns and The Godfather 's Revenge . In Godfather Returns , set roughly during the time of Godfather Part II , Michael battles with a new rival , Nick Geraci , while attempting to legitimize the family . In Godfather 's Revenge , set a few years after the second film , he moves to protect his criminal empire against Geraci and the machinations of a powerful political dynasty , while dealing with his guilt over having Fredo murdered . In the latter novel , he has a relationship with actress Marguerite `` Rita '' Duvall in the early 1960s , but he ends it upon realizing that he is still in love with Kay . Family members ( edit ) Vito Corleone -- Michael 's father and The Godfather , played by Marlon Brando in The Godfather , and by Robert De Niro in flashback scenes in Part II Carmela Corleone -- Mother , played by Morgana King in The Godfather Part I and Part II , and by Francesca De Sapio in flashback scenes in Part II Tom Hagen -- Adopted brother and consigliere , played by Robert Duvall Santino `` Sonny '' Corleone -- Eldest brother , underboss to Vito , played by James Caan in The Godfather Part 1 , and by Roman Coppola in flashback scenes from Part II Constanzia `` Connie '' Corleone -- Sister , played by Talia Shire Frederico `` Fredo '' Corleone -- Elder brother , underboss to Michael ; played by John Cazale Apollonia Vitelli - Corleone -- First wife , played by Simonetta Stefanelli Kay Adams - Corleone -- Second wife , played by Diane Keaton Anthony Corleone -- Son , played by Anthony Gounaris in The Godfather , by James Gounaris in Part II , and by Franc D'Ambrosio in Part III Mary Corleone -- Daughter , played by an uncredited actress in Part II , and by Sofia Coppola in Part III Vincent Corleone -- Nephew and succeeding Don , played by Andy García References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Archived October 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather Movie Review by Anthony Leong '' . Mediacircus.net . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Puzo , Mario and Coppola , Francis Ford . ( 1971 , 29 March ) . THE GODFATHER , The Internet Movie Script Database ^ Jump up to : The Godfather Part III DVD commentary featuring Francis Ford Coppola , ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/godfather-returns-mark-winegardner/1100393913?ean=9780345478986 Accessed on June 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/The-Godfathers-Revenge-Mark-Winegardner/dp/0399153845 Amazon.com Accessed on June 27 , 2014 Bibliography ( edit ) Coccimiglio , Carmela ( 2006 ) . `` I 'm with You Now . I 'm with You ... '' : Michael Corleone as Gangster Figure in Mario Puzo 's and Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather Texts . Lakehead University ( Canada ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 494 - 31189 - 9 . Messenger , Chris ( 1 February 2012 ) . The Godfather and American Culture : How the Corleones Became `` Our Gang '' . SUNY Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 8870 - 6 . Coppola , Francis Ford ( 2004 ) . Francis Ford Coppola : Interviews . Univ . Press of Mississippi . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 666 - 7 . Bondanella , Peter E. ( 2004 ) . Hollywood Italians : Dagos , Palookas , Romeos , Wise Guys , and Sopranos . A&C Black . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1544 - 8 . Tamburri , Anthony Julian ; Giordano , Paolo ; Gardaphe , Fred L. ( 2000 ) . From the Margin : Writings in Italian Americana . Purdue University Press . p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55753 - 152 - 0 . `` The template below ( IMDb character ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Michael Corleone on IMDb Preceded by Vito Corleone Head of the Corleone crime family The Godfather c 1955 -- 1958 Succeeded by Tom Hagen ( Interim ) Preceded by Tom Hagen ( Interim ) Head of the Corleone crime family The Godfather c 1959 -- 1980 Succeeded by Vincent Corleone ( hide ) The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Genco Abbandando Luca Brasi Peter Clemenza Al Neri Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Family enemies Don Altobello Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Johnny Ola Hyman Roth Louie Russo Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà The Sicilian Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Corleone&oldid=825569657 '' Categories : The Godfather characters Characters in American novels of the 20th century Characters in American novels of the 21st century Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional American people of Sicilian descent Fictional domestic abusers Fictional smokers Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 1969 Fictional crime bosses Fictional mass murderers Fictional mobsters Fictional World War II veterans Fictional fratricides Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 04 : 08 . 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who was the ruthless dictator who was intent on spreading communism in the soviet union and abroad | Joseph Stalin | joseph stalin | `` Stalin '' redirects here . For other uses , see Stalin ( disambiguation ) . This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs ; the patronymic is Vissarionovich and the family name is Stalin . It has been suggested that Tax on trees be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2018 . Joseph Stalin Иосиф Сталин ( Russian ) იოსებ სტალინი ( Georgian ) Joseph Stalin in an authorised image taken in 1937 and used for state publicity purposes General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union In office 3 April 1922 -- 16 October 1952 Preceded by Vyacheslav Molotov ( as Responsible Secretary ) Succeeded by Georgy Malenkov ( de facto ) Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union In office 6 May 1941 -- 5 March 1953 First Deputies Nikolai Voznesensky Vyacheslav Molotov Nikolai Bulganin Preceded by Vyacheslav Molotov Succeeded by Georgy Malenkov Personal details Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili ( 1878 - 12 - 18 ) 18 December 1878 Gori , Tiflis Governorate , Caucasus Viceroyalty , Russian Empire 5 March 1953 ( 1953 - 03 - 05 ) ( aged 74 ) Kuntsevo Dacha , Kuntsevo , Moscow , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union Resting place Lenin 's Mausoleum , Moscow ( 9 March 1953 -- 31 October 1961 ) Kremlin Wall Necropolis , Moscow ( from 31 October 1961 ) Nationality Soviet Political party Communist Party of the Soviet Union Spouse ( s ) Ekaterine Svanidze ( 1906 -- 07 ) Nadezhda Alliluyeva ( 1919 -- 32 ) Children Yakov Dzhugashvili Konstantin Kuzakov Vasily Dzhugashvili Svetlana Alliluyeva Parents Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze Signature Military service Nickname ( s ) Koba Allegiance Soviet Union Service / branch Soviet Armed Forces Years of service 1943 -- 53 Rank Marshal of the Soviet Union ( 1943 -- 45 ) Commands All ( supreme commander ) Battles / wars World War II Central institution membership ( show ) 1917 -- 53 : Full member , 6th -- 19th Presidium 1922 -- 43 : 11th -- 19th Secretariat 1920 -- 52 : 9th -- 18th Orgburo 1912 -- 53 : Full member , 5th -- 19th Central Committee Other offices held ( show ) 1941 -- 47 : Minister of Defense 1941 -- 45 : Chairman , State Defense Committee 1920 -- 22 : Chairman , Workers ' and Peasants ' Inspectorate of the Russian SFSR 1917 -- 22 : People 's Commissar , Nationalities of the Russian SFSR Leader of the Soviet Union ← Lenin Malenkov → Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952 , Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the Secretariat 's highest - ranking member . After Stalin 's death , Malenkov temporarily emerged as the highest - ranking member of the Secretariat . Joseph Stalin ( born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili ; 18 December 1878 -- 5 March 1953 ) was a Soviet revolutionary and politician of Georgian ethnicity . He ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953 , holding the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952 and the nation 's Premier from 1941 to 1953 . Initially presiding over an oligarchic one - party regime that governed by plurality , he became the de facto dictator of the Soviet Union by the 1930s . Ideologically committed to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism , Stalin helped to formalise these ideas as Marxism -- Leninism while his own policies became known as Stalinism . Born to a poor family in Gori , Russian Empire , Stalin began his revolutionary career in his youth by joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party . There , he edited the party 's newspaper , Pravda , and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin 's Bolshevik faction via robberies , kidnappings , and protection rackets . Repeatedly arrested , he underwent several internal exiles . After the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia during the 1917 October Revolution , Stalin joined the party 's governing Politburo where he was instrumental in overseeing the Soviet Union 's establishment in 1922 . As Lenin fell ill and then died in 1924 , Stalin assumed leadership over the country . During Stalin 's rule , `` Socialism in One Country '' became a central tenet of the party 's dogma , and Lenin 's New Economic Policy was replaced with a centralized command economy . Under the Five - Year Plan system , the country underwent collectivisation and rapid industrialization but also experienced significant disruptions in food production that contributed to the famine of 1932 -- 33 . To eradicate those regarded as `` enemies of the working class '' , Stalin instituted the `` Great Purge '' in which over a million were imprisoned and at least 700,000 were executed from 1934 to 1939 . Stalin 's government promoted Marxism -- Leninism abroad through the Communist International and supported anti-fascist movements throughout Europe during the 1930s , particularly in the Spanish Civil War . In 1939 it signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany , resulting in their joint invasion of Poland . Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941 . Despite initial setbacks , the Soviet Red Army halted the German incursion and captured Berlin in 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . The Soviets annexed the Baltic states and helped establish Soviet - aligned governments throughout most of Central and Eastern Europe and in China and North Korea . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged from the war as the two world superpowers . Tensions escalated into a Cold War between the Soviet - backed Eastern Bloc and U.S. - backed Western Bloc . Stalin led his country through its post-war reconstruction , during which it developed a nuclear weapon in 1949 . In these years , the country experienced another major famine and a period of antisemitism peaking in the 1952 -- 53 Doctors ' plot . Stalin died in 1953 and was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev , who denounced his predecessor and initiated a de-Stalinisation process throughout Soviet society . Widely considered one of the 20th century 's most significant figures , Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist -- Leninist movement , for whom Stalin was a champion of socialism and the working class . Since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union , Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who established the Soviet Union as a major world power . Conversely , his totalitarian government has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repressions , ethnic cleansing , hundreds of thousands of executions , and famines which caused the deaths of millions . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Childhood : 1878 -- 1899 1.2 Russian Social - Democratic Labour Party : 1899 -- 1904 1.3 The Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath : 1905 -- 1912 1.4 Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of Pravda : 1912 -- 1917 1.5 The Russian Revolution : 1917 2 In Lenin 's government 2.1 Consolidating power : 1917 -- 1918 2.2 Military Command : 1918 -- 1921 2.3 Lenin 's final years : 1921 -- 1923 3 Rise to power 3.1 Succeeding Lenin : 1924 -- 1927 3.2 Dekulakisation , collectivisation , and industrialisation : 1927 -- 1931 3.2. 1 Economic policy 3.2. 2 Cultural and foreign policy 3.3 Major crises : 1932 -- 1939 3.3. 1 Famine 3.3. 2 Ideological and foreign affairs 3.3. 3 The Great Terror 4 World War II 4.1 Pact with Germany : 1939 -- 1941 4.2 German invasion : 1941 -- 1942 4.3 Soviet counter-attack : 1942 -- 1945 4.4 Victory : 1945 5 Post-war era 5.1 Post-war reconstruction and famine : 1945 -- 1947 5.2 Cold War policy : 1947 -- 1950 5.2. 1 The Eastern Bloc 5.2. 2 East Asia and Israel 5.3 Final years : 1950 -- 1953 5.4 Death , funeral and aftermath : 1953 6 Political ideology 7 Personal life and characteristics 7.1 Personality 7.2 Relationships and family 8 Legacy 8.1 Death toll and allegations of genocide 8.2 In the Soviet Union and its successor states 9 Honors 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Bibliography 12.3 Further reading 13 External links Early life Main article : Early life of Joseph Stalin Childhood : 1878 -- 1899 Stalin was born in the Georgian town of Gori on 18 December ( O.S. 6 December ) 1878 . He was the son of Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine `` Keke '' Geladze , who had married in May 1872 , and had lost two sons in infancy prior to Stalin 's birth . They were ethnically Georgian and Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language . Gori was then part of the Russian Empire , and was home to a population of 20,000 , the majority of whom were Georgian but with Armenian , Russian , and Jewish minorities . Stalin was baptised on 29 December . He was nicknamed `` Soso '' , a diminutive of `` Ioseb '' . Stalin in 1894 , aged about 15 Besarion was a shoemaker and owned his own workshop ; it was initially a financial success , but later fell into decline . The family found themselves living in poverty , moving through nine different rented rooms in ten years . Besarion became an alcoholic , and drunkenly beat his wife and son . To escape the abusive relationship , Keke took Stalin and moved into the house of a family friend , Father Christopher Charkviani . She worked as a house cleaner and launderer for local families sympathetic to her plight . Keke was determined to send her son to school , something that none of the family had previously achieved . In late 1888 , aged 10 Stalin enrolled at the Gori Church School . This was normally reserved for the children of clergy , although Charkviani ensured that the boy received a place . Stalin excelled academically , displaying talent in painting and drama classes , writing his own poetry , and singing as a choirboy . He got into many fights , and a childhood friend later noted that Stalin `` was the best but also the naughtiest pupil '' in the class . Stalin faced several severe health problems ; in 1884 , he contracted smallpox and was left with facial pock scars . Aged 12 , he was seriously injured after being hit by a phaeton , which was the likely cause of a lifelong disability to his left arm . In 1894 Stalin began his studies at the Tiflis Spiritual Seminary ( pictured here in the 1870s ) At his teachers ' recommendation , Stalin proceeded to the Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis . He enrolled at the school in August 1894 , enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate . Here he joined 600 trainee priests who boarded at the seminary . Stalin was again academically successful and gained high grades . He continued writing poetry ; five of his poems were published under the pseudonym of `` Soselo '' in Ilia Chavchavadze 's newspaper Iveria ( ' Georgia ' ) . Thematically , they dealt with topics like nature , land , and patriotism . According to Stalin 's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore , they became `` minor Georgian classics '' , and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years . As he grew older , Stalin lost interest in his studies ; his grades dropped , and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour . Teachers complained that he declared himself an atheist , chatted in class and refused to doff his hat to monks . Stalin joined a forbidden book club active at the school ; he was particularly influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky 's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done ? . Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi 's The Patricide , with Stalin adopting the nickname `` Koba '' from that of the book 's bandit protagonist . He also read Capital , the 1867 book by German sociological theorist Karl Marx . Stalin devoted himself to Marx 's socio - political theory , Marxism , which was then on the rise in Georgia , one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire 's governing Tsarist authorities . At night , he attended secret workers ' meetings , and was introduced to Silibistro `` Silva '' Jibladze , the Marxist founder of Mesame Dasi ( ' Third Group ' ) , a Georgian socialist group . In April 1899 , Stalin left the seminary and never returned , although the school encouraged him to come back . Russian social - Democratic labour Party : 1899 -- 1904 Stalin in 1902 In October 1899 , Stalin began work as a meteorologist at a Tiflis observatory , a position that allowed him to read while on duty . Stalin gave classes in socialist theory and attracted a group of young men around him . He co-organised a secret mass meeting of workers for May Day 1900 , at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action . By this point , the empire 's secret police -- the Okhrana -- were aware of Stalin 's activities within Tiflis ' revolutionary milieu . They attempted to arrest him in March 1901 , but he escaped and went into hiding , living off the donations of friends and sympathisers . Remaining underground , he helped to plan a demonstration for May Day 1901 , in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities . He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments . In November 1901 , he was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ) , a Marxist party founded in 1898 . That month , Stalin travelled to the port city of Batumi . His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city 's Marxists , some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur secretly working for the government . He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse , where he co-organised two workers ' strikes . After several strike leaders were arrested , he co-organised a mass public demonstration that led to the storming of the prison ; troops fired upon the demonstrators , 13 of whom were killed . Stalin organised a second mass demonstration on the day of their funeral , before being arrested in April 1902 . He was initially held at Batumi Prison , and later moved to the more secure Kutaisi Prison . In mid-1903 , Stalin was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia . Stalin left Batumi in October , arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November . There , he lived in a two - room peasant 's house , sleeping in the building 's larder . Stalin made two escape attempts ; on the first he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite . His second attempt was successful and he made it to Tiflis . There , he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper , Proletariatis Brdzola ( `` Proletarian Struggle '' ) , with Philip Makharadze . He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split off from its Russian counterpart , resulting in several RSDLP members claiming that his views were contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party ; he soon recanted his views . During his exile , the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin 's Bolsheviks and Julius Martov 's Mensheviks . Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks . Although Stalin established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura , Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik - dominated Georgian revolutionary scene . The revolution of 1905 and its aftermath : 1905 -- 1912 In January 1905 , government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg . Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905 . Georgia was one of the regions particularly affected . In February , Stalin was in Baku when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris ; at least 2,000 were killed . Stalin publicly lambasted the `` pogroms against Jews and Armenians '' as being part of Tsar Nicholas II 's attempts to `` buttress his despicable throne '' . He formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try and keep Baku 's warring ethnic factions apart , also using the unrest to steal printing equipment . Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia , Stalin formed further Battle Squads , with the Mensheviks doing the same . Stalin 's Squads disarmed local police and troops , raided government arsenals , and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines . They launched attacks on the government 's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds , co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia . Stalin first met Vladimir Lenin ( pictured ) at a 1905 conference in Tampere . Lenin became `` Stalin 's indispensable mentor '' . In November 1905 , the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Saint Petersburg . On arrival , he met Lenin 's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya , who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland . At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the first time . Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect , he was vocal in his disagreement with Lenin 's view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the forthcoming election to the State Duma ; Stalin saw the parliamentary process as a waste of time . In April 1906 , Stalin attended the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm ; this was his first trip outside the Russian Empire . At the conference , the RSDLP -- then led by its Menshevik majority -- agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery . Lenin and Stalin disagreed with this decision , and later privately discussed how they could continue the robberies for the Bolshevik cause . Stalin married Kato Svanidze in a church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906 . In March 1907 she bore a son , Yakov . By that year -- according to the historian Robert Service -- Stalin had established himself as `` Georgia 's leading Bolshevik '' . He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress , held in London in May -- June 1907 . After returning to Tiflis , Stalin organized the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907 . His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Yerevan Square with gunfire and home - made bombs . Around 40 people were killed , but all of his gang escaped alive . After the heist , Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son . There , Mensheviks confronted Stalin about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP , but he took no notice of them . In Baku , Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch , and edited two Bolshevik newspapers , Bakinsky Proletary and Gudok ( `` Whistle '' ) . In August 1907 , he attended the Seventh Congress of the Second International -- an international socialist organisation -- in Stuttgart , Germany . In November 1907 , his wife died of typhus , and he left his son with her family in Tiflis . In Baku he had reassembled his gang , the Outfit , which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets , counterfeiting currency , and carrying out robberies . They also kidnapped the children of several wealthy figures in order to extract ransom money . In early 1908 , he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov , although the latter exasperated him . In March 1908 , Stalin was arrested and interred in Bailov Prison where he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks , organised discussion groups , and ordered the killing of suspected informants . He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk , Vologda Province , arriving there in February 1909 . In June , he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg . In March 1910 , he was arrested again , and sent back to Solvychegodsk . There he had affairs with at least two women ; his landlady , Maria Kuzakova , later gave birth to his second son , Konstantin . In June 1911 , Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda , where he stayed for two months , having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva . He proceeded to Saint Petersburg , where he was arrested in September 1911 , and sentenced to a further three - year exile in Vologda . Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of Pravda : 1912 -- 1917 The first issue of Pravda , the Bolshevik newspaper of which Stalin was editor While Stalin was in exile , the first Bolshevik Central Committee had been elected at the Prague Conference , after which Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev invited Stalin to join it . Still in Vologda , Stalin agreed , remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life . Lenin believed that Stalin , as a Georgian , would be useful in helping to secure support for the Bolsheviks from the Empire 's minority ethnicities . In February 1912 , Stalin escaped to Saint Petersburg , tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper , Zvezda ( `` Star '' ) into a daily , Pravda ( `` Truth '' ) . The new newspaper was launched in April 1912 , although Stalin 's role as editor was kept secret . In May 1912 , he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison , before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia . In July , he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym , where he shared a room with fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov . After two months , Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg . During a brief period back in Tiflis , Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach , during which most of the group -- although not Stalin -- were apprehended by the authorities . Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg , where he continued editing and writing articles for Pravda . Stalin in 1915 . After the October 1912 Duma elections resulted in six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks being elected , Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions , for which he was criticised by Lenin . In late 1912 , he twice crossed into the Austro - Hungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Kraków , eventually bowing to Lenin 's opposition to reunification with the Mensheviks . In January 1913 Stalin travelled to Vienna , there focusing his attention on the ' national question ' of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Russian Empire 's national and ethnic minorities . Lenin wanted to attract these groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state , but at the same time he hoped that they would remain part of a future Bolshevik - governed Russia . Stalin 's finished article was titled Marxism and the National Question ; Lenin was very happy with it . According to Montefiore , this was `` Stalin 's most famous work '' . The article was published under the pseudonym of `` K. Stalin '' , a name he had been using since 1912 . This name derived from the Russian language word for steel ( stal ) , and has been translated as `` Man of Steel '' ; it may have also been intended to imitate Lenin 's pseudonym . Stalin retained this name for the rest of his life , possibly because it had been used on the article which established his reputation among the Bolsheviks . In February 1913 , Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg . He was sentenced to four years exile in Turukhansk , a remote part of Siberia from which escape was particularly difficult . In August , he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe , although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino . In March 1914 , concerned over a potential escape attempt , the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle . In the hamlet , Stalin had a relationship with Lidia Pereprygia , who was thirteen at the time and thus a year under the legal age of consent in Tsarist Russia . Circa December 1914 , Pereprygia gave birth to Stalin 's child , although the infant soon died . She gave birth to another of his children , Alexander , circa April 1917 . In Kureika , Stalin lived closely with the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak , and spent much of his time fishing . The Russian revolution : 1917 While Stalin was in exile , Russia entered the First World War , and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army , leaving for Monastyrskoe . They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917 , where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service due to his crippled arm . Stalin was required to serve four more months on his exile , and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk . Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place ; uprisings broke out in Petrograd -- as Saint Petersburg had been renamed -- and Tsar Nicholas II abdicated to escape being violently overthrown . The Russian Empire became a de facto republic , headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals . In a celebratory mood , Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March . There , Stalin and fellow Bolshevik Lev Kamenev assumed control of Pravda , and Stalin was appointed the Bolshevik representative to the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet , an influential council of the city 's workers . In April , Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party 's Central Committee ; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second . This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time . The existing government of landlords and capitalists must be replaced by a new government , a government of workers and peasants . The existing pseudo-government which was not elected by the people and which is not accountable to the people must be replaced by a government recognised by the people , elected by representatives of the workers , soldiers and peasants and held accountable to their representatives . -- Stalin 's editorial in Pravda , October 1917 Stalin helped to organise the July Days uprising , an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters . After the armed demonstration was suppressed , the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the Bolsheviks , raiding Pravda . During this raid , Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper 's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader 's safety , moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv . In Lenin 's absence , Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks , overseeing the party 's Sixth Congress , which was held covertly . Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government in a coup . Stalin and fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin 's plan of action , but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members . Lenin returned to Petrograd and at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October , he secured a majority in favour of a coup . On 24 October , police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices , smashing machinery and presses ; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment in order to continue his activities . In the early hours of 25 October , Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute , from where the Bolshevik coup -- the October Revolution -- was directed . Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd 's electric power station , main post office , state bank , telephone exchange , and several bridges . A Bolshevik - controlled ship , the Aurora , opened fire on the Winter Palace ; the Provisional Government 's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks . Although he had been tasked with briefing the Bolshevik delegates of the Second Congress of Soviets about the developing situation , Stalin 's role in the coup had not been publicly visible . Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant , although later historians reject this . According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk , Stalin `` filled an important role ( in the October Revolution ) ... as a senior Bolshevik , member of the party 's Central Committee , and editor of its main newspaper '' ; the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been `` in the thick of events '' in the build - up to the coup . In Lenin 's government Main article : Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution , Russian Civil War , and Polish -- Soviet War Consolidating power : 1917 -- 1918 On 26 October , Lenin formed a new government , the Council of People 's Commissars ( `` Sovnarkom '' ) , which he led as Chairman . Stalin backed Lenin 's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party , although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries . Stalin became part of an informal foursome leading the government , alongside Lenin , Trotsky , and Sverdlov ; of these , Sverdlov was regularly absent , and died in March 1919 . Stalin 's office was based near to Lenin 's in the Smolny Institute , and he and Trotsky were the only individuals allowed access to Lenin 's study without an appointment . Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky , Stalin 's importance among the Bolsheviks grew . He co-signed Lenin 's decrees shutting down hostile newspapers , and with Sverdlov chaired the sessions of the committee drafting a constitution for the new Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . He strongly supported Lenin 's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated ; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers , he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government . Unlike senior Bolsheviks like Kamenev and Nikolai Bukharin , Stalin never expressed concern about the rapid growth and expansion of the Cheka and Terror . The Moscow Kremlin , which Stalin moved into in 1918 Having dropped his editorship of Pravda , Stalin was appointed the People 's Commissar for Nationalities . He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary , and at some point married her , although the wedding date is unknown . In November 1917 , he signed the Decree on Nationality , according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self - determination . The decree 's purpose was primarily strategic ; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence . That month , he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social - Democrats , granting Finland 's request for independence in December . His department allocated funds for the establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities . Socialist Revolutionaries accused Stalin 's talk of federalism and national self - determination as a front for Sovnarkom 's centralising and imperialist policies . Due to the ongoing First World War , in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria - Hungary , Lenin 's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918 . There , they based themselves in the Kremlin ; it was here that Stalin , Trotsky , Sverdlov , and Lenin lived . Stalin supported Lenin 's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory . Stalin thought it necessary because he was unconvinced that Europe itself was on the verge of proletarian revolution , a view that irked Lenin . Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint , resulting in the signing of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk in March 1918 . The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia ; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue . The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed , becoming the Russian Communist Party . Military command : 1918 -- 1921 After the Bolsheviks seized power , both right and left - wing armies rallied against them , generating the Russian Civil War . To secure access to the dwindling food supply , in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia . Eager to prove himself as a commander , once there he took control of regional military operations . He befriended two military figures , Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny , who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base . Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority , he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region 's anti-Bolshevik White armies , resulting in heavy losses ; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic . In Tsaritsyn , Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries , sometimes without trial , and -- in contravention of government orders -- purged the military and food collection agencies of middle - class specialists , some of whom he also executed . His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of ; for instance , he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program . Joseph Stalin , Lenin , and Mikhail Kalinin meeting in 1919 . All three of them were `` Old Bolsheviks '' -- members of the Bolshevik party before the Russian Revolution of 1917 . In December 1918 , Stalin was sent to Perm to lead an inquiry into how Alexander Kolchak 's White forces had been able to decimate Red troops based there . He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919 , before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd . When the Red Third Regiment defected , he ordered the public execution of captured defectors . In September he was returned to the Southern Front . During the war , he proved his worth to the Central Committee , displaying decisiveness , determination , and a willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations . At the same time , he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted . In November 1919 , the government awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service . The Bolsheviks had won the civil war by late 1919 . Sovnarkom turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad , to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919 ; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony . Although Stalin did not share Lenin 's belief that the European proletariat were on the verge of revolution , he acknowledged that as long as it stood alone , Soviet Russia remained vulnerable . In December 1918 , he had drawn up decrees recognising Marxist - governed Soviet republics in Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia ; during the civil war these Marxist governments had been overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia , an act which he regarded as illegitimate . In February 1920 , Stalin was appointed to head the Workers ' and Peasants ' Inspectorate ; that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front . Following earlier clashes between Polish and Russian troops , the Polish -- Soviet War broke out in early 1920 , with the Poles invadind Ukraine and taking Kiev . Stalin was moved to Ukraine , on the Southwest Front . The Red Army forced the Polish troops back into Poland . Lenin believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up to support the Russians against Józef Piłsudski 's Polish government . Stalin had cautioned against this ; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working - classes to support their government 's war effort . He also believed that the Red Army was ill - prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea , potentially reigniting the civil war . Stalin lost the argument , after which he accepted Lenin 's decision and supported it . Along the Southwest Front , he became determined to conquer Lwów ; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky 's forces . In August , the Poles repulsed the Russian advance and Stalin returned to Moscow . A Polish - Soviet peace treaty was signed ; Stalin saw this as a failure for which he blamed Trotsky . In turn , Trotsky accused Stalin of `` strategic mistakes '' in his handling of the war at the 9th Bolshevik Conference . Stalin felt resentful and under - appreciated ; in September he demanded demission from the military , which was granted . Lenin 's final years : 1921 -- 1923 Stalin ( right ) confers with an ailing Lenin at Gorky in September 1922 The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination ; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik - governed Democratic Republic of Georgia , while in April 1921 , Stalin ordered the Red Army to march into the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to reassert Russian state control . As People 's Commissar for Nationalities , Stalin believed that each national and ethnic group should have the right to self - expression , facilitating this through `` autonomous republics '' within the Russian state in which they could oversee various regional affairs . In taking this view , some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism , while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state . Stalin 's native Caucasus posed a particular problem due to its highly multi-cultural mix . Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian , Armenian , and Azerbaijani autonomous republics , arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories ; instead he called for the formation of a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic . The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea , resulting in the Georgian Affair . In mid-1921 , Stalin returned to the southern Caucasus , there calling on Georgian Communists to avoid the chauvinistic Georgian nationalism which he believed marginalised the Abkhazian , Ossetian , and Adjarian minorities living in Georgia . On this trip , Stalin met with his son Yakov , and brought him back to Moscow with him ; Nadya had given birth to another of Stalin 's sons , Vasily , in March 1921 . After the civil war , workers ' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia , largely in opposition to Sovnarkom 's food requisitioning project ; as an antidote , Lenin introduced market - oriented reforms : the New Economic Policy ( NEP ) . There was also internal turmoil in the Communist Party , as Trotsky led a faction calling for the abolition of trade unions ; Lenin opposed this and Stalin helped to rally opposition to Trotsky 's position . Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat . At the 11th Party Congress in 1922 , Lenin nominated Stalin as the party 's new General Secretary . Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power , Stalin was appointed to the position . For Lenin , it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post . Stalin is too crude , and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists , becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary . I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant , more polite and more attentive towards comrades , less capricious , etc . -- Lenin 's Testament , 4 January 1923 ; this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself . In May 1922 , a massive stroke left Lenin partially paralysed . Residing at his Gorki dacha , Lenin 's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin , who was a regular visitor . Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide , but Stalin never did so . Despite this comradeship , Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin 's `` Asiatic '' manner , and told his sister Maria that Stalin was `` not intelligent '' . Lenin and Stalin argued on the issue of foreign trade ; Lenin believed that the Soviet state should have a monopoly on foreign trade , but Stalin supported Grigori Sokolnikov 's view that doing so was impractical at that stage . Another disagreement came over the Georgian Affair , with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee 's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin 's idea of a Transcaucasian one . They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state . Lenin called for the country to be renamed the `` Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia '' , reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents . Stalin believed that this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians , instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as `` autonomous republics '' within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic . Lenin accused Stalin of `` Great Russian chauvinism '' ; Stalin accused Lenin of `` national liberalism '' . A compromise was reached , in which the country would be renamed the `` Union of Soviet Socialist Republics '' ( USSR ) . The USSR 's formation was ratified in December 1922 ; although officially a federal system , all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow . Their differences were not just based on policy but also became personal ; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation . In the final years of his life , Krupskaya provided governing figures with what she claimed were Lenin 's Testament , a series of increasingly disparaging notes about Stalin . These criticized Stalin 's rude manners and excessive power , suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of General Secretary . Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these , suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya , who had personal differences with Stalin ; Stalin , however , never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity . Rise to power Main article : Rise of Joseph Stalin Succeeding Lenin : 1924 -- 1927 ( From left to right ) Stalin , Alexei Rykov , Lev Kamenev , and Grigori Zinoviev in 1925 . Lenin died in January 1924 . Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers ; against the wishes of Lenin 's widow , the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow 's Red Square . It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin , with Petrograd being renamed `` Leningrad '' that year . To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist , Stalin was eager to present himself as a theorist , giving nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the `` Foundations of Leninism '' ; it was later published as a concise overview of Lenin 's ideas . At the following 13th Party Congress , Lenin 's Testament was read out to senior figures . Embarrassed by its contents , Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary ; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position . As General Secretary , Stalin had had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff , implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration . He also ensured that these loyalists were dispersed across the USSR 's various regions . He favoured new Communist Party members , many from worker and peasant backgrounds , to the Old Bolsheviks who tended to be university educated . Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries , and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour . Stalin also developed close relations with the three men at the heart of the secret police ( first the Cheka and then its replacement , the State Political Directorate ) : Felix Dzerzhinsky , Genrikh Yagoda , and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky . In his private life , he was dividing his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha he had obtained at Zubalova . His wife had given birth to a daughter , Svetlana , in February 1926 . In the wake of Lenin 's death , various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor : alongside Stalin was Trotsky , Zinoviev , Kamenev , Bukharin , Alexei Rykov and Mikhail Tomsky . Stalin saw Trotsky -- whom he personally despised -- as the main obstacle to his rise to dominance within the Communist Party , and while Lenin had been ill he had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev . Although Zinoviev had expressed concern about Stalin 's growing authority , he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky , who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition . The Left Opposition believed that too many concessions to capitalism had been made with the NEP ; Stalin was deemed a `` rightist '' in the party for his support of the policy . Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee , while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence . He was supported in this by Bukharin , who like Stalin believed that implementing the Left Opposition 's proposals would plunge the Soviet Union into instability . In late 1924 , Stalin also removed Kamenev and Zinoviev 's supporters from key positions . In 1925 , Kamenev and Zinoviev moved into open opposition of Stalin and Bukharin . They attacked one another at the 14th Party Congress , where Stalin accused Kamenev and Zinoviev of reintroducing factionalism -- and thus instability -- into the party . In mid-1926 , Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky 's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin ; in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion , and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin 's command . The factionalist arguments continued , with Stalin threatening to resign in both December 1926 and December 1927 . In October 1927 , Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee ; the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929 . Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and allowed to return to government . Stalin had established himself as the party 's supreme leader , although was not the head of government , a task he entrusted to key ally Vyacheslav Molotov . Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov , Lazar Kaganovich , and Sergo Ordzhonikidze , with Stalin ensuring that his allies ran the various state institutions . According to Montefiore , at this point `` Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator '' . Stalin 's growing influence was reflected in the decision to name various locations after him ; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino , and in April 1925 , Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze . In 1926 , Stalin published On Questions of Leninism . It was in this book that he introduced the concept of `` Socialism in One Country '' , which he claimed was an orthodox Leninist perspective . It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution . Some scholars have argued that Stalin was , in fact , advancing the world revolution because `` as first servant of the state , ( Stalin ) was also first servant of world revolution . '' In 1927 , there was some argument in the party over the USSR 's policy regarding the situation in China . Stalin had called for the Communist Party of China , led by Mao Zedong , to ally itself with Chiang Kai - shek 's Kuomintang ( KMT ) nationalists , viewing a Communist - Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism in eastern Asia . Instead , the KMT repressed the Communists and a civil war broke out between the two sides . De-kulakisation , collectivisation , and Industrialisation : 1927 -- 1931 Economic policy We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years . We must close that gap in ten years . Either we do this or we 'll be crushed . This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us . -- Stalin , February 1931 By the latter half of the 1920s , the Soviet Union still lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries , and Stalin 's government feared military attack from Japan , France , or the United Kingdom . Many Communists , including in Komsomol , OGPU , and the Red Army , were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market - oriented approach , desiring a push towards socialism . These Communists had concerns about those who had financially profited from the policy : affluent peasants known as ' kulaks ' and the small business owners or ' Nepmen ' . There had also been a shortfall of grain supplies ; 1927 produced only 70 % of grain produced in 1926 . At this point , Stalin turned against the NEP , putting him on a course to the `` left '' even of Trotsky or Zinoviev . In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk , there claiming that kulaks were hoarding their grain . He ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated , with Stalin bringing much of the area 's grain back to Moscow with him in February . At his command , grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals , with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry . Stalin announced that both kulaks and the `` middle peasants '' must be coerced into releasing their harvest . Bukharin and several other members of the Central Committee were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure , which they deemed rash . In January 1930 , the Politburo approved a measure to liquidate the existence of the kulaks as a class ; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled either elsewhere in their own regions , to other parts of the country , or to concentration camps . Large numbers died during the journey . By July 1930 , over 320,000 households had been affected by the de-kulakisation policy . According to Stalin biographer Dmitri Volkogonov , de-kulakisation was `` the first mass terror applied by Stalin in his own country '' . Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov with a fellow miner ; Stalin 's government initiated the Stakhanovite movement to encourage hard work . It was partly responsible for a substantial rise in production during the 1930s . In 1929 , the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture , establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms . Stalin stipulated that kulaks would be barred from joining these collectives . Although officially voluntary , many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks ; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists . By 1932 , about 62 % of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives , and by 1936 this had risen to 90 % . Many of the peasants who had been collectivised resented the loss of their private farmland , and productivity slumped . Famine broke out in many areas , with the Politburo frequently ordering the distribution of emergency food relief to these regions . Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine , northern Caucasus , southern Russia , and central Asia , reaching their apex in March 1930 ; these were repressed by the Red Army . Stalin responded to the uprisings with an article insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming any violence and other excesses on local officials . Although he and Stalin had been close for many years , Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies ; he regarded them as a return to Lenin 's old `` war communism '' policy and believed that it would fail . By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms . In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo . Enukidze , Stalin , and Gorky in Red Square , 1931 Officially , the Soviet Union had replaced the irrationality and wastefulness of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long - term , precise , and scientific framework ; in reality , Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre , often to make short - term targets . In 1928 , the first five - year plan was launched , its main focus on boosting heavy industry ; it was finished a year ahead of schedule , in 1932 . The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation . New mines were opened , new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed , and work on the White Sea - Baltic Canal begun . Millions of peasants moved to the cities and became proletariat , although urban house building could not keep up with the demand . Large debts were accrued while purchasing foreign - made machinery . Many of the major construction projects , including the White Sea - Baltic Canal and the Moscow Metro , were constructed largely through forced labour . The last elements of workers ' control over industry were removed , with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks ; Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx 's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism . To promote the intensification of labour , a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced . Stalin 's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash . His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development , creating a `` new Soviet person '' . Cultural and foreign policy In 1928 , Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed . He warned of a `` danger from the right '' , including in the Communist Party itself . The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928 , in which several middle - class `` industrial specialists '' were convicted of sabotage . From 1929 to 1930 , further show trials were held to intimidate opposition : these included the Industrial Party Trial , Menshevik Trial , and Metro - Vickers Trial . Aware that the ethnic Russian majority may have concerns about being ruled by a Georgian , he promoted ethnic Russians throughout the state hierarchy and made the Russian language compulsory throughout schools and offices , albeit to be used in tandem with local languages in areas with non-Russian majorities . Nationalist sentiment among ethnic minorities was suppressed . Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth ; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood , the re-criminalisation of homosexuality , restrictions placed on abortion and divorce , and the abolition of the Zhenotdel women 's department . Photograph taken of the 1931 demolition of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow in order to make way for the Palace of the Soviets Stalin desired a `` cultural revolution '' , entailing both the creation of a culture for the `` masses '' and the wider dissemination of previously elite culture . He oversaw the proliferation of schools , newspapers , and libraries , as well as the advancement of literacy and numeracy . `` Socialist realism '' was promoted throughout the arts , while Stalin personally wooed prominent writers , namely Maxim Gorky , Mikhail Sholokhov , and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy . He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism ; he for instance endorsed the research of agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko 's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific . The government 's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified , with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists . Christian , Muslim , Jewish , and Buddhist clergy faced persecution . Many religious buildings were demolished , most notably Moscow 's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , destroyed in 1931 to make way for the ( never completed ) Palace of the Soviets . Religion retained an influence over much of the population ; in the 1937 census , 57 % of respondents identified as religious . Throughout the 1920s and beyond , Stalin placed a high priority on foreign policy . He personally met with a range of Western visitors , including George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells , both of whom were impressed with him . Through the Communist International , Stalin 's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world ; initially , Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin . At its 6th Congress in July 1928 , Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats , whom he called `` social fascists '' ; Stalin recognised that in many countries , the social democrats were the Marxist - Leninists ' main rivals for working - class support . This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin , who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat . After Bukharin 's departure , Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky . Stalin faced problems in his family life . In 1929 , his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide ; his failure earned Stalin 's contempt . His relationship with Nadya was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems . In November 1932 , after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women , Nadya shot herself . Publicly , it was claimed that Nadya died of appendicitis ; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children . Stalin 's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide , becoming emotionally harder . Major Crises : 1932 -- 1939 Famine Further information : Holodomor , Causes of the Holodomor , and Holodomor genocide question Starved peasants on streets of Kharkiv in 1933 Within the Soviet Union , there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin 's government . Social unrest , previously restricted largely to the countryside , was increasingly evident in urban areas , prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932 . In May 1932 , he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce . At the same time , penal sanctions became more severe ; at Stalin 's instigation , in August 1932 a measure was introduced meaning that the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offense . The second five - year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first , with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions . It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods . Like its predecessor , this Plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations ; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German Chancellor in 1933 . Such policies nevertheless failed to stop the famine which peaked in the winter of 1932 -- 33 . Between five and seven million people died ; many resorted to cannibalising the dead to survive . Worst affected were Ukraine and the North Caucuses , although the famine also impacted Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces . The 1932 harvest had been a poor one , and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output . Stalin blamed the famine on hostile elements and wreckers within the peasantry ; his government provided small amounts of food to famine - struck rural areas , although this was wholly insufficient to deal with the levels of starvation . Grain exports , which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery , declined heavily . Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine , the existence of which was denied to foreign observers . Ideological and foreign affairs In 1935 -- 36 , Stalin oversaw a new constitution ; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons , for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo . He declared that `` socialism , which is the first phase of communism , has basically been achieved in this country '' . In 1938 , The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( Bolsheviks ) , colloquially known as the Short Course , was released ; Conquest later referred to it as the `` central text of Stalinism '' . A number of authorised Stalin biographies were also published , although Stalin generally wanted to be portrayed as the embodiment of the Communist Party rather than have his life story explored . During the later 1930s , Stalin placed `` a few limits on the worship of his own greatness '' . By 1938 , Stalin 's inner circle had gained a degree of stability , containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin 's death . Review of Soviet armored fighting vehicles used to equip the Republican People 's Army during the Spanish Civil War Seeking improved international relations , in 1934 the Soviet Union secured membership of the League of Nations , of which it had previously been excluded . Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933 , shortly after the latter came to power in Germany . Stalin admired Hitler , particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives . Stalin nevertheless recognised the threat posed by fascism and sought to establish better links with the liberal democracies of Western Europe ; in May 1935 , the Soviets signed a treaty of mutual assistance with France and Czechoslovakia . At the Communist International 's 7th Congress , held in July -- August 1935 , the Soviet government encouraged Marxist - Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism . In turn , the anti-communist governments of Germany , Fascist Italy and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936 . When the Spanish Civil War broke out the same year , the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left - wing Republican faction ; these were accompanied by 3000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International . Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation . Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction , which was ultimately victorious in March 1939 . Stalin also gave aid to the Chinese after the outbreak of the Second Sino - Japanese War in July 1937 , as the KMT and the Communists formed Stalin 's desired United Front . The Great Terror Regarding state repressions , Stalin often provided conflicting signals . In May 1933 , he ordered the release of many criminals convicted of minor offenses from the overcrowded prisons and ordered the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations . In September 1934 , he ordered the Politburo to establish a commission to investigate any false imprisonments ; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan . This mixed approach began to change in December 1934 , when the prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered . After Kirov 's murder , Stalin became increasingly attentive of the possibility of murder and subsequently improved his own personal security , including being heavily guarded at all times and rarely going out in public . Kirov 's killing was followed by an intensification of state repression ; Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts . Just as the de-kulakisation policy had sought to rid rural areas of anti-government forces , so Stalin sought to do the same in the cities and towns . In 1935 , the NKVD was ordered to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries , particularly those who had been aristocrats , landlords , or businesspeople before the October Revolution . In the early months of 1935 , over 11,000 people were expelled from Leningrad , to live in isolated rural areas . In 1936 , Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD and oversaw this intensification . Stalin instigated this intensification of repression , which was rooted in his own psychological compulsions and the logic of the system he had created , one which prioritised security above other considerations . In this famous image , Nikolai Yezhov is shown with Voroshilov , Molotov , and Stalin inspecting the White Sea Canal . The image was later altered to remove Yezhov completely . Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee : denounced as Western - backed mercenaries , many were imprisoned or exiled internally . The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936 ; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations , found guilty in a show trial , and executed . The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937 , and the third in March 1938 , in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite - Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death . By late 1937 , all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo , which was controlled entirely by Stalin . There were mass expulsions from the party , with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements . During the 1930s and 1940s , NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad ; in August 1940 , Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico , eliminating the last of Stalin 's opponents among the former Party leadership . In May , this was followed by the arrest of most members of the military Supreme Command and mass arrests throughout the military , often on fabricated charges . These purges replaced most of the party 's old guard with younger officials who did not remember a time before Stalin 's leadership and who were regarded as more personally loyal to him . Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge . Such functionaries often carried out a greater number of arrests and executions than their quotas set by Stalin 's central government . Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938 , a period known as the Great Purge . By the latter part of 1937 , the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population . In July 1937 , the Politburo ordered a purge of `` anti-Soviet elements '' in society , affecting Bolsheviks who had opposed Stalin , former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries , priests , former soldiers in the White Army , and common criminals . That month , Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. 00447 , listing 268,950 people for arrest , of whom 75,950 were executed . He also initiated `` national operations '' , the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups -- among them Poles , Germans , Latvians , Finns , Greeks , Koreans , and Chinese -- through internal or external exile . During these years , approximately 1.6 million people were arrested , 700,000 were shot , and an unknown number died under NKVD torture . Stalin initiated all of the key decisions during the Terror , personally directing many of its operations and taking an interest in the details of their implementation . His motives in doing so have been much debated by historians . His personal writings from the period were -- according to Khlevniuk -- `` unusually convoluted and incoherent '' , filled with claims about conspiracies and enemies encircling him . He was particularly concerned at the success that right - wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government , worried that domestic anti-Stalinist elements would become a fifth column in the event of a future war with Japan and Germany . The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD , to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria , a man totally devoted to Stalin . Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940 . The Terror had damaged the Soviet Union 's reputation abroad , particularly among previously sympathetic leftists , and as the Terror wound down , so Stalin sought to deflect responsibility away from himself . He later claimed that the `` excesses '' and `` violations of law '' during the Terror were Yezhov 's fault . World war II Main article : Soviet Union in World War II Pact with Germany : 1939 -- 1941 As a Marxist -- Leninist , Stalin expected an inevitable Second World War between competing capitalist powers ; as Nazi Germany annexed Austria and then part of Czechoslovakia in 1938 , Stalin recognised that this war was looming . He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality in the conflict , hoping that a German war against France and the UK would leave the Soviets a dominant force in Europe . Militarily , the Soviets also faced a threat from the east , with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s . Stalin initiated a military build - up , with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941 , although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained . Between 1940 and 1941 he also launched a purge of the military , leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers at every level when the war ultimately broke out . Stalin greeting the German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in the Kremlin , 1939 As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union , Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans . In May 1939 , Germany began negotiations with the Soviets , proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers . Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany . In August 1939 , the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany , negotiated by Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop . A week later , Germany invaded Poland , sparking the UK and France to declare war on it . On 17 September , the Red Army entered eastern Poland , officially to restore order amid the collapse of the Polish state ; this explanation was also designed so as not to anger the UK and France . Stalin suggested a territorial exchange with Germany , giving them the ethnic Polish - dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province , and in return receiving Lithuania ; Stalin had desired the reintegration of the three Baltic states into the Soviet Union . This was agreed in 28 September . A German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after , in Stalin 's presence . The two nations continued trading , undermining the British blockade of Germany . The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland , but the Finnish government refused . The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939 , yet despite numerical inferiority , the Finns kept the Red Army at bay . International opinion backed Finland , with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations . Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns , the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty , in which they received territorial concessions from Finland . In June 1940 , the Red Army entered the Baltic states , which were forcibly merged into the Soviet Union in August . Bessarabia and northern Bukovina , parts of Romania , were also annexed into the Soviet Union . The Soviet authorities sought to forestall any dissent in these new East European territories with mass repressions . One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940 , in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces , police , and intelligentsia were executed . The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise . He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them . After the Tripartite Pact was signed by Axis Powers Germany , Japan and Italy , in October 1940 , Stalin approached Germany with the suggestion that it too join the Axis alliance . To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany , in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan . On 6 May , Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union . Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half , Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well . German invasion : 1941 -- 1942 With all the men at the front , Moscow women dig anti-tank trenches around Moscow in 1941 . In June 1941 , Germany invaded the Soviet Union , initiating the war on the Eastern Front . Despite having prior warning , Stalin was taken by surprise . He formed a State Committee of Defence , which he headed as Supreme Commander , as well as a military Supreme Command ( Stavka ) , with Georgy Zhukov appointed its Chief of Staff . The German tactic of blitzkrieg was initially highly effective ; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days . The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory ; soon , Ukraine , Belorussia , and the Baltic states were under German occupation . Soviet refugees flooded into Moscow and Leningrad to escape the Wehrmacht , although there were other Soviet citizens -- namely those who were neither ethnically Russian nor Jewish -- who welcomed the German Army as liberators ; they soon found that the Nazis regarded them as Untermensch , fit only for economic exploitation . By July , Germany 's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow , and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital . Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev , although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow , believing that his flight would damage troop morale . The German advance on Moscow was halted by the arrival of winter . Against the advice of Zhukov and other generals , Stalin emphasised attack over defence . In June 1941 , he ordered a scorched earth policy of destroying infrastructure and food supplies before the Germans could seize them , also commanding the NKVD to kill around 100,000 political prisoners in areas the Wehrmacht approached . He purged the military command ; several high - ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed . With Order No. 270 , Stalin commanded soldiers risking capture to commit suicide or fight to the death , stating that any who were captured were traitors ; among those taken as a prisoner of war by the German Army was Stalin 's son Yakov , who died in their custody . Stalin issued Order No. 227 in July 1942 , which directed that those retreating would be placed in `` penal battalions '' used as cannon fodder on the front lines . Amid the fighting , both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions ; the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists , Jews , and Romani . Stalin exploited Nazi anti-Semitism , and in April 1942 he sponsored the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee ( JAC ) to garner Jewish and foreign support for the Soviet war effort . The centre of Stalingrad after liberation , 2 February 1943 The Soviets allied with the United Kingdom and United States ; although the US joined the war against Germany in 1941 , little direct American assistance reached the Soviets until late 1942 . Responding to the invasion , the Soviets intensified their industrial enterprises in central Russia , focusing almost entirely on production for the military . They achieved high levels of industrial productivity , outstripping that of Germany . During the war , Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church , allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943 . He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression , notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely . The Internationale was dropped as the country 's national anthem , to be replaced with a more patriotic song . The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment , while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism , particularly the idea of `` rootless cosmopolitanism '' , an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews . Comintern was dissolved in 1943 , and Stalin encouraged foreign Marxist -- Leninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal . In April 1942 Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets ' first serious counter-attack , an attempt to seize German - held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine . This attack proved unsuccessful . That year , Hitler shifted his primary goal from an immediate victory in the East , to the more long - term goal of securing the southern Soviet Union to conquer oil fields vital to a long - term German war effort . While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south , Stalin considered this to be a flanking campaign in efforts to take Moscow . In June 1942 , the German Army attacked Stalingrad ; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs . This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad . In December 1942 he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city . In February 1943 , the German troops attacking Stalingrad surrendered . The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war ; in commemoration , Stalin declared himself Marshal of the Soviet Union . Soviet counter-attack : 1942 -- 1945 The Big Three : Stalin , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at the Tehran Conference , November 1943 By November 1942 , the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and , although there were 2.5 million Soviet casualties in that effort , it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front . Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk , which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets . By the end of 1943 , the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942 . Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the East of the front , safe from German invasion and air attack . In Allied countries , Stalin was increasingly depicted in a positive light over the course of the war . In 1941 , the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday , and in 1942 , Time magazine named him `` Man of the Year '' . When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him `` Uncle Joe '' he was initially offended , regarding it as undignified . There remained mutual suspicions between Stalin , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who were together known as the `` Big Three '' . Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944 . Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war , with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them . In November 1943 , Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran , a location of Stalin 's choosing . There , Stalin and Roosevelt got on well , with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire . At Tehran , the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again , the German state should be broken up . Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin 's demand that the German city of Konigsberg be declared Soviet territory . Stalin was impatient for the UK and US to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East ; they eventually did so in mid-1944 . Stalin insisted that , after the war , the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact with Germany , which Churchill opposed . Discussing the fate of the Balkans , later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin 's suggestion that after the war , Bulgaria , Romania , Hungary , and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West . Soviet soldiers in Polotsk , 4 July 1944 In 1944 , the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany , including Operation Bagration , a massive offensive in the Byelorussian SSR against the German Army Group Centre . In 1944 the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states , which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union . As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea , various ethnic groups living in the region -- the Kalmyks , Chechens , Ingushi , Karachai , Balkars , and Crimean Tatars -- were accused of having collaborated with the Germans . Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis , Stalin 's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia . Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy . In February 1945 , the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference . Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin 's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20 billion dollars in reparations , and that his country be permitted to annex Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan . An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements . Privately , Stalin sought to ensure that Poland would come fully under Soviet influence . The Red Army withheld assistance to Polish resistance fighters battling the Germans in the Warsaw Uprising , with Stalin believing that any victorious Polish militants could interfere with his aspirations to dominate Poland through a future Marxist government . Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders , Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first , believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long - term Soviet control . Churchill was concerned that this was the case , and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal . Victory : 1945 British Prime Minister Clement Attlee , U.S. President Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , July 1945 In April 1945 , the Red Army seized Berlin , Hitler committed suicide , and Germany surrendered unconditionally . Stalin was annoyed that Hitler was dead , having wanted to capture him alive . He ordered his intelligence agencies to secretly bring Hitler 's remains to Moscow , seeking to prevent any physical remains becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers . As the Red Army had conquered German territory , they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run . Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting , pillaging , and rape , both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe . Stalin refused to punish the offenders . After receiving a complaint about this from Yugoslav communist Milovan Djilas , Stalin asked how after experiencing the traumas of war a soldier could `` react normally ? And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman , after such horrors ? '' With Germany defeated , Stalin switched his focus to the ongoing war with Japan , transferring half a million troops to the far east . Stalin was aware that the United States had developed nuclear weaponry , with which it intended to subdue the Japanese , and was steadfast in entering the war before he could be denied the territories promised to him . On 8 August , in between the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the Soviet army invaded Japanese occupied Manchuria and defeated the Kwantung Army . These events led to the Japanese surrender and the complete end of World War II . Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions , but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin 's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan . Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in July -- August 1945 , alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts , Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman . At the beginning of the conference , Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a `` Sovietization '' of Eastern Europe . Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens ' survival , which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers . He also pushed for `` war booty '' , which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation , and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations . Germany was divided into four zones : Soviet , U.S. , British , and French , with Berlin itself -- located within the Soviet area -- also subdivided thusly . Post-war Era Post-war reconstruction and famine : 1945 -- 1947 After the war , Stalin was -- according to Service -- at the `` apex of his career '' . Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism . His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe . In June 1945 , Stalin adopted the title of Generalissimus , and stood atop Lenin 's Mausoleum to watch a celebratory parade led by Zhukov through Red Square . At a banquet held for army commanders , he described the Russian people as `` the outstanding nation '' and `` leading force '' within the Soviet Union , the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities . In 1946 , the state published Stalin 's Collected Works . In 1947 , it brought out a second edition of his official biography , which eulogised him to a greater extent than its predecessor . He was quoted in Pravda on a daily basis and pictures of him remained pervasive on the walls of workplaces and homes . Banner of Stalin in Budapest in 1949 Despite his strengthened international position , Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population . He was also concerned about his returning armies , who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany , much of which they had looted and brought back with them . In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars . He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through `` filtration '' camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union , in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors . About half were then imprisoned in labour camps . In the Baltic states , where there was much opposition to Soviet rule , de-kulakisation and de-clericalisation programs were initiated , resulting in 142,000 deportations between 1945 and 1949 . The Gulag system of labour camps was expanded further ; by January 1953 , 3 % of the Soviet population were imprisoned or in internal exile , with 2.8 million in `` special settlements '' in isolated areas and another 2.5 million in camps , penal colonies , and prisons . The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war . It was established that 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages had been destroyed . They recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed , with millions more being wounded , malnourished , or orphaned . In the war 's aftermath , some of Stalin 's associates suggested modifications to government policy . Post-war Soviet society was more tolerant than its pre-war phase in various respects . Stalin allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to retain the churches it had opened during the war . Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941 . Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration , in December 1947 Stalin 's government devalued the ruble and abolished the ration - book system . Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but reinstalled in 1950 . Stalin 's health was deteriorating , and heart problems forced a two - month vacation in the latter part of 1945 . He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him ; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices . He demoted Molotov , and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions . In 1949 , he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow , appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city 's party branch . In the Leningrad Affair , the city 's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery ; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950 . In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities , and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947 . Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946 , it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement , including the state 's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine hit areas . Current estimates indicate that between 1 million and 1.5 million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result . While agricultural production stagnated , Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects , including the construction of hydroelectric plants , canals , and railway lines running to the polar north . Much of this was constructed by prison labour . Cold war policy : 1947 -- 1950 Stalin at his seventieth birthday celebration with ( left to right ) Mao Zedong , Nikolai Bulganin , Walter Ulbricht and Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal In the aftermath of the Second World War , the British Empire declined , leaving the U.S. and USSR as the dominant world powers . Tensions among these former Allies grew , resulting in the Cold War . Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive , he thought it unlikely that a war with them would be imminent , believing that several decades of peace was likely . He nevertheless secretly intensified Soviet research into nuclear weaponry , intent on creating an atom bomb . Still , Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict , saying in 1949 that `` atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world . '' He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon . In August 1949 , the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan . Stalin also initiated a new military build - up ; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9 million soldiers , as it stood in 1949 , to 5.8 million by 1953 . The US began pushing its interests on every continent , acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America . It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947 , with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony in eastern Europe . The US also offered financial assistance as part of the Marshall Plan on the condition that they opened their markets to trade , aware that the Soviets would never agree . The Allies demanded that Stalin withdraw the Red Army from northern Iran , which he did in April 1947 . Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage , unsuccessfully pushing for Libya -- recently liberated from Italian occupation -- to become a Soviet protectorate . He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations , insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council . In April 1949 , the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) , an international military alliance of capitalist countries . Within Western countries , Stalin was increasingly portrayed as the `` most evil dictator alive '' and compared to Hitler . In 1948 , Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History , published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form . Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany , it focused on blaming Western powers for the war . He erroneously claimed that the initial German advance in the early part of the war was not a result of Soviet military weakness , but rather a deliberate Soviet strategic retreat . In 1949 , celebrations took place to mark Stalin 's seventieth birthday ( albeit not the correct year ) at which Stalin attended an event in the Bolshoi Theatre alongside Marxist - Leninist leaders from across Europe and Asia . The Eastern Bloc The Eastern Bloc until 1989 After the war , Stalin sought to retain Soviet dominance across Eastern Europe while expanding its influence in Asia . Cautious regarding the responses from the Western Allies , Stalin avoided immediately installing Communist Party governments across Eastern Europe , instead initially ensuring that Marxist - Leninists were placed in coalition ministries . In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states , he rejected the proposal of merging these states into the Soviet Union , rather recognising them as independent nation - states . He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe , with most having been killed by the Nazis . He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary , Romania , and the Slovak Republic . Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution , Stalin referred to them not as `` dictatorships of the proletariat '' but as `` people 's democracies '' , suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat , peasantry , and lower middle - class . Churchill observed that an `` Iron Curtain '' had been drawn across Europe , separating the east from the west . In September 1947 , a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Poręba , Poland , from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy . Stalin did not personally attend the meeting , sending Zhdanov in his place . Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow . There , he offered advice on their ideas ; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania . Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter 's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War . In March 1948 , Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign , accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist -- Leninist doctrine . At the second Cominform conference , held in Bucharest in June 1948 , East European communist leaders all denounced Tito 's government , accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism . Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito 's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia . Stalin suggested that a unified , but demilitarised , German state be established , hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral . When the US and UK remained opposed to this , Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948 . He gambled that the others would not risk war , but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949 , when Stalin relented and ended the blockade . In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany ; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October . In accordance with their earlier agreements , the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections . In Poland , the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers ' Party , and vote rigging was used to ensure that it secured office . The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged , with the Hungarian Working People 's Party taking control . In Czechoslovakia , where the communists did have a level of popular support , they were elected the largest party in 1946 . Across Eastern Europe , the Soviet model was enforced , with a termination of political pluralism , agricultural collectivisation , and investment in heavy industry . It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc . Monarchies were removed from power in Romania and Bulgaria . East Asia and Israel In October 1949 , Mao took power in China . With this accomplished , Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world 's land mass . Privately , Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war , instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT . In December 1949 , Mao visited Stalin . Initially Stalin refused to repeal the Sino - Soviet Treaty of 1945 , which significantly benefited the Soviet Union over China , although in January 1950 he relented and agreed to sign a new treaty between the two countries . Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito 's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence , and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China ; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war . Stalin and Mao Zedong depicted on a Chinese postage stamp from 1950 After the Second World War , the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula , formerly a Japanese colonial possession , along the 38th parallel , setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south . North Korean leader Kim Il - Sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950 ; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support , he eventually agreed by May 1950 . The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading the south in June 1950 , making swift gains and capturing Seoul . Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue . The U.S. went to the UN Security Council -- which the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao 's government -- and secured military support for the South Koreans . U.S. led forces pushed the North Koreans back . Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S. , convincing the Chinese to aid the North . The Soviet Union was one of the first nations to extend diplomatic recognition to the newly created state of Israel in 1948 . When the Israeli ambassador Golda Meir arrived in the USSR , Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her . He was further angered by Israel 's growing alliance with the U.S. After Stalin fell out with Israel , he launched an anti-Jewish campaign within the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc . In November 1948 , he abolished the JAC , and show trials took place for some of its members . The Soviet press engaged in attacks on Zionism , Jewish culture , and `` rootless cosmopolitanism '' , with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society . Stalin 's increasing tolerance of anti-Semitism may have stemmed from his increasing Russian nationalism or from the recognition that anti-Semitism had proved a useful mobilising tool for Hitler and that he could do the same ; he may have increasingly viewed the Jewish people as a `` counter-revolutionary '' nation whose members were loyal to the U.S. There were rumours , although they have never been substantiated , that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan , eastern Siberia . Final years : 1950 -- 1953 20 January 1953 . Soviet ukaz awarding Lydia Timashuk the Order of Lenin for `` unmasking doctors - killers . '' It was revoked after Stalin 's death later that year . In his later years , Stalin was in poor health . He took increasingly long holidays ; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months vacationing at his Abkhazian dacha . Stalin nevertheless mistrusted his doctors ; in January 1952 he had one imprisoned after they suggested that he should retire to improve his health . In September 1952 , several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors ' Plot ; the majority of the accused were Jewish . He instructed the arrested doctors to be tortured to ensure confession . In November , the Slánský trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures , 11 of them Jewish , were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist - American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments . That same month , a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine . In 1951 , he initiated the Mingrelian affair , a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations . From 1946 until his death , Stalin only gave three public speeches , two of which lasted only a few minutes . The amount of written material that he produced also declined . In 1950 , Stalin issued the article `` Marxism and Problems of Linguistics '' , which reflected his interest in questions of Russian nationhood . In 1952 , Stalin 's last book , The Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR , was published . It sought to provide a guide to leading the country for after his death . In October 1952 , Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum . There , he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors , particularly Molotov and Mikoyan . In 1952 , he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium . Death , funeral and aftermath : 1953 Main article : Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin On 1 March 1953 , Stalin 's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Volynskoe dacha . He had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage . He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days . He was hand - fed using a spoon , given various medicines and injections , and leeches were applied to him . Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March ; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors , resulting in him being sent home . Stalin died on 5 March 1953 . According to Svetlana , it had been `` a difficult and terrible death '' . An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and that he also suffered from severe damage to his cerebral arteries due to atherosclerosis . It is possible that Stalin was murdered . Beria has been suspected of murder , although no firm evidence has ever appeared . Stalin 's death was announced on 6 March . The body was embalmed , and then placed on display in Moscow 's House of Unions for three days . Crowds were such that a crush killed around 100 people . The funeral involved the body being laid to rest in Lenin 's Mausoleum in Red Square on 9 March ; hundreds of thousands attended . That month featured a surge in arrests for `` anti-Soviet agitation '' as those celebrating Stalin 's death came to police attention . The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin 's death . Stalin left no anointed successor nor a framework within which a transfer of power could take place . The Central Committee met on the day of his death , with Malenkov , Beria , and Khruschev emerging as the party 's key figures . The system of collective leadership was restored , and measures introduced to prevent any one member attaining autocratic domination again . The collective leadership included the following eight senior members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union listed according to the order of precedence presented formally on 5 March 1953 : Georgy Malenkov , Lavrentiy Beria , Vyacheslav Molotov , Kliment Voroshilov , Nikita Khrushchev , Nikolai Bulganin , Lazar Kaganovich and Anastas Mikoyan . Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented . Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects , placed a new emphasis on house building , and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production . The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S. , pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953 . The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased . A mass amnesty for those imprisoned for non-political crimes was issued , halving the country 's inmate population , while the state security and Gulag systems were reformed , with torture being banned in April 1953 . Political ideology Further information : Stalinism A mourning parade to Stalin in Dresden , East Germany Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen , and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life ; according to Kotkin , Stalin held `` zealous Marxist convictions '' , while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a `` quasi-religious '' value for Stalin . Although he never became a Georgian nationalist , during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook . The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in `` a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals '' . Stalin believed in the need to adapt Marxism to changing circumstances ; in 1917 , he declared that `` there is dogmatic Marxism and there is creative Marxism . I stand on the ground of the latter '' . Volkogonov believed that Stalin 's Marxism was shaped by his `` dogmatic turn of mind '' , suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions . According to scholar Robert Service , Stalin 's `` few innovations in ideology were crude , dubious developments of Marxism '' . Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment ; Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions . Stalin referred to himself as a praktik , meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician . As a Marxist , Stalin believed in an inevitable class war between the world 's proletariat and bourgeoise . He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat , regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state . He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes , and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism . The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work , food , shelter , healthcare , and education , with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new , standardised economic system . According to Sandle , Stalin was `` committed to the creation of a society that was industrialized , collectivized , centrally planned and technologically advanced . '' Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism . In his book , Foundations of Leninism , he stated that `` Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of imperialism and of the proletarian revolution '' . He claimed to be a loyal Leninist , although was -- according to Service -- `` not a blindly obedient Leninist '' . Stalin respected Lenin , but not uncritically , and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong . During the period of his revolutionary activity , Stalin regarded some of Lenin 's views and actions as being the self - indulgent activities of a spoiled émigré , deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself . After the October Revolution , they continued to have differences . Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution , Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this , and that different socialist states would have to be formed ; in his view , a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian - dominated federal state . Stalin biographer Oleg Khlevniuk nevertheless believed that the pair developed a `` strong bond '' over the years , while Kotkin suggested that Stalin 's friendship with Lenin was `` the single most important relationship in Stalin 's life '' . After Lenin 's death , Stalin relied heavily on Lenin 's writings -- far more so than those of Marx and Engels -- to guide him in the affairs of state . Stalin adopted the Leninist view on the need for a revolutionary vanguard who could lead the proletariat rather than being led by them . Leading this vanguard , he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong , central figure -- akin to a Tsar -- whom they could rally around . In his words , `` the people need a Tsar , whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work '' . He read about , and admired , two Tsars in particular : Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great . Grutas Park is home to a monument of Stalin , originally set up in Vilnius , Lithuania . Stalinism was a development of Leninism , and while Stalin avoided using the term `` Marxism - Leninism - Stalinism '' , he allowed others to do so . Following Lenin 's death , Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party , namely by developing the idea of `` Socialism in One Country '' . This concept was intricately linked to factional struggles within the party , particularly against Trotsky . He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 1925 -- 26 . Stalin 's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention . For this reason , he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism . Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism , he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism . This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals , and served to discredit Trotsky -- who promoted the idea of `` permanent revolution '' -- by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers ' abilities to construct socialism . Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others . Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single , global human community , and regarded all nations as inherently equal . Stalin argued that the Jews possessed a `` national character '' but were not a `` nation '' and were thus unassimilable . He argued that Jewish nationalism , particularly Zionism , was hostile to socialism . In his work , he stated that `` the right of secession '' should be offered to the ethnic - minorities of the Russian Empire , but that they should not be encouraged to take that option . He was of the view that if they became fully autonomous , then they would end up being controlled by the most reactionary elements of their community ; as an example he cited the largely illiterate Tatars , whom he claimed would end up dominated by their mullahs . Khlevniuk therefore argued that Stalin reconciled Marxism with imperialism . According to Service , Stalin 's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism . According to Montefiore , Stalin 's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic , as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR ; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins . Stalin 's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism . Personal life and characteristics Stalin was a killer . He was also an intellectual , an administrator , a statesman and a party leader ; he was a writer , editor , and statesman . Privately he was , in his own way , a dedicated as well as bad - tempered husband and father . But he was unhealthy in mind and body . He had many talents , and used his intelligence to act out the roles he thought suited to his interests at any given time . He baffled , appalled , enraged , attracted and entranced his contemporaries . Most men and women of his lifetime , however , underestimated Stalin . -- Robert Service In adulthood , Stalin measured 5 feet 4 inches ( 1.63 m ) tall . To give the impression that he was taller , he wore stacked shoes , and stood on a small wooden platform during parades . His mustached face was pock - marked from smallpox during childhood . He was born with a webbed left foot , and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility , which was probably the result of being hit , at the age of 12 , by a horse - drawn carriage . During his youth , Stalin usually wore a red satin shirt , grey coat , and red fedora , or alternatively a traditional Georgian chokha and white hood . At the time he grew his hair long and often had a beard . His cultivation of a scruffy appearance deliberately sought to reject middle - class aesthetic values . From mid-1918 until his death he took to wearing military - style clothing , in particular long black boots and light - coloured collarless tunics , and also carried a gun . He had few material demands and lived plainly , with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture ; his interest was in power rather than wealth . He was a lifelong smoker , who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes . Stalin was ethnically Georgian , and had grown up speaking the Georgian language , only learning Russian when aged eight or nine . Stalin remained proud of his Georgian identity and culture , and throughout his life , he retained his Georgian accent when speaking Russian . According to Montefiore , his adoption of Russian culture has been exaggerated , and he was profoundly Georgian in his lifestyle and personality , spending much of his final years in his homeland . Montefiore was of the view that `` after 1917 , he became quadri - national : Georgian by nationality , Russian by loyalty , internationalist by ideology , Soviet by citizenship . '' Service stated that Stalin `` would never be Russian '' , could not credibly pass as one and contrary to what has been previously suggested , he never really tried to be one . Stalin was described as `` Asiatic '' by his colleagues , and told a Japanese journalist , `` I am not a European man , but an Asian , a Russified Georgian '' . He first adopted the pseudonym `` Stalin '' in 1912 ; being based on the Russian word for `` steel '' it has often been translated as `` Man of Steel '' . Prior nicknames included `` Koba '' , `` Soselo '' , `` Ivanov '' and many others . Stalin had a soft voice , and when speaking Russian he did so slowly , carefully choosing his phrasing . Although he avoided doing so in public , in private Stalin used coarse language . Described as a poor orator , according to Volkogonov , Stalin 's speaking style was `` simple and clear , without flights of fancy , catchy phrases or platform histrionics '' . He rarely spoke before large audiences , and preferred to express himself in written form . His writing style was similar , being characterised by its simplicity , clarity , and conciseness . Personality Chinese Marxists celebrate Stalin 's seventieth birthday in 1949 . Trotsky and several other Soviet figures promoted the idea that Stalin was a mediocrity . This idea gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union but was misleading . According to Montefiore , `` it is clear from hostile and friendly witnesses alike that Stalin was always exceptional , even from childhood '' . Stalin had a complex mind , with a great deal of self - control . He rarely raised his voice in anger , although as his health declined in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad tempered . A hard worker , he displayed a keen desire to learn , and had an excellent memory . When in power , he scrutinised many details of Soviet life , from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware . According to Volkogonov , `` Stalin 's private life and working life were one and the same '' ; he did not take days off from political activities . Stalin was a capable actor who could play many different roles to different audiences , and was adept at deception , often lying or deceiving others as to his true motives and aims . He was a good organiser , with a strategic mind , and judged others according to their inner strength , practicality , and cleverness . He could be rude and insulting , traits in his personality that he publicly acknowledged . Despite his short temper and tough - talking attitude , he could be very charming ; when relaxed , he cracked jokes and mimicked others . Montefiore suggested that it was his charm which represented `` the foundation of Stalin 's power in the Party '' . Several historians have seen it appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich 's description of there being `` several Stalins '' as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality . Stalin was ruthless , temperamentally cruel , and had a propensity for violence excessive even among the Bolsheviks . He lacked compassion , something which Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years spent in prison and exile , although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers , even amid the Great Terror . He never personally attended any torture sessions or executions . Service stated that Stalin `` derived deep satisfaction '' from degrading and humiliating people , and that he `` delighted '' in keeping even close associates in a state of `` unrelieved fear '' . He was capable of self - righteous indignation , and was both resentful , and vengeful , holding onto grievances against others for many years . He was also suspicious and conspiratorial , prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent . Montefiore thought that Stalin 's brutality marked him out as a `` natural extremist '' ; Service suggested that he had a paranoid or sociopathic personality disorder , with this `` dangerously damaged '' personality supplying `` the high - octane fuel for the journey to the Great Terror '' . Other historians have argued that Stalin 's brutality should be seen not as a result of any personality traits , but through his unflinching commitment to the survival of his socialist state and the cause of international socialism . By the period of glasnost and perestroika , Soviet psychologists were openly debating whether Stalin had been insane . It is hard for me to reconcile the courtesy and consideration he showed me personally with the ghastly cruelty of his wholesale liquidations . Others , who did not know him personally , see only the tyrant in Stalin . I saw the other side as well -- his high intelligence , that fantastic grasp of detail , his shrewdness and his surprising human sensitivity that he was capable of showing , at least in the war years . I found him better informed than Roosevelt , more realistic than Churchill , in some ways the most effective of the war leaders ... I must confess that for me Stalin remains the most inscrutable and contradictory character I have known -- and leave the final word to the judgment of history . -- U.S. ambassador W. Averell Harriman Stalin admired artistic talent , and protected several Soviet writers , such as Mikhail Bulgakov , even when their work was regarded as harmful to his regime . He enjoyed listening to music , and owned around 2,700 albums . During the 1930s and 1940s , he frequently attended performances at the Bolshoi Theatre . His taste in music and theatre was conservative , favouring classical drama , opera , and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental `` formalism '' . He similarly favoured classical forms in the visual arts , disliking avant - garde styles like cubism and futurism . He was a voracious reader , with a library of over 20,000 books . Little of this was fiction , although he knew passages from the work of Alexander Pushkin and Nikolay Nekrasov by heart and could also recite Walt Whitman . He favoured historical studies , keeping up with debates in the study of Russian , Mesopotamian , ancient Roman , and Byzantine history . An autodidact , he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day , with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual . Stalin typically awoke at around 11 am , and worked late into the evening . His main meal was lunch , which took place between 3 and 5 pm , while dinner was held no earlier than 9 pm . He often chose to dine with other Politburo members and their wives who lived in the Kremlin . He spent much time in the cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas , where he enjoyed watching films with other officials late at night ; he had a particular fondness for the Western genre , although his favourite film was the 1938 film Volga Volga . Stalin enjoyed alcoholic beverages , and at dinner parties and other social events would encourage those around him to join in , hoping that in a drunken state they would reveal secrets . He enjoyed practical jokes , for instance by putting a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and waiting for them to sit on it , and encouraged singing at social events . As an infant , Stalin had displayed a love of flowers , and later in life he became a keen gardener . His dacha in the Moscow suburb of Volynskoe was surrounded by a 50 - acre park , with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities . Stalin also enjoyed billiards and was an accomplished player . Stalin brutally , artfully , indefatigably built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship . Then he launched and saw through a bloody socialist remaking of the entire former empire , presided over a victory in the greatest war in human history , and took the Soviet Union to the epicentre of global affairs . More than for any other historical figure , even Gandhi or Churchill , a biography of Stalin ... eventually comes to approximate a history of the world . -- Stephen Kotkin Stalin disliked travel , and refused to travel by plane . As leader of the USSR , he rarely left Moscow , unless to go to his dacha or on holiday . His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years , although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951 . Along with other senior figures , he had a dacha at Zubalova , 35 km outside Moscow , although he ceased using it after Nadya 's 1932 suicide . After 1932 , he favoured Abkhazia as a holiday destination , being a friend of its leader , Nestor Lakoba . In 1934 , his new Kuntsevo Dacha was built ; 9 km from the Kremlin , it became his primary residence . In 1935 he began using a new dacha provided for him by Lakoba at Novy Afon ; in 1936 , he had the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha built on the Abkhazian coast , designed by Miron Merzhanov . Before World War II he added the Lipki estate and Semyonovskaya and had at least four dachas in the south by 1937 , including one near Sochi . A luxury villa near Gagri was given to him by Beria . In Abkhazia he maintained a mountain retreat . After the war he added dachas at Novy Afon , near Sukhumi , in the Valdai Hills , and at Lake Mitsa . Another estate was near Zelyony Myss on the Black Sea . All these dachas , estates , and palaces were staffed , well - furnished and equipped , kept safe by security forces , and were mainly used privately , rarely for diplomatic purposes . Although Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism , he was repeatedly accused of being anti-Semitic . People who knew him , such as Khrushchev , suggested that he had long harbored negative sentiments toward Jews , and anti-Semitic trends in the Kremlin 's policies were further fueled by Stalin 's struggle against Trotsky . After Stalin 's death , Khrushchev made the claim that Stalin hinted that he should incite anti-Semitism in the Ukraine , allegedly telling him that `` the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews . '' In 1946 , Stalin allegedly said privately that `` every Jew is a potential spy . '' Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates , he promoted anti-Semitism . Service cautioned that there was `` no irrefutable evidence '' of anti-Semitism in Stalin 's published work , although his private statements and public actions were `` undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews '' ; he added that throughout Stalin 's lifetime , the Georgian `` would be the friend , associate or leader of countless individual Jews '' . According to Beria , Stalin had affairs with several Jewish women . Relationships and family Friendship was important to Stalin , and he used it to gain and maintain power . Kotkin observed that Stalin `` generally gravitated to people like himself : parvenu intelligentsia of humble background '' . He gave nicknames to his favourites , for instance referring to Yezhov as `` my blackberry '' . Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke . According to Montefiore , Stalin 's friendships `` meandered between love , admiration , and venomous jealousy '' . While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia , sending them letters and gifts of money . Stalin was attracted to women and there are no reports of any homosexual tendencies ; according to Montefiore , in his early life Stalin `` rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend '' . He was sexually promiscuous , although rarely talked about his sex life . Montefiore noted that Stalin 's favoured types were `` young , malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women '' , who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him . According to Service , Stalin `` regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort '' . Stalin married twice and had several offspring . He married his first wife , Ekaterina Svanidze , in 1906 . According to Montefiore , theirs was `` a true love match '' ; Volkogonov suggested that she was `` probably the one human being he had really loved '' . They had a son , Yakov , who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin . Yakov had a daughter , Galina , before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War . He was captured by the German Army and then committed suicide . Stalin 's second wife was Nadezhda Alliluyeva ; theirs was not an easy relationship , and they often rowed . They had two biological children -- a son , Vasiliy , and a daughter , Svetlana -- and adopted another son , Artyom Sergeev , in 1921 . During his marriage to Nadezhda , Stalin had affairs with many other women , most of whom were fellow revolutionaries or their wives . Nadezdha suspected that this was the case , and committed suicide in 1932 . Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour ; as Stalin 's son , Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle . Conversely , Stalin had an affectionate relationship with Svetlana during her childhood , and was also very fond of Artyom . In later life , he disapproved of Svetlana 's various suitors and husbands , putting a strain on his relationship with her . After the Second World War he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life . After Stalin 's death , Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Allilueva , and defected to the U.S. After Nadezdha 's death , Stalin became increasingly close to his sister - in - law Zhenya Alliluyeva ; Montefiore believed that they were probably lovers . There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina . Stalin had at least two illegitimate children , although he never recognised these as being his . One of these , Constantin Kuzakova , later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute , but never met his father . The other , Alexander , was the son of Lidia Pereprygia ; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father . Legacy Poster of Stalin on the Unter - den - Linden in Berlin in 1945 The historian Robert Conquest stated that Stalin , `` perhaps more than any other ( person , ) determined the course of the twentieth century '' . Service regarded him as `` one of the twentieth century 's outstanding politicians '' ; Volkogonov also deemed him `` an exceptional politician '' . Montefiore labelled Stalin as `` that rare combination : both ' intellectual ' and killer '' , a man who was `` the ultimate politician '' and `` the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth - century titans '' . According to historian Kevin McDermott , interpretations of Stalin range from `` the sycophantic and adulatory to the vitriolic and condemnatory '' . For most Westerners and anti-communist Russians , he is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a mass murderer ; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians , he is regarded as a great statesman and state - builder . Stalin has also been described as a terrorist for his revolutionary activities in Georgia . Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union , transforming it into a `` great power '' in under three decades . Service suggested that without Stalin 's leadership the Soviet Union might have collapsed long before 1991 . By the time of his death , the country had been transformed into a world power and industrial colossus , with a literate population . According to Service , Stalin 's USSR `` could claim impressive achievements '' in terms of urbanisation , military strength , education , and Soviet pride . Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him , support for him was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society . Stalin 's Soviet Union has been characterised as totalitarian . Various biographers have described him as a dictator , an autocrat , or accused him of practicing Caesarism . Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy , in 1934 the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship , with Stalin only becoming `` absolute dictator '' between March and June 1937 , when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated . According to Kotkin , Stalin `` built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship '' . In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an `` Oriental despot '' . The biographer Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as `` one of the most powerful figures in human history '' , while McDermott stated that Stalin had `` concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands '' , and Service noted that by the late 1930s , Stalin `` had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history '' . Communist Party of Great Britain ( Marxist -- Leninist ) contingent at London May Day march in 2008 , carrying a banner of Stalin McDermott nevertheless cautioned about `` over-simplistic stereotypes '' -- promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , Vasily Grossman , and Anatoly Rybakov -- that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism . Service similarly warned of the portrayal of Stalin as an `` unimpeded despot '' , noting that `` powerful though he was , his powers were not limitless '' , and his rule depended on his willingness to conserve the Soviet structure he had inherited . Khlevniuk noted that at various points , particularly when Stalin was old and frail , there were `` periodic manifestations '' in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control . Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator , stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure . A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced . During Stalin 's lifetime , his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content . Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life , particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians . A large number of Stalin biographies have been published since his death . Until the 1980s , these relied largely on the same sources of information as each other . Under the administration of Mikhail Gorbachev a number of previously classified files on Stalin 's life were made available to historians ; during Gorbachev 's glasnost period , Stalin became `` one of the most urgent and vital issues on the public agenda '' in the Soviet Union . After the dissolution of the Union in 1991 , the rest of the archives were opened to historians , resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light , and producing a flood of new research . Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin . Some view him as the authentic successor to Lenin , who continued and developed his legacy , while others believe that Stalin betrayed Lenin 's ideas by deviating from them . The socio - economic nature of Stalin 's Soviet Union has also been much debated , varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism , state capitalism , bureaucratic collectivism , or a totally unique mode of production . Volkogonov , who was a socialist , noted that Stalin 's example `` supplied ample ammunition and weighty arguments '' to those who opposed socialism , suggesting that the Soviet leader had damaged `` the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution '' . Death toll and allegations of genocide Main article : Number of deaths in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin The Gulag Museum in Moscow According to Service , Stalin was `` one of the most notorious figures in history '' , one who ordered `` the systematic killing of people on a massive scale '' . Khlevniuk stated that Stalin 's actions `` upended or utterly destroyed literally millions upon millions of lives '' , suggesting that at least 60 million people faced some form of repression or discrimination under Stalin 's regime . Official records show that 800,000 were shot in the Soviet Union between 1930 and 1952 , although a larger number died during torture or as a result of poor conditions in labour camps . Many more died as a result of famines and starvation ; particularly during the 1932 -- 33 famine . Cold War era estimates for the total number of deaths under Stalin have been as high as 60 million but more recent estimates have been far lower . In his 2008 edition of The Great Terror , Conquest stated that `` at least 15 million people '' were killed by `` the whole range of Soviet regime 's terrors '' , although acknowledged that exact numbers will never be known . The historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft attributes roughly 3 million deaths to the Stalinist regime , including those from criminal negligence but excluding famine deaths , which he and historian R.W. Davies estimate to be around 5.5 to 6.5 million . The American historian Timothy D. Snyder asserts that while the Nazi regime killed 11 -- 12 million non-combatants , Stalin 's was responsible for about 6 -- 9 million , negating claims that Stalin killed more than Hitler . Historians continue to debate whether or not the 1932 -- 33 Ukrainian famine -- known in Ukraine as the Holodomor -- should be called a genocide . Popular among Ukrainian nationalists is the idea that Stalin consciously organised the famine to suppress nationalist desires among the Ukrainian people . Twenty - six countries have officially recognized the famine under the legal definition of genocide . In 2006 , the Ukrainian Parliament declared it to be genocide , and in 2010 a Ukrainian court posthumously convicted Stalin , Lazar Kaganovich , Stanislav Kosior and other Soviet leaders of genocide . This interpretation has been rejected by more recent historical studies . These have articulated the view that -- while Stalin 's policies contributed significantly to the high mortality rate -- there is no evidence that Stalin or the Soviet government consciously engineered the famine . The idea that this was a targeted attack on the Ukrainians is complicated by the widespread suffering that also affected other Soviet peoples in this period , including the Russians . Despite this lack of clear intentionality on Stalin 's part , the historian Norman Naimark noted that although there may not be sufficient `` evidence to convict him in an international court of justice as a genocidaire ( ... ) that does not mean that the event itself can not be judged as genocide '' . In the Soviet Union and its successor states Joseph Stalin Museum in Gori , Georgia The process of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union took place shortly after his death . Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult , while Pravda restrained its praise of him and began to criticise his personality cult . Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd . In 1956 , Khruschev gave his `` Secret Speech '' , titled `` On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences '' , to a closed session of the Party 's 20th Congress . There , Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult . He repeated these denunciations at the 22nd Party Congress in October 1962 . In October 1961 , Stalin 's body was removed from the mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis next to the Kremlin walls , the location marked only by a simple bust . Khrushchev 's de-Stalinisation process in Soviet society ended when he was replaced as leader by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964 ; the latter introduced a level of re-Stalinisation within the Soviet Union . In 1969 and again in 1979 , plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin 's legacy ; both were defeated by complaints both domestically and from foreign Communist parties . Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as being necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society . After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the first President of the new Russian Federation , Boris Yeltsin , also retained Gorbachev 's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin . His successor , Vladimir Putin , did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but placed an emphasis on celebrating Soviet achievement under Stalin 's leadership rather than the repressions . Marxist -- Leninist activists laying wreaths at Stalin 's grave in 2009 Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period , many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order , predictability , and pride . He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists , who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II , and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia 's far - left and far - right . In the 2008 Name of Russia television show , Stalin was voted as the third most notable personality in Russian history . A 2017 poll revealed that Stalin 's popularity reached a 16 - year high among the Russian population , with 46 % expressing a favourable view of him . At the same time , there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia , much of which relies upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material . In this literature , Stalin 's repressions are regarded either as a necessary measure to defeat `` enemies of the people '' or the result of lower - level officials acting without Stalin 's knowledge . In October 2017 , Russian President Vladimir Putin has commented on Stalinist repressions while opening the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow , saying `` This terrible past can not be erased from the national memory , and it can not be justified by anything , not even by the so - called highest interests of the welfare of the people . '' The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia . Many Georgians resent criticism of Stalin , the most famous figure from their nation 's modern history ; a 2013 survey by Tbilisi University found 45 % of Georgians expressing `` a positive attitude '' to him . In a 2012 opinion survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment , 38 % of Armenians agreed with the statement , `` Our people will always have need of a leader like Stalin , who will come and restore order . '' In early 2010 a new monument in honor of Stalin was erected in Zaporizhia , Ukraine ; in December unknown persons cut off its head and in 2011 it was destroyed in an explosion . In a 2016 Kiev International Institute of Sociology poll , 38 % of respondents had a negative attitude to Stalin , 26 % a neutral one and 17 % a positive ( 19 % refused to answer ) . Honors Hungary issued stamps on : 27 March 1953 , 9 March 1953 , both on the death of Joseph Stalin . Hungary issued a stamp on 21 January 1954 . Russia issued postage stamps in 1934 , 1946 , 1953 and 1954 . See also Index of Soviet Union - related articles Joseph Stalin Museum , Gori List of places named after Joseph Stalin Stalin and the Scientists Biography portal Communism portal Georgia portal Politics portal Soviet Union portal Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Stalin 's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili ( Georgian : იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი ) . The Russian equivalent of this is Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili ( Russian : Ио́сиф Виссарио́нович Джугашви́ли ) . During his years as a revolutionary , he adopted the alias `` Stalin '' , and after the October Revolution he officially made it his name . Jump up ^ In Russian : Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin ( Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин ) . Jump up ^ Although there is an inconsistency among published sources about Stalin 's year and date of birth , Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori , Georgia as born on 18 December ( Old Style : 6 December ) 1878 . This birth date is maintained in his School Leaving Certificate , his extensive tsarist Russia police file , a police arrest record from 18 April 1902 which gave his age as 23 years , and all other surviving pre-Revolution documents . As late as 1921 , Stalin himself listed his birthday as 18 December 1878 in a curriculum vitae in his own handwriting . After coming to power in 1922 , Stalin claimed to have been born on 21 December 1879 ( Old Style date 9 December 1879 ) . That became the day his birthday was celebrated in the Soviet Union . References Citations Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 2 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 14 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 2 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 5 ; Service 2004 , p. 14 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 19 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 14 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 19 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 5 ; Service 2004 , p. 16 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 22 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 17 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 1 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 11 ; Service 2004 , p. 16 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 23 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 5 ; Service 2004 , p. 14 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 22 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 16 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 22 , 32 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 11 ; Service 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 30 -- 31 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 17 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 25 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 20 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 10 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 5 ; Service 2004 , p. 17 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 29 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 24 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 12 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 31 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 11 ; Service 2004 , p. 20 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 32 -- 34 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 12 ; Service 2004 , p. 30 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 44 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 13 ; Service 2004 , p. 30 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 43 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 20 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 12 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 5 ; Service 2004 , p. 19 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 31 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 12 ; Service 2004 , p. 25 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 35 , 46 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 51 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 19 ; Service 2004 , p. 36 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 56 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 32 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 18 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 57 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 69 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 32 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 19 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 69 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 36 -- 37 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 19 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 62 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 36 , 37 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 14 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 5 ; Service 2004 , pp. 27 -- 28 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 63 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 23 -- 24 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 40 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 65 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 41 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 27 ; Service 2004 , pp. 43 -- 44 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 76 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 27 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 27 ; Service 2004 , p. 45 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 81 -- 82 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 28 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 82 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Rieber 2005 , pp. 37 -- 38 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 29 ; Service 2004 , p. 52 ; Rieber 2005 , p. 39 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 101 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 91 , 95 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 90 -- 93 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 51 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 29 ; Service 2004 , p. 49 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 94 -- 95 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 52 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 29 ; Service 2004 , p. 49 ; Rieber 2005 , p. 42 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 98 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 52 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 29 ; Service 2004 , p. 52 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 29 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 107 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 53 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 29 ; Service 2004 , p. 52 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 108 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 52 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 52 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 115 -- 116 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 57 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 54 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 117 -- 118 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 33 -- 34 ; Service 2004 , p. 53 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 113 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 78 -- 79 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 59 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 80 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 38 ; Service 2004 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 56 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 58 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 128 -- 129 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 135 , 144 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 60 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 37 ; Service 2004 , p. 60 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 147 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 39 -- 40 ; Service 2004 , pp. 61 , 62 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 40 ; Service 2004 , p. 62 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 62 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 168 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 64 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 159 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 64 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 167 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 106 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 41 ; Service 2004 , p. 65 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 168 -- 170 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 41 -- 42 ; Service 2004 , p. 75 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 180 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 43 -- 44 ; Service 2004 , p. 76 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 191 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 44 ; Service 2004 , p. 71 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 193 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 74 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 196 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 197 -- 198 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 44 ; Service 2004 , p. 68 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 203 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 45 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 203 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 45 ; Service 2004 , p. 68 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 206 , 208 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 46 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 212 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 46 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 222 , 226 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 79 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 227 , 229 , 230 -- 231 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 47 ; Service 2004 , p. 80 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 231 , 234 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 79 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 234 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 236 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 237 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 48 ; Service 2004 , p. 83 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 240 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 122 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 84 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 84 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 51 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 249 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 86 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 250 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 51 ; Service 2004 , pp. 86 -- 87 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 250 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 52 ; Service 2004 , pp. 87 -- 88 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 256 -- 259 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 54 ; Service 2004 , p. 89 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 89 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 264 -- 265 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 53 ; Service 2004 , p. 85 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 266 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Himmer 1986 , p. 269 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 7 ; Service 2004 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Himmer 1986 , p. 269 ; Service 2004 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Himmer 1986 , p. 269 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 7 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 268 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Himmer 1986 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 268 -- 270 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 54 ; Service 2004 , pp. 102 -- 103 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 270 , 273 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 55 ; Service 2004 , pp. 105 -- 106 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 277 -- 278 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 107 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 282 -- 285 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 155 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 292 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 298 , 300 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 56 ; Service 2004 , p. 110 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 57 ; Service 2004 , pp. 113 -- 114 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 300 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 57 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 301 -- 302 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 114 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 302 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 114 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 57 -- 58 ; Service 2004 , pp. 116 -- 117 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 302 -- 303 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 178 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 15 , 19 ; Service 2004 , p. 117 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 304 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 19 ; Service 2004 , p. 120 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 59 -- 60 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 64 ; Service 2004 , p. 131 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 316 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 193 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 65 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 319 -- 320 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 322 -- 324 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 203 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 326 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 68 ; Service 2004 , p. 138 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 331 -- 332 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 214 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 332 - 333 , 335 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 144 ; Montefiore 2007 , pp. 337 -- 338 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 145 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 341 -- 342 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 344 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 145 , 147 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 144 -- 146 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 224 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 147 -- 148 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 227 -- 228 , 229 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 28 -- 29 ; Service 2004 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 71 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 71 , 90 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 71 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 27 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 70 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 30 ; Service 2004 , p. 148 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 228 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 72 ; Service 2004 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 72 ; Service 2004 , p. 167 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 264 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Conquest 1991 , p. 71 ; Service 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 72 ; Service 2004 , pp. 150 -- 151 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 259 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 75 ; Service 2004 , pp. 158 -- 161 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 159 -- 160 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 75 ; Service 2004 , p. 161 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 161 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 258 -- 259 , 265 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 165 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 268 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 77 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 39 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 27 ; Service 2004 , p. 163 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 300 -- 301 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 164 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 302 -- 303 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 78 , 82 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 28 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 81 ; Service 2004 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 46 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 27 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 305 , 307 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 78 -- 79 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 40 ; Service 2004 , p. 166 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 83 -- 84 ; Service 2004 , p. 172 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 314 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 85 ; Service 2004 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 173 , 174 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 86 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 45 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 91 ; Service 2004 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 203 , 190 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 176 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 352 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 178 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 357 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 87 ; Service 2004 , p. 179 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 362 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 180 , 182 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Davies 2003 , p. 211 ; Service 2004 , pp. 183 -- 185 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 376 -- 377 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 182 -- 183 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 388 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 199 -- 200 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 194 -- 196 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 194 -- 195 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 479 -- 481 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 203 -- 205 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 400 . ^ Jump up to : Conquest 1991 , p. 127 ; Service 2004 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 89 ; Service 2004 , p. 187 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 344 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 96 ; Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 78 -- 70 ; Service 2004 , pp. 189 -- 190 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 411 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Service 2000 , p. 369 ; Service 2004 , p. 209 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 504 . ^ Jump up to : Kotkin 2014 , p. 501 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 97 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 53 ; Service 2004 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 191 -- 192 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 413 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 192 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 414 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 102 ; Service 2004 , pp. 191 -- 192 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 528 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 98 ; Service 2004 , p. 193 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 483 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 95 ; Service 2004 , p. 195 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 71 ; Service 2004 , p. 194 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 475 -- 476 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 98 -- 99 ; Service 2004 , p. 195 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 477 , 478 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 74 ; Service 2004 , p. 206 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 99 -- 100 , 103 ; Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 72 -- 74 ; Service 2004 , pp. 210 -- 211 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 100 -- 101 ; Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 53 , 79 -- 82 ; Service 2004 , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 528 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 104 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 30 ; Service 2004 , p. 219 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 534 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 110 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 30 ; Service 2004 , p. 219 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 542 -- 543 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 130 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 30 ; Service 2004 , p. 221 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 540 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 111 -- 112 ; Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 117 -- 118 ; Service 2004 , p. 221 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 544 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 111 ; Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 93 -- 94 ; Service 2004 , pp. 222 -- 224 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 546 -- 548 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 432 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , pp. 495 -- 496 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 127 ; Service 2004 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 127 ; Service 2004 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Fainsod & Hough 1979 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 98 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 474 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 214 -- 215 , 217 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 240 -- 243 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 126 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 137 , 138 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 247 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 139 , 151 ; Service 2004 , pp. 282 -- 283 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 164 ; Service 2004 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 277 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 277 , 280 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 130 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Lih , Lars T. ; et al. , eds. ( 1995 ) . Stalin 's Letter to Molotov , 1925 - 1936 . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 392 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 273 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 172 -- 173 ; Service 2004 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 144 , 146 ; Service 2004 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 253 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 147 -- 148 ; Service 2004 , pp. 257 -- 258 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 258 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 258 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 160 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Sandle 1999 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 265 -- 266 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 266 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 270 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 272 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 270 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 160 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 172 ; Service 2004 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 158 ; Service 2004 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , pp. 227 , 229 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 186 , 190 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , pp. 231 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , pp. 241 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 152 -- 153 ; Sandle 1999 , p. 214 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 152 -- 155 ; Service 2004 , p. 259 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 326 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , pp. 244 , 246 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 111 , 127 ; Service 2004 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , p. 246 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 302 -- 303 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 211 , 276 -- 277 ; Service 2004 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 183 -- 184 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 282 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McDermott 1995 , pp. 410 -- 411 ; Conquest 1991 , p. 176 ; Service 2004 , pp. 261 , 383 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 169 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 90 ; Service 2004 , pp. 291 -- 292 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 94 , 95 ; Service 2004 , pp. 292 , 294 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 310 ; Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 , p. 627 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 31 ; Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 , p. 628 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 312 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 , pp. 627 -- 628 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 , p. 627 . Jump up ^ Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 212 ; Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 552 -- 443 ; Service 2004 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 176 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 116 ; Service 2004 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 218 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 123 , 135 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Haslam 1979 , pp. 682 -- 683 ; Conquest 1991 , p. 218 ; Service 2004 , p. 385 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 392 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 219 ; Service 2004 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 387 , 389 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 392 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 179 ; Montefiore 2003 , pp. 126 -- 127 ; Service 2004 , p. 314 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 128 , 137 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 314 -- 317 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 139 , 154 -- 155 , 164 -- 172 , 175 -- 176 ; Service 2004 , p. 320 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 139 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 192 -- 193 ; Service 2004 , p. 346 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 394 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 230 ; Service 2004 , p. 394 ; Overy 2004 , p. 338 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 201 ; Service 2004 , p. 349 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 137 -- 138 , 147 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 141 , 150 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 350 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 203 -- 204 ; Service 2004 , pp. 350 -- 351 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 204 ; Service 2004 , pp. 351 , 390 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 151 , 159 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 347 -- 248 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 125 , 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 153 , 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 209 ; Service 2004 , p. 369 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 220 -- 221 ; Service 2004 , pp. 380 -- 381 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 392 -- 393 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 163 , 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 232 -- 233 , 236 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 399 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 220 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 220 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 168 , 169 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 221 ; Roberts 1992 , pp. 57 -- 78 ; Service 2004 , p. 399 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 222 ; Roberts 1992 , pp. 57 -- 78 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 222 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 223 ; Service 2004 , pp. 402 -- 403 ; Wettig 2008 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 224 ; Service 2004 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 228 ; Service 2004 , p. 403 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 279 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 403 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 227 ; Service 2004 , pp. 404 -- 405 ; Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 21 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Brackman 2001 , p. 341 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 229 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 229 ; Service 2004 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 229 ; Service 2004 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 231 ; Brackman 2001 , pp. 341 , 343 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 233 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 234 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 410 -- 411 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 82 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 411 -- 412 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 67 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 199 -- 200 , 202 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 414 -- 415 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 413 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 417 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 235 ; Service 2004 , p. 416 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 417 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 248 ; Service 2004 , p. 420 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 248 -- 249 ; Service 2004 , p. 420 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 422 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 421 , 424 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 482 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Gellately 2007 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 239 -- 240 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 98 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 241 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 241 -- 242 ; Service 2004 , p. 521 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 132 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 423 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , p. 568 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 442 -- 443 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 242 − 243 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 442 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 446 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 446 -- 447 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 260 ; Service 2004 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 254 ; Service 2004 , p. 424 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 117 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 427 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 428 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 429 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 255 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 156 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 452 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 317 ; Service 2004 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 252 ; Service 2004 , p. 460 ; Khlevniuk 2015 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 460 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 262 ; Service 2004 , p. 460 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 180 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 229 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 462 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 244 , 251 ; Service 2004 , p. 461 , 469 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 185 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 223 , 229 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 186 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 464 -- 465 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 194 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 469 ; Roberts 2006 , pp. 199 -- 201 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 492 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 258 ; Service 2004 , p. 492 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 264 ; Service 2004 , p. 465 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 465 -- 466 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 465 -- 466 ; Roberts 2006 , pp. 241 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 471 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 471 -- 472 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 474 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 479 -- 480 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 265 ; Service 2004 , p. 473 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 265 -- 266 ; Service 2004 , p. 473 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 476 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 248 − 249 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 268 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 267 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 267 ; Service 2004 , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 274 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , pp. 90 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 506 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 481 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 493 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 480 -- 481 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 541 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 543 -- 544 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 548 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 485 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 493 ; Roberts 2006 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 482 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 482 -- 483 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 482 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 500 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 496 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 497 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 497 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 274 -- 278 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 269 ; Service 2004 , p. 491 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 526 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 531 -- 532 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 272 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 534 -- 535 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 498 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Ellman 2000 , pp. 611 , 618 -- 620 . Jump up ^ Ellman 2000 , p. 622 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 261 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 502 -- 503 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 487 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , John L. ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . New York : Penguin Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0143038276 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 508 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 502 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 504 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 504 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 494 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 507 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 551 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2002 , pp. 96 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 296 ; Service 2004 , pp. 548 -- 549 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 517 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 483 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 518 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 279 ; Service 2004 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 286 ; Service 2004 , p. 506 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 511 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 286 -- 287 ; Service 2004 , p. 515 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 515 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 516 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 287 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 507 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 280 ; Service 2004 , p. 507 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 476 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 512 , 513 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 513 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 301 ; Service 2004 , p. 509 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 509 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 553 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 509 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 287 -- 291 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 552 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 552 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 302 ; Service 2004 , p. 553 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 294 -- 295 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 554 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 554 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 295 -- 296 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 555 -- 556 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 296 . ^ Jump up to : Conquest 1991 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 291 ; Service 2004 , p. 577 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 567 ; Brackman 2001 , pp. 384 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 291 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 308 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 576 -- 577 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 577 ; Overy 2004 , p. 565 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 571 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 572 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 309 ; Etinger 1995 , p. 104 ; Service 2004 , p. 576 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 309 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 307 -- 308 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 308 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 304 -- 305 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 560 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 564 -- 565 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 307 ; Service 2004 , pp. 566 -- 567 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 579 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 305 -- 306 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 311 ; Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 571 -- 572 ; Service 2004 , pp. 582 -- 584 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 142 , 191 . ^ Jump up to : Conquest 1991 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 311 -- 312 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 572 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 312 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 313 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 574 ; Service 2004 , p. 586 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 313 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 587 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 588 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 588 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 588 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 576 ; Service 2004 , p. 589 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Li 2009 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 586 -- 587 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Ra'anan , Uri , ed. ( 2006 ) . Flawed Succession : Russia 's Power Transfer Crises . Oxford : Lexington Books . p. 20 . ISBN 9780739114032 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 591 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 593 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Etinger 1995 , pp. 120 -- 121 ; Conquest 1991 , p. 314 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Rieber 2005 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. xi . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 336 . ^ Jump up to : Rieber 2005 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 136 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 205 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McDermott 2006 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 92 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 462 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , p. 214 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Sandle 1999 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 95 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 531 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , p. 256 ; Service 2004 , p. 333 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 352 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , pp. 208 -- 209 . ^ Jump up to : Sandle 1999 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , p. 565 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 310 , 579 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 12 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Conquest 1991 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 25 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 21 , 29 , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 311 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 102 ; Montefiore 2003 , pp. 36 -- 37 ; Service 2004 , pp. 497 -- 498 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 102 ; Service 2004 , p. 498 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 282 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 146 ; Service 2004 , pp. 435 , 438 , 574 . ^ Jump up to : Conquest 1991 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 1 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 1 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 2 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 42 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rieber 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 183 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 149 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 49 ; Service 2004 , p. 334 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , pp. xx -- xxi . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 21 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. xvi ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. xxiii ; Service 2004 , p. 4 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. xxiv . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. xxiv . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 8 ; Service 2004 , p. 337 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 337 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 42 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 353 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 424 , 465 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , pp. 193 , 274 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 63 ; Service 2004 , p. 115 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 425 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 317 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. xxvi ; McDermott 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. xvi ; Service 2004 , p. 18 ; McDermott 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 42 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ McCauley 2003 , p. 92 ; Montefiore 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 ; Kotkin 2014 , pp. 117 , 465 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ McDermott 2006 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 338 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 318 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 4 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 258 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 4 , 344 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 10 , 344 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ McDermott 2006 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler 2007 , pp. 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 73 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 127 , 148 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 86 ; Service 2004 , p. 9 ; McDermott 2006 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 86 ; Kotkin 2014 . Jump up ^ McCauley 2003 , p. 93 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 86 ; Service 2004 , p. 560 ; McDermott 2006 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 60 ; Service 2004 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 35 , 60 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 127 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 282 ; McCauley 2003 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ McCauley 2003 , p. 90 ; Service 2004 , pp. 437 , 522 -- 523 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 283 ; Service 2004 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 522 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 58 , 507 . ^ Jump up to : Kotkin 2014 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 102 , 227 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 66 -- 67 ; Service 2004 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 215 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 103 ; Service 2004 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 572 . Jump up ^ Tolstoy , Nikolai ( 1981 ) . Stalin 's Secret War . Holt , Rinehart , and Winston . pp. 35 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 047266 - 0 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 319 , 637 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Etinger 1995 , p. 103 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Etinger 1995 , p. 103 ; Rappaport 1999 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Pinkus 1984 , pp. 107 -- 108 ; Brackman 2001 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Brent & Naumov 2004 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 567 -- 568 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 49 ; Fitzpatrick 2015 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Kotkin 2014 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 522 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 135 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : McCauley 2003 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2007 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 80 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 149 ; Service 2004 , p. 64 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 167 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 150 -- 151 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Montefiore 2003 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 13 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 154 ; Montefiore 2003 , p. 16 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 257 , 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 215 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 153 ; Montefiore 2003 , pp. 9 , 227 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 260 ; Service 2004 , p. 521 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , pp. 250 , 259 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 521 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. xi . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. xxii . ^ Jump up to : McDermott 2006 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2007 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 546 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 602 ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ McCauley 2003 , p. 8 ; Service 2004 , p. 52 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. 9 ; Kotkin 2014 , p. xii ; Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 194 ; Volkogonov 1991 , p. 31 ; Service 2004 , p. 370 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. xvii ; McDermott 2006 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. xviii . Jump up ^ McDermott 2006 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 370 . Jump up ^ McDermott 2006 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 8 , 9 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 6 ; Montefiore 2007 , p. xxi . Jump up ^ Sandle 1999 , pp. 265 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Gellately 2007 , p. 584 . Jump up ^ Conquest 2008 , p. xvi . Jump up ^ Wheatcroft 1996 , pp. 1334 , 1348 . Jump up ^ Davies & Wheatcroft 2004 , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 384 ; Snyder 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore 2012 , p. 367 . ^ Jump up to : Tauger 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Lisova , Natasha ( 28 November 2006 ) . `` Ukraine Recognize Famine As Genocide '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Ukraine court finds Bolsheviks guilty of Holodomor genocide , RIA Novosti ( 13 January 2010 ) Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty ( 14 January 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : Springtime for Stalin by Timothy D. Snyder , The New York Review of Books ( 26 May 2010 ) Jump up ^ Davies & Wheatcroft 2004 , pp. xiv , 441 ; Davies & Wheatcroft 2006 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2008 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2008 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 314 ; Volkogonov 1991 , pp. 577 -- 579 ; Service 2004 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ Volkogonov 1991 , p. 576 ; Service 2004 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 315 ; Service 2004 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ Conquest 1991 , p. 315 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 596 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , pp. 596 -- 597 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 598 . ^ Jump up to : Service 2004 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 599 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tom ( 29 December 2008 ) . `` Greatest Russian poll '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( 15 February 2017 ) . `` Positive views of Stalin among Russians reach 16 - year high , poll shows '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Khlevniuk 2015 , p. x . Jump up ^ `` Wall of Grief : Putin opens first Soviet victims memorial '' . BBC News . 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 597 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia divided over Stalin ' local hero ' status in Gori '' . BBC News . 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poll Finds Stalin 's Popularity High '' . The Moscow Times . March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Stalin Puzzle : Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion '' . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ukraine stands by its view of Stalin as villain -- president ( Update 1 ) , RIA Novosti ( 25 February 2011 ) Jump up ^ ( in Ukrainian ) About Stalin positive about 1 / 5 less Ukrainian , Ukrayinska Pravda ( 4 March 2015 ) Bibliography Brackman , Roman ( 2001 ) . The Secret File of Joseph Stalin : A Hidden Life . London and Portland : Frank Cass Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 714 - 65050 - 0 . Brent , Jonathan ; Naumov , Vladimir ( 2004 ) . Stalin 's Last Crime : The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors , 1948 -- 1953 . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 062 - 01367 - 5 . Conquest , Robert ( 1991 ) . Stalin : Breaker of Nations . New York and London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 16953 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) . The Great Terror : A Reassessment ( fortieth anniversary ed . ) . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 31699 - 5 . Davies , Norman ( 2003 ) ( 1972 ) . White Eagle , Red Star : The Polish - Soviet War 1919 - 20 and ' the Miracle on the Vistula ' . London : Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 0712606943 . Davies , Robert ; Wheatcroft , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5 : The Years of Hunger : Soviet Agriculture 1931 - 1933 . Basingstoke and New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 23855 - 8 . -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 2006 ) . `` Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932 - 33 : A Reply to Ellman '' . Europe - Asia Studies . 58 ( 4 ) : 625 -- 633 . JSTOR 20451229 . Ellman , Michael ( 2000 ) . `` The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines '' . Cambridge Journal of Economics . 24 ( 5 ) : 603 -- 630 . doi : 10.1093 / cje / 24.5. 603 . Etinger , Iakov ( 1995 ) . `` The Doctors ' Plot : Stalin 's Solution to the Jewish Question '' . In Yaacov Ro'i ( ed . ) . Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union . The Cummings Center Series . Ilford : Frank Cass . pp. 103 -- 124 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4619 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Fainsod , Jerry F. ; Hough , Merle ( 1979 ) . How the Soviet Union is Governed . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 41030 - 5 . Gellately , Robert ( 2007 ) . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 06283 - 1 . Fitzpatrick , Sheila ( 2015 ) . On Stalin 's Team : The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics . Carlton : Melbourne University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 400 - 87421 - 7 . Haslam , Jonathan ( 1979 ) . `` The Comintern and the Origins of the Popular Front 1934 -- 1935 '' . The Historical Journal . 22 ( 3 ) : 673 -- 691 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x00017039 . Himmer , Robert ( 1986 ) . `` On the Origin and Significance of the Name `` Stalin '' `` . The Russian Review . 45 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 286 . JSTOR 130111 . Khlevniuk , Oleg V. ( 2015 ) . Stalin : New Biography of a Dictator . Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16388 - 9 . Kotkin , Stephen ( 2014 ) . Stalin : Paradoxes of Power , 1878 -- 1928 . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 713 - 99944 - 0 . Leffler , Melvyn P. ( 2007 ) . For the Soul of Mankind : The United States , the Soviet Union , and the Cold War . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 429 - 96409 - 8 . Li , Hua - yu ( 2009 ) . `` Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin : Internal Communist Party Reports '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 11 ( 2 ) : 70 -- 88 . doi : 10.1162 / jcws. 2009.11. 2.70 . McCauley , Martin ( 2003 ) . Stalin and Stalinism ( third ed . ) . Harlow and London : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 50587 - 2 . McDermott , Kevin ( 1995 ) . `` Stalin and the Comintern during the ' Third Period ' , 1928 - 33 '' . European History Quarterly . 25 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 429 . doi : 10.1177 / 026569149502500304 . -- -- -- ( 2006 ) . Stalin : Revolutionary in an Era of War . Basingstoke and New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 71122 - 4 . Montefiore , Simon Sebag ( 2003 ) . Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 842 - 12726 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . Young Stalin . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85068 - 7 . Moore , Rebekah ( 2012 ) . `` '' A Crime Against Humanity Arguably Without Parallel in European History `` : Genocide and the `` Politics '' of Victimhood in Western Narratives of the Ukrainian Holodomor `` . Australian Journal of Politics & History . 58 ( 3 ) . pp. 367 -- 379 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2012. 01641. x . Naimark , Norman M. ( 2008 ) . `` Stalin and the Question of Soviet Genocide '' . In Paul Hollander ( ed . ) . Political Violence : Belief , Behavior , and Legitimation . London : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 39 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60646 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Overy , Richard J. ( 2004 ) . The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany and Stalin 's Russia . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02030 - 4 . Pinkus , Benjamin ( 1984 ) . The Soviet Government and the Jews 1948 -- 1967 : A Documented Study . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24713 - 6 . Rappaport , Helen ( 1999 ) . Joseph Stalin : A Biographical Companion . Santa Barbara : ABC - Clio . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 084 - 0 . Rieber , Alfred J. ( 2005 ) . `` Stalin as Georgian : The Formative Years '' . In Sarah Davies ; James Harris . Stalin : A New History . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 44663 - 1 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . `` The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany '' . Soviet Studies . 55 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 78 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139208411994 . JSTOR 152247 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . `` Stalin , the Pact with Nazi Germany , and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 4 ( 4 ) : 93 -- 103 . doi : 10.1162 / 15203970260209527 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15040 - 7 . Sandle , Mark ( 1999 ) . A Short History of Soviet Socialism . London : UCL Press . doi : 10.4324 / 9780203500279 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 355 - 6 . Service , Robert ( 2000 ) . Lenin : A Biography . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72625 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2004 ) . Stalin : A Biography . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72627 - 3 . Snyder , Timothy ( 2010 ) . Bloodlands : Europe between Hitler and Stalin . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 407 - 07550 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 27 January 2011 ) . `` Hitler vs. Stalin : Who Was Worse ? '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Tauger , Mark B. ( 2001 ) . `` Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931 -- 1933 '' . The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies ( 1506 ) : 1 -- 65 . doi : 10.5195 / CBP. 2001.89 . ISSN 2163 - 839X . Volkogonov , Dimitri ( 1991 ) . Stalin : Triumph and Tragedy . Translated by Harold Shukman . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0297810803 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 742 - 55542 - 6 . Wheatcroft , Stephen ( 1996 ) . `` The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings , 1930 -- 45 '' ( PDF ) . Europe - Asia Studies . 48 ( 8 ) : 1319 -- 1353 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139608412415 . JSTOR 152781 . Further reading Applebaum , Anne ( 2003 ) . Gulag : A History . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0056 - 1 . Bideleux , Robert ; Jeffries , Ian ( 1998 ) . A History of Eastern Europe : Crisis and Change . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 05024 - 8 . Boobbyer , Phillip ( 2000 ) . The Stalin Era . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0056 - 1 . Conquest , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` Victims of Stalinism : A Comment '' ( PDF ) . Europe - Asia Studies . 49 ( 7 ) : 1317 -- 1319 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139708412501 . Edmonds , Robin . ( 1991 ) The big three : Churchill , Roosevelt , and Stalin in peace & war ( 1991 ) online free Ellman , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931 -- 1934 '' ( PDF ) . Europe - Asia Studies . 57 ( 6 ) : 823 -- 841 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668130500199392 . Feis , Herbert . ( 1957 ) Churchill , Roosevelt , Stalin ; the war they waged and the peace they sought ( 1957 ) wartime diplomacy online free Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi. ( 2005 ) Racing the enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the surrender of Japan online free Khlevniuk , Oleg V. ( 2008 ) . Master of the House : Stalin and His Inner Circle . New Haven and London . Kotkin , Stephen ( 2017 ) . Stalin : Waiting for Hitler , 1929 - 1941 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 1594203806 . Kun , Miklos ( 2003 ) . Stalin : An Unknown Portrait . Budapest and New York . Kuromiya , Hiroaki ( 2005 ) . Stalin : Profiles in Power . New York . Murphy , David E. ( 2006 ) . What Stalin Knew : The Enigma of Barbarossa . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11981 - X . Nekrich , Aleksandr Moiseevich ; Ulam , Adam Bruno ; Freeze , Gregory L. ( 1997 ) . Pariahs , Partners , Predators : German - Soviet Relations , 1922 -- 1941 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10676 - 9 . Plamper , Jan ( 2012 ) . The Stalin Cult : A Study in the Alchemy of Power . New Haven . Radzinsky , Edvard ( 1997 ) . Stalin : The First In - Depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia 's Secret Archive . New York . Rayfield , Donald ( 2005 ) . Stalin and His Hangmen : The Tyrant and Those Who Killed For Him . New York : Penguin . ISBN 9780141914190 . Rieber , A.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Stalin , Man of the Borderlands '' . American Historical Review . 106 ( 4 ) . pp. 1651 -- 1691 . Roberts , Geoffrey . `` Stalin at the Tehran , Yalta , and Potsdam conferences . '' Journal of Cold War Studies 9.4 ( 2007 ) : 6 - 40 . Thurston , Robert W. ( 1998 ) . Life and Terror in Stalin 's Russia , 1934 - 1941 . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300074420 . Tucker , Robert C. ( 1973 ) . Stalin as Revolutionary : 1879 -- 1929 : A Study in History and Personality . Tucker , Robert C. ( 1990 ) . Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above , 1928 -- 1941 . New York . Ulam , Adam B. ( 1973 ) . Stalin : The Man and His Era . New York . van Ree , Erik ( 2002 ) . The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin : A Study in Twentieth - Century Revolutionary Patriotism . London and New York . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1994 ) A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 1994 ) online free Wheatcroft , Stephen G. ( 1999 ) . `` Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police : The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data . Not the Last Word '' ( PDF ) . Europe - Asia Studies . 