Datasets:

namespace-Pt
/

natural-questions-nci

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (2)

train · 307k rows

query stringlengths 15 100	long_answer stringlengths 0 440k	short_answer stringlengths 0 1.27k	title stringlengths 0 135	bert_title stringlengths 0 134	abstract stringlengths 0 6.05k	content stringlengths 317 468k	url stringlengths 31 204	index int64 0 67.3k
how many countries can i visit with british passport	Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . As of 22 May 2018 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 186 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Austrian , Dutch , Luxembourgish , Norwegian , Portuguese and the United States passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) .	186 countries and territories	Visa requirements for British citizens	visa requirements for british citizens	Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom . As of 22 May 2018 , British citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 186 countries and territories , ranking the British passport 4th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Austrian , Dutch , Luxembourgish , Norwegian , Portuguese and the United States passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Additionally , the World Tourism Organization also published a report on 15 January 2016 ranking the British passport 1st in the world ( tied with Denmark , Finland , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg and Singapore ) in terms of travel freedom , with a mobility index of 160 ( out of 215 with no visa weighted by 1 , visa on arrival weighted by 0.7 , eVisa by 0.5 , and traditional visa weighted by 0 ) .	Visa requirements for other classes of British nationals such as British Nationals ( Overseas ) , British Overseas Citizens , British Overseas Territories Citizens , British Protected Persons or British Subjects are different . Contents 1 History 2 Visa requirements map 3 Visa requirements 4 British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories 5 Territories and disputed areas 6 Non-ordinary passports 7 Non-visa restrictions 7.1 Passport validity length 7.2 Blank passport pages 7.3 Vaccination 7.4 Israeli stamps 7.5 Armenian ethnicity 7.6 Persona non grata 7.7 Fingerprinting 7.8 Criminal record 8 Right to consular protection in non-EU countries 9 Travel impact of Brexit 10 Fingerprinting 11 Foreign travel statistics 12 See also 13 References and Notes History ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens were lifted by some European nations following World War II . The following list shows when countries abolished visa restrictions for British citizens : France ( 1 January 1947 ) , Belgium ( 15 February 1947 ) , Luxembourg ( 15 February 1947 ) , Norway ( 1 March 1947 ) , Denmark ( 22 March 1947 ) , Sweden ( 1 April 1947 ) , Netherlands ( 15 April 1947 ) , Switzerland ( 24 June 1947 ) , Liechtenstein ( 24 June 1947 ) , Iceland ( 1 July 1947 ) , Italy ( 1 January 1948 ) , Monaco ( 8 November 1948 ) , Austria ( 15 May 1955 ) , Paraguay ( 27 November 1966 ) , United States ( 1 July 1988 ) , Poland ( 1 July 1992 ) , Bulgaria ( March 1997 ) , Romania ( 1 January 2001 ) , Serbia and Montenegro ( 31 May 2003 ) , Ukraine ( 1 May 2005 ) , Georgia ( 1 June 2006 ) , Moldova ( 1 January 2007 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 27 July 2012 ) , Armenia ( 10 January 2013 ) , Kazakhstan ( 15 July 2014 ) , Indonesia ( 13 June 2015 ) , Vietnam ( 1 July 2015 ) and Belarus ( 12 February 2017 ) . Electronic visas for British citizens were introduced : India ( 15 August 2015 ) and Djibouti ( 18 February 2018 ) . Visas on arrival were discontinued for British citizens by Mali ( March 2015 ) and Malawi ( 1 October 2015 ) . Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for British citizens United Kingdom Freedom of movement Visa not required Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period . Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia Visa not required 180 days Australia eVisitor 90 days If granted , eVisitor allows British citizens to stay in Australia for 90 days per visit . Issued free of charge and valid for one year . Austria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 21 days Extendable up to eight months . Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Visas can be issued on arrival for a stay up to 3 months . eVisa issued for 14 days , extendable once . Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival available at Dhaka International Airport Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days Must arrive and leave via Minsk International Airport Visas are also issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted by inviting organization / person not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Visa and police registration required for stays of more than 5 days . Belgium EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Belize Visa not required 30 days Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required Visa via approved tour operators only Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 month period . Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil Visa not required 90 days Extendable for further 90 days Brunei Visa not required 90 days Bulgaria EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Extendable for another 30 days . Cameroon Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Canada Visa not required 6 months eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days May be extended . China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Visiting visas issued to British citizens are generally valid for 2 years Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 3 months Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Czech Republic EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Denmark EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( DK ) Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 30 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days May be extended . Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Estonia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Visa on arrival only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement France EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days eVisa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 1 year Germany EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Ghana Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Greece EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Grenada Visa not required 6 months Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 90 days Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Iceland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Not available at all entry points . Iran Visa required Iraq Visa required Visa on arrival for 30 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Jamaica Visa not required 180 days Japan Visa not required 90 days May be extended once . Jordan Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Rwanda or Uganda . Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Latvia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Libya Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Liechtenstein EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Lithuania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Luxembourg EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Marshall Islands Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 90 days Free of charge . Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Must register with the local police station ( either through a tourist organisation or at hotel reception ) within 24 hours of arrival . Morocco Visa not required 90 days Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports Regular visa for up to three months Namibia Visa not required 3 months 3 months within a calendar year Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Visa - on - arrival is extendable Netherlands EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Visa not required 6 months Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Norway EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Oman eVisa 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 60 days Issued free of charge . Paraguay Visa not required 90 days Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Portugal EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Russia Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when entering by regular ferry via port of St. Petersburg , provided that a passenger spends the night on - board or in accommodation specifically approved by the travel agency . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Free Entry Permit on arrival 60 days Free of charge . San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Sierra Leone Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Slovenia EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Free Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Issued free of charge . Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total . Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Switzerland EU ! Visa not required Freedom of movement Syria Visa required Visa not required for citizens born in Syria . Tajikistan eVisa 45 days Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days If not arriving by air , British citizens are only permitted two visits per year . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Visa on arrival is only available at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 31 days Issued free of charge . Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Turkmenistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Tuvalu Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 1 month Issued free of charge . Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Can also be entered on an East Africa Tourist Visa issued by Kenya or Rwanda . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days Issued free of charge . United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship , which is valid for 2 years . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival . Simplified procedure for British citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa not required 15 days A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available . Visa exemption extended until June 2021 . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . British crown dependencies and Overseas territories ( edit ) British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Visitor to Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required Anguilla Visa not required 3 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Bermuda Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . British Antarctic Territory Special permit required British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required British Virgin Islands Visa not required 1 month Extension of stay possible . British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Falkland Islands Visitor 's permit on arrival 4 weeks The initial visitor 's permit is valid for 4 weeks . Visitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode . Guernsey EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey . In Guernsey and Sark , a work or employment permit is not required . In Alderney , a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey ( Alderney ) status . Isle of Man EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is required for persons without `` Isle of Man worker '' status . Jersey EU ! Right of abode Work or employment permit is not required . Gibraltar EU ! Right of abode British citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar . Montserrat Visa not required 6 months British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days Landing fee applies . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Visa not required 3 months Entry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance . Saint Helena Entry permit on arrival 183 days The entry permit costs £ 25 and is issued on arrival . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands , unless connection with Tristan da Cunha , in which case right of abode . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode . Territories and disputed areas ( edit ) Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Artsakh Visa required Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with Artsakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Artsakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . If traveling from mainland Ukraine , special permit issued by Ukrainian authorities is required . Ukraine will deny entry to anyone in case of evidence they have entered occupied Crimea from Russia bypassing mainland Ukraine after March 2014 . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Faroe Islands Visa not required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Svalbard of Norway Visa not Required Unlimited Stay ( Indefinite Stay ) . Kosovo Visa not required Visa free 90 days Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities require special authorization . South Ossetia Visa not required Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria Visa not required Visa free . Registration required after 24h . Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required Visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Mayotte Freedom of Movement Valid ID or Passport Required . Reunion Freedom of Movement Valid ID or Passport Required . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival Visa issued on arrival ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hainan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 21 days for travelling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) Hong Kong Visa not required Visa not required for 180 days . Prior to April 1997 , British citizens were allowed to land and remain in Hong Kong for 12 months without being subject to any other condition of stay . India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Macao Visa not required Visa not required for 6 months Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists may only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Taiwan Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit , issued prior to arrival by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , is required if visiting the following places : Atamurat , Cheleken , Dashoguz , Serakhs and Serhetabat . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . Phú Quốc Visa not required May visit without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Aruba Visa not required Visa not required for 30 days , extendable to 180 days . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required Visa not required up to 3 months San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival . Curaçao Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . French West Indies Visa not required French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . Greenland Visa not required Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Puerto Rico Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required Visa not required for 90 days . Sint Maarten Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Entry Permit required Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required Visa free access for 31 days . Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . French Polynesia Visa not required Visa not required . Guam Visa not required 45 days New Caledonia Visa not required Visa not required for 3 months . Niue Visa on arrival Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required 45 days Tokelau Entry Permit required United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Wallis and Futuna Visa not required Visa not required . South America Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Antarctica Special authorisation required Special permits required for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-ordinary passports ( edit ) Holders of various categories of official British passports have additional visa - free access to the following countries - China ( diplomatic passports ) , Kuwait ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Mongolia ( diplomatic or official passports ) , Qatar ( diplomatic or official passports and British Diplomatic Messenger or Queen 's Messenger Passports ) and the United Arab Emirates ( diplomatic or official passports ) . Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa - free access to Cape Verde , Ethiopia , Mali and Zimbabwe . Holders of British official and diplomatic passports require a visa for South Africa . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all travellers , or all foreign travellers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Right to Consular protection in non-EU countries ( edit ) When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy , British citizens , like all other EU citizens , have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . See also List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom . Diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom Travel impact of Brexit ( edit ) Main article : Brexit On 23 June 2016 , the British electorate voted to leave the European Union in a nationwide referendum in England , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and Gibraltar . The UK sent notification of their intention to leave the EU to the European Council through Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty . After notifying the European Council , the UK has two years to negotiate with other member states until it leaves , and British citizens will only then cease to be citizens of the European Union . British citizens will still have the right of freedom of movement until the UK formally leaves . It has since been suggested that British citizens wishing to travel to EU countries may have to apply for a visa or apply online for an American style ESTA visa waiver and pay a fee in order to enter the country of destination . This issue will be a major topic of discussions taking place between the British government and all leaders of the 27 European Union countries during the two - year - long Brexit negotiations . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea and the United States demand all adult passengers ( age varies by country ) to be fingerprinted on arrival . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from British passport . ( edit history ) According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government ( unless otherwise noted ) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Foreign travel statistics Country Number of visitors Albania 80,000 American Samoa 133 Angola 14,267 / 12,319 ? Andorra 150,000 Angola 12,319 Anguilla 5,021 Antarctica 3,915 Antigua and Barbuda 70,701 Aruba 10,447 Australia 731,900 Austria 919,500 Azerbaijan 29,514 Bahamas 28,022 Bangladesh 150,000 Barbados 218,638 Belarus 6,000 Belgium 868,173 Belize 13,342 Bermuda 41,348 Bhutan 3,124 Bolivia 17,528 Bosnia and Herzegovina 12,715 Botswana 41,011 Brazil 202,671 Brunei 18,222 Bulgaria 352,054 Burkina Faso 2,192 Cambodia 159,489 Cameroon 16,008 Canada 819,530 Cape Verde 126,685 Cayman Islands 14,017 Chile 54,714 China 579,600 Colombia 39,715 Congo 6,115 Cook Islands 2,568 Costa Rica 76,173 Croatia 750,675 Cuba 155,802 Curacao 2,806 Cyprus 1,253,839 Czech Republic 470,576 Denmark 150,000 Dominica 4,951 Dominican Republic 177,534 Ecuador 27,126 Egypt 865,000 Ethiopia 20,000 Estonia 58,402 Fiji 16,925 Finland 226,927 France 12,235,713 French Polynesia 2,840 Gambia 60,424 Ghana 90,000 Georgia 26,852 Germany 2,551,061 Greece 2,397,169 Greenland 1,595 Grenada 25,351 Guadeloupe < 1,000 Hong Kong 555,353 Hungary 376,573 Iceland 322,543 Indonesia 352,017 India 941,883 Ireland 3,547,000 Israel 197,100 Italy 4,922,000 Jamaica 217,647 Japan 310,500 Jordan 64,776 Kazakhstan 20,166 Kiribati 60 Kuwait 7,000 Kenya 100,000 Kyrgyzstan 6,600 Laos 39,170 Latvia 95,357 Lebanon 61,994 Lesotho 2,380 Liechtenstein 2,200 Lithuania 58,200 Luxembourg 69,350 Macau 57,121 Macedonia 8,856 Madagascar 3,167 Malaysia 358,818 Malawi 51,145 Maldives 103,977 Malta 560,893 Mali 900 Mauritius 149,807 Mexico 563,099 Moldova 7,820 Mongolia 6,012 Montenegro 37,464 Montserrat 1,380 Morocco 554,000 Myanmar 51,051 Namibia 27,365 Nepal 29,730 Nigeria 117,000 Niue 47 Norway 581,000 Netherlands 2,195,000 New Zealand 249,264 Nicaragua 16,923 Oman 133,529 Pakistan 275,400 Palau 852 Panama 16,338 Papua New Guinea 6,974 Peru 69,302 Philippines 182,708 Poland 796,900 Portugal 2,600,000 Qatar 132,301 Romania 179,265 Russia 193,522 Saba 200 Saint Lucia 68,175 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 17,045 Samoa 1,773 San Marino 5,750 São Tomé and Príncipe 83 Serbia 31,658 Seychelles 21,906 Singapore 518,903 Sint Eustatius 200 Slovakia 77,837 Slovenia 118,508 Solomon Islands 387 South Africa 407,486 South Korea 126,024 Spain 18,779,466 Sri Lanka 201,879 Suriname 1,474 Swaziland 15,503 Switzerland 709,925 Sweden 603,000 Taiwan 104,911 Tanzania 67,742 Thailand 994,468 Timor - Leste 548 Tonga 787 Trinidad and Tobago 37,473 Turkey 1,658,715 Turks and Caicos 6,399 Tuvalu 43 Uganda 43,009 Uruguay 20,000 Ukraine 78,603 United Arab Emirates 1,265,000 United States 5,216,692 Uzbekistan 1,800 Venezuela 20,837 Vietnam 283,537 Zambia 36,997 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Data for 2015 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2005 ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . See also ( edit ) European Union portal United Kingdom portal Visa requirements for the European Union citizens British passport British National ( Overseas ) passport British nationality law Visa requirements for British Nationals ( Overseas ) Visa requirements for British Overseas Citizens Visa requirements for British Overseas Territories Citizens Visa policy of the United Kingdom References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Passport Index 2018 '' . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . ^ `` Visa Openness Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . World Tourism Organization . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ `` UK Treaties Online '' . ^ Austria abolished the visa requirement for British citizens on 1 August 1927 ( 1 ) but this was reversed after the Anschluss in 1938 . ^ Resolution of the Ministry on Internal Affairs of 28 July 1955 , concerning the abolition of visas for citizens of the United States of America , the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( in German ) ^ `` ACUERDO POR NOTAS REVERSALES PARA LA SUPRESIÓN DE VISAS DE LOS PASAPORTES VÁLIDOS . REINO UNIDO '' . Paraguay Treaties Online ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . ^ Robinson , by Richard ( 22 August 1997 ) . `` Bulgaria : How I lost my heart to Sofia '' -- via The Daily Telegraph . ^ `` Foreign & Commonwealth Office - Travel Advice '' . 26 May 2001 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2001 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ `` Serbia and Montenegro Travel Visa Requirements '' . travelvisas.eu . ^ `` AGREEMENT between the European Community and Ukraine on the facilitation of the issuance of visas '' ( PDF ) . 