51 ( 2 ) : 340 -- 342 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668139999056 . Wheeler - Bennett , John W. ( 1946 ) `` Twenty Years of Russo - German Relations : 1919 - 1939 '' Foreign Affairs 25 # 1 ( 1946 ) , pp. 23 - 43 online External links Find more aboutJoseph Stalinat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Stalin Library ( with all 13 volumes of Stalin 's works and `` volume 14 '' ) Library of Congress : Revelations from the Russian Archives Electronic archive of Stalin 's letters and presentations Сollection of songs about Stalin in different languages ( another version ) Stalin digital archive Sovetika.ru -- A site about the Soviet era ( in Russian ) Stalin Biography from Spartacus Educational A List of Key Documentary Material on Stalin Stalinka : The Digital Library of Staliniana Joseph Stalin on IMDb Newspaper clippings about Joseph Stalin in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) Political offices Preceded by Vyacheslav Molotov Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union Council of People 's Commissars until 1946 1941 -- 1953 Succeeded by Georgy Malenkov Preceded by Semyon Timoshenko Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union People 's Commissar until 1946 1941 -- 1947 Succeeded by Nikolai Bulganin Party political offices Preceded by Vyacheslav Molotov as Responsible Secretary General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1922 -- 1953 Succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary Joseph Stalin History and politics Overviews Early life Russian Revolution , Russian Civil War , Polish -- Soviet War Rise Rule as Soviet leader Cult of personality Chronology August Uprising Anti-religious campaign ( 1921 -- 1928 ) / ( 1928 -- 1941 ) Collectivization Kolkhoz Sovkhoz Chinese Civil War First five - year plan Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) 16th / 17th Congress of the All - Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) 1931 Menshevik Trial Spanish Civil War Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 1937 Soviet Union legislative election 18th Congress of the All - Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Invasion of Poland Winter War Moscow Peace Treaty Occupation of the Baltic states German -- Soviet Axis talks Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Continuation War World War II Soviet atomic bomb project Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Ili Rebellion Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1946 Iran crisis 1946 Soviet Union legislative election Turkish Straits crisis First Indochina War Cold War Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance and Mutual Assistance Eastern Bloc Cominform Greek Civil War 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade Comecon 1950 Soviet Union legislative election 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Korean War Concepts Stalinism Neo-Stalinism Korenizatsiya Socialism in One Country Great Break Socialist realism Stalinist architecture Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Five - year plans Great Construction Projects of Communism Engineers of the human soul 1936 Soviet Constitution New Soviet man Stakhanovite Transformation of nature Controversies National delimitation in the Soviet Union Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Great Purge Holodomor Gulag Decossackization Dekulakization Population transfer ( Nazi -- Soviet ) Forced settlement Great Break Tax on trees Hitler Youth Conspiracy Hotel Lux Wittorf affair Soviet war crimes Rootless cosmopolitan Night of the Murdered Poets Doctors ' plot Moscow Trials Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization Allegations of antisemitism NKVD prisoner massacres Murder of Sergey Kirov Katyń massacre Medvedev Forest massacre 1937 Soviet Census Deportations ( Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Koreans ) Operation `` North '' Georgian Affair Mingrelian Affair Leningrad Affair Relationship with Shostakovich Lysenkoism Japhetic theory Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Censorship of images Operation `` Lentil '' in the Caucasus Operation `` Priboi '' Vinnytsia massacre Kurapaty 1946 -- 1947 Soviet famine Nazino affair 1941 Red Army purge 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 1907 Tiflis bank robbery Soviet offensive plans controversy Works `` Marxism and the National Question '' `` The Principles of Leninism '' `` Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia '' `` Ten Blows '' speech Alleged 19 August 1939 speech Falsifiers of History Stalin Note The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( Bolsheviks ) 1936 Soviet Constitution Stalin 's poetry Dialectical and Historical Materialism Order No. 227 Order No. 270 `` Marxism and Problems of Linguistics '' Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR De-Stalinization 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Pospelov Commission Rehabilitation Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences Gomulka thaw ( Polish October ) Soviet Nonconformist Art Shvernik Commission 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Era of Stagnation Criticism and opposition Stalin Epigram Lenin 's Testament Ryutin Affair Anti-Stalinist left Trotskyism True Communists Russian Liberation Movement ( Russian Liberation Army Russian Corps ) Ukrainian Liberation Army Darkness at Noon Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty - 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where does the calvin cycle (dark reactions) take place | The light - independent reactions , or dark reactions , of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose . These reactions occur in the stroma , the fluid - filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes . These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH ) of light - dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them . There are three phases to the light - independent reactions , collectively called the Calvin cycle : carbon fixation , reduction reactions , and ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ( RuBP ) regeneration . | in the stroma | Light - independent reactions | light - independent reactions | The light - independent reactions , or dark reactions , of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose . These reactions occur in the stroma , the fluid - filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes . These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH ) of light - dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them . There are three phases to the light - independent reactions , collectively called the Calvin cycle : carbon fixation , reduction reactions , and ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ( RuBP ) regeneration . | This process occurs only when light is available . Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime . They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves . This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis ( C3 carbon fixation , C4 carbon fixation , and Crassulacean acid metabolism ) ; CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work . They are also known as dark reactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coupling to other metabolic pathways 1.1 Steps 1.2 Products 2 Light - dependent regulation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Coupling to other metabolic pathways ( edit ) These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed . The process of photorespiration , also known as C2 cycle , is also coupled to the dark reactions , as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme , and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde - 3 - P . Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation The Calvin cycle , Calvin -- Benson -- Bassham ( CBB ) cycle , reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms . The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin , James Bassham , and Andrew Benson at the University of California , Berkeley by using the radioactive isotope carbon - 14 . Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH . The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short - lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the organism ( and by animals that feed on it ) . This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO . In the following biochemical equations , the chemical species ( phosphates and carboxylic acids ) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH . The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway , but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol , separating the reactions . They are activated in the light ( which is why the name `` dark reaction '' is misleading ) , and also by products of the light - dependent reaction . These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide . Energy ( in the form of ATP ) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity . The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following : 3 CO + 6 NADPH + 6 H + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) + 6 NADP + 9 ADP + 3 H O + 8 P ( P = inorganic phosphate ) Hexose ( six - carbon ) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle . Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C O , this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration , where six - carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria . The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three - carbon sugar phosphate molecules , or `` triose phosphates '' , namely , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) . Steps ( edit ) In the first stage of the Calvin cycle , a CO molecule is incorporated into one of two three - carbon molecules ( glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate or G3P ) , where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH , which had been produced in the light - dependent stage . The three steps involved are : Calvin cycle step 1 ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , RuBP , a 5 - carbon compound , by carbon dioxide ( a total of 6 carbons ) in a two - step reaction . The product of the first step is enediol - enzyme complex that can capture CO or O . Thus , enediol - enzyme complex is the real carboxylase / oxygenase . The CO that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six - carbon compound called 2 - carboxy 3 - keto 1 , 5 - biphosphoribotol ( or 3 - keto - 2 - carboxyarabinitol 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3 - phosphoglycerate , or 3 - PGA , a 3 - carbon compound ( also : 3 - phosphoglyceric acid , PGA , 3PGA ) . The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3 - PGA by ATP ( which was produced in the light - dependent stage ) . 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate ( 1 , 3BPGA , glycerate - 1 , 3 - bisphosphate ) and ADP are the products . ( However , note that two 3 - PGAs are produced for every CO that enters the cycle , so this step utilizes two ATP per CO fixed . ) The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1 , 3BPGA by NADPH ( which is another product of the light - dependent stage ) . Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate ( also called G3P , GP , TP , PGAL , GAP ) is produced , and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP . Again , two NADPH are utilized per CO fixed . Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP . Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules , using up three molecules of ATP . Since each CO molecule produces two G3P molecules , three CO molecules produce six G3P molecules , of which five are used to regenerate RuBP , leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO molecules ( as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved ) . Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps . Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) , also a 3 - carbon molecule . Aldolase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6 - phosphate ( 6C ) . A phosphate ion is lost into solution . Then fixation of another CO generates two more G3P . F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving erythrose - 4 - phosphate . The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P , giving the ketose xylulose - 5 - phosphate ( Xu5P ) . E4P and a DHAP ( formed from one of the G3P from the second CO fixation ) are converted into sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate ( 7C ) by aldolase enzyme . Sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase ( one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants ) cleaves sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate into sedoheptulose - 7 - phosphate , releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution . Fixation of a third CO generates two more G3P . The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving ribose - 5 - phosphate ( R5P ) , and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P , giving another Xu5P . This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO , with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P . R5P is converted into ribulose - 5 - phosphate ( Ru5P , RuP ) by phosphopentose isomerase . Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase . Finally , phosphoribulokinase ( another plant - unique enzyme of the pathway ) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP , ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , completing the Calvin cycle . This requires the input of one ATP . Thus , of six G3P produced , five are used to make three RuBP ( 5C ) molecules ( totaling 15 carbons ) , with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose . This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO molecules . The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below . The overall equation of the Calvin cycle ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O instead of CO in photorespiration . The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures . Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3 - PGA and 2 - phosphoglycolate , a 2 - carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine . Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate , two glycines are converted into serine + CO . Serine can be converted back to 3 - phosphoglycerate . Thus , only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3 - PGA . It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant , because , rather than fixing CO , this process leads to loss of CO . C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration , but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates -- corn , for example . Products ( edit ) The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) molecules , 3 ADP , and 2 NADP . ( ADP and NADP are not really `` products . '' They are regenerated and later used again in the Light - dependent reactions ) . Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons . For the Calvin cycle to continue , RuBP ( ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) must be regenerated . So , 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose . Therefore , there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn . To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons , and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle . To make one glucose molecule ( which can be created from 2 G3P molecules ) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle . Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch , sucrose , and cellulose , depending on what the plant needs . Light - dependent regulation ( edit ) Main article : Light - dependent reactions These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night . There is a light - dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes , as the third step requires reduced NADP . There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off : the thioredoxin / ferredoxin activation system , which activates some of the cycle enzymes ; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation , active in the Calvin cycle , which involves its own activase . The thioredoxin / ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde - 3 - P dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - P phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase , and ribulose - 5 - phosphatase kinase , which are key points of the process . This happens when light is available , as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it . Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein , which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes . This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes . The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available . The enzyme RuBisCo has its own , more complex activation process . It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme . This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated . A specific activase enzyme , called RuBisCo activase , helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible . Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional , as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function . This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow . RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Silverstein , Alvin ( 2008 ) . Photosynthesis . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 21 . ISBN 9780822567981 . Jump up ^ John C. Cushman ( 2001 ) . `` A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments '' . Plant Physiology. 127 ( 4 ) : 1439 -- 1448 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 010818 . PMC 1540176 . PMID 11743087 . Jump up ^ Bassham J , Benson A , Calvin M ( 1950 ) . `` The path of carbon in photosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . J Biol Chem. 185 ( 2 ) : 781 -- 7 . doi : 10.2172 / 910351 . PMID 14774424 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Farazdaghi H ( 2009 ) . `` Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of RuBisCO from Gas Exchange '' . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 29 ( IV ) : 275 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9237 - 4_12 . Jump up ^ Campbell , and Reece Biology : 8th Edition , page 198 . Benjamin Cummings , December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Russell , Wolfe et al. Biology : Exploring the Diversity of Life '. Toronto : Nelson College Indigenous , 1st ed , Vol. 1 , 2010 , pg 151 Jump up ^ Besse , I ; Buchanan , B ( 1997 ) . `` Thioredoxin - linked animal and plant processes : the new generation '' . Bot . Bull. Acad. Sin. 38 : 1 -- 11 . Bibliography Bassham JA ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping the carbon reduction cycle : a personal retrospective '' . Photosyn . Res. 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 35 -- 52 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024929725022 . PMID 16228564 . Diwan , Joyce J. ( 2005 ) . `` Photosynthetic Dark Reaction '' . Biochemistry and Biophysics , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Portis , Archie ; Parry , Martin ( 2007 ) . `` Discoveries in Rubisco ( Ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ) : a historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 94 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1007 / s11120 - 007 - 9225 - 6 . PMID 17665149 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 12 Further reading ( edit ) Rubisco Activase , from the Plant Physiology Online website Thioredoxins , from the Plant Physiology Online website External links ( edit ) The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway from Biochemistry , Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer . Published by W.H. Freeman and Company ( 2002 ) . 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who makes economic decisions in a free market | Economics of Fascism | economics of fascism | The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments . | Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically fascist type of economic policy can be said to exist . Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies , comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared . Payne , Paxton , Sternhell , et al. argue that while fascist economies share some similarities , there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization . Feldman and Mason argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and an absence of serious economic thinking . They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders can not be explained within a logical economic framework . Contents ( hide ) 1 General characteristics of fascist economies 1.1 State capitalism 2 Political economy of Fascist Italy 3 Political economy of Nazi Germany 3.1 Pre-war economy : 1933 -- 39 3.2 Wartime policies : 1939 -- 45 4 Political economy of Franco 's Spain 4.1 Protectionism and syndicalism 4.2 Liberalization and Opus Dei 4.3 Family finances and permiso marital 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links General characteristics of fascist economies ( edit ) The first fascist movements arose in the last years of World War I. They were a form of radical nationalism carrying a promise of national rebirth , they blamed liberalism , socialism and materialism for the decadence they perceived in society and culture , and they expressed an appreciation for violence and the role of leadership and willpower in shaping society . One significant fascist economic belief was that prosperity would naturally follow once the nation has achieved a cultural and spiritual re-awakening . Often , different members of a fascist party would make completely opposite statements about the economic policies they supported . Once in power , fascists usually adopted whatever economic program they believed to be most suitable for their political goals . Long - lasting fascist regimes ( such as that of Benito Mussolini in Italy ) made drastic changes to their economic policy from time to time . Fascism rose to power by taking advantage of the political and economic climate of the 1920s and 30s , particularly the deep polarization of some European societies ( such as the Kingdom of Italy and Weimar Germany ) , which were democracies with elected parliaments dominated by supporters of laissez - faire capitalism and Marxian socialism , whose intense opposition to each other made it difficult for stable governments to be formed . Fascists used this situation as an argument against democracy , which they viewed as ineffective and weak . Fascist regimes generally came into existence in times of crisis , when economic elites , landowners and business owners feared that a revolution or uprising was imminent . Fascists allied themselves with the economic elites , promising to protect their social status and to suppress any potential working class revolution . In exchange , the elites were asked to subordinate their interests to a broader nationalist project . Thus , fascist economic policies generally protect inequality and privilege while also featuring an important role for state intervention in the economy . Fascists opposed both international socialism and free market capitalism , arguing that their views represented a third position . They claimed to provide a realistic economic alternative that was neither laissez - faire capitalism nor communism . They favored corporatism and class collaboration , believing that the existence of inequality and social hierarchy was beneficial ( contrary to the views of socialists ) , while also arguing that the state had a role in mediating relations between classes ( contrary to the views of liberal capitalists ) . An important aspect of fascist economies was economic dirigisme , meaning an economy where the government often subsidizes favorable companies and exerts strong directive influence over investment , as opposed to having a merely regulatory role . In general , fascist economies were based on private property and private initiative , but these were contingent upon service to the state . Fascist governments encouraged the pursuit of private profit and offered many benefits to large businesses , but they demanded in return that all economic activity should serve the national interest . Historian Gaetano Salvemini argued in 1936 that fascism makes taxpayers responsible to private enterprise , because `` the State pays for the blunders of private enterprise ... Profit is private and individual . Loss is public and social . '' Stanley Payne argues that fascist movements defended the principle of private property because they held it to be `` inherent to the freedom and spontaneity of the individual personality , '' but that they also aimed to eliminate the autonomy or , in some cases , the existence of large - scale capitalism . Jurgen Kuczynski characterizes a fascist economy as a type of `` monopoly capitalism , '' which preserves the `` fundamental traits of capitalist production , '' such as the fact that production is carried out for the market by privately - owned firms which employ workers for a certain wage . He argues that fascism is `` nothing but a particular form of government within capitalist society , '' which , however , does feature a major role for the state , as was also the case in some early capitalist societies of previous centuries . Fascism operated from a Social Darwinist view of human relations . Their aim was to promote superior individuals and weed out the weak . In terms of economic practice , this meant promoting the interests of successful businessmen while destroying trade unions and other organizations of the working class . Fascist governments declared the trade union movement illegal , and replaced it with labor organizations under the direct control of the government , which ensured that workers could not undertake any effective economic action . Membership in these labor organizations was compulsory , their leaders were appointed by the ruling party rather than elected by the members , and they were presented as a new type of unions which would serve to harmonize the interests of workers and businesses . However , in practice , they primarily served the interests of major business owners , who were able to lobby the ruling party to appoint the leaders they desired . In order to maintain and increase the profits of industry , fascist states eliminated the possibility of mass protest and then cut wages either directly or indirectly . Strikes were strictly banned , and prison sentences could be given to employees who stopped working as a group . Fascist governments in both Italy and Germany privatized state - owned enterprises at certain times . These privatizations were carried out in the early stages of both regimes ( 1922 - 25 for Italy and 1934 - 37 for Germany ) , and represented a reversal of the policies of the democratic governments which had preceded them . The democratic governments had brought a number of industries under state ownership , and the fascists decided to return them to private ownership . In doing so , they went against the mainstream economic trends of their time , when most Western governments were increasing state ownership . Fascist privatization policies were driven by a desire to secure the support of wealthy industrialists , as well as by the need to increase government revenues in order to balance budgets . Significantly , fascist governments were among the first to undertake large - scale privatizations in modern times . In most cases , fascists discouraged or banned foreign trade , supporting protectionism ; fascists believed that too much international trade would make the national economy dependent on international capital , and therefore vulnerable to international economic sanctions . Economic self - sufficiency , known as autarky , was a major goal of most fascist governments . Furthermore , fascism was highly militaristic , and as such , fascists often significantly increased military spending . Recruitment into the military was one of the main policies used by fascist governments to reduce unemployment . State capitalism ( edit ) See also : State capitalism § Use by Italian Fascists , and Fascism and ideology § Capitalism Fascism has had complicated relations regarding capitalism , which changed over time and differed between Fascist states . Fascists commonly have sought to eliminate the autonomy of large - scale capitalism to the state . Fascism does , however , support private property rights and the existence of a market economy . Due to the economic hardships that resulted from `` War Communism , '' which almost toppled the leadership of Soviet Russia in 1921 , fascists in Germany and Italy followed the examples of Lenin 's New Economic Policy ( NEP ) , which had endorsed `` state capitalism '' and permitted the public to trade , buy and sell for `` private profit . '' Although the Bolsheviks were averse to the principles of open markets and profit , they were nonetheless forced by dire circumstances to allow `` privatization and private initiative '' that resulted in a Soviet `` mixed economy . '' For fascist leaders , following the two economic pillars of Fascism -- `` productionism '' and `` syndicalism '' -- was more important than adhering to ideological commitments that could risk economic collapse and mass unemployment that had plagued Lenin 's nationalization policies . Mussolini claimed in 1933 that , were Fascism to follow the modern phase of capitalism , its path would `` lead inexorably into state capitalism , which is nothing more nor less than state socialism turned on its head . In either event , ( whether the outcome be state capitalism or state socialism ) the result is the bureaucratization of the economic activities of the nation . '' During this period , Mussolini identified his economic policies with `` state capitalism '' and `` state socialism , '' which later was described as `` economic dirigisme , '' an economic system where the state has the power to direct economic production and allocation of resources . Political economy of fascist Italy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Italy under fascism The National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922 , at the end of a period of social unrest . Working class activism was at a high point , militant trade unions were organizing increasingly frequent strikes to demand workers ' rights , and the Italian Socialist Party was making significant electoral gains . This caused widespread fear among Italian business circles and part of the middle class , who believed that a communist revolution was imminent . With the traditional right - wing parties appearing incapable of dealing with the situation , King Victor Emmanuel III turned to the young Fascist movement , which he considered to hold a hardline right - wing orientation by violently suppressing strikes , and appointed Benito Mussolini prime minister . Soon after his rise to power , Mussolini defined his economic stance by saying : `` The ( Fascist ) government will accord full freedom to private enterprise and will abandon all intervention in private economy . '' Specifically , during the first four years of the new regime under a multiparty coalition government , from 1922 to 1925 , the Fascists had a generally laissez - faire economic policy under the Finance Minister Alberto De Stefani , a former stalwart leader in the Center Party . Free competition was encouraged . De Stefani initially reduced taxes , regulations and trade restrictions on the whole . De Stefani reduced government expenditure and balanced the budget . Some previous legislation introduced by the Socialists , such as the inheritance tax , was repealed . During this period prosperity increased and by mid-1920s industrial production had passed its wartime peak . However , this was accompanied with inflation . Overall , this was a period when Fascist economic policy mostly followed classical liberal lines , with the added features of attempting to stimulate domestic production ( rather than foreign trade ) and balancing the budget . This was also a period when the Italian Fascist government undertook a large - scale privatization policy , which was among the first such policies in the modern world . Fascist Italy was the only country that sold state - owned enterprises and assets to private firms in the 1920s ; the next country to adopt this approach was Nazi Germany in the 1930s . The Italian privatizations included the sale of most state - owned telephone networks and services , as well as the former state monopoly on match sale . The state monopoly on life insurance was eliminated , the metal machinery firm Ansaldo was returned to private ownership ( after having been nationalized by the previous government ) , and private firms were awarded concessions to set up tolls on motorways . Nevertheless , `` once Mussolini acquired a firmer hold of power ... laissez - faire was progressively abandoned in favour of government intervention , free trade was replaced by protection ( ism ) and economic objectives were increasingly couched in exhortations and military terminology . '' De Stefani was forced to resign in 1925 because his policy of free trade was opposed by many Italian business leaders , who favored protectionism and subsidies to insulate domestic business from international competition . In 1926 , Mussolini gave an impassioned speech demanding monetary policies to halt inflation and stabilize the Italian currency ( the lira ) . He also took the final step of officially banning any kind of strike action . From 1927 to 1929 , under the leadership of the new Finance Minister Alberto Beneduce , the Italian economy experienced a period of deflation , driven by the government 's monetary policies . In 1929 , Italy was hit hard by the Great Depression . The Italian economy , having just emerged from a period of monetary stabilization , was not ready for this shock . Prices fell and production slowed . Unemployment rose from 300,787 in 1929 to 1,018,953 in 1933 . Trying to handle the crisis , the Fascist government nationalized the holdings of large banks which had accrued significant industrial securities . The government also issued new securities to provide a source of credit for the banks and began enlisting the help of various cartels ( consorzi ) that had been created by Italian business leaders since 1922 . The government offered recognition and support to these organizations in exchange for promises that they would manipulate prices in accordance with government priorities . A number of mixed entities were formed , called instituti or enti nazionali , whose purpose it was to bring together representatives of the government and of the major businesses . These representatives discussed economic policy and manipulated prices and wages so as to satisfy both the wishes of the government and the wishes of business . The government considered this arrangement to be a success , and Italian Fascists soon began to pride themselves on this outcome , saying they had survived the Great Depression without infringing on private property . In 1934 , the Fascist Minister of Agriculture said : `` While nearly everywhere else private property was bearing the major burdens and suffering from the hardest blows of the depression , in Italy , thanks to the actions of this Fascist government , private property not only has been saved , but has also been strengthened . '' This economic model based on a partnership between government and business was soon extended to the political sphere , in what came to be known as corporatism . From 1934 onwards , believing that Italy could have avoided the Great Depression if it had not been linked to international markets , Benito Mussolini insisted that autarky should be one of the primary goals of his government 's economic policy . To this end , the Fascists began to impose significant tariffs and other trade barriers . In 1934 , Mussolini boasted that three - quarters of Italian businesses `` is in the hands of the state . '' Various banking and industrial companies were financially supported by the state . One of Mussolini 's first acts was indeed to fund the metallurgical trust Ansaldo to the height of 400 millions Liras . Following the deflation crisis which started in 1926 , banks such as the Banco di Roma , the Banco di Napoli or the Banco di Sicilia were also assisted by the state . In 1933 , Mussolini created the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale ( IRI ) with the special aim of rescuing floundering companies . By 1939 , the IRI controlled 20 % of the Italian industry through government - linked companies ( GLCs ) , including 75 % of pig iron production and 90 % of the shipbuilding industry . Mussolini also adopted a Keynesian policy of government spending on public works to stimulate the economy . Between 1929 and 1934 , public works spending tripled to overtake defense spending as the largest item of government expenditure . At this time , Mussolini said about Keynes that `` despite the latter 's prominent position as a Liberal , '' his work may be considered a `` useful introduction to fascist economics . '' Italian Fascists also expressed great interest in the works of neoclassical economist Vilfredo Pareto . Pareto had argued that democracy was an illusion and that a ruling class always emerged and enriched itself . For him , the key question was how actively the rulers ruled . For this reason he called for a drastic reduction of the state and welcomed Benito Mussolini 's rule as a transition to this minimal state so as to liberate the `` pure '' economic forces . Fascist intellectuals were determined to foster economic development in order for the economy to `` attain its productive maximum . '' They believed that their historic responsibility was to `` develop to its ultimate conclusion the creative elements that remain alive in capitalism . '' Italian Fascists and their precursors had always been focused on the need to bring about a more productive society through the economic collaboration of the classes , opposing class struggle . They believed in the critical importance of economic productivity as a revolutionary force , and they were `` productivists , rather than distributionists . '' Nevertheless , the Fascist government also made efforts to appear concerned with the real interests of its subjects , in order to create a `` consensual , charismatic regime '' , and to render the masses of the peninsula governable . Fascist ideologues argued that the discontent of the lower classes represented a potential threat to the `` well - being , the internal security , the power and the existence of the state , '' and therefore measures had to be taken to alleviate this discontent . They also argued that a `` minimal concern for the well - being of the labor force '' served the national interest , by improving productive potential . For these reasons , the government pursued a complex social welfare and assistance program , which `` compared favorably with the more advanced European nations '' despite the lower level of industrial development on the Italian peninsula . In 1935 , following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia , the League of Nations imposed trade sanctions on Italy . This forced Italy to achieve autarky immediately , and strengthened Mussolini 's belief that economic self - sufficiency was vital to national security . The sanctions did not have their intended effects , because the Italian government had already begun restricting trade and preparing for autarky . In particular , Italy imposed a severe ban on most imports , and the government sought to persuade consumers to buy Italian - made products . For instance , it launched the slogan `` Preferite il Prodotto Italiano '' ( Buy Italian ) . In May 1935 , the government compelled individuals and businesses to turn over all foreign issued securities to the Bank of Italy ( Banca d'Italia ) . On July 15 , 1936 , the economic sanctions on Italy were lifted , but the Fascists continued to insist on economic isolation . Throughout the 1930s , the Italian economy maintained the corporatist model that had been established during the Great Depression . At the same time , however , Mussolini had growing ambitions of extending Italy 's foreign influence through both diplomacy and military intervention . After the invasion of Ethiopia , Italy began supplying both troops and equipment to the Spanish nationalists under General Francisco Franco , who were fighting in the Spanish Civil War against a leftist government . These foreign interventions required increased military spending , and the Italian economy became increasingly subordinated to the needs of its armed forces . By 1939 , Italy had the highest percentage of state - owned enterprises after the Soviet Union . Finally , Italy 's involvement in World War II as a member of the Axis powers required the establishment of a war economy . This put severe strain on the corporatist model , since the war quickly started going badly for Italy and it became difficult for the government to persuade business leaders to finance what they saw as a military disaster . The Allied invasion of Italy in 1943 caused the Italian political structure - and the economy - to rapidly collapse . The Allies , on the one hand , and the Germans on the other , took over the administration of the areas of Italy under their control . By the end of the war , the Italian economy had been all but destroyed ; per capita income in 1944 was at its lowest point since the beginning of the 20th century . Political economy of Nazi Germany ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler regarded economic issues as relatively unimportant . In 1922 , Hitler proclaimed that `` world history teaches us that no people has become great through its economy but that a people can very well perish thereby '' , and later concluded that `` the economy is something of secondary importance '' . Hitler and the Nazis held a very strong idealist conception of history , which held that human events are guided by small numbers of exceptional individuals following a higher ideal . They believed that all economic concerns , being purely material , were unworthy of their consideration . Hitler went as far as to blame all previous German governments since Bismarck of having `` subjugated the nation to materialism '' by relying more on peaceful economic development instead of expansion through war . For these reasons , the Nazis never had a clearly defined economic programme . The original `` Twenty - Five Point Programme '' of the party , adopted in 1920 , listed several economic demands , but the degree to which the Nazis supported this programme in later years has been questioned . Several attempts were made in the 1920s to change some of the program or replace it entirely . For instance , in 1924 , Gottfried Feder proposed a new 39 - point program that kept some of the old planks , replaced others and added many completely new ones . Hitler refused to allow any discussion of the party programme after 1925 , ostensibly on the grounds that no discussion was necessary because the programme was `` inviolable '' and did not need any changes . At the same time , however , Hitler never voiced public support for the programme and many historians argue that he was in fact privately opposed to it . Hitler did not mention any of the planks of the programme in his book , Mein Kampf , and only talked about it in passing as `` the so - called programme of the movement '' . Hitler called his political party `` National Socialist '' , but he was clear to point out that his interpretation of socialism `` has nothing to do with Marxian Socialism , '' saying that `` Marxism is anti-property ; true Socialism is not . '' At a later time , Hitler said : `` Socialism ! That is an unfortunate word altogether ... What does socialism really mean ? If people have something to eat and their pleasures , then they have their socialism . '' He also expressed a wish that he had called his party `` social revolutionary '' instead . Hitler made very different statements about his economic views on different occasions . At one point he was quoted as saying : `` I had only to develop logically what social democracy failed ... National Socialism is what Marxism might have been if it could have broken its absurd ties with a democratic order ... Why need we trouble to socialize banks and factories ? We socialize human beings ... '' At another point , in private , Hitler said that `` I absolutely insist on protecting private property ... we must encourage private initiative '' . On yet another occasion he qualified that statement by saying that the government should have the power to regulate the use of private property for the good of the nation . In spite of this , he later asserted that `` It is my firm conviction that property rights ... must be unconditionally respected . Any tampering with them would eliminate one of the most vital incentives to human activity and would jeopardize future endeavor . '' Hitler clearly believed that the lack of a precise economic programme was one of the Nazi Party 's strengths , saying : `` The basic feature of our economic theory is that we have no theory at all . '' Hitler 's political beliefs drew heavily upon Social Darwinism -- the view that natural selection applies as much to human society as it does to biological organisms . Hitler believed that history was shaped by a violent struggle between nations and races , and that a nation needed to be united under a strong , centralized state led by an heroic leader in order to succeed in this struggle and that individuals within a nation battled with each other for survival , and that such ruthless competition was good for the health of the nation , because it promoted `` superior individuals '' to higher positions in society . Pre-war economy : 1933 -- 39 ( edit ) Before World War II , the Nazis placed non-Nazi Party professionals in charge of economic policy . Hitler appointed Hjalmar Schacht , a former member of the German Democratic Party , as Chairman of the Reichsbank in 1933 , and minister of economics in 1934 . At first , Schacht continued the economic policies introduced by the government of Kurt von Schleicher in 1932 to combat the effects of the Great Depression . These policies were mostly Keynesian , relying on large public works programs supported by deficit spending -- such as the construction of the Autobahn -- to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment ( which stood at 30 % in early 1933 ) . There was a major reduction in unemployment over the following years , while price controls prevented the recurrence of inflation . The Nazis outlawed independent trade unions and banned strikes , creating the German Labor Front ( DAF ) , which became one of the largest organizations in Germany , comprising over 35,000 full - time employees by 1939 . They also directed Schacht to place more emphasis on military production and rearmament . After the Nazi takeover in 1933 , Germany slowly began to recover from the Great Depression . Several economists , such as Michal Kalecki , have seen the German recovery as an example of military Keynesianism . However , others have noted that the bulk of the German military buildup occurred after 1936 when the economic recovery was well underway . In the 1930s , Nazi Germany transferred many companies and services from state ownership into the private sector , while other Western capitalist countries were moving in the opposite direction and strove for increased state ownership of industry . In most cases , this was a return to the private sector of firms which had been taken into state ownership by the democratic government of the Weimar Republic , as a result of the Great Depression . The firms returned to private ownership by the Nazi government `` belonged to a wide range of sectors : steel , mining , banking , local public utilities , shipyards , ship - lines , railways , etc . '' In addition , some public services began to be provided by semi-private entities that were connected to the Nazi Party rather than the German state . There were two primary reasons for the Nazi privatization policy . First , especially in the early years of the Nazi regime , it was used as a way to build good relations between the government and business interests . Second , the Nazi government greatly increased public expenditure , especially on military re-armament and infrastructure projects . Existing sources of revenue were not sufficient to cover the new expenses , so the government was forced to sell assets in order to gain funds . In June 1933 , the Reinhardt Program was introduced . It was an extensive infrastructure development project that combined indirect incentives , such as tax reductions , with direct public investment in waterways , railroads and highways . The Reinhardt Program was followed by other similar initiatives , with the result that , between 1933 and 1936 , the German construction industry was greatly expanded . In 1933 , only 666,000 Germans worked in construction , and by 1936 , the number had increased to 2,000,000 . In particular , road construction was expanding at a very rapid pace . This was part of Hitler 's war preparations : Germany needed a state - of - the - art highway system in order to be able to move troops and materials quickly . As a side effect , cars and other forms of motorized transport became increasingly attractive to the population . Therefore , the German car industry also experienced a boom in the 1930s . While the ideology of the Nazi Party was founded on the principle of inequality between races and advocated a war of racial conquest , it also promised social welfare and other benefits for racially - pure , able - bodied Germans who supported its aims . As such , the Nazi German government established an agency called the Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt ( NSV , National Socialist People 's Welfare ) to achieve its goal of racially - directed social welfare . Hitler instructed NSV chairman Erich Hilgenfeldt to `` see to the disbanding of all private welfare institutions , '' in an effort to direct who was to receive social benefits . Under this selective welfare structure , Nazi administrators were able to mount an effort towards the `` cleansing of their cities of ' asocials , ' '' who were deemed unworthy of receiving assistance for various reasons . Underlining the importance of nationality and race , Joseph Goebbels , the Nazi propaganda minister , claimed in 1944 that `` We and we alone ( the Nazis ) have the best social welfare measures . Everything is done for the nation . '' In 1936 , military spending in Germany exceeded 10 % of GNP ( higher than any other European country at the time ) . Military investment also exceeded civilian investment from 1936 onwards . Armaments dominated government expenditures on goods and services . That year also represented a turning point for German trade policy . World prices for raw materials ( which constituted the bulk of German imports ) were on the rise . At the same time , world prices for manufactured goods ( Germany 's chief exports ) were falling . The result was that Germany found it increasingly difficult to maintain a balance of payments . A large trade deficit seemed almost inevitable . But Hitler found this prospect unacceptable . Thus Germany , following Italy 's lead , began to move away from partially free trade in the direction of economic self - sufficiency . Unlike Italy , however , Germany did not strive to achieve full autarky , even though in May of 1933 , Hitler 's regime had defaulted unilaterally on Germany 's foreign debt along with a decree for sweeping capital controls that made it difficult to engage in foreign trade . Hitler was aware of the fact that Germany lacked reserves of raw materials , and full autarky was therefore impossible . Thus he chose a different approach . The Nazi government tried to limit the number of its trade partners , and , when possible , only trade with countries within the German sphere of influence . A number of bilateral trade agreements were signed between Germany and other European countries ( mostly countries located in Southern and South - Eastern Europe ) during the 1930s . The German government strongly encouraged trade with these countries but strongly discouraged trade with any others . By the late 1930s , the aims of German trade policy were to use economic and political power to make the countries of Southern Europe and the Balkans dependent on Germany . The German economy would draw its raw materials from that region , and the countries in question would receive German manufactured goods in exchange . Already in 1938 , Yugoslavia , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria and Greece transacted 50 % of all their foreign trade with Germany . Throughout the 1930s , German businesses were encouraged to form cartels , monopolies and oligopolies , whose interests were then protected by the state . In his book , Big Business in the Third Reich , Arthur Schweitzer states : `` Monopolistic price fixing became the rule in most industries , and cartels were no longer confined to the heavy or large - scale industries . ( ... ) Cartels and quasi-cartels ( whether of big business or small ) set prices , engaged in limiting production , and agreed to divide markets and classify consumers in order to realize a monopoly profit . '' In the same book , Schweitzer details the triangular power structure that existed between the Nazi party , big business and the generals in 1936 . Within a few years of Hitler 's accession , `` middle - class socialism '' had been defeated , collective bargaining had been banned and unions had been outlawed . Large companies were favored over small businesses . Shortly after Hitler became chancellor , Germany refused to pay its reparation payments as was mandated in the Versailles Treaty . It also diverted large sums of money to rearmament , which violated that treaty . This had the support of the generals and the business community , since their profits were guaranteed on these orders . Under Hjalmar Schacht , a policy was introduced whereby certain nations who traded with Germany ( such as the United States ) had to deal with special banks . Foreign currency was deposited in these institutions and Americans were paid for their goods ( especially raw materials ) in scrips that could only be redeemed for German goods in kind . Soon these scrips declined in value , as they were not truly fungible . Many were used by travellers to Germany in the mid-1930s . Schacht was able to build up foreign currency reserves for later use . Big business developed an increasingly close partnership with the Nazi government as it became increasingly organized . Business leaders supported the government 's political and military goals , and in exchange , the government pursued economic policies that maximized the profits of its business allies . Wartime policies : 1939 -- 45 ( edit ) See also : Hunger Plan and Forced labor in Germany during World War II Initially , the outbreak of World War II did not bring about any large changes in the German economy . Germany had spent six years preparing for war , and a large portion of the economy was already devoted to military production . Unlike most other governments , the Nazis did not increase direct taxes by any significant amount in order to fund the war . The top income tax rate in 1941 was 13.7 % in Germany as opposed to 23.7 % in Great Britain . During the war , as Germany acquired new territories ( either by direct annexation or by installing puppet governments in defeated countries ) , these new territories were forced to sell raw materials and agricultural products to German buyers at extremely low prices . Hitler 's policy of lebensraum strongly emphasized the conquest of new lands in the East , and the exploitation of these lands to provide cheap goods to Germany . In practice , however , the intensity of the fighting on the Eastern Front and the Soviet scorched earth policy meant that the Germans found little they could use . On the other hand , a large quantity of goods flowed into Germany from conquered lands in the West . For example , two - thirds of all French trains in 1941 were used to carry goods to Germany . Norway lost 20 % of its national income in 1940 and 40 % in 1943 . From 1939 to 1941 , while the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact was in effect , there was trade between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union provided raw materials and Germany provided finished industrial goods . In the first year , Nazi Germany received `` one million tons of cereals , half a million tons of wheat , 900,000 tons of oil , 100,000 tons of cotton , 500,000 tons of phosphates , '' and at least one million tons of soybeans . Some of the Nazi - Soviet trade included machine tools for manufacturing munitions , the cruiser Luetzow , `` plans of the Bismarck , heavy naval guns and other gear and some thirty of Germany 's latest warplanes , including the Messerschmitt fighters 109 and 110 and the Ju - 88 dive bombers . '' In addition , the Soviets received diesel engines , generators , turbines , locomotives , and `` samples of German artillery , tanks , explosives , chemical - warfare equipment . '' This trade ended abruptly in June 1941 , when Germany invaded the Soviet Union . Even before the war , Nazi Germany maintained a supply of slave labour . This practice started from the early days of labour camps of `` undesirables '' ( German : unzuverlässige Elemente ) , such as the homeless , homosexual and criminals as well as political dissidents , communists , Jews , and anyone that the regime wanted out of the way . As the war progressed , the use of slave labour experienced massive growth . Prisoners of war and civilian `` undesirables '' were brought in from occupied territories . Hundreds of thousands of Poles , Jews , Slavs and other conquered peoples were used as slave labourers by German corporations such as Thyssen , Krupp , IG Farben and even Fordwerke -- a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company . By 1944 , slave labour made up one quarter of Germany 's entire work force , and the majority of German factories had a contingent of prisoners . The Nazis also had plans for the deportation and enslavement of Britain 's adult male population in the event of a successful invasion . The proportion of military spending in the German economy began growing rapidly after 1942 , as the Nazi government was forced to dedicate more and more of the country 's economic resources to fighting a losing war . Civilian factories were converted to military use and placed under military administration . By late 1944 , almost the entire German economy was dedicated to military production . At the same time , Allied bombings were destroying German factories and cities at a rapid pace , leading to the final collapse of the German war economy in 1945 . Political economy of Franco 's Spain ( edit ) Francisco Franco , dictator of Spain from the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s until his death in 1975 , based his economic policies on the theories of national syndicalism as expounded by the Falange ( Spanish for `` phalanx '' ) , the Spanish Fascist party founded in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera , which was one of Franco 's chief supporters during his bid for power . Protectionism and syndicalism ( edit ) During and after the Spanish Civil War , Franco and the Falange created a corporative system based on the Italian model . Economic liberalism was replaced with economic intervention according to the wishes of the corporations , which also set prices and wages . Combined with autarky , and in the absence of Marshall Plan aid after the Second World War , Spain 's post-war economic growth stagnated . The Spanish corporative system was less successful than the Italian experience . At one point , the Spanish farmers ' corporation created a massive bread shortage by setting the price too low . As a result , bread production was abandoned in favour of other , more profitable goods . Although the aim of this policy was to make bread accessible to the poorest among the population , the opposite occurred , and a black market emerged . Prior to the Franco régime , the Popular Front of the Spanish Republic had begun a land redistribution program , forcing wealthy landowners to sell some of their land to the state , which in turn was given to impoverished tenant farmers . After the Spanish Civil War , the original landowners had their land returned . The primary focus of the Falange , however , was on the rebuilding of urban centers , whilst providing only limited support to the countryside . As in Italy , wages were set by the state in negotiations between officially recognized workers ' syndicates and employers ' organizations , with the state as mediator . During the Spanish Republic , workers ' groups had aligned with the communists , anarchists or other republican forces . Franco 's regime , however , tended to favour the interests of large businesses , despite its syndicalist rhetoric . In response , workers created illegal syndicates and organized strikes , which usually were repressed brutally by Franco 's police state . Liberalization and Opus Dei ( edit ) In 1954 , Franco abandoned the corporative system in favour of free - market reforms implemented by economic technocrats . Many of these technocrats were members of Opus Dei , a Roman Catholic lay group to which Franco had given powerful positions within the Ministry of Finance and Economics . The reforms of the 1950s were a huge success , and Spain experienced a period of rapid economic growth known as the `` Spanish Miracle '' , continuing until Franco 's death in 1975 . During this period , tourism became an important part of the Spanish economy . Although the corporatist organs and rhetoric from the earlier years of the Franco regime were maintained , they now played a secondary role . Spain 's economy was further liberalized by the Spanish transition to democracy following Franco 's death . Family finances and permiso marital ( edit ) During Franco 's years , Spanish law discriminated strongly against married women . Without her husband 's approval , referred to as the permiso marital , a wife was prohibited from almost all economic activities , including employment , ownership of property , or even travel away from home . The law also provided for less stringent definitions of such crimes as adultery and desertion for husbands than it did for wives . Significant reforms of this system were begun shortly before Franco 's death , and they have continued at a rapid pace since then . The permiso marital was abolished in 1975 ; laws against adultery were cancelled in 1978 ; and divorce was legalized in 1981 . During the same year , the parts of the civil code that dealt with family finances were also reformed . See also ( edit ) Autarky Corporatism Dirigisme Economic nationalism Fascism and ideology Fascism Hamiltonian economic program Mercantilism Military - industrial complex National syndicalism Productionism Protectionism State capitalism Statism War Corporatism War economy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baker Jump up ^ Payne ; Paxton , Sternhell , et al . Jump up ^ Daniel Woodley , Fascism and Political Theory , Routlede , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 47354 - 5 , p. 161 Jump up ^ Alexander J. De Grand , `` Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany '' , Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33629 - 5 , pp. 57 Jump up ^ William G. Welk , Fascist Economic Policy , Harvard University Press , 1938 . pp. 38 - 39 Jump up ^ Henry A. Turner , `` German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler '' , 1985 , pp. 61 - 68 Jump up ^ Alexander J. De Grand , `` Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany '' , Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33629 - 5 , pp. 15 - 16 Jump up ^ John Weiss , `` The Fascist Tradition '' , Harper & Row , New York , 1967 . pp. 15 Jump up ^ Joseph A. Leighton , `` Social Philosophies in Conflict '' , D. Appleton - Century Company , 1937 . pp. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Alexander J. De Grand , `` Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany '' , Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33629 - 5 , pp. 16 - 17 Jump up ^ Alexander J. De Grand , `` Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany '' , Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33629 - 5 , pp. 47 Jump up ^ Philip Morgan , Fascism in Europe , 1919 - 1945 `` , New York , Taylor & Francis , 2003 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ `` The Doctrine of Fascism '' . Enciclopedia Italiana . Rome : Istituto Giovanni Treccani. 1932 . `` ( Fascism ) affirms the irremediable , fruitful and beneficent inequality of men '' Jump up ^ John Weiss , `` The Fascist Tradition '' , Harper & Row , New York , 1967 . pp. 14 Jump up ^ Calvin B. Hoover , The Paths of Economic Change : Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World , The American Economic Review , Vol. 25 , No. 1 , Supplement , Papers and Proceedings of the Forty - seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association . ( March , 1935 ) , pp. 13 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tibor Ivan Berend , An Economic History of Twentieth - Century Europe , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 93 Jump up ^ James A. Gregor , The Search for Neofascism : The Use and Abuse of Social Science , Cambridge University Press , 2006 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Alexander J. De Grand , `` Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany '' , Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33629 - 5 , pp. 57 Jump up ^ Salvemini , Gaetano . Under the Axe of Fascism 1936 . Jump up ^ Payne , Stanley ( 1996 ) . A History of Fascism . Routledge . ISBN 1857285956 p. 10 Jump up ^ Kuczynski , Jurgen , `` Germany : Economic and Labour Conditions under Fascism '' , Greenwood Press , New York , 1968 . Routledge , ISBN 0 - 8371 - 0519 - 6 , pp. 30 - 31 Jump up ^ Kuczynski , Jurgen , `` Germany : Economic and Labour Conditions under Fascism '' , Greenwood Press , New York , 1968 . Routledge , ISBN 0 - 8371 - 0519 - 6 , pp. 34 Jump up ^ Kuczynski , Jurgen , `` Germany : Economic and Labour Conditions under Fascism '' , Greenwood Press , New York , 1968 . Routledge , ISBN 0 - 8371 - 0519 - 6 , pp. 29 Jump up ^ Alexander J. De Grand , `` Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany '' , Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33629 - 5 , pp. 47 Jump up ^ Alexander J. De Grand , `` Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany '' , Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33629 - 5 , pp. 48 - 51 Jump up ^ Francis J. Gorman , The Fate of Trade Unions Under Fascism , Chap. 1 : `` Fascism and the Trade Union Movement '' , 1937 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Gaetano Salvemini , The Fate of Trade Unions Under Fascism , Chap. 3 : `` Italian Trade Unions Under Fascism '' , 1937 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Gaetano Salvemini , The Fate of Trade Unions Under Fascism , Chap. 3 : `` Italian Trade Unions Under Fascism '' , 1937 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Gaetano Salvemini , The Fate of Trade Unions Under Fascism , Chap. 3 : `` Italian Trade Unions Under Fascism '' , 1937 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Gaetano Salvemini , The Fate of Trade Unions Under Fascism , Chap. 3 : `` Italian Trade Unions Under Fascism '' , 1937 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Francis J. Gorman , The Fate of Trade Unions Under Fascism , Chap. 1 : `` Fascism and the Trade Union Movement '' , 1937 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Joseph A. Leighton , `` Social Philosophies in Conflict '' , D. Appleton - Century Company , 1937 . pp. 24 Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FROM PUBLIC TO PRIVATE : PRIVATIZATION IN 1920 'S FASCIST ITALY '' ( PDF ) . European University Institute . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE FIRST PRIVATIZATION : SELLING SOEs AND PRIVATIZING PUBLIC MONOPOLIES IN FASCIST ITALY ( 1922 - 1925 ) '' ( PDF ) . Universitat de Barcelona ( GiM - IREA ) & Barcelona Graduate School of Economics . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ( T ) he last governments of the Weimar Republic took over firms in diverse sectors . Later , the Nazi regime transferred public ownership and public services to the private sector . Jump up ^ `` THE FIRST PRIVATIZATION : SELLING SOEs AND PRIVATIZING PUBLIC MONOPOLIES IN FASCIST ITALY ( 1922 - 1925 ) '' ( PDF ) . Universitat de Barcelona ( GiM - IREA ) & Barcelona Graduate School of Economics . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Privatization was an important policy in Italy in 1922 - 1925 . The Fascist government was alone in transferring State ownership and services to private firms in the 1920s ; no other country in the world would engage in such a policy until Nazi Germany did so between 1934 and 1937 . Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Many scholars have pointed out that the Great Depression spurred State ownership in Western capitalist countries ( e.g. Aharoni , 1986 , pp. 72 and ff. ; Clifton , Comín and Díaz Fuentes , 2003 , p. 16 ; Megginson , 2005 , pp. 9 - 10 ) , and Germany was no exception . But Germany was alone in developing a policy of privatization in the 1930s . Jump up ^ `` THE FIRST PRIVATIZATION : SELLING SOEs AND PRIVATIZING PUBLIC MONOPOLIES IN FASCIST ITALY ( 1922 - 1925 ) '' ( PDF ) . Universitat de Barcelona ( GiM - IREA ) & Barcelona Graduate School of Economics . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . ( P ) rivatization was used mainly as a political tool to build confidence among industrialists and to increase support for the government and the Partito Nazionale Fascista . Privatization also contributed to balancing the budget , which was the core objective of Fascist economic policy in its first phase . Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . The Nazi government may have used privatization as a tool to improve its relationship with big industrialists and to increase support among this group for its policies . Privatization was also likely used to foster more widespread political support for the party . Finally , financial motivations played a central role in Nazi privatization . The proceeds from privatization in 1934 - 37 had relevant fiscal significance : No less than 1.37 per cent of total fiscal revenues were obtained from selling shares in public firms . Jump up ^ `` THE FIRST PRIVATIZATION : SELLING SOEs AND PRIVATIZING PUBLIC MONOPOLIES IN FASCIST ITALY ( 1922 - 1925 ) '' ( PDF ) . Universitat de Barcelona ( GiM - IREA ) & Barcelona Graduate School of Economics . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Contemporary economic analyses of privatization have so far overlooked the Fascist privatization policy in 1922 - 1925 Italy , which may well be the earliest case of large - scale privatization in a capitalist economy . Jump up ^ Alexander J. De Grand , `` Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany '' , Routledge , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33629 - 5 , pp. 60 - 61 Jump up ^ Francis J. Gorman , The Fate of Trade Unions Under Fascism , Chap. 1 : `` Fascism and the Trade Union Movement '' , 1937 , p. 11 - 12 Jump up ^ Payne , Stanley G. , Fascism : Comparison and Definition . ( Madison , Wisconsin ; London : University of Wisconsin Press , 1980 ) p. 162 . Jump up ^ Sternhell , Zeev , Mario Sznajder and Maia Ashéri . The Birth of Fascist Ideology : From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution ( Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , 1994 ) 7 . Jump up ^ V.N. Bandera `` New Economic Policy ( NEP ) as an Economic System , '' The Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 71 , No. 3 ( June , 1963 ) , 265 - 79 : p. 268 Jump up ^ L.K. Samuels , `` The Socialist Economics of Italian Fascism , '' Library of Economics and Liberty , July 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kenez , Peter , A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2006 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne , A History of Fascism , 1914 -- 1945 , University of Wisconsin Press , 1995 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Mussolini , Benito ; `` Address to the National Corporative Council ( 14 November 1933 ) '' . Fascism : Doctrine and Institutions . Fertig , 1978 . Jump up ^ Iván T. Berend , An Economic History of Twentieth - Century Europe , New York : NY , Cambridge University Press , 2006 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Joseph A. Leighton , `` Social Philosophies in Conflict '' , D. Appleton - Century Company , 1937 . pp. 11 Jump up ^ Joseph A. Leighton , `` Social Philosophies in Conflict '' , D. Appleton - Century Company , 1937 . pp. 11 Jump up ^ Carl T. Schmidt , `` The corporate state in action ; Italy under fascism '' , Oxford University Press , 1939 . pp. 115 Jump up ^ Howard M. Sachar , The Assassination of Europe , 1918 - 1942 : A Political History , Toronto : Canada , University of Toronto Press , 2015 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Sheldon Richman , `` Fascism '' . Jump up ^ William G. Welk , `` Fascist economy policy ; an analysis of Italy 's economic experiment '' , Harvard University Press , 1938 . pp. 160 - 161 ^ Jump up to : Patricia Knight , Mussolini and Fascism , Routledge 2003 page 64 Jump up ^ William G. Welk , `` Fascist economy policy ; an analysis of Italy 's economic experiment '' , Harvard University Press , 1938 . pp. 163 Jump up ^ `` FROM PUBLIC TO PRIVATE : PRIVATIZATION IN 1920 'S FASCIST ITALY '' ( PDF ) . European University Institute . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Contemporary economic analyses of privatization have so far overlooked the Fascist privatization policy in 1922 - 1925 Italy , which may well be the earliest case of large - scale privatization in a capitalist economy . Jump up ^ `` FROM PUBLIC TO PRIVATE : PRIVATIZATION IN 1920 'S FASCIST ITALY '' ( PDF ) . European University Institute . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . The Fascist government was alone in transferring State ownership and services to private firms in the 1920s ; no other country in the world would engage in such a policy until Nazi Germany did so between 1934 and 1937 . Jump up ^ `` FROM PUBLIC TO PRIVATE : PRIVATIZATION IN 1920 'S FASCIST ITALY '' ( PDF ) . European University Institute . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Mussolini 's government privatized the State monopoly on match sale , and suppressed the state monopoly of life insurance ; it sold most State - owned telephone networks and services to private firms , reprivatized the metal machinery firm Ansaldo and awarded concessions for tolled motorways to private firms . Jump up ^ William G. Welk , `` Fascist economy policy ; an analysis of Italy 's economic experiment '' , Harvard University Press , 1938 . pp. 165 Jump up ^ Adrian Lyttelton ( editor ) , `` Liberal and fascist Italy , 1900 - 1945 '' , Oxford University Press , 2002 . pp. 75 Jump up ^ William G. Welk , `` Fascist economy policy ; an analysis of Italy 's economic experiment '' , Harvard University Press , 1938 . pp. 166 Jump up ^ Gaetano Salvemini , `` Italian Fascism '' . London : Victor Gollancz Ltd. , 1938 . Jump up ^ William G. Welk , `` Fascist economy policy ; an analysis of Italy 's economic experiment '' , Harvard University Press , 1938 . pp. 169 Jump up ^ Carl T. Schmidt , `` The corporate state in action ; Italy under fascism '' , Oxford University Press , 1939 . pp. 128 Jump up ^ William G. Welk , `` Fascist economy policy ; an analysis of Italy 's economic experiment '' , Harvard University Press , 1938 . pp. 172 Jump up ^ Carl Schmidt , `` The Corporate State in Action London '' , Victor Gollancz Ltd. , 1939 , pp. 153 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Gianni Toniolo , editor , The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy Since Unification , Oxford : UK , Oxford University Press , 2013 , p. 59 ; Mussolini 's speech to the Chamber of Deputies was on May 26 , 1934 Jump up ^ Daniel Guérin , Fascism and Big Business , Chapter IX , Fifth section , p. 197 in the 1999 Syllepse Editions Jump up ^ Martin Blinkhorn , Mussolini and Fascist Italy , 2nd edition , New York : NY , Routledge , 1991 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Farrell , Nicholas , Mussolini : A New Life , Sterling Publishing , 2005 page 233 Jump up ^ James Strachey Barnes , Universal Aspects of Fascism , Williams and Norgate , London : UK , 1928 , pp. 113 - 114 Jump up ^ A. James Gregor , Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship , Princeton : NJ , Princeton University Press , 1979 , p. 255 Jump up ^ Eatwell , Roger ; Anthony Wright ( 1999 ) . Contemporary Political Ideologies . London : Continuum . pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ A. James Gregor , Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship , Princeton : NJ , Princeton University Press , 1979 , pp. 60 - 61 Jump up ^ A. James Gregor , Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship , Princeton : NJ , Princeton University Press , 1979 , pp. 59 - 60 Jump up ^ A. James Gregor , Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship , Princeton : NJ , Princeton University Press , 1979 , p. 60 Jump up ^ A. James Gregor , Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship , Princeton : NJ , Princeton University Press , 1979 , p. 256 Jump up ^ A. James Gregor , Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship , Princeton : NJ , Princeton University Press , 1979 , p. 257 Jump up ^ A. James Gregor , Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship , Princeton : NJ , Princeton University Press , 1979 , p. 257 Jump up ^ A. James Gregor , Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship , Princeton : NJ , Princeton University Press , 1979 , p. 263 Jump up ^ William G. Welk , `` Fascist economy policy ; an analysis of Italy 's economic experiment '' , Harvard University Press , 1938 . pp. 175 Jump up ^ Patricia Knight , Mussolini and Fascism , Routledge ( UK ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 27921 - 6 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Adrian Lyttelton ( editor ) , `` Liberal and fascist Italy , 1900 - 1945 '' , Oxford University Press , 2002 . pp. 13 Jump up ^ Henry A. Turner , `` Hitler 's Einstellung '' , 1976 , p. 90 - 91 Jump up ^ Henry A. Turner , `` German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler '' , 1985 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Lee , Stephen J. ( 1996 ) , Weimar and Nazi Germany , Harcourt Heinemann , page 28 Jump up ^ Henry A. Turner , `` German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler '' , Oxford University Press , 1985 . p. 62 Jump up ^ Henry A. Turner , `` German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler '' , Oxford University Press , 1985 . p. 77 Jump up ^ Francis Ludwig Carsten , The Rise of Fascism , University of California Press , 1982 , p. 137 . Hitler quote from Sunday Express . Jump up ^ Henry A. Turner , `` German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler '' , Oxford University Press , 1985 . pg 77 Jump up ^ Konrad Heiden , `` A History of National Socialism '' , vol. 2 , New York : NY , Rutledge , 2010 , p. 85 . First published in 1934 Jump up ^ Nazis and Soviets Archived 2008 - 05 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A private statement made by Hitler on March 24 , 1942 . Cited in `` Hitler 's Secret Conversations . '' Translated by Norman Cameron and R.H. Stevens . Farrar , Straus and Young , Inc. 1953 . p. 294 Jump up ^ Richard Allen Epstein , Principles for a Free Society : Reconciling Individual Liberty With the Common Good , De Capo Press 2002 , p. 168 Jump up ^ `` Hitler 's Secret Conversations . '' Translated by Norman Cameron and R.H. Stevens . Farrar , Straus and Young , Inc. 1953 . p. 368 . The quoted statement was made by Hitler in May 1942 . Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler , `` Mein Kampf '' , vol. 1 , chapter 11 . Jump up ^ Henry A. Turner , `` German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler '' , 1985 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Richard Bessel , Nazism and the War , New York : NY , Modern Library , 2006 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ( T ) he Nazi regime transferred public ownership and public services to the private sector . In doing so , they went against the mainstream trends in the Western capitalist countries , none of which systematically reprivatized firms during the 1930s . Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Most of the enterprises transferred to the private sector at the Federal level had come into public hands in response to the economic consequences of the Great Depression . Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . In addition , the delivery of some public services that were produced by government prior to the 1930s , especially social and labor - related services , was transferred to the private sector , mainly to organizations within the party . Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . It is likely that privatization -- as a policy favorable to private property -- was used as a tool for fostering the alliance between Nazi government and industrialists . Jump up ^ Germà Bel ( 13 November 2004 ) . `` Against the mainstream : Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany '' ( PDF ) . University of Barcelona . IREA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Nazi economic policy implied a sharp rise in public expenditure . The intensity of this increase was unique among the Western capitalist countries in the pre-war period . Consistent with this , financial policy was subject to strong restrictions , and exceptional methods were devised to obtain resources . In fact , Schacht was considered more a financial technician than an economist ( Thyssen , 1941 , p. 138 ) . Privatization was one of the exceptional methods used . Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 83 - 84 Jump up ^ Götz Aly , Hitler 's Beneficiaries : Plunder , Racial War , and the Nazi Welfare State , New York : NY , Metropolitan Books , 2007 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Martina Steber and Bernhard Gotto , Visions of Community in Nazi Germany : Social Engineering and Private Lives , Oxford : UK , Oxford University Press , 2014 , p. 92 , p 2 . Jump up ^ Michael Geyer , Sheila Fitzpatrick , Beyond Totalitarianism : Stalinism and Nazism Compared , Cambridge University Press , 2009 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Victor Klemperer , I Will Bear Witness : A Diary of the Nazi Years , 1942 - 1945 , Vol. 2 , Random House , Inc. , 2001 , p. 317 . Goebbels ' editorial was written on April 30 , 1944 . Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Nicholas Crafts and Peter Fearon , editors , The Great Depression of the 1930s : Lessons for Today , Oxford University Press , 2013 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Arthur Schweitzer , `` Big Business in the Third Reich '' , Bloomington , Indiana University Press , 1964 , p. 265 Jump up ^ Arthur Schweitzer , `` Big Business in the Third Reich '' , Bloomington , Indiana University Press , 1964 , p. 269 Jump up ^ Arthur Schwietzer `` Big Business in the Third Reich '' Jump up ^ Arthur Schwwietzer , `` Big Business in the Third Reich '' Jump up ^ Arthur Schweitzer , `` Big Business in the Third Reich '' , Bloomington , Indiana University Press , 1964 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Hans - Joachim Braun , `` The German Economy in the Twentieth Century '' , Routledge , 1990 , p. 121 Jump up ^ William L. Shirer , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , New York : NY , Simon & Schuster ( 2011 ) p. 668 Jump up ^ William L. Shirer , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , New York : NY , Simon & Schuster ( 2011 ) p. 668 Jump up ^ Text of trade treaty of Feb. 11 , 1940 and figures on deliveries , Documents on German Foreign Policy , 1919 - 1945 , VIII , Washington : U.S. Department of State , pp. 762 - 64 Jump up ^ William L. Shirer , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , New York : NY , Simon & Schuster ( 2011 ) p. 668 Jump up ^ Sohn - Rethel , Alfred Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism , CSE Books , 1978 ISBN 0 - 906336 - 01 - 5 Jump up ^ Michael Thad Allen , `` The Business of Genocide '' , The University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Shirer , William . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , Arrow books 1991 . Jump up ^ Adam Tooze , `` The Wages of Destruction '' , Penguin Books , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03826 - 8 , pp. 648 - 649 Jump up ^ `` The Franco Years : Policies , Programs , and Growing Popular Unrest . '' A Country Study : Spain Jump up ^ Eric Solsten and Sandra W. Meditz ( eds . ) Social Values and Attitudes , U.S. Library of Congress Country Study on Spain , 1990 , from research completed in December 1988 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adler , Les K. , and Thomas G. Patterson . `` Red Fascism : The Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism . '' American Historical Review 75 ( April 1970 ) : 1046 - 64 . in JSTOR Alpers , Benjamin L. Dictators , Democracy , and American Public Culture : Envisioning the Totalitarian Enemy , 1920s - 1950s . University of North Carolina Press . 2003 Baker , David , `` The political economy of fascism : Myth or reality , or myth and reality ? '' New Political Economy , Volume 11 , Issue 2 June 2006 , pages 227 - 250 Blum , George P . The Rise of Fascism in Europe Greenwood Press , 1998 Brady , Robert A . The Spirit and Structure of German Fascism 1937 . Brady , Robert A. Business as a System of Power . New York : Columbia University Press , 1943 , argues National Association of Manufacturers ( NAM ) as well as NRA were proto - fascist Braun , Hans - Joachim . The German Economy in the Twentieth Century , Routledge , 1990 . Brinkley , Alan . The End of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War . Vintage , 1995 . Burnham , James . The Managerial Revolution : What Is Happening in the World 1941 . Cannistraro , Philip ( ed . ) . Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy , Greenwood Press , 1982 . De Grand , Alexander J. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany , Routledge , 1995 . Diggins , John P. Mussolini and Fascism : The View from America . Princeton University Press , 1972 . Falk , Richard . `` Will the Empire be Fascist ? , '' The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research , March 24 , 2003 , ( 1 ) . Feuer , Lewis S. `` American Travelers to the Soviet Union 1917 - 1932 : The Formation of a Component of New Deal Ideology . '' American Quarterly 14 ( June 1962 ) : 119 - 49 . in JSTOR Griffin , Roger . The Nature of Fascism London , Routledge , 1993 Kershaw , Ian . The Nazi Dictatorship . Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation , London , Arnold , 3rd edn , 1993 . Leighton , Joseph A. Social Philosophies in Conflict , D. Appleton - Century Company , 1937 . Lyttelton , Adrian ( editor ) . Liberal and fascist Italy , 1900 - 1945 , Oxford University Press , 2002 . Maddux , Thomas R. `` Red Fascism , Brown Bolshevism : The American Image of Totalitarianism in the 1930s . '' Historian ' 40 ( November 1977 ) : 85 - 103 . Mises , Ludwig von Omnipotent Government : The Rise of Total State and Total War , Yale University Press , 1944 . ( 2 ) Morgan , Philip . Fascism in Europe , 1919 - 1945 Routledge. 2002 Payne , Stanley G. A History of Fascism , 1914 - 1945 1995 Paxton , Robert O ... The Anatomy of Fascism , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2004 Pells , Richard H. Radical Visions and American Dreams : Culture and Thought in the Depressions Years . Harper and Row , 1973 . Rosenof , Theodore . Economics in the Long Run : New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies , 1933 - 1993 . University of North Carolina Press , 1997 . Salvemini , Gaetano . Italian Fascism . London : Victor Gollancz Ltd. , 1938 . Schmidt , Carl T . The corporate state in action ; Italy under fascism , Oxford University Press , 1939 . Schweitzer , Arthur . Big Business in the Third Reich , Bloomington , Indiana University Press , 1964 . Sohn - Rethel . Alfred . Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism , CSE Books , 1978 ISBN 0 - 906336 - 01 - 5 Skotheim , Robert Allen . Totalitarianism and American Social Thought . Holt , Rinehart , and Winston , 1971 . Sternhell , Zeev , with Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri , The Birth of Fascist Ideology , translated by David Maisel ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , ( 1989 ) 1995 ) . Swedberg , Richard . Schumpeter : A Biography Princeton University Press , 1991 . Tooze , Adam . The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy , Penguin Books , 2006 . Turner , Henry A. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler , 1985 . Welk , William G. Fascist Economic Policy , Harvard University Press , 1938 . Wiesen , S. Jonathan . German Industry and the Third Reich Dimensions : A Journal of Holocaust Studies Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( 3 ) Haseler , Stephen The Death of British Democracy : Study of Britain 's Political Present and Future . Prometheus Books 1976 . p. 153 External links ( edit ) The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy : The Case of Industry ( pdf ) by Christoph Buchheim and Jonas Scherner Economic Fascism by Thomas DiLorenzo The ' Political Economy of Fascism ' : Myth or Reality : or Myth and Reality ? by David Baker ( Now offline , but edited and published under this title in New Political Economy , Volume 11 , Issue 2 June 2006 , pages 227 -- 250 . ) Wiesen , S. Jonathan German Industry and the Third Reich Dimensions : A Journal of Holocaust Studies Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( 4 ) German Economic Policy by Wilhelm Baur . An official Nazi pamphlet Fascism Theory Core tenets Nationalism Imperialism Authoritarianism One - party state Dictatorship Social Darwinism Social interventionism Proletarian nation Propaganda Eugenics Heroism Militarism Economic interventionism Anti-communism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Ideas Actual Idealism Class collaboration Corporatism Heroic capitalism National Socialism National syndicalism State capitalism Supercapitalism Third Position Totalitarianism Social order Variants Italian National Socialism Japanese fascism Falangism British Austrian Metaxism National Radicalism Rexism Clerical Legionarism Integralism Movements Africa Greyshirts Ossewabrandwag Asia Brit HaBirionim Ganap Party Sakurakai Tōhōkai Blue Shirts Society Northern / Northwestern Europe Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Black Front ( Netherlands ) Blueshirts Breton Social - National Workers ' Movement British Fascists British People 's Party ( 1939 ) British Union of Fascists La Cagoule Clerical People 's Party Faisceau Flemish National Union French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Imperial Fascist League Lapua Movement Nasjonal Samling National Corporate Party ( Greenshirts ) National Fascisti Nationalist Party ( Iceland ) National Socialist Bloc National Socialist Dutch Workers Party National Socialist League National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands National Socialist Movement of Norway National Socialist Workers ' Party ( Sweden ) New Party ( UK ) Patriotic People 's Movement ( Finland ) Pērkonkrusts Rexism Central Europe Arrow Cross Party Austrian National Socialism Fatherland Front ( Austria ) Hungarian National Socialist Party National Front ( Switzerland ) Nazism Nazi Party Sudeten German Party Southern Europe Albanian Fascist Party Democratic Fascist Party Falange Greek National Socialist Party Italian Fascism Italian Social Republic Metaxism National Fascist Party National Union ( Portugal ) Republican Fascist Party Sammarinese Fascist Party Ustaše ZBOR Eastern and Southeastern Europe Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Crusade of Romanianism Iron Guard National Fascist Community National Fascist Movement National Italo - Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Social Movement ( Bulgaria ) National Radical Camp Falanga National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front Ratniks ( Bulgaria ) Romanian Front Russian Fascist Party Russian Women 's Fascist Movement Slovak People 's Party Union of Bulgarian National Legions Vlajka North America Fascism in Canada Canadian Union of Fascists Parti national social chrétien Gold shirts German American Bund Silver Legion of America South America Falangism in Latin America Brazilian Integralism Bolivian Socialist Falange National Socialist Movement of Chile Revolutionary Union People Abba Ahimeir Nimio de Anquín Sadao Araki Marc Augier Maurice Bardèche Jacques Benoist - Méchin Henri Béraud Zoltán Böszörmény Giuseppe Bottai Robert Brasillach Alphonse de Châteaubriant Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Gustavs Celmiņš Enrico Corradini Carlo Costamagna Richard Walther Darré Marcel Déat Léon Degrelle Pierre Drieu La Rochelle Gottfried Feder Giovanni Gentile Joseph Goebbels Hans F.K. Günther Heinrich Himmler Fumimaro Konoe Adolf Hitler Hideki Tojo Ikki Kita Vihtori Kosola Agostino Lanzillo Dimitrije Ljotić Leopoldo Lugones Curzio Malaparte Ioannis Metaxas Robert Michels Oswald Mosley Benito Mussolini Eoin O'Duffy Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin Sergio Panunzio Giovanni Papini Ante Pavelić William Dudley Pelley Alfred Ploetz Robert Poulet Vidkun Quisling José Antonio Primo de Rivera Lucien Rebatet Dionisio Ridruejo Alfredo Rocco Konstantin Rodzaevsky Alfred Rosenberg Plínio Salgado Rafael Sánchez Mazas Margherita Sarfatti Carl Schmitt Ardengo Soffici Othmar Spann Ugo Spirito Ferenc Szálasi Gonzalo Torrente Ballester Georges Valois Anastasy Vonsyatsky Works Literature The Doctrine of Fascism Fascist Manifesto Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century Zweites Buch Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista Periodicals La Conquista del Estado Das Reich Der Angriff Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden Figli d'Italia Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Je suis partout La France au travail Münchener Beobachter Novopress NS Månedshefte Norsk - Tysk Tidsskrift Das Schwarze Korps Der Stürmer Il Popolo d'Italia Sfarmă - Piatră Signal Vlajka Völkischer Beobachter Nash Put ' Fashist l'Alba Film Der Sieg des Glaubens Tag der Freiheit : Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Sculpture Allach Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Nazi plunder Syndicalism Conservatism Organizations Institutional Ahnenerbe Chamber of Fasci and Corporations Grand Council of Fascism Imperial Way Faction Italian Nationalist Association Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen Quadrumvirs Activist Fascist Union of Youth German American Bund National Youth Organisation ( Greece ) Russian Fascist Organization Union of Fascist Little Ones Union of Young Fascists -- Vanguard ( boys ) Union of Young Fascists -- Vanguard ( girls ) Paramilitary Albanian Militia Black Brigades Blackshirts Blueshirts Einsatzgruppen Gold shirts Greenshirts Greyshirts Hitler Youth Heimwehr Iron Wolf ( organization ) Lăncieri Makapili Silver Legion of America Schutzstaffel Sturmabteilung Waffen - SS Werwolf International Axis powers NSDAP / AO ODESSA History 1910s Arditi Fascio 1920s Aventine Secession Acerbo Law Corfu incident March on Rome Beer Hall Putsch Italian economic battles 1930s March of the Iron Will German federal election , November 1932 German federal election , March 1933 Enabling Act 6 February 1934 crisis 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Spanish Civil War 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact 1940s World War II The Holocaust End in Italy Denazification Nuremberg Trials Lists Anti-fascists Books about Hitler British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Nazi ideologues Nazi leaders Speeches by Hitler SS personnel Related topics Alt - right Anti-fascism Anti-Nazi League Christofascism Clerical fascism Cryptofascism Esoteric Nazism Fascist ( epithet ) Fascist mysticism Germanisation Glossary of Nazi Germany Hitler salute Italianization Italianization of South Tyrol Islamofascism Japanization Ku Klux Klan Neo-fascism Neo-Nazism Roman salute Social fascism Synarchism Unite Against Fascism Völkisch movement Women in Nazi Germany Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economics_of_fascism&oldid=800959758 '' Categories : Economics of fascism Economic systems Fascism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles containing German - language text Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latina Magyar Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Türkçe Vèneto Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 20 : 05 . 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any million dollar winners on who wants to be a millionaire | Over the course of the programs history , 12 people have answered the final question correctly and walked away with the top prize . These include : | Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) | who wants to be a millionaire ( u. s. game show ) | Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Genre Game show Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Developed by Michael Davies Directed by Mark Gentile ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Matthew Cohen ( 2002 -- 10 ) Rob George ( 2010 -- 13 ) Brian McAloon ( 2013 -- 14 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2014 -- present ) Presented by ABC : Regis Philbin Syndication : Meredith Vieira ( 2002 -- 13 ) Cedric the Entertainer ( 2013 -- 14 ) Terry Crews ( 2014 -- 15 ) Chris Harrison ( 2015 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Keith Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Matthew Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Jeff Lippencott ( 2010 -- present ) Mark T. Williams ( 2010 -- present ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 19 ( 3 on ABC , 16 in syndication ) No. of episodes ABC ( Original ) : 363 Syndicated : 2,655 ( as of October 6 , 2017 ) ABC ( Super Millionaire ) : 12 ABC ( 10th Anniversary Special ) : 11 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Davies ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Paul Smith ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Leigh Hampton ( 2004 -- 10 ) Rich Sirop ( 2010 -- 14 ) James Rowley ( 2014 -- present ) Production location ( s ) New York , New York ( 1999 -- 2014 ) Stamford , Connecticut ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Las Vegas , Nevada ( 2016 -- present ) Running time 39 -- 48 minutes ( ABC ) 19 -- 25 minutes ( syndication ) Production company ( s ) Valleycrest Productions ( 1999 -- present ) Celador ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2009 ) Syndication ( 2002 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1999 -- 2011 ) 720p / 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release ABC August 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 16 ) -- June 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 27 ) Syndication September 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) -- present External links Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( often informally called Millionaire ) is an American television game show based on the same - titled British program and developed for the United States by Michael Davies . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win a top prize of $1,000,000 by answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty ( although , for a time , most of the questions were of random difficulty ) . The program has endured as one of the longest - running and most successful international variants in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? franchise . The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16 , 1999 to June 27 , 2002 , and was hosted by Regis Philbin . The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16 , 2002 , and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31 , 2013 . Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season , Terry Crews in the following season ( 2014 -- 15 ) , and Chris Harrison , who began hosting on September 14 , 2015 . As the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize , the show made television history by becoming one of the highest - rated game shows in the history of American television . The U.S. Millionaire has won seven Daytime Emmy Awards , and TV Guide ranked it No. 6 in its 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Core rules 1.2 Format history 1.2. 1 Original Format ( 1999 -- 2008 ) 1.2. 2 Clock Format ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.2. 3 Shuffle Format ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 1.2. 4 Current Format ( 2015 -- present ) 1.3 Payout structure 1.4 Lifelines 1.4. 1 Current Lifelines 1.4. 2 Former lifelines 1.5 Top prize winners 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Audition process 3.3 Music 3.4 Set 4 Broadcast history 4.1 ABC 4.2 Syndication 4.3 GSN 5 Special editions 5.1 Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire 5.2 10th Anniversary Celebration 5.3 Million Dollar Tournament of Ten 6 Reception 7 Other media 7.1 Merchandise 7.2 Disney Parks attraction 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Core rules ( edit ) Screenshot illustrating how question text and answer choices appear on - screen At its core , the game is a quiz competition in which the goal is to correctly answer a series of fourteen ( originally fifteen ) consecutive multiple - choice questions . The questions are of increasing difficulty , except in the 2010 -- 15 format overhaul , where the contestants were faced with a round of ten questions of random difficulty , followed by a round of four questions of increasing difficulty . Each question is worth a specified amount of money ; the amounts are cumulative in the first round , but not in the second . If the contestant gives a wrong answer to any question , their game is over and their winnings are reduced ( or increased , in the first two questions ) to $1,000 for tier - one questions , $5,000 for tier - two questions , and $50,000 for tier - three questions . However , the contestant has the option of `` walking away '' without giving an answer after being presented with a question , in which case the game ends and the contestant is guaranteed to walk away with all the money they have previously received . With the exception of the shuffle format , upon correctly answering questions five and ten , contestants are guaranteed at least the amount of prize money associated with that level . If the contestant gives an incorrect answer , their winnings drop down to the last milestone achieved . Since 2015 , if the contestant answers a question incorrectly before reaching question five , he or she leaves with $1,000 , even on the first question that is worth only $500 . For celebrities , the minimum guarantee for their nominated charities is $10,000 . Prior to the shuffle format , a contestant left with nothing if they answered a question incorrectly before reaching the first milestone . In the shuffle format era , contestants who incorrectly answered a question had their winnings reduced to $1,000 in round one and $25,000 in round two . Format history ( edit ) Original format ( 1999 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) From 1999 -- 2002 , 10 contestants would play a round of Fastest Finger to determine who would be the first to play in the hot seat . The contestants would be faced with a question and four answers , and they would have to put the four answers in the correct order ( ascending , chronological etc . ) in the fastest time . The contestant who keyed it in the fastest time correctly would play for one million dollars . If no one got it right , the round is played again until someone does , and if a tie breaker occurs the remaining contestants do one Fastest Finger question until one person does it quicker . This round was eliminated from the game when the syndicated version started , though it returned in 2004 for Super Millionaire and 2009 for the shows 10th Anniversary . The format remained unchanged , aside from alterations to the money ladder and the addition of a new lifeline , until 2008 . Clock format ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) In 2008 , the format was altered to include a time limit on each question . The amount of time for each question was as follows : 15 seconds for questions 1 -- 5 30 seconds for questions 6 -- 10 45 seconds for questions 11 -- 14 For the last question , the amount of time that was not used on the previous questions was banked and added onto the 45 seconds already allowed on the question , to give the contestant a better chance at winning the million . The timer would count down the second the answer options appeared and the contestant would have to give their final answer within that length of time . If the contestant ran out of time at any point , the contestant would have to leave with the amount of money they had banked at the time . In addition the categories of the questions were displayed before the question was asked , titled as the ' Millionaire Menu ' . In 2009 , the money ladder was altered slightly . Shuffle format ( 2010 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) The format was overhauled in September 2010 quite significantly . The game was now split into two rounds . In round one the contestant would face 10 questions , each assigned to a different amount of money that was randomized at the start of the game . So the difficulty of the question was not tied to the amount of money the question was worth , which was revealed after the question was either answered or jumped . The value of each question was added to the contestant 's bank , with a maximum amount that could be won at $68,600 . Like usual the contestant could leave with their current winnings at any point , though if they did n't pass round one they would only receive half their banked money ( ie . if a contestant won $30,000 and walked away they would only receive $15,000 ) . The second round consisted of 4 questions done in the traditional ' Millionaire ' format , with the difficulty of the question tied to the amount of money it was worth . If the contestant gave a wrong answer in the first round they would go home with nothing , while if they made it to round 2 , they would receive $25,000 . From 2011 -- 2014 , some weeks were ' Double Your Money ' weeks , so if a contestant got a question right , its value would be doubled with a maximum jackpot of $93,600 . However if a question was jumped , its value was not doubled . Current format ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) With the hiring of new host Chris Harrison , the format was changed once again to resemble that of the original Millionaire . Each contestant faces 14 general - knowledge questions of increasing difficulty , with no time limit or information about the categories . As of 2017 , a contestant who misses any of the first five questions leaves with $1,000 , even if the missed question is of a lower value . Payout structure ( edit ) Five different ladders have been used over the course of the series . Question number Question value 1999 -- 2004 2004 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present $100 $500 Random values ( $100 or $200 , $500 or $1,000 , $1,000 or $2,000 , $2,000 or $4,000 , $3,000 or $6,000 , $5,000 or $10,000 , $7,000 or $14,000 , $10,000 or $20,000 , $15,000 or $30,000 , and $25,000 or $50,000 ) The Value of each right response accumulated through the 1st 10 questions , for a potential maximum of $68,600 or $93,600 in Double Money Week Episodes . $500 $200 $1,000 $1,000 $300 $2,000 $2,000 $500 $3,000 $3,000 5 $1,000 $5,000 $5,000 6 $2,000 $7,500 $7,000 7 $4,000 $10,000 $10,000 8 $8,000 $12,500 $20,000 9 $16,000 $15,000 $30,000 10 $32,000 $25,000 $50,000 11 $64,000 $50,000 $100,000 12 $125,000 $100,000 $250,000 13 $250,000 $500,000 14 $500,000 $1,000,000 15 $1,000,000 The original primetime payment structure was also used for the first two seasons of the syndicated version ( 2002 -- 04 ) . The third syndicated season in 2004 saw a reduction in the values for questions ten through twelve . In the eighth syndicated season ( 2009 -- 10 ) , the lower question values were adjusted to raise the first safe haven to $5,000 . When the `` shuffle format '' was used , the first ten questions had random amounts from $100 to $25,000 , as listed above . In addition , the number of questions needed to win the million was reduced to 14 , removing the $50,000 level , the last four values remained the same for round two . The values were doubled during `` Double Money Weeks '' . When the shuffle format ended at the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , the switch to 14 questions was retained , the first safe haven was kept at $5,000 , but the second was raised to $50,000 . The $500,000 and $1,000,000 prizes were initially lump - sum payments , but were changed to annuities in September 2002 when the series moved to syndication . Contestants winning either of these prizes receive $250,000 thirty days after their show broadcasts and the remainder paid in equal annual payments . The $500,000 prize consists of $25,000 per year for 10 years , while the $1,000,000 prize consists of $37,500 per year for 20 years . Since 2017 , contestants who answer one of the first five questions incorrectly receive a $1,000 consolation prize ; on the original primetime version and on the earlier seasons of the syndicated version prior to 2010 , contestants who missed one of the first five questions left with no winnings . Lifelines ( edit ) Forms of assistance known as `` lifelines '' are available for a contestant to use if a question proves difficult . Multiple lifelines may be used on a single question , but each one can only be used once per game ( unless otherwise noted below ) . Three lifelines are available from the start of the game . Depending on the format of the show , additional lifelines may become available after the contestant correctly answers the fifth or tenth question . In the clock format , usage of lifelines temporarily paused the clock while the lifelines were played . Current lifelines ( edit ) Ask the Audience ( 1999 -- ) : The audience members individually use four - button keypads to register the answer they believe is correct . The percentage of votes for each answer is immediately shown to the host , contestant , and home viewer . 50 : 50 ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2015 -- ) : Two incorrect answers are eliminated , leaving the contestant with a choice between the correct answer and one remaining wrong answer . + 1 ( 2014 -- ) : Based on `` Ask One of the Audience '' from other versions . The contestant may invite a friend onstage from the audience to assist with the current question . If the answer is correct , the friend must then return to the audience . Former lifelines ( edit ) Phone a Friend ( 1999 -- 2010 ) : The contestant called a pre-arranged friend and was then given 30 seconds to discuss the question with that person . In 2010 , this lifeline was eliminated due to an increasing use of search engines by home viewers to look up answers . Switch / Cut the Question ( 2004 -- 2008 ) : Earned after answering 10 questions , this lifeline allowed a contestant to discard the current question and replace it with one of the same value . It has been used occasionally during Whiz Kids Week in the current version and is available from the outset . Double Dip ( 2004 , 2008 -- 2010 ) : First used during Super Millionaire , this lifeline allowed a contestant to make a second guess at the answer if his / her first one was wrong . The contestant had to invoke the lifeline before making the first guess , and it was removed from play regardless of which guess was correct . In addition , the contestant could not walk away from the question after invoking the lifeline . It was introduced to the main series in 2008 , replacing 50 : 50 . Three Wise Men ( 2004 ) : Used during Super Millionaire , this lifeline allowed the contestant 30 seconds of advice from a panel of three experts , who were sequestered backstage and saw the question only when their help was requested . Ask the Expert ( 2008 -- 2010 ) : Based on Three Wise Men , the lifeline was earned after answering five questions correctly . The contestant was connected to an expert via a video call , and the two could discuss the question with no time limit . Jump the Question ( 2010 -- 2015 ) : This lifeline allowed the contestant to skip the current question , but the money associated with it was removed from play . It could be used twice per game from 2010 -- 2014 , once from 2014 -- 2015 . Crystal Ball ( 2012 -- 2015 ) : Used occasionally during the `` shuffle '' round , this lifeline allowed the contestant to see the value of the current question before either answering or jumping it ( if Jump the Question had not yet been used ) . Top prize winners ( edit ) Over the course of the programs history , 12 people have answered the final question correctly and walked away with the top prize . These include : John Carpenter -- He became the first winner of the top prize on November 19 , 1999 . Dan Blonsky -- Second person to win the million on January 18 , 2000 Joe Trela -- Third person to win on March 23 , 2000 Bob House -- won on June 13 , 2000 Kim Hunt -- won on July 6 , 2000 David Goodman -- won July 11 , 2000 Kevin Olmstead -- He won the top prize on April 10 , 2001 . However because of the jackpot having been set to increase by $10,000 each episode , he won $2,180,000 -- making him the biggest winner in television history at the time . The jackpot never accumulated like this again . Bernie Cullen -- won the million just five days after Olmsteads win on April 15 , 2001 . Ed Toutant -- won on September 7 , 2001 . He originally appeared on January 31 , 2001 when the jackpot was at $1,860,000 when he was ruled out after answering his $16,000 question wrong . However it was determined that there was an error in the question , so he was invited back and won the jackpot as it was at the time . Kevin Smith -- first syndicated millionaire , winning the top prize on February 18 , 2003 Nancy Christy -- won the million on May 8 , 2003 . This makes her the only female top prize winner . Sam Murray -- answered the last question correctly during the Million Dollar Tournament of Ten and remained the only contestant to answer his question correctly in November 2009 . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Regis Philbin , host of the original network version The original network version of the U.S. Millionaire and the subsequent primetime specials were hosted by Regis Philbin . When the syndicated version was being developed , the production team felt that it was not feasible for Philbin to continue hosting , as the show recorded four episodes in a single day , and that the team was looking for qualities in a new host : it had to be somebody who would love the contestants and be willing to root for them . Rosie O'Donnell was initially offered a hosting position on this new edition , but declined the opportunity almost immediately . Eventually Meredith Vieira , who had previously competed in a celebrity charity event on the original network version , was named host of the new syndicated edition . ABC originally offered Vieira hosting duties on the syndicated Millionaire to sweeten one of her re-negotiations for the network 's daytime talk show The View , which she was moderating at the time . When the show was honored by GSN on its Gameshow Hall of Fame special , Vieira herself further explained her motivation for hosting the syndicated version as follows : `` I did the show because I fell in love with the show , and really , first and foremost , as a parent , ( I feel that ) there are n't that many shows on television that you can watch as a family . And when Michael Davies approached me and said , `` Would you be interested in hosting the syndicated version ? '' , I said , `` Just point me toward the contract ! I am so there ! '' '' From 2007 to 2011 , when Vieira was concurrently working as a co-host of Today , guest hosts appeared in the second half of each season of the syndicated version . Guest hosts who filled in for Vieira included Philbin , Al Roker , Tom Bergeron , Tim Vincent , Dave Price , Billy Bush , Leeza Gibbons , Cat Deeley , Samantha Harris , Shaun Robinson , Steve Harvey , John Henson , Sherri Shepherd , Tim Gunn , and D.L. Hughley . On January 10 , 2013 , Vieira announced that after eleven seasons with the syndicated Millionaire , she would be leaving the show as part of an effort to focus on other projects in her career . She finalized taping of her last episodes with the show in November 2012 . While Philbin briefly considered a return to the show , Cedric the Entertainer was introduced as her successor when season twelve premiered on September 2 , 2013 . On April 30 , 2014 , Deadline announced that Cedric had decided to leave the show in order to lighten his workload , resulting in him being succeeded by Terry Crews for the 2014 -- 15 season . Crews was succeeded by Chris Harrison , host of The Bachelor and its spin - offs , when season 14 premiered on September 14 , 2015 . Production staff ( edit ) The original executive producers of the U.S. Millionaire were British television producers Michael Davies and Paul Smith , the latter of whom undertook the responsibility of licensing Millionaire to American airwaves as part of his effort to transform the UK program into a global franchise . Smith served until 2007 and Davies until 2010 ; additionally , Leigh Hampton ( previously co-executive producer in the later days of the network version and in the syndicated version 's first two seasons ) served as an executive producer from 2004 to 2010 . Rich Sirop , who was previously a supervising producer , became the executive producer in 2010 and held that position until 2014 , when he left Millionaire to hold the same position with Vieira 's newly launched syndicated talk show , and was replaced by James Rowley . Vincent Rubino , who had previously been the syndicated Millionaire 's supervising producer for its first two seasons , served as that version 's co-executive producer for the 2004 -- 05 season , after which he was succeeded by Vieira herself , who continued to hold the title until her departure in 2013 ( sharing her position with Sirop for the 2009 -- 10 season ) . Producers of the network version included Hampton , Rubino , Leslie Fuller , Nikki Webber , and Terrence McDonnell . For its first two seasons the syndicated version had Deirdre Cossman for its managing producer , then Dennis F. McMahon became producer for the next two seasons ( joined by Dominique Bruballa as his line producer ) , after which Jennifer Weeks produced the next four seasons of syndicated Millionaire shows , initially accompanied by Amanda Zucker as her line producer , but later joined for the 2008 -- 09 season by Tommy Cody ( who became sole producer in the 2009 -- 10 season ) . The first 65 shuffle format episodes were produced by McPaul Smith , and as of 2011 , the title of producer is held by Bryan Lasseter . The network version had Ann Miller and Tiffany Trigg for its supervising producers ; they were joined by Wendy Roth in the first two seasons , and by Michael Binkow in the third and final season . After Rubino 's promotion to co-executive producer , the syndicated version 's later supervising producers included Sirop ( 2004 -- 09 ) , Geena Gintzig ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Brent Burnette ( 2010 -- 12 ) , Geoff Rosen ( 2012 -- 14 ) , and Liz Harris ( 2014 -- 16 ) , who currently serves as the co-executive producer . The original network version of Millionaire was directed by Mark Gentile , who later served as the syndicated version 's consulting producer for its first two seasons and as the director of Duel , which ran on ABC from December 2007 to July 2008 . The syndicated version was directed by Matthew Cohen from 2002 to 2010 , by Rob George from 2010 to 2013 , and by Brian McAloon in the 2013 -- 14 season . Former Price Is Right director Rich DiPirro became Millionaire 's director in 2014 . Production ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire is a co-production of 2waytraffic , a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment , and Valleycrest Productions , a division of The Walt Disney Company . 2waytraffic purchased Millionaire 's original production company Celador in 2008 , while Valleycrest has produced the series since its beginning , and holds the copyright on all U.S. Millionaire episodes to date . The show is distributed by Valleycrest 's corporate sibling Disney - ABC Home Entertainment & Television Distribution ( previously known as Buena Vista Television ) . The U.S. Millionaire was taped at ABC 's Television Center East studio on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York from 1999 to 2012 . Tapings were moved to NEP Broadcasting 's Metropolis Studios in East Harlem in 2013 , and production moved to studios located in Stamford , Connecticut the following year . For the 2016 -- 17 season , production relocated to Bally 's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . Episodes of the syndicated version are produced from June to December . The show originally taped four episodes in a single day , but that number has since been changed to five . Origins ( edit ) When the U.S. version of Millionaire was first conceived in 1998 , Michael Davies was a young television producer who was serving as the head of ABC 's little - noticed reality programming division ( at a time when reality television had not yet become a phenomenon in America ) . At that time , ABC was lingering in third place in the ratings indexes among U.S. broadcast networks , and was on the verge of losing its status as one of the `` Big Three '' networks . Meanwhile , the popularity of game shows was at an all - time low , and with the exception of The Price Is Right , the genre was absent from networks ' daytime lineups at that point . Having earlier created Debt for Lifetime Television and participated with Al Burton and Donnie Brainard in the creation of Win Ben Stein 's Money for Comedy Central , Davies decided to create a primetime game show that would save the network from collapse and revive interest in game shows . Davies originally considered reviving CBS 's long - lost quiz show The $64,000 Question for a new era , with a new home on ABC . However , this effort 's development was limited as when the producer heard that the British Millionaire was about to make its debut , he got his friends and family members in the UK to record the show , and subsequently ended up receiving about eight FedEx packages from different family members , each containing a copy of Millionaire 's first episode . Davies was so captivated by everything that he had seen and heard , from host Chris Tarrant 's intimate involvement with the contestant to the show 's lighting system and music tracks , that he chose to abandon his work on the $64,000 Question revival in favor of introducing Millionaire to American airwaves , convinced that it would become extraordinarily popular . When Davies presented his ideas for the U.S. Millionaire to ABC , the network 's executives initially rejected them , so he resigned his position there and became an independent producer . Determined to bring his idea for the show to fruition , Davies decided that he was betting his whole career on Millionaire 's production , and the first move that he made was planning to attach a celebrity host to the show . Along with Philbin , a number of other popular television personalities were considered for hosting positions on the U.S. Millionaire during its development , including Peter Jennings , Bob Costas , Phil Donahue , and Montel Williams , but among those considered , it was Philbin who wanted the job the most , and when he saw an episode of the British Millionaire and was blown away by his content , Davies and his team ultimately settled on having him host the American show . When Davies approached ABC again after having hired Philbin , the network finally agreed to accept the U.S. Millionaire . With production now ready to begin , the team had only five months to finish developing the show and get it launched , with Davies demanding perfection in every element of Millionaire 's production . Audition process ( edit ) With few exceptions , any legal resident of the United States who is 18 years of age or older has the potential of becoming a contestant through Millionaire 's audition process . Those ineligible include employees , immediate family or household members , and close acquaintances of SPE , Disney , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; television stations that broadcast the syndicated version ; or any advertising agency or other firm or entity engaged in the production , administration , or judging of the show . Also ineligible are current candidates for political office and individuals who have appeared on a different game show outside of cable that has been broadcast within the past year , is intended to be broadcast within the next year , or played the main game on any of the U.S. versions of Millionaire itself . Potential contestants of the original primetime version had to compete in a telephone contest which had them dial a toll - free number and answer three questions by putting objects or events in order . Callers had ten seconds to enter the order on a keypad , with any incorrect answer ending the game / call . The 10,000 to 20,000 candidates who answered all three questions correctly were selected into a random drawing in which approximately 300 contestants competed for ten spots on the show using the same phone quiz method . Accommodations for contestants outside the New York City area included round trip airfare ( or other transportation ) and hotel accommodations . The syndicated version 's potential contestants , depending on tryouts , are required to pass an electronically scored test comprising a set of thirty questions which must be answered within a 10 - minute time limit . Contestants who fail the test are eliminated , while those who pass are interviewed for an audition by the production staff , and those who impress the staff the most are then notified by postal mail that they have been placed into a pool for possible selection as contestants . At the producers ' discretion , contestants from said pool are selected to appear on actual episodes of the syndicated program ; these contestants are given a phone call from staff and asked to confirm the information on their initial application form and verify that they meet all eligibility requirements . Afterwards , they are given a date to travel to the show 's taping facilities to participate in a scheduled episode of the show . Unlike its ABC counterpart , the syndicated version does not offer transportation or hotel accommodations to contestants at the production company 's expense ; that version 's contestants are instead required to provide transportation and accommodations of their own . The syndicated Millionaire also conducts open casting calls in various locations across the United States to search for potential contestants . These are held in late spring or early summer , with all dates and locations posted on the show 's official website . The producers make no guarantee on how many applicants will be tested at each particular venue ; however , the show will not test any more than 2,500 individuals per audition day . In cases when the show features themed episodes with two people playing as a team , auditions for these episodes ' contestants are announced on the show 's website . Both members of the team must pass the written test and the audition interview successfully in order to be considered for selection . If only one member of the team passes , he or she is placed into the contestant pool alone and must continue the audition process as an individual in order to proceed . Music ( edit ) Originally , the U.S. Millionaire carried over the musical score from the British version , composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . Unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song took some inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the $2,000 to the $32,000 / $25,000 level , and then from the $64,000 / $50,000 level onwards , took the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On GSN 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart , '' and stated that as the contestant worked their way up the money ladder , the music was `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse . '' The original Millionaire musical score holds the distinction of being the only game show soundtrack to be acknowledged by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers , as the Strachans were honored with numerous ASCAP awards for their work , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favor of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . Set ( edit ) The U.S. Millionaire 's basic set is a direct adaptation of the British version 's set design , which was conceived by Andy Walmsley . Paul Smith 's original licensing agreement for the U.S. Millionaire required that the show 's set design , along with all other elements of the show 's on - air presentation ( musical score , lighting system , host 's wardrobe , etc . ) , adhere faithfully to the way in which they were presented in the British version ; this same licensing agreement applied to all other international versions of the show , making Walmsley 's Millionaire set design the most reproduced scenic design in television history . The original version of the U.S. Millionaire 's set cost $200,000 to construct . The U.S. Millionaire 's production design is handled by George Allison , whose predecessors have included David Weller and Jim Fenhagen . Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the program feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . Before the shuffle format was implemented in 2010 , the main game had the contestant and host sit in chairs in the center of the stage , known as `` Hot Seats '' ; these measured 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) high , were modeled after chairs typically found in hair salons , and each seat featured a computer monitor directly facing it to display questions and other pertinent information . Shortly after the shuffle format was introduced to Millionaire , Vieira stated in an interview with her Millionaire predecessor on his morning talk show that the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporized , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside of prison when an escape was in progress . When the shuffle format was introduced , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium , and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernized look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens had ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colors and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . Broadcast history ( edit ) ABC ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire was launched by ABC as a half - hour primetime program on August 16 , 1999 . When it premiered , it became the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize to contestants . After airing thirteen episodes and reaching an audience of 15 million viewers by the end of the show 's first week on the air , the program expanded to an hour - long format when it returned in November . The series , of which episodes were originally shown only a day after their initial taping , was promoted to regular status on January 18 , 2000 and , at the height of its popularity , was airing on ABC five nights a week . The show was so popular during its original primetime run that rival networks created or re-incarnated game shows of their own ( e.g. , Greed , Twenty One , etc . ) , as well as importing various game shows of British and Australian origin to America ( such as Winning Lines , Weakest Link , and It 's Your Chance of a Lifetime ) . The nighttime version initially drew in up to 30 million viewers a day three times a week , an unheard - of number in modern network television . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , it averaged No. 1 in the ratings against all other television shows , with 28,848,000 viewers . In the next season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , three nights out of the five weekly episodes placed in the top 10 . However , the show 's ratings began to fall during the 2000 -- 01 season , so that at the start of the 2001 -- 02 season , the ratings were only a fraction of what they had been one year before , and by season 's end , the show was no longer even ranked among the top 20 . ABC 's reliance on the show 's popularity led the network to fall quickly from its former spot as the nation 's most watched network . As ABC 's overexposure of the primetime Millionaire led the public to tire of the show , there was speculation that the show would not survive beyond the 2001 -- 02 season . The staff planned on switching it to a format that would emphasize comedy more than the game and feature a host other than Philbin , but in the end , the primetime show was canceled , with its final episode airing on June 27 , 2002 . Syndication ( edit ) In 2001 , Millionaire producers began work on a half - hour daily syndicated version of the show , with the idea being that it would serve as an accompaniment to the network series which was still in production . ABC 's cancellation of the network Millionaire ended that idea ; however , the syndicated Millionaire still had enough interest to be greenlit and BVT sold the series to local stations for the 2002 -- 03 season . The syndicated series nearly met the same fate as its predecessor , however , due in part to worries that stemmed from a decision made by one of its affiliates . In the New York media market , BVT sold the syndicated Millionaire to CBS 's flagship station , WCBS - TV . In the season that had passed , WCBS ' mid-afternoon schedule included the syndicated edition of NBC 's Weakest Link , which aired at 4 pm from its January 2002 premiere . Joining Millionaire as a new syndicated series was a spinoff of The Oprah Winfrey Show hosted by Dr. Phil McGraw . WCBS picked up both series for 2002 -- 03 , with Dr. Phil serving as lead - in for the syndicated Millionaire , which was plugged into the time slot that Weakest Link had been occupying . At mid-season , WCBS announced that for the 2003 -- 04 season it had acquired the broadcast rights to The People 's Court after WNBC , which had been airing the revived series since its 1997 debut , dropped it from its lineup . WCBS announced plans to move The People 's Court into the time slot that was occupied by Millionaire and the still - airing 4 : 30 pm local newscast once it joined the station 's lineup in September 2003 . This led to speculation that the syndicated Millionaire would not be returning for a second season , and BVT 's concerns over losing its New York affiliate were compounded by the fact that there were not many time slots available for the show in New York outside of the undesirable late - night slots that syndicators try to avoid . In June 2003 , a shakeup at one of BVT 's corporate siblings provided the series with an opening . ABC announced that it would be returning the 12 : 30 pm network time slot to its affiliates in October of that year following the cancellation of the soap opera Port Charles . ABC 's flagship , WABC - TV , was thus in need of a program to fill the slot and BVT went to them asking if the station would pick up Millionaire . WABC agreed to do this and when the new season launched that fall , the station began airing Millionaire at 12 : 30 pm . Millionaire continued to air on WABC in the afternoon until the end of the 2014 -- 15 season , when it acquired the broadcast rights to FABLife for the 2015 -- 16 season . To make room for FABLife , the afternoon airing of Millionaire was moved to independent station WLNY - TV ; however , FABLife was canceled in January 2016 , and as a result , Millionaire moved back to WABC for the 2016 -- 17 season . According to e-mails released in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack , Millionaire narrowly avoided cancellation after the 2014 -- 15 season . The show 's declining ratings prompted DADT to demand a dramatically reduced licensing fee for renewal , which SPE was hesitant to accept . The series was nonetheless renewed for the 2015 -- 16 season , with various cuts to the show 's production budget and a return to the original format ( but with only 14 questions ) . Had the show not been renewed , SPE would have placed the show on extended hiatus for three years , reclaimed full rights to the show ( without the innovations and format added in the syndicated run , to which DADT owns intellectual property rights ) , and shopped the revived show to another network or syndicator . On January 17 , 2017 , it was announced that Millionaire has been renewed through 2018 . Millionaire was subsequently renewed through the 2018 -- 19 season on January 17 , 2018 . GSN ( edit ) Game Show Network ( GSN ) acquired the rerun rights to the U.S. Millionaire in August 2003 . The network initially aired only episodes from the three seasons of the original prime - time run ; however , additional episodes were later added . These included the Super Millionaire spin - off , which aired on GSN from May 2005 to January 2007 , and the first two seasons of the syndicated version , which began airing on November 10 , 2008 . On December 4 , 2017 , GSN acquired the rerun rights to the Harrison episodes of Millionaire ( seasons fourteen and fifteen ) , which began airing December 18 , 2017 . Special editions ( edit ) Various special editions and tournaments have been conducted which feature celebrities playing the game and donating winnings to charities of their choice . During celebrity editions on the original ABC version , contestants were allowed to receive help from their fellow contestants during the first ten questions . The most successful celebrity contestants throughout the show 's run have included Drew Carey , Rosie O'Donnell , Norm Macdonald , and Chip Esten , all of whom won $500,000 for their respective charities . The episode featuring O'Donnell's $500,000 win averaged 36.1 million viewers , the highest number for a single episode of the show . There have also been special weeks featuring two or three family members or couples competing as a team , a `` Champions Edition '' where former big winners returned and split their winnings with their favorite charities , a `` Zero Dollar Winner Edition '' featuring contestants who previously missed one of the first - tier questions and left with nothing , and a `` Tax - Free Edition '' in which H&R Block calculated the taxes of winnings to allow contestants to earn stated winnings after taxes , and various theme weeks featuring college students , teachers , brides - to - be , etc. as contestants . Additionally , the syndicated version once featured an annual `` Walk In & Win Week '' with contestants who were randomly selected from the audience without having to take the audition test . Special weeks have also included shows featuring questions concerning specific topics , such as professional football , celebrity gossip , movies , and pop culture . During a week of episodes in November 2007 , to celebrate the 1,000 th episode of the syndicated Millionaire , all contestants that week started with $1,000 so that they could not leave empty - handed , and only had to answer ten questions to win $1,000,000 . During that week , twenty home viewers per day also won $1,000 each . Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( edit ) In 2004 , Philbin returned to host 12 episodes of a spin - off program titled Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire in which contestants could potentially win $10,000,000 . ABC aired five episodes of this spin - off during the week of February 22 , 2004 , and an additional seven episodes later that year in May . As usual , contestants had to answer a series of 15 multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty , but the dollar values rose substantially . The questions for Super Millionaire were worth $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $4,000 , $5,000 ( the first safe haven ) , $10,000 , $20,000 , $30,000 , $50,000 , $100,000 ( the second safe haven ) , $500,000 , $1,000,000 , $2,500,000 , $5,000,000 , and $10,000,000 . Contestants were given the standard three lifelines in place at the time ( 50 : 50 , Ask the Audience , and Phone - a-Friend ) at the beginning of the game . However , after correctly answering the $100,000 question , the contestant earned two additional lifelines : Three Wise Men and Double Dip . The Three Wise Men lifeline involved a panel of three experts , one of whom was always a former Millionaire contestant and at least one of whom was female . When this lifeline was used , the contestant and panel had 30 seconds to discuss the question and choices before the audio and video feeds were dropped . Double Dip gave a contestant two chances to answer a question . Once used , the contestant must answer the question without using any further lifelines ; moreover , if the `` first final answer '' was incorrect , the contestant could not walk away . If the `` second final answer '' was also wrong , the contestant left with $100,000 . 10th Anniversary Celebration ( edit ) To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Millionaire 's U.S. debut , the show returned to ABC primetime for an eleven - night event hosted by Philbin , which aired August 9 to 23 , 2009 . The Academy Award - winning movie Slumdog Millionaire and the 2008 economic crisis helped boost interest of renewal of the game show . The episodes featured game play based on the previous rule set of the syndicated version ( including the rule changes implemented in season seven ) but used the Fastest Finger round to select contestants . Various celebrities also made special guest appearances at the end of every episode ; each guest played one question for a chance at $50,000 for a charity of their choice , being allowed to use any one of the four lifelines in place at the time ( Phone - a-Friend , Ask the Audience , Double Dip , and Ask the Expert ) , but still earned a minimum of $25,000 for the charity if they answered the question incorrectly . On August 18 , 2009 , New York City resident Nik Bonaddio appeared on the program , winning $100,000 with the help of the audience and later , Gwen Ifill as his lifelines . Bonaddio then used the proceeds to start the sports analytics firm numberFire , which was sold in September 2015 to FanDuel , a fantasy sports platform . The finale of the tenth anniversary special , which aired on August 23 , 2009 , featured Ken Basin , an entertainment lawyer from Los Angeles , CA. , who went on to become the first contestant to play a $1,000,000 question in the `` clock format '' era . With a time of 4 : 39 ( 45 seconds + 3 : 54 banked time ) , Basin was given a question involving President Lyndon Baines Johnson 's fondness for Fresca . Using his one remaining lifeline , Basin asked the audience , which supported his own hunch of Yoo - hoo rather than the correct answer . He decided to answer the question and lost $475,000 , becoming the first contestant in the U.S. version to answer a $1,000,000 question incorrectly . After Basin finished his run , Vieira appeared on - camera and announced that all remaining Fastest Finger contestants would play with her on the first week of the syndicated version 's eighth season . After this , the million dollar question was not played again on a standard episode until September 25 , 2013 , when Josina Reaves became the second U.S. Millionaire contestant to incorrectly answer her $1,000,000 question , but only lost $75,000 as she used her Jump the Question lifelines on her $250,000 and $500,000 questions . Million dollar tournament of ten ( edit ) Although the syndicated Millionaire had produced two millionaires in its first season , Nancy Christy 's May 2003 win was still standing as the most recent when the program began its eighth season in fall of 2009 . Deciding that six - plus years had been too long since someone had won the top prize , producers conducted a tournament to find a third million dollar winner . For the first nine weeks of the 2009 -- 10 season , each episode saw contestants attempt to qualify for what was referred to as the `` Tournament of Ten '' . Contestants were seeded based on how much money they had won , with the biggest winner ranked first and the lowest ranked tenth . Ties were broken based on how much time a contestant had banked when they had walked away from the game . The tournament began on the episode aired November 9 , 2009 , and playing in order from the lowest to the highest seed , tournament contestants played one at a time at the end of that episode and the next nine . The rules were exactly the same as they were for a normal million dollar question under the clock format introduced the season before , except here , the contestants had no lifelines at their disposal . Each contestant received a base time of 45 seconds . For each question they had answered before walking away , the contestants received any unused seconds that were left when they gave their answers . The accumulated total of those unused seconds was then added to the base time to give the contestants their final question time limit . Each contestant had the same decision facing them as before , which was whether to attempt to answer the question or walk away with their pre-tournament total intact . Attempting the question and answering incorrectly incurred the same penalty as in regular play , with a reduction of their pre-tournament winnings to $25,000 . If the question was answered correctly , the player that did so became the tournament leader . If another player after him / her answered correctly , that player assumed the lead and the previous leader kept their pre-tournament winnings . The highest remaining seed to have attempted and correctly answered their question at the end of the tournament on November 20 , 2009 would be declared the winner and become the syndicated series ' third millionaire . The first contestant to attempt to answer the million dollar question was Sam Murray , the tournament 's eighth - seeded qualifier . On November 11 , Murray was asked approximately how many people had lived on Earth in its history and correctly guessed 100 billion . Murray was still atop the leaderboard entering the November 20 finale as he remained the only contestant to even attempt to answer his or her question . The only person who could defeat him was top seed and $250,000 winner Jehan Shamsid - Deen , who was asked a question regarding the Blorenge , cited as `` a rare example of a word that rhymes with orange '' . Shamsid - Deen considered taking the risk , believing ( correctly ) that the name belonged to a mountain in Wales . However , she decided that the potential of losing $225,000 did not justify the risk and elected to walk away from the question , giving Murray the win and the million dollar prize . Reception ( edit ) Since its introduction to the United States , GSN credited Who Wants to Be a Millionaire with not only single - handedly reviving the game show genre , but also breaking new ground for it . The series revolutionized the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the highest - rated and most popular game shows in U.S. television history , and has been credited with paving the way for the rise of the primetime reality TV phenomenon to prominence throughout the 2000s . The U.S. Millionaire also made catchphrases out of various lines used on the show . In particular , `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked by Millionaire 's hosts whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified , was popularized by Philbin during his tenure as host , and was also included on TV Land 's special `` 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases '' , which aired in 2006 . Meanwhile , during his tenure as host , Cedric signed off shows with a catchphrase of his own , `` Watch yo ' wallet ! '' The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honored with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 , and another in 2009 . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire # 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it # 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire # 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honored the show in January 2007 on its only Gameshow Hall of Fame special . Other Media ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In 2000 , Pressman released two board game adaptions of Millionaire as well as a junior edition recommended for younger players . Several video games based on the varying gameplay formats of Millionaire have also been released throughout the course of the show 's U.S. history . Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five video game adaptations based upon the original primetime series for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation console , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD version of the show , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . Additionally , two Millionaire video games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the clock format , while the second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format . Ludia has also created a Facebook game based on Millionaire , which debuted on March 21 , 2011 . This game features an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one , and four in round two . A contestant can compete against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , and play round two alone if they make it into the top three . There is no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses are automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earns a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants are allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . Disney parks attraction ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building that housed the Californian version , shown here after its 2004 closure Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! was an attraction at the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it . When a show started , a Fastest Finger question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theater who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by hosts and in promotional materials . Jump up ^ To qualify for 2004 's Super Millionaire spin - off , potential contestants were required to answer five questions . Each person who successfully answered all five questions chose one tape date , and the contestants for that tape date were drawn from that pool . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN . January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Syndicated Version original rules '' . Valleycrest Productions , Ltd. and Buena Vista Television . June 28 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Official Rules ( Season 13 ) '' . dadt.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Season of `` Millionaire '' is a Real Game - Changer `` . Disney - ABC Domestic Television . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 6 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire : Official Rules ( Archive ) '' . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Taxman scoops a million '' . BBC News . November 21 , 1999 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Vol. 54 no . 20 . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . April 11 , 2001 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 3 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2001 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Pulls Out All the Stops for November Sweeps '' . The Futon Critic . October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Tournament of Ten Results '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? Returning To ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime ' Millionaire ' Considered '' . ABC News . June 8 , 2001 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Kicks Off Coast to Coast Bus Tour '' . BusinessWire . July 23 , 2002 . The weekday version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , featuring Meredith Vieira as host , premieres on Monday , September 16 in nationwide syndication . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Meredith Vieira Leaving Syndicated `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' Series `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` Regis Philbin Hosts Daytime Millionaire November 30 -- December 4 '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Roker Fills in on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , 1st Contestant from Jacksonville '' . First Coast News . Gannett Company . March 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Bergeron Net Worth '' . The Richest . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Folkerth , Kathleen ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Resident Takes Turn in Millionaire Hot Seat '' . Akron.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Laura ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Former Good Day Philadelphia Host Dave Price Subs on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Philly TV and Radio . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Cast '' . tv.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Holly ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Cat Deeley to present Who Wants To Be A Millionaire in the States '' . NOW . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Samantha Harris to Host Millionaire -- For a Week '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monroe Native to Appear on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . WKOW . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Jersey Journal ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Jersey City Man Wins $15,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . nj.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wipeout : John Henson '' . ABC . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Needham , Bob ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ann Arbor Resident Appearing on Who Wants To Be a Millionaire this Week '' . The Ann Arbor News . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Caitlin ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Gunn Takes over Millionaire '' . Lifetime . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Switch the Question ' Added as New Lifeline on ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' '' . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony buys Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? parent '' . mcvuk.com . March 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valleycrest Productions LTD '' . PowerProfiles . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire has the First Million Dollar Question of the Season ! '' . Fox 43 Central Pennsylvania . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Just , Olivia ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Disney moves filming of ' Millionaire ' to Stamford '' . CT Post . Hearst Media Services Connecticut , LLC . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Relocates to Las Vegas '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Furman , Elina ; Furman , Leah ( 2000 ) . So You 'd Like to Win a Million : Facts , Trivia , and Inside Hints on Game Show Success . Macmillan . ISBN 9780312976354 . Jump up ^ Davies , Michael ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Hyperion Books . p. 14 . ISBN 9780786885770 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Kathleen ( 2000 ) . Regis ! : The Unauthorized Biography . ECW Press . p. 147 . ISBN 9781550224399 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Be a Contestant on Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . about.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Claudia ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Who wants to be a game - show contestant ? '' . The Seattle Times . 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Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 1999 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Second Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3rd Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaul , Brandy ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire now on Facebook : Compete with others for virtual riches '' . AOL . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . Further reading ( edit ) Fisher , David ; Davies , Michael P. ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Cader Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8577 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- 1999 -- 2002 ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire at TV.com Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- current ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb Preceded by Win Ben Stein 's Money Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 2000 -- 2001 Succeeded by Jeopardy ! Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) The Price Is Right ( 2018 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=854698941 '' Categories : 1990s American television series 1999 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American game shows American television series based on British television series Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Nielsen ratings winners Quiz shows Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series by Sony Pictures Television Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 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what engine does call of duty run on | The IW engine is a game engine developed by Infinity Ward , Treyarch , and Sledgehammer Games for the Call of Duty series . The engine was originally based on id Tech 3 as its core , since the engine itself is proprietary with inclusion of GtkRadiant by id Software . It has been used by Infinity Ward , Treyarch , Raven Software and Sledgehammer Games . | The IW engine | IW engine | iw engine | IW engine The lighting , shadow , and texture streaming of the engine can be seen in this screenshot , taken from the multiplayer mode of Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 . Developer ( s ) Infinity Ward , Treyarch , Sledgehammer Games Initial release October 2005 ; 13 years ago ( 2005 - 10 ) Written in C , C++ , Python Platform Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , Wii U , Wii Type Game engine License Proprietary The IW engine is a game engine developed by Infinity Ward , Treyarch , and Sledgehammer Games for the Call of Duty series . The engine was originally based on id Tech 3 as its core , since the engine itself is proprietary with inclusion of GtkRadiant by id Software . It has been used by Infinity Ward , Treyarch , Raven Software and Sledgehammer Games . Contents 1 History 1.1 From IW 2.0 to IW 3.0 1.2 IW 4.0 - IW 5.0 1.3 Next Gen IW 2 Games using IW engine 3 References History ( edit ) From IW 2.0 to IW 3.0 ( edit ) The engine has been distinct from the id Tech 3 engine on which it is based since Call of Duty 2 in 2005 . The engine 's name was not publicized until IGN was told at the E3 2009 by the studio that Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 would run on the `` IW 4.0 engine '' . Development of the engine and the Call of Duty games has resulted in inclusion of advanced graphical features while maintaining an average of 60 frames per second on the consoles and PC . Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare was released using version 3.0 of the engine . This game included features such as bullet penetration , improved AI , lighting engine upgrades , particle system enhancements and many more improvements . Treyarch began using an enhanced version of the IW 3.0 engine for Call of Duty : World at War . Improvements were made to the physics model and dismemberment was added . Environments also featured more destructibility and could be set alight using the flamethrower . The flamethrower featured propagating fire and it was able to burn skin and clothes realistically . Treyarch modified the engine for their James Bond title , 007 : Quantum of Solace . IW 4.0 - IW 5.0 ( edit ) Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 was released using the IW 4.0 engine , the only game to do so . The IW 4.0 engine featured texture streaming technology to create much higher environmental detail without sacrificing performance . Call of Duty : Black Ops was not based on IW 4.0 ; rather , Treyarch further enhanced the version of IW 3.0 they had used in their previous game . This version of the engine also featured streaming technology , lighting enhancements , and support for 3D imaging . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 utilizes an improved version of the IW 4.0 engine . Improvements on the engine allow better streaming technology which allows larger regions for the game while running at a minimum of 60 frames per second . Further improvements to the audio and lighting engines have been made in this version . Call of Duty : Black Ops II was developed using a further iteration of the IW engine . Texture blending has been improved due to a new technology called `` reveal mapping '' which compares tones between two textures and then blends them together . Also , there have been upgrades to the lighting engine which include HDR lighting , bounce lighting , self - shadowing , intersecting shadows and various other improvements . Call of Duty : Black Ops II takes advantage of DirectX 11 video cards on the Windows version of the game . The `` zombie '' mode has been moved to the multiplayer portion of the engine which will allow for much more variety within this part of the game . Black Ops II was released on November 13 , 2012 . Next gen IW ( edit ) Call of Duty : Ghosts features an upgraded version of the IW 5.0 seen in Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 . It is unknown at this time whether or not any engine features have been taken from Call of Duty : Black Ops II . Since the main developer is Infinity Ward they have returned to their original engine naming system and called this iteration IW6 . IW6 is compatible with next - gen systems such as Xbox One and PlayStation 4 so polygon counts , texture detail and overall graphical fidelity has been increased . IW6 is also compatible with Microsoft Windows , Wii U , PS3 and Xbox 360 . The IW6 engine features technology from Pixar , SubD , which increases the level of detail of models as one gets closer to them . Mark Rubin has said about the HDR lighting `` We used to paint it in and cover up the cracks , but now it 's all real - time '' . Ghosts uses Iris Adjust tech which allows the player to experience from a person 's point of view how their eyes would react to changes in lighting conditions realistically . Other features include new animation systems , fluid dynamics , interactive smoke , displacement mapping and dynamic multiplayer maps . Ghosts was released on November 5 , 2013 . Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare features an unknown version of the IW engine , as the majority of it has been re-written . Advanced Warfare features a new audio engine built from the ground up . Developer Sledgehammer said they have incorporated brand new animation , physics , rendering , lighting , motion capture and facial animation systems . Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare 's IW 7.0 features weightlessness system , game physics improvement , improved AI and improved non-player characters behaviors . Games using IW engine ( edit ) Title Version Year Upgraded from Features Call of Duty 2 IW 2.0 2005 Modified version of id Tech 3 from Call of Duty Normal mapping Light bloom Heat haze Unified shadowing system Game console support . Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare IW 3.0 2007 Call of Duty 2 's IW 2.0 engine Bullet penetration Improved AI Lighting engine upgrades Particle system enhancements Ragdoll physics integrated into character death animations . Self - shadow every frame Call of Duty : World at War IW 3.0 2008 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare 's IW 3.0 engine Audio occlusion Improved physics Ragdoll physics after death animations Dismemberment More destructible environments Realistic burning of skin and clothing Propagating fire 007 : Quantum of Solace IW 3.0 2008 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare 's IW 3.0 engine Cover system Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 IW 4.0 2009 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare 's IW 3.0 engine Texture streaming technology Improved AI Call of Duty : Black Ops IW 3.0 Call of Duty : World at War 's IW 3.0 engine Texture streaming technology Stereoscopic 3D support Deferred lighting Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 IW 5.0 ( MW3 engine ) 2011 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 's IW 4.0 engine Improvements to texture streaming technology to allow for larger regions Lighting engine enhancements to show reflections of some objects on tile floors Improvements to the audio engine Call of Duty : Black Ops II Black Ops II engine 2012 Call of Duty : Black Ops 's IW 3.0 engine heavily modified Reveal mapping ( improved texture blending ) Improved water effects Improved lighting effects Lens flare effects HDR lighting Bounce lighting Self - shadowing Intersecting shadows DirectX 11 for Windows version Improvements to the audio engine Call of Duty : Ghosts IW 6.0 Next Gen 2013 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 's MW3 engine updated ( IW 5.0 ) Pixar 's SubD ( models sub-divide the closer the player gets to them ) New animation systems for movement ( sliding , leaning etc . ) Fluid dynamics Interactive smoke Improved AI Dynamic multiplayer maps Displacement mapping True real - time HDR lighting Iris Adjust tech Graphics Tessellation for Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One PhysX support for Windows version Specular mapping on particle effects Using Umbra 's advanced rendering technology Call of Duty : Black Ops III Black Ops III engine 2015 Call of Duty : Black Ops II 's Black Ops II engine updated Renderer Animation systems Lighting Dynamic water simulation system Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare IW 7.0 Next Gen 2016 Call of Duty : Ghosts ' heavily modified engine ( IW 6.0 Next Gen ) Physically - based rendering Lightning Zero - gravity simulation system Physics improvement Improved AI Improved NPC behaviors Streaming level transition improvement New performance capture stage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` The 10 Best Game Engines of This Generation '' . IGN . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2010 : First Details Interview Part 2 HD '' . GameTrailers . May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross Miller ( May 9 , 2008 ) . `` New Bond game Quantum of Solace runs on COD4 engine , launching with movie '' . Joystiq . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lamia , Mark ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Black Ops 2 : New engine is n't necessary - Treyarch '' . computerandvideogames.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amrich , Dan ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` What I Know About Call of Duty : Black Ops II '' . One of Swords . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Tach . `` Infinity Ward , Call of Duty : Ghosts and the nameless game engine that powers a first - person shooter phenomenon '' . Polygon . Retrieved Jun 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Ghosts exclusive first look '' . T3 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Uses Version of `` Avatar 2 '' Facial Animation System `` . GameSpot . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ross Miller . `` New Bond game Quantum of Solace runs on COD4 engine , launching with movie '' . Joystiq . Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matt Peckham . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops Review Roundup '' . PC World . Retrieved Nov 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deferred rendering vs forward rendering '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcus Yam . `` Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 Engine Focused on Gameplay '' . Tom 's Hardware US . Retrieved Sep 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Robert ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` IAm Robert Bowling , Creative Strategist on Modern Warfare 3 AMA '' . reddit . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan . `` Mark Lamia discusses the Black Ops II engine '' . One of Swords . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perry Vandell . `` Call of Duty : Ghosts engine is n't brand new , but upgraded '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` pcdev on Twitter : @ treboruk92 Heavily modified from BO2 including completely new renderer '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer 's Roundtable '' . Treyarch . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Infinite Warfare '' . Call of Duty Wiki . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty Infinite Warfare : Performance Analysis '' . TechPowerUp . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty Infinite Warfare Wo n't Use A New Engine , But Will Feature Improvements `` GamingBolt.com : Video Game News , Reviews , Previews and Blog '' . gamingbolt.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 28 . 2000s portal Computer graphics portal Information technology portal Video games portal Call of Duty Games World War II Call of Duty United Offensive WWII Modern Warfare 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Black Ops 4 Other games Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory Ghosts Advanced Warfare Heroes Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Raven Software Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Game engines ( list ) Source port First - person shooter engine list Game engine recreation list Game creation system List of visual novel engines Free and open - source 2D Adventure Game Studio Beats of Rage Cocos2d Moai OHRRPGCE OpenFL ORX Pygame Ren'Py Stratagus Thousand Parsec Vassal Xconq 2.5 D Doom engine 3D Away3D Bork3D Blender Game Cafu Crystal Space Delta3D Dim3 GamePlay GLScene Horde3D Irrlicht id Tech Quake Quake II JMonkey OGRE Open Wonderland Panda3D Papervision3D Platinum Arts Sandbox Plasma PlayCanvas PLIB Torque Xenko Mix Allegro Godot libGDX Lightweight Java Game Library Spring Wintermute Engine Proprietary 2D Construct Corona GameMaker Studio GameSalad M.U.G.E.N RPG Maker Southpaw Stencyl UbiArt Framework Vicious Virtual Theatre V - Play Zillions of Games 3D 4A Amazon Lumberyard AnvilNext C4 Chrome Creation CryEngine Crystal Tools Decima Diesel EGO Elflight Essence Fox Frostbite HeroEngine id Tech 6 7 Ignite IW LithTech Luminous Studio LyN MT Framework Panta Rhei PhyreEngine REDengine RAGE Shark 3D ShiVa Snowdrop Source Unigine Unreal Mix Gamebryo Unity Historical Bitsquid Build Dark Enigma Flare3D Game - Maker GameMaker Garry Kitchen 's GameMaker Genesis3D Genie GoldSrc Filmation Freescape INSANE Jade Jedi Marmalade MADE Pie in the Sky Q Reality Lab RenderWare Refractor Riot SAGE SCUMM Silent Storm Sim RPG Maker Sith Titan Truevision3D Vision Visual3D Voxel Space XnGine Zero Proprietary middleware Euphoria Gameware GameWorks Havok iMUSE Kynapse SpeedTree FaceGen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IW_engine&oldid=848955243 '' Categories : 2005 software 3D graphics software Activision Proprietary software Video game engines Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Македонски Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 13 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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why did european powers compete for control of muslim states | European colonisation of Southeast Asia | european colonisation of southeast asia | European colonisation of Southeast Asia Legend : France ( French Indochina ) Netherlands ( Dutch East Indies ) Portugal ( Portuguese Timor ) Spain ( Spanish East Indies ) United Kingdom ( British Burma , Malaya and Borneo ) European colonisation of Southeast Asia began as Western influence started to enter the area around the 16th century , when the Dutch and Portuguese were attracted by the lucrative spice trade . The Portuguese arrived in Malacca , Maluku and Timor , and the Spanish established themselves beginning from their conquest of Manila which expand into a larger territory of Spanish East Indies . Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries , the Dutch arrived in Batavia and established the Dutch East Indies , and the British established themselves in the Strait Settlements and further to British Malaya and Borneo as well in Burma . In the 19th century , the French joined their European counterparts in establishing French Indochina . By the turn of the century , all Southeast Asian nations were colonised except for Siam . European colonisation can be split into two distinct phases : the early phase before the Industrial Revolution , and the phase marked by the Industrial Revolution . The primary motivation for the first phase was the accumulation of wealth , but in the second phase , there was a change in the role of the Europeans in Southeast Asia , and capitalistic concerns were no longer the only source of motivation . Contents 1 Early phase 2 Spread of Christianity 3 Industrialised phase 4 Role of the Europeans 5 Impact 6 List of European colonies 6.1 Independent state 7 Notes 8 References Early phase ( edit ) Portrait of Afonso de Albuquerque , the first European to conquer a part of Southeast Asia of Malacca In the period between the 15th to late 17th centuries , advances in cartography , shipbuilding and navigational skills gave rise to what is now called the Age of Exploration . During this time , the Europeans made many sea voyages around the world in search of new trading routes and opportunities . An early European to visit Southeast Asia was Niccolò de ' Conti , who travelled there in the early 15th century . The early Europeans were drawn to Southeast Asia by the spice trade . There was a great demand for oriental spices at the time in European markers . The spices from Southeast Asia included pepper , cloves , nutmeg , mace and cinnamon . The spice trade was extremely lucrative and the early Europeans were highly motivated to secure a direct trade route in spices between Europe and Asia . The spice trade was made possible by the maritime trade route . In 1498 , the Portuguese navigator , Vasco da Gama , sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and opened up a sea route from Europe to India . Bringing home samples of exotic oriental products , da Gama greatly increased European interest in the new trade route and the new trade route quickly facilitated the expansion of trade . Eventually , the Dutch wrestled control of it from the Portuguese in the 17th century , and in the 18th century , the British gained control of it from the Dutch . Nevertheless , the spice route greatly increased trading activities , deepened the economic relations between Europe and Southeast Asia and as a result , more European merchants found their way to Southeast Asia . Wars between Dutch fleet and Portuguese armada as part of the Dutch -- Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of Malacca Portugal was the first European power to establish a bridgehead on the lucrative maritime Southeast Asia trade route , with the conquest of the Sultanate of Malacca in 1511 . The Netherlands and Spain followed and soon superseded Portugal as the main European powers in the region . In 1599 , Spain began to colonise the Philippines . In 1619 , acting through the Dutch East India Company , the Dutch took the city of Sunda Kelapa , renamed it Batavia ( now Jakarta ) as a base for trading and expansion into the other parts of Java and the surrounding territory . In 1641 , the Dutch took Malacca from the Portuguese . Economic opportunities attracted Overseas Chinese to the region in great numbers . In 1775 , the Lanfang Republic , possibly the first republic in the region , was established in West Kalimantan , present - day Indonesia , as a tributary state of the Qing Empire ; the republic lasted until 1884 , when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned . Spread of Christianity ( edit ) Two Spanish missionaries baptising a Moro convert to Roman Catholicism in Spanish East Indies , circa 1890 . During the 16th century , the Europeans viewed Muslim control of the eastern and southern parts of Europe with concern , as both a religious threat as well as an obstacle to trade . To counter this Muslim threat , the Europeans aimed to spread Christianity across the known world . At the same time , they also searched for profitable trading opportunities . This explained why the Portuguese and Spanish came to Southeast Asia and how they managed to establish their trading ports in strategic locations . By the time the British and the Dutch came to Southeast Asia , trade had become the dominant motive , and religion was less important . Aside from Islam being a widely important religion in Southeast Asia , Buddhism and Hinduism were also popular amongst the Southeast Asian population . A key reason for this could be because of the fact that India and China were neighbours to Southeast Asia . Industrialised phase ( edit ) The arrival of British in Mandalay on 28 November 1885 after the Third Anglo - Burmese War , marking the beginning of British rule in Burma . The 17th century saw the formation of powerful trading companies such as the British East India Company and its Dutch counterpart VOC ( initials for its Dutch name , Verenigde Oost - Indische Compagnie ) . This was because the ships needed for the maritime spice trade were too expensive for individual merchants to acquire , and the sea route presented numerous challenges which delayed the recovery of initial financial costs . Sea voyages were dangerous and , before the advent of steam engines , depended on the wind which meant that the journeys were long and unpredictable . The British East India Company led by Josiah Child , had little interest or impact in the region , and were effectively expelled following the Siam -- England war ( 1687 ) . Britain , in the guise of the British East India Company , turned their attention to the Bay of Bengal following the Peace with France and Spain ( 1783 ) . During the conflicts , Britain had struggled for naval superiority with the French , and the need of good harbours became evident . Penang Island had been brought to the attention of the Government of India by Francis Light . In 1786 , the settlement of George Town was founded at the northeastern tip of Penang Island by Captain Francis Light , under the administration of Sir John Macpherson ; this marked the beginning of British expansion into the Malay Peninsula . In the latter half of the 18th century , however , Europe experienced a massive advancements in science , industry and technology , and this created a tremendous gap in the power relations between the Europeans and people in other parts of the world , including Southeast Asia . This period also saw the initial stages of growing industrialisation that would increase European demand for raw materials . Southeast Asia happened to be rich in the resources needed . View of Commercial Square ( now known as Raffles ' Square ) in Singapore circa 1900 . The last quarter of the 19th century was a period when the European economies experienced the full effects of the Industrial Revolution . During this time , there was extensive use of machines to manufacture goods which increased production . This led to a growing accumulation of surplus goods . The manufacturers were thus compelled to find overseas markets to sell their products and increase their profits . One solution was to develop markets in new territories such as Southeast Asia that could use their manufactured goods . This led to the next phase of establishing colonial territories that could be retained as monopoly markets by the Europeans . However , industrialisation took place against increasing competition among the European powers . This was encouraged by changes in the continental balance of power . The Napoleonic Wars unseated French power . The commercial and naval powers of Britain , which were unrivalled for a time , started to erode later on . Competition among European powers led to the practice of carving up the world into spheres of influence . There was also the need to fill ' vacuums ' of territories that would otherwise fall under the influence of another competing European power . The British temporarily possessed Dutch territories during the Napoleonic Wars ; and Spanish areas in the Seven Years ' War . In 1819 , Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch . However , their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo - Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia . British rule in Burma began with the first Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 1826 ) . British logging in North Borneo in 1926 Early United States entry into what was then called the East Indies ( usually in reference to the Malay Archipelago ) was low key . In 1795 , a secret voyage for pepper set sail from Salem , Massachusetts on an 18 - month voyage that returned with a bulk cargo of pepper , the first to be so imported into the country , which sold at the extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent . In 1831 , the merchantman Friendship of Salem returned to report the ship had been plundered , and the first officer and two crewmen murdered in Sumatra . The Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1824 obligated the Dutch to ensure the safety of shipping and overland trade in and around Aceh , who accordingly sent the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on the punitive expedition of 1831 . President Andrew Jackson also ordered America 's first Sumatran punitive expedition of 1832 , which was followed by a punitive expedition in 1838 . The Friendship incident thus afforded the Dutch a reason to take over Ache ; and Jackson , to dispatch diplomatist Edmund Roberts , who in 1833 secured the Roberts Treaty with Siam . In 1856 negotiations for amendment of this treaty , Townsend Harris stated the position of the United States : The United States does not hold any possessions in the East , nor does it desire any . The form of government forbids the holding of colonies . The United States therefore can not be an object of jealousy to any Eastern Power . Peaceful commercial relations , which give as well as receive benefits , is what the President wishes to establish with Siam , and such is the object of my mission . From the end of the 1850s onwards , while the attention of the United States shifted to maintaining their union , the pace of European colonisation shifted to a significantly higher gear . Plywood factory in Sabang off Sumatra , Dutch East Indies , image taken before 1927 This phenomenon , denoted New Imperialism , saw the conquest of nearly all Southeast Asian territories by the colonial powers . The Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were dissolved by their respective governments , who took over the direct administration of the colonies . Only Siam did not experience foreign rule , though Siam , too , was greatly influenced by the politics of the Western powers . The Monthon reforms of the late 19th century continuing up till around 1910 , imposed a Westernised form of government on the country 's partially independent cities called Mueang , such that the country could be said to have successfully colonised itself . Western powers did , however , continue to interfere in both internal and external affairs . By 1913 , the British had occupied Burma , Malaya and the northern Borneo territories , the French controlled Indochina , the Dutch ruled the Netherlands East Indies while Portugal managed to hold on to Portuguese Timor . In the Philippines , the 1872 Cavite Mutiny was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution ( 1896 -- 1898 ) . When the Spanish -- American War began in Cuba in 1898 , Filipino revolutionaries declared Philippine independence and established the First Philippine Republic the following year . In the Treaty of Paris of 1898 that ended the war with Spain , the United States gained the Philippines and other territories ; in refusing to recognise the nascent republic , America effectively reversed her position of 1856 . This led directly to the Philippine -- American War , in which the First Republic was defeated ; wars followed with the Republic of Zamboanga , the Republic of Negros and the Republic of Katagalugan , all of which were also defeated . A workshop in Hanoi , French Indochina circa 1935 The Long Depression also intensified the competition among the European powers . This period of prolonged economic recession saw severe price deflation as well as factors unfavourable to trade . The European governments responded to this crisis by promoting home industries and minimising trade with other European countries . However , as domestic markets and export opportunities quickly became saturated , finding new markets for manufactured goods became more urgent . New colonies overseas , not exposed to the same economic conditions , provided the perfect solution . During the mid-19th century , the Europeans had certain goals which they regarded as important in the humanitarian sense . One of these goals was expressed in the slogan , ' The White Man 's Burden ' ( taken from a line in a poem by Rudyard Kipling ) , which was the mission to ' civilise ' ( uplift , advance ) the ' less fortunate ' and ' less gifted ' people of Southeast Asia . Towards this end , they implemented policies providing educational and healthcare services . However , this humanitarian concern was influenced by political concerns , and sometimes arose more out of cultural arrogance than genuine sympathy . Sometimes , the acquisition of colonies was an attempt to revive declining political and economic status rather than a show of power . France was preoccupied with expanding her colonial empire to recover from her humiliating defeat in the Franco - Prussian war . Britain , having lost her dominance in the world economy to newly industrialised countries such as Germany ( Prussia united all the German states to form Germany in 1871 after the victory in the Franco - Prussian war ) and the United States , saw empire - building as a necessary recourse . It was generally assumed that the establishment of colonies to protect existing trade links would prevent further decline of the European powers . Role of the Europeans ( edit ) In the early phase , European control in Southeast Asia was largely confined to the establishment of trading posts . These trading posts were used to store the oriental products obtained from the local traders before they were exported to the European markets . Such trading posts had to be located along major shipping routes and their establishments had to be approved by the local ruler so that peace would prevail for trade to take place . Malacca , Penang , Batavia and Singapore were all early trading posts . The role of the Europeans changed , however , in the industrialised phase as their control expanded beyond their trading posts . As the trading posts grew due to an increase in the volume of trade , demand for food supplies and timber ( to build and repair ships ) also increased . To ensure a reliable supply of food and timber , the Europeans were forced to deal with the local communities nearby . These marked the beginnings of territorial control . A good example is the case of Batavia . There , the Dutch extended control over parts of western Java and later to central Java and the east where rice was grown and timber found . To ensure that trade flourish , the Europeans had to maintain political stability . Sometimes , they interfered with the internal affairs of the natives to maintain peace . The Europeans also tried to impose their culture on their colonies . Impact ( edit ) Colonial rule had had a profound effect on Southeast Asia . While the colonial powers profited much from the region 's vast resources and large market , colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent . Commercial agriculture , mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this period . The introduction Christianity bought by the colonist also have profound effect in the societal change . Increased labor demand resulted in mass immigration , especially from British India and China , which brought about massive demographic change . The institutions for a modern nation state like a state bureaucracy , courts of law , print media and to a smaller extent , modern education , sowed the seeds of the fledgling nationalist movements in the colonial territories . In the inter-war years , these nationalist movements grew and often clashed with the colonial authorities when they demanded self - determination . The expansion of European dominance through colonialism was considered extraordinary as it affected the entirety of Southeast Asia significantly . Later on , more common features would emerge , such as the rise of nationalist movements , the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia , and later the Cold War that engulfed many parts of the region . Taken altogether , it can be said that a common core of historical experiences existed , and that this core defined the region , thus justifying the use of the term ' Southeast Asia ' to describe the region as a single entity . List of European colonies ( edit ) British Burma ( 1824 -- 1948 , merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937 ) French Indochina ( 1887 -- 1953 , now the countries of Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos ) , including : French Laos ( 1893 - 1953 ) French Cambodia ( 1863 - 1953 ) Annam ( now Vietnam ) ( 1883 - 1953 ) Malaya ( now part of Malaysia ) : Portuguese Malacca ( 1511 -- 1641 ) Dutch Malacca ( 1641 -- 1824 ) British Malaya , included : Straits Settlements ( 1826 -- 1946 ) Penang -- British colony ( 1786 -- 1957 ) Singapore -- British colony ( 1819 -- 1963 ) Malacca -- British colony ( 1824 -- 1957 ) Federated Malay States ( 1895 -- 1946 ) Unfederated Malay States ( 1885 - 1946 ) Federation of Malaya ( under British rule , 1948 -- 1963 ) British Borneo ( now part of Malaysia ) , including : Labuan ( 1848 -- 1946 ) North Borneo ( 1882 -- 1941 ) Crown Colony of North Borneo ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Crown Colony of Sarawak ( 1946 -- 1963 ) British Brunei ( 1888 -- 1984 , British protectorate ) Philippines : Spanish East Indies ( 1565 -- 1898 , 2nd longest European occupation in Asia , 333 years ) , British Manila ( 1762 - 1764 , Shortly British occupation in Philippines , 2 years ) Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and Commonwealth of the Philippines , United States of America colony ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Portuguese Timor ( 1702 -- 1975 , now East Timor ) Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) -- Dutch colony from 1602 -- 1949 ( included Netherlands New Guinea until 1962 ) Independent state ( edit ) Siam ( now Thailand ) -- was the only independent state in Southeast Asia , but had Britain sphere of influence in the north and south and France in the Northeast and East . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For fifty or sixty years , the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan . In 1717 , and again in 1732 , the Chinese government offered to make Macao the emporium for all foreign trade , and to receive all duties on imports ; but , by a strange infatuation , the Portuguese government refused , and its decline is dated from that period . ( Roberts , 2007 PDF image 173 p. 166 ) Jump up ^ Other experiments in republicanism in adjacent regions were the Japanese Republic of Ezo ( 1869 ) and the Republic of Taiwan ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ Company agent John Crawfurd used the census taken in 1824 for a statistical analysis of the relative economic prowess of the peoples there , giving special attention to the Chinese : The Chinese amount to 8595 , and are landowners , field - labourers , mechanics of almost every description , shopkeepers , and general merchants . They are all from the two provinces of Canton and Fo - kien , and three - fourths of them from the latter . About five - sixths of the whole number are unmarried men , in the prime of life : so that , in fact , the Chinese population , in point of effective labour , may be estimated as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000 , and , as will afterwards be shown , to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000 ! ( Crawfurd image 48 . p. 30 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Silk Road '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Throughout history , Eurasia was criss - crossed with communication routes and paths of trade , which gradually linked up to form what are known today as the Silk Roads ; routes across both land and sea , along which silk and many other goods were exchanged between people from across the world . Maritime routes were an important part of this network , linking East and West by sea , and were used for the trade of spices in particular , thus becoming known as the Spice Routes . Jump up ^ Crawfurd , John ( August 2006 ) ( First published 1830 ) . `` Chapter I -- Description of the Settlement . '' . Journal of an Embassy from the Governor -- general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China . Volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : H. Colburn and R. Bentley . image 52 , p. 34 . OCLC 03452414 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Trow , Charles Edward . `` Introduction '' . The old shipmasters of Salem . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . pp. xx -- xxiii . OCLC 4669778 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( Digitized 12 October 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' . Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat : In the U.S. Sloop - of - War Peacock During the Years 1832 -- 34 . Harper & Brothers . OCLC 12212199 . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1b . Harris Treaty of 1856 '' ( exhibition ) . Royal Gifts from Thailand . National Museum of Natural History . 14 March 2013 ( speech delivered 1856 ) . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Credits Jump up ^ Murdoch , John B. ( 1974 ) . `` The 1901 -- 1902 Holy Man 's Rebellion '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Siam Society . Siam Heritage Trust . JSS Vol. 62.1 e ( digital ) : 38 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ de Mendonha e Cunha , Helder ( 1971 ) . `` The 1820 Land Concession to the Portuguese '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Siam Society . Siam Society . JSS Vol . 059.2 g ( digital ) . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oblas , Peter B. ( 1965 ) . `` A Very Small Part of World Affairs '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Siam Society . Siam Society . JSS Vol. 53.1 e ( digital ) . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Colonization , decolonization , and neocolonialism Earth Exploration Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica -- World oceans Colonization Americas Africa Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Antarctica World oceans Subterranea Decolonization Americas Africa Asia Oceania General topics Exploration Maritime history ( European ) Age of Discovery Solar System discovery Colonization Antiquity -- Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism chronology history empires settler colonialism wars Current : Non-Self - Governing Dependent Space Station -- Space Militarization Commercial use of space Colonial empires in Modern era Overseas , major : British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas , minor : American Australian Austro - Hungarian Belgian Couronian ( Polish - Lithuanian ) Danish New Zealand Norwegian Swedish Mostly contiguous : American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African Decolonization Wars of national liberation -- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe in South America Independence referendum Sovereign states formation dates Postcolonialism Independence Internal colonialism Nation - building Neo-colonialism Postcolonialism ( international relations ) Terra nullius Indigenous peoples Uncontacted peoples Outer space Exploration Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Colonization Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia&oldid=865430190 '' Categories : History of European colonialism Christianization History of Southeast Asia Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 22 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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who plays joey in nicky ricky dicky and dawn | Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn | nicky, ricky, dicky & dawn | Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn is an American comedy television series developed by Michael Feldman and created by Matt Fleckenstein that premiered on Nickelodeon on September 13 , 2014 . The series stars Brian Stepanek , Allison Munn , Aidan Gallagher , Casey Simpson , Mace Coronel , Lizzy Greene , Gabrielle Elyse , and Kyla - Drew Simmons . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn Harper , 10 - years - old at the start of the series , who have nothing in common and often fight , but must work together to solve everyday situations . Characters ( edit ) Tom ( Brian Stepanek ) is the father of the quadruplets . It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children , but he loves his family and is a kid at heart . Anne ( Allison Munn ) is the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom 's new obsessions . Nicky ( Aidan Gallagher ) is the youngest of the quadruplets . He is shown to be quite comedic , quirky , and easily confused . Ricky ( Casey Simpson ) is the second oldest of the quadruplets . He is the smart one of the group , always seen carrying a book or doing his homework . He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two - shoes , though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well . Dicky ( Mace Coronel ) is the easy - going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance . He always takes the easy way out . Dawn ( Lizzy Greene ) is the oldest of the quadruplets . Although she 's always seen bothering her brothers , she does care about them deeply . There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky . Josie ( Gabrielle Elyse ) is a worker at Tom 's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky , Ricky , Dicky and Dawn . She only appears in the first season . Mae ( Kyla - Drew Simmons ) is the quads ' friend and Dawn 's best friend . She once called herself `` the fifth quad '' . In the first two seasons , she is a recurring character , but is promoted to a main character in the third season . Production ( edit ) The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13 , 2014 , but was later increased to 20 episodes . The series premiered on September 13 , 2014 . On November 18 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season . The second season premiered on May 23 , 2015 . On February 9 , 2016 , Nickelodeon renewed Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes . It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner . Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26 , 2016 . The third season premiered on January 7 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20 , 2017 . On October 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn and Nickelodeon . On November 15 , 2017 , Nickelodeon announced that the fourth season will be the last . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 20 September 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 13 ) 1.60 March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 1.75 1.75 25 May 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 23 ) 1.11 August 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 06 ) 1.31 1.46 23 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 1.58 August 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 05 ) 2.00 1.47 Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Result Refs 2015 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Nominated 2017 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Kids ' Show Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ricky Harper . `` Mall in the Family '' . Nicky , Ricky , Dicky , and Dawn. 2 : 00 minutes in . She 's eleven . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights New Comedy from Dan Schneider , Two Other Live - Action Series '' . Deadline . March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Danger and Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Second Seasons by Nickelodeon '' . Screener . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Three by Nickelodeon ; Creator Exits '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizzy Greene ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Season 3 starts today ca n't wait for you guys to see '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Renewed for Season Four by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Future in Limbo After Star Mace Coronel Abruptly Exits Hit Nickelodeon Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn and School of Rock Canceled by Nickelodeon '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn Future in Limbo After Star Mace Coronel Abruptly Exits Hit Nickelodeon Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Saturday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals : 3.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.23. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 8.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 1.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals : 8.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . 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Puppy ( 2010 -- 15 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Power Rangers Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 -- 17 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Instant Mom ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Ride ( 2017 ) Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) The Thundermans ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( since 2014 ) Harvey Beaks ( since 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) School of Rock ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( since 2016 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( since 2017 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) International Renford Rejects Genie in the House Summer in Transylvania Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) Upcoming Pinky Malinky ( 2018 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger ( 2018 ) Knight Squad ( 2018 ) Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) Related SNICK TEENick Nicktoons Nick at Nite Gotta See Saturdays Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicky,_Ricky,_Dicky_%26_Dawn&oldid=816077586 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2010s Nickelodeon shows 2014 American television series debuts Nickelodeon shows Television series about families Television series about siblings Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 14 . 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when does kc undercover come back on 2017 | Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 27 January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 24 March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) TBA July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) TBA | July 7 , 2017 | List of K.C. Undercover episodes | list of k. c. undercover episodes | K.C. Undercover is an American sitcom created by Corinne Marshall that premiered on Disney Channel on January 18 , 2015 . The series stars Zendaya , Veronica Dunne , Kamil McFadden , Trinitee Stokes , Tammy Townsend , and Kadeem Hardison . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 27 January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 24 March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) TBA July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jon Rosenbaum Story by : Corinne Marshall Teleplay by : Rob Lotterstein and Corinne Marshall January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 3.51 Guest stars : Trevor Jackson as Lincoln , Tony Cavalero as Wally , Ashley Fink as Reena , Ashlee Fuss as Juli Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper `` My Sister from Another Mother ... Board '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 102 3.05 K.C. tries to tell her parents that Ernie is ready to be a spy , even though he is clumsy . They then introduce them to Judy , who is a robot disguised to be a 10 year old , and tell Ernie that K.C and their parents are spies . K.C. takes Ernie on a mission and does not tell Craig or Kira to prove to them that Ernie is ready to be a spy . He crashes a van into the museum because he was parked in a loading zone and the police told him to move it , but he did not know how to drive . At the end , he becomes a spy after he reroutes the GPS of the person K.C. could not stop on the mission to their home . Guest star : Rick Hall as Agent `` Give Me a `` K '' ! Give Me a `` C '' ! '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 103 2.22 Guest stars : Mckenna Grace as Quinn , Leah Bateman as Alina `` Off the Grid '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 106 2.76 Guest stars : Charlie Robinson as Pops , Roz Ryan as Grandma , Diane Delano as Honey , Tony Cavalero as Wally Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 5 5 `` Photo Bombed '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 104 2.60 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Marisa becomes a finalist for a contest to get a photo featured in magazines and billboards , but her photo is of K.C. After Craig tells K.C. that she should n't let Marisa enter the contest with a photo of her , K.C. tries to stop Marisa from entering the contest with a picture of her , which caused a row between them . Then Marisa takes a stand and says they should n't be friends anymore . In the end , K.C. tells Marisa that she is a spy for a secret organization that works against The Other Side . Meanwhile , Craig and Ernie make Judy do all of the chores Kira gave them . 6 6 `` How K.C. Got Her Swag Back '' Jon Rosenbaum Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 108 2.39 On messing up a mission and getting her mom in almost close danger , Kacie loses her swag and is not her normal self . She was offended when a boy said she plays like a girl and decided she would teach him how to play . As an excellent basketball player , she defeated him and was delighted to find that she got her swag back . Guest star : Shainu Bala as Mikal Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 7 7 `` Daddy 's Little Princess '' Jon Rosenbaum Teri Schaffer & Raynelle Swilling March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 107 1.97 Guest stars : Tom Williamson as Prince Promomomo , Erron Jay as Olu Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 8 8 `` Assignment : Get That Assignment '' Kadeem Hardison Rob Lotterstein April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 118 1.54 Marisa turns in a paper report based on one of K.C. 's recent missions , not realizing that it could blow K.C. 's cover as a spy . K.C. and Marisa then try to get the paper back from her teacher , Mr. Forman . K.C. , disguised as a substitute teacher , goes into the teacher lounge , but is unsuccessful in retrieving the paper . Agent Beverly keeps calling K.C. to ask for the report and later disables her spy equipment until K.C. gives her the report . Meanwhile , Judy 's robotic friend Trudy visits , but they get into a fight over who is a better robot . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , James DiGiacomo as Petey , David Shatraw as Mr. Forman , Madison Horcher as Trudy , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 9 9 `` Spy - anoia Will Destroy Ya '' Rich Correll Eileen Conn April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 105 2.58 K.C. gets mad when her English teacher gives her a B and she thinks he is a undercover spy . It turns out that K.C. is just being paranoid . Meanwhile , Ernie finally has a girlfriend , whose name is Jolie , but when he brings her home , K.C. thinks she is an undercover spy as well . After attempting to prove it , and failing , K.C. eventually accidentally splashes some ketchup on Jolie 's shirt which causes her to lose concentration and speak Russian . Realizing she was right all along , K.C. tricks Jolie into following her to school by pretending she has hidden spy documents in her locker and is going to retrieve them . K.C. finally gets Jolie to admit she 's a Russian spy , there to obtain K.C. 's family weaknesses . After defeating her in a fight , K.C. gets Jolie to break up with Ernie . K.C also obtains a pair of earrings that are actually spy gadgets from Jolie . Special guest star : Bella Thorne as Jolie Guest star : Kurt Scholler as Mr. Enright Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 10 10 `` Double Crossed Part 1 '' Joel Zwick Jody Margolin Hahn Cat Davis & Eddie Quintana Eileen Conn May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) 109 -- 110 2.40 K.C. has to go on an undercover mission with the Junior Spy of the Year Brett Willis . They must pretend to be a couple , though K.C. initially dislikes him . K.C. becomes jealous when Brett begins dating Marisa , who is aware that he is a spy . Later , Marisa ends their relationship . K.C. and Brett develop feelings for each other after they go undercover for a dancing competition . Craig and Kira 's 20th anniversary is coming and Kira is upset that Craig does not want a big party to celebrate . Kira receives flowers from Zane , Craig 's ex-partner , who became a double agent prior to K.C. 's birth due to jealousy that Kira did not like him . Craig allowed Zane to escape in exchange for his life . In a note to Kira , Zane informs the Coopers that he is planning revenge against them . Later , Brett tells the family that Zane is imprisoned and that he had sent the flowers and note from a computer at the prison . Brett then calls his father , Zane , to inform him that the Coopers believed his false story regarding Zane 's imprisonment . Guest star : Ross Butler as Brett Willis 11 11 `` Double Crossed Part 2 '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein May 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 30 ) 111 1.82 K.C. starts hanging out with Brett more often , but Kira is suspicious of him . Craig thinks she is being paranoid . Brett convinces K.C. to go with him to a Beyoncé concert out of state , but he tricks K.C. and actually takes her to Zane 's barn , where she is then tied up . Zane has created a look - alike K.C. through laser cosmetic surgery . He sends the look - alike to the Cooper household to pose as the real K.C. Meanwhile , Judy becomes obsessed with a character in Ernie 's video game . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Francois Chau as Zane 12 12 `` Double Crossed Part 3 '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 112 3.02 K.C. is captured by Zane and nobody knows because he created a K.C. look - alike whose name is Bernice , but Marisa is starting to realize K.C. is not the real K.C when she agrees to go to a party with Marissa . Then the K.C. look - alike locks Marisa in the barn with K.C. after Marisa realizes that the K.C. look - alike does not know that Marisa knows that K.C is a spy . However , Marisa has K.C. 's lipstick and K.C. breaks their handcuffs . K.C. then goes to the Organization to stop the K.C. look - alike and Brett . After a fight with Brett , K.C knocks him out and tells him that shes ' breaking up with him . Meanwhile , Craig and Kira finally realize the K.C. look - alike is fake and go to the Organization , but have make a decision on who is the real K.C. when the K.C. look - alike arrives . Zane holds Ernie and Judy hostage at the Cooper house , but Craig defeats him while Kira distracts him . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Francois Chau as Zane 13 13 `` Stakeout Takeout '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 117 2.52 When K.C. is planning to go to Miami with Marisa for a vacation , Craig tells K.C. she must go on a stakeout to catch a notorious robber . During a phone call , she learned her dad lied so she could stay and she was never assigned to the case . K.C ends up not talking to Craig . Meanwhile , Ernie is mad at his dad and K.C. because they both think he 's just a computer geek . He goes to El Froyo Loco and sees the notorious robber and calls K.C. for help , but K.C. wants him to take the robber out to give him a chance to `` bake the biscuits '' and prove to his dad that he is more than just the computer guy . After the mission K.C. makes it to the beach . In a side story , Craig keeps getting mad at the takeout restaurant guy who tries to overcharge him for food he did n't want or order Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Paras Patel as Delivery Guy , Daniel David Stewart as Stanley Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 14 14 `` The Neighborhood Watchdogs '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 122 1.95 Mrs. Goldfeder 's house has been robbed , so K.C. volunteers her dad to be the neighborhood watchdogs leader . However , he does n't think it 's a good idea . K.C. then tries to sneak around and be the leader , but Craig finds out and yells at K.C. The burglar goes to Mrs. Goldfeder 's house and K.C. finds out it 's her dad . K.C. and Craig mistake a person who 's taking out the garbage for a burglar . Craig lets his teammate , Herb , use the bathroom in the Cooper house only to discover he 's the one who 's stealing everything . K.C. and Craig apologize to each other . Meanwhile , Judy is trying to get away from her friend at school who likes her and brings in her other friend Petey to pretend they 're dating , though Petey really thinks she likes him . Both of them go to El Froyo Loco and Pentatonix tries to help Judy tell Petey that she does n't like him by performing a rendition of Ariana Grande 's `` Problem '' through the credits , but he still does n't believe her . Guest stars : Pentatonix , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Fred Stoller as Herb , Dat Pham as Slippy Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 15 15 `` First Friend '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) 125 2.91 K.C. gets a mission at the University of Maryland to go undercover as a college student and protect the daughter of the president of the United States . K.C. ends up befriending Eliza , the president 's daughter even though she ca n't . Marisa becomes jealous and ends up lying about her name when meeting Eliza . However , Eliza finds out who K.C is and refuses to speak to her . Marisa then uses her party - finding skills to find Eliza and tell K.C.K.C goes to the party and helps protect Eliza against kidnappers after she ditches her Secret Service men , repairing their relationship . Meanwhile , Ernie reveals that he is an adventure scout and Judy wants to join . Guest stars : McKaley Miller as Eliza , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Dat Pham as Slippy 16 16 `` Operation : Other Side , Part 1 '' Jon Rosenbaum Eileen Conn July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) 114 1.99 K.C. and Kira go undercover at a prison facility . K.C. 's disguise is a prisoner and Kira is a correctional officer . Their assignment is to find someone at the prison who is working undercover for a group of bad guys known as The Other Side . K.C. finds out it is Big Ange , a correctional officer , who offers K.C. an opportunity to join The Other Side . Kira tells K.C. that the Organization wants her to accept the offer and continue the undercover mission . K.C. continues her mission without Kira . Meanwhile , Petey keeps bothering Judy . Guest stars : Cocoa Brown as Big Ange , Vivian Marie Lamolli as Scar , James DiGiacomo as Petey Absent : Kamil McFadden as Ernie Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 17 17 `` Operation : Other Side , Part 2 '' Kimberly McCullough Rob Lotterstein July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) 115 2.17 K.C. enters the Other Side . She calls Craig and learns that her mission is to destroy a dangerous missile and recover a biological agent from the Other Side . When she has to take a hand - to - hand combat class it is revealed that Brett is her instructor . Brett helps her get to the missile and she deactivates the missile . However , the Other Side finds her and a fight ensues . When Victor , the leader of the Other Side , tries to destroy K.C. , Brett comes in and saves her and helps her escape . Judy wants Craig to buy her a dog . Craig says no because he 's more of a cat person . They reach a compromise when Craig buys Judy a robot dog named Snuggles . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Lee Reherman as Victor Absent : Kamil McFadden as Ernie Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 18 18 `` K.C. and the Vanishing Lady '' Rich Correll Cat Davis & Eddie Quintana July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 119 2.14 Guest stars : Jonathan Schmock as Lloyd , Natalija Nogulich as Mrs. Vandervoort , Erin Matthews as Mrs. Andrews , Noah Crawford as Gabriel Absent : Veronica Dunne as Marisa Clark 19 19 `` Debutante Baller '' Jon Rosenbaum Raynelle Swilling & Teri Schaffer August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 113 2.05 Guest stars : Telma Hopkins as Miss Holley , Reign Edwards as Kitten Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 20 20 `` K.C. 's the Man '' Rosario J. Roveto , Jr . Teri Schaffer & Raynelle Swilling August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 127 1.89 Guest stars : Barrett Carnahan as Spencer , Dante Swain as Aaron , Sully Zack as Lorenzo 21 21 `` Runaway Robot '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein September 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 07 ) 120 -- 121 2.45 Judy gets upset when she finds out she does not have a birthday . K.C. locates Judy 's creator , Simone , so they can meet each other . K.C. and Judy get into a huge argument . Judy runs away to live with her creator , but since Judy is understanding feelings she gets sad when nobody pays attention to her . Judy runs away again and gets tricked into working for The Other Side . She tries to run away from The Other Side . K.C. and Simone team up and work together to bring Judy home . Meanwhile , Ernie and Marisa find out that they were flirting with each other when they were playing a video game . Special guest star : Raven - Symoné as Simone Guest stars : Chris Ellis as Christos , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Mike Lane as Paul Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 22 22 `` All Howl 's Eve '' Jon Rosenbaum Dava Savel October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 123 1.97 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Ernie and Judy 's mission to intercept an evil wolf serum at the Central Park Spooktacular goes a little off - track when they meet Emma Ross and Zuri Ross from Jessie . Back home , K.C. and Marisa throw a Halloween shindig of their own , with K.C. deciding to dress up as a spy in hopes of impressing River , the new boy in school but loses her expensive heart bracelet for communication with the Organization . Special guest stars : Peyton List as Emma , Skai Jackson as Zuri Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Chris O'Neal as River 23 23 `` The Get Along Vault '' Phill Lewis Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 126 2.39 Guest star : Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder 24 24 `` Enemy of the State '' Joel Zwick Eileen Conn November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) 124 2.06 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Kira is arrested by The Organization , with only 72 hours for K.C. and lawyer Maggie Summer to prove her innocence before she 's handed over to the Chinese Government for destroying a building in Hong Kong . K.C. later finds out that her lawyer is a fraud , turning out to be an ex-cohort of Kira . Meanwhile , Judy is accidentally mailed out of Washington , D.C. Guest stars : Arden Myrin as Maggie , Patrick Cassidy as Chuck Maddox , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Michelle Noh as Real Maggie Note : Although Veronica Dunne does not appear in the episode as Marisa , she appears out of character alongside Kamil McFadden and Trinitee Stokes in a humorous public service announcement in the post-credits revolving around why you should n't send fellow siblings away in the mail . 25 25 `` ' Twas the Fight Before Christmas '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 116 1.29 K.C. invites Craig 's father , Earl , over for the holidays , but it is discovered that they have been feuding with each other for quite a while because Earl is disappointed in Craig for not going to medical school and continuously brings up how he quit and gave up on that dream . Marisa later stops by and gives the Cooper family a gingerbread house , saying that her family really loves them ; however , Ernie finds a card and finds out the Marisa lied . Eventually , Craig has enough and kicks Earl out of the house , but Ernie hacks the airport 's computers so Earl can not leave , forcing him and Craig to attempt to make up . Meanwhile , Ernie and Kira go off on a mission , but Kira ends up being captured . After Ernie calls for help and K.C. , Craig , and Earl arrive , Craig orders Earl to remain in the car , but he later gets out and discovers that the Cooper family are spies . Craig and Earl later make up , but that does n't last long after Kira sprays Earl with the memory spray . Guest star : George Wallace as Pappa Earl 26 26 `` K.C. and Brett : The Final Chapter -- Part 1 '' David Kendall Rob Lotterstein January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 128 2.50 Guest star : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly 27 27 `` K.C. and Brett : The Final Chapter -- Part 2 '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 129 2.02 K.C. survives the car incident and both K.C. and Brett think they are safe from Ursula for now but they soon find out that Ursula too survived the car accident . Because The Organization has made it clear that Brett can not come back , the Cooper family is under constant threat of the Organization finding out that they are hiding Brett . K.C. and Ernie both take Brett to a Marissa 's Cabin that borders Canada so that Brett will be safe but then Ursula finds them and attacks them . While Ernie and Marissa safely evacuate , K.C and Brett try to take down Ursula . They ride away on horses and Ursula finds them and shoots Brett . K.C. injures Ursula and she rides away saying that she 'll be back for her . When K.C. goes to Brett to see if he is dead , Brett reveals that he was wearing a laser proof t - shirt . To be safe , Brett must ride to Canada and risk never seeing K.C. again . In light of recent events , the Coopers are removed from the Organization and Judy is reassigned to another spy family . Guest star : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 28 `` Coopers Reactivated ! '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) 201 -- 202 2.08 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , James Logan as Jackal , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Jason Downs as Graham , Yetide Badaki as Penelope , Robert Michael Morris as Agent Nelson 29 `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) 203 2.14 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , Kara Royster as Abby 30 `` Rebel with a Cuz '' Robbie Countryman Eileen Conn March 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 20 ) 204 1.84 Guest stars : Chris Tavarez as Darien , Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 31 `` The Mother of All Missions '' Joel Zwick Darin Henry April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 205 2.03 Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Tyler Poelle as Agent Gibb Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 32 5 `` Accidents Will Happen '' Alfonso Ribeiro Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 206 1.90 Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard , Kara Royster as Abby , Chris Tavarez as Darien , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Robert Gant as Jackson , Ethan Wacker as Collin 33 6 `` Brainwashed '' Joel Zwick Rob Lotterstein April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 207 1.82 This episode needs an improved plot summary . ( June 2016 ) Erica and Abby force K.C. and Kira to sneak them past hotel security . Abby reveals the truth about her father . And K.C. now knows who the head of the other side is , yet she has no idea of a name or a face . In the end , men from the organization have him cornered but Abby 's father says it is not him , the organization believes him and he escapes with Erica and Abby . Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard , Kara Royster as Abby , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Robert Gant as Jackson , Ethan Wacker as Collin Absent : Veronica Dunne as Marisa Clark , Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 34 7 `` The Truth Hurts '' Alfonso Ribeiro Vincent Brown May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 208 1.36 Guest stars : James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Mike McCafferty as Todd Clint Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 35 8 `` Down in the Dumps '' Gil Junger Cat Davis May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 209 1.79 Guest stars : Kevin Csolak as Adam , Nikki Castillo as Akina Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 36 9 `` Dance Like No One 's Watching '' Gil Junger Eddie Quintana May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 210 1.12 K.C. is undercover at a retirement home as a man . Her disguise name is Bernie . The target approaches the Senior Centre , speaking to his grandfather . K.C. then goes up to him and tries to hug him , using her own ways to manipulate him . K.C. then goes to meet this woman called Irma and they quickly become friends . They start to do these fun things together , including a coffee and a dance at the Olive Pit , reading magazines together , playing cards . Meanwhile , Judy tries to change Petey 's mind when he says machines are stupid . She does things such as electrocute the fridge when Petey touches it and water being sprayed at him . Petey is spooked when he sees the toaster rise and a machine chasing after him . At night , Judy comes into his bedroom with alarms and machines ringing and moving . Judy gets Petey to repeat machines are n't stupid over and over . He then admits that machines are n't stupid . Also , K.C. and Marisa get into an argument when K.C. ca n't go to the dance to support the Food Bank because she is hanging out with Irma . Eventually , K.C. turns up to the dance . Guest stars : Florence Henderson as Irma , James DiGiacomo as Petey Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 37 10 `` The Love Jinx '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 211 1.46 When an agent from the Other Side is arrested , Craig and Kira discover that he is the man who married them which K.C. then points out that Craig and Kira were never legally married . K.C proceeds to attempt to make them a do - over weeding . Meanwhile , she gives advice to Marissa and Ernie which messes up both of their relationships . Craig and Kira get into an argument which ends with them making up and getting re-married Guest stars : Charlie Robinson as Pops , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Nikki Castillo as Akina 38 11 `` K.C. Levels Up '' Danny Teeson Eileen Conn July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 212 1.24 Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , Philip Labes as Jerk 39 12 `` Catch Him If You Can '' Eileen Conn Rob Lotterstein July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 213 1.31 Guest stars : Samm Levine as Noah , Cozi Zuehlsdorff as Pinky 40 13 `` Sup , Dawg ? '' Kadeem Hardison Eileen Conn July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) 216 1.18 New canine spy Dexter , joins K.C. on her next mission as she tries to stop a ring of firework smugglers . When K.C. and Dexter take a disliking to each other , K.C. is taken off the mission with Ernie taking her spot . Ernie is kidnapped by the smugglers until K.C. and Dexter come to save the day . But when K.C. is fired with a shot , Dexter takes the shot . Dexter survives . Meanwhile , Marisa gives Judy some of her old dolls but is disappointed when Judy throws them in the trash . That causes Marisa and Judy to play with the dolls together . Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 41 14 `` Tightrope of Doom '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 219 1.88 Guest stars : Leslie Jordan as Cecil B. DeVille , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Jason Karasev as Laszlo , Jeremy Howard as Bob McCoy , Tati Gabrielle as Jackie , Daniel Browing Smith as Jeff 42 15 `` The Legend of Bad , Bad Cleo Brown '' Nzingha Stewart Raynelle Swilling & Teri Schaffer August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 221 1.97 Guest stars : Roz Ryan as Grandma Gayle , Tom Wilson as Agent Whitman Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 43 16 `` Spy of the Year Awards '' Robbie Countryman Eddie Quintana September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 218 1.31 Kira is excited to be nominated for an Orgi Award -- given to spies by The Organization -- for the first time in her career . She is upset to learn that K.C. has also been nominated for the same award . K.C. becomes sick with food poisoning and must stay home while her family attends the awards ceremony . Tolentinó , the son of an imprisoned criminal who was captured by one of The Organization 's spies , takes over the ceremony with help from his henchmen . Tolentinó disables everyone 's electronic devices and intends to interrogate each spy until he locates the one who captured his father . Judy , who is still functional , sends a message to K.C. for help . K.C. recovers from her illness and has Marisa stay in an undercover van so she can guide her through the building using schematics . K.C. finds the ceremony room and rescues the audience . After Tolentinó is captured , the awards ceremony resumes , and Kira wins the nomination . Guest stars : John O'Hurley as Buck Marshall , Adam Irigoyen as Tolentinó 44 17 `` In Too Deep '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Darin Henry September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 214 1.11 K.C. and Ernie are assigned to go undercover and join a suspicious group of environmental activists known as the Volunteens so they can learn more about them and their leader , a young woman named Keller . K.C. and Ernie 's cover is blown immediately as Keller knows they were sent to investigate her , which she allows them to do to prove that she has nothing to hide . Ernie becomes concerned that K.C. has been brainwashed into following the group 's beliefs , after she begins agreeing with Keller . Meanwhile , Craig is assigned to protect Rollin , the ambassador to Monrovia , who is also an old friend . Craig prepares several large food dishes for Rollin , but is disappointed to learn that he no longer consumes fattening meals . Rollin convinces Craig to join him at a gym , but after Craig begins using a stair climber , Kira and Judy inform him that the machine has been implanted with a bomb that will detonate if he slows down . Judy eventually disarms the bomb , which was meant for Rollin . When Ernie tells his family about his concern for K.C. , Craig tries unsuccessfully to convince him that she is simply maintaining her cover as one of Keller 's followers . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Alice Lee as Keller , Rafael Petardi as Rollin , Myko Olivier as Reese 45 18 `` In Too Deep , Part 2 '' Stephen Engel Jenn Lloud & Kevin Bonani September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 215 1.17 Keller assigns K.C. to kidnap Monrovian ambassador Rollin . K.C. , while wearing a mask , knocks her father unconscious and kidnaps Rollin . K.C. is surprised to learn that Rollin and Keller , after having a discussion , have decided to work together in a plot to become rich . K.C. reveals that she only kidnapped Rollin to maintain her cover as a new member of the Volunteens . When Ernie arrives , he accidentally foils K.C. 's attempt to stop Keller . K.C. and Ernie are tied up in a room with a smoke bomb while Rollin and Keller escape . Craig rescues K.C. and Ernie , and K.C. travels to an auction to stop Keller before she can bid on and obtain the Monrovian queen 's diamond ring . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Alice Lee as Keller , Rafael Petardi as Rollin Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 46 19 `` Virtual Insanity '' Chris Poulos Darin Henry October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 223 1.43 Ernie is kidnapped while he is in a virtual reality program . His kidnappers , Damon and Darci , plan to trick Ernie 's virtual self into revealing a secret code that they need . K.C. enters the virtual world , despite the fact that she will experience virtual disorientation , in which the user is briefly unable to recall details about their real life . K.C. 's mission is to stop Ernie from revealing the code and to learn where his kidnappers have taken his physical body . In the virtual world , Ernie is popular at school while K.C. enjoys make - up and dislikes studying , unlike their real - life personalities . Damon and Darci have programmed a virtual version of Mrs. Goldfeder and Marisa to trick Ernie into revealing the code . K.C. eventually remembers her mission and real personality , and learns that Ernie was taken to a storage unit , which Damon and Darci are using as their headquarters . Ernie is rescued , and Damon and Darci are arrested . Afterward , K.C. uses the virtual reality machine to fantasize about herself spending time on a beach with Brett Willis . Guest stars : Ross Butler as Brett Willis , Jaime Moyer as Mrs. Goldfeder , David Hull as Damon , Natalie Lander as Darci Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 47 20 `` Undercover Mother '' Joely Fisher Cat Davis November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 222 1.36 Scholastic Accomplishments Quarterly chooses K.C. to be interviewed for their latest issue , as she is the smartest student at her school and in the Washington D.C. area . Ernie warns K.C. not to do the interview , as a precaution to protect her identity as a spy . K.C. disregards Ernie 's warning and meets with the magazine author , C.W. Barnes , who plans to follow her around for two days so he can write a detailed article about her life , making it a larger story than what she initially expected . C.W. also requests to meet her parents , who are out of town ; K.C. tells him that her father is an astronaut who is currently in space , and that her mother has a fear of leaving their house . C.W. then visits the Cooper residence , where K.C. disguises herself as her mother , Kira . To help K.C. , Marisa unexpectedly arrives at the house disguised as K.C. 's mother , unaware that K.C. is already portraying Kira . Marisa then claims to be K.C. 's other mother , before K.C. eventually zaps him unconscious with an electrical device . After Ernie and Marisa convince K.C. that she does not have to be the best at everything , she has C.W. write instead about Alexis , the second smartest student at her school . Guest star : Noah Weisberg as C.W. Barnes Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper , Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 48 21 `` Trust No One '' Robbie Countryman Kurt Maloney November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 217 1.26 Because of the unexpected presence of enemies , K.C. is forced to abort a mission that only she and a few others knew about , which leads Agent Johnson to believe that there is a mole in The Organization who leaked out information about the mission . Johnson assigns K.C. to find the mole , and she decides to get advice from Zane to help her figure out who it could be . K.C. must memorize a code that allows her to access Zane 's secure cell at The Organization , as Johnson believes that it is too risky to write it down and leave a paper trail . Zane 's advice leads K.C. to suspect that either Marisa or one of her own family members may have leaked the information , but she eventually learns that she sleep - talks about her missions and that her room was bugged with a listening device . K.C. later discovers that Zane has escaped after someone overheard her mentioning the code in her sleep and used it to break him out . Meanwhile , Ernie donates some of Craig 's coats to a school charity sale , but later discovers that one of the coats was a $2 million spy jacket created by The Organization for missions . Ernie eventually tracks down the man who purchased the jacket and takes it from him while he is distracted listening to headphones . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Francois Chau as Zane Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 49 22 `` Holly Holly Not So Jolly '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Rob Lotterstein December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 224 1.04 Guest star : Joel Brooks as Dr. Levinstein Absent : Trinitee Stokes as Judy Cooper 50 23 `` Collision Course '' Joel Zwick Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 225 1.30 When K.C. believes that she spotted Abby while driving in traffic , her family thinks that she is delusional and feeling guilty about killing her . However , Abby and her mother Erica are still alive and are planning to kidnap David Simmons , who created the security systems for the U.S. Treasury . They intend to gain knowledge from Simmons on how to break through the systems so they can steal money from the Treasury . When The Organization learns about The Other Side 's plan to kidnap Simmons , the Coopers are sent on a mission to locate him and keep him safe . Simmons had retired to live a life of seclusion , but Ernie discovers that he owns a biker club in West Virginia . K.C. enters the club as a biker , while her family is undercover as lost tourists . While searching the club for Simmons , K.C. spots Abby , who is also looking for him . After a motorcycle chase , K.C. runs Abby off the road and apprehends her . Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica King Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard Martin , Kara Royster as Abby Martin , Joel Brooks as Dr. Levinstein 51 24 `` Family Feud '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 226 1.18 After Abby is captured by The Organization , Richard and Erica kidnap K.C. 's family . Agent Johnson declines K.C. 's request to release Abby in exchange for her family members , stating that The Organization does not negotiate with criminals . K.C. breaks Abby out of prison and brings her to Richard and Erica , who tie up K.C. along with the rest of her family . Marisa realizes that K.C. needs help and figures out the location of Richard and Erica 's hideout . When Marisa arrives , Craig and Kira are surprised to learn that she knows about their spy profession . Marisa unties the Coopers so they can fight Richard , Erica and Abby , who are then captured and brought to The Organization . Despite breaking Abby out of prison , Agent Johnson allows K.C. to avoid prison time because she brought them Richard , the leader of The Other Side . While camping in a forest , Zane receives a phone call informing him that The Other Side 's leader has been captured . Special guest star : Jasmine Guy as Erica King Guest stars : Rick Fox as Richard Martin , Kara Royster as Abby Martin , Francois Chau as Zane , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Coopers on the Run '' Rosario Roveto , Jr . Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 301 -- 302 1.24 K.C. , Marisa and the rest of the Coopers flee to a safe house in Rio de Janeiro after Zane and his men target them . After two weeks in the safe house -- a run - down apartment -- K.C. , Ernie and Marisa go into the city to contact The Organization . While in the city , Ernie meets Zoe , a young woman from Kansas who likes him . However , K.C. is suspicious of Zoe and ends their conversation as the Coopers are not to speak to anyone because of the possibility that Zane could be tracking them . K.C. contacts The Organization and learns that Zane is unaware of their whereabouts . K.C. then signs up the family for a mission to capture Passaro Grande , a local smuggler of exotic birds . After capturing Grande , Craig , Kira and Judy take him to the local authorities while K.C. , Ernie and Marisa return to the safe house . A strong enemy agent named Sheena , who frequently talks to herself , breaks into the safe house and reveals that she was sent by Zane to kill them . After fighting K.C. and Ernie , Zoe breaks in and knocks out Sheena . Zoe reveals that she is an agent for The Organization who was assigned to protect the family . The group gets into a vehicle to head to a safe location , but K.C. must take a detour through the jungle after learning that Sheena is following them . The next day , Sheena locates the group and incapacitates Ernie , Marisa and Zoe with a small device that electrocutes them . K.C. and Sheena prepare to battle . Special guest star : China Anne McClain as Sheena Guest stars : Francois Chau as Zane , Haley Tju as Zoe 53 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 303 1.06 During battle , K.C. tosses a Brazilian jumping spider on Sheena to paralyze her . Ernie , Marisa and Zoe regain consciousness and discover that K.C. has also been paralyzed by the spider . They leave Sheena behind and carry K.C. through the jungle . Zoe eventually makes an antidote for K.C. out of jungle vegetation and snake saliva . Meanwhile , Marisa is upset that today is school picture day and she is not there to have her picture taken . Marisa wanted a yearbook picture to remember the fact that she became a high school senior despite her poor grades . After wandering through the jungle , Craig , Kira and Judy find Sheena , who claims to be Zoe . They then find K.C. and the others . K.C. and Zoe apprehend Sheena , and Marisa and the Coopers later board a helicopter . During the flight , Zane reveals himself to be the pilot . Zane destroys the helicopter controls and parachutes out while the helicopter spirals out of control toward the ocean . Special guest star : China Anne McClain as Sheena Guest stars : Francois Chau as Zane , Haley Tju as Zoe 54 `` Out of the Water and into the Fire '' Robbie Countryman Rob Lotterstein July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) TBA 1.20 K.C. manages to land the helicopter safely in the ocean , and Marisa and the Coopers are rescued by a nearby military ship . The captain apprehends them after discovering that Judy is a robot , as he does not believe that the Coopers are spies and he has never heard of The Organization . Marisa and the Coopers escape from their cell after using Judy 's skeleton key . The Coopers return to Organization headquarters , where they discover a memorial service being held for them . The Coopers decide to keep their survival a secret to increase their chances of capturing Zane ; they recruit Kira 's parents , Othello and Gayle , so they can work together . Disguising her voice as Brett , Judy arranges to meet Zane at a laser tag facility , where K.C. and her family ambush him . After battling with real laser guns , Zane is apprehended , and K.C. declares that they no longer have to worry about The Other Side , unaware that a new enemy organization known as The Alternate has been formed . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Roz Ryan as Grandma Gayle , Charlie Robinson as Pops , Francois Chau as Zane , Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James McCauley as Captain 55 `` Web of Lies '' Robbie Countryman Darin Henry July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 305 1.48 K.C. is upset to learn that she has received the same SAT score as Marisa : 1060 . K.C. later learns that Beverly had Craig change her SAT result because she received a perfect score . Less than one percent of the population receives a perfect score ; leaving the original score intact would draw unnecessary attention to K.C. , putting her spy career at risk . K.C. disagrees with Beverly 's decision as it will prevent her from being accepted into certain colleges . Beverly tells K.C. that The Organization wants her to remain a spy rather than go to college . K.C. drives to New York to retake her SAT test , while Ernie and Zoe team up for a mission to stop smugglers who are working in a party supplies warehouse . After completing the mission , Ernie asks Zoe to be his girlfriend , but she tells him that she has been assigned to a four - year mission in Antarctica . Ernie agrees to wait for Zoe until she concludes her mission . Meanwhile , Marisa wants K.C. to talk to The Organization about letting her become a spy . Marisa is insulted when K.C. tells her that she is not intelligent enough to be a spy . K.C. later tells Marisa that it would be better if she attended college rather than become a spy . Marisa , who does not want to attend college , becomes further upset at K.C. and decides to temporarily end their friendship . Two months later , K.C. learns that she has received a perfect SAT score . Guest stars : Sherri Shepherd as Beverly , Haley Tju as Zoe 56 5 `` Teen Drama '' Robbie Countryman David Tolentino August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 306 1.02 Marisa , who is still upset at K.C. for not allowing her to join The Organization , befriends a student named Brady , who says that he is part of The Organization . Brady tells Marisa that The Organization has been impressed with her for a while as she helped to capture the leader of The Other Side . Brady recruits Marisa as a spy for The Organization . Meanwhile , K.C. misses spending time with Marisa . Ernie invites his fellow Model UN member , Monique , to the Cooper house to spend time with her , but he becomes upset at K.C. for befriending Monique and disrupting his plan to be with her . K.C. realizes that spending time with Monique is not the same as being with Marisa . Brady assigns Marisa to befriend K.C. , who he says could be providing intelligence to The Other Side . Marisa befriends K.C. again so she can learn whether she is working with The Other Side . Guest stars : Connor Weil as Brady , Chandler Kinney as Monique Absent : Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 57 6 `` K.C. Under Construction '' Eileen Conn Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 307 1.18 K.C. is assigned to go undercover as a construction worker at a tall unfinished building , allowing her to spy on a nearby tower where a group of renegade spies are believed to be meeting so they can discuss weapons . K.C. 's male co-workers at the construction site mock her for being a female . K.C. meets a female construction worker , Crystal , who tells K.C. that the men will eventually ignore her . K.C. later learns that the renegade spy group is working on sonic brain imploders , capable of melting people 's brains . When Brady has Marisa gain knowledge about K.C. 's current mission , he warns his group that K.C. is spying on them and that she must be killed . A man is sent to the construction site to plant a brain imploder device . After a fight , K.C. takes down the man , but he says he does not know how to diffuse the imploder . Crystal has K.C. put the imploder into cement mix , which prevents it from detonating . Meanwhile , Judy gets in trouble at school after using mature logic to question a student 's belief in the tooth fairy . Ernie is tasked with teaching Judy to behave like a normal child , to help maintain her cover as a spy robot . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Lex Medlin as Roy , Eris Baker as Diane , Tara Karsian as Crystal , Larry Poindexter as Foreman Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper , Kadeem Hardison as Craig Cooper 58 7 `` The Storm Maker '' Robbie Countryman Jenn Lloyd & Kevin Bonani August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) 308 1.30 Ernie and Marisa mock K.C. , believing that she does not have a date for their final high school homecoming . On the night of the homecoming , K.C. goes on a mission to retrieve a weather - altering device known as the Storm Maker , which the remaining members of The Other Side plan to use to create man - made weather disasters . K.C. retrieves the device and hides it in her school locker , where she plans to keep it while she attends the homecoming . K.C. has Howard , a gadget inventor for The Organization , pose as her date at homecoming , telling him that it is actually practice so he can become a field agent . Marisa attends homecoming with Brady , while Ernie goes with Monique . Brady learns about the Storm Maker through Marisa after having her casually question K.C. about her latest mission . Brady , who is working for The Alternate , steals the device and places it in his locker , then deletes security footage of his theft before K.C. and Ernie can learn who took the device . Meanwhile , Craig and Judy attend a father - daughter dance at her school . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , Connor Weil as Brady , Matthew Gold as Howard , Chandler Kinney as Monique Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 59 8 `` Keep on Truckin ' '' Jon Rosenbaum Darin Henry August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 1.20 K.C. and Craig discover that the Storm Maker device can not be powered without a rare chemical known as Dilithium . They go undercover as workers at a truck stop restaurant so they can obtain the Dilithium from a truck that is delivering it . Meanwhile , Ernie gives Judy an emotion upgrade to increase her mental sensitivity , to help her maintain her cover as a real child . At school , Ernie overhears Brady during a phone conversation and discovers that he is an enemy agent . Brady uses memory spray to erase Ernie 's recent memory . Marisa visits the house to ask Ernie questions regarding K.C. 's latest mission . Ernie then overhears Marisa talking to Brady on a cellular phone , and learns that she is a spy . Marisa erases his recent memories with memory spray . At the truck stop , the driver of the Dilithium truck walks inside for lunch , allowing K.C. to obtain the chemicals . Brady , wearing a ski mask , takes the Dilithium and hijacks the truck . K.C. attempts to take control of the truck , and scratches part of Brady 's face through the mask opening , before falling off the truck . Later , K.C. meets Marisa and Brady at a restaurant , and notices the scratch marks on his face . Although he says the marks came from a cat , K.C. realizes that Brady was the truck hijacker . Guest stars : Rick Hall as Agent Johnson , James DiGiacomo as Petey , Connor Weil as Brady Absent : Tammy Townsend as Kira Cooper 60 9 `` Unmasking the Enemy '' Jon Rosenbaum Rob Lotterstein November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 310 1.37 Guest stars : Connor Weil as Brady , Ego Nwodim as Agent McKenzie 61 10 `` The Truth Will Set You Free '' TBA TBA November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 311 TBD 62 11 `` Stormy Weather '' TBA TBA November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 312 TBD 63 12 `` Deleted ! '' TBA TBA November 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 24 ) TBA TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Season 1 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 1.25. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.1. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 4.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Salem ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 5.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals : 5.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 5.31. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . 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Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Season 2 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 3.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 4.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 7.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 8.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 9.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 11.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 11.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 12.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Undercover Season 3 Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Undercover Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.7. 2017 '' . 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Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 11.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) K.C. Undercover at Disney Channel List of K.C. Undercover episodes on IMDb Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers It 's a Laugh Productions Series Current K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Former The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Films Hannah Montana : The Movie ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Crossovers `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) TV specials The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) Related ABC Kids Disney Channel Disney XD Disney Channel Original Series Disney Channel Original Movies Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_K.C._Undercover_episodes&oldid=809052509 '' Categories : Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Lists of American children 's television series episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Magyar Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 21 : 14 . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20K.C.%20Undercover%20episodes | 478 |
gerald levert written all over your face lyrics | Written All Over Your Face | written all over your face | `` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1991 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' is a song by American R&B group The Rude Boys , released as the second single from their debut album Rude Awakening . The song was written and produced by group member Larry Marcus with additional production from session musician and recording engineer Jim Salamone . The song became the group 's signature song and spent one week at number one on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart . It also peaked at number sixteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1991 . `` Written All Over Your Face '' made the group a sensation , as the single topped the R&B charts and , The song showcased the vocals of Joe N Little III and Edward Buddy Banks and featured extra vocals from their mentor , the late Gerald Levert . The single rode the charts for 31 weeks , and finally made it to # 1 on the Billboard R&B charts and # 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In 1991 , it won the Billboard Music Award for No. 1 R&B Single of the Year . Contents 1 Charts 1.1 Year - end charts 2 See also 3 References Charts ( edit ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 29 See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1991 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 504 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1991 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . This 1990s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Written_All_Over_Your_Face&oldid=813554629 '' Categories : 1990 singles The Rude Boys songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles 1990 songs Atlantic Records singles 1990s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 01 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written%20All%20Over%20Your%20Face | 479 |
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the old name for the kozhikode city in kerala was | Kozhikode | kozhikode | Kozhikode ( ( koːɻikːoːɖ ) ( listen ) ) , or Calicut , is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast . Calicut is the largest urban area in the state and 192nd largest urban area in the world . The city lies about 275 kilometres ( 171 mi ) west of Bangalore . | During classical antiquity and the Middle Ages , Kozhikode was dubbed the `` City of Spices '' for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices . It was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by the Samoothiris ( Zamorins ) in the Middle Ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar District under British rule . Arab merchants traded with the region as early as 7th century , and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 , thus opening a trade route between Europe and Malabar . A Portuguese factory and fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period ( 1511 -- 1525 , until the Fall of Calicut ) . The English landed in 1615 ( constructing a trading post in 1665 ) , followed by the French ( 1698 ) and the Dutch ( 1752 ) . In 1765 , Mysore captured Kozhikode as part of its occupation of the Malabar Coast . Kozhikode , once a famous cotton - weaving centre , gave its name to the Calico cloth . On 7 June 2012 , Kozhikode was given the tag of `` City of Sculptures '' ( Shilpa Nagaram ) because of the architectural sculptures around the city . In May 2015 , a food programme called Operation Sulaimani was introduced to help people who can not afford a meal to have food with dignity . According to data compiled by economics research firm Indicus Analytics on residences , earnings and investments , Kozhikode ranked as the second best city in India to reside in . It was ranked eleventh among Tier - II Indian cities in job creation by a study conducted by ASSOCHAM in 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early Kozhikode in foreign accounts 2.2 The Samoothiri 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Geography 3.2 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Civic administration 6 Corporation Election 2015 6.1 Political Performance in Election 2015 6.2 Initiatives by District Administration 6.3 Law and order 7 Transport 7.1 National Highways 7.2 State Highways 7.3 Rail 7.4 Air 8 Economy 8.1 Shopping 8.2 Music 9 Media 9.1 Radio 9.2 Television 10 Education 11 Location 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Etymology Pazhashi Raja Museum Arab merchants called it Qāliqūṭ ( IPA : qɣaːliqɣːuːtʕ ) . Tamils called it Kallikkottai while for the Chinese it was Kalifo . In Kannada it was known as Kallikote . Although the city 's official name is Kozhikode , in English it is sometimes known by its anglicised version , Calicut . The word calico , a fine variety of hand - woven cotton cloth that was exported from the port of Kozhikode , is thought to have been derived from Calicut . It is the historical capital of Kerala as the history dates back to 1498 AD when Vasco da Gama landed in Kappad , near Calicut . History Main article : History of Kozhikode Vasco da Gama lands in Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 . Kozhikode is a town with a long recorded history . From time immemorial , the city has attracted travellers with its prosperity . It has traded in spices like black pepper and cardamom with Jews , Arabs , Phoenicians , and Chinese for more than 500 years . As Kozhikode offered full freedom and security , the Arab and the Chinese merchants preferred it to all other ports . The globe - trotter Ibn Batuta ( A.D. 1342 -- 47 ) said , `` We came next to Kalikut , one of the great ports of the district of Malabar , and in which merchants of all parts are found . '' Kozhikode was the capital of Malabar during the time of Sri Samoothiri Maharajas , who ruled the region before the British took over . The city 's first recorded contact with Europe was when Vasco da Gama landed at Kappad ( 18 km north ) in May 1498 , among the leaders of a trade mission from Portugal . He was received by his highness Sri Samoothiri Maharaja . Early Kozhikode in foreign accounts Accounts of the city and the conditions prevailing then can be gleaned from the chronicles of travellers who visited the port city . Ibn Battuta ( 1342 -- 1347 ) , who visited six times , gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city . He describes Kozhikode as `` one of the great ports of the district of Malabar '' where `` merchants of all parts of the world are found '' . The king of this place , he says , `` shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of Rome do ... The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit out others like them '' . Ma Huan ( 1403 AD ) , the Chinese Muslim sailor part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho ( Zheng He ) lauds the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world . He makes note of the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims , the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes ( followed to this day ) and the matrilineal system of succession . Abdur Razzak ( 1442 -- 43 ) the ambassador of Persian Emperor Sha - Rohk finds the city harbour perfectly secured and notices precious articles from several maritime countries especially from Abyssinia , Zirbad and Zanzibar . The Italian Niccolò de ' Conti ( 1445 ) , perhaps the first Christian traveller who noticed Kozhikode , describes the city as abounding in pepper , lac , ginger , a larger kind of cinnamon , myrobalans and zedary . He calls it a noble emporium for all India , with a circumference of eight miles ( 13 km ) . The Russian traveller Athanasius Nikitn or Afanasy Nikitin ( 1468 -- 74 ) calls ' Calecut ' a port for the whole Indian sea and describes it as having a `` big bazaar . '' Other travellers who visited Kozhikode include the Italian Ludovico di Varthema ( 1503 -- 1508 ) and Duarte Barbosa . Image of Kozhikode , India from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg 's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum , 1572 The Samoothiri See also : Samorin Kozhikode and its suburbs formed part of the Polanad kingdom ruled by the Porlatiri . The Eradis of Nediyirippu in Eranad wanted an outlet to the sea , to initiate trade and commerce with the distant lands . and after fighting with the king Polatthiri for 48 years conquered the area around Panniankara . After this , Menokki were became the ruler of Polanad and came to terms with the troops and people . After this , the town of Kozhikode was founded close to the palace at Tali . Then , the Eradis shifted their headquarters from Nediyirippu to Kozhikode . The Governor of Ernad built a fort at a place called Velapuram to safeguard his new interests . The fort most likely lent its name to Koyil Kotta the precursor to Kozhikode . Thus the city came into existence sometime in the 13th century CE . The status of Udaiyavar increased and he became known as Swami Nambiyathiri Thirumulpad , and eventually Samuri or Samoothiri . Europeans called him in a corrupt form as Samorin . According to K.V. Krishna Iyer , the rise of Kozhikode is at once a cause and a consequence of Samoothiri 's ascendancy in Kerala . By the end of the century , Samoothiri was at the zenith of his powers with all princes and chieftains of Kerala north of Kochi acknowledging his suzerainty . Geography and climate View of Calicut beach Geography View of Kappad beach The city of Kozhikode is 410 kilometres ( 255 mi ) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram . It is located at approximately 11 ° 15 ′ N 75 ° 46 ′ E / 11.25 ° N 75.77 ° E / 11.25 ; 75.77 . It has an elevation of 1 metre ( 3 ft ) along the coast with the city 's eastern edges rising to at least 15 metres , with a sandy coastal belt and a lateritic midland . The city has a 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) long shoreline and small hills dot the terrain in the eastern and central regions . To the city 's west is the Laccadive Sea and from approximately 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) to the east rises the Sahyadri Mountains . The geographical conditions of city area and suburban areas are similar to the other parts of the district falling in coastal and midland zones . The region comprising Kozhikode Corporation and peri-urban blocks belong to the low - and midlands in the typical classification of land in Kerala as low - , mid - and highlands . Lagoons and backwaters characterise the lowland , which receives runoff from the rivers . The lowland is often subjected to salinity intrusion . The coastal plains exhibit more or less flat , narrow terrain with landforms such as beach ridges , sandbars , and backwater marshes . A few kilometres from the sea to the east , the surface gathers into slopes and clustering hills with numerous valleys in between formed due to floods and sediment transport . The Midlands is represented by hummocky rocky terrain with lateritised denudational hills and intervening valley fills ( locally called elas ) . The ' elas ' are fairly wide in the lower reaches of midlands and narrow towards the upper parts of the midlands . A number of rivers originating from the Sahyadri run along the outer reaches of the city . These include the Chaliyar puzha , Kallayi Puzha , Korapuzha river , Poonoor puzha ( river ) , and Iravanjhi puzha . Of these , Kallai river that runs through the southern part of the city has been the most important culturally and historically for Kozhikode . The Kallai River has its origin in Cherikkulathur village . It is connected with Chaliyar on the south by a man - made canal . The river passes through Cherukulathur , Kovur , Olavanna , Manava and Kallai before finally joining the sea near Kozhikode . The length of the river is 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) . The Korapuzha river is formed by the confluence of the Agalapuzha with the Punnurpuzha , and it joins the sea at Elathur . The Agalapuzha is more or less a backwater while the Punnurpuzha originates from Arikkankunni . The total length of the river is 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) . Panurpuzha is a tributary of Korapuzha . It passes through the northern boundary of the study area and joins to the sea . The river is perennial . Canoly Canal was built in 1848 to connect the Korapuzha river in the north to Kallayi river in the south . It functions as a drain to reduce flooding in the city during the rainy season and as a navigation channel . A system of wetland ( mangrove ) forests pervade the city from Kallai river to Eranjikkal . Climate Kozhikode features a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification Am ) . The city has a highly humid tropical climate with high temperatures recorded from March to May . A brief spell of pre-monsoon Mango showers hits the city sometime during April . However , the primary source of rain is the South - west monsoon that sets in the first week of June and continues until September . The city receives significant precipitation from the North - East Monsoon that sets in from the second half of October through November . The average annual rainfall is 3,266 mm . The weather is milder from December / January until March when the skies are clear and the air is crisp . Winters are seldom cold . According to climate charts , 12 locations in India are cooler , 26 are warmer , 37 are dryer and only 1 is wetter than Kozhikode The highest temperature recorded was 39.4 ° C in March 1975 . The lowest was 14 ° C recorded on 26 December 1975 . ( hide ) Climate data for Kozhikode Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 34.0 ( 93.2 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 30.8 ( 87.4 ) 31.9 ( 89.4 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 34.0 ( 93.2 ) 36.6 ( 97.9 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 31.6 ( 88.9 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 31 ( 88 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 26.7 ( 80.1 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 25.9 ( 78.6 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) 27.5 ( 81.5 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 27.46 ( 81.43 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 21.8 ( 71.2 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 17.4 ( 63.3 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 2.7 ( 0.106 ) 3.4 ( 0.134 ) 1.5 ( 0.059 ) 31.1 ( 1.224 ) 78.9 ( 3.106 ) 818.2 ( 32.213 ) 1,230.3 ( 48.437 ) 764.4 ( 30.094 ) 132.1 ( 5.201 ) 46.6 ( 1.835 ) 12.2 ( 0.48 ) 8.8 ( 0.346 ) 3,130.2 ( 123.236 ) Average rainy days 0.3 0.3 4.9 10.8 25.4 25.3 23.3 13.0 11.9 7.7 1.9 125.9 Average relative humidity ( % ) 70 72 73 74 78 88 90 90 86 82 77 71 79.3 Source # 1 : IMD ( average high and low , precipitation ) Source # 2 : NOAA ( extremes , mean , humidity , rain days , 1971 -- 1990 ) Demographics English Church Menon Museum Total Population under Municipal Corporation limits is 550,440 . Males form 47.7 % and females 52.3 % . Kozhikode has been a multi-ethnic and multi-religious town since the early medieval period . The Hindus forms largest religious group , followed by Muslims and Christians . Hindus form the majority at 57.7 % of the population with 315807 members . Muslims form 37.6 % of the population with 207298 members . The corporation of Kozhikode has an average literacy rate of 96.8 % ( national average is 74.85 % ) . The male literacy rate is 97.93 % and female literacy rate is 95.78 % . The Muslims of Kozhikode are known as Mappilas , and according to the official Kozhikode website `` the great majority of them are Sunnis following the Shafi school of thought . There are some smaller communities among the Muslims such as Dawoodi Bohras . Many of the Muslims living in the historic part of the city follow matriliny and are noted for their piety . Though Christianity is believed to have been introduced in Kerala in 52 CE , the size of community in Malabar ( northern Kerala ) began to rise only after the arrival of the Portuguese towards the close of the 15th century . A few Christians of Thiruvitankoor and Kochi have lately migrated to the hilly regions of the district and are settled there . Pre-modern Kozhikode was already teeming with people of several communities and regional groups . Most of these communities continued to follow their traditional occupations and customs till the 20th century . Brahmins , too , lived in the city mostly around the Hindu temples . Regional groups like the Tamil Brahmins , Gujaratis and Marwari Jains became part of the city and lived around their shrines . The Nairs formed the rulers , warriors and landed gentry of Kozhikode . The Samoothiri had a ten thousand strong Nair bodyguard called the Kozhikkottu pathinaayiram ( The 10,000 of Kozhikode ) who defended the capital and supported the administration within the city . He had a larger force of 30,000 Nairs in his capacity as the Prince of Eranadu , called the Kozhikkottu Muppatinaayiram ( The 30,000 of Kozhikode ) . The Nairs also formed the members of the suicide squad ( chaver ) . The Mappila community of Kozhikode acted as an important support base for the city 's military , economic and political affairs . They were settled primarily in Kuttichira and Idiyangara . Their aristocratic dwelling houses were similar to the tharavad houses of the Nairs and the Thiyyas . Two Ghazi 's were recognised as their spiritual leaders . Travellers like Barbosa were intrigued by the extent to which the Mapillas blended into the local society , who spoke the same language and looked like any other Nair ( except for the round caps and long beards ) . The Thiyyas formed the vaidyars ( Physicians ) , local militia and traders of Kozhikode . Several aristocratic thiyya families such as ' Kallingal madom ' were settled in and around the city . The Tamil Brahmins are primarily settled around the Tali Siva temple . They arrived in Kozhikode as dependants of chieftains , working as cooks , cloth merchants and moneylenders . They have retained their Tamil language and dialects as well as caste rituals . The Gujarati community is settled mostly around the Jain temple in and around the Valliyangadi . They owned a large number of establishments , especially textile and sweet shops . They must have arrived in Kozhikode at least from the beginning of the 14th century . They belong to either the Hindu or the Jain community . A few Marwari families are also found in Kozhikode who were basically moneylenders . Civic Administration The city is administered by the Kozhikode Corporation , headed by a mayor . For administrative purposes , the city is divided into 75 wards , from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years . Recently neighbouring suburbs Beypore , Elathur , Cheruvannur and Nallalam were merged within the municipal corporation . Kozhikode Municipal Corporation Mayor Thottathil Raveendran Deputy Mayor Meera Darsak Member of Parliament M.K. Raghvan District Collector Shri . UV Jose IAS Police Commissioner Shri S Kaliraj Mahesh Kumar IPS Kozhikode Corporation is the first City Corporation in Kerala after the creation of the state . Established in 1962 , Kozhikode Corporation 's first mayor was H Manjunatha Rao . Kozhikode corporation has four assembly constituencies -- Kozhikode North , Kozhikode South , Beypore and Elathur -- all of which are part of Kozhikode . Corporation election 2015 Political Performance in Election 2015 S.No . Party Name Party symbol Number of Corporators 01 LDF 47 02 UDF 21 03 BJP 07 04 Independents 0 Initiatives by district Administration Operation Sulaimani : Providing food with dignity for those who can not afford a meal through contributions from the public . Project 4 N : Maintenance of roads through public participation . Savari Giri Giri : To enable students to travel in buses with dignity . Compassionate Kozhikode : The brand name for plethora of initiatives launched by the District Administration in partnership with civil society , Government agencies and citizens , who volunteer to make Kozhikode an authentic and inspirational destination for them to live and invite others to visit and experience it . It is the brainchild of the current District Collector Prasanth N. ( IAS ) . Law and order The Kozhikode City Police is headed by a commissioner , an Indian Police Service ( IPS ) officer . The present District Police Chief is S Kaliraj Mahesh Kumar IPS and Merin Joseph IPS is Deputy Commissioner of Police . The city is divided into six zones each under a circle officer . Apart from regular law and order , the city police comprises the traffic police , bomb squad , dog squad , fingerprint bureau , women 's cell , juvenile wing , narcotics cell , riot force , armed reserve camps , district crime records bureau and a women 's station . It operates 16 police stations functioning under the Home Ministry of Government of Kerala . Transport National highways Calicut mini bypass National Highway 66 connects Kozhikode to Mumbai via Mangaluru , Udupi and Goa to the north and Kochi and Kanyakumari near Thiruvananthapuram to the south along the west coast of India . This highway connects the city with the other important towns like , Uppala , Kasaragod , Kanhangad , Kannur , Thalassery , Mahe , Vadakara , Koyilandy , Vengalam , Ramanattukara , Kottakkal , Kuttippuram , Ponnani , ( Guruvayoor ) Chavakkad , Kodungallur , North Paravur , Edapally and proceed to Kanyakumari . National Highway 766 connects Kozhikode to Bengaluru through Kollegal in Karnataka via Tirumakudal Narsipur , Mysore , Nanjangud , Gundlupet , Sulthan Bathery , Kalpetta and Thamarassery . National Highway 966 connects Kozhikode to coimbatore through Palakkad . It covers a distance of 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) . At Ramanattukara , a suburb of Kozhikode , it joins NH 66 . It passes through towns like Kondotty , Malappuram , Perinthalmanna , and Mannarkkad . This stretch connects the city and Calicut International Airport . State highways SH 28 is the Kerala section of highway connecting Kozhikode and Gudalur near Ooty . The highway is 103.6 kilometres ( 64.4 mi ) long . It passes through important towns like Manjeri and Nilambur . SH 29 passes through the city . It connects NH 212 , Malabar Christian College , civil station , Kunnamangalam and Padanilam , Thamarassery , Chellot , Chitragiri and Road to Gudallor from Kerala border . SH 54 is connecting city and Kalpetta . The highway is 99.0 kilometres ( 61.5 mi ) long . The highway passes through Pavangad , Kozhikode , Ulliyeri , Perambra , Poozhithodu , Peruvannamuzhi and Padinjarethara . SH 68 starts from Kappad and ends in Adivaram . The highway is 68.11 kilometres ( 42.32 mi ) long . SH 34 starts from Koyilandy and ends in Edavanna . The highway is 44.0 km long . Rail The history of railways in Malabar dates to 1861 when the first tracks were laid between Tirur and Beypore . Kozhikode railway station is the only A1 railway station in Palakkad railway division ; it is in the Shoranur - Mangalore section . Today , Kozhikode is well connected by rail to cities like Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , Kollam , Palakkad , Coimbatore , Katpadi , Vellore , Hyderabad , Chennai , Bangalore , Kannur , Mangalore , Mumbai , New Delhi , Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam . Air Calicut International Airport is 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the city at Karipur . Regular domestic services are operated to major Indian cities . There are frequent international flights to the Middle Ewastern air hubs like Dubai , Abu Dhabi , Salalah , Muscat , Dammam , Riyadh , Jeddah , Sharjah , Bahrain , Doha and to domestic hubs Chennai , Hyderabad , Bangalore , Mumbai and New Delhi . Economy Broken bridge at Calicut beach Cyberpark , is a Government of Kerala organisation planned to build , operate and manage IT parks for the promotion and development of investment in IT and ITES industries in Malabar region of Kerala and will be the third IT hub in the state of Kerala. The two IT park will create a total 100,000 ( 100000 ) direct job opportunities . It is in the process of setting up IT parks at Kozhikode , at the SEZs approved at Kannur and Kasargod . Its first project is the development of Cyberpark hub in Kozhikode with its spokes at Kannur and Kazargode IT parks . Other planned projects include the Birla IT park ( at Mavoor ) and Malaysian satellite city ( at Kinaloor ) where KINFRA has plans to set up a 400 - acre ( 1.6 km ) industrial park . Shopping Main article : Shopping Malls in Calicut The city has a strong mercantile aspect . The main area of business was once Valiyangadi ( Big Bazaar ) near the railway station . As time progressed , it shifted to other parts of the city . These days , the commercial heart has moved to Mittai Theruvu ( Sweetmeat Street or S.M. Street ) , a long street crammed with shops that sell everything from saris to cosmetics . It also houses restaurants and sweetmeat shops . Today , the city has multiple shopping malls . Focus Mall , HiLITE Mall ( the second largest mall in Kerala ) and RP Mall are a few among them . Currently , new shopping malls are springing up all over the city . This has changed the consumer habits , shifting the centre of commerce from S.M. Street to these places . Music In addition to the Malabar Mahotsavam , the annual cultural fest of Kozhikode , every year since 1981 the Tyagaraja Aradhana Trust has been conducting a five - day music festival in honour of Tyagaraja . The festival is complete with the Uncchavritti , rendering of Divyanama kritis , Pancharatna Kritis , concerts by professional artistes and students of music from morning to late in the evening . Kozhikode has a tradition of Ghazal and Hindustani music appreciation . There are many Malayalam Ghazals . The late film director and play back singer M.S. Baburaj , from Kozhikode was influenced by Ghazal and Hindustani . Media Radio The Kozhikode radio station of All India Radio has two transmitters : Kozhikode AM ( 100 kilowatts ) and Kozhikode FM ( Vividh Bharathi ) ( 10 kilowatts ) . Private FM radio stations are Radio Mango 91.9 operated by Malayala Manorama Co. Ltd. and Red FM 93.5 of the SUN Network . AIR FM radio stations are Kozhikode -- 103.6 MHz ; AIR MW radio station is Kozhikode -- 684 kHz . Television A television transmitter has been functioning in Kozhikode since 3 July 1984 , relaying programmes from Delhi and Thiruvananthapuram Doordarshan . Doordarshan has its broadcasting centre in Kozhikode at Medical College . The Malayalam channels based on Kozhikode are the Shalom Television , Darshana TV and Media One TV . All major channels in Malayalam viz . Manorama News , Asianet , Surya TV , Kairali TV , Amrita TV , Jeevan TV , Indiavision and Jaihind have their studios and news bureaus in the city . Satellite television services are available through DD Direct+ , Dish TV , Sun Direct DTH and Tata Sky . Asianet Cable Vision popularly known as ACV telecasts daily city news . Spidernet is another local channel . Other local operators include KCL and Citinet . The Calicut Press Club came into existence in 1970 . It is the nerve centre of all media activities , both print and electronic . Begun with around 70 members in the roll , this Press Club , became a prestigious and alert media centre in the state with a present membership of over 280 . Education Main article : Educational institutions in Kozhikode district See also : Education in Kerala and List of educational institutions in Kozhikode There are 1,237 schools in Kozhikode district including 191 highschools . The beginning of western education may be traced back to the first half of the 19th century , when in 1848 the basal Evangelical Mission started a primary school at Kallai . In 1877 , a school for young Rajas was started in Kozhikode . This was later thrown open to all caste Hindu boys . In 1879 , it was affiliated to the University of Madras as a second - grade college and with this , collegiate education in the district received a fillip . Secondary education recorded an appreciable progress since 1915 . The erstwhile Malabar district , of which the present Kozhikode district formed a part , holds a high rank among the districts of Madras Presidency in secondary education . Location Areas of Kozhikode Koyilandy Perambra Balussery Kozhikode Beach Calicut City Kunnamangalam Beypore Feroke Ramanattukara See also India portal Kozhikode district Kozhikode East Kozhikode South Kozhikode North Kozhikode Beach Airport Road , Kozhikode Pavangad , Kozhikode List of people from Kozhikode References Jump up ^ `` thottathil - raveendran - new - calicut - mayor '' . Malayala manorama . Doha , Qatar. 5 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . 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Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shilpa Nagaram ' on June 7 '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode is ' Shilpa Nagaram ' '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best cities to live , invest and earn in '' . Ibnlive.com . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Indicus considered six parameters : health , education , environment , safety , public facilities and entertainment Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hermann Kulke , Dietmar Rothermund. `` 18 . Ibn Battuta : International Trade at the Malabar Coast '' . A History of India . Routledge . ISBN 9780415485432 . Thence we travelled to the town of Qāliqūṭ . ( Calicut ) , which is one of the chief ports in Mulaibār . Jump up ^ M.G.S. Narayanan , Calicut : The City of Truth ( 2006 ) Calicut University Press , Kozhikode . 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The Samoothiri made Menokki ruler of Porallatiri and came to terms with the troops and people . After this follows an account of the founding of the town of Kozhikode , close to the Samoothiri 's palace at Tali Jump up ^ K.V. Krishna Ayyar ; University of Calicut . Publication Division ( 1938 ) . The Samorins of Calicut : from the earliest times down to A.D. 1806 . Publication Division , University of Calicut . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7748 - 000 - 9 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` history of calicut '' . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode , India : Climate , Global Warming , and Daylight Charts and Data '' . Kozhikode , India : Climate-charts.com . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode weather '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode Climate Normals 1971 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Website of Kozhikode '' . Kkd.kerala.gov.in. 26 December 1975 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bohras in Calicut '' . Hinduonnet.com. 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website of Kozhikode , Govt. of Kerala '' . Kkd.kerala.gov.in. 26 December 1975 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barbosa , Duarte , The Book of Duarte Barbosa : An Account of Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants , Dames , M.L , ( translator and editor ) , 2 vol. , First Published 1918 . New Delhi , AES Reprint , 1989 . Jump up ^ Narayanan M.G.S. , Calicut : The City of Truth , Calicut University Press ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Narayanan , M.G.S. , Calicut : The City of Truth ( 2006 ) Calicut University Publications Jump up ^ Narayanan. M.G.S. , Calicut : The City of Truth ( 2006 ) Calicut University Publications Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode Corporation , Councillors '' ( PDF ) . kozhikode corporation . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency redrawn Delimitation impact , The Hindu 5 February 2008 Jump up ^ http://compassionatekozhikode.in Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode City Police '' . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode City Police '' . Kozhikode City Police . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Deadlock-on-Pooladikunnu-Vengalam-stretch-over/2013/11/08/article1879121.ece Jump up ^ `` Central station completes 75 years '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 5 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` calicut cyberpark '' . Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode Cyberpark to take off next year '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` HiLITE City , One of India 's Largest Mixed - Use Development Project Enters the Limelight '' . Business Wire. 9 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malabar Mahotsavam set for a comeback '' . The Hindu . 1 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paying tribute to Sathguru Sri Tyagaraja '' . Tyagaraja Aradhana Trust . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramin Raveendran ( 20 October 2013 ) . `` Keeping the harmonium close to his heart '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Calicut press club '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2003 . Jump up ^ List of High Schools in Kozhikode , Mighil.com 28 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Kozhikode Education '' . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kozhikode . Kozhikode travel guide from Wikivoyage Kozhikode District official website Articles Related to Kozhikode State of Kerala Capital : Thiruvananthapuram Symbols Bird Great hornbill Animal Indian elephant Tree Coconut Flower Golden shower Fish Karimeen Topics Arts Culture Demographics Economy Education Film Geography Roads Ports History Flora and Fauna Government Tourism Sports Districts Thiruvananthapuram KL - 01 Kollam KL - 02 Pathanamthitta KL - 03 Alappuzha KL - 04 Kottayam KL - 05 Idukki KL - 06 Ernakulam KL - 07 Thrissur KL - 08 Palakkad KL - 09 Malappuram KL - 10 Kozhikode KL - 11 Wayanad KL - 12 Kannur KL - 13 Kasaragod KL - 14 Taluks Neyyattinkara Kattakada Thiruvananthapuram Nedumangad Chirayinkeezhu Varkala Kollam Karunagappalli Kunnathur Kottarakkara Punalur Pathanapuram Adoor Konni Kozhencherry Ranni Mallapally Tiruvalla Chengannur Mavelikkara Karthikappally Ambalappuzha Kuttanad Cherthala Changanassery Kottayam Kanjirappally Meenachil Vaikom Peermade Udumbanchola Idukki Thodupuzha Devikulam Kothamangalam Muvattupuzha Kunnathunad Kanayannur Kochi Aluva North Paravur Kodungallur Chalakudy Mukundapuram Thrissur Chavakkad Thalapilly Alathur Chittur Palakkad Pattambi Ottapalam Mannarkkad Perinthalmanna Ponnani Thirur Tirurangadi Eranad Kondotty Nilambur Kozhikode Thamarassery Koyilandy Vatakara Vythiri Sultan Bathery Mananthavady Iritty Thalassery Kannur Taliparamba Hosdurg Vellarikundu Kasaragod Manjeshwaram Municipal Corporations Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Kozhikode Kollam Thrissur Kannur Municipalities Adoor Anthoor Alappuzha Aluva Angamaly Attingal Chalakudy Changanassery Chavakkad Chengannur Cherthala Chittur Tattamangalam Eloor Guruvayur Irinjalakuda Iritty Kalamassery Kalpetta Kanhangad Karunagappalli Kasaragod Kayamkulam Kodungallur Kuthuparamba Kothamangalam Kottakkal Kottarakkara Kottayam Koyilandy Kunnamkulam Malappuram Manjeri Maradu Mattanur Mavelikkara Muvattupuzha Nedumangad Neyyattinkara Nilambur Nileshwaram North Paravur Ottapalam Palai Palakkad Panoor Paravur Pathanamthitta Payyanur Perintalmanna Perumbavoor Ponnani Punalur Shoranur Sreekandapuram Thalassery Taliparamba Tiruvalla Thodupuzha Thrikkakkara Thrippunithura Tirur Vatakara Vaikom Varkala Other Towns Parassala Balaramapuram Kattakkada Chirayinkeezhu Kilimanoor Chathannur Kundara Chavara Oachira Sasthamkotta Kunnathur Anchal Pathanapuram Kozhencherry Konni Ranni Mallapally Kumbanad Aranmula Kulanada Omalloor Vadasserikkara Parumala Mannar Charummoodu Ambalapuzha Mararikulam Aroor Kanjirapally Erumeli Mundakayam Vazhoor Karukachal Pampady Puthuppally Kuravilangad Uzhavoor Thalayolaparambu Kaduthuruthy Peermade Vandiperiyar Kumily Rajakkad Munnar Devikulam Adimali Kolenchery Puthencruz Kunnathunad Kalady Malayattoor Chottanikkara Udayamperoor Varapuzha Sreemoolanagaram Nedumbassery Mala Kodakara Pudukkad Manalur Pavaratty Chelakkara Vadakkencherry Alathur Nemmara Puthunagaram Malampuzha Sreekrishnapuram Lakkidi - Perur Thrithala Edappal Tavanur Angadipuram Mankada Kuttippuram Karipur Areekode Wandoor Vengara Vallikunnu Olavanna Kunnamangalam Thamarassery Thiruvambady Kodencheri Balussery Perambra Nadapuram Kuttiyadi Lakkidi Vythiri Chundale Meppadi Kottappadi Muttil Padinharethara Meenangadi Panamaram Pulpally Peravoor Dharmadam Anjarakandi Muzhappilangad Azhikode Cherukunnu Pappinisseri Kaliiasseri Irikkur Alakode Trikaripur Cheruvathur Bekal Udma Vellarikundu Parappa Karadka Kumbala Mangalpady Uppala Manjeshwaram Historical Regions Malabar North Malabar South Malabar Cochin Venad Swarupam ( Kingdom of Quilon ) Travancore Travancore - Cochin Portal : Kerala Cities and towns in Kozhikode district Kozhikode Beypore Balussery Chorode Edacheri Chathamangalam Chathangottunada Cheruvannur Elathur Eramala Feroke Karaparamba Kadalundi Kappad Karuvanthuruthy Koduvally Quilandy Kozhikode Kunnamangalam Kuttiyadi Maniyur Mavoor Meppayur Mukkam Nadapuram Njeliyanparambu Olavanna Orkkatteri Pantheeramkavu Payyoli Perambra Purameri Ramanattukara Thamarassery Thiruvambadi Vatakara Villiappally North Malabar Region Districts Kozhikode ( Vatakara and Koyilandy Taluks ) Wayanad ( Mananthavady Taluk ) Mahe Kannur Kasaragod Main Towns and Cities Kannur Thalassery Kozhikode Vatakara Kasaragod Mahe Koyilandy Payyannur Kanhangad Nileshwaram Thaliparamba Kuthuparamba Mattannur Mananthavady Perambra Kuttiyadi Peringome Nadapuram Payyoli Iritty Azhiyur Orkkateri Meppayur Vellikulangara Edakkad New Mahe Pinarayi Mambaram Panoor Vellamunda Thirunelli Edavaka Thavinjal Panamaram Irikkur Kottayam Anjarakkandy Pazhayangadi Trikarpur Manjeswaram Pappinisseri Kalliasseri Cherukunnu Kannapuram Morazha Aroli Pattuvam Sreekandapuram Alakode Cherupuzha Muzhappilangad Azhikode Cheruvathur Mattool Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode | 480 |
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where does taco bell get their food from | Taco Bell | taco bell | Taco Bell Type Subsidiary Industry Restaurants Genre Fast food restaurant Founded March 21 , 1962 ; 56 years ago ( 1962 - 03 - 21 ) Downey , California Founder Glen Bell Headquarters 1 Glen Bell Way , Irvine , California , U.S. Number of locations 7,000 ( 2015 ) Key people Greg Creed ( Yum ! Brands Chairman and CEO ) Brian Niccol ( Taco Bell CEO ) Products Tacos burritos Tex - Mex cuisine Revenue $1.988 billion ( 2015 ) Parent Yum ! Brands worldwide outside of China Yum China within China Website www.tacobell.com Taco Bell is an American chain of fast food restaurants based out of Irvine , California and a subsidiary of Yum ! Brands , Inc . The restaurants serve a variety of Tex - Mex foods that include tacos , burritos , quesadillas , nachos , novelty and specialty items , and a variety of `` value menu '' items . As of 2018 , Taco Bell serves more than 2 billion customers each year at 7,000 restaurants , more than 80 percent of which are owned and operated by independent franchisees and licensees . Taco Bell was founded by Glen Bell , an entrepreneur who first opened a hot dog stand called Bell 's Drive - In in San Bernardino , California in 1948 . Bell watched long lines of customers at a Mexican restaurant called the Mitla Cafe , located across the street , which became famous among residents for its hard - shelled tacos . Bell attempted to reverse - engineer the recipe , and eventually the owners allowed him to see how the tacos were made . He took what he had learned and opened a new stand under the name of Taco - Tia in late 1951 or early 1952 , which sold tacos . Eventually over the years , Bell owned and operated a number of El Taco restaurants in southern California . Bell would sell the El Tacos to his partner and built the first Taco Bell in Downey in 1962 . The first Taco Bell franchise opened in Torrance in 1964 , and by 1967 , the company was growing rapidly , opening its 100th restaurant in the same year . PepsiCo purchased Taco Bell in 1978 , and later spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants , which later changed its name to Yum ! Brands . Contents 1 History 1.1 PepsiCo subsidiary 1.2 Yum ! Brands subsidiary 2 Menu and advertising 2.1 Dollar Cravings 2.2 Discontinued menu items 3 Outside the United States 3.1 Asia 3.2 Europe 3.3 Middle East 3.4 North America 3.5 Oceania 3.6 South America 3.7 Other countries 4 Clothing line 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links History Glen Bell , the founder of Taco Bell Taco Bell was founded by Glen Bell , who first opened a hot dog stand called Bell 's Drive - In in San Bernardino , California in 1948 when he was 25 years old . In 1950 , he opened Bell 's Hamburgers and Hot Dogs in San Bernardino 's West Side barrio . According to Gustavo Arellano , author of Taco USA : How Mexican Food Conquered America , Bell watched long lines of customers at a Mexican restaurant called the Mitla Cafe , located across the street , which attracted a dedicated customer base for its hard - shelled tacos . Bell began eating there regularly , attempting to reverse - engineer the recipe , and eventually won the confidence of the proprietors such that they allowed him to see how the tacos and other foods were prepared . In late 1951 or early 1952 , he took what he had learned and opened a new stand , this time selling tacos under the name of Taco - Tia . Over the next few years , Bell owned and operated a number of restaurants in southern California including four called El Taco . Bell sold the El Tacos to his partner and built the first Taco Bell in Downey in 1962 . Kermit Becky , a former Los Angeles police officer , bought the first Taco Bell franchise from Glen Bell in 1964 , and located it in Torrance . The company grew rapidly , and by 1967 , the 100th restaurant opened at 400 South Brookhurst in Anaheim . In 1968 , its first franchise location east of the Mississippi River opened in Springfield , Ohio . In 1970 , Taco Bell went public with 325 restaurants . PepsiCo subsidiary Taco Bell 's former headquarters in Irvine , California In 1978 , PepsiCo purchased Taco Bell from Glen Bell . On the night of November 19 , 2015 , the original Taco Bell building in Downey was moved to the Taco Bell Corporate Headquarters in Irvine , California . Several locations in the Midwestern United States were converted from Zantigo , a Minneapolis , Minnesota - based Mexican chain which PepsiCo acquired in 1986 . In 1990 , the Hot ' n Now chain was acquired . Taco Bell sold Hot ' n Now to a Connecticut company in 1997 . In 1991 , Taco Bell opened the first Taco Bell Express in San Francisco . This concept is a reduced - size restaurant with a limited menu ( primarily items priced under $1 ) , meant to emphasize volume . Taco Bell Express locations operate primarily inside convenience stores , truck stops , shopping malls , and airports . Taco Bell began co-branding with KFC in 1995 when the first such co-brand opened in Clayton , North Carolina . The chain has since co-branded with Pizza Hut and Long John Silver 's as well . In 1997 , PepsiCo experimented with a new `` fresh grill '' concept , opening at least one Border Bell restaurant in Mountain View , California on El Camino Real ( SR 82 ) . In addition to a subset of the regular Taco Bell menu , Border Bell offered Mexican - inspired items like those available from Chevys Fresh Mex restaurants ( then owned by PepsiCo ) , such as Chevys signature sweet corn tamalito pudding and a fresh salsa bar . Close to the time that PepsiCo spun off its restaurant business in 1997 , the Border Bell in Mountain View was closed and converted to a Taco Bell restaurant which was still open in 2018 . In September 2000 , up to $50 million worth of Taco Bell - branded shells were recalled from supermarkets . The shells contained a variety of genetically modified corn called StarLink that was not approved for human consumption . StarLink was approved only for use in animal feed because of questions about whether it can cause allergic reactions in people . It was the first - ever recall of genetically modified food ( GMO ) . Corn was not segregated at grain elevators and the miller in Texas did not order that type . In 2001 , Tricon Global announced a $60 million settlement with the suppliers . They stated that it would go to Taco Bell franchisees and TGR would not take any of it . Yum ! Brands subsidiary Taco Bell 's current headquarters in Irvine , California PepsiCo spun out Taco Bell and its other restaurant chains in late 1997 in Tricon Global Restaurants . With the purchased of two other chains , Tricon changed its name to Yum ! Brands on May 16 , 2002 . The downstairs interior of the Taco Bell Cantina flagship store in Las Vegas , Nevada Taco Bell began experimenting with fast - casual and urban concepts when it created U.S. Taco Co. and Urban Taproom in 2014 . The menu consists of tacos with American fillings , and did not sell food sold in Taco Bell restaurants such as burritos . It was launched in Huntington Beach , California in August 2014 . U.S. Taco Co. closed on September 15 , 2015 so the company could focus on its new similar Taco Bell Cantina concept , which featured special menu items and served alcohol . It opened its first location a few days later in Chicago 's Wicker Park neighborhood , followed by a location in San Francisco about a month later , located less than a block away from AT&T Park . In 2016 , Taco Bell launched the Taco Bell Catina flagship store located on the Las Vegas strip . This 24 - hour restaurant hosts a variety of unique features including alcohol , new menu items , and a DJ . It was announced in August 2017 that the store would begin hosting weddings . Taco Bell Cantina currently has locations in San Francisco , Berkeley , Chicago ( 2 locations ) , Las Vegas , Austin , Fayetteville , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Atlanta , Newport Beach , and plans to open soon in Somerville , MA . In March 2016 , Taco Bell introduced private beta testing of an artificial intelligence bot on the messaging platform Slack designed to take orders of select menu items from local Taco Bell locations and have the orders delivered . Taco Bell plans to have a wider roll out of this functionality in the coming months . In March 2005 , the Coalition of Immokalee Workers ( CIW ) won a landmark victory in its national boycott of Taco Bell for human rights . Taco Bell agreed to meet all the coalition 's demands to improve wages and working conditions for Florida tomato pickers in its supply chain . After four years of a tenacious and growing boycott , Taco Bell and Yum ! Brands agreed to make an agreement called the CIW - Yum agreement with representatives of CIW at Yum ! Brands headquarters . Previously , Taco Bell 's hot sauces were only available in sauce packets at the Taco Bell chain itself . In February 2014 , Taco Bell made its hot sauces available for purchase , sold in bottle form at grocery stores . In September 2016 , Taco Bell opened a pop - up in New York City in the SoHo , Manhattan area called the Taco Bell VR Arcade . Taco Bell and VR fans could demo PlayStation VR , games , and food . In 2016 , Taco Bell built a restaurant out of five cargo shipping containers for the Texas music festival , South by Southwest . Due to popularity , the franchise decided to move the restaurant to a lot in South Gate , CA , and it opened to the public a year later . The restaurant features Taco Bell 's full menu , with outdoor seating , a walk - up window , and a drive thru , but no indoor seating unlike regular Taco Bell locations . Taco Bell announced plans in November 2017 to open 300 more urban and Cantina - style locations by 2022 , with 50 to be located about New York City 's five boroughs . Menu and advertising Several Taco Bell menu items . Clockwise from lower right : chalupa supreme , combo burrito , double decker taco . In March 2001 , Taco Bell announced a promotion to coincide with the re-entry of the Mir space station . They towed a large target out into the Pacific Ocean , announcing that if the target was hit by a falling piece of Mir , every person in the United States would be entitled to a free Taco Bell taco . The company bought a sizable insurance policy for this gamble . No piece of the station struck the target . In 2004 , a local Taco Bell franchisee bought the naming rights to the Boise State Pavilion in Boise , Idaho and renamed the stadium Taco Bell Arena . Also , in 2004 , Mountain Dew offered Taco Bell stores the exclusive right to carry Mountain Dew Baja Blast , a tropical - lime - flavored variety of the popular soft drink . In 2007 , Taco Bell offered the `` Steal a Base , Steal a Taco '' promotion -- if any player from either team stole a base in the 2007 World Series the company would give away free tacos to everyone in the United States in a campaign similar to the Mir promotion , albeit with a much higher likelihood of being realized . After Jacoby Ellsbury of the Boston Red Sox stole a base in Game 2 , the company paid out this promotion on October 30 , 2007 . This promotion was used again in the 2008 World Series , when Jason Bartlett of the Tampa Bay Rays stole a base during Game 1 at Tropicana Field , which was paid out on October 28 , 2008 . The offer returned for the 2012 World Series . A similar offer was made during the 2015 World Series , if a player stole a base , the company would give away free A.M Crunchwraps . This promotion was also used during the 2016 NBA Finals under the slightly modified `` Steal A Game , Steal A Taco '' name after the Golden State Warriors `` stole '' a win during Game 4 of the NBA Finals . The promotion was offered again for the 2016 World Series . Taco Bell sponsors a promotion at home games for both the Portland Trail Blazers and the Cleveland Cavaliers in which everyone in attendance receives a coupon for a free Chalupa if the home team scores 100 points or more . In 2009 , Taco Bell introduced a music video style commercial entitled `` It 's all about the Roosevelts '' composed and produced by Danny de Matos at his studio for Amber Music on behalf of DraftFCB Agency . Featuring Varsity Fanclub 's Bobby Edner , the rap music style commercial shows a group of friends gathering change as they drive toward Taco Bell . The commercial represents Taco Bell 's first foray into movie theater advertising , featuring the ad during the opening previews of Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and Public Enemies as well as screens in some movie theater lobbies . On July 1 , 2009 , Taco Bell replaced 20 - year sponsor McDonald 's as the fast - food partner of the NBA . Taco Bell and the NBA agreed on a 4 - year deal allowing them to advertise on ABC , TNT and ESPN , and NBA - themed promotions . On July 21 , 2009 , Gidget , the Chihuahua featured in Taco Bell ads in the late 1990s , was euthanized after suffering a stroke . She was 15 years old . 2009 commercials for the `` Frutista Freeze '' frozen drink feature Snowball , an Eleonora Cockatoo noted for his ability to dance to human music . In an effort to promote its $2 Meal Deals , Taco Bell started a Facebook group in June 2010 to collect signatures on a petition that appeals to the Federal Reserve to produce more two - dollar bills . A large advertising push by Taco Bell was begun in late February 2011 in response to a consumer protection lawsuit filed against the company by an Alabama law firm . The promotion sought to counter allegations that the company falsely advertised the ratio of ingredients in its beef filling for its tacos . The spots featured employees and franchisees stating that the filling has always been a mixture of 88 % beef and various spices and binders and nothing else . The ad followed several full - page print ads in the New York Times and other newspapers that featured the headline `` Thank you for suing us . '' Additionally , the chain added a new social campaign using Twitter and Facebook . The company invested heavily in the campaign , spending more than $3 million ( USD ) putting out its message -- about 20 percent more than the company usually spends on an advertising program . The various campaigns came shortly before the company began its official response to the suit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California and were designed to bring public opinion into their camp . Various analysts stated that the company would have been better off using a grass - root campaign that involved in store advertising and other non-broadcast media . The suit was eventually withdrawn , and the company continued its advertising response by publicly requesting an apology from the suing firm of Beasley Allen . Analyst Laura Ries , of marketing strategy firm Ries & Ries , stated she believed Taco Bell 's latest response was a mistake . She commented that reviving memories of a suit that the majority of the public had forgotten after the initial burst of publicity was the wrong strategy from Taco Bell . In March 2012 , Taco Bell teamed up with Frito Lay and created the Doritos Locos Tacos , which is a taco with a Dorito Nacho Cheese flavored taco shell . In early 2012 , Taco Bell announced they would be launching a new line of breakfast menu items including a Johnsonville Foods sausage and egg wrap , breakfast burritos , hash browns , Cinnabon Delights , Seattle 's Best Coffee , and orange juice . Taco Bell is releasing a Mountain Dew infused drink called Mountain Dew A.M. On June 6 , 2012 , Taco Bell announced it would be testing a new `` Cantina Menu '' with upscale items in their Kentucky and California restaurants . The new menu was created by celebrity chef Lorena Garcia , which will feature black beans , cilantro rice , citrus and herb marinated chicken and cilantro dressing . The Cool Ranch Doritos taco began being sold in stores March 7 , 2013 . Shortly before launch , Taco Bell launched a promotion advertising that fans could get the new flavor at its stores a day early if they `` just asked '' on March 6 . However , they neglected to inform the majority of their stores of this -- leading to numerous complaints on its social media sites and news sites from disappointed consumers who were unable to obtain the new taco . On July 23 , 2013 , Taco Bell announced they will stop selling kids ' meals and toys at all their U.S. restaurants by January 2014 . Some outlets will stop selling them as early as July 2013 . On August 6 , 2013 , Taco Bell announced it was expanding its test market of waffle tacos to about 100 restaurants in Fresno , California , Omaha , Nebraska and Chattanooga , Tennessee , starting August 8 . The waffle taco includes scrambled eggs , sausage and a side of syrup . It was the top selling item during breakfast hours at the five Southern California restaurants where they were tested earlier in 2013 . The breakfast menu started on March 27 , 2014 . Other items include A.M. Crunchwrap , Cinnabon Delights , breakfast burrito , A.M. grilled sausage flatbread melt , hash browns , coffee and orange juice . The ad campaign which began March 27 used twenty - five men who were named Ronald McDonald , a reference to the famous clown of a rival chain . Another commercial advertising the Waffle Taco has the narrator singing `` I 've been eating Egg McMuffins since 1984 . But when I saw Taco Bell made a Waffle Taco , I figured I would get with the times '' set to the tune of `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' , another shot at the rival hamburger chain . On April 28 , 2014 , Taco Bell ridiculed McDonald 's for its old muffins in a breakfast campaign devised by Taylor . The advertisement states that the McMuffin belongs in 1984 . In October 2014 , Taco Bell launched Pink Strawberry Starburst Freeze for a limited time . In August 2016 , Taco Bell brought back its Pink Strawberry Starburst Freeze . In October 2015 , Taco Bell launched a certified vegetarian menu . In August 2016 , Taco Bell announced it would begin testing a mashup known as Cheetos Burritos at select Taco Bell restaurants On September 19 , 2016 , Taco Bell launched Airheads Freeze , a drink inspired by the candy Airheads White Mystery , and allow people to guess its flavor on social media . On September 15 , 2016 , Taco Bell introduced the Cheddar Habanero Quesarito , a quesadilla shelled burrito . In April 2017 , Taco bell announced that it will begin testing the Naked Breakfast Taco in Flint , Michigan in mid-April . The breakfast taco , which uses a fried egg as the shell for potato bites , nacho cheese , shredded cheddar , and bacon or sausage crumble . In 2017 , the company released the Naked Chicken Chalupa that uses a chalupa shell made from chicken , using a similar idea to the Double Down and later that year the Naked Chicken Chips , which are chicken nuggets shaped like chips with nacho cheese . In July 2017 , Taco Bell announced a partnership with Lyft in which Lyft passengers in Orange County , California can request `` Taco Mode '' on their way to their destination from 9 PM - 2 AM , having a stop at Taco Bell . `` Taco Mode '' , seen as a way Lyft could compete with UberEATS from rival TNC Uber , has received harsh criticism from drivers , most of which work as independent contractors . The program is expected to go nationwide by 2018 . Dollar Cravings On August 18 , 2014 , Taco Bell launched a new value menu called Dollar Cravings . Replacing the old Why Pay More menu , Dollar Cravings currently contains eleven food items all priced a United States dollar . Discontinued menu items In the 1960s , Taco Bell introduced the Chiliburger , later known as the Bell Burger , then the Bell Beefer . This was a loose meat sandwich with taco - seasoned ground beef on a hamburger bun with cheese , lettuce , onions and tomato . The Beefer was removed from the menu in the late - 1980s to keep a strictly Tex Mex - inspired line up . Other discontinued items include : Beefy Crunch Burrito ; Beefy Melt Burrito ; Seafood Salad ; Enchirito ( name brought back for a different item ) ; Chicken Fiesta Burrito ; Chili Cheese Burrito ; Potatorito ; Volcano Taco ; BLT Taco ; Cheesarito ; Cinnamon Crispas ; Nacho Crunch Grilled Stuft Burrito ; Chicken Caesar Grilled Stuft Burrito ; Grilled Stuft Nacho ; Fully Loaded Nachos ; Spicy Chicken Crunchwrap Supreme ; Blackjack Taco . Outside the United States Asia Grilled taquitos in the Philippines In 2003 Taco Bell entered the Chinese market by opening a restaurant in Shanghai 's People 's Square named `` Taco Bell Grande '' . Three more TBG restaurants opened before they were closed in 2008 . Taco Bell relaunched in the Chinese market when a store opened in Pudong , Shanghai in late 2015 . India 's first Taco Bell outlet opened at the Mantri Square mall , Bangalore . Another outlet at the Gopalan Mall , Bangalore opened in February 2011 . In July 2017 , Taco Bell opened an outlet in Colombo , Sri Lanka . Taco Bell once operated shops at Tokyo and Nagoya in the 1980s but withdrew several years later Since then , there were shops only at United States Forces Japan bases . In 2015 , Taco Bell returned to the Japanese market with a new shop in the downtown area of Shibuya , Tokyo . It has `` Taco rice '' and `` Shrimp and avocado burrito '' as its original menu . There are currently two locations in Seoul , in the Itaewon and Hongdae districts , which attract the most foreigners and college students . The two branches opened in the summer of 2010 , Itaewon 's branch coming first . A Taco Bell had long been a presence at the U.S. Army 's Yongsan Garrison , which is off - limits to non-military people , and for a time there was a tongue - in - cheek grassroots campaign by non-Korean , non-military foreigners in Seoul to get another Taco Bell location . Taco Bell opened its first Philippine branch on October 30 , 2004 , at the Gateway Mall in Cubao , Quezon City . They now have one on the ground floor and one on the fourth floor in the food court at the Gateway Mall . There is also a branch at the TriNoma mall in Quezon City . Taco Bell in Singapore existed for a number of years , mostly as combination stores with KFC such as the one that operated at the Funan Digital Life Mall , but in 2008 , Taco Bell completely pulled out of Singapore . Europe A Naked Burrito Bowl with seasoned French fries and a soft drink at a Taco Bell in Finland The United Kingdom was the first European country with a Taco Bell . In 1986 , a location was opened in London on Coventry Street ( between Leicester Square and Piccadilly Circus ) followed by a second location in Earls Court near the Earl 's Court tube station . One other store opened in Uxbridge but all closed in the mid-1990s . In 1994 , the university food provider Compass announced plans for outlets on its university and college sites . However , only one store was opened at Birmingham University , which is now closed . After the Birmingham University branch closed , there were only two Taco Bell branches in the UK , at the Strategic Air Command and United States Air Force bases at RAF Mildenhall and RAF Lakenheath . Access is restricted to relevant service personnel . In the late 2000s , Yum ! Brands announced that it was reopening Taco Bell locations in the United Kingdom as part of a large planned expansion into Europe . Yum ! is taking advantage of the recent recession which led to increasing sales at other fast food outlets ; it also said that there was now a greater awareness of Mexican food in the UK and that it can be successful with improved menu offerings and marketing . The first new store opened at the Lakeside Shopping Centre in Essex on June 28 , 2010 . Another store opened in Basildon , Essex on November 29 , 2010 , and a third in the Manchester Arndale Food Court on November 7 , 2011 . On March 1 , 2013 , it was announced that horse meat had been found in Taco Bell 's beef in the UK , hampering the chain 's growth in that already - stubborn market . As of August 2017 , there are 17 Taco Bell branches in the United Kingdom , all of which are in England and outside of London . The first Scottish branch was opened in Glasgow in December 2017 . Spain is the most important market for Taco Bell inside Europe . There are 32 Taco Bell branches in Spain . The first Taco Bell in Spain was opened at Naval Station Rota in 2004 and is available only to those authorized to access the naval base . The first Taco Bell for the public was opened in the Islazul Shopping Mall , Madrid , in December 2008 . Yum ! Brands announced that it would open additional restaurants in Spain in early 2009 as part of a test trial for the European market . The second location of Taco Bell in Spain was opened at the La Vaguada Shopping Mall , Madrid ( 03 / 2010 ) . Taco Bell announced , at least , 10 new restaurants through Spain . As of March 2017 , there are 32 Taco Bell restaurants in Spain ; 13 of them are in Madrid , and the other 19 Taco Bell are distributed through Valencia ( 5 ) , Málaga ( 2 ) , Barcelona ( 2 ) , Zaragoza ( 2 ) , Alicante ( 2 ) and Jerez de la Frontera , Murcia , Cádiz , Granada , Sevilla and Naval Station Rota with 1 restaurant . In the early 1990s , PepsCo opened several Taco Bell locations inside the Moscow metro system , including Metro Park Kulturi and Metro Komsomolskaya . This experiment lasted only a few years but these locations live on under different ownership and a different name . On June 15 , 2017 , Finnish restaurant company Restel ( fi ) announced that it is bringing Taco Bell to Finland . The first restaurant opened in central Helsinki on 9 November 2017 . Restaurants in Sello and Iso Omena malls in Espoo opened later in November 2017 . Finland is the first country to include pulled oats ( a meat substitute ) in the menu . Taco Bell in Iceland is operated as a part of the KFC establishment in Hafnarfjörður , suburb of Reykjavík . It was established in late 2006 , after the departure of the U.S. Navy from Naval Air Station Keflavik . A second location opened in the Ártúnshöfði part of Reykjavík in November 2008 . The first Taco Bell store opened in Romania 's capital , Bucharest , on 12 October 2017 . For the time being , Romania is the only country in Eastern Europe that has a Taco Bell store . A Taco Bell opened in Cyprus in December 2009 in Limassol at the MY MALL Limassol . Further restaurants are planned to be opened within the next 18 months ( probably also in Cyprus ' capital Nicosia ) . Greece 's first Taco Bell opened in Athens upon the grand opening of the newly constructed Athens Metro Mall on November 30 , 2010 . The restaurant closed in August 2012 and the chain withdrew from the Greek market due to the country 's recession . The first Polish Taco Bell store was opened in 1993 . Following an aggressive campaign of expansion , Taco Bell 's efforts soon withered , and the chain withdrew from Poland shortly thereafter . On 4 April 2017 , Taco Bell opened its first restaurant in Eindhoven , Netherlands . On October 12 , Taco Bell opened another restaurant in Tilburg . A third restaurant has opened in Breda . Middle east A Taco Bell opened in the United Arab Emirates in November 2008 in Dubai at the Dubai Mall . A fourth UAE location was also planned for Bawadi Mall in the city of Al Ain . As of February 2012 , the locations at Dubai Mall , Deira City Centre , and Mirdif City Centre have all closed and Taco Bell has completely pulled out of the UAE market . North America Taco Bell has been present in Canada since 1981 with the first store opening in Windsor , Ontario . There are currently Taco Bell locations in 8 of the 10 Canadian provinces : British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia . For some time it was possible to order draft beer with one 's order . Taco Bell offers free soda refills in its stores . On March 31 , 2011 , Priszm , owner of Taco Bell ( Canada ) , went into bankruptcy protection in Ontario and British Columbia . On May 6 , 2011 , Priszm Income Fund was delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange for failure to meet the continued listing requirements . Since then , some Taco Bell restaurants have been closed down including those in Guelph , Hamilton , and Cambridge , Ontario among others . Taco Bell has attempted to enter the Mexican market twice . After a highly publicised launch in Mexico City in 1992 , all the restaurants were closed two years later . In September 2007 , Taco Bell returned to Monterrey , projecting an American image with an Americanized menu that included french fries , but it closed in January 2010 due to low patronage . Oceania Taco Bell first opened in Australia in September 1981 , but Taco Bell was ordered to change its name after the owner of a local restaurant successfully sued Taco Bell for misleading conduct . The local restaurant was called `` Taco Bell 's Casa '' and had been operating in Australia since the 1970s . The owner successfully argued that Sydneysiders would confuse the takeaway chain with his restaurant , and this would damage his reputation . Taco Bell later opened in 1997 in Australia with a store in the cinema district on George Street , Sydney and a year later in 1998 within a few KFC stores in the state of New South Wales , but by 2005 , the Taco Bell brand was pulled out of the country . On 13 September 2017 , Collins Foods announced that Taco Bell would return to the Australian market , with their first store being situated in the Brisbane suburb of Annerley in Queensland using a refurbished Sizzler restaurant which had closed earlier that year . The Annerley store opened on Saturday 4 November 2017 with about 50 people camping out overnight to be first to try the store . The store has 96 seats in indoor and outdoor settings and has an open kitchen so diners can see their food being prepared . There is also a drive - through . The menu appears to be a subset of the USA menu based on food tasting research undertaken by the company . The Annerley store does not have a breakfast menu , but offers beers and margaritas similar to their Mexican food competitors in the Australian market . South America There are 15 outlets in Brazil , mainly in the São Paulo area . Taco Bell has fourteen stores in Chile , thirteen of which are operated in conjunction ( and in the same facilities ) with Pizza Hut . All Taco Bell stores are in shopping malls located mainly in Santiago . There are four outlets in the Bogotá area in Colombia . Other countries Taco Bell is present in the Dominican Republic , Guam , Aruba , Costa Rica , Colombia , Ecuador , Panama and on AAFES military bases in Germany , Iraq , Brazil , Guatemala , and El Salvador . Clothing line Man wearing a white Taco Bell hooded sweatshirt , part of the 2017 Forever 21 Taco Bell collection . In 2017 , Forever 21 produced a clothing line in partnership with Taco Bell , featuring branded T - shirts and sweatshirts , as well as bodysuits made to look like Border Sauce packets . See also Los Angeles portal Companies portal Food portal Priszm Taco Bell chihuahua Enchirito Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Yum ! Brands , Annual Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . yum.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taco Bell announces Brian Niccol as new CEO effective January 1 , 2015 '' ( Press release ) . Taco Bell . May 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Information '' . Taco Bell . August 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miranda , Carolina ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` The California Taco Trail : ' How Mexican Food Conquered America ' '' . NPR . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zuhair , Zahara ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Mexican restaurant chain Taco Bell opens first outlet in Sri Lanka '' . MirrorBusiness . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matayoshi , Ryugo ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` タコス 屋 「 タコベル 」 は 日本 を どう 攻める ? '' . Toyo Keizai . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 米 人気 ファースト フード 「 タコベル 」 、 日本 に 再 上陸 来 月 、 渋谷 に '' . with news . March 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matayoshi , Ryugo ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` タコス 屋 「 タコベル 」 は 日本 を どう 攻める ? '' . Toyo Keizai . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` We Want Taco Bell - EV Boyz '' . YouTube . July 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Funan DigitaLife Mall '' . Funan.com.sg . 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Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taco Bell El Salvador No solo de pan vive el hombre '' . Tacobell.com.sv . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Kelly ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Taco Bell launches limited edition clothing line with Forever 21 '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strutner , Suzy ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Taco Bell Just Released A Fashion Line , And It 's Kind Of Amazing '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taco Bell . Official website Official UK website 1970s TV ad for Taco Bell Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Burger chains Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Wiener chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . Checkers / Rally 's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Freddy 's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee 's Hwy 55 In - N - Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald 's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy 's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne 's Bruegger 's Cheesecake Factory Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Duck Donuts Dunkin ' Donuts Einstein Bros . Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Insomnia Cookies Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker / Pretzel Time Shipley Do - Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel 's Winchell 's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean 's Heine Brothers ' Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea Jamba Juice Juice It Up ! Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Creamery Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Oberweis Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Other Fazoli 's The Halal Guys Hooters Noodles & Company Sbarro Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Primo Hoagies Quiznos Rax Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich ? Seafood Arthur Treacher 's California Fish Grill Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Red Lobster Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's Teavana White Tower Zantigo Yum ! Brands Current concepts KFC Pizza Hut Taco Bell WingStreet Former concepts A&W Restaurants Long John Silver 's People Greg Creed ( CEO ) David C. Novak Micky Pant Robert D. Walter ( Chairman ) Related Yum China Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taco_Bell&oldid=852640599 '' Categories : Taco Bell Fast - food franchises Fast - food chains of Canada Fast - food chains of the United States Fast - food Mexican restaurants Companies based in Irvine , California 1962 establishments in California Restaurants established in 1962 Restaurants in Orange County , California Restaurants in the Greater Los Angeles Area Yum ! 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which terrestrial planet has a day that is over two months long | Mercury ( planet ) | mercury ( planet ) | Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System . Its orbital period around the Sun of 87.97 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System . It is named after the Roman deity Mercury , the messenger of the gods . | Like Venus , Mercury orbits the Sun within Earth 's orbit as an inferior planet , and never exceeds 28 ° away from the Sun . When viewed from Earth , this proximity to the Sun means the planet can only be seen near the western or eastern horizon during the early evening or early morning . At this time it may appear as a bright star - like object , but is often far more difficult to observe than Venus . The planet telescopically displays the complete range of phases , similar to Venus and the Moon , as it moves in its inner orbit relative to Earth , which reoccurs over the so - called synodic period approximately every 116 days . Mercury is gravitationally locked with the Sun in a 3 : 2 spin - orbit resonance , and rotates in a way that is unique in the Solar System . As seen relative to the fixed stars , it rotates on its axis exactly three times for every two revolutions it makes around the Sun . As seen from the Sun , in a frame of reference that rotates with the orbital motion , it appears to rotate only once every two Mercurian years . An observer on Mercury would therefore see only one day every two years . Mercury 's axis has the smallest tilt of any of the Solar System 's planets ( about ⁄ degree ) . Its orbital eccentricity is the largest of all known planets in the Solar System ; at perihelion , Mercury 's distance from the Sun is only about two - thirds ( or 66 % ) of its distance at aphelion. Mercury 's surface appears heavily cratered and is similar in appearance to the Moon 's , indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years . Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat , it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System , ranging from 100 K ( − 173 ° C ; − 280 ° F ) at night to 700 K ( 427 ° C ; 800 ° F ) during the day across the equatorial regions . The polar regions are constantly below 180 K ( − 93 ° C ; − 136 ° F ) . The planet has no known natural satellites . Two spacecraft have visited Mercury : Mariner 10 flew by in 1974 and 1975 ; and MESSENGER , launched in 2004 , orbited Mercury over 4,000 times in four years before exhausting its fuel and crashing into the planet 's surface on April 30 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical characteristics 1.1 Internal structure 1.2 Surface geology 1.2. 1 Impact basins and craters 1.2. 2 Plains 1.2. 3 Compressional features 1.2. 4 Volcanology 1.3 Surface conditions and exosphere 1.4 Magnetic field and magnetosphere 2 Orbit , rotation , and longitude 2.1 Longitude convention 2.2 Spin -- orbit resonance 2.3 Advance of perihelion 3 Observation 4 Observation history 4.1 Ancient astronomers 4.2 Ground - based telescopic research 4.3 Research with space probes 4.3. 1 Mariner 10 4.3. 2 MESSENGER 4.3. 3 BepiColombo 5 Comparison 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Physical characteristics Internal structure Internal structure of Mercury : Crust : 100 -- 300 km thick Mantle : 600 km thick Core : 1,800 km radius Gravity anomalies on Mercury -- mass concentrations ( red ) suggest subsurface structure and evolution Mercury is one of four terrestrial planets in the Solar System , and is a rocky body like Earth . It is the smallest planet in the Solar System , with an equatorial radius of 2,439.7 kilometres ( 1,516.0 mi ) . Mercury is also smaller -- albeit more massive -- than the largest natural satellites in the Solar System , Ganymede and Titan . Mercury consists of approximately 70 % metallic and 30 % silicate material . Mercury 's density is the second highest in the Solar System at 5.427 g / cm , only slightly less than Earth 's density of 5.515 g / cm . If the effect of gravitational compression were to be factored out from both planets , the materials of which Mercury is made would be denser than those of Earth , with an uncompressed density of 5.3 g / cm versus Earth 's 4.4 g / cm . Mercury 's density can be used to infer details of its inner structure . Although Earth 's high density results appreciably from gravitational compression , particularly at the core , Mercury is much smaller and its inner regions are not as compressed . Therefore , for it to have such a high density , its core must be large and rich in iron . Geologists estimate that Mercury 's core occupies about 55 % of its volume ; for Earth this proportion is 17 % . Research published in 2007 suggests that Mercury has a molten core . Surrounding the core is a 500 -- 700 km mantle consisting of silicates . Based on data from the Mariner 10 mission and Earth - based observation , Mercury 's crust is estimated to be 35 km thick . One distinctive feature of Mercury 's surface is the presence of numerous narrow ridges , extending up to several hundred kilometers in length . It is thought that these were formed as Mercury 's core and mantle cooled and contracted at a time when the crust had already solidified . Mercury 's core has a higher iron content than that of any other major planet in the Solar System , and several theories have been proposed to explain this . The most widely accepted theory is that Mercury originally had a metal -- silicate ratio similar to common chondrite meteorites , thought to be typical of the Solar System 's rocky matter , and a mass approximately 2.25 times its current mass . Early in the Solar System 's history , Mercury may have been struck by a planetesimal of approximately 1 / 6 that mass and several thousand kilometers across . The impact would have stripped away much of the original crust and mantle , leaving the core behind as a relatively major component . A similar process , known as the giant impact hypothesis , has been proposed to explain the formation of the Moon . Alternatively , Mercury may have formed from the solar nebula before the Sun 's energy output had stabilized . It would initially have had twice its present mass , but as the protosun contracted , temperatures near Mercury could have been between 2,500 and 3,500 K and possibly even as high as 10,000 K. Much of Mercury 's surface rock could have been vaporized at such temperatures , forming an atmosphere of `` rock vapor '' that could have been carried away by the solar wind . A third hypothesis proposes that the solar nebula caused drag on the particles from which Mercury was accreting , which meant that lighter particles were lost from the accreting material and not gathered by Mercury . Each hypothesis predicts a different surface composition , and there are two space missions set to make observations . MESSENGER , which ended in 2015 , found higher - than - expected potassium and sulfur levels on the surface , suggesting that the giant impact hypothesis and vaporization of the crust and mantle did not occur because potassium and sulfur would have been driven off by the extreme heat of these events . BepiColombo , which will arrive at Mercury in 2025 , will make observations to test these hypotheses . The findings so far would seem to favor the third hypothesis ; however , further analysis of the data is needed . Surface geology Main article : Geology of Mercury Topography Map of Mercury 's northern hemisphere by the MLA instrument on MESSENGER lowest ( purple ) to 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) highest ( red ) . Mercury 's surface is similar in appearance to that of the Moon , showing extensive mare - like plains and heavy cratering , indicating that it has been geologically inactive for billions of years . Because knowledge of Mercury 's geology had been based only on the 1975 Mariner 10 flyby and terrestrial observations , it is the least understood of the terrestrial planets . As data from MESSENGER orbiter are processed , this knowledge will increase . For example , an unusual crater with radiating troughs has been discovered that scientists called `` the spider '' . It was later named Apollodorus . Mercury 's surface Albedo features are areas of markedly different reflectivity , as seen by telescopic observation . Mercury has dorsa ( also called `` wrinkle - ridges '' ) , Moon - like highlands , montes ( mountains ) , planitiae ( plains ) , rupes ( escarpments ) , and valles ( valleys ) . MASCS spectrum scan of Mercury 's surface by MESSENGER Names for features on Mercury come from a variety of sources . Names coming from people are limited to the deceased . Craters are named for artists , musicians , painters , and authors who have made outstanding or fundamental contributions to their field . Ridges , or dorsa , are named for scientists who have contributed to the study of Mercury . Depressions or fossae are named for works of architecture . Montes are named for the word `` hot '' in a variety of languages . Plains or planitiae are named for Mercury in various languages . Escarpments or rupēs are named for ships of scientific expeditions . Valleys or valles are named for radio telescope facilities . Mercury was heavily bombarded by comets and asteroids during and shortly following its formation 4.6 billion years ago , as well as during a possibly separate subsequent episode called the Late Heavy Bombardment that ended 3.8 billion years ago . During this period of intense crater formation , Mercury received impacts over its entire surface , facilitated by the lack of any atmosphere to slow impactors down . During this time Mercury was volcanically active ; basins such as the Caloris Basin were filled by magma , producing smooth plains similar to the maria found on the Moon . Data from the October 2008 flyby of MESSENGER gave researchers a greater appreciation for the jumbled nature of Mercury 's surface . Mercury 's surface is more heterogeneous than either Mars 's or the Moon 's , both of which contain significant stretches of similar geology , such as maria and plateaus . Impact basins and craters Perspective view of Caloris Basin -- high ( red ) ; low ( blue ) . Craters on Mercury range in diameter from small bowl - shaped cavities to multi-ringed impact basins hundreds of kilometers across . They appear in all states of degradation , from relatively fresh rayed craters to highly degraded crater remnants . Mercurian craters differ subtly from lunar craters in that the area blanketed by their ejecta is much smaller , a consequence of Mercury 's stronger surface gravity . According to IAU rules , each new crater must be named after an artist that was famous for more than fifty years , and dead for more than three years , before the date the crater is named . Enhanced - color image of Munch , Sander and Poe craters amid volcanic plains ( orange ) near Caloris Basin The largest known crater is Caloris Basin , with a diameter of 1,550 km . The impact that created the Caloris Basin was so powerful that it caused lava eruptions and left a concentric ring over 2 km tall surrounding the impact crater . At the antipode of the Caloris Basin is a large region of unusual , hilly terrain known as the `` Weird Terrain '' . One hypothesis for its origin is that shock waves generated during the Caloris impact traveled around Mercury , converging at the basin 's antipode ( 180 degrees away ) . The resulting high stresses fractured the surface . Alternatively , it has been suggested that this terrain formed as a result of the convergence of ejecta at this basin 's antipode . Overall , about 15 impact basins have been identified on the imaged part of Mercury . A notable basin is the 400 km wide , multi-ring Tolstoj Basin that has an ejecta blanket extending up to 500 km from its rim and a floor that has been filled by smooth plains materials . Beethoven Basin has a similar - sized ejecta blanket and a 625 km diameter rim . Like the Moon , the surface of Mercury has likely incurred the effects of space weathering processes , including Solar wind and micrometeorite impacts . Interior of Abedin crater Plains Degas crater There are two geologically distinct plains regions on Mercury . Gently rolling , hilly plains in the regions between craters are Mercury 's oldest visible surfaces , predating the heavily cratered terrain . These inter-crater plains appear to have obliterated many earlier craters , and show a general paucity of smaller craters below about 30 km in diameter . The so - called `` Weird Terrain '' formed at the point antipodal to the Caloris Basin impact Smooth plains are widespread flat areas that fill depressions of various sizes and bear a strong resemblance to the lunar maria . Notably , they fill a wide ring surrounding the Caloris Basin . Unlike lunar maria , the smooth plains of Mercury have the same albedo as the older inter-crater plains . Despite a lack of unequivocally volcanic characteristics , the localisation and rounded , lobate shape of these plains strongly support volcanic origins . All the smooth plains of Mercury formed significantly later than the Caloris basin , as evidenced by appreciably smaller crater densities than on the Caloris ejecta blanket . The floor of the Caloris Basin is filled by a geologically distinct flat plain , broken up by ridges and fractures in a roughly polygonal pattern . It is not clear whether they are volcanic lavas induced by the impact , or a large sheet of impact melt . Compressional features One unusual feature of Mercury 's surface is the numerous compression folds , or rupes , that crisscross the plains . As Mercury 's interior cooled , it contracted and its surface began to deform , creating wrinkle ridges and lobate scarps associated with thrust faults . The scarps can reach lengths of 1000 km and heights of 3 km . These compressional features can be seen on top of other features , such as craters and smooth plains , indicating they are more recent . Mapping of the features has suggested a total shrinkage of Mercury 's radius in the range of ~ 1 to 7 km . Small - scale thrust fault scarps have been found , tens of meters in height and with lengths in the range of a few km , that appear to be less than 50 million years old , indicating that compression of the interior and consequent surface geological activity continue to the present . The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter discovered that similar small thrust faults exist on the Moon . Volcanology Picasso crater -- the large arc - shaped pit located on the eastern side of its floor are postulated to have formed when subsurface magma subsided or drained , causing the surface to collapse into the resulting void . Images obtained by MESSENGER have revealed evidence for pyroclastic flows on Mercury from low - profile shield volcanoes . MESSENGER data has helped identify 51 pyroclastic deposits on the surface , where 90 % of them are found within impact craters . A study of the degradation state of the impact craters that host pyroclastic deposits suggests that pyroclastic activity occurred on Mercury over a prolonged interval . A `` rimless depression '' inside the southwest rim of the Caloris Basin consists of at least nine overlapping volcanic vents , each individually up to 8 km in diameter . It is thus a `` compound volcano '' . The vent floors are at a least 1 km below their brinks and they bear a closer resemblance to volcanic craters sculpted by explosive eruptions or modified by collapse into void spaces created by magma withdrawal back down into a conduit . The scientists could not quantify the age of the volcanic complex system , but reported that it could be of the order of a billion years . Surface conditions and Exosphere Main article : Atmosphere of Mercury Composite image of Mercury taken by MESSENGER Radar image of Mercury 's north pole Composite of the north pole of Mercury , where NASA confirmed the discovery of a large volume of water ice , in permanently dark craters that exist there . The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 K to 700 K at the most extreme places : 0 ° N , 0 ° W , or 180 ° W. It never rises above 180 K at the poles , due to the absence of an atmosphere and a steep temperature gradient between the equator and the poles . The subsolar point reaches about 700 K during perihelion ( 0 ° W or 180 ° W ) , but only 550 K at aphelion ( 90 ° or 270 ° W ) . On the dark side of the planet , temperatures average 110 K . The intensity of sunlight on Mercury 's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant ( 1,370 W m ) . Although the daylight temperature at the surface of Mercury is generally extremely high , observations strongly suggest that ice ( frozen water ) exists on Mercury . The floors of deep craters at the poles are never exposed to direct sunlight , and temperatures there remain below 102 K ; far lower than the global average . Water ice strongly reflects radar , and observations by the 70 - meter Goldstone Solar System Radar and the VLA in the early 1990s revealed that there are patches of high radar reflection near the poles . Although ice was not the only possible cause of these reflective regions , astronomers think it was the most likely . The icy regions are estimated to contain about 10 -- 10 kg of ice , and may be covered by a layer of regolith that inhibits sublimation . By comparison , the Antarctic ice sheet on Earth has a mass of about 4 × 10 kg , and Mars 's south polar cap contains about 10 kg of water . The origin of the ice on Mercury is not yet known , but the two most likely sources are from outgassing of water from the planet 's interior or deposition by impacts of comets . Mercury is too small and hot for its gravity to retain any significant atmosphere over long periods of time ; it does have a tenuous surface - bounded exosphere containing hydrogen , helium , oxygen , sodium , calcium , potassium and others at a surface pressure of less than approximately 0.5 nPa ( 0.005 picobars ) . This exosphere is not stable -- atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources . Hydrogen atoms and helium atoms probably come from the solar wind , diffusing into Mercury 's magnetosphere before later escaping back into space . Radioactive decay of elements within Mercury 's crust is another source of helium , as well as sodium and potassium . MESSENGER found high proportions of calcium , helium , hydroxide , magnesium , oxygen , potassium , silicon and sodium . Water vapor is present , released by a combination of processes such as : comets striking its surface , sputtering creating water out of hydrogen from the solar wind and oxygen from rock , and sublimation from reservoirs of water ice in the permanently shadowed polar craters . The detection of high amounts of water - related ions like O , OH , and H O was a surprise . Because of the quantities of these ions that were detected in Mercury 's space environment , scientists surmise that these molecules were blasted from the surface or exosphere by the solar wind . Sodium , potassium and calcium were discovered in the atmosphere during the 1980 -- 1990s , and are thought to result primarily from the vaporization of surface rock struck by micrometeorite impacts including presently from Comet Encke . In 2008 , magnesium was discovered by MESSENGER . Studies indicate that , at times , sodium emissions are localized at points that correspond to the planet 's magnetic poles . This would indicate an interaction between the magnetosphere and the planet 's surface . On November 29 , 2012 , NASA confirmed that images from MESSENGER had detected that craters at the north pole contained water ice . MESSENGER 's principal investigator Sean Solomon is quoted in The New York Times estimating the volume of the ice to be large enough to `` encase Washington , D.C. , in a frozen block two and a half miles deep '' . Magnetic field and magnetosphere Main article : Mercury 's magnetic field Graph showing relative strength of Mercury 's magnetic field Despite its small size and slow 59 - day - long rotation , Mercury has a significant , and apparently global , magnetic field . According to measurements taken by Mariner 10 , it is about 1.1 % the strength of Earth 's . The magnetic - field strength at Mercury 's equator is about 300 nT . Like that of Earth , Mercury 's magnetic field is dipolar . Unlike Earth 's , Mercury 's poles are nearly aligned with the planet 's spin axis . Measurements from both the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER space probes have indicated that the strength and shape of the magnetic field are stable . It is likely that this magnetic field is generated by a dynamo effect , in a manner similar to the magnetic field of Earth . This dynamo effect would result from the circulation of the planet 's iron - rich liquid core . Particularly strong tidal effects caused by the planet 's high orbital eccentricity would serve to keep the core in the liquid state necessary for this dynamo effect . Mercury 's magnetic field is strong enough to deflect the solar wind around the planet , creating a magnetosphere . The planet 's magnetosphere , though small enough to fit within Earth , is strong enough to trap solar wind plasma . This contributes to the space weathering of the planet 's surface . Observations taken by the Mariner 10 spacecraft detected this low energy plasma in the magnetosphere of the planet 's nightside . Bursts of energetic particles in the planet 's magnetotail indicate a dynamic quality to the planet 's magnetosphere . During its second flyby of the planet on October 6 , 2008 , MESSENGER discovered that Mercury 's magnetic field can be extremely `` leaky '' . The spacecraft encountered magnetic `` tornadoes '' -- twisted bundles of magnetic fields connecting the planetary magnetic field to interplanetary space -- that were up to 800 km wide or a third of the radius of the planet . These twisted magnetic flux tubes , technically known as flux transfer events , form open windows in the planet 's magnetic shield through which the solar wind may enter and directly impact Mercury 's surface via magnetic reconnection This also occurs in Earth 's magnetic field . The MESSENGER observations showed the reconnection rate is ten times higher at Mercury , but its proximity to the Sun only accounts for about a third of the reconnection rate observed by MESSENGER . Orbit , rotation , and longitude Orbit of Mercury ( yellow ) . Dates refer to 2006 . Animation of Mercury 's and Earth 's revolution around the Sun Mercury has the most eccentric orbit of all the planets ; its eccentricity is 0.21 with its distance from the Sun ranging from 46,000,000 to 70,000,000 km ( 29,000,000 to 43,000,000 mi ) . It takes 87.969 Earth days to complete an orbit . The diagram on the right illustrates the effects of the eccentricity , showing Mercury 's orbit overlaid with a circular orbit having the same semi-major axis. Mercury 's higher velocity when it is near perihelion is clear from the greater distance it covers in each 5 - day interval . In the diagram the varying distance of Mercury to the Sun is represented by the size of the planet , which is inversely proportional to Mercury 's distance from the Sun . This varying distance to the Sun leads to Mercury 's surface being flexed by tidal bulges raised by the Sun that are about 17 times stronger than the Moon 's on Earth . Combined with a 3 : 2 spin -- orbit resonance of the planet 's rotation around its axis , it also results in complex variations of the surface temperature . The resonance makes a single solar day on Mercury last exactly two Mercury years , or about 176 Earth days . Mercury 's orbit is inclined by 7 degrees to the plane of Earth 's orbit ( the ecliptic ) , as shown in the diagram on the right . As a result , transits of Mercury across the face of the Sun can only occur when the planet is crossing the plane of the ecliptic at the time it lies between Earth and the Sun . This occurs about every seven years on average . Mercury 's axial tilt is almost zero , with the best measured value as low as 0.027 degrees . This is significantly smaller than that of Jupiter , which has the second smallest axial tilt of all planets at 3.1 degrees . This means that to an observer at Mercury 's poles , the center of the Sun never rises more than 2.1 arcminutes above the horizon . At certain points on Mercury 's surface , an observer would be able to see the Sun rise about halfway , then reverse and set before rising again , all within the same Mercurian day . This is because approximately four Earth days before perihelion , Mercury 's angular orbital velocity equals its angular rotational velocity so that the Sun 's apparent motion ceases ; closer to perihelion , Mercury 's angular orbital velocity then exceeds the angular rotational velocity . Thus , to a hypothetical observer on Mercury , the Sun appears to move in a retrograde direction . Four Earth days after perihelion , the Sun 's normal apparent motion resumes . A similar effect would have occurred if Mercury had been in synchronous rotation : the alternating gain and loss of rotation over revolution would have caused a libration of 23.65 ° in longitude . For the same reason , there are two points on Mercury 's equator , 180 degrees apart in longitude , at either of which , around perihelion in alternate Mercurian years ( once a Mercurian day ) , the Sun passes overhead , then reverses its apparent motion and passes overhead again , then reverses a second time and passes overhead a third time , taking a total of about 16 Earth - days for this entire process . In the other alternate Mercurian years , the same thing happens at the other of these two points . The amplitude of the retrograde motion is small , so the overall effect is that , for two or three weeks , the Sun is almost stationary overhead , and is at its most brilliant because Mercury is at perihelion , its closest to the Sun . This prolonged exposure to the Sun at its brightest makes these two points the hottest places on Mercury . Conversely , there are two other points on the equator , 90 degrees of longitude apart from the first ones , where the Sun passes overhead only when the planet is at aphelion in alternate years , when the apparent motion of the Sun in Mercury 's sky is relatively rapid . These points , which are the ones on the equator where the apparent retrograde motion of the Sun happens when it is crossing the horizon as described in the preceding paragraph , receive much less solar heat than the first ones described above . Mercury attains inferior conjunction ( nearest approach to Earth ) every 116 Earth days on average , but this interval can range from 105 days to 129 days due to the planet 's eccentric orbit . Mercury can come as near as 82.2 gigametres ( 0.549 astronomical units ; 51.1 million miles ) to Earth , and that is slowly declining : The next approach to within 82.1 Gm ( 51.0 million miles ) is in 2679 , and to within 82.0 Gm ( 51.0 million miles ) in 4487 , but it will not be closer to Earth than 80 Gm ( 50 million miles ) until 28,622 . Its period of retrograde motion as seen from Earth can vary from 8 to 15 days on either side of inferior conjunction . This large range arises from the planet 's high orbital eccentricity . Longitude convention The longitude convention for Mercury puts the zero of longitude at one of the two hottest points on the surface , as described above . However , when this area was first visited , by Mariner 10 , this zero meridian was in darkness , so it was impossible to select a feature on the surface to define the exact position of the meridian . Therefore , a small crater further west was chosen , called Hun Kal , which provides the exact reference point for measuring longitude . The center of Hun Kal defines the 20 ° West meridian . A 1970 International Astronomical Union resolution suggests that longitudes be measured positively in the westerly direction on Mercury . The two hottest places on the equator are therefore at longitudes 0 ° W and 180 ° W , and the coolest points on the equator are at longitudes 90 ° W and 270 ° W. However , the MESSENGER project uses an east - positive convention . Spin -- orbit resonance After one orbit , Mercury has rotated 1.5 times , so after two complete orbits the same hemisphere is again illuminated . For many years it was thought that Mercury was synchronously tidally locked with the Sun , rotating once for each orbit and always keeping the same face directed towards the Sun , in the same way that the same side of the Moon always faces Earth . Radar observations in 1965 proved that the planet has a 3 : 2 spin -- orbit resonance , rotating three times for every two revolutions around the Sun . The eccentricity of Mercury 's orbit makes this resonance stable -- at perihelion , when the solar tide is strongest , the Sun is nearly still in Mercury 's sky . The rare 3 : 2 resonant tidal locking is stabilized by the variance of the tidal force along Mercury 's eccentric orbit , acting on a permanent dipole component of Mercury 's mass distribution . In a circular orbit there is no such variance , so the only resonance stabilized in such an orbit is at 1 : 1 ( e.g. , Earth -- Moon ) , when the tidal force , stretching a body along the `` center - body '' line , exerts a torque that aligns the body 's axis of least inertia ( the `` longest '' axis , and the axis of the aforementioned dipole ) to always point at the center . However , with noticeable eccentricity , like that of Mercury 's orbit , the tidal force has a maximum at perihelion and thus stabilizes resonances , like 3 : 2 , enforcing that the planet points its axis of least inertia roughly at the Sun when passing through perihelion . The original reason astronomers thought it was synchronously locked was that , whenever Mercury was best placed for observation , it was always nearly at the same point in its 3 : 2 resonance , hence showing the same face . This is because , coincidentally , Mercury 's rotation period is almost exactly half of its synodic period with respect to Earth . Due to Mercury 's 3 : 2 spin -- orbit resonance , a solar day ( the length between two meridian transits of the Sun ) lasts about 176 Earth days . A sidereal day ( the period of rotation ) lasts about 58.7 Earth days . Simulations indicate that the orbital eccentricity of Mercury varies chaotically from nearly zero ( circular ) to more than 0.45 over millions of years due to perturbations from the other planets . This was thought to explain Mercury 's 3 : 2 spin -- orbit resonance ( rather than the more usual 1 : 1 ) , because this state is more likely to arise during a period of high eccentricity . However , accurate modeling based on a realistic model of tidal response has demonstrated that Mercury was captured into the 3 : 2 spin -- orbit state at a very early stage of its history , within 20 ( more likely , 10 ) million years after its formation . Numerical simulations show that a future secular orbital resonant perihelion interaction with Jupiter may cause the eccentricity of Mercury 's orbit to increase to the point where there is a 1 % chance that the planet may collide with Venus within the next five billion years . Advance of perihelion Main article : Perihelion precession of Mercury In 1859 , the French mathematician and astronomer Urbain Le Verrier reported that the slow precession of Mercury 's orbit around the Sun could not be completely explained by Newtonian mechanics and perturbations by the known planets . He suggested , among possible explanations , that another planet ( or perhaps instead a series of smaller ' corpuscules ' ) might exist in an orbit even closer to the Sun than that of Mercury , to account for this perturbation . ( Other explanations considered included a slight oblateness of the Sun . ) The success of the search for Neptune based on its perturbations of the orbit of Uranus led astronomers to place faith in this possible explanation , and the hypothetical planet was named Vulcan , but no such planet was ever found . The perihelion precession of Mercury is 5,600 arcseconds ( 1.5556 ° ) per century relative to Earth , or 574.10 ± 0.65 arcseconds per century relative to the inertial ICRF . Newtonian mechanics , taking into account all the effects from the other planets , predicts a precession of 5,557 arcseconds ( 1.5436 ° ) per century . In the early 20th century , Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity provided the explanation for the observed precession , by formalizing gravitation as being mediated by the curvature of spacetime . The effect is small : just 42.98 arcseconds per century for Mercury ; it therefore requires a little over twelve million orbits for a full excess turn . Similar , but much smaller , effects exist for other Solar System bodies : 8.62 arcseconds per century for Venus , 3.84 for Earth , 1.35 for Mars , and 10.05 for 1566 Icarus . Albert Einstein 's formula for the perihelion shift per revolution is ε = 24 π 3 a 2 T 2 c 2 ( 1 − e 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon = 24 \ pi ^ ( 3 ) ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) ) ( T ^ ( 2 ) c ^ ( 2 ) ( 1 - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) , where e ( \ displaystyle e ) is the orbital eccentricity , a ( \ displaystyle a ) the semi-major axis , and T ( \ displaystyle T ) the orbital period . Filling in the values gives a result of 0.1035 arcseconds per revolution or 0.4297 arcseconds per Earth year , i.e. , 42.97 arcseconds per century . Observation Image mosaic by Mariner 10 , 1974 Mercury 's apparent magnitude varies between − 2.6 ( brighter than the brightest star Sirius ) and about + 5.7 ( approximating the theoretical limit of naked - eye visibility ) . The extremes occur when Mercury is close to the Sun in the sky . Observation of Mercury is complicated by its proximity to the Sun , as it is lost in the Sun 's glare for much of the time . Mercury can be observed for only a brief period during either morning or evening twilight . Mercury can , like several other planets and the brightest stars , be seen during a total solar eclipse . Like the Moon and Venus , Mercury exhibits phases as seen from Earth . It is `` new '' at inferior conjunction and `` full '' at superior conjunction . The planet is rendered invisible from Earth on both of these occasions because of its being obscured by the Sun , except its new phase during a transit . Mercury is technically brightest as seen from Earth when it is at a full phase . Although Mercury is farthest from Earth when it is full , the greater illuminated area that is visible and the opposition brightness surge more than compensates for the distance . The opposite is true for Venus , which appears brightest when it is a crescent , because it is much closer to Earth than when gibbous . False - color map showing the maximum temperatures of the north polar region Nonetheless , the brightest ( full phase ) appearance of Mercury is an essentially impossible time for practical observation , because of the extreme proximity of the Sun . Mercury is best observed at the first and last quarter , although they are phases of lesser brightness . The first and last quarter phases occur at greatest elongation east and west of the Sun , respectively . At both of these times Mercury 's separation from the Sun ranges anywhere from 17.9 ° at perihelion to 27.8 ° at aphelion . At greatest western elongation , Mercury rises at its earliest before sunrise , and at greatest eastern elongation , it sets at its latest after sunset . Mercury can be easily seen from the tropics and subtropics more than from higher latitudes . Viewed from low latitudes and at the right times of year , the ecliptic intersects the horizon at a steep angle . Mercury is 10 ° above the horizon when the planet appears directly above the Sun ( i.e. its orbit appears vertical ) and is at maximum elongation from the Sun ( 28 ° ) and also when the Sun is 18 ° below the horizon , so the sky is just completely dark . This angle is the maximum altitude at which Mercury is visible in a completely dark sky . False - color image of Carnegie Rupes , a tectonic landform -- high terrain ( red ) ; low ( blue ) . At middle latitudes , Mercury is more often and easily visible from the Southern Hemisphere than from the Northern . This is because Mercury 's maximum western elongation occurs only during early autumn in the Southern Hemisphere , whereas its greatest eastern elongation happens only during late winter in the Southern Hemisphere . In both of these cases , the angle at which the planet 's orbit intersects the horizon is maximized , allowing it to rise several hours before sunrise in the former instance and not set until several hours after sundown in the latter from southern mid-latitudes , such as Argentina and South Africa . An alternate method for viewing Mercury involves observing the planet during daylight hours when conditions are clear , ideally when it is at its greatest elongation . This allows the planet to be found easily , even when using telescopes with 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) apertures . Care must be taken to ensure the instrument is n't pointed directly towards the Sun because of the risk for eye damage . This method bypasses the limitation of twilight observing when the ecliptic is located at a low elevation ( e.g. on autumn evenings ) . Ground - based telescope observations of Mercury reveal only an illuminated partial disk with limited detail . The first of two spacecraft to visit the planet was Mariner 10 , which mapped about 45 % of its surface from 1974 to 1975 . The second is the MESSENGER spacecraft , which after three Mercury flybys between 2008 and 2009 , attained orbit around Mercury on March 17 , 2011 , to study and map the rest of the planet . The Hubble Space Telescope can not observe Mercury at all , due to safety procedures that prevent its pointing too close to the Sun . Because the shift of 0.15 revolutions in a year makes up a seven - year cycle ( 0.15 × 7 ≈ 1.0 ) , in the seventh year Mercury follows almost exactly ( earlier by 7 days ) the sequence of phenomena it showed seven years before . Observation History Ancient astronomers Mercury , from Liber astronomiae , 1550 The earliest known recorded observations of Mercury are from the Mul. Apin tablets . These observations were most likely made by an Assyrian astronomer around the 14th century BC . The cuneiform name used to designate Mercury on the Mul. Apin tablets is transcribed as Udu.Idim.Gu \ u. Ud ( `` the jumping planet '' ) . Babylonian records of Mercury date back to the 1st millennium BC . The Babylonians called the planet Nabu after the messenger to the gods in their mythology . The ancient Greeks knew the planet as Στίλβων ( Stilbon ) , meaning `` the gleaming '' , Ἑρμάων ( Hermaon ) and Ἑρμής ( Hermes ) , a planetary name that is retained in modern Greek ( Ερμής : Ermis ) . The Romans named the planet after the swift - footed Roman messenger god , Mercury ( Latin Mercurius ) , which they equated with the Greek Hermes , because it moves across the sky faster than any other planet . The astronomical symbol for Mercury is a stylized version of Hermes ' caduceus . The Roman - Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy wrote about the possibility of planetary transits across the face of the Sun in his work Planetary Hypotheses . He suggested that no transits had been observed either because planets such as Mercury were too small to see , or because the transits were too infrequent . Ibn al - Shatir 's model for the appearances of Mercury , showing the multiplication of epicycles using the Tusi couple , thus eliminating the Ptolemaic eccentrics and equant . In ancient China , Mercury was known as `` the Hour Star '' ( Chen - xing 辰星 ) . It was associated with the direction north and the phase of water in the Five Phases system of metaphysics . Modern Chinese , Korean , Japanese and Vietnamese cultures refer to the planet literally as the `` water star '' ( 水星 ) , based on the Five elements . Hindu mythology used the name Budha for Mercury , and this god was thought to preside over Wednesday . The god Odin ( or Woden ) of Germanic paganism was associated with the planet Mercury and Wednesday . The Maya may have represented Mercury as an owl ( or possibly four owls ; two for the morning aspect and two for the evening ) that served as a messenger to the underworld . In medieval Islamic astronomy , the Andalusian astronomer Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al - Zarqālī in the 11th century described the deferent of Mercury 's geocentric orbit as being oval , like an egg or a pignon , although this insight did not influence his astronomical theory or his astronomical calculations . In the 12th century , Ibn Bajjah observed `` two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun '' , which was later suggested as the transit of Mercury and / or Venus by the Maragha astronomer Qotb al - Din Shirazi in the 13th century . ( Note that most such medieval reports of transits were later taken as observations of sunspots . ) In India , the Kerala school astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji in the 15th century developed a partially heliocentric planetary model in which Mercury orbits the Sun , which in turn orbits Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . Ground - based telescopic Research Transit of Mercury . Mercury is visible as a black dot below and to the left of center . The dark area above the center of the solar disk is a sunspot . Elongation is the angle between the Sun and the planet , with Earth as the reference point . Mercury appears close to the Sun . The first telescopic observations of Mercury were made by Galileo in the early 17th century . Although he observed phases when he looked at Venus , his telescope was not powerful enough to see the phases of Mercury . In 1631 , Pierre Gassendi made the first telescopic observations of the transit of a planet across the Sun when he saw a transit of Mercury predicted by Johannes Kepler . In 1639 , Giovanni Zupi used a telescope to discover that the planet had orbital phases similar to Venus and the Moon . The observation demonstrated conclusively that Mercury orbited around the Sun . A rare event in astronomy is the passage of one planet in front of another ( occultation ) , as seen from Earth . Mercury and Venus occult each other every few centuries , and the event of May 28 , 1737 is the only one historically observed , having been seen by John Bevis at the Royal Greenwich Observatory . The next occultation of Mercury by Venus will be on December 3 , 2133 . The difficulties inherent in observing Mercury mean that it has been far less studied than the other planets . In 1800 , Johann Schröter made observations of surface features , claiming to have observed 20 - kilometre - high ( 12 mi ) mountains . Friedrich Bessel used Schröter 's drawings to erroneously estimate the rotation period as 24 hours and an axial tilt of 70 ° . In the 1880s , Giovanni Schiaparelli mapped the planet more accurately , and suggested that Mercury 's rotational period was 88 days , the same as its orbital period due to tidal locking . This phenomenon is known as synchronous rotation . The effort to map the surface of Mercury was continued by Eugenios Antoniadi , who published a book in 1934 that included both maps and his own observations . Many of the planet 's surface features , particularly the albedo features , take their names from Antoniadi 's map . In June 1962 , Soviet scientists at the Institute of Radio - engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences , led by Vladimir Kotelnikov , became the first to bounce a radar signal off Mercury and receive it , starting radar observations of the planet . Three years later , radar observations by Americans Gordon Pettengill and R. Dyce , using the 300 - meter Arecibo Observatory radio telescope in Puerto Rico , showed conclusively that the planet 's rotational period was about 59 days . The theory that Mercury 's rotation was synchronous had become widely held , and it was a surprise to astronomers when these radio observations were announced . If Mercury were tidally locked , its dark face would be extremely cold , but measurements of radio emission revealed that it was much hotter than expected . Astronomers were reluctant to drop the synchronous rotation theory and proposed alternative mechanisms such as powerful heat - distributing winds to explain the observations . Water ice ( yellow ) at Mercury 's north polar region Italian astronomer Giuseppe Colombo noted that the rotation value was about two - thirds of Mercury 's orbital period , and proposed that the planet 's orbital and rotational periods were locked into a 3 : 2 rather than a 1 : 1 resonance . Data from Mariner 10 subsequently confirmed this view . This means that Schiaparelli 's and Antoniadi 's maps were not `` wrong '' . Instead , the astronomers saw the same features during every second orbit and recorded them , but disregarded those seen in the meantime , when Mercury 's other face was toward the Sun , because the orbital geometry meant that these observations were made under poor viewing conditions . Ground - based optical observations did not shed much further light on Mercury , but radio astronomers using interferometry at microwave wavelengths , a technique that enables removal of the solar radiation , were able to discern physical and chemical characteristics of the subsurface layers to a depth of several meters . Not until the first space probe flew past Mercury did many of its most fundamental morphological properties become known . Moreover , recent technological advances have led to improved ground - based observations . In 2000 , high - resolution lucky imaging observations were conducted by the Mount Wilson Observatory 1.5 meter Hale telescope . They provided the first views that resolved surface features on the parts of Mercury that were not imaged in the Mariner 10 mission . Most of the planet has been mapped by the Arecibo radar telescope , with 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) resolution , including polar deposits in shadowed craters of what may be water ice . Research with Space probes Main article : Exploration of Mercury MESSENGER being prepared for launch Mercury transiting the Sun as viewed by the Mars rover Curiosity ( June 3 , 2014 ) . Reaching Mercury from Earth poses significant technical challenges , because it orbits so much closer to the Sun than Earth . A Mercury - bound spacecraft launched from Earth must travel over 91 million kilometres ( 57 million miles ) into the Sun 's gravitational potential well . Mercury has an orbital speed of 48 km / s ( 30 mi / s ) , whereas Earth 's orbital speed is 30 km / s ( 19 mi / s ) . Therefore , the spacecraft must make a large change in velocity ( delta - v ) to enter a Hohmann transfer orbit that passes near Mercury , as compared to the delta - v required for other planetary missions . The potential energy liberated by moving down the Sun 's potential well becomes kinetic energy ; requiring another large delta - v change to do anything other than rapidly pass by Mercury . To land safely or enter a stable orbit the spacecraft would rely entirely on rocket motors . Aerobraking is ruled out because Mercury has a negligible atmosphere . A trip to Mercury requires more rocket fuel than that required to escape the Solar System completely . As a result , only two space probes have visited it so far . A proposed alternative approach would use a solar sail to attain a Mercury - synchronous orbit around the Sun . Mariner 10 Main article : Mariner 10 Mariner 10 , the first probe to visit Mercury The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA 's Mariner 10 ( 1974 -- 1975 ) . The spacecraft used the gravity of Venus to adjust its orbital velocity so that it could approach Mercury , making it both the first spacecraft to use this gravitational `` slingshot '' effect and the first NASA mission to visit multiple planets . Mariner 10 provided the first close - up images of Mercury 's surface , which immediately showed its heavily cratered nature , and revealed many other types of geological features , such as the giant scarps that were later ascribed to the effect of the planet shrinking slightly as its iron core cools . Unfortunately , the same face of the planet was lit at each of Mariner 10 's close approaches . This made close observation of both sides of the planet impossible , and resulted in the mapping of less than 45 % of the planet 's surface . The spacecraft made three close approaches to Mercury , the closest of which took it to within 327 km ( 203 mi ) of the surface . At the first close approach , instruments detected a magnetic field , to the great surprise of planetary geologists -- Mercury 's rotation was expected to be much too slow to generate a significant dynamo effect . The second close approach was primarily used for imaging , but at the third approach , extensive magnetic data were obtained . The data revealed that the planet 's magnetic field is much like Earth 's , which deflects the solar wind around the planet . For many years after the Mariner 10 encounters , the origin of Mercury 's magnetic field remained the subject of several competing theories . On March 24 , 1975 , just eight days after its final close approach , Mariner 10 ran out of fuel . Because its orbit could no longer be accurately controlled , mission controllers instructed the probe to shut down . Mariner 10 is thought to be still orbiting the Sun , passing close to Mercury every few months . MESSENGER Main article : MESSENGER Estimated details of the impact of MESSENGER on 30 April 2015 A second NASA mission to Mercury , named MESSENGER ( MErcury Surface , Space ENvironment , GEochemistry , and Ranging ) , was launched on 3 August 2004 . It made a fly - by of Earth in August 2005 , and of Venus in October 2006 and June 2007 to place it onto the correct trajectory to reach an orbit around Mercury . A first fly - by of Mercury occurred on January 14 , 2008 , a second on October 6 , 2008 , and a third on September 29 , 2009 . Most of the hemisphere not imaged by Mariner 10 was mapped during these fly - bys . The probe successfully entered an elliptical orbit around the planet on March 18 , 2011 . The first orbital image of Mercury was obtained on March 29 , 2011 . The probe finished a one - year mapping mission , and then entered a one - year extended mission into 2013 . In addition to continued observations and mapping of Mercury , MESSENGER observed the 2012 solar maximum . The mission was designed to clear up six key issues : Mercury 's high density , its geological history , the nature of its magnetic field , the structure of its core , whether it has ice at its poles , and where its tenuous atmosphere comes from . To this end , the probe carried imaging devices that gathered much - higher - resolution images of much more of Mercury than Mariner 10 , assorted spectrometers to determine abundances of elements in the crust , and magnetometers and devices to measure velocities of charged particles . Measurements of changes in the probe 's orbital velocity were expected to be used to infer details of the planet 's interior structure . MESSENGER 's final maneuver was on April 24 , 2015 , and it crashed into Mercury 's surface on April 30 , 2015 . The spacecraft 's impact with Mercury occurred near 3 : 26 PM EDT on April 30 , 2015 , leaving a crater estimated to be 16 m ( 52 ft ) in diameter . First ( 29 March 2011 ) and last ( 30 April 2015 ) images of Mercury by MESSENGER BepiColombo Main article : BepiColombo The European Space Agency is planning a joint mission with Japan called BepiColombo , which will orbit Mercury with two probes : one to map the planet and the other to study its magnetosphere . Once launched in 2018 , BepiColombo is expected to reach Mercury in 2025 . It will release a magnetometer probe into an elliptical orbit , then chemical rockets will fire to deposit the mapper probe into a circular orbit . Both probes will operate for one terrestrial year . The mapper probe will carry an array of spectrometers similar to those on MESSENGER , and will study the planet at many different wavelengths including infrared , ultraviolet , X-ray and gamma ray . Comparison Size comparison with other Solar System objects Mercury , Earth Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars Back row : Mars , Mercury Front : Moon , Pluto , Haumea See also Solar System portal Book : Mercury Book : Solar System Outline of Mercury ( planet ) Budha , Hinduism 's name for the planet and the god Mercury Colonization of Mercury Exploration of Mercury Mercury in astrology Mercury in fiction Timeline of the far future Cold trap ( astronomy ) Notes Jump up ^ In astronomy , the words `` rotation '' and `` revolution '' have different meanings . `` Rotation '' is the turning of a body about an axis that passes through the body , as in `` Earth rotates once a day . '' `` Revolution '' is motion around a centre that is external to the body , usually in orbit , as in `` Earth takes a year for each revolution around the Sun . '' The verbs `` rotate '' and `` revolve '' mean doing rotation and revolution , respectively . Jump up ^ Pluto was considered a planet from its discovery in 1930 to 2006 , but after that it has been reclassified as a dwarf planet . Pluto 's orbital eccentricity is greater than Mercury 's . Pluto is also smaller than Mercury , but was thought to be larger until 1976 . Jump up ^ If the area of Washington is about 177 km and 2.5 miles is taken to equal 4 km , Solomon 's estimate would equal about 700 cubic kilometres of ice , which would have a mass of about 600 billion tons ( 6 × 10 kg ) . Jump up ^ See Twilight # Astronomical twilight Jump up ^ Some sources precede the cuneiform transcription with `` MUL '' . `` MUL '' is a cuneiform sign that was used in the Sumerian language to designate a star or planet , but it is not considered part of the actual name . The `` 4 '' is a reference number in the Sumero - Akkadian transliteration system to designate which of several syllables a certain cuneiform sign is most likely designating . References Jump up ^ `` Mercurian '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` mercurial '' . Merriam - Webster Online . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury Fact Sheet '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . November 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The MeanPlane ( Invariable plane ) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter '' . 2009 - 04 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . ( produced with Solex 10 Archived 2009 - 04 - 29 at WebCite written by Aldo Vitagliano ; see also Invariable plane ) Jump up ^ Yeomans , Donald K. ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` HORIZONS Web - Interface for Mercury Major Body '' . JPL Horizons On - Line Ephemeris System . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . -- Select `` Ephemeris Type : Orbital Elements '' , `` Time Span : 2000 - 01 - 01 12 : 00 to 2000 - 01 - 02 '' . 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Jump up ^ Merton E. Davies , et al. ( 1978 ) . `` Surface Mapping '' . Atlas of Mercury . NASA Office of Space Sciences . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Evans , J.V. ; Brockelman , R.A. ; Henry , J.C. ; Hyde , G.M. ; Kraft , L.G. ; Reid , W.A. ; Smith , W.W. ( 1965 ) . `` Radio Echo Observations of Venus and Mercury at 23 cm Wavelength '' . Astronomical Journal . 70 : 487 -- 500 . Bibcode : 1965AJ ... 70 ... 486E . doi : 10.1086 / 109772 . Jump up ^ Moore , Patrick ( 2000 ) . The Data Book of Astronomy . New York : CRC Press . p. 483 . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0620 - 3 . Jump up ^ Butrica , Andrew J. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 5 '' . To See the Unseen : A History of Planetary Radar Astronomy . NASA History Office , Washington D.C. ISBN 0 - 16 - 048578 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pettengill , G.H. ; Dyce , R.B. ( 1965 ) . `` A Radar Determination of the Rotation of the Planet Mercury '' . Nature . 206 ( 1240 ) : 451 -- 2 . Bibcode : 1965Natur. 206Q1240P . doi : 10.1038 / 2061240a0 . Jump up ^ Mercury at Eric Weisstein 's ' World of Astronomy ' Jump up ^ Murray , Bruce C. ; Burgess , Eric ( 1977 ) . Flight to Mercury . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 03996 - 4 . Jump up ^ Colombo , G. ( 1965 ) . `` Rotational Period of the Planet Mercury '' . Nature . 208 ( 5010 ) : 575 . Bibcode : 1965Natur. 208 ... 575C . doi : 10.1038 / 208575a0 . Jump up ^ Davies , Merton E. ; et al. ( 1976 ) . `` Mariner 10 Mission and Spacecraft '' . SP - 423 Atlas of Mercury . NASA JPL . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Golden , Leslie M. , A Microwave Interferometric Study of the Subsurface of the Planet Mercury ( 1977 ) . PhD Dissertation , University of California , Berkeley Jump up ^ Mitchell , David L. ; De Pater , Imke ( 1994 ) . `` Microwave Imaging of Mercury 's Thermal Emission at Wavelengths from 0.3 to 20.5 cm ( 1994 ) '' . Icarus . 110 : 2 -- 32 . Bibcode : 1994Icar ... 110 ... 2M . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1994.1105 . Jump up ^ Dantowitz , R.F. ; Teare , S.W. ; Kozubal , M.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Ground - based High - Resolution Imaging of Mercury '' . Astronomical Journal . 119 ( 4 ) : 2455 -- 2457 . Bibcode : 2000AJ ... 119.2455 D . doi : 10.1086 / 301328 . Jump up ^ Harmon JK , Butler BJ , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Mercury : Radar images of the equatorial and midlatitude zones '' . Icarus . 187 ( 2 ) : 374 -- 405 . Bibcode : 2007Icar ... 187 ... 374H . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.09. 026 . Jump up ^ Webster , Guy ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Mercury Passes in Front of the Sun , as Seen From Mars '' . NASA . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dunne , James A. & Burgess , Eric ( 1978 ) . `` Chapter Four '' . The Voyage of Mariner 10 -- Mission to Venus and Mercury . NASA History Office . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mercury '' . NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory . May 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Leipold , M. ; Seboldt , W. ; Lingner , S. ; Borg , E. ; Herrmann , A. ; Pabsch , A. ; Wagner , O. ; Bruckner , J. ( 1996 ) . `` Mercury sun - synchronous polar orbiter with a solar sail '' . Acta Astronautica. 39 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 151 . Bibcode : 1996AcAau ... 39 ... 143L . doi : 10.1016 / S0094 - 5765 ( 96 ) 00131 - 2 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tony ( October 1976 ) . `` NASA 2006 Transit of Mercury '' . SP - 423 Atlas of Mercury . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` BepiColumbo -- Background Science '' . European Space Agency . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Malik , Tariq ( August 16 , 2004 ) . `` MESSENGER to test theory of shrinking Mercury '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Merton E. Davies , et al. ( 1978 ) . `` Mariner 10 Mission and Spacecraft '' . Atlas of Mercury . NASA Office of Space Sciences . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ness , Norman F. ( 1978 ) . `` Mercury -- Magnetic field and interior '' . Space Science Reviews . 21 ( 5 ) : 527 -- 553 . Bibcode : 1978SSRv ... 21 ... 527N . doi : 10.1007 / BF00240907 . Jump up ^ Aharonson , Oded ; Zuber , Maria T ; Solomon , Sean C ( 2004 ) . `` Crustal remanence in an internally magnetized non-uniform shell : a possible source for Mercury 's magnetic field ? '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 218 ( 3 - 4 ) : 261 -- 268 . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 03 ) 00682 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dunne , James A. & Burgess , Eric ( 1978 ) . `` Chapter Eight '' . The Voyage of Mariner 10 -- Mission to Venus and Mercury . NASA History Office . Jump up ^ Grayzeck , Ed ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Mariner 10 '' . NSSDC Master Catalog . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MESSENGER Engine Burn Puts Spacecraft on Track for Venus '' . SpaceRef.com. 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countdown to MESSENGER 's Closest Approach with Mercury '' . Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory . January 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MESSENGER Gains Critical Gravity Assist for Mercury Orbital Observations '' . MESSENGER Mission News . September 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NASA extends spacecraft 's Mercury mission '' . UPI , 15 November 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MESSENGER : Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Applied Physics Laboratory . February 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mike ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` NASA Mercury Probe Trying to Survive for Another Month '' . Space.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` NASA 's Messenger Mission Is Set to Crash Into Mercury '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corum , Jonathan ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Messenger 's Collision Course With Mercury '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Details of MESSENGER 's Impact Location '' . MESSENGER Featured Images . JHU -- APL. April 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ESA gives go - ahead to build BepiColombo '' . European Space Agency . February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` BepiColombo Fact Sheet '' . European Space Agency . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Objectives '' . European Space Agency . February 21 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 29 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Mercury ( planet ) '' dated 2008 - 01 - 16 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutMercuryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Mariner 10 Atlas of Mercury -- NASA Mercury nomenclature and map with feature names from the USGS planetary nomenclature page MESSENGER mission web site Mercury QuickMap from MESSENGER web site SolarViews.com -- Mercury Astronomy Cast : Mercury Geody Mercury World 's search engine that supports NASA World Wind , Celestia , and other applications . A Day On Mercury flash animation Mercury articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries ' BepiColombo ' , ESA 's Mercury Mission 5 June 2013 Bauer , Amanda ; Merrifield , Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Mercury '' . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day : MESSENGER Satellite 's False Color Mercury Globe Spin ( 12 June 2013 ) Rotating relief model of Mercury by Seán Doran ( starts with Mozart just above center and Caloris Planitia above it ) Google Mercury 3D , interactive map of the planet ( hide ) Mercury Outline of Mercury Geography General Albedo features Atmosphere Features Magnetic field Regions Quadrangles Quadrangles Bach Beethoven Borealis Debussy Derain Discovery Eminescu Hokusai Kuiper Michelangelo Neruda Shakespeare Raditladi Tolstoj Victoria Mountains and volcanoes Caloris Montes Plains and plateaus Borealis Planitia Budh Planitia Caloris Planitia Odin Planitia Sobkou Planitia Suisei Planitia Tir Planitia Canyons and valleys Arecibo Catena Arecibo Vallis Goldstone Catena Goldstone Vallis Haystack Catena Haystack Vallis Simeiz Vallis Ridges and rupes Antoniadi Dorsum Adventure Rupes Beagle Rupes Discovery Rupes Enterprise Rupes Hero Rupes Resolution Rupes Santa María Rupes Victoria Rupes Basins and fossae Caloris Basin Pantheon Fossae Raditladi Basin Rembrandt Basin Skinakas ( hypothetical basin ) Craters Abedin Abu Nuwas Africanus Horton Ahmad Baba Ailey Aksakov Al - Akhtal Al - Hamadhani Al - Jāhiz Alencar Amaral Amru Al - Qays Andal Apollodorus Aristoxenes Aśvaghosa Atget Bach Balagtas Balanchine Balzac Bartók Barma Bashō Beckett Beethoven Bek Belinskij Bello Benoit Berkel Bernini Bjornson Boccaccio Boethius Botticelli Brahms Bramante Brontë Bruegel Brunelleschi Burns Byron Callicrates Camoes Carducci Calvino Cervantes Cézanne Chaikovskij Chao Meng - Fu Chekov Chiang K'ui Chong Ch'ol Chopin Chu Ta Coleridge Copland Copley Couperin Crater of eternal darkness Cunningham Dali Dario De Graft Debussy Degas Delacroix Derain Derzhavin Desprez Dickens Dominici Donne Dostoevskij Dowland Durer Dvorak Eastman Eitoku Eminescu Enwonwu Equiano Fet Firdousi Flaubert Futabatei Gainsborough Gauguin Geddes Ghiberti Gibran Giotto Glinka Gluck Goethe Gogol Goya Grieg Guido d'Arezzo Hals Han Kan Handel Harunobu Hauptmann Hawthorne Haydn Heine Hemingway Hesiod Hiroshige Hitomaro Hodgkins Hokusai Holbein Holberg Holst Homer Horace Hovnatanian Hugo Hun Kal Ibsen Ictinus Imhotep Ives Izquierdo Janáček Jokai Judah Ha - Levi Kalidasa Keats Kenko Kertész Khansa Kipling Kōshō Kuan Han - ch'ing Kuiper Kunisada Kurosawa Lange Leopardi Lermontov Lessing Li Ch'ing - Chao Li Po Liang K'ai Liszt Lu Hsun Lysippus Ma Chih - Yuan Machaut Mahler Mansart Mansur March Mark Twain Marti Martial Matabei Matisse Melville Mena Mendes Pinto Michelangelo Mickiewicz Milton Mistral Mofolo Molière Monet Monteverdi Moody Mozart Munch Munkácsy Murasaki Mussorgskij Myron Nampeyo Navoi Nawahi Neruda Nervo Neumann Nizami Okyo Oskison Ovid Petrarch Phidias Picasso Poe Polygnotus Praxiteles Prokofiev Qi Baishi Rachmaninoff Raden Saleh Raditladi Rameau Raphael Rembrandt Renoir Rodin Rudaki Sander Scarlatti Schubert Shakespeare Sholem Aleichem Sinan Stravinsky Sullivan Sveinsdóttir Titian To Ngoc Van Tolstoj Verdi Vivaldi Vyasa Xiao Zhao Yeats Zola Other Geology Ghost craters Inter-crater plains Moons Mercury 's `` moon '' Astronomy Transits Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Asteroids Mercury - crossing asteroids Exploration Current and past Mariner 10 ( 1973 -- 1975 ) MESSENGER ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Planned BepiColombo ( 2018 ) Proposed Mercury - 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what is the point of the jury in australian survivor | About halfway through the game , the tribes are `` merged '' into a single tribe , and competitions are on an individual basis ; winning immunity prevents that player from being voted out . Most players that are voted out during this stage become members of the `` Tribal Council Jury '' . Once only two people remain , the `` Final Tribal Council '' is held where the remaining players plead their case to the members of the Jury as to why they should win the game . The jurors must then cast their vote for which finalist should be awarded the title of `` Sole Australian Survivor '' and the grand prize of A $ 500,000 ( or a A $100,000 charity prize in the celebrity season ) . | cast their vote for which finalist should be awarded the title of `` Sole Australian Survivor '' and the grand prize of A $ 500,000 | Australian Survivor | australian survivor | Australian Survivor ( also known as Australian Celebrity Survivor during season two ) is an Australian reality game show based on the popular international Survivor format . | Following the basic premise of other international versions of the format , the show features a group of contestants who are marooned in an isolated location , where they must provide food , water , fire , and shelter for themselves . The contestants compete in challenges for rewards and immunity from elimination . The contestants are progressively eliminated from the game as they are voted out by their fellow contestants until only one remains and is awarded the title of `` Sole Australian Survivor '' and the grand prize of A $ 500,000 . The series first aired in 2002 on the Nine Network , who hold the Australian broadcast rights to the American edition . In 2006 , a celebrity edition aired on the Seven Network . Both incarnations of the series only lasted one season due to low ratings . In November 2015 , the Network Ten , at its network upfronts , announced that it would be reviving the series in 2016 . The series commenced airing on August 21 , 2016 . Unlike its predecessors , the series was successful , enough so for Australian Survivor to be renewed by Network Ten for another season to air in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 History 3 Series overview 4 Broadcast information 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Format ( edit ) Further information : Survivor ( franchise ) § Format The show follows the same general format as the other editions of the show . The players are split into two or three `` tribes '' , are taken to a remote isolated location and are forced to live off the land with meagre supplies for a period of several weeks . Frequent physical and mental challenges are used to pit the teams against each other for rewards , such as food or luxuries , or for `` immunity '' , forcing the other tribe to attend `` Tribal Council '' , where they must vote one of their tribemates out of the game . About halfway through the game , the tribes are `` merged '' into a single tribe , and competitions are on an individual basis ; winning immunity prevents that player from being voted out . Most players that are voted out during this stage become members of the `` Tribal Council Jury '' . Once only two people remain , the `` Final Tribal Council '' is held where the remaining players plead their case to the members of the Jury as to why they should win the game . The jurors must then cast their vote for which finalist should be awarded the title of `` Sole Australian Survivor '' and the grand prize of A $ 500,000 ( or a A $100,000 charity prize in the celebrity season ) . Like other editions of the show , the Australian edition has introduced numerous modifications , or `` twists '' , on the core rules in order to keep the players on their toes and to prevent players from relying on strategies that succeeded in prior seasons or other editions of the show . These changes have included tribal switches , players being exiled from their tribe for a short period of time , hidden immunity idols that players can use to save themselves or another player at Tribal Council from being voted off , special voting powers which can be used to influence the result at Tribal Council and players being given a chance to return following their elimination . History ( edit ) The first Australian version of the Survivor format was filmed in 2001 , and aired in 2002 on the Nine Network . The program was a contractual obligation if the network were to be allowed to continue to broadcast American Survivor . The program was criticised by fans and critics for poor casting and lower production value to the popular American edition and it was not renewed due to low ratings . The Nine Network continued to broadcast the American edition of the program ever since . Since 2013 , recent seasons air on Nine 's secondary channel ; 9Go ! within hours of the original American airing . In 2006 , the Seven Network found a loophole in the contract between the Nine Network and Castaway Television , which allowed them to produce a celebrity version of the series , due to a celebrity format being viewed as different from the original format . The Seven Network did not renew the series . In November 2015 , Network Ten revealed at its upfronts event that it would air a new season featuring regular contestants to air in the last quarter of 2016 . This new season gives Australian Survivor the distinction of being one of the few Australian programs to have aired across all three major commercial television networks in Australia . Series overview ( edit ) List of Australian Survivor seasons Year Season Location Days Castaways Initial Tribes Winner Runner - up Final Vote Grand Prize 2002 Whaler 's Way , Eyre Peninsula , South Australia 39 16 Two tribes of eight Rob Dickson Sciona Browne 5 - 2 $500,000 and a Ford V6 Escape 2006 Celebrity Survivor Efate , Shefa , Vanuatu 25 12 Two tribes of six Guy Leech Justin Melvey 3 - 2 $100,000 ( for Charity ) 2016 Upolu , Samoa 55 24 Three tribes of eight Kristie Bennett Lee Carseldine 8 - 1 $500,000 2017 Two tribes of twelve Jericho Malabonga Tara Pitt 6 - 3 Broadcast information ( edit ) Season Network Episodes Timeslot Season Premiere Season Finale Nine Network 13 Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 13 February 2002 15 May 2002 Celebrity Survivor Seven Network 12 Thursday 8 : 30 pm 17 August 2006 2 November 2006 Network Ten 26 Sunday , Monday & Tuesday 7 : 30pm 21 August 2016 25 October 2016 26 30 July 2017 10 October 2017 Notes Jump up ^ In addition to the 13 regular episodes , two specials for the season were produced . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Refs . 2003 Logie Awards of 2003 Best Reality Program 2002 Season Nominated 2017 Logie Awards of 2017 Best Reality Program 2016 Season Nominated 7th AACTA Awards Best Reality Television Series 2017 Season Best Direction in a Television Light Entertainment , Lifestyle Or Reality Series Richard Franc ( Episode 1 - 2017 Season ) See also ( edit ) American Survivor British Survivor Survivor NZ Survivor South Africa I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! The Big Adventure Treasure Island References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Credits - Kalgoorie Cops '' . CI . Archived from the original on 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Survivor joins Seven 's new mid-year line - up '' ( PDF ) . Seven Network . 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ https://tenplay.com.au/channel-ten/australian-survivor/credits ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Could Survivor Australia 's torch be lit once more ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seanna Cronin , `` Channel 10 adds Survivor Australia to 2016 reality line - up '' `` . The Northern Star . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Renewed : Australian Survivor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Survival of the fittest - smh.com.au '' . www.smh.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Survivor : Caramoan : Fans v Favourites '' . 2013 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Returning : Survivor '' . 2015 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Celebs to survive on 7 '' . Herald Sun . 29 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 31 ... Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` TEN Upfronts 2016 : Survivor , Jessica Marais , Anh Do - and Nigella ! '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Television : 2003 Logie Awards '' . www.australiantelevision.net . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Logie Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . 2017 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.aacta.org/aacta-awards/winners-and-nominees/7th-aacta-awards/ External links ( edit ) Official website Australian Survivor on IMDb ( hide ) Australian Survivor Seasons Season 1 ( 2002 ) Australian Celebrity Survivor ( 2006 ) Season 3 ( 2016 ) Season 4 ( 2017 ) Winners Rob Dickson ( Season 1 ) Guy Leech ( Celebrity Survivor ) Related List of contestants Survivor franchise American Survivor Survivor U.S. version Seasons 2000 : Borneo 2001 : The Australian Outback Africa 2002 : Marquesas Thailand 2003 : The Amazon Pearl Islands 2004 : All - Stars Vanuatu 2005 : Palau Guatemala 2006 : Panama Cook Islands 2007 : Fiji China 2008 : Micronesia Gabon 2009 : Tocantins Samoa 2010 : Heroes vs. Villains Nicaragua 2011 : Redemption Island South Pacific 2012 : One World Philippines 2013 : Caramoan Blood vs. Water 2014 : Cagayan San Juan del Sur 2015 : Worlds Apart Cambodia 2016 : Kaôh Rōng Millennials vs. Gen X 2017 : Game Changers Heroes vs. Healers vs. Hustlers Winners Richard Hatch ( Borneo ) Tina Wesson ( The Australian Outback ) Ethan Zohn ( Africa ) Vecepia Towery ( Marquesas ) Brian Heidik ( Thailand ) Jenna Morasca ( The Amazon ) Sandra Diaz - Twine ( Pearl Islands and Heroes vs. Villains ) Amber Brkich ( All - Stars ) Chris Daugherty ( Vanuatu ) Tom Westman ( Palau ) Danni Boatwright ( Guatemala ) Aras Baskauskas ( Panama ) Yul Kwon ( Cook Islands ) Earl Cole ( Fiji ) Todd Herzog ( China ) Parvati Shallow ( Micronesia ) Bob Crowley ( Gabon ) J.T. Thomas ( Tocantins ) Natalie White ( Samoa ) Jud `` Fabio '' Birza ( Nicaragua ) Rob Mariano ( Redemption Island ) Sophie Clarke ( South Pacific ) Kim Spradlin ( One World ) Denise Stapley ( Philippines ) John Cochran ( Caramoan ) Tyson Apostol ( Blood vs. Water ) Tony Vlachos ( Cagayan ) Natalie Anderson ( San Juan del Sur ) Mike Holloway ( Worlds Apart ) Jeremy Collins ( Cambodia ) Michele Fitzgerald ( Kaôh Rōng ) Adam Klein ( Millennials vs. Gen X ) Sarah Lacina ( Game Changers ) Related articles Contestants Tribes Episodes Seasons 1 - 20 Seasons 21 - present Survivor Live Versions outside the U.S. Africa South Africa Pan-regional : Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Venezuela Asia -- Pacific Australia China India Japan New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Europe ( East ) Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Trosečník Robinsonův ostrov Georgia Greece Hungary Poland Wyprawa Robinson Wyspa Przetrwania Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Turkey Ukraine Pan-regional : ex-Yugoslavia Baltics Europe ( West ) Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Pan-regional : Austria - Germany Belgium - Netherlands Scandinavia : Denmark - Norway - Sweden Middle East Azerbaijan Israel Pan-regional : Arab World Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime All Star Family Feud ( since 2016 ) Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) The Biggest Loser ( since 2006 ) BodyHack with Todd Sampson ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) Common Sense ( since 2017 ) Cram ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Offspring ( 2010 -- 2014 , since 2016 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Current Australian reality television series Seven Network First Dates Hell 's Kitchen Australia House Rules Little Big Shots My Kitchen Rules Seven Year Switch Nine Network Australian Ninja Warrior Family Food Fight Married at First Sight The Block The Voice 9Go ! Meet the Hockers Network Ten Australian Survivor The Bachelor The Bachelorette MasterChef Australia I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Shark Tank Eleven Bondi Ink Tattoo Arena The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of Sydney Fox8 Australia 's Next Top Model The Recruit A&E Aussie Pickers Demolition Man Pawn Stars Australia Lifestyle Food The Great Australian Bake - Off All Australian reality series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Survivor&oldid=808100217 '' Categories : Nine Network shows Seven Network shows Network Ten shows Australian game shows 2002 Australian television series debuts 2002 Australian television series endings 2006 Australian television series debuts 2006 Australian television series endings 2000s Australian television series 2016 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian television series Television series revived after cancellation Australian Survivor Hidden categories : Use Australian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 21 : 50 . 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world record for longest time keeping a balloon in the air | Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilot Aircraft Comments Reference 477 : 47 : 00 March 1 -- 21 , 1999 Château - d'Œx , Switzerland ; circumnavigation Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones Breitling Orbiter 3 355 : 50 : 00 June 19 - July 3 , 2002 Northam , WA ( Australia ) circumnavigation Steve Fossett Cameron Balloons R - 550 ( N277SF ) Longest solo flight in any type of aircraft 268 : 20 : 00 July 12 -- 23 , 2016 Northam , WA Australia ; circumnavigation Fedor Konyukhov Cameron Balloons R - 550 Shortest time around the world 82 : 05 : 00 September 9 -- 12 , 1995 Wil , Switzerland to Lucincik , Ukraine ( 1.395 , 4 km ) Johann Fuerstner and Gerald Stuerzlinger D - OSTZ Graf Zeppelin 3rd place in Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Race | Flight endurance record | flight endurance record | The flight endurance record is the longest amount of time an aircraft of a particular category spent in flight without landing . It can be a solo event , or multiple people can take turns piloting the aircraft , as long as all pilots remain in the aircraft . The limit initially was the amount of fuel that could be stored for the flight , but aerial refueling extended that parameter . Due to safety concerns , the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) no longer recognizes new records for the duration of manned airplane or glider flights and has never recognized any duration records for helicopters . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Aeroplane 1.1 Non-refueled , manned 1.2 Refueled , manned 1.3 Airline , scheduled 1.4 Aeroplane , unmanned 2 Helicopter 2.1 Manned , non-refueled 2.2 Unmanned 3 Free balloon , manned 4 Airship 5 Glider 6 Spacecraft , manned 7 Aerospacecraft , orbital , manned 8 References Aeroplane ( edit ) Non-refueled , manned ( edit ) Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilots Aircraft Comments Reference 216 : 03 : 44 December 14 -- 23 , 1986 Edwards Air Force Base , circumnavigation Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager Rutan Voyager 117 : 51 : 00 June 28 to July 3 , 2015 Nagoya , Japan - Kalaeloa Airport , Hawaii , United States ( 8263 kilometres ) André Borschberg Solar Impulse 2 Solar plane , without any fuel ; also longest solo airplane flight of any type 84 : 32 : 00 May 25 -- 28 , 1931 Jacksonville , Florida Walter Edwin Lees and Frederic Brossy Bellanca J - 2 Last record recognized by FAI 75 : 23 : 07 February 26 to March 1 , 1931 La Sénia , Algeria Lucien Bossoutrot and Maurice Rossi Blériot 110 67 : 13 : 55 May 30 to June 2 , 1930 Montecelio , Italy Umberto Maddalena and Fausto Cecconi Savoia - Marchetti S. 64 65 : 25 : 00 July 5 -- 7 , 1928 Dessau , Germany Johann Risztics and Wilhelm Zimmermann Junkers W 33 Also surpassed the refueled record 52 : 22 : 31.8 August 3 -- 5 , 1927 Dessau , Germany Cornelius Edzard and Johann Risztics Junkers W 33 51 : 11 : 25 April 12 -- 14 , 1927 Long Island , New York Clarence Duncan Chamberlin and Bertrand Blanchard Acosta Wright - Bellanca WB - 2 `` Columbia '' 45 : 11 : 59 August 7 -- 9 , 1925 Chartres , France Maurice Drouhin and Jules Landry Farman F. 60 Goliath 37 : 59 : 10 July 16 -- 17 , 1924 Chartres , France Etienne Coupet and Maurice Drouhin Farman F - 60 Also surpassed the refueled record 36 : 04 : 34 April 16 -- 17 , 1923 Wilbur Wright Field , Dayton , Ohio Oakley George Kelly and John Arthur Macready Fokker T - 2 34 : 14 : 07 October 14 -- 15 , 1922 Le Bourget , France Lucien Bossoutrot and Robert Drouhin Farman F. 60 Goliath 26 : 19 : 35 December 29 -- 30 , 1921 Roosevelt Field , New York ; FAI record says Jacksonville , Florida Edward A. Stinson and Lloyd Bertaud Junkers - Larsen JL - 6 First record recognized by FAI 24 : 19 : 07 June 3 -- 4 , 1920 Ville Sauvage la Dordogne , France Lucien Bossoutrot and Jean Bernard Farman F. 60 Goliath 24 : 12 : 00 July 10 -- 11 , 1914 Johannisthal Air Field near Berlin , Germany Reinhold Böhm Albatros biplane 21 : 49 : 00 June 28 -- 29 , 1914 Johannisthal Air Field near Berlin , Germany Werner Landmann Albatros biplane 13 : 22 : 00 September 11 , 1912 Étampes airfield in France Alexandre Fourny ( Fourney ) Maurice Farman MF - 2 11 : 01 : 29 September 1 , 1911 Buc , France Alexandre Fourny ( Fourney ) Maurice Farman biplane 08 : 12 : 45 December 18 , 1910 Étampes airfield in France Henri Farman Maurice Farman biplane 06 : 01 : 00 October 28 , 1910 Buc , France Maurice Tabuteau Maurice Farman MF - 2 05 : 03 : 05 July 10 , 1910 Reims , France Jan Olieslagers Blériot monoplane 04 : 17 : 35 November 3 , 1909 Mourmelon - le - Grand , France Henri Farman H. Farman 02 : 18 : 33.6 December 31 , 1908 Camp d'Auvours near Le Mans , France Wilbur Wright Wright Model A 01 : 54 : 00.4 December 18 , 1908 Camp d'Auvours near Le Mans , France Wilbur Wright Wright Model A 01 : 31 : 25.8 September 21 , 1908 Camp d'Auvours near Le Mans , France Wilbur Wright Wright Model A 01 : 14 : 20 September 12 , 1908 Fort Myer , Virginia Orville Wright Wright Model A 01 : 10 : 24 September 11 , 1908 Fort Myer , Virginia Orville Wright Wright Model A 01 : 05 : 52 September 10 , 1908 Fort Myer , Virginia Orville Wright Wright Model A 01 : 02 : 15 September 9 , 1908 Fort Myer , Virginia Orville Wright Wright Model A 00 : 59 : 23.8 October 5 , 1905 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Wilbur Wright Wright Flyer III 00 : 33 : 17 October 4 , 1905 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Orville Wright Wright Flyer III 00 : 26 : 11.2 October 3 , 1905 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Orville Wright Wright Flyer III 00 : 19 : 56 September 29 , 1905 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Orville Wright Wright Flyer III 00 : 18 : 11.4 September 26 , 1905 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Wilbur Wright Wright Flyer III 00 : 05 : 41 September 12 , 1905 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Wilbur Wright Wright Flyer III 00 : 05 : 04 November 9 , 1904 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Wilbur Wright Wright Flyer II 00 : 01 : 38 October 14 , 1904 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Orville Wright Wright Flyer II 00 : 01 : 35.8 September 20 , 1904 Huffman Prairie , Ohio Wilbur Wright Wright Flyer II 00 : 00 : 59 December 17 , 1903 Kitty Hawk , North Carolina Wilbur Wright Wright Flyer 00 : 00 : 12 December 17 , 1903 Kitty Hawk , North Carolina Orville Wright Wright Flyer First flight Refueled , manned ( edit ) The Cessna 172 , used by Robert Timm and John Cook , hanging in McCarran Airport . The aircraft Curtiss Robin `` St. Louis '' during the record flight July 13 -- 30 , 1929 , St. Louis , Missouri . Duration ( dd : hh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilots Aircraft Comments Reference 64 : 22 : 19 : 05 December 4 , 1958 , to February 7 , 1959 McCarran Airport , Las Vegas , Nevada Robert Timm and John Cook Cessna 172 , Hacienda Refueled from moving truck on ground 46 : 20 : 00 : 00 August 24 to October 10 , 1949 Yuma , Arizona Bob Woodhouse and Woody Jongeward Aeronca Sedan , City of Yuma Attempted to persuade government officials to reopen Yuma Army Air Field 42 : 00 : 02 : 00 March 15 to April 26 , 1949 Fullerton , California Dick Riedel and Bill Barris Aeronca Sedan , Sunkist Lady 30 : 06 : 00 : 00 October 1 -- 30 , 1939 Long Beach , California Wes Carroll and Clyde Schlieper Piper Cub seaplane , Spirit of Kay 27 : 05 : 34 : 00 June 4 to July 1 , 1935 Meridian , Mississippi Brothers Al and Fred Key Curtiss Robin , Ole Miss Invented a spill - free mid-air refueling nozzle 23 : 01 : 41 : 30 June 11 and July 4 , 1930 Chicago , Illinois Brothers John and Kenneth Hunter Stinson SM - 1 Detroiter 17 : 12 : 17 : 00 July 13 -- 30 , 1929 St. Louis , Missouri Dale Jackson and Forest O'Brine Curtiss Robin 10 : 06 : 43 : 32 July 2 -- 12 , 1929 Culver City , California Loren W. Mendell and Roland B. Reinhart Buhl Airsedan , Angeleno 07 : 06 : 00 : 00 June 30 to July 6 , 1929 Cleveland , Ohio Roy Mitchell and Byron K. Newcomb Single engine monoplane named The City of Cleveland Not recognized as an official record by FAI because it did not exceed previous record by at least 1 % . 07 : 04 : 31 : 01 May 19 -- 26 , 1929 Ft . Worth , Texas Reginald Robbins and James Kelly Mahoney - Ryan Aircraft Ryan Monoplane B - 1 Brougham named Fort Worth 06 : 15 : 40 : 00 January 1 -- 7 , 1929 Van Nuys Airport , California Maj . Carl Spaatz , Capt . Ira Eaker , 1st Lt. Harry A. Halverson , 2nd Lt. Elwood Quesada , and Sgt . Roy W. Hooe Atlantic - Fokker C2A named Question Mark 02 : 12 : 07 : 00 June 1 -- 4 , 1928 Tirlemont , Belgium Louis Crooy and Sgt . Victor Groenen De Havilland DH - 9 01 : 13 : 15 : 14 August 27 -- 28 , 1923 Rockwell Field , California Capt . Lowell Smith and 1st Lt. John Paul Richter De Havilland DH - 4B First refueled flight to surpass the non-refueled record Airline , scheduled ( edit ) Not an FAI category . See Non-stop flight . Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilots Aircraft Comments Reference 32 : 09 : 00 1943 - 1945 Swan River , Nedlands , Western Australia to Lake Koggala , Sri Lanka several Qantas crews Qantas Consolidated PBY Catalina Called `` The Double Sunrise '' ( c. 3500 mi . ) 271 crossings 24 : 56 : 12 August 10 -- 11 , 1938 Berlin - Staaken to Floyd Bennett Field , New York Dipl. - Ing . Alfred Henke ( flight captain ) , captain Rudolf von Moreau ( second pilot ) , Paul Dierberg ( operator ) and Walter Kober ( radio operator ) Deutsche Luft Hansa Focke - Wulf Fw 200 ( c. 4000 mi . ) 23 : 19 : 00 October 1 -- 2 , 1957 London to San Francisco ? TWA Lockheed Constellation L - 1649A ( c. 5350 mi . ) Aeroplane , unmanned ( edit ) Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilot Aircraft Comments Reference 336 : 22 : 08 July 9 -- 23 , 2010 Yuma Proving Ground , Arizona Unmanned QinetiQ Zephyr 7 81 : 24 : 10 July 14 -- 17 , 2015 Rafz , Switzerland Unmanned AtlantikSolar AS - 2 30 : 24 : 01 March 20 -- 21 , 2001 Edwards Air Force Base , California Unmanned Northrop Grumman RQ - 4A Global Hawk Helicopter ( edit ) Manned , non-refueled ( edit ) `` FAI category - GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE WITHOUT LANDING Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilot Aircraft Comments Reference 15 : 08 : 00 April 6 , 1966 Culver City , California to Ormond Beach , Florida ( ( 2,213.04 mi ) ) Robert G. Ferry Hughes YOH - 6A As a nonstop non-refueled trip this flight also holds the record for the longest distance flown in a helicopter without landing . Unmanned ( edit ) Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilot Aircraft Comments Reference 18 : 41 : 28 May 15 , 2008 Yuma Proving Ground , Arizona Unmanned Boeing A160 Hummingbird Free balloon , manned ( edit ) Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilot Aircraft Comments Reference 477 : 47 : 00 March 1 -- 21 , 1999 Château - d'Œx , Switzerland ; circumnavigation Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones Breitling Orbiter 3 355 : 50 : 00 June 19 - July 3 , 2002 Northam , WA ( Australia ) circumnavigation Steve Fossett Cameron Balloons R - 550 ( N277SF ) Longest solo flight in any type of aircraft 268 : 20 : 00 July 12 -- 23 , 2016 Northam , WA Australia ; circumnavigation Fedor Konyukhov Cameron Balloons R - 550 Shortest time around the world 82 : 05 : 00 September 9 -- 12 , 1995 Wil , Switzerland to Lucincik , Ukraine ( 1.395 , 4 km ) Johann Fuerstner and Gerald Stuerzlinger D - OSTZ Graf Zeppelin 3rd place in Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Race Airship ( edit ) Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilot Aircraft Comments Reference 264 : 12 : 00 March 4 to March 15 , 1957 Naval Air Station South Weymouth , Mass. to Naval Air Station Key West , Fla . Cmdr . Jack . R. Hunt `` Snowbird '' ZPG - 2 via Europe , Africa 71 : 00 : 00 October 29 to November 1 , 1928 Lakehurst , NJ to Friedrichshafen , Germany Hugo Eckener LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin Glider ( edit ) Duration ( hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Pilot Aircraft Comments Reference 71 : 05 : 00 July 28 - 30 1961 Honolulu , Hawaii Geza Vass and Guy Davis 56 : 15 : 00 April 2 -- 4 , 1952 Romanin les Alpilles near Saint - Rémy - de-Provence , France Charles Atger Arsenal Air 100 Spacecraft , manned ( edit ) Duration that a specific person continuously occupies the spacecraft while in orbit Duration ( ddd : hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Astronaut Aircraft Comments Reference 437 : 17 : 58 : 17 January 8 , 1994 , to March 22 , 1995 Low Earth orbit ; Baikonur Cosmodrome to near Arkalyk , Kazakhstan Valeri Polyakov Russian space station Mir Aerospacecraft , orbital , manned ( edit ) Duration ( ddd : hhh : mm : ss ) Date Location Astronaut Aircraft Comments Reference 17 : 15 : 53 : 17 November 19 to December 7 , 1996 Low Earth orbit , Kennedy Space Center Kenneth D. Cockrell , Kent V. Rominger , Tamara E. Jernigan , Thomas D. Jones , and F. Story Musgrave Space Shuttle Columbia , STS - 80 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Emma Howard , `` Solar Impulse lands in Hawaii after longest non-stop solo flight in history `` , The Guardian , Friday 3 July 2015 ( page visited on 5 July 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Solar Impulse Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9453 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9513 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9515 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9517 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9454 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9451 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9294 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9452 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9317 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9464 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ New York Times , December 31 , 1921 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9455 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ U.S. Air Services , August 1920 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Skytamer , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ New York Times , July 13 , 1914 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Canada Aviation and Space Museum , p. 54 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ History of Aeronautics , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ New International Year Book for 1912 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Jackmon , W.J. , Flying Machines : Construction and Operation , 1912 , p. 244 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jeunes Ailes , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Aircraft , February 1911 , p. 430 ^ Jump up to : The Independent , February 16 , 1911 , p. 347 Jump up ^ Journal of the United States Artillery , July -- August 1910 , p. 106 Jump up ^ New York Times , January 1 , 1910 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Centennial of Flight Commission , 1908 Flight Log for Camp d'Auvours , Le Mans , France ^ Jump up to : Centennial of Flight Commission , 1908 Flight Log for Ft . Myer , Va . ^ Jump up to : Centennial of Flight Commission , 1905 Flight Log for Huffman Prairie , Simms Station , Dayton , Ohio ^ Jump up to : Centennial of Flight Commission , 1904 Flight Log for Huffman Prairie , Simms Station , Dayton , Ohio ^ Jump up to : Centennial of Flight Commission , 1903 Flight Log for Kitty Hawk , N.C. Jump up ^ AOPA Pilot , March 2008 Jump up ^ City of Yuma Archived 2006 - 09 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , 50th anniversary website with historical documents and pictures Jump up ^ City of Fullerton Airport , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune , October 30 , 1939 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , September 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , November 6 , 1972 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9559 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9570 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Time , July 22 , 1929 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9571 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Dailey , Franklin . The Triumph of Instrument Flight Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9572 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9573 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 9574 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 14808 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Qantas Airways accessed July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bavarian Crono accessed July 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 16052 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Solar - powered drone breaks record with 81 - hour continuous flight ( Wired UK ) '' . Wired UK . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 7353 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Robert G. Ferry dies at 85 ; helicopter test pilot flew record nonstop solo flight `` , Los Angeles Times , February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 15059 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 5961 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 7408 , accessed July 15 , 2015 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Record 17899 , accessed November 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ http://www.fai.org/component/phocadownload/category/?download=4525:1995-gordon-bennett-results Jump up ^ Grossnick , Ross . `` Kite Balloons to Airships : The Navy 's Lighter than Air Experience , '' 2004 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 2427 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` HAWAII : NEW WORLD RECORD FOR TWO - PLACE GLIDER SET . '' . www.itnsource.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Soaring , May -- June 1955 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 2512 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , Record 3915 , accessed August 21 , 2010 Extremes of motion Speed Wave ( Light Sound ) Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft or propeller - based transcontinental FAI records Water - borne vehicle or sailing underwater transatlantic Land vehicle ( rocket - based wheel - driven railed motorcycle or production motorcycle ( by speed / by acceleration ) production car ( by speed / by acceleration ) British ) Distance Space ( furthest spacecraft furthest landing on another world furthest travels on another world furthest humans closest spacecraft to the Sun ) Aircraft ( furthest flight highest altitude FAI records ) Deepest Earth ocean dive Endurance Space ( most enduring spaceflight most endurance on another world most time as a person in space most enduring population of a spacecraft ) Aircraft See also Spaceflight records Aviation lists General Aircraft manufacturers Aircraft engines manufacturers Airlines Defunct airlines Helicopter airlines Airports Aerobatic teams Civil authorities Gliders Museums Navigation and Transport Acts Registration prefixes Jet airliners Rotorcraft manufacturers Timeline Military Air forces Experimental Missiles Unmanned Weapons Accidents / incidents Commercial airliners by location Fatalities by death toll General aviation Military By registration Records Airspeed Altitude Distance Endurance Firsts Large Most - produced aircraft Most - produced rotorcraft Aviation portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_endurance_record&oldid=803400405 '' Categories : Aviation records Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete lists from September 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 09 : 10 . 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when did the angels became the los angeles angels | The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball franchise based in Anaheim , California . The Angels compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966 . The current Major League franchise was established as an expansion team in 1961 by Gene Autry , the team 's first owner . The `` Angels '' name was taken by Autry in tribute to the original Los Angeles Angels , a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957 . He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley , the then - Los Angeles Dodgers owner , who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley , the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time , as part of the Dodgers ' move to Southern California . | 1961 | Los Angeles Angels | los angeles angels | The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball franchise based in Anaheim , California . The Angels compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966 . The current Major League franchise was established as an expansion team in 1961 by Gene Autry , the team 's first owner . The `` Angels '' name was taken by Autry in tribute to the original Los Angeles Angels , a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957 . He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley , the then - Los Angeles Dodgers owner , who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley , the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time , as part of the Dodgers ' move to Southern California . | In 2009 , the Angels won the AL West division championship for the third straight season . 2013 was the fourth straight year in which the team did not qualify for the postseason , but marked the 11th straight year in which the Angels franchise drew more than 3 million fans in attendance , and made 30 seasons of at least 2 million fans in attendance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Team traditions 2.1 The Rally Monkey 3 Rivalries 3.1 Texas Rangers 3.2 New York Yankees 3.3 Los Angeles Dodgers 4 Game attendance 5 Logos and colors 6 Radio and television 7 Film & TV 8 Season records 9 Awards and honors 9.1 Retired numbers 9.1. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 9.2 Angels Hall of Fame 9.3 Team captains 9.4 Baseball Hall of Fame 9.4. 1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 10 Current roster 11 Minor league affiliations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Los Angeles Angels 1963 -- 1964 . An early logo used by the Los Angeles Angels . The `` Los Angeles Angels '' name originates from the first Los Angeles - based sports team , the Los Angeles Angels , who took the name `` Angels '' from the English translation of `` Los Angeles '' , which means `` The Angels '' in Spanish . The team name started in 1892 ; in 1903 , the team name continued in L.A. through the PCL , which is now a minor league affiliate of MiLB . The Angels franchise of today was established in MLB in 1961 after former owner Gene Autry bought the rights to continue the franchise name from Walter O'Malley , the former Los Angeles Dodgers owner who had acquired the franchise from Phil Wrigley , the owner of the Chicago Cubs at the time . As stated in the book Under the Halo : The Official History of Angels Baseball , `` Autry agreed to buy the franchise name for $350,000 , and continue the history of the previously popular Pacific Coast League team as his own expansion team in the MLB . '' After the Angels joined the Major Leagues , some players from the Angels ' PCL team joined the Major League Angels in 1961 . As an expansion franchise , the club continued in Los Angeles as the `` Los Angeles Angels '' , and played their home games at Los Angeles ' Wrigley Field ( not to be confused with Chicago 's stadium of the same name ) , which had formerly been the home of the PCL Los Angeles Angels . The Angels were one of two expansion teams established as a result of the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion , along with the second incarnation of the Washington Senators ( now Texas Rangers ) . The team then moved in 1962 to newly built Dodger Stadium , which the Angels referred to as Chavez Ravine , where they were tenants of the Los Angeles Dodgers through 1965 . The team 's founder , entertainer Gene Autry , owned the franchise for its first 36 years . During Autry 's ownership , the team made the playoffs three times , but never won the pennant . The team has gone through several name changes in their history , first changing their name to the California Angels on September 2 , 1965 , with a month still left in the season , in recognition of their upcoming move to the newly constructed Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim at the start of the 1966 season . When The Walt Disney Company took control of the team in 1997 , it extensively renovated Anaheim Stadium , which was then renamed Edison International Field of Anaheim . The City of Anaheim contributed $30 million to the $118 million renovation with a renegotiated lease providing that the names of both the stadium and team contain the word `` Anaheim '' . The team was renamed the Anaheim Angels and became a subsidiary of Disney Sports , Inc. ( later renamed Anaheim Sports , Inc . ) . Under Disney 's ownership and the leadership of manager Mike Scioscia , the Angels won their first pennant and World Series championship in 2002 . In 2005 , new owner Arturo Moreno added `` Los Angeles '' to the team 's name . In compliance with the terms of its lease with the city of Anaheim , which required `` Anaheim '' be a part of the team 's name , the team was renamed the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . Fans , residents and the municipal governments of both Anaheim and Los Angeles all objected to the change , with the City of Anaheim pursuing litigation ; nevertheless , the change was eventually upheld in court and the city dropped its lawsuit in 2009 . The team usually refers to itself as the Angels or Angels Baseball in its home media market , and the words `` Los Angeles '' and `` LAA '' do not appear in the stadium , on the Angels ' uniforms , or on official team merchandise . Local media in Southern California tend to omit a geographic identifier and refer to the team as the Angels or as the Halos . The Associated Press , the most prominent news service in the U.S. , refers to the team as the Los Angeles Angels , the Angels , or Los Angeles . The team refers to itself as the `` Los Angeles Angels '' on its social media accounts , including Twitter , Facebook , and Instagram . In 2013 , the team was to officially drop `` of Anaheim '' from its name , as part of a new Angel Stadium lease negotiated with the Anaheim city government . The deal was never finalized , though as of 2017 , most official sources omit the `` of Anaheim '' suffix and the official MLB Style Guide has referred to the team as simply the Los Angeles Angels since the 2016 season . Team traditions ( edit ) The mantra `` Win One for the Cowboy '' is a staple that is deeply rooted in Angels history for fans . The saying refers to the Angels ' founder and previous owner , Gene Autry , who never saw his Angels win a World Series in his 38 years as owner . Years went by as the team experienced many losses just strikes away from American League pennants . By the Angels ' first World Series Championship in 2002 , Gene Autry had died , but after winning the World Series , Angels player Tim Salmon ran into the home dugout and brought out one of Autry 's signature white Stetson hats in honor of the `` singing cowboy '' . Autry 's # 26 was retired as the 26th man on the field for the Angels . Angel Stadium of Anaheim is nicknamed `` The Big A . '' It has a section in center field nicknamed the `` California Spectacular '' , a formation of artificial rocks made to look like a desert mountain in California . The California Spectacular has a running waterfall , and also shoot fireworks from the rocks before every game ; anytime the Angels hit a home run or win a game the fireworks shoot from the rocks as well . Each game begins with the song `` Calling All Angels '' by Train being played accompanied by a video that shows historical moments in team history , with Norman Greenbaum 's `` Spirit in the Sky '' being played during the team 's starting lineup announcement . Anytime the Angels win a game , the saying `` Light Up the Halo ! '' , or `` Light That Baby Up ! '' is used in reference to the giant landmark which is a big 230 foot tall A with a halo surrounding the top which lights up every time the Angels win a game . Fans also use the saying , `` Just another Halo victory '' , as the late Angels broadcaster Rory Markas , who would say the catch phrase after each win . The Angels organization was the first North American team to employ the use of thundersticks . The Rally Monkey ( edit ) The Rally Monkey is a mascot for the Angels which appears if the Angels are losing a game or if the game is tied from the 7th inning on , but sometimes earlier depending on the situation . The Rally Monkey appears on the scoreboard in various movies or pop culture references that have been edited to include him . The Rally Monkey was born in 2000 when the scoreboard showed a clip from Ace Ventura : Pet Detective , after which the Angels rallied to win the game . The clip proved to be so popular that the team hired Katie , a white - haired capuchin monkey , to star in original clips for later games . When seen , she jumps up and down to the House of Pain song `` Jump Around '' and holds a sign that says `` RALLY TIME ! '' The Rally Monkey came to national and worldwide attention during the Angels ' appearance in the 2002 World Series against the San Francisco Giants . In the 6th game , the Angels were playing at home , but were trailing the series 3 - 2 and facing elimination . They were down 5 - 0 as the game entered the bottom of the 7th inning . Amid fervid rally - monkey themed fan support , the Angels proceeded to score six unanswered runs over the next two innings , winning the game and turning the momentum of the series for good ( they went on to clinch the championship in game 7 ) . From 2007 to 2009 , the Angels reached the post-season each year , sparking a renewal of the Rally Monkey 's popularity . Rivalries ( edit ) The Angels have developed many rivalries in and also outside of their division . They include the New York Yankees , Boston Red Sox , Texas Rangers , Oakland Athletics , and the neighboring Los Angeles Dodgers . Texas Rangers ( edit ) The Rangers and Angels rivalry has been said to develop over a domination in the division between the two teams , and also in recent years more animosity between the two teams due to the amount of former players from each team playing for the division rival . Players such as Mike Napoli , Darren Oliver , Vladimir Guerrero , C.J. Wilson , and Josh Hamilton have all been acquisitions the two division rivals have made from one another . In 2012 , Wilson played a joke on Napoli , his former teammate , by tweeting his phone number , causing Napoli to exchange words with Wilson . The feuds go back to two incidents between Angels second baseman Adam Kennedy and Rangers catcher Gerald Laird which led to punches being thrown . The two teams have each had a perfect game against each other , including Mike Witt in 1984 at Arlington Stadium and Kenny Rogers in 1994 at The Ballpark in Arlington . New York Yankees ( edit ) The Angels and Yankees rivalry can be seen as stemming from heated play between the two teams through the years , including several times in the playoffs . For the past 20 years the Angels are also the only team in the majors to have a winning record against the Yankees , especially in 1998 when there was concern from New York sportswriters that the Angels could upset the Yankees in the Division Series . The Angels missed the playoffs , and the Yankees went on to win later that year . The Angels would knock off the Yankees four years later in the 2002 ALDS . Coincidental enough , the former PCL Angels were nicknamed `` Yankees West '' due to the success the team had , and even held multiple scrimmage games between the two in the old Wrigley Field in Los Angeles during spring training throughout the 30s , 40s , and 50s . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : Freeway Series The rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers has been referred to as the Freeway Series because of the freeway system ( mostly via I - 5 ) linking the two teams ' home fields . The Freeway Series rivalry developed mostly over the two teams sharing similar regions and fans having been split in Los Angeles , similar to the Chicago Cubs vs. Chicago White Sox rivalry , the San Francisco Giants vs. Oakland A 's rivalry , or the New York Mets vs. New York Yankees rivalry . Game attendance ( edit ) The Angels have drawn more than 3 million fans to the stadium for twelve years straight , and at least 2 million for 17 seasons , and a game average in 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , & 2013 of 40,000 fans at each game despite not making the playoffs all four years . This is 2nd in all of MLB , only trailing the New York Yankees . In 2014 , the Angels were fifth in the MLB in attendance , with a total of 3,095,935 people . As of 2015 , the Angels fans have set 6 Guinness World Records for the largest gatherings of people wearing blankets , wrestling masks , cowboy hats , wigs , Santa hats , superhero capes , and sombreros . They 've also set the world record for largest gathering of people with selfie sticks . In 2009 , the Angels were voted the number one franchise in professional sports in Fan Value by ESPN magazine . In 2011 , ESPN & Fan polls by ESPN ranked the Angels # 4 in the best sports franchises , ahead of every Major League team in baseball at # 1 and also making it the # 1 sports franchise in Los Angeles . The rankings were determined through a combination of sports analysts and fan votes ranking all sports franchises by a combination of average fan attendance , fan relations , `` Bang for your Buck '' or winning percentage over the past 3 years , ownership , affordability , stadium experience , players effort on the field and likability , coaching , and `` Title Track '' . Logos and colors ( edit ) 2002 -- 2004 . The second logo under the `` Anaheim '' name and Disney ownership . The Los Angeles Angels have used ten different logos and three different color combinations throughout their history . Their first two logos depict a baseball with wings and a halo over a baseball diamond with the letters `` L '' and `` A '' over it in different styles . The original team colors were the predominantly blue with a red trim . This color scheme would be in effect for most of the franchise 's history lasting from 1961 to 1996 . On September 2 , 1965 , with the team still a tenant of the Dodgers at Chavez Ravine , Autry changed its name from the `` Los Angeles Angels '' to the `` California Angels . '' With the club 's 1966 move to Anaheim , the logo changed as well . During the 31 years of being known as the `` California Angels '' , the team kept the previous color scheme , however , their logo did change six times during this period . The first logo under this name was very similar to the previous `` LA '' logo , the only difference was instead of an interlocking `` LA '' , there was an interlocking `` CA . '' Directly after this from 1971 to 1985 , the Angels adopted a logo that had the word `` Angels '' written on an outline of the State of California . Between the years 1971 -- 1972 the `` A '' was lower - case while from 1973 to 1985 it was upper - case . It was in 1965 , while the stadium was being finished , that Bud Furillo ( of the Herald Examiner ) coined its nickname , `` the Big A '' after the tall letter A that once stood beyond left - center field and served as the arena 's primary scoreboard ( it was later relocated to a section of the parking lot , south - east of the stadium ) . Angel Stadium of Anaheim In 1986 , the Angels adopted the `` big A '' on top of a baseball as their new logo , with the shadow of California in the background . After the `` big A '' was done in 1992 , the Angels returned to their roots and re-adopted the interlocking `` CA '' logo with some differences . The Angels used this logo from 1993 to 1996 , during that time , the `` CA '' was either on top of a blue circle or with nothing else . After the renovations of then - Anaheim Stadium and the takeover by the Walt Disney Company , the Angels changed their name to the `` Anaheim Angels '' along with changing the logo and color scheme . The first logo under Disney removed the halo and had a rather cartoon - like `` ANGELS '' script with a wing on the `` A '' over a periwinkle plate and crossed bats . With this change , the Angels ' color scheme changed to dark blue and periwinkle . After a run with the `` winged '' logo from 1997 to 2001 , Disney changed the Angels ' logo back to a `` Big A '' with a silver logo over a dark blue baseball diamond . With this logo change , the colors changed to the team 's current color scheme : predominantly red with some dark blue and white . When the team 's name changed from the `` Anaheim Angels '' to the `` Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim '' , the logo changed only slightly , the name `` ANAHEIM ANGELS '' and the blue baseball diamond were removed leaving only the `` Big A . '' For the 2011 season , as part of the 50th anniversary of the Angels franchise , the halo on the ' Big A ' logo temporarily changed colors from silver to old gold , paying tribute to the Angels logos of the past ( and also the 50th Anniversary tradition of gold ) . The uniforms also reflected the change to the gold halo for this season . During the 50th Anniversary season the players wore throwback jerseys at each Friday home game reflecting all the different logos and uniforms previously worn by players . Also , Angels alumni from past seasons threw the ceremonious first pitch at every home game during the 50th Anniversary season . A new patch was added on the uniforms before the 2012 season , featuring a red circle encircling the words `` Angels Baseball '' and the club logo inside and flanking the year 1961 in the middle , which was the year the Angels franchise was established . With this new patch , the Angels ' A with the halo now appears on three different locations of the jersey - the right shoulder , the wordmark , and the left shoulder . Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Los Angeles Angels broadcasters As of 2009 , the Angels ' flagship radio station is KLAA 830AM , which is owned by the Angels themselves and ESPN . It replaces KSPN ( 710 ESPN ) , on which frequency had aired most Angels games since the team 's inception in 1961 . That station , then KMPC , aired games from 1961 to 1996 . In 1997 & 1998 , the flagship station became KIEV ( 1110AM ) . In 1999 , it was replaced by KLAC for four seasons , including the 2002 World Series season . The Angels 2010 broadcast line - up was thrown into doubt with the death of Rory Markas in January 2010 . The Angels had announced in November 2009 that Markas and Mark Gubicza would broadcast Angels ' televised games , with Terry Smith and José Mota handling the radio side . At the same time , the Angels announced that Steve Physioc and Rex Hudler would not return to the broadcasting team . On March 3 , 2010 it was announced that Victor Rojas will replace Markas . In 2008 , KLAA broadcast spring training games on tape delay from the beginning on February 28 to March 9 because of advertiser commitments to some daytime talk shows . Those games were available live only online . Live preseason broadcasts were to begin on March 10 . In 2009 , KFWB 980AM started broadcasting 110 weekday games , including postseason games , to better reach listeners in Los Angeles County and other areas to the north . All 162 games plus post season games still air on KLAA . In 2010 , KSPN 710AM broadcast at least 60 weekday games . This was a partial return to their old station from 2007 . Angels radio broadcasts are also in Spanish on KWKW 1330AM and KWKU 1220AM . Fox Sports West holds the exclusive rights to the regional telecasts of approximately 150 Angels home and away games . Fox owned and operated MyNetworkTV affiliate KCOP - TV broadcast select games from 2006 to 2011 , but opted to move those games to Fox Sports West in 2012 . As all MLB teams , select national Angels telecasts can be found on Fox , ESPN , TBS or MLB Network . During Disney 's ownership of the franchise , the company planned to start an ESPN West regional sports network in 1999 , which would also carry Anaheim Mighty Ducks ice hockey games , but the plan was abandoned . During the 2009 season , Physioc and Hudler called about 100 games , while Markas and Gubicza had the remaining game telecasts ( about 50 , depending on ESPN and Fox exclusive national schedules ) . The split arrangement dated back to the 2007 season , when Mota and Gubicza were the second team . Markas debuted on TV in a three - game series at the Toronto Blue Jays in August 2007 . Mota , who is bilingual and the son of former Dodger Manny Mota , has also called Angels games in Spanish , and at one time did analysis from the dugout rather than the usual booth position . All locally broadcast games are produced by FSN regardless of the outlet actually showing the games . Dick Enberg , who broadcast Angels baseball in the 1970s , is the broadcaster most identified with the Angels , using such phrases as `` Oh , my ! '' , `` Touch ' em all ! '' after Angel home runs , and `` The halo shines tonight ! '' Other former Angels broadcasters over the past three decades include Buddy Blattner , Don Wells , Dave Niehaus , Don Drysdale , Bob Starr , Joe Torre , Paul Olden , Al Wisk , Al Conin , Mario Impemba , Sparky Anderson , Jerry Reuss , Ken Wilson , Ken Brett , and Ron Fairly . Jerry Coleman also spent time with the Angels organization in the early 1970s as a pre-game and post-game host before joining the San Diego Padres broadcast team . From 1994 until the end of the 2012 season , the public address announcer for most Angels home games was David Courtney , who also served as the public address announcer for the Los Angeles Kings and Los Angeles Clippers and a traffic reporter for Angels flagship KLAA 830 AM until his death on November 29 , 2012 , . Starting in the 2013 season , Michael Araujo , the PA Announcer for the LA Galaxy since 2002 , was selected as the new public address announcer for the Angels . Anaheim Ducks announcer Phil Hulett serves as the secondary public address announcer . Film & TV ( edit ) Walt Disney Pictures remade the 1951 film Angels in the Outfield in 1994 with the California Angels as the team that receives heavenly assistance . The team is also featured in the 1988 comedy film The Naked Gun . The 1990 comedy Taking Care of Business features a world series matchup between the Chicago Cubs and the California Angels . The 1991 movie Talent for the Game features Edward James Olmos as a baseball scout for the California Angels . During Disney 's ownership of the Angels , the team was also featured in Air Bud : Seventh Inning Fetch , Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo , and TV movie Angels in the Infield . Most recently , the Angels and Angel Stadium were featured in season 8 of The Big Bang Theory in an episode titled `` The First Pitch Insufficiency '' . Season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Los Angeles Angels seasons Awards and honors ( edit ) See also : Los Angeles Angels award winners and league leaders Retired numbers ( edit ) Jim Fregosi SS , Manager Retired August 1 , 1998 Gene Autry Team Founder Retired October 3 , 1982 Rod Carew 1B , Coach Retired August 12 , 1986 Nolan Ryan Retired June 16 , 1992 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Jimmie Reese Coach Retired August 2 , 1995 No. 26 was retired for Gene Autry to indicate he was the team 's `` 26th Man '' ( 25 is the player limit for any MLB team 's active roster , except in September ) No. 42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball in 1997 to honor Jackie Robinson . Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) No. 15 has been out of circulation since Tim Salmon 's retirement at the end of the 2006 season No. 34 has been out of circulation since Nick Adenhart 's untimely death in 2009 . Angels Hall of Fame ( edit ) The Angels have a team Hall of Fame , with the following members : Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as an Angel Angels Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 1988 Bobby Grich 2B 1977 -- 1986 1989 11 Jim Fregosi SS Manager 1961 -- 1971 1978 -- 1981 1990 12 , 25 Don Baylor DH / LF 1977 -- 1982 1991 29 Rod Carew 1B Coach 1979 -- 1985 1992 -- 1999 1992 30 Nolan Ryan 1972 -- 1979 1995 50 Jimmie Reese Coach 1972 -- 1994 2009 5 , 9 Brian Downing DH / LF / C 1978 -- 1990 31 Chuck Finley 1986 -- 1999 2011 26 Gene Autry Owner / Founder 1961 -- 1998 2012 2002 World Series Team 2013 29 Bobby Knoop 2B 1964 -- 1969 2015 31 Dean Chance 1961 -- 1966 15 Tim Salmon RF 1992 -- 2006 39 Mike Witt 1981 -- 1990 2016 16 Garret Anderson LF 1994 -- 2008 2017 27 Vladimir Guerrero RF / DH 2004 -- 2009 Team captains ( edit ) Jerry Remy 1977 Don Baylor 1978 -- 1982 Baseball Hall of Fame ( edit ) As of the 2015 Hall of Fame election , no inducted members have elected to be depicted wearing an Angels cap on their plaque . However , several Hall of Famers have spent part of their careers with the Angels , and the Hall lists the Angels as the `` primary team '' of one inductee , Nolan Ryan . Los Angeles Angels Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum California Angels Bert Blyleven Rod Carew Whitey Herzog Reggie Jackson Frank Robinson Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Hoyt Wilhelm Dick Williams Dave Winfield Anaheim Angels Rickey Henderson Eddie Murray Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Angels cap insignia . Ford C. frick award recipients ( edit ) Los Angeles Angels Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Jerry Coleman Dave Niehaus Dick Enberg Joe Garagiola Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Angels . Current roster ( edit ) Los Angeles Angels 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 48 José Álvarez 32 Cam Bedrosian 62 Parker Bridwell -- Dayán Díaz 28 Andrew Heaney 23 Alex Meyer 39 Keynan Middleton 60 Eduardo Paredes 53 Blake Parker -- Felix Pena 66 J.C. Ramírez 65 Noe Ramirez 43 Garrett Richards 38 Troy Scribner 52 Matt Shoemaker 45 Tyler Skaggs 73 Nate Smith 35 Nick Tropeano 46 Blake Wood Catchers 13 Juan Graterol 12 Martín Maldonado 58 Carlos Perez Infielders 22 Kaleb Cowart 24 C.J. Cron 49 Nolan Fontana 19 Jefry Marté 2 Andrelton Simmons 18 Luis Valbuena Outfielders 56 Kole Calhoun 27 Mike Trout 9 Justin Upton Designated hitters 5 Albert Pujols Manager 14 Mike Scioscia Coaches 63 Scott Radinsky ( bullpen ) 92 Anel De Los Santos ( bullpen catcher ) 21 Dino Ebel ( bench ) 70 Tom Gregorio ( bullpen catcher ) 3 Alfredo Griffin ( first base ) -- Eric Hinske ( hitting ) 41 Charles Nagy ( pitching ) 61 Steve Soliz ( catching / player information ) 55 Paul Sorrento ( assistant hitting ) -- Vacant ( third base ) 32 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated November 6 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Los Angeles Angels minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Salt Lake Bees Pacific Coast League Salt Lake City , Utah AA Mobile BayBears Southern League Mobile , Alabama Advanced A Inland Empire 66ers California League San Bernardino , California Burlington Bees Midwest League Burlington , Iowa Rookie Orem Owlz Pioneer League Orem , Utah AZL Angels Arizona League Tempe , Arizona DSL Angels Dominican Summer League San Pedro de Macorís , Dominican Republic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Angels are simply plugging along '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Pete ( 2012 ) . Under the Halo : The Official History of Angels Baseball . San Rafael , California : INSIGHT EDITIONS . pp. 35 , 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60887 - 019 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Sporting News , The Complete Baseball Record Book ( St. Louis : The Sporting News , 1994 ) , 223 . Also see the American League standings printed in the New York Times on September 4 , 1965 . Jump up ^ Kasindorf , Martin ( 2006 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Angels ' name prompts devil of a lawsuit '' . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Twitter of the Los Angeles Angels '' . Twitter . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The official Instagram account of the Los Angeles Angels '' . Instagram . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels '' . Facebook . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Report : After vote , Halos may drop ' of Anaheim ' '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benne , Jon ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Angels dropping Anaheim from name '' . SB Nation . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoch , Josh ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Angels Will Finally Be Allowed to Drop Anaheim from Their Team Name '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) . `` ' Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ' could be no more '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Of Anaheim No More , Los Angeles Angels Officially Changed Name '' . sportslogos.net . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Marroquin , Art ; Tully , Sarah ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim : 10 years later , how big of a deal was the name change ? '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . In 2013 , the City Council initially approved a memorandum of understanding that would allow the team to strip the `` of Anaheim '' from its name , as well as other financial arrangements . Follow - up negotiations , however , have n't happened -- and the Angels have threatened to leave Anaheim . Jump up ^ Shaikin , Bill ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Move into a new stadium ? Renovate the old one ? Angels could just play out their lease in Anaheim '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Moura , Pedro ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Angels to stay in Anaheim through at least 2029 '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angel Stadium , Los Angeles Angels ballpark '' . Ballparks of Baseball . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lyle . `` Halos - Yanks rivalry gaining steam as years pass angels.com '' . Losangeles.angels.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels , Texas Rangers now among baseball 's superpowers '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ C.J. Wilson , Mike Napoli Twitter Feud : Angels Pitcher Tweets Phone Number Of Rangers Catcher . Huffingtonpost.com ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rangers - Angels rivalry : How did we get here ? Texas Rangers Blog Archived May 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rangersblog.dallasnews.com ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ ANA Head - to - Head Records from 1992 to 2012 . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wrigley Field , Los Angeles Archived March 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Hollywood . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Epting , Chris . Los Angeles 's Historic Ballparks . Images of America , Arcadia Publishing . Book . Page 21 . 12 APR 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Angels / Dodgers : What I Learned About The Freeway Series '' . Bleacherreport.com. 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Attendance , Stadiums , and Park Factors '' . Baseball-Reference.com. 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 MLB Attendance -- Major League Baseball -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ CARLISLE , MARK . `` VIDEO : Selfie - stick world record set at Angel Stadium '' . Jump up ^ `` Angels Executives '' . Outfield.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AM830 Los Angeles LIVE -- ESPN '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Times -- Sports news '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com. 2009 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . According to a statement from Fox Sports and sent , it says , on behalf of Fox Sports West and the Angels , Rex Hudler and Steve Physioc will no longer cover Angels games for the local sports network . Jump up ^ Pucin , Diane ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Victor Rojas named as new Angels play - by - play broadcaster '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` CBS Radio 's KFWB News 980 enhances local programming lineup with addition of Los Angeles Angels broadcasts angels.com : Official Info '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Angels Return to 710 ESPN Radio '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Angels and FOX Sports West announce 2012 schedule '' . Lsangeles.angels.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Plans Dropped For ' ESPN West ' -- CBS , 14 July 1998 Jump up ^ `` Angels PA announcer David Courtney dies at the 56 '' . Angles.ocregister.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New Angels announcer living a dream '' . M.ocregister.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Angels Hall of Famers '' . Angels Baseball official website . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060813094324/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/lists/players.htm . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2006 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Since 2015 , inductee biographies for players , managers , and many executives at the Hall of Fame 's website include a `` primary team '' . This listing does not necessarily match an inductee 's cap logo . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Explorer : Primary team , Louisiana / California Angels '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jane . `` A 's bring Class A Beloit into farm system '' . mlb.com . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Bisheff , Steve . Tales from the Angels Dugout : The Championship Season and Other Great Angels Stories . Sports Publishing L.L.C. , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 685 - X . 2005 Angels Information Guide . External links ( edit ) Los Angeles portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles Angels . Los Angeles Angels official website Los Angeles Angels Baseball-Reference.com Los Angeles Angels Formerly the California Angels , the Anaheim Angels , and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Based in Anaheim , California ( Greater Los Angeles ) Franchise History Expansion draft Seasons Records No - hitters Broadcasters Awards and league leaders Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Wrigley Field Chávez Ravine ( Dodger Stadium ) Angel Stadium Spring training Angels Stadium Tempe Diablo Stadium Culture and lore Big A Sign Continental League Mike Witt 's perfect game 1995 AL West tie - breaker game Rally Monkey Thundersticks The Naked Gun : From the Files of Police Squad ! Talent for the Game Angels in the Outfield Los Angels en Acción `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' City of Anaheim v. 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Orem Owlz Rookie AZL Angels DSL Angels Key personnel Owner : Arte Moreno General Manager : Billy Eppler Manager : Mike Scioscia World Series championships ( 1 ) 2002 American League pennants ( 1 ) 2002 Division titles West 1979 1982 1986 2005 2007 2008 2009 2014 Wild Card berths 2002 Broadcasting Broadcasters KLAA - AM 830 Angels Radio Network Fox Sports West Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Preceded by Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 World Series Champions Anaheim Angels 2002 Succeeded by Florida Marlins 2003 Preceded by New York Yankees 1998 -- 2001 American League Champions Anaheim Angels 2002 Succeeded by New York Yankees 2003 Los Angeles Angels retired numbers 11 Jim Fregosi 26 Gene Autry 29 Rod Carew 30 Nolan Ryan 50 Jimmie Reese Los Angeles Angels general managers Haney Walsh Dalton Buzzie Bavasi Port O'Brien Herzog Bill Bavasi Stoneman Reagins Dipoto Stoneman Eppler Los Angeles Angels managers Bill Rigney ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Lefty Phillips ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Del Rice ( 1972 ) Bobby Winkles ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1974 ) Dick Williams ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Norm Sherry ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Dave Garcia ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Jim Fregosi ( 1978 -- 1981 ) Gene Mauch ( 1981 -- 1982 ) John McNamara ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Gene Mauch ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Cookie Rojas ( 1988 ) Moose Stubing ( 1988 ) Doug Rader ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Buck Rodgers ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Marcel Lachemann ( 1992 ) John Wathan ( 1992 ) Buck Rodgers ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Marcel Lachemann ( 1994 -- 1996 ) John McNamara ( 1996 ) Joe Maddon ( 1996 ) Terry Collins ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Joe Maddon ( 1999 ) Mike Scioscia ( 2000 -- ) World Series Championship Navigation Boxes Anaheim Angels 2002 World Series champions 1 Bengie Molina 2 Adam Kennedy ( ALCS MVP ) 3 Orlando Palmeiro 6 Chone Figgins 10 Benji Gil 15 Tim Salmon 16 Garret Anderson 17 Darin Erstad 18 Alex Ochoa 20 Brad Fullmer 22 David Eckstein 23 Scott Spiezio 25 Troy Glaus ( World Series MVP ) 27 Kevin Appier 28 José Molina 36 Ramón Ortiz 40 Troy Percival 41 John Lackey 44 Shawn Wooten 53 Brendan Donnelly 56 Jarrod Washburn 57 Francisco Rodríguez 60 Scott Schoeneweis 62 Scot Shields 77 Ben Weber Manager 14 Mike Scioscia Coaches First Base Coach 4 Alfredo Griffin Hitting Coach 7 Mickey Hatcher Third Base Coach 12 Ron Roenicke Bullpen Coach 13 Bobby Ramos Pitching Coach 24 Bud Black Bench Coach 70 Joe Maddon Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - 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when did the orlando magic win the nba championship | Orlando Magic 2017 -- 18 Orlando Magic season Conference Eastern Division Southeast Founded History Orlando Magic 1989 -- present Arena Amway Center Location Orlando , Florida Team colors Blue , black , silver CEO Alex Martins President Jeff Weltman General manager John Hammond Head coach Frank Vogel Ownership RDV Sports , Inc . ( Richard DeVos , CEO ) Affiliation ( s ) Lakeland Magic Championships 0 Conference titles 2 ( 1995 , 2009 ) Division titles 5 ( 1995 , 1996 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) Retired numbers 1 ( 6 ) Website www.nba.com/magic Uniforms Home Away Third | Orlando Magic | orlando magic | The Orlando Magic are an American professional basketball team based in Orlando , Florida . The Magic compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference Southeast Division . The franchise was established in 1989 as an expansion franchise , and such notable NBA stars as Shaquille O'Neal , Penny Hardaway , Patrick Ewing , Grant Hill , Tracy McGrady , Steve Francis , Dwight Howard , Vince Carter , Rashard Lewis , and Hedo Türkoğlu have played for the club throughout its young history . As of 2017 , the franchise has played in the NBA playoffs for exactly half of its existence ( 14 playoff appearances in 28 years ) , and twice went to the NBA Finals , in 1995 and 2009 . Orlando has been the second most successful of the four expansion teams brought into the league in 1988 and 1989 in terms of winning percentage , after fellow Floridian team Miami Heat . | Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1985 -- 1986 : Team creation 1.2 1989 -- 1992 : Early years 1.3 1992 -- 1996 : The Shaquille O'Neal era 1.4 1996 -- 1999 : The Penny Hardaway era 1.5 1999 -- 2000 : The Heart and Hustle era 1.6 2000 -- 2004 : The Tracy McGrady era 1.7 2004 -- 2012 : The Dwight Howard era 1.7. 1 2006 -- 2010 : Return to the NBA Finals 1.7. 2 2010 -- 2012 : The `` Dwightmare '' saga 1.8 2012 -- present : Rebuilding for a new era 2 Home arenas 2.1 Amway Center 2.2 Amway Arena ( former arena ) 3 Team identity 3.1 Logos and uniforms 3.2 Mascot 4 Players 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Retained draft rights 4.3 Retired numbers 4.4 Basketball Hall of Famers 4.5 Orlando Magic Hall of Fame 5 Head coaches 6 Season - by - season records 7 Rivalries 7.1 Miami Heat 7.2 Atlanta Hawks 8 Media 8.1 Television 8.2 Radio 8.3 Podcasts 9 Leaders 9.1 Franchise leaders 9.2 Individual records 10 Awards and accomplishments 10.1 Individual awards 10.2 NBA All - Star Weekend 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) 1985 -- 1986 : team creation ( edit ) In September 1985 , Orlando businessman Jim L. Hewitt approached Philadelphia 76ers general manager Pat Williams as they met in Texas on his idea of bringing an NBA team to Orlando . Intrigued by the project , Williams signed on as the front man of the investment group one year later as he left the 76ers . On June 19 , 1986 , the two held a news conference to announce their intention of seeking an NBA franchise . At the same time Hewitt and Williams decided to hold a contest in the Orlando Sentinel newspaper to get names for their new franchise . Out of a total of 4,296 submitted entries , the names were subsequently narrowed to four , `` Heat '' , `` Tropics '' , `` Juice '' , and `` Magic '' . The last one , which had been submitted by 11 people , was picked after Williams brought his 7 - year - old daughter Karyn to visit in Orlando . On July 27 , 1986 , it was announced that the committee chose the Magic to be the new name of the Orlando franchise in the NBA . The name `` Magic '' alludes to the area 's biggest tourist attraction and economic engine Walt Disney World , along with its Magic Kingdom . Hewitt added that `` You look at all the aspects of Central Florida , and you find it really is an exciting place , a magical place . '' Many , including Williams himself at first , thought that Miami or Tampa were better locations in Florida for a franchise , given Orlando was a small town lacking a major airport and a suitable arena . Hewitt brought investors such as real estate developer William DuPont , Orlando Renegades owner Don Dizney , and Southern Fruit Citrus owners Jim and Steve Caruso , and talked the Orlando city officials into approving an arena project . Meanwhile , Williams gave presentations to NBA commissioner David Stern and the owners of the other teams of the league that the town was viable . The Magic were one of the four new expansion franchises awarded by the NBA in 1987 along with the Charlotte Hornets , Miami Heat and Minnesota Timberwolves . Initially , the NBA was planning to expand by three teams , with one franchise going to Florida ; however , when both Miami and Orlando ownership groups made successful pitches , the expansion committee decided to expand by four teams , allowing both to have a franchise . The Magic became the first ever major - league professional sports franchise in the Orlando area , following an expansion fee of reportedly $32.5 million . The Magic hired Matt Guokas as the team 's first coach , who helped the Magic select 12 players in the NBA Expansion Draft on June 15 , 1989 . On June 27 , 1989 , the Magic chose Nick Anderson with the 11th pick in the first round , who became the first draft pick of the franchise . 1989 -- 1992 : early years ( edit ) The very first game played was an exhibition game on October 13 , 1989 against the then reigning champions Detroit Pistons , which the Magic won . Anderson was quoted as saying the atmosphere and the people watching the game was `` like Game 7 of the NBA Finals '' . On November 4 , 1989 , the Magic played their first season game at the Orlando Arena ( O - Rena ) against the visiting New Jersey Nets , who won 111 -- 106 in a hard - fought game . The Magic 's first victory came two days later , as the Magic defeated the New York Knicks 118 -- 110 . The inaugural team compiled a record of 18 -- 64 with players including Reggie Theus , Scott Skiles , Terry Catledge , Sam Vincent , Otis Smith , and Jerry Reynolds . In the 1990 NBA draft , the Orlando Magic selected Dennis Scott with the fourth overall pick . On December 30 , 1990 , Scott Skiles racked up 30 assists in the 155 -- 116 victory over the Denver Nuggets , breaking Kevin Porter 's NBA single - game assists record ( 29 ) . Skiles was named the NBA 's Most Improved Player at the end of the season , as the Magic heralded the NBA 's most improved record that season . Forward Dennis Scott set a team mark with 125 three - point field goals for the season , the best long - distance production by a rookie in NBA history . He was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team . Despite a 31 -- 51 record , there were 40 sellouts out of 41 home games . On September 19 , 1991 , the DeVos family , founders of Amway , purchased the franchise for $85 million . Family patriarch Richard DeVos became the owner of the franchise . The 1991 -- 92 season was disappointing for the Magic as various players missed games with injuries . Dennis Scott played only 18 games , Nick Anderson missed 22 games , Stanley Roberts , Jerry Reynolds , Brian Williams , Sam Vincent and Otis Smith all missed at least 27 games each . With a shortage of healthy players the team struggled through a 17 - game losing streak and finished with a 21 -- 61 record . The Magic still managed to have all 41 home games sold out . 1992 -- 1996 : the Shaquille O'Neal era ( edit ) The Magic history was changed on May 17 , 1992 , when the franchise won the first pick in the 1992 NBA draft Lottery . The Magic selected big - man Shaquille O'Neal from Louisiana State University , the biggest prize in the draft since the Knicks won Patrick Ewing . O'Neal , a 7'1 '' center , made an immediate impact on the Magic , leading the team to a 41 -- 41 record . The Magic again became the NBA 's most improved franchise , as they improved by 20 games . O'Neal was the first rookie to be voted an All - Star starter since Michael Jordan in 1985 . He also became the 1992 -- 1993 NBA Rookie of the Year . Despite O'Neal's presence , the Magic missed the 1993 NBA Playoffs because they were tied with the Indiana Pacers for the eighth and final playoff spot in the Eastern Conference with the Pacers holding the tiebreaker . Despite barely missing the playoffs and receiving the least chance of gaining the top draft pick with only one ball in the lottery , the Magic again won the first pick in the 1993 NBA draft Lottery . Prior to the draft , Guokas stepped down as head coach , and Brian Hill was promoted to become the Magic 's second head coach . In the draft , the Magic selected Chris Webber , but traded him to the Golden State Warriors for the number three pick , guard Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway and three future first - round draft picks . With the combination of O'Neal and Hardaway , the Magic became a dominant team in the NBA , compiling the first 50 win season in franchise history with a 50 -- 32 record . The Magic were in the playoffs for the first time , ranked the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference ; however , the Pacers swept the Magic 3 -- 0 in the first round , thus ending the Magic 's season . In the 1994 -- 95 season , the Magic 's sixth season , All - Star forward Horace Grant was acquired as a free agent from the Chicago Bulls . The Orlando Magic compiled a 57 -- 25 record , best in the East and winning the Atlantic Division title , becoming the second - fastest team to advance to the NBA Finals in league history . In the playoffs , the Magic defeated the Boston Celtics , Bulls , and the Indiana Pacers , advancing to the NBA Finals where O'Neal , Hardaway and the young Magic bowed to a more playoff - experienced Hakeem Olajuwon and the Houston Rockets , winning their second consecutive championship in a 4 -- 0 sweep of Orlando . In the 1995 -- 96 season , the Magic again were near the top of the Eastern Conference and the Atlantic Division with a 60 -- 22 record , led by O'Neal and Hardaway ; however , the Magic were seeded number two , behind the NBA 's all - time second best 72 -- 10 record of the Chicago Bulls . In the meantime , General Manager Pat Williams was promoted to Senior Executive Vice President and replaced by the Vice President of Basketball Operations John Gabriel on April 29 , 1996 . In the playoffs , after the Magic defeated the Detroit Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks , Orlando met the Bulls in the Eastern Conference Finals . The combination of Jordan , Scottie Pippen and rebounder Dennis Rodman was too much for the Magic , and Orlando was swept 4 -- 0 . 1996 -- 1999 : the Penny Hardaway era ( edit ) In the offseason , O'Neal left as a free agent to the Los Angeles Lakers , dealing a huge blow to the Magic franchise . In the middle of the season , urged by player discontent , management fired coach Brian Hill and named Richie Adubato as interim coach for the rest of the season . Under Adubato , the Magic went 21 -- 12 to compile a 45 -- 37 record , led by Penny Hardaway . In the playoffs , the Magic quickly fell 0 -- 2 to the heavily favored Miami Heat in the first round , but Hardaway battled back with consecutive 40 point games to assure a game five ( the first player to do so ) , which the Magic ultimately lost . The Magic then hired Chuck Daly to be head coach for the 1997 -- 98 season . In addition , Hall of Famer Julius Erving joined the Magic 's front office , giving Orlando hope for a successful season . The season was hampered by an injury to Hardaway who sat out the majority of the season . Anderson , combined with newly acquired free agent Bo Outlaw , led the team to a 41 -- 41 record , just out of reach of the NBA playoffs . In addition , Seikaly was traded during the season to the New Jersey Nets for three role players and a future draft pick . In 1998 -- 99 , with the drafting of Michael Doleac and Matt Harpring with the 12th and 15th picks in the 1998 draft , and a healthy Penny Hardaway and Nick Anderson , the Magic tied for the Eastern Conference 's best record with the Miami Heat in the lockout - shortened season , 33 -- 17 . Armstrong again led the team emotionally , winning the NBA 's Sixth - Man and Most Improved Player awards . Orlando also acquired NBA great Dominique Wilkins , along with brother Gerald , who were past their primes but were both still serviceable NBA players . In the playoffs the Penny Hardaway - led Magic were seeded number 3 because of tiebreakers and faced the Philadelphia 76ers . The 76ers , led by Allen Iverson , upset the Magic 3 -- 1 in the first round . The team also changed their uniforms for the first time ever , changing from pinstripes to stars . 1999 -- 2000 : the Heart and Hustle era ( edit ) In 1999 , the Magic , under General Manager John Gabriel , who was later named Executive of the Year , hired rookie - coach Doc Rivers . Gabriel dismantled the previous team trading their only remaining superstar Anfernee Hardaway to the Phoenix Suns for Danny Manning ( who never donned a Magic uniform ) , Pat Garrity , and two future draft picks . The Magic were then a team composed of virtually all no name players and little experience which included team captain Armstrong , Bo Outlaw and a young Ben Wallace , along with Coach Rivers led the Magic to a 41 -- 41 record , barely missing out on the playoffs . At the end of the season Rivers was named Coach of the Year . That year was characterized by the slogan `` Heart and Hustle '' , as the team was known for its hard - working style . 2000 -- 2004 : the Tracy McGrady era ( edit ) Tracy McGrady with the Orlando Magic in 2002 . The following offseason , Gabriel , with millions of cleared salary cap space , attempted to lure three of the NBA 's most prized free agents : Tim Duncan , Grant Hill , and Tracy McGrady . Duncan opted to remain with the San Antonio Spurs , the Magic acquired Hill , a perennial All - Star , and McGrady . With McGrady and Hill together , the Magic were expected to be a force in the East . However , Hill was limited to 4 games because of an ankle injury . McGrady blossomed into a star during the season , becoming one of the NBA 's top scorers . With the addition of Mike Miller from the draft , the Magic compiled a 43 -- 39 record , which included a nine - game winning streak , and once again made the playoffs . McGrady made the All - Star Team and All - NBA 2nd Team . Miller won the Rookie of the Year . In the playoffs , they faced the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round . The Bucks won the series 3 -- 1 . In 2001 -- 02 , McGrady led the Magic to a winning record of 44 -- 38 . Hill was still severely limited by his ankle injury , and did not play for the vast majority of the season . McGrady , combined with Armstrong , Miller , and 3 - point sharpshooter Pat Garrity , formed the core of the team . McGrady made the All - NBA for the first time and made his second consecutive All - Star Team . However , the Magic were defeated 3 -- 1 in the first round of the playoffs by the Charlotte Hornets led by Baron Davis . In 2002 -- 03 , with the acquisitions of Gordan Giricek and Drew Gooden from the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Mike Miller , McGrady once again led the Magic to a 42 -- 40 record . McGrady led the league in scoring with 32.1 ppg , made his second All - NBA 1st Team , and 3rd All - Star Team . Despite still not having Hill due to injury , the Magic entered the playoffs for the third straight year . However , after taking a 3 -- 1 lead in the best - of - seven first round series , the Magic fell to the Detroit Pistons 4 -- 3 in the now infamous heartbreaker . McGrady was quoted as saying , `` It feels good to get in the second round '' after still needing one more win to advance . The Magic 's 15th season in 2003 -- 04 proved to be one of its toughest ever . Even with the acquisition of veteran free agents Tyronn Lue and Juwan Howard , the Magic struggled early . After winning its first game , the Magic lost 19 consecutive games , setting a franchise record . They finished an NBA worst 21 -- 61 . Despite this , McGrady led the league in scoring with 28.0 ppg , made the All - NBA 2nd Team and his 4th consecutive All - Star Team . In the middle of the 19 - game losing streak , coach Doc Rivers was fired , and assistant Johnny Davis was promoted to head coach . General manager Gabriel was replaced by John Weisbrod . 2004 -- 2012 : the Dwight Howard era ( edit ) Dwight Howard was drafted No. 1 overall in the 2004 NBA draft . In the off - season , Weisbrod completely dismantled the team . Though he kept Davis as coach , he shook up the player roster , only keeping a few players from last season . The most significant trade was Tracy McGrady . McGrady , discontent with the Magic , wished to move on ; Weisbrod accused McGrady of `` slacking off '' and not attending practices ( McGrady later admitted that he did not give 100 % during the 2003 -- 2004 season and wanted the team to bring him some help , but never wanted to leave Orlando ) . The Magic traded McGrady along with Reece Gaines , Tyronn Lue , and Juwan Howard to the Houston Rockets for Steve Francis , Kelvin Cato , and Cuttino Mobley . In addition , the Magic acquired center Tony Battie and two second - round draft picks from the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Drew Gooden , Steven Hunter , and the draft rights to Anderson Varejão . The Magic then signed free agent Hedo Türkoğlu . With the number one draft pick , the Magic selected high - school phenomenon and future All - Star and franchise cornerstone Dwight Howard , and a draft day trade with the Denver Nuggets got them point guard Jameer Nelson . After a promising 13 -- 6 start , the Magic began to fall apart . First , Weisbrod traded Mobley for Doug Christie from the Sacramento Kings . Christie , because of his emotional ties to the Kings , at first refused to play for the Magic . Later on , Christie claimed he had bone spurs and was placed on the injured list after playing only a few games for the Magic . Near the end of the season , with a playoff - push faltering , Weisbrod fired Davis after leading Davis to believe he was going to be the team 's head coach for the entire 2004 -- 05 NBA season . He then promoted Chris Jent to interim head coach . Throughout the season , bolstered by Hill 's return , the Magic played spectacularly , defeating top NBA teams . However , led by the erratic play of Francis , the Magic also lost to league teams with losing records . Howard showed great promise , becoming one of the few players to average a double - double . Howard was a consistent rebounder and scorer , becoming the first rookie to start and play all 82 games in a season . In addition , Nelson , after a slow start , developed into a talented player , taking over the starting point guard position . Hill also returned and averaged 19.7 points a game . Hill was chosen an All - Star starter by NBA fans for the 2005 All - Star Game , and Dwight Howard and Jameer Nelson were named to the All - Rookie first and second teams , respectively . Howard was a unanimous selection . Jameer Nelson spent 10 seasons with Orlando from 2004 - 2014 . The Magic finished the season 36 -- 46 . Their playoff push was hampered by injuries in the last quarter of the season : a season - ending broken wrist for sixth man Hedo Türkoğlu , a shin injury to Grant Hill , a rib cage injury to Nelson , and a three - game suspension to Francis for kicking a photographer . The Magic ended a few games out of the playoffs . On May 23 , 2005 , the Magic 's plans were disrupted by the abrupt resignation of General Manager and Chief Operating Officer John Weisbrod . In addition , the Magic announced the following day that Brian Hill , the coach who led the Magic to the NBA Finals under O'Neal and Hardaway , would return as head coach . The Magic drafted Spanish Fran Vázquez with the 11th pick in the 2005 NBA draft . On July 28 , 2005 , Vazquez stunned the team after announcing that he would remain in Spain to play for Akasvayu Girona , getting ridiculed by media after he was quoted that the decision to stay was made by his girlfriend . Owner Rich DeVos announced on October 21 that he was transferring ownership to his children , with the official owner role moving to son - in - law and team President Bob Vander Weide . The transfer was supposed to be complete by the end of the year . The 2005 -- 06 season opened with high hopes for the Magic despite not being able to add first round draft pick Vasquez . Grant Hill was supposedly finally healed from his multiple ankle surgeries . Dwight Howard and Jameer Nelson showed excellent progress during summer - league play . Second round draft pick Travis Diener showed excellent shooting and decision making during the summer . And the free agent signing of Keyon Dooling showed that the club was going to continue making progress . Then trouble began . Hill , despite his ankle apparently being healed , suffered a painful sports hernia injury that would hamper his play throughout the entire season . After playing in three preseason games , he underwent surgery to correct the hernia and would not appear during the regular season until mid-December , to which he lasted a month before attempting to make another comeback in February and early March , however he only played sporadically . Then a foot injury to Nelson forced him to sit out over a month . On February 15 , 2006 , the Magic announced that they had acquired Darko Miličić and Carlos Arroyo from the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Kelvin Cato and a 2007 top - five protected first - round draft pick . One week later , on February 22 , the Magic announced that they had traded Steve Francis to the New York Knicks in exchange for Anfernee Hardaway ( whom they waived two days later ) and Trevor Ariza . With a set starting rotation of Battie , Howard , Türkoğlu , DeShawn Stevenson , and Nelson , the Magic mounted a surprising run at the eighth playoff spot in the Eastern Conference , including an 8 - game winning streak and 12 consecutive home wins . The streak included wins against NBA powerhouses Detroit , San Antonio , Dallas and Miami , as well as a game against the Philadelphia 76ers in which Howard recorded 28 points and a career - high 26 rebounds . Despite their efforts they did n't make the playoffs . 2006 -- 2010 : return to the NBA Finals ( edit ) J.J. Redick in 2008 . With the 11th overall pick in the 2006 NBA draft , the Magic took the former Duke star J.J. Redick . Even with the fan support to get him playing time he averaged just over 11 minutes a game . After beginning the season strong with a 13 -- 4 record , the Orlando Magic began to suffer in the standings as the result of multiple losses , due in large part to the injuries of Tony Battie , Keyon Dooling , and Grant Hill . The Magic were also hampered with the sporadic play of many of their young stars , who on multiple occasions showed their propensity for streaky shooting and the team 's lack of a solid scoring two - guard . Despite the team 's poor play , Dwight Howard continued to develop and blossom in his third year in the league , culminating in his first selection to the Eastern Conference All - Star team . The final few weeks of the season saw the Magic build momentum and confidence with an impressive late push towards the Playoffs . On April 15 , 2007 , with an 88 -- 86 victory over the Boston Celtics , the Magic secured its first berth in the NBA Playoffs since 2003 by locking up the 8th seed in the Eastern Conference . This marked the first time that the team had made the playoffs while posting a losing record . Nevertheless , their Playoff run ended on April 28 , 2007 after they were swept in the first round by first seeded Detroit Pistons whose experience , veteran leadership and ability to consistently make the clutch basket proved far too much for the undermanned and overwhelmed Magic to overcome . It was announced on May 23 , 2007 , that Brian Hill had been fired as head coach of the Magic . On June 1 , 2007 , the Magic signed Billy Donovan to be their head coach for five years . The next day , Donovan wished to be released from the contract and the Magic agreed several days later . On June 6 , 2007 , the Magic signed a 4 - year contract with Stan Van Gundy . In the free agent market , the Magic signed Rashard Lewis of the Seattle SuperSonics to a six - year league - maximum contract believed to be worth over $110 million . At the NBA China Games , the Magic swept the three games in China , twice against the Cleveland Cavaliers and once against the Chinese national team in games held in Shanghai and in Macau . On November 15 , 2007 , Bob Vander Weide , the son - in - law of Richard DeVos , officially took over as owner of the team , although ownership is still split evenly amongst Richard DeVos ' other children as well . The Magic started the 2007 -- 08 NBA season with an impressive 16 -- 4 record in their first 20 games , which included wins over the Boston Celtics and Cleveland Cavaliers . Through the next few months , the Magic were not so successful , splitting their next 36 games with 18 wins and 18 losses . At the start of March , the Magic seemed to pick up speed again , finishing the month with 10 wins , the first time since November that they won 10 or more in a month . The Magic clinched the Southeast Division title when the Washington Wizards were routed at Utah 129 -- 87 on March 31 , 2008 . It was the Magic 's third division title , but only their first since 1995 -- 96 season , as well as their first since the Southeast Division was formed . They also earned their 50th win of the season against the Chicago Bulls on April 13 , which had not happened since the 1995 -- 96 season . The Magic finished the regular season 52 -- 30 , their best season since 1995 -- 96 . With the 3rd seed in the Eastern Conference , they were matched up in their first round playoff series against the Toronto Raptors . The Magic had home court advantage for the first time since the 1998 -- 99 season . On April 28 , 2008 , at Amway Arena , the Magic eliminated the Raptors with a 4 -- 1 series victory in the first round . It was the first playoff series victory for the Magic in 12 years after 6 straight first round exits . The run of success did n't last long as they fell 4 -- 1 to the experienced Detroit Pistons in the second round . With the Magic already down in the series , controversy erupted after the Pistons ' Game 2 victory . At the conclusion of the 3rd quarter , Chauncey Billups of the Pistons made a three - point shot giving the Pistons a three - point lead . However , the clock had stopped just as the play began . NBA rules prohibit officials from using instant replay or any timing device to determine how much time has elapsed when a clock malfunctions , nor is a replay allowed to be viewed from the time of the malfunction to when the play ends , when the game clock has not expired . Because of the rule , the officials then estimated that the play took 4.6 seconds , and because there were 5.1 seconds remaining when play began , the field goal was allowed to be counted . The NBA later admitted that the play actually took 5.7 seconds and the basket in question should not have counted . The Pistons went on to win Game 2 . The Magic were able to win Game 3 , with the Pistons ' Chauncey Billups out for most of the game with an injury , but were unable to take advantage of his absence and defeat the Pistons in Games 4 and 5 , which ended the Magic 's playoff run in 2008 . The first half of the 2008 -- 09 season went very well for the Magic . After 41 games , the Magic were 33 -- 8 , leading the Southeast Division , as well as having one of the top four records in the league . At the start of February , Jameer Nelson , their all - star starting point guard , went down with a shoulder injury . He was expected to miss the remainder of the season . After trading for Rafer Alston , the Magic finished the regular season with a 59 -- 23 record , it was the most games the team had won in a season since the 1995 -- 96 season in which they had 60 wins . In the playoffs , the Magic beat the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round of the playoffs and then the defending champions , the Boston Celtics , in the Eastern Conference semifinals , behind assistant coach Patrick Ewing 's guarantee that they would win Game 7 of that series . In their first conference finals since 1996 , the Magic beat the Cleveland Cavaliers , which were led by the season 's MVP , LeBron James . After dropping the first two games in the Finals against the Los Angeles Lakers , the Magic finally won their first ever game in the Finals in Game 3 . Despite Nelson 's return to the team for the Finals , the Lakers won the series and the championship by beating the Magic in five games . In the 2009 off - season , Orlando traded Rafer Alston , Tony Battie , and Courtney Lee to the New Jersey Nets in exchange for eight - time All - Star Vince Carter and Ryan Anderson . Hedo Türkoğlu , as part of a sign - and - trade , was sent to the Toronto Raptors . They then made several free agent signings . On July 10 , former Dallas Mavericks power forward Brandon Bass was given a 4 - year deal . On July 21 , the Magic signed former Phoenix Suns forward Matt Barnes . On August 19 , they signed former Miami Heat point guard Jason Williams . On September 28 , 2009 , Orlando extended the contract of head coach Stan Van Gundy by exercising his option for the 2010 -- 11 season . They did the same for General Manager Otis Smith , which would keep him in that position through the 2011 -- 12 season . The Magic were without Rashard Lewis for the first 10 games of the 2009 -- 10 season . Lewis tested positive for an elevated testosterone level that was caused by an over-the - counter supplement containing a substance banned by the league . To make matters worse , Vince Carter suffered a left ankle injury in just the second game of the season . Carter 's injury turned out to be not too serious , but caused him to miss the next five games . Another setback came in mid-November , when Jameer Nelson injured his left knee , which required arthroscopic surgery to repair . Nelson would be out for five weeks . Despite all of this , the Magic had a 23 -- 8 record at the end of December . Orlando lost seven of their first ten games in January , but recovered well enough to post a winning record for the month by winning six of their next seven . Following the All - Star break , the Magic went on a roll , winning 23 of their 28 remaining games , clinching their fourth consecutive playoff berth and winning their third consecutive division championship in the process . The Magic finished the regular season with a 59 -- 23 record , matching their record from the 2008 -- 09 season , and finishing with not only the second - best record in the Eastern Conference , but the second - best record in the entire league . The team became one of the only teams in NBA history to beat all of the other 29 teams at least once during the regular season . The Magic swept the Charlotte Bobcats and the Atlanta Hawks in the first two rounds of the playoffs , respectively . They then faced the Boston Celtics in the conference finals . After losing the first three games of the series , Orlando managed to win the next two games , but lost on the road in Game 6 , ending their season . 2010 -- 2012 : the `` dwightmare '' saga ( edit ) Scott Skiles coached the Magic in the 2015 -- 16 season . In anticipation of the team 's move to Amway Center , the Magic updated its logo . They retained the streaking ball logo , but changed the wordmark taken from their current uniforms . The Magic hosted the NBA All - Star Game in 2012 . The Magic also unveiled black alternate uniforms . In the summer of 2010 the Orlando Magic signed Chris Duhon , formerly of the New York Knicks , and Quentin Richardson , formerly of the Miami Heat . On December 18 , 2010 , having lost five of their last six games , the Magic made a blockbuster trade deal with the Phoenix Suns and the Washington Wizards . They traded Vince Carter , Marcin Gortat and Mickaël Piétrus to Phoenix for Hedo Türkoğlu ( who led them into the 2009 NBA Finals when they lost 4 -- 1 against the Los Angeles Lakers ) , Jason Richardson and Earl Clark . Rashard Lewis was traded to Washington for 3 - time All - Star Gilbert Arenas . The Magic finished the season with 52 victories , good for 2nd in the Southeast Division . But they were ousted in six games by the Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the 2011 NBA Playoffs , the first time head coach Stan Van Gundy was eliminated early in the playoffs . In a shortened 2012 season , due to the NBA Lockout , the Magic started the offseason on a rocky note , with their All - Star center , Dwight Howard , requesting a trade to either the New Jersey Nets , Los Angeles Lakers , or Dallas Mavericks . Overlooking the trade request the Magic did a sign and trade with the Boston Celtics for Glen Davis and Von Wafer in exchange for Brandon Bass . The Magic also amnestied Gilbert Arenas and signed Larry Hughes , Justin Harper , and DeAndre Liggins . The Magic started the season on Christmas Day in Oklahoma City against the Thunder . They lost the season opener 89 -- 97 . During the month of February , the Magic waived Hughes and signed Ish Smith . On February 26 , Orlando hosted the 2012 All - Star Game . The Magic struggled to win games consistently , with concerns about the uncertainty of Dwight Howard 's future with the franchise . However , after Dwight rescinded his trade demand and signed a one - year deal in March , the Magic seemed to find their footing again . But then in early April , shortly after it became public that Howard requested coach Van Gundy to be replaced , the center was diagnosed with a herniated disk and forced to have back surgery , thus ending his season . The Magic clinched the sixth seed in the east with a 37 -- 29 record . The Magic were faced with the third seeded Pacers in the first round . Despite winning the first game of the series the Magic were defeated 4 -- 1 . On May 21 , 2012 , it was reported that general manager Otis Smith and head coach Stan Van Gundy would part ways with the organization . Stan Van Gundy finished with a 259 -- 135 regular season record with the team which included making the playoffs in those five years and a conference championship . CEO Alex Martins announced former Oklahoma City assistant general manager Rob Hennigan as the new general manager for the Orlando Magic on June 20 , 2012 . He is currently the youngest general manager ( 30 years ) in the league . In the 2012 NBA draft , the Magic selected Andrew Nicholson and Kyle O'Quinn . On June 25 , 2012 , Dwight Howard had face - to - face meeting with general manager Rob Hennigan in Los Angeles and demanded a trade to the Brooklyn Nets . On July 9 , 2012 , the Magic completed a sign - and - trade deal with the New Orleans Hornets , that sent forward Ryan Anderson to the Hornets . In return the Magic received center Gustavo Ayon . On July 28 , 2012 , Jacque Vaughn was named the new head coach . He had been the assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs for the last two seasons . On August 9 , 2012 , ESPN reported that a four - team trade would send Dwight Howard to the Los Angeles Lakers . ESPN. com 's Marc Stein was told the Lakers were to acquire Howard , Chris Duhon and Earl Clark , the Denver Nuggets were to acquire Andre Iguodala , the Philadelphia 76ers were to acquire Andrew Bynum and Jason Richardson , and the Magic were to acquire Arron Afflalo , Al Harrington , Nikola Vučević , Maurice Harkless , Josh McRoberts , Christian Eyenga , and five total protected future ( three 1st round , two 2nd round ) picks from each of the other three teams . The deal was officially confirmed and completed on August 10 . Howard left the Magic as their all - time leading scorer , shot blocker , and rebounder . 2012 -- present : rebuilding for a New era ( edit ) Frank Vogel is the current head coach of the Orlando Magic Following the trade of Dwight Howard , the Magic entered into a state of rebuilding with Maurice Harkless and Nikola Vučević . On August 29 , the Magic signed free agent guard E'Twaun Moore . On December 2 , 2012 , Howard 's first game against his former team , the Magic defeated the Lakers 113 -- 103 . On February 21 , 2013 , the Magic traded J.J. Redick , Ish Smith & Gustavo Ayón to the Milwaukee Bucks . In return , the Magic received Beno Udrih , Tobias Harris and rookie Doron Lamb . The Magic also traded Josh McRoberts to the Charlotte Bobcats for Hakim Warrick who was waived 2 days later . The Magic finish the 2012 -- 2013 season 20 -- 62 as the worst record in the NBA , missing the playoffs for the first time since 2006 . On June 27 , 2013 , the Orlando Magic had the 2nd pick in the 1st round of the 2013 NBA draft . The Magic used their lottery pick to draft Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year , shooting guard Victor Oladipo from Indiana University . The Orlando Magic also had the 51st pick in the 2nd round of the NBA draft . They used this pick to draft 6'8 '' forward Romero Osby from the University of Oklahoma . Osby averaged 16 points , 7 rebounds , and 1.3 assists during his senior NCAA season at Oklahoma , but was cut by the Magic before the season opener . The Magic finished the 2013 -- 2014 season with a 23 -- 59 record , 3rd worst in the NBA . The draft lottery gave them the 4th pick in the 2014 NBA draft . In the draft they selected Aaron Gordon with the 4th pick and Dario Šarić with the 12th pick . Saric was then swapped for the 10th pick , Elfrid Payton in exchange for a 2017 1st round pick and a future 2nd round pick . Roy Devyn Marble was selected with the 56th pick in the 2nd round . On February 5 , 2015 Jacque Vaughn was relieved of his head coaching duties after coaching 21⁄2 seasons for the Magic . His overall record was 58 -- 158 . He was replaced by interim head coach James Borrego . On May 29 , 2015 , the Magic hired their former point guard Scott Skiles as the franchise 's 12th head coach . On June 25 , 2015 , in the 2015 NBA draft , Orlando selected Mario Hezonja with the fifth overall pick and Tyler Harvey with the 51st overall pick . On February 16 , 2016 , the Magic traded Tobias Harris to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Ersan İlyasova and Brandon Jennings . On May 12 , 2016 Skiles stepped down as head coach of the Orlando Magic . On May 19 , the Orlando Magic agreed to a deal with former Indiana Pacers coach Frank Vogel to become the next head coach of the team . Vogel , 42 , fits the profile Magic officials set for Skiles ' successor : a coach who emphasizes defense and relates well to players . With Vogel as their new coach , the Magic made many changes to their roster during the offseason . On June 23 , 2016 , in the 2016 NBA draft the Magic selected Domantas Sabonis 11th overall , but then traded Sabonis and shooting guard Victor Oladipo for defensive power forward Serge Ibaka of the Oklahoma City Thunder . During free agency the Magic re-signed Evan Fournier to a five - year , $85 million contract and also signed Bismack Biyombo , Jeff Green , and D.J. Augustin . On July 15 , C.J. Wilcox was acquired , along with cash considerations , from the Clippers in exchange for Devyn Marble and a future second round draft pick . On February 14 , 2017 , Ibaka was traded to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Terrence Ross and a future first - round draft pick . The Magic finished the 2016 -- 17 season with the third worst record in their conference , finishing 29 -- 53 . In the summer of 2017 , the Magic made various changes , the first being the firing of general manager Rob Hennigan on April 13 . On May 23 , the Magic named Jeff Weltman , the former general manager of the Toronto Raptors , as president of basketball operations and named John Hammond , the former general manager for the Milwaukee Bucks , as the new general manager . With the sixth overall pick in the 2017 NBA Draft , Orlando drafted Florida State forward , Jonathan Isaac . During free agency the Magic signed Jonathon Simmons , Arron Afflalo , Shelvin Mack , Marreese Speights , Khem Birch and Adreian Payne . On October 6 , 2017 , the Magic announced that former superstar Tracy McGrady , had rejoined the team as assistant to the CEO . Home Arenas ( edit ) Amway Center ( edit ) Main article : Amway Center Amway Center , the Magic 's arena since 2010 The team 's current home arena , the Amway Center , officially opened on October 1 , 2010 . The Orlando Magic hosted their first preseason game at Amway Center on October 10 against the New Orleans Hornets . The 2010 -- 11 regular season home opener was on October 28 against the Washington Wizards , and the Magic won both games . In 2012 , the Amway Center hosted the All - Star Weekend . At the time it opened , the new Amway Center was home to the largest Jumbotron in the NBA . The arena also features approximately 2,100 feet ( 640 m ) of digital ribbon boards , and outside the building a 46 feet ( 14 m ) by 53 feet ( 16 m ) video display is visible to motorists traveling on Interstate 4 . The Amway Center is also the home of the minor league hockey team , Orlando Solar Bears and the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League ( AFL ) . Amway Arena ( former Arena ) ( edit ) Main article : Amway Arena Originally called the Orlando Arena , and later TD Waterhouse Centre , the Amway Arena was the home of the Magic from 1989 to 2010 . Amway Arena opened in 1989 and served as home to the Orlando Magic since their inception until the 2009 -- 2010 season . It was originally known as the Orlando Arena , or the `` O - Rena '' , during its first 10 years . In 1999 , TD Waterhouse purchased the naming rights and named the venue the TD Waterhouse Centre . In December 2006 , the naming rights were purchased by Amway for four years . It is also home of the Arena Football League 's Orlando Predators , the Orlando Sharks of the Major Indoor Soccer League , and various sporting and entertainment events . Amway Arena was one of `` The Orlando Venues '' owned and operated by the City of Orlando . The other facilities include the Bob Carr Performing Arts Centre , Tinker Field , Camping World Stadium , Harry P. Leu Gardens , and Mennello Museum . Team identity ( edit ) Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Wordmark logo ( 2008 -- present ) Orlando advertising agency The Advertising Works , led by its president Doug Minear was responsible for the original Magic uniforms . The logo , featuring a basketball crowded by stars and the wordmark `` Magic '' with a star replacing the A , was created following meetings with Walt Disney World artists and over 5000 suggestions sent from around the country . Stars would remain a primary feature of the logo once it was redesigned in 2000 to feature a comet - like basketball . Pat Williams first suggested the colors black and gold of his alma mater Wake Forest , but this was eschewed for various factors , including the local college Central Florida using the same scheme . Black would still be the primary color in the scheme used by Minear , a trait shared by 16 other NBA teams . Other colors were an electric blue specially made by sporting goods manufacturer MacGregor , and silver . The home uniforms were white with black pinstripes , featuring black numbers with blue trim , and the road jerseys reversed the scheme while featuring `` Orlando '' instead of the Magic logo . Given the mesh nylon worn across the NBA did not allow for pinstripes , the jerseys were made out of durene , a material with cotton on the underside and polyester bonded on the outside . The road uniform was changed to blue with white pinstripes in 1994 -- 95 . For the Magic 's 10th anniversary in 1998 , a new look designed by fashion designer Jhane Barnes was unveiled . The pinstripes were dropped and the uniforms now featured stars as the background . Both jerseys , made out of the dazzle that was used in the Women 's National Basketball Association uniforms , had the Magic logo , with the home jersey in white and the away in blue . The Magic 's 15th anniversary in 2003 inspired another uniform revamp , opting for a cleaner look without stripes or stars . The home jerseys were white and the Magic logo was blue with silver and black trim . The away jersey reverted to the city name , and was blue . The logo and numbers are white with black trim . For the 2008 -- 09 season , the Magic have once again introduced new uniforms . The Magic returned to the pinstriped uniforms to commemorate the team 's 20th anniversary . The current design combines the elements of the previous three uniform designs the Magic used in its 20 - year history . The home jerseys are white with silver pinstripes , while the away jerseys are blue with white pinstripes . The font used for the number and player / team name has also been updated to a more modern look . Magic alternate logos are on the shorts and the back of the jersey . This is the fourth model in franchise history . As the Magic moved to the Amway Center in 2010 , they unveiled a new logo that for the first time fully spelled `` Magic '' , without the star instead of the A. They also unveiled a black alternate uniform , with silver pinstripes , mirroring the regular blue road uniform . They were usually worn as throwback uniforms as part of the NBA Hardwood Classics program . A variation of the uniform is also used for Noche Latina every March , with ' Orlando ' substituted for ' El Magic ' , with ' El ' in black and silver trim and ' Magic ' in blue and silver trim . This was unveiled in the 2011 -- 12 season . In 2014 , Magic unveiled a silver uniform for the first time in their history . It was sleeved , and featuring white pinstripes along with blue , black and white trim for the letters and numbers . Unlike the three other uniforms , a different striping pattern will be used on the sides . In 2016 , The Magic unveiled a third alternate uniform , featuring carbon as the primary color and without pinstripes . Named `` Stars '' , it featured the team 's secondary logo and a blue , white and blue tricolor stripe in front , along with white lettering . The Magic made only a few slight tweaks to their uniforms when Nike became the league 's uniform provider in 2017 . The home and away uniform designations were abolished , thus the Magic 's white `` Association '' and blue `` Icon '' uniforms are now used either at home or on the road . Two alternate uniforms will be unveiled later in the season . Stuff with the Orlando Magic Dancers . Mascot ( edit ) Stuff the Magic Dragon has been the Magic 's mascot since 1987 . A dragon designed by Wade Harrison and Bonnie Erickson of Acme Mascots , Inc , his name is a pun on Puff the Magic Dragon and how a slam dunk is also known as `` stuffing '' . Players ( edit ) Main article : Orlando Magic all - time roster See also : Orlando Magic draft history Current roster ( edit ) Orlando Magic roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Afflalo , Arron 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 -- 10 -- 15 UCLA 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Artis , Jamel ( TW ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 213 lb ( 97 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 12 Pittsburgh 1.5 ! G 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Augustin , D.J. 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 183 lb ( 83 kg ) 1987 -- 11 -- 10 Texas 6.0 ! C 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Birch , Khem 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1992 -- 09 -- 28 UNLV 6.0 ! C 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Biyombo , Bismack 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1992 -- 08 -- 28 DR Congo 2.5 ! G / F 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Fournier , Evan 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1992 -- 10 -- 29 INSEP ( FRA ) 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 00 Gordon , Aaron 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1995 -- 09 -- 16 Arizona 2.5 ! G / F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Hezonja , Mario 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1995 -- 02 -- 25 Croatia 4.0 ! F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Isaac , Jonathan 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1997 -- 10 -- 03 Florida State 4.0 ! F 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Iwundu , Wes 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1994 -- 12 -- 20 Kansas State 1.5 ! G 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Mack , Shelvin 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 203 lb ( 92 kg ) 1990 -- 04 -- 22 Butler 4.0 ! F 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Payne , Adreian ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 237 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 02 -- 19 Michigan State 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Payton , Elfrid 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1994 -- 02 -- 22 Louisiana -- Lafayette 2.5 ! G / F 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Ross , Terrence 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 206 lb ( 93 kg ) 1991 -- 02 -- 05 Washington 4.0 ! F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Simmons , Jonathon 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1989 -- 09 -- 14 Houston 5.5 ! F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Speights , Marreese 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1987 -- 08 -- 04 Florida 6.0 ! C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Vučević , Nikola 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1990 -- 10 -- 24 Southern California Head coach Frank Vogel Assistant coach ( es ) Chad Forcier Jay Hernandez Matt Hill Corliss Williamson Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 -- 10 -- 16 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Magic hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2015 51 Harvey , Tyler Tyler Harvey United States Olympique Antibes ( France ) 2013 60 Timma , Jānis Jānis Timma G / F Latvia Saski - Baskonia ( Spain ) Acquired from the Memphis Grizzlies 2005 11 Vázquez , Fran Fran Vázquez F / C Spain Iberostar Tenerife ( Spain ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Orlando Magic retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 6 Fans ( `` The Sixth Man '' ) -- 1989 -- present The number was unretired in the 2001 -- 02 season for Patrick Ewing . Basketball Hall of famers ( edit ) Orlando Magic Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 21 Dominique Wilkins 1999 2006 6 Patrick Ewing 2001 -- 2002 2008 32 Shaquille O'Neal 1992 -- 1996 2016 Tracy McGrady 2000 -- 2004 2017 Coaches No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Chuck Daly Head coach 1997 -- 1999 Notes : In total , Ewing was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . In total , Daly was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as coach and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team Orlando Magic Hall of Fame ( edit ) In 2014 , the Orlando Magic launched the team 's Hall of Fame , which honors players , coaches and executives who have had a major impact for the team . Orlando Magic Hall of Fame Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 25 Nick Anderson 1989 -- 1999 2014 32 Shaquille O'Neal 1992 -- 1996 2015 Penny Hardaway 1993 -- 1999 2017 Staff No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Pat Williams Co-founder 1988 -- present 2014 -- Richard DeVos Owner 1991 -- present 2016 -- Jimmy Hewitt Founder -- 2017 Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Orlando Magic head coaches Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Orlando Magic seasons Rivalries ( edit ) Miami Heat ( edit ) The Orlando Magic and the Miami Heat had a rivalry based on the fact that the two franchises altogether were based in Florida in separate locations , known as the Sunshine State rivalry . Another ingredient to the rivalry was the high - caliber players on both teams such as Orlando 's Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway , and Miami 's Alonzo Mourning and Tim Hardaway . The two had met each other in the NBA playoffs for the first time in 1997 , with Miami beating Orlando 3 -- 2 ; they have not met in the corresponding playoffs ever since so far . The rivalry had intensified in the past decade with the rising stardom of Dwyane Wade and Dwight Howard , along with Miami acquiring high - caliber stars such LeBron James from the Cavaliers and Chris Bosh from the Toronto Raptors and in 2010 , resulting in fierce competition between the two . Recently , when Dwight Howard departed from the Magic to the Los Angeles Lakers in August 2012 , the rivalry has since softened as the Orlando Magic underwent a continuing process of rebuilding ; however , competition still remains tense . Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) The Atlanta Hawks and the Orlando Magic had an intense rivalry , mostly stemming from playoff competitions and the rising stardom of Dwight Howard and Josh Smith , both from the 2004 NBA draft and who were both raised in Georgia . The two teams faced each other twice in the 2010 and 2011 NBA playoffs . The Magic had swept the Hawks in the second round of the 2010 playoffs and the Hawks eliminated the Magic 4 -- 2 in the first round of the corresponding 2011 playoffs . Media ( edit ) Main article : List of Orlando Magic broadcasters Television ( edit ) The current television announce team for the Orlando Magic is play - by - play announcer David Steele and color analyst Jeff Turner . Turner played for the Magic from its inaugural 1989 season to 1996 . Paul Kennedy and Dante Marchetelli serve as courtside reporters , while Marchetelli , former coach Brian Hill , and former Magic player Nick Anderson host the pre-game , halftime and post-game shows . Television broadcasts were split in 2007 -- 08 between Fox Sports Florida and Sun Sports ( now Fox Sports Sun ) . In the 18 years before then , broadcasts were split between Sun Sports ( formerly known as the Sunshine Network ) and local television stations , originally WKCF and , later , WRBW . There was a controversy with moving broadcasts to Fox Sports Florida since Orlando 's largest cable TV provider , Bright House Networks , did not carry the network . Pressure increased for the cable provider to pick up FS Florida in time for the 2007 -- 08 NBA season but this did not happen . The Magic persisted with airing games on FS Florida into the 2008 -- 09 season despite Bright House 's refusal to pick up the channel in all of its affiliates . Recently , Bright House and FS Florida came to an agreement on January 1 , 2009 and have begun airing the channel as part of its standard cable package . However , Bright House airs the channel using a digital signal that only allows customers who own the Digital cable box to receive the channel . The customers do not have to pay any additional costs to get the channel with their Digital cable box . As of the 2012 -- 13 season , all Magic games are now on Fox Sports Florida . Radio ( edit ) The current radio announce team for the Orlando Magic is play - by - play announcer Dennis Neumann and color analyst Richie Adubato , another former Magic head coach . Games are produced by Magic Radio Network flagship AM 580 WDBO in Orlando , and also broadcast on AM 1380 WELE in Daytona Beach , 99.5 FM WGMW `` The Star '' in Gainesville and Ocala , AM 1290 WPCF in Panama City , AM 1590 WPSL in Port St. Lucie and AM 1450 WSTU in Stuart . The affiliate in Tallahassee is AM 1270 `` My 94.3 '' WTLY . The immediate Tampa Bay area has no affiliate although AM 1340 in Clearwater WTAN is listed on the team 's website . The flagship broadcast was simulcast on WDBO - FM during the 2011 -- 12 NBA season while that station moved from AM to FM . When WDBO - AM re-formatted from talk radio to sports radio , it retained the flagship status . However , WDBO - FM still simulcasts Magic games in Central Florida . Joey Colon and Ramón Rivas do Spanish - language commentary on AM 1030 WONQ `` La Grande '' in Orlando . Podcasts ( edit ) The official Orlando Magic website features a collection of podcasts available on iTunes , including `` Magic Overtime with Dante and Galante '' . Leaders ( edit ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) Dwight Howard ( 11,435 ) Nick Anderson ( 10,650 ) Tracy McGrady ( 8,298 ) Jameer Nelson ( 8,184 ) Shaquille O'Neal ( 8,019 ) Hedo Turkoglu ( 7,216 ) Anfernee Hardaway ( 7,018 ) Dennis Scott ( 6,603 ) Darrell Armstrong ( 5,898 ) Nikola Vucevic ( 5,524 ) Scott Skiles ( 4,966 ) Horace Grant ( 4,638 ) Rashard Lewis ( 4,194 ) Pat Garrity ( 3,800 ) J.J. Redick ( 3,662 ) Victor Oladipo ( 3,551 ) Terry Catledge ( 3,433 ) Grant Hill ( 3,280 ) Tobias Harris ( 3,193 ) Evan Fournier ( 3,078 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes Dwight Howard 22,471 Nick Anderson 22,440 Jameer Nelson 19,038 Hedo Turkoglu 16,233 Darrell Armstrong 14,234 Horace Grant 14,233 Anfernee Hardaway 13,721 Dennis Scott 13,692 Scott Skiles 11,940 Tracy McGrady 11,628 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Dwight Howard 8,072 Nikola Vucevic 3,708 Shaquille O'Neal 3,691 Nick Anderson 3,667 Horace Grant 3,353 Hedo Turkoglu 2,221 Bo Outlaw 2,160 Tracy McGrady 2,067 Jameer Nelson 2,038 Anfernee Hardaway 1,752 Most assists Player Assists Jameer Nelson 3,501 Scott Skiles 2,776 Darrell Armstrong 2,555 Anfernee Hardaway 2,343 Nick Anderson 1,937 Hedo Turkoglu 1,927 Tracy McGrady 1,533 Elfrid Payton 1,530 Brian Shaw 1,061 Dennis Scott 1,034 Most steals Player Steals Nick Anderson 1,004 Darrell Armstrong 830 Anfernee Hardaway 718 Dwight Howard 626 Jameer Nelson 619 Tracy McGrady 452 Dennis Scott 429 Horace Grant 426 Hedo Turkoglu 425 Bo Outlaw 401 Most blocks Player Blocks Dwight Howard 1,344 Shaquille O'Neal 824 Bo Outlaw 536 Horace Grant 415 Nick Anderson 338 Nikola Vucevic 324 Tracy McGrady 292 Tony Battie 205 Darko Milicic 202 Anfernee Hardaway 191 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Dennis Scott 981 Nick Anderson 900 Jameer Nelson 874 Hedo Turkoglu 794 Rashard Lewis 658 Darrell Armstrong 654 Pat Garrity 624 J.J. Redick 549 Tracy McGrady 509 Scott Skiles 384 Individual records ( edit ) Most points in one game with 62 ( Tracy McGrady on March 10 , 2004 vs. Washington Wizards ) Most points in one half with 37 in the first half ( Tracy McGrady on March 9 , 2003 vs. Denver Nuggets ) Most points in one quarter with 25 in the second quarter ( Tracy McGrady on March 9 , 2003 vs. Denver Nuggets ) Most free throws made in one game with 21 ( Dwight Howard on January 12 , 2012 vs. Golden State Warriors Most free throws attempted in one game with 39 ( Dwight Howard on January 12 , 2012 vs. Golden State Warriors ) * * * NBA Record Most points in a playoff game with 46 ( Dwight Howard in Game 1 of 2011 Eastern Conference playoffs , First round vs. Atlanta Hawks and Tracy McGrady in Game 2 of the 2003 Eastern Conference playoffs , First round vs. Detroit Pistons ) Most assist made in one game with 30 ( Scott Skiles on December 30 , 1990 vs. Denver Nuggets ) * * * NBA Record Most rebounds in one game with 29 ( Nikola Vučević on December 31 , 2012 vs. Miami Heat ) Awards and accomplishments ( edit ) Individual awards ( edit ) NBA Defensive Player of the Year Dwight Howard -- 2009 , 2010 , 2011 NBA Rookie of the Year Shaquille O'Neal -- 1993 Mike Miller -- 2001 NBA Sixth Man of the Year Darrell Armstrong -- 1999 NBA Sportsmanship Award Grant Hill -- 2005 NBA Most Improved Player of the Year Scott Skiles -- 1991 Darrell Armstrong -- 1999 Tracy McGrady -- 2001 Hedo Türkoğlu -- 2008 Ryan Anderson -- 2012 NBA Coach of the Year Doc Rivers -- 2000 NBA Executive of the Year John Gabriel -- 2000 NBA scoring champion Shaquille O'Neal -- 1995 Tracy McGrady -- 2003 , 2004 All - NBA First Team Anfernee Hardaway -- 1995 , 1996 Tracy McGrady -- 2002 , 2003 Dwight Howard -- 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 All - NBA Second Team Shaquille O'Neal -- 1995 Tracy McGrady -- 2001 , 2004 All - NBA Third Team Shaquille O'Neal -- 1994 , 1996 Anfernee Hardaway -- 1997 Dwight Howard -- 2007 NBA All - Defensive First Team Dwight Howard -- 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Horace Grant -- 1995 , 1996 Dwight Howard -- 2008 NBA All - Rookie First Team Dennis Scott -- 1991 Shaquille O'Neal -- 1993 Anfernee Hardaway -- 1994 Matt Harpring -- 1999 Mike Miller -- 2001 Drew Gooden -- 2003 Dwight Howard -- 2005 Victor Oladipo -- 2014 Elfrid Payton -- 2015 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Stanley Roberts -- 1992 Michael Doleac -- 1999 Chucky Atkins -- 2000 Gordan Giriček -- 2003 Jameer Nelson -- 2005 NBA All - Star Weekend ( edit ) NBA All - Star Team Shaquille O'Neal -- 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 Anfernee Hardaway -- 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Tracy McGrady -- 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 Grant Hill -- 2001 , 2005 Rashard Lewis -- 2009 Jameer Nelson -- 2009 Dwight Howard -- 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 NBA All - Star Game Eastern head coaches Brian Hill -- 1995 Stan Van Gundy -- 2009 Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Orlando Magic seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic Unveil New Logo '' . Orlando Magic . June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . The new logo incorporates the Magic 's current jersey wordmark giving a more integrated look . It also continues the team 's colors with the Magic blue , Magic black and Magic silver . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton , John ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Magic Name Jeff Weltman President of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Denton , John ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Magic Name John Hammond General Manager '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Galarza , Carlos ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Magic moments : 20 years since NBA idea was born '' . Orlando Business Journal . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lombardo , John ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Magic Man '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAGIC : Behind the Name : the Orlando Magic '' . NBA.com/magic . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MAGIC : 20 Years Ago Today -- The Magic Begins '' . NBA.com/magic . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of team names in the NBA . '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Barry ( July 27 , 1986 ) . `` Abracadabra ! It 's Magic Orlando 's Prospective Nba Team Now Has A Name '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of All 30 NBA Team Names '' . 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lombardo , John ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Stern : Pat ' refused to take no for an answer ' '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumenstyk , Goldie ( December 9 , 1986 ) . `` Gung - ho City Council Okays Early Construction Of Arena '' . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldaper , Sam ( April 23 , 1987 ) . `` The National Basketball Association decided yesterday in a surprise move to expand by four franchises rather than the three originally planned . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Evan ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Orlando Magic 25th anniversary : Team to honor Nick Anderson on November 8th '' . Orlando Pinstriped Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Brian ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` Dave Corzine has Magic flashback '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Denton , John . `` Denton : 25 Years of Magic History '' . NBA.com/magic . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 Standings '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Expansion Drafts : Results '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Evan ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Orlando Magic 25th anniversary : Team to honor Dennis Scott on December 13th '' . Orlando Pinstriped Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA . December 30 , 2005 . Retrieved November 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` N.B.A. Orlando Team Sold '' . The New York Times . September 20 , 1991 . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moran , Malcolm ( May 18 , 1992 ) . `` The Top Pick Is Going to Disney World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 Standings '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Jonathan . `` Blue Chips : An oral history of Shaq , Penny , and the Orlando Magic 's lost NBA dynasty . '' . Grantland . ESPN . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hill Is Named Coach of Magic '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 1993 . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson II , Marcus ; Geoff Lepper ( January 26 , 2008 ) . `` Warriors in talks with Webber '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 Standings '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Playoff Results '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 Standings '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic : Did You Know ? '' . NBA.com/magic . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 Playoff Results '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Standings '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MAGIC : All - Time Transactions '' . NBA.com/magic . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Playoff Results '' . NBA.com/history . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , John ( May 28 , 1996 ) . `` Bull Rush Jordan , Chicago Sweep Past Magic Into Finals Jordan Is The Magic '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( July 19 , 1996 ) . `` Lakers Hit The Shaqpot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daly reconsiders , takes Magic job Former Pistons coach gets 3 - year , $15 million deal '' . The Baltimore Sun . June 2 , 1997 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( February 20 , 1998 ) . `` Seikaly Bounces To Nets , And It Looks As If He 'll Go '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( May 16 , 1999 ) . `` 76ers 101 , Magic 91 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Stephen A. ( June 8 , 1999 ) . `` Oakley Shows Interest In Sixers ; Magic Hire Rivers As Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Sign Penny For 7 Years '' . CBS News . August 4 , 1999 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets make Magic disappear '' . Philadelphia Daily News . May 1 , 2002 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We Reminisce : When Tracy McGrady Almost Made The Second Round Of The NBA Playoffs 10 Years Ago '' . 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Brian ( November 18 , 2003 ) . `` Magic Fire Coach Doc Rivers '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel blamed for Grant Hill fiasco '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2004 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Brian ( June 30 , 2004 ) . `` Exit T - mac , Enter Steve Francis ... the 7 - player Trade With Houston Is Final . Tracy Mcgrady Did n't Want To Leave Here . '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Acquire Tony Battie , Picks from Cleveland '' . NBA.com/magic . July 23 , 2004 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 05 Season '' . NBA.com/magic . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic will waive Christie '' . Jump up ^ `` Magic fire Davis following sixth straight loss '' . ESPN.com. 17 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Magic GM & COO John Weisbrod Resigns ; Is Move To NHL Next ? '' . Sports Business Daily . May 23 , 2005 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Hill named Orlando Magic coach '' . UPI . May 24 , 2005 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2006 . Retrieved October 22 , 2005 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sonics , Magic complete sign - and - trade for Rashard Lewis '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic 's Vander Weide officially takes over reins from owner Rich DeVos '' . tribunedigital - orlandosentinel . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` After review , NBA says Billups ' 3 - pointer should not have counted '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Magic Moment : Orlando beats Boston to advance '' . Yahoo . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey Nets ship Vince Carter to Orlando Magic for Rafer Alston , rookie Courtney Lee '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEWS '' . Orlando Magic . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic agree to two - year contract with free - agent forward Matt Barnes '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Sign Free Agent Jason Williams '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Van Gundy , Smith reap the rewards of success '' . tribunedigital - orlandosentinel . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis suspended 10 games by NBA '' . ESPN . August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Magic sign Chris Duhon '' . InsideHoops . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Magic trade for Gilbert Arenas '' . ESPN . December 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic GM Rob Hennigan -- '' . Usatoday.com. 2012 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard Demands Nets Trade '' . CBS New York . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Vaughn named as Magic head coach '' . WFTV Channel 9 Orlando . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard to Lakers '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Howard dealt to Lakers in four - team trade '' . NBA . 2012 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Announces 2013 Men 's Basketball Postseason Honors '' . www.bigten.org . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Magic tab Skiles as 12th coach in franchise history '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic hire Scott Skiles as coach '' . ESPN . May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Denton , John ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Magic Select Mario Hezonja with Fifth Overall Pick '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Acquire Forward Tobias Harris '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Josh ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Scott Skiles resigns as head coach of Orlando Magic '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Magic agree to deal with Vogel as coach '' . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic Re-Sign Evan Fournier Orlando Magic '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Josh ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Orlando Magic re-sign Evan Fournier '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Acquire C.J. Wilcox From Clippers '' . NBA.com . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Acquire Serge Ibaka From Magic '' . NBA.com. 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Orlando to host 2012 All - Star Game in new arena '' . National Basketball Association . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daktronics Helps Orlando Magic Open Amway Center '' . Jump up ^ `` Amway Center to Feature Daktronics Integrated Super System '' . Jump up ^ `` Magic 's Home Renamed ' Amway Arena ' '' . Local6.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AMWAY ARENA '' . Orlando Venues . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magic Logo Sparks Enthusiasm At Team 's Colorful Unveiling '' . Jump up ^ Pat Williams , James D. Denney ( 2014 ) . Ahead of the Game : The Pat Williams Story . Revell . p. 191 . ISBN 1441220453 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suspense Over -- Magic Unveil Designer Duds '' . Jump up ^ `` New - look Magic Leave Celtics Feeling Blue '' . Jump up ^ `` Magic Unveil Latest In Nba Fashions '' . Jump up ^ `` Going Retro : Orlando Magic '' . Orlando Magic . September 23 , 2003 . 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where do the cranial nerves branch off the brain | The terminal nerves , olfactory nerves ( I ) and optic nerves ( II ) emerge from the cerebrum or forebrain , and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem , which is the lower part of the brain . | Cranial nerves | cranial nerves | Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain ( including the brainstem ) , in contrast to spinal nerves ( which emerge from segments of the spinal cord ) . 10 of 12 of the cranial nerves originate in the brainstem . Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body , primarily to and from regions of the head and neck . | Spinal nerves emerge sequentially from the spinal cord with the spinal nerve closest to the head ( C1 ) emerging in the space above the first cervical vertebra . The cranial nerves , however , emerge from the central nervous system above this level . Each cranial nerve is paired and is present on both sides . Depending on definition in humans there are twelve or thirteen cranial nerves pairs , which are assigned Roman numerals I -- XII , sometimes also including cranial nerve zero . The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain , front to back ( brainstem ) . The terminal nerves , olfactory nerves ( I ) and optic nerves ( II ) emerge from the cerebrum or forebrain , and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem , which is the lower part of the brain . The cranial nerves are considered components of the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , although on a structural level the olfactory , optic and trigeminal nerves are more accurately considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Terminology 1.2 Intracranial course 1.2. 1 Nuclei 1.2. 2 Ganglia 1.2. 3 Exiting the skull and extracranial course 2 Function 2.1 Smell ( I ) 2.2 Vision ( II ) 2.3 Eye movement ( III , IV , VI ) 2.4 Trigeminal nerve ( V ) 2.5 Facial expression ( VII ) 2.6 Hearing and balance ( VIII ) 2.7 Oral sensation , taste , and salivation ( IX ) 2.8 Vagus nerve ( X ) 2.9 Shoulder elevation and head - turning ( XI ) 2.10 Tongue movement ( XII ) 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Examination 3.2 Damage 3.2. 1 Compression 3.2. 2 Stroke 3.2. 3 Inflammation 3.2. 4 Other 4 History 5 Other animals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy ( edit ) See also : Table of cranial nerves View of the human brain from below showing the cranial nerves on an autopsy specimen View from below of the brain and brainstem showing the cranial nerves , numbered from olfactory to hypoglossal after the order in which they emerge The brainstem , with deeper cranial nerve nuclei and tracts inside the brain - stem shaded red . Most typically , humans are considered to have twelve pairs of cranial nerves ( I -- XII ) . They are : the olfactory nerve ( I ) , the optic nerve ( II ) , oculomotor nerve ( III ) , trochlear nerve ( IV ) , trigeminal nerve ( V ) , abducens nerve ( VI ) , facial nerve ( VII ) , vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) , glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , vagus nerve ( X ) , accessory nerve ( XI ) , and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) . ( There may be a thirteenth cranial nerve , the terminal nerve ( nerve O or N ) , which is very small and may or may not be functional in humans ) Terminology ( edit ) Cranial nerves are generally named according to their structure or function . For example , the olfactory nerve ( I ) supplies smell , and the facial nerve ( VII ) supplies motor innervation to the face . Because Latin was the lingua franca ( common language ) of the study of anatomy when the nerves were first documented , recorded , and discussed , many nerves maintain Latin or Greek names , including the trochlear nerve ( IV ) , named according to its structure , as it supplies a muscle that attaches to a pulley ( Greek : trochlea ) . The trigeminal nerve ( V ) is named in accordance with its three components ( Latin : trigeminus meaning triplets ) , and the vagus nerve ( X ) is named for its wandering course ( Latin : vagus ) . Cranial nerves are numbered based on their rostral - caudal ( front - back ) position , when viewing the brain . If the brain is carefully removed from the skull the nerves are typically visible in their numeric order , with the exception of the last , CN XII , which appears to emerge rostrally to ( above ) CN XI . Cranial nerves have paths within and outside the skull . The paths within the skull are called `` intracranial '' and the paths outside the skull are called `` extracranial '' . There are many holes in the skull called `` foramina '' by which the nerves can exit the skull . All cranial nerves are paired , which means that they occur on both the right and left sides of the body . The muscle , skin , or additional function supplied by a nerve on the same side of the body as the side it originates from , is referred to an ipsilateral function . If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve , this is known as a contralateral function . Intracranial course ( edit ) Nuclei ( edit ) Main article : Cranial nerve nucleus The cell bodies of many of the neurons of most of the cranial nerves are contained in one or more nuclei in the brainstem . These nuclei are important relative to cranial nerve dysfunction because damage to these nuclei such as from a stroke or trauma can mimic damage to one or more branches of a cranial nerve . In terms of specific cranial nerve nuclei , the midbrain of the brainstem has the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve ( III ) and trochlear nerve ( IV ) ; the pons has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve ( V ) , abducens nerve ( VI ) , facial nerve ( VII ) and vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) ; and the medulla has the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , vagus nerve ( X ) , accessory nerve ( XI ) and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) . The fibers of these cranial nerves exit the brainstem from these nuclei . Ganglia ( edit ) Main article : Cranial nerve ganglia Some of the cranial nerves have sensory or parasympathetic ganglia ( collections of cell bodies ) of neurons , which are located outside the brain ( but can be inside or outside the skull ) . The sensory ganglia are directly correspondent to dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves and are known as cranial sensory ganglia . Sensory ganglia exist for nerves with sensory function : V , VII , VIII , IX , X . There are also parasympathetic ganglia , which are part of the autonomic nervous system for cranial nerves III , VII , IX and X . The trigeminal ganglia of the trigeminal nerve ( V ) occupies a space in the dura mater called Trigeminal cave . This ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve . The geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve ( VII ) is found just after the nerve enters the facial canal ; it contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of the facial nerve . Superior and inferior ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , are located just after the nerve passes through the jugular foramen and contain the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of this nerve . inferior ganglion of vagus nerve ( nodose ganglion ) is located below the jugular foramen and contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of the vagus nerve ( X ) . Exiting the skull and extracranial course ( edit ) Exits of cranial nerves from the skull . Location Nerve cribriform plate Olfactory nerve ( I ) optic foramen Optic nerve ( II ) superior orbital fissure Oculomotor ( III ) Trochlear ( IV ) Abducens ( VI ) Trigeminal V1 ( ophthalmic ) Foramen rotundum Trigeminal V2 ( maxillary ) Foramen ovale Trigeminal V3 ( mandibular ) internal auditory canal Facial ( VII ) Vestibulocochlear ( VIII ) jugular foramen Glossopharyngeal ( IX ) Vagus ( X ) Accessory ( XI ) hypoglossal canal Hypoglossal ( XII ) See also : List of foramina of the human body After emerging from the brain , the cranial nerves travel within the skull , and some must leave this bony compartment in order to reach their destinations . Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull , called foramina , as they travel to their destinations . Other nerves pass through bony canals , longer pathways enclosed by bone . These foramina and canals may contain more than one cranial nerve , and may also contain blood vessels . The olfactory nerve ( I ) , actually composed of many small separate nerve fibers , passes through perforations in the cribiform plate part of the ethmoid bone . These fibers terminate in the upper part of the nasal cavity and function to convey impulses containing information about odors to the brain . The optic nerve ( II ) passes through the optic foramen in the sphenoid bone as it travels to the eye . It conveys visual information to the brain . The oculomotor nerve ( III ) , trochlear nerve ( IV ) , abducens nerve ( VI ) and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve ( V1 ) travel through the cavernous sinus into the superior orbital fissure , passing out of the skull into the orbit . These nerves control the small muscles that move the eye and also provide sensory innervation to the eye and orbit . The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve ( V2 ) passes through foramen rotundum in the sphenoid bone to supply the skin of the middle of the face . The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve ( V3 ) passes through foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone to supply the lower face with sensory innervation . This nerve also sends branches to almost all of the muscles that control chewing . The facial nerve ( VII ) and vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) both enter the internal auditory canal in the temporal bone . The facial nerve then reaches the side of the face by using the stylomastoid foramen , also in the temporal bone . Its fibers then spread out to reach and control all of the muscles of facial expression . The vestibulocochlear nerve reaches the organs that control balance and hearing in the temporal bone , and therefore does not reach the external surface of the skull . The glossopharyngeal ( IX ) , vagus ( X ) and accessory nerve ( XI ) all leave the skull via the jugular foramen to enter the neck . The glossopharyngeal nerve provides innervation to the upper throat and the back of the tongue , the vagus provides innervation to the muscles in the voicebox , and continues downward to supply parasympathetic innervation to the chest and abdomen . The accessory nerve controls the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in the neck and shoulder . The hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) exits the skull using the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone and reaches the tongue to control almost all of the muscles involved in movements of this organ . Function ( edit ) The cranial nerves provide motor and sensory innervation mainly to the structures within the head and neck . The sensory innervation includes both `` general '' sensation such as temperature and touch , and `` special '' innervation such as taste , vision , smell , balance and hearing The vagus nerve ( X ) provides sensory and autonomic ( parasympathetic ) motor innervation to structures in the neck and also to most of the organs in the chest and abdomen . Smell ( I ) ( edit ) The olfactory nerve ( I ) conveys the sense of smell . Damage to the olfactory nerve ( I ) can cause an inability to smell ( anosmia ) , a distortion in the sense of smell ( parosmia ) , or a distortion or lack of taste . If there is suspicion of a change in the sense of smell , each nostril is tested with substances of known odors such as coffee or soap . Intensely smelling substances , for example ammonia , may lead to the activation of pain receptors ( nociceptors ) of the trigeminal nerve that are located in the nasal cavity and this can confound olfactory testing . Vision ( II ) ( edit ) The optic nerve ( II ) transmits visual information . Damage to the optic nerve ( II ) affects specific aspects of vision that depend on the location of the lesion . A person may not be able to see objects on their left or right sides ( homonymous hemianopsia ) , or may have difficulty seeing objects on their outer visual fields ( bitemporal hemianopsia ) if the optic chiasm is involved . Vision may be tested by examining the visual field , or by examining the retina with an ophthalmoscope , using a process known as funduscopy . Visual field testing may be used to pin - point structural lesions in the optic nerve , or further along the visual pathways . Eye movement ( III , IV , VI ) ( edit ) Various deviations of the eyes due to abnormal function of the targets of the cranial nerves The oculomotor nerve ( III ) , trochlear nerve ( IV ) and abducens nerve ( VI ) coordinate eye movement . Damage to nerves III , IV , or VI may affect the movement of the eyeball ( globe ) . Both or one eye may be affected ; in either case double vision ( diplopia ) will likely occur because the movements of the eyes are no longer synchronized . Nerves III , IV and VI are tested by observing how the eye follows an object in different directions . This object may be a finger or a pin , and may be moved at different directions to test for pursuit velocity . If the eyes do not work together , the most likely cause is damage to a specific cranial nerve or its nuclei . Damage to the oculomotor nerve ( III ) can cause double vision ( diplopia ) and inability to coordinate the movements of both eyes ( strabismus ) , also eyelid drooping ( ptosis ) and pupil dilation ( mydriasis ) . Lesions may also lead to inability to open the eye due to paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle . Individuals suffering from a lesion to the oculomotor nerve may compensate by tilting their heads to alleviate symptoms due to paralysis of one or more of the eye muscles it controls . Damage to the trochlear nerve ( IV ) can also cause diplopia with the eye adducted and elevated . The result will be an eye which can not move downwards properly ( especially downwards when in an inward position ) . This is due to impairment in the superior oblique muscle , which is innervated by the trochlear nerve . Damage to the abducens nerve ( VI ) can also result in diplopia . This is due to impairment in the lateral rectus muscle , which is innervated by the abducens nerve . Trigeminal nerve ( V ) ( edit ) The trigeminal nerve ( V ) comprises three distinct parts : The Ophthalmic ( V1 ) , the Maxillary ( V2 ) , and the Mandibular ( V3 ) nerves . Combined , these nerves provide sensation to the skin of the face and also controls the muscles of mastication ( chewing ) . Conditions affecting the trigeminal nerve ( V ) include trigeminal neuralgia , cluster headache , and trigeminal zoster . Trigeminal neuralgia occurs later in life , from middle age onwards , most often after age 60 , and is a condition typically associated with very strong pain distributed over the area innervated by the maxillary or mandibular nerve divisions of the trigeminal nerve ( V and V ) . The facial nerve passes through the petrous temporal bone , internal auditory meatus , facial canal , stylomastoid foramen , and then the parotid gland . Facial expression ( VII ) ( edit ) Lesions of the facial nerve ( VII ) may manifest as facial palsy . This is where a person is unable to move the muscles on one or both sides of their face . A very common and generally temporary facial palsy is known as Bell 's palsy . Bell 's Palsy is the result of an idiopathic ( unknown cause ) , unilateral lower motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve and is characterized by an inability to move the ipsilateral muscles of facial expression , including elevation of the eyebrow and furrowing of the forehead . Patients with Bell 's palsy often have a drooping mouth on the affected side and often have trouble chewing because the buccinator muscle is affected . Bell 's palsy occurs very rarely , affecting around 40,000 Americans annually . There are studies in mice and humans suggesting members of the family Herpesviridae are capable of producing Bell 's palsy . Facial paralysis may be caused by other conditions including stroke , and similar conditions to Bell 's Palsy are occasionally misdiagnosed as Bell 's Palsy . Bell 's Palsy is a temporary condition usually lasting 2 - 6 months , but can have life - changing effects and can reoccur . Strokes typically also affect the seventh cranial nerve by cutting off blood supply to nerves in the brain that signal this nerve and so can present with similar symptoms . Hearing and balance ( VIII ) ( edit ) The vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) splits into the vestibular and cochlear nerve . The vestibular part is responsible for innervating the vestibules and semicircular canal of the inner ear ; this structure transmits information about balance , and is an important component of the vestibuloocular reflex , which keeps the head stable and allows the eyes to track moving objects . The cochlear nerve transmits information from the cochlea , allowing sound to be heard . When damaged , the vestibular nerve may give rise to the sensation of spinning and dizziness . Function of the vestibular nerve may be tested by putting cold and warm water in the ears and watching eye movements caloric stimulation . Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve can also present as repetitive and involuntary eye movements ( nystagmus ) , particularly when looking in a horizontal plane . Damage to the cochlear nerve will cause partial or complete deafness in the affected ear . Oral sensation , taste , and salivation ( IX ) ( edit ) Deviating uvula due to cranial nerve IX lesion The glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle and provides sensory innervation to the oropharynx and back of the tongue . The glossopharyngeal nerve also provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland . Unilateral absence of a gag reflex suggests a lesion of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , and perhaps the vagus nerve ( X ) . Vagus nerve ( X ) ( edit ) Loss of function of the vagus nerve ( X ) will lead to a loss of parasympathetic innervation to a very large number of structures . Major effects of damage to the vagus nerve may include a rise in blood pressure and heart rate . Isolated dysfunction of only the vagus nerve is rare , but can be diagnosed by a hoarse voice , due to dysfunction of one of its branches , the recurrent laryngeal nerve . Damage to this nerve may result in difficulties swallowing . Shoulder elevation and head - turning ( XI ) ( edit ) Winged scapula may occur due to lesion of the spinal accessory . Damage to the accessory nerve ( XI ) will lead to ipsilateral weakness in the trapezius muscle . This can be tested by asking the subject to raise their shoulders or shrug , upon which the shoulder blade ( scapula ) will protrude into a winged position . Additionally , if the nerve is damaged , weakness or an inability to elevate the scapula may be present because the levator scapulae muscle is now solely able to provide this function . Depending on the location of the lesion there may also be weakness present in the sternocleidomastoid muscle , which acts to turn the head so that the face points to the opposite side . Tongue movement ( XII ) ( edit ) A damaged hypoglossal nerve will result in an inability to stick the tongue out straight . A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery . The hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) is unique in that it is innervated from the motor cortices of both hemispheres of the brain . Damage to the nerve at lower motor neuron level may lead to fasciculations or atrophy of the muscles of the tongue . The fasciculations of the tongue are sometimes said to look like a `` bag of worms '' . Upper motor neuron damage will not lead to atrophy or fasciculations , but only weakness of the innervated muscles . When the nerve is damaged , it will lead to weakness of tongue movement on one side . When damaged and extended , the tongue will move towards the weaker or damaged side , as shown in the image . Clinical significance ( edit ) Examination ( edit ) Main article : Cranial nerve examination Physicians , neurologists , and other medical professionals may conduct a cranial nerve examination as part of a neurological examination to examine the functionality of the cranial nerves . This is a highly formalized series of tests that assess the status of each nerve . A cranial nerve exam begins with observation of the patient because some cranial nerve lesions may affect the symmetry of the eyes or face . The visual fields are tested for nerve lesions or nystagmus via an analysis of specific eye movements . The sensation of the face is tested , and patients are asked to perform different facial movements , such as puffing out of the cheeks . Hearing is checked by voice and tuning forks . The position of the patient 's uvula is examined because asymmetry in the position could indicate a lesion of the glossopharyngeal nerve . After the ability of the patient to use their shoulder to assess the accessory nerve ( XI ) , and the patient 's tongue function is assessed by observing various tongue movements . Damage ( edit ) Compression ( edit ) Nerves may be compressed because of increased intracranial pressure , a mass effect of an intracerebral haemorrhage , or tumour that presses against the nerves and interferes with the transmission of impulses along the nerve . A loss of functionality of a single cranial nerve may sometimes be the first symptom of an intracranial or skull base cancer . An increase in intracranial pressure may lead to impairment of the optic nerves ( II ) due to compression of the surrounding veins and capillaries , causing swelling of the eyeball ( papilloedema ) . A cancer , such as an optic glioma , may also impact the optic nerve ( II ) . A pituitary tumour may compress the optic tracts or the optic chiasm of the optic nerve ( II ) , leading to visual field loss . A pituitary tumour may also extend into the cavernous sinus , compressing the oculuomotor nerve ( III ) , trochlear nerve ( IV ) and abducens nerve ( VI ) , leading to double - vision and strabismus . These nerves may also be affected by herniation of the temporal lobes of the brain through the falx cerebri . The cause of trigeminal neuralgia , in which one side of the face is exquisitely painful , is thought to be compression of the nerve by an artery as the nerve emerges from the brain stem . An acoustic neuroma , particularly at the junction between the pons and medulla , may compress the facial nerve ( VII ) and vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) , leading to hearing and sensory loss on the affected side . Stroke ( edit ) Occlusion of blood vessels that supply the nerves or their nuclei , an ischemic stroke , may cause specific signs and symptoms that can localise where the occlusion occurred . A clot in a blood vessel draining the cavernous sinus ( cavernous sinus thrombosis ) affects the oculomotor ( III ) , trochlear ( IV ) , opthalamic branch of the trigeminal nerve ( V1 ) and the abducens nerve ( VI ) . Inflammation ( edit ) Inflammation resulting from infection may impair the function of any of the cranial nerves . Inflammation of the facial nerve ( VII ) may result in Bell 's palsy . Multiple sclerosis , an inflammatory process that may produce a loss of the myelin sheathes which surround the cranial nerves , may cause a variety of shifting symptoms affecting multiple cranial nerves . Other ( edit ) Trauma to the skull , disease of bone such as Paget 's disease , and injury to nerves during neurosurgery ( such as tumor removal ) are other possible causes of cranial nerve damage . History ( edit ) The Graeco - Roman anatomist Galen ( AD 129 -- 210 ) named seven pairs of cranial nerves . Much later , in 1664 , English anatomist Sir Thomas Willis suggested that there were actually 9 pairs of nerves . Finally , in 1778 , German anatomist Samuel Soemmering named the 12 pairs of nerves that are generally accepted today . However , because many of the nerves emerge from the brain stem as rootlets , there is continual debate as to how many nerves there actually are , and how they should be grouped . There is reason to consider both the olfactory ( I ) and Optic ( II ) nerves to be brain tracts , rather than cranial nerves . Further , the very small terminal nerve ( nerve N or O ) exists in humans but may not be functional . In other animals , it appears to be important to sexual receptivity based on perceptions of phermones Other animals ( edit ) Dog - fish brain in two projections . top ; ventral bottom ; lateral The accessory nerve ( XI ) and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) can not be seen , as they are not always present in all vertebrates . Cranial nerves are also present in other vertebrates . Other amniotes ( non-amphibian tetrapods ) have cranial nerves similar to those of humans . In anamniotes ( fishes and amphibians ) , the accessory nerve ( XI ) and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) do not exist , with the accessory nerve ( XI ) being an integral part of the vagus nerve ( X ) ; the hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) is represented by a variable number of spinal nerves emerging from vertebral segments fused into the occiput . These two nerves only became discrete nerves in the ancestors of amniotes ( non-amphibian tetrapods ) . Diagrammatic view of the cranial nerves of the horse . Ventral view of the sheep 's brain . The exits of the various cranial nerves are marked with red . See also ( edit ) Cranial nerve mnemonics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vilensky , Joel ; Robertson , Wendy ; Suarez - Quian , Carlos ( 2015 ) . The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves : The Nerves of `` On Olympus Towering Top '' . Ames , Iowa : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 49201 - 7 . Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ; Borley , Neil R. ( 2008 ) . `` Overview of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei '' . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06684 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Eric R. ( 2013 ) . Principles of neural science ( 5 ed . ) . Appleton and Lange : McGraw Hill . pp. 1019 -- 1036 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 139011 - 8 . Jump up ^ Board Review Series -- Neuroanatomy , Fourth Edition , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , Maryland 2008 , p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7245 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Trigeminal Nerve '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Matthew C. ; Griessenauer , Christoph J. ; Bosmia , Anand N. ; Tubbs , R. Shane ; Shoja , Mohammadali M. `` The naming of the cranial nerves : A historical review '' . Clinical Anatomy. 27 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 19 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22345 . ^ Jump up to : Mallatt , Elaine N. Marieb , Patricia Brady Wilhelm , Jon ( 2012 ) . Human anatomy ( 6th ed. media update . ed . ) . Boston : Benjamin Cummings . pp. 431 -- 432 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 75327 - 4 . Jump up ^ Albert , Daniel ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . pp. 800 -- 807 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mtui , M.J. Turlough FitzGerald , Gregory Gruener , Estomih ( 2012 ) . Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience ( 6th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3738 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Eric R. ( 2013 ) . Principles of neural science ( 5 . ed . ) . Appleton and Lange : McGraw Hill . pp. 1533 -- 1549 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 139011 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Norton , Neil ( 2007 ) . Netter 's head and neck anatomy for dentistry . Philadelphia , Pa. : Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929007 - 88 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nesbitt AD , Goadsby PJ ( Apr 11 , 2012 ) . `` Cluster headache '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) ( Review ) . 344 : e2407 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. e2407 . PMID 22496300 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzgerald , M.J. Turlough FitzGerald , Gregory Gruener , Estomih Mtui ( 2012 ) . Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience ( 6th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3738 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bell 's Palsy Fact Sheet http://bellspalsy.ws/causes-of-facial-palsy/ Jump up ^ Mtui , M.J. Turlough FitzGerald , Gregory Gruener , Estomih ( 2012 ) . Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience ( 6th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Saunders / Elsevier . pp. 220 -- 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3738 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bickley , Lynn S. , Peter G. Szilagyi , and Barbara Bates . Bates ' Guide to Physical Examination and History - taking . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2013 . Print . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Sudipta ; Gowshami , Chandra ; Salam , Abdus ; Kuddus , Ruhul ; Farazi , Mohshin ; Baksh , Jahid ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery '' . Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury . 7 ( 01 ) : 2 . doi : 10.1186 / 1749 - 7221 - 7 - 2 . PMC 3395866 . PMID 22296879 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Nicholas J. Talley , Simon ( 2009 ) . Clinical examination : a systematic guide to physical diagnosis ( 6th ed . ) . Chatswood , N.S.W. : Elsevier Australia . pp. 330 -- 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7295 - 3905 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 787 , 1215 -- 1217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kumar ( ) , Vinay ; et al. ( 2010 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 1266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3121 - 5 . Jump up ^ Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 1166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Fauci , Anthony S. ; Harrison , T.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Harrison 's principles of internal medicine ( 17th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 2583 -- 2587 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147693 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 1164 -- 1170 , 1192 -- 1193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Matthew C. ; Griessenauer , Christoph J. ; Bosmia , Anand N. ; Tubbs , R. Shane ; Shoja , Mohammadali M. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The naming of the cranial nerves : A historical review '' . Clinical Anatomy. 27 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 19 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22345 . ISSN 1098 - 2353 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , JA ( January 2014 ) . `` The neglected cranial nerve : nervus terminalis ( cranial nerve N ) '' . Clin Anat. 27 : 46 -- 53 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22130 . PMID 22836597 . Jump up ^ Quiring , Daniel Paul ( 1950 ) . Functional anatomy of the vertebrates . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 249 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cranial nerves . Cranial nerve video ( Brainfacts.org ) Cranial Nerves ( Yale School of Medicine ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual NDL : 00568706 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerves&oldid=835120845 '' Categories : Cranial nerves Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Good articles Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 17 : 51 . 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how many african-american senators are there in the 115th congress | Senator State Took office Left office Party Congress Ref . Note Hiram Rhodes Revels ( 1827 -- 1901 ) Mississippi February 25 , 1870 March 3 , 1871 Republican 41st ( 1869 -- 1871 ) Blanche Bruce ( 1841 -- 1898 ) Mississippi March 4 , 1875 March 3 , 1881 Republican 44th ( 1875 -- 1877 ) 45th ( 1877 -- 1879 ) 46th ( 1879 -- 1881 ) Edward Brooke ( 1919 -- 2015 ) Massachusetts January 3 , 1967 January 3 , 1979 Republican 90th ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 91st ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 92nd ( 1971 -- 1973 ) 93rd ( 1973 -- 1975 ) 94th ( 1975 -- 1977 ) 95th ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Carol Moseley Braun ( born 1947 ) Illinois January 3 , 1993 January 3 , 1999 Democratic 103rd ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 104th ( 1995 -- 1997 ) 105th ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Barack Obama ( born 1961 ) Illinois January 3 , 2005 November 16 , 2008 Democratic 109th ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 110th ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Roland Burris ( born 1937 ) Illinois January 15 , 2009 November 29 , 2010 Democratic 111th ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Tim Scott ( born 1965 ) South Carolina January 2 , 2013 Incumbent Republican 112th ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Mo Cowan ( born 1969 ) Massachusetts February 1 , 2013 July 16 , 2013 Democratic 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Cory Booker ( born 1969 ) New Jersey October 31 , 2013 Incumbent Democratic 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Kamala Harris ( born 1964 ) California January 3 , 2017 Incumbent Democratic 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) | List of African - American United States Senators | list of african - american united states senators | The United States Senate has had ten African - American elected or appointed office holders . The United States Senate is the upper house of the bicameral United States Congress , which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . The U.S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa . The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa . During the founding of the federal government , African Americans were consigned to a status of second - class citizenship or enslaved . No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen 's race , color , or previous condition of servitude . Of the ten senators , six were popularly elected ( including one that previously had been appointed by his state 's governor ) , two were elected by the state legislature prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 ( which provides for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people of each state ) , and two were appointed by a state Governor . The 113th United States Congress ( 2013 -- 15 ) marked the first time that two African Americans served concurrently in the Senate . | The first two African - American senators represented the state of Mississippi during the Reconstruction Era , following the American Civil War . Hiram Rhodes Revels , the first African American to serve , was elected by the Mississippi State Legislature to succeed Albert G. Brown , who resigned during the Civil War . Some Democratic members of the United States Senate opposed his being seated based on the court case Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) by the Supreme Court of the United States , claiming that Revels did not meet the citizenship requirement , but the majority of Senators voted to seat him . The Mississippi state legislature elected Blanche Bruce in 1875 , but Republicans lost power of the Mississippi state legislature in 1876 . Bruce was not elected to a second term in 1881 . In 1890 the Democratic - dominated state legislature passed a new constitution disfranchising most black voters . Every other Southern state also passed disfranchising constitutions by 1908 , excluding African Americans from the political system in the entire former Confederacy . This situation persisted into the 1960s until after federal enforcement of constitutional rights under the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The next black United States Senator , Edward Brooke of Massachusetts , took office in 1967 . He was the first African American to be elected by popular vote after the ratification in 1913 of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , rather than to be elected by a state legislature . The Seventeenth Amendment established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote . Carol Moseley Braun and Barack Obama were both elected by the voters of Illinois , entering the Senate in 1993 and 2005 , respectively . Carol Moseley Braun is the first African - American woman to be elected - or appointed - to the Senate after the ratification in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex . While serving in the Senate , Obama became the first African American to be elected to the office of President of the United States . Roland Burris , also an African American , was appointed to fill the remainder of the Senate term of President - elect Obama . The next two black Senators , Tim Scott of South Carolina and Mo Cowan of Massachusetts , were both appointed by governors to fill the terms of Jim DeMint and John Kerry , respectively , who had resigned their positions . On October 16 , 2013 , citizens of New Jersey elected Cory Booker in a special election to fill the seat of the late Senator Frank R. Lautenberg . Sworn into office on October 31 , 2013 , he is the first African - American Senator to be elected since Barack Obama in 2004 and the first to represent the state of New Jersey , later securing a full 6 - year term in the 2014 mid-term elections . Senator Tim Scott retained his seat in a special election in 2014 , also securing a full 6 - year term in 2016 . On January 3 , 2017 , Senators Scott and Booker were joined in the Senate by Kamala Harris of California , who was elected on November 8 , 2016 . Senator Harris is the second African - American woman to serve in the U.S. Senate . As of 3 January 2017 , there have been 1,970 members of the United States Senate , but only ten have been African American . While 58 nationwide organizations exist to elect women to the United States Congress , including EMILY 's List and the Susan B. Anthony List , no organization has been formed to elect African Americans to the United States Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of African - American Senators of the United States 2 African Americans elected to the United States Senate , but not seated 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links List of African - American Senators of the United States ( edit ) Political parties Democratic Republican Senator State Took office Left office Party Congress Ref . Note Hiram Rhodes Revels ( 1827 -- 1901 ) Mississippi February 25 , 1870 March 3 , 1871 Republican 41st ( 1869 -- 1871 ) Blanche Bruce ( 1841 -- 1898 ) Mississippi March 4 , 1875 March 3 , 1881 Republican 44th ( 1875 -- 1877 ) 45th ( 1877 -- 1879 ) 46th ( 1879 -- 1881 ) Edward Brooke ( 1919 -- 2015 ) Massachusetts January 3 , 1967 January 3 , 1979 Republican 90th ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 91st ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 92nd ( 1971 -- 1973 ) 93rd ( 1973 -- 1975 ) 94th ( 1975 -- 1977 ) 95th ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Carol Moseley Braun ( born 1947 ) Illinois January 3 , 1993 January 3 , 1999 Democratic 103rd ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 104th ( 1995 -- 1997 ) 105th ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Barack Obama ( born 1961 ) Illinois January 3 , 2005 November 16 , 2008 Democratic 109th ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 110th ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Roland Burris ( born 1937 ) Illinois January 15 , 2009 November 29 , 2010 Democratic 111th ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Tim Scott ( born 1965 ) South Carolina January 2 , 2013 Incumbent Republican 112th ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Mo Cowan ( born 1969 ) Massachusetts February 1 , 2013 July 16 , 2013 Democratic 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Cory Booker ( born 1969 ) New Jersey October 31 , 2013 Incumbent Democratic 113th ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 114th ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Kamala Harris ( born 1964 ) California January 3 , 2017 Incumbent Democratic 115th ( 2017 -- 2019 ) African Americans elected to the United States Senate , but not seated ( edit ) Political party Republican Senator -- elect State Took office Left office Party Congress Ref . Note P.B.S. Pinchback ( 1837 -- 1921 ) Louisiana Denied seat Republican 44th ( 1875 -- 1877 ) See also ( edit ) Federal government Government of the United States portal African Americans portal African Americans in the United States Congress List of African - American United States Representatives Congressional Black Caucus Congressional Black Caucus Foundation List of African - American United States Cabinet Secretaries State and local government African - American officeholders in the United States , 1789 - 1866 List of African - American U.S. state firsts List of first African - American mayors Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Retired from office . Elected to complete an unfinished term after Mississippi was readmitted into the Union on February 23 , 1870 . First African American to serve in the United States Senate and Congress . First African American to serve in Congress from Mississippi . Jump up ^ Retired from office . First African American to serve a full six - year term as a United States Senator . The only Senator to be a former slave . Jump up ^ Lost office during reelection . First African American elected to the Senate by direct election . First African American to serve in Congress from Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Lost office during reelection . First African - American female and African - American Democrat to serve in the United States Senate . Jump up ^ Resigned from office following election to the presidency of the United States . First African - American President of the United States . Jump up ^ Appointed by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of President - elect Barack Obama . Not a candidate during special election following his appointment . First African American to succeed another African American in the Senate . Jump up ^ Appointed by South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jim DeMint . First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress . Jump up ^ Appointed by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of John Kerry . Not a candidate during special election following his appointment . First African - American Senator appointed by an African - American Governor . The first African American to serve alongside another African - American Senator - Tim Scott . Jump up ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of Frank Lautenberg . First African American to be elected to the Senate by special election . Jump up ^ First African American to serve in the Senate from California . Harris is the child of a Caribbean - born father and India - born mother . Other African Americans who were elected to Congress and were born in the Caribbean or to Caribbean - born parents include Rep. Shirley Chisholm , Rep. Yvette D. Clarke , Del . Stacey Plaskett , Rep. Mia Love , Del . Melvin H. Evans , Del . Donna Christian - Christensen , and Del . Victor O. Frazer . Shirley Chisholm is the child of Caribbean - born parents and is the first African - American woman to be elected to Congress . Jump up ^ Denied seat due to a contested election that involved William L. McMillen . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wiersema , Alisa ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Reconstruction and Beyond : The 8 African - American Senators '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Population : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Time Line of African American History , 1881 - 1900 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` For the First Time Ever , We 'll Have Two Black Senators Serving at the Same Time '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama , Barack , ( 1961 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burris , Roland , ( 1937 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Walshe , Shushannah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Cory Booker Wins Race for US Senate Seat in New Jersey '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Willon , Phil ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Kamala Harris is Elected California 's New U.S. Senator '' . LA Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senators of the United States : 1789 - present '' ( PDF ) . Senate Historical Office . April 17 , 2015 . p. 90 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Diversity in the Senate '' . Senate Historical Office . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Desjardins , Lisa ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` No African - American senators likely in near future '' . CNN.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Terkel , Amanda ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Senate Likely To Remain Without Black Members For Years '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revels , Hiram Rhodes , ( 1827 -- 1901 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First African American Senator '' . Historical Minutes Essays , 1878 -- 1920 . Senate Historical Office . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce , Blanche Kelso , ( 1841 - 1898 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Slave Presides over Senate '' . Historical Minutes Essays , 1878 -- 1920 . Senate Historical Office . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooke , Edward William , III , ( 1919 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moseley Braun , Carol , ( 1947 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Carol Moseley Braun '' . Senate Historical Office . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama '' . Senate Historical Office . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scott , Tim , ( 1965 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ; Cillizza , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Nikki Haley appoints Rep. Tim Scott to Senate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cowan , William ( Mo ) , ( 1969 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Frank ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` William ' Mo ' Cowan is Governor Deval Patrick 's pick to serve as interim US senator '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Booker , Cory Anthony , ( 1969 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giambusso , David ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Cory Booker planning to be sworn in to Senate on Halloween '' . The Star - Ledger . NJ.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris , Kamala Devi , ( 1964 - ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sources for label `` African American '' or `` black '' include : `` African American Senators '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Kamala D. Harris ( D - CA ) became the first African American to represent California in the United States Senate on January 3 , 2017 . `` Kamala Harris 's File '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Harris , a Democrat , was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2016 . She became California 's attorney general in January 2011 . She was the first woman and the first African - American to hold the office in California 's history . Weigel , David ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Democrats Add Harris , Booker to Senate Judiciary Committee '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . The Senate Judiciary Committee will welcome its first African American members in this century after Democrats added Sens. Kamala D. Harris ( D - Calif . ) and Cory Booker ( D-N. J . ) to the panel that handles judicial nominations and appointments to the Justice Department . Wire , Sarah D. ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kamala Harris Will Be the First Indian American U.S. Senator and California 's First Black Senator '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . She will also be just the second black woman to serve in the U.S. Senate , and the first black senator from California . McPhate , Mike ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` California Today : A Snooze of a Senate Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . The race to succeed Senator Barbara L. Boxer of California was supposed to be one of the marquee contests of the year ... It offers a window into the ethnic kaleidoscope that is California : Pitting a Latino , Representative Loretta Sanchez , against an African - American , Kamala Harris , the state attorney general . DeMarche , Edmund ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sen. Kamala Harris Raises Eyebrows on ' Ellen ' With Trump Joke '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Harris , California 's first African - American senator , has not responded to the conservative response online . Jump up ^ Wire , Sarah D. ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kamala Harris Will Be the First Indian American U.S. Senator and California 's First Black Senator '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Harris ' mother , Dr. Shyamala Harris , emigrated from India . Her father , Donald Harris , emigrated from Jamaica . Jump up ^ Wasniewski , Matthew , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` Shirley A. Chisholm 1924 -- 2005 '' . Black Americans in Congress , 1870 - 2007 . United States Government Printing Office . p. 340 . ISBN 9780160801945 . Jump up ^ Office of the Historian . `` ' Crafting an Identity , ' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood '' . Office of the Clerk , House of Representatives of the United States . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Christopher , Maurine ( 1971 ) . America 's Black Congressmen . Thomas Y . Crowell Company . ISBN 9780690085853 . Clay , William L. ( 1992 ) . Just Permanent Interests : Black Americans in Congress , 1870 -- 1991 . Amistad Press . ISBN 1 - 56743 - 000 - 7 . Dray , Philip ( 2008 ) . Capitol Men : The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 56370 - 8 . Foner , Eric ( 1996 ) . Freedom 's Lawmakers : A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction . LSU Press . ISBN 9780807120828 . Freedman , Eric ; Jones , Stephen A. ( 2008 ) . African Americans In Congress : A Documentary History . CQ Press . ISBN 9780872893856 . Gill , LaVerne McCain ( 1997 ) . African American Women in Congress : Forming and Transforming History . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813523538 . Hahn , Steven ( 2005 ) . A Nation Under Our Feet : Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674017658 . Haskins , James ( 1999 ) . Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders . Oryx Press . ISBN 9781573561266 . Lynch , Matthew ( 2012 ) . Before Obama : A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313397929 . Middleton , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Black Congressmen During Reconstruction : A Documentary Sourcebook . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313322815 . Rabinowitz , Howard N. , ed. ( 1982 ) . Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 9780252009723 . Walton , Jr. , Hanes ; Puckett , Sherman C. ; Deskins , Jr. , Donald R. ( 2012 ) . The African American Electorate : A Statistical History . Congressional Quarterly Press . ISBN 9780872895089 . Wasniewski , Matthew , ed. ( 2008 ) . Black Americans in Congress , 1870 - 2007 . United States Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160801945 . The website , Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives , serves as an ongoing supplement to the book . To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication , see H. Doc . 108 - 224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007 . Made available by the United States Government Printing Office ( GPO ) . External links ( edit ) `` African American Senators '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . African American Members of the United States Congress : 1870 -- 2012 A 66 - page history produced by the Congressional Research Service , a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 - Present Perform search of desired Representative or Delegate by last name , first name , position , state , party , by year or congress . Black Americans in Congress , 1870 -- 2007 A C - SPAN video with Matt Wasniewski , historian of the United States House of Representatives , as the presenter . He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007 . The video is 164 minutes in length . Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book , Black Americans in Congress , 1870 - 2007 . Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate . 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what is the song quint sings in jaws | The song notably appeared in the 1975 film Jaws . It was also sung in the 2003 film Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World , based on the O'Brian books . | Spanish Ladies | spanish ladies | `` Spanish Ladies '' ( Roud 687 ) is a traditional British naval song , describing a voyage from Spain to the Downs from the viewpoint of ratings of the Royal Navy . | Contents 1 Origins 2 Lyrics 3 Variants 4 In other media 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) A ballad by the name `` Spanish Ladies '' was registered in the English Stationer 's Company on December 14 , 1624 . The oldest mention of the present song does not , however , appear until the 1796 logbook of HMS Nellie , making it more likely an invention of the Napoleonic era . The timing of the mention in the Nellie 's logbook suggests that the song was created during the War of the First Coalition ( 1793 -- 96 ) , when the Royal Navy carried supplies to Spain to aid its resistance to revolutionary France . It probably gained in popularity during the later Peninsular War when British soldiers were transported throughout the Iberian peninsula to assist rebels fighting against the French occupation . After their victory over the Grande Armée , these soldiers were returned to Britain but forbidden to bring their Spanish wives , lovers , and children with them . The song predates the proper emergence of the sea shanty . Shanties were the work songs of merchant sailors , rather than naval ones . However , in his 1840 novel Poor Jack , Captain Frederick Marryat reports that the song `` Spanish Ladies '' -- though once very popular -- was `` now almost forgotten '' and he included it in whole in order to `` rescue it from oblivion '' . The emergence of shanties in the mid-19th century then revived its fortunes , to the point where it is now sometimes included as a `` borrowed song '' within the genre . Lyrics ( edit ) `` Spanish Ladies '' is the story of British navy men sailing north from Spain and along the English Channel . The crew are unable to determine their latitude by sighting as the distance between Ushant to the south and the Scillies to the north is wide . Instead , they locate themselves by the depth and the sandy bottom they have sounded . Arthur Ransome , in his novel Peter Duck , suggests that the succession of headlands on the English shore indicates the ship tacking up - channel away from the French coast , identifying a new landmark on each tack . However , one verse ( quoted below ) states that they had the wind at southwest and squared their mainsails to run up the Channel , rather than beating against a northeasterly . This is the version recorded in the 1840 Poor Jack . It is one of many . Notable variations are shown in parentheses after each line . Farewell and adieu to you , Spanish ladies , ( alt : `` ... to Spanish ladies '' ) Farewell and adieu to you , ladies of Spain ; ( alt : `` ... to ladies of Spain ; '' ) For we have received orders ( alt : `` ... 're under orders '' ) For to sail to old England , But we hope in a short time to see you again . ( alt : `` And we may ne'er see you fair ladies again . '' ) ( Chorus :) We 'll rant and we 'll roar , like true British sailors , We 'll rant and we 'll roar across the salt seas ; ( alt : `` We 'll range and we 'll roam all on the salt seas ; '' ) Until we strike soundings In the Channel of old England , From Ushant to Scilly ' tis thirty - five leagues . ( alt : `` 34 '' or `` 45 '' . ) Then we hove our ship to , with the wind at the sou'west , my boys , ( alt : `` We hove our ship to , with the wind from sou'west , boys , '' ) Then we hove our ship to , for to strike soundings clear ; ( alt : `` ... deep soundings to take ; '' `` ... for to make soundings clear ; '' ) Then we filled the main topsail ( alt : `` ' Twas 45 ( or 55 ) fathoms with a white sandy bottom '' ) And bore right away , my boys , ( alt : `` So we squared our main yard '' ) And straight up the Channel of old England did steer . ( alt : `` And up channel did make . '' or `` ... did steer '' ) So the first land we made , it is called the Deadman , ( alt : `` The first land we sighted was callèd the Dodman '' ) Next Ram Head , off Plymouth , Start , Portland , and the Wight ; ( alt : `` Next Rame Head off Plymouth , Start , Portland , and Wight ; '' ) We sailèd by Beachy , ( alt : `` We sailed by Beachy / by Fairlight and Dover '' ) By Fairly and Dungeness , And then bore away for the South Foreland light . ( alt : `` Until we brought to for ... '' or `` And then we bore up for ... '' ) Now the signal it was made for the Grand Fleet to anchor ( alt : `` Then the signal was made ... '' ) All in the Downs that night for to meet ; ( alt : `` ... that night for to lie ; '' ) Then stand by your stoppers , ( alt : `` Let go your shank painter , / Let go your cat stopper '' ) See clear your shank painters , Hawl all your clew garnets , stick out tacks and sheets . ( alt : `` Haul up your clewgarnets , let tack and sheets fly '' ) Now let every man take off his full bumper , ( alt : `` Now let ev'ry man drink off his full bumper , '' ) Let every man take off his full bowl ; ( alt : `` And let ev'ry man drink off his full glass ; '' ) For we will be jolly ( alt : `` We 'll drink and be jolly '' ) And drown melancholy , With a health to each jovial and true hearted soul . ( alt : `` And here 's to the health of each true - hearted lass . '' ) Variants ( edit ) The song has been found in several different minor and major keys . Cecil Sharp considers the version in minor keys to be the original . Several variants exist that utilize the same melody but substitute different lyrics . The one sung in Jaws reset the destination from England to Boston . `` Brisbane Ladies '' is an Australian tune about drovers instead of sailors . A significantly modified version called `` The Ryans and the Pittmans '' , widely known as `` We 'll Rant and We 'll Roar '' , is from Newfoundland ; this version was recorded as `` Rant and Roar '' by Great Big Sea on their album Up . There is an American variant called `` Yankee Whalermen '' . A version was created especially for the Bluenose , a famed Canadian ship based in Nova Scotia . The melody is also used for the `` Streets of Laredo '' , a 19th - century American cowboy ballad , and the song forms part of Sir Henry J. Wood 's composition Fantasia on British Sea Songs . In other Media ( edit ) As mentioned above , the song is quoted in full in the 1840 novel Poor Jack . It appears in part in the 40th chapter of Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick and in chapter 7 of Post Captain , the 2nd book and in Treason 's Harbour , the 9th book of Patrick O'Brian 's Aubrey -- Maturin series of novels set during the Napoleonic Wars . It also appears in Arthur Ransome 's books Swallows and Amazons and `` Missee Lee '' and Wilbur Smith 's works Monsoon and Blue Horizon . The song notably appeared in the 1975 film Jaws . It was also sung in the 2003 film Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World , based on the O'Brian books . Robert Shaw , the actor who sang the tune in Jaws , also sang it years earlier in a 1956 episode of the television show The Buccaneers . It has also appeared in the series Homicide , Sharpe , Hornblower , Jimmy Neutron , The Mentalist , Gossip Girl , Monsuno , and Turn . The video game Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag features `` Spanish Ladies '' as one of the collectible sea shanties that the sailors on the player 's ship may begin singing while sailing between islands while out of combat . In The Mentalist episode `` Ladies in Red '' Patrick Jane sings the tune to himself whilst attempting to find the correct code to open the victim 's panic room . Australian singer - songwriter Sarah Blasko produced a cover of the song which featured in the series Turn : Washington 's Spies . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Palmer , Roy ( 1986 ) . The Oxford Book of Sea Songs . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 386 . Jump up ^ Venning , Annabel ( 2005 ) . Following the Drum : The Lives of Army Wives and Daughters , Past and Present . London : Headline Book Publishing . p. 372 . ISBN 9780755312580 . ^ Jump up to : Marryat , Frederick . Poor Jack , pp. 116 ff . Longman , Orme , Brown , Green , and Longmans ( London ) , 1840 . Jump up ^ Chappell , William ; Macfarren , George Alexander ; Ruggles - Brise , Dorothea ; Glen , John ( 1859 ) . Popular Music of the Olden Time . 2 . London : Cramer , Beale & Chappell . p. 458 . JSTOR 3370428 . Jump up ^ Hugill , Stan ( 1961 ) . Shanties from the Seven Seas : Shipboard Work - Songs from the Great Days of Sail . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 609 . ISBN 9780710015730 . JSTOR 4521625 . OCLC 8883552 . Jump up ^ Ransome , Arthur . Peter Duck . Jump up ^ United States Hydrographic Office . British Islands Pilot , Vol. 1 : The south coast of England from the Scilly Isles to the Thames , pp. 37 ff . United States Department of the Navy , 1920 . Jump up ^ In fact , the distance from Point Cadoran off Ushant to Wingletang in the Scillies is less than 112 miles ( 180 km ) , an equivalent of 321⁄2 leagues , a distance made still smaller by the notoriously treacherous waters around both extremes . Jump up ^ Steve Roud & Julia Bishop , eds . The New Penguin Book of English Folk Songs . Penguin Classics , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 19461 - 5 . p. 391 . Jump up ^ Cecil Sharp , Folk songs from Somerset ( 1909 ) , 5 : 90 Jump up ^ Britton , Andrew ( 2009 ) . `` Jaws ( 1979 ) '' . In Grant , Barry Keith . Britton on Film : The Complete Film Criticism of Andrew Britton . Wayne State University Press . p. 240 . ISBN 9780814333631 . Jump up ^ Connor , L.D. ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` The Literal and the Littoral '' . The Studios after the Studios : Neoclassical Hollywood ( 1970 - 2010 ) . Stanford University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 9780804794749 . Jump up ^ Pisano , Louis R. ; Smith , Michael A. ( October 6 , 2015 ) . Jaws 2 : The Making of the Hollywood Sequel . BearManor Media . p. 237 . Jump up ^ Cobley , P. ( November 9 , 2000 ) . `` Reading the Space of the Seventies '' . The American Thriller : Generic Innovation and Social Change in the 1970s . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 9780333985120 . Jump up ^ Sapphire Films . The Buccaneers . `` The Ladies '' . ABC ( UK ) and CBS ( US ) , 1956 . Jump up ^ Baltimore Pictures & al. Homicide : Life on the Street . `` Ghost of a Chance '' . NBC , 1993 . Jump up ^ Celtic Films and Picture Palace Films . Sharpe . `` Sharpe 's Enemy '' . ITV , 1994 , and PBS ( US ) , 1995 . Jump up ^ Meridian Television . Hornblower . `` Retribution '' . ITV ( UK ) , 2002 , and A&E ( US ) , 2003 . Jump up ^ O Entertainment & al . The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius . `` Monster Hunt '' . Nickelodeon , 2003 . The song appeared as Farewell and adieu , all ye cankered young ladies ; Farewell and adieu , though my song is quite lame ; For we received orders to sail to Pacoima ; And then nevermore will we eat cheese again . Jump up ^ Primrose Hill Productions & al . The Mentalist . `` Ladies in Red '' . CBS , 2008 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Television & al. Gossip Girl . `` In the Realm of the Basses '' . The CW , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jakks Pacific & al. Monsuno : Combat Chaos . `` Six '' . TV Tokyo ( Japan ) and Nicktoons ( US ) , 2013 . Jump up ^ AMC Studios . Turn . `` Of Cabbages and Kings '' . AMC , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Spanish Ladies Lyrics '' . ORCZ . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Yankee Whalermen at Contemplator Rant and Roar ( Canadian ) at Contemplator A Yankee version using New Bedford A user - created map showing all the English landmarks mentioned during the English Channel leg of the voyage can be found at ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Ladies&oldid=856082530 '' Categories : Folk songs Sea shanties Year of song unknown Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2014 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Euskara Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 19 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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what states still allow corporal punishment in schools | School corporal punishment in the United States | school corporal punishment in the united states | Corporal punishment prohibited in schools and the home Corporal punishment in public schools prohibited Corporal punishment in public schools permitted Corporal punishment is defined as causing deliberate bodily pain or discomfort in response to some undesired behavior . In schools in the United States , this punishment often takes the form of either a teacher or school principal striking the student 's buttocks with a wooden paddle ( sometimes called `` spanking '' ) . The practice was held constitutional in the 1977 Supreme Court case Ingraham v. Wright , where the Court held that the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment did not apply to disciplinary corporal punishment in public schools , being restricted to the treatment of prisoners convicted of a crime . Part of the rationale for the Court 's decision was that there was at the time no movement towards prohibition of the practice by the states ; in 1977 , only two states had laws prohibiting corporal punishment in schools . In the years since , a number of other states have created similar bans . Individual US states have the power to ban corporal punishment in their schools . The first state to abolish school corporal punishment was New Jersey in 1867 . The second was Massachusetts , 104 years later in 1971 . As of 2015 , corporal punishment is banned in state schools ( known as public schools in the U.S. ) in 31 U.S. states and the District of Columbia ( see list below ) . The usage of corporal punishment in private schools is legally permitted in nearly every state , though extremely uncommon in most , with only New Jersey and Iowa , prohibiting it in both public and private schools . The 19 states that have not banned it are in the South and , to a lesser extent , the Mid-West . It is still used to a significant ( though declining ) degree in some public schools in Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , Oklahoma , Tennessee , North Carolina and Texas . The most recent state to outlaw school corporal punishment was New Mexico in 2011 . Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high school , meaning that even legal adults who have reached the age of majority are sometimes spanked by school officials . Most urban public school systems , even in states where it is permitted , have abolished corporal punishment . Statistics collected by the federal government show that the use of corporal punishment in schools has been gradually declining . It is still common in some schools in rural and suburban areas of the South , however , and more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 2011 - 2012 school year in American public schools according to statistics from the United States Department of Education . One study found that African - American students were more likely than either White or Hispanic students to be physically punished , by 2.5 times and 6.5 times , respectively , and boys were 3.4 times more likely than girls to be physically punished in school . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 List of U.S. states outlawing corporal punishment in public schools 3 List of U.S. states outlawing corporal punishment in private schools 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) According to the Department of Education , over 166,000 students in public schools were physically punished during the 2011 -- 2012 school year . The majority of these students reside in the Southern United States ; Department of Education data from 2011 -- 2012 show that 70 percent of students subjected to corporal punishment were from the five states of Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Mississippi , and Texas , with the latter two states accounting for 35 percent of corporal punishment cases . According to the data , African - American students make up about 16 % of all public school students but 35 % of those receiving corporal punishment . According to the Washington Post , this has resulted in corporal punishment becoming a routine occurrence in some majority - Black school districts . Overall , according to the Post , a student is hit in a U.S. public school an average of once every 30 seconds . Previous statistics showed that black and Hispanic students were more likely to be paddled than white students ; however , a study in Kentucky found that minority students were disproportionately targeted by discipline policies generally , not only corporal punishment . The United States Department of Education 's Civil Rights Data Collection for 2006 also shows that students with disabilities are subjected to corporal punishment at disproportionately high rates for their share of the population , according to a report jointly authored by Human Rights Watch and the American Civil Liberties Union . Representative Carolyn McCarthy remarked in a 2010 congressional hearing that students with disabilities are subjected to corporal punishment at `` approximately twice the rate of the general student population in some States '' . The United States ' National Association of Secondary School Principals ( NASSP ) opposes the use of corporal punishment in schools , defined as the deliberate infliction of pain in response to students ' unacceptable behaviour and / or language . In articulating their opposition , they cite the disproportionate use of corporal punishment on Black students in the US ; potential adverse effects on students ' self - image and school achievement ; correlation between school corporal punishment and increased truancy , drop - out rates , violence , and vandalism by youth ; the potential for misuse and / or injury to students ; and increased legal liability for schools . The NASSP notes that the use of corporal punishment in schools is inconsistent with laws regarding child abuse as well as policies toward `` racial , economic , and gender equity '' , asserting that `` Fear of pain or embarrassment has no place '' in the process of education . The NASSP recommends a range of alternatives to corporal punishment , including `` appropriate instruction '' , `` behavioral contracts '' , `` positive reinforcement '' , and `` individual and group counseling '' where necessary . Public - opinion research has found that most Americans are not in favor of school corporal punishment ; in polls taken in 2002 and 2005 , American adults were respectively 72 % and 77 % opposed to the use of corporal punishment by teachers . A bill to end the use of corporal punishment in schools was introduced into the United States House of Representatives in June 2010 during the 111th Congress . The bill , H.R. 5628 , was referred to the United States House Committee on Education and Labor where it was not brought up for a vote . A previous bill `` to deny funds to educational programs that allow corporal punishment '' was introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives in 1991 by Representative Major Owens . That bill , H.R. 1522 , did not become law . A new bill , the Ending Corporal Punishment in Schools Act of 2015 ( HR 2268 ) would prohibit all corporal punishment , defined as `` paddling , spanking , or other forms of physical punishment , however light , imposed upon a student '' . As of May 12 , 2015 , the bill is in the Committee stage . List of U.S. states outlawing corporal punishment in public schools ( edit ) Alaska - 1989 California -- 1986 Connecticut -- 1989 Delaware -- 2003 District of Columbia -- 1977 Hawaii -- 1973 Illinois -- 1994 Iowa -- 1989 Maine -- 1975 Maryland -- 1993 Massachusetts -- 1971 Michigan -- 1989 Minnesota -- 1989 Montana -- 1991 Nebraska -- 1988 Nevada -- 1993 New Hampshire -- 1983 New Jersey -- 1867 New Mexico -- 2011 New York -- 1985 North Dakota -- 1989 Ohio -- 2009 Oregon -- 1989 Pennsylvania -- 2005 Rhode Island -- 1977 South Dakota -- 1990 Utah -- 1992 Vermont -- 1985 Virginia -- 1989 Washington -- 1993 West Virginia -- 1994 Wisconsin -- 1988 List of U.S. states outlawing corporal punishment in private schools ( edit ) New Jersey - 1867 Iowa - 1989 See also ( edit ) Corporal punishment in the home Corporal punishment of minors in the United States Judicial corporal punishment School corporal punishment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Melissa ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Where Teachers Are Still Allowed to Spank Students '' . The Atlantic . ^ Jump up to : Gershoff , E.T. ( 2008 ) . Report on Physical Punishment in the United States : What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children ( PDF ) . Columbus , OH : Center for Effective Discipline . Jump up ^ Oluwole , Joseph ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` Ingraham v. Wright '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Rick ( 30 September 2006 ). `` In Many Public Schools , the Paddle Is No Relic '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ United States - Extracts from State legislation at World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ Iowa statutes , 280.21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Corporal Punishment and Paddling Statistics by State and Race '' , Center for Effective Discipline . Jump up ^ C. Farrell ( October 2016 ) . `` Corporal punishment in US schools '' . www.corpun.com . Jump up ^ Anderson , Melinda D . `` The States Where Teachers Can Still Spank Students '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Melinda ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Where Teachers Are Still Allowed to Spank Students '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Harlan , Chico ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` In this part of the United States , principals still legally hit students '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie ( 18 September 2014 ) . `` 19 states still allow corporal punishment in school '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Gregory , J.F. ( 1995 ) . `` Crime of punishment : Racial and gender disparities in the use of corporal punishment in U.S. public schools '' . Journal of Negro Education . Journal of Negro Education . 64 ( 4 ) : 454 -- 462 . doi : 10.2307 / 2967267 . JSTOR 2967267 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Richart , David ; Brooks , Kim ; Soler , Mark . `` Unintended Consequences : The Impact of ' Zero Tolerance ' and Other Exclusionary Policies on Kentucky Students '' , report prepared by the National Institute on Children , Youth & Families at Spalding University in Louisville , KY ; the Children 's Law Center in Covington , KY ; and the Youth Law Center in Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ `` Corporal Punishment in Schools and Its Effect on Academic Success '' . Human Rights Watch , American Civil Liberties Union . 15 April 2010 . Retrieved November 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Chair McCarthy Statement at Subcommittee Hearing on ' Corporal Punishment in Schools and Its Effect on Academic Success ' '' ( PDF ) . U.S. House of Representatives Education & Labor Committee . 15 April 2010 . Retrieved November 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Corporal punishment '' . National Association of Secondary School Principals . February 2009 . Jump up ^ Gershoff , Elizabeth T. ( Spring 2010 ) . `` More Harm Than Good : A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children '' . Law & Contemporary Problems . Duke University School of Law . 73 ( 2 ) : 31 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Vagins , Deborah J. ( 3 July 2010 ) . `` An Arcane , Destructive -- and Still Legal -- Practice . '' The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Carolyn ( 2010 ) . Congresswoman Carolyn McCarthy Introduces Legislation to End Corporal Punishment in Schools . 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ H.R. 5628 , 111th Congress , 2d Session . Jump up ^ H.R. 1522 , 102d Congress , 1st Session . Jump up ^ `` Country report for USA '' ( November 2015 ) . ' Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children . Jump up ^ Chapman , Stephen ( 28 April 1994 ) . `` Singapore 's Form Of Punishment Has Its Place In America '' . Chicago Tribune . This year , Illinois has a new law that prohibits public schools from ' slapping , paddling or prolonged maintenance of students in painful positions ' or anything else causing ' bodily harm . ' Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Why Is Paddling Still Allowed in Schools ? '' Time ( New York ) . Jump up ^ Star - Ledger Editorial Board ( 18 February 2011 ) . `` Time to eliminate corporal punishment in classrooms '' . nj.com . Jump up ^ The Ohio ban was signed into law by then - Governor Ted Strickland on 17 July 2009 , and enforcement of the ban began on 15 October 2009 . `` Ohio Bans School Corporal Punishment '' , Center for Effective Discipline , 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ ( banned by administrative rule R277 - 608 ) `` States Banning Corporal Punishment '' , Center for Effective Discipline . External links ( edit ) Office for Civil Rights , U.S. Department of Education A Violent Education : Corporal Punishment of Children in U.S. Public Schools , American Civil Liberties Union and Human Rights Watch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States&oldid=816015572 '' Categories : Education in the United States Corporal punishments School punishments Spanking Children 's rights in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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