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` Commission proposes visa - free travel for Georgia '' . ^ Law No. 151 - XVI on 8 June 2006 `` On the abolition of visa regime for citizens of member States of the European Union , the United States Of America , Canada , Swiss Confederation , Kingdom of Norway , the Republic of Iceland and Japan '' ( in Russian ) ^ Law of the Kyrgyz Republic On visa - free regime for citizens of some States within 60 days ( in Russian ) ^ Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on 21 January 2012 No. 148 ( in Russian ) ^ `` Finally , visa - free entry to Indonesia ( TTG Asia ) '' . ^ Under Resolution No. 46 / NQ - CP ^ On the introduction of the 5 days visa - free entry to Belarus ^ Porter , Lizzie ( 5 February 2016 ) . `` Indian tourist visas : e-visa scheme extended to British travellers '' -- via The Daily Telegraph . ^ Un e-visa pour Djibouti ^ `` Entry requirements - Afghanistan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ `` Entry requirements - Algeria travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ `` Entry requirements - Angola travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ SME E-VISA ^ Angola : Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure ^ SME cria condições para isenção e simplificação de vistos ^ `` Entry requirements - Antigua and Barbuda travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Argentina travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Travelling to Argentina Londres '' . Clond.mrecic.gov.ar . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ `` Visa - Embassy of Armenia to the United Kingdom '' . Uk.mfa.am . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bahamas travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Consular Information '' . Bahamashclondon.net . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Bahamashclondon.net . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bahrain travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . Evisa.gov.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Bahrain Electronic Visa Service '' . Evisa.gov.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Bangladesh High Commission , London '' . Bhclondon.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Visa on arrival ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Visa on arrival -- Embassy of Bangladesh '' . Bangladoot.se . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Barbados travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade '' . Foreign.gov.bb . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Belarus travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . Mfa.gov.by . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ `` Entry requirements - Belize travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` eVisa application of Benin '' . Government of Benin . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bhutan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Association of Bhutanese Tour Operators - ABTO '' . abto.org.bt . ^ `` Tourism Council of Bhutan ( Official Website ) - Tourism Council of Bhutan ( Official Website ) '' . tourism.gov.bt . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bolivia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ `` Entry requirements - Brazil travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Brunei travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa Information '' . mofat.gov.bn . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Page Not Found '' ( PDF ) . evisa.gov.kh . ^ `` eVisa Kingdom of Cambodia ( Official Government Website ) '' . evisa.gov.kh . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/cameroon/entry requirements ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Electronic Travel Authorization ( eTA ) - Canada.ca '' . canada.ca . ^ Canada , Immigration , Refugees and Citizenship . `` Entry requirements by country - Canada.ca '' . canada.ca . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Central African Republic travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Chile travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时过境免签政策 '' ^ `` Chinese Embassy and Consulates in the UK to Issue Two - year Multi-entry Visas to British Nationals '' . chinese-embassy.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Colombia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` - Consulado de Colombia en Londres '' . londres.consulado.gov.co . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Congo travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Democratic Republic of the Congo travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Entry requirements - Costa Rica travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Energie -- SNEDAI GROUPE '' . snedai.com . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ecuador travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Egypt e-Visa Portal '' . Ministry of Interior . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Equatorial Guinea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Eritrea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visas '' . ethioembassy.org.uk . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Gabon e-Visa '' . evisa.dgdi.ga . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ghana travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Guinea travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Indonesia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa Exemption - Immigration Checkpoint '' . Ditjen Imigrasi Republik Indonesia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Jordan axes visa fee to encourage tourists '' . ^ http://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_client.cgi?ExpertMode=TIDFT/JO/VI/IS/ID42022&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ eCitizen . `` eCitizen - Gateway to All Government Services '' . immigration.ecitizen.go.ke . ^ `` T12 - East Africa Tourist Visa '' . migration.gov.rw . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Korea , DPR ( North Korea ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Kuwait e-Visa '' . evisa.moi.gov.kw . ^ `` VisaApp10E '' . evisa.moi.gov.kw . ^ `` Entry requirements - Kyrgyzstan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visa regulations - Kyrgyz Embassy to the UK '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - Kyrgyzstan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Liberia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ). https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/mali/entry-requirements ^ Who requires a visa ? , Identity Malta . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Tourist VISA '' . consulmex.sre.gob.mx . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Mongolia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Montenegro travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Mozambique Government Announces 30 - day Tourist Visas now Available at Borders for all Visitors - Mozambican Hotels '' . mozambicanhotels.com . ^ `` Burma travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Notice to Tourists '' . Mynmar eVisa ( Official Government Website ) . Ministry of Labour , Immigration and Population . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` E-visa Information '' . Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , London . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ `` Tourist Visa '' . Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , London . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Namibia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . ^ Short - stay Schengen visa ( 90 days or less ) , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Niger travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . ^ Sultanate of Oman - Royal Oman Police - eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan '' . ^ `` Group Tourism through Designated Tour Operators '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` REVISED MIGRATION SERVICE FEES ( MSF ) '' ( PDF ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland . ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Постановление Правительства РФ N 397 О порядке пребывания на территории РФ иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства , прибывающих в Российскую Федерацию в туристических целях на паромах '' . Travel.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` IREMBO '' . irembo.gov.rw . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Sierra Leone travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia . ^ Visa regimes and visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://southafricahouseuk.com/visas/vis_needvis.html ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - South Sudan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` How To Extend Short Visit Visa '' . eta.gov.lk . Department of Immigration ( ETA ) Sri Lanka . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Sudan travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden . ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Syria travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Tajikistan e-Visa '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Uganda e-Visa '' . visas.immigration.go.ug . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry regime to Ukraine for foreign citizens - MFA of Ukraine '' . mfa.gov.ua . ^ `` Visa information - Embassy of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' . uk.mfa.gov.ua . ^ `` Entry requirements - Ukraine travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Citizen of Visa Waiver Country , wants to drive into U.S. from Canada or Mexico , or arrive at a port of call in the U.S. by cruise ship '' . help.cbp.gov . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan -- Visa of the Republic of Uzbekistan '' . mfa.uz . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Inicio MPPRE '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - Vietnam travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` E-visa '' . ^ https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/vietnam/entry-requirements ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Yemen travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Entry requirements - Zimbabwe travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla , Government of Anguilla , October 2016 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Anguilla ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Bermuda entry visas , Government of Bermuda . ^ `` Entry requirements - Bermuda ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` British Antarctic Territory '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Antarctic Territory travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice - Government of the United Kingdom '' . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands . ^ `` Entry requirements - British Virgin Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Visa - free and visa - required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands . ^ `` Entry requirements - Cayman Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Visit The Falkland Islands - Falklands '' . falklandislands.com . ^ `` Entry requirements - Falkland Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ http://www2.gov.gg/ccm/home-department/customs-immigration/immigration-and-nationality-division/employment/those-who-not-require-a-work-permit.en ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ https://www.gov.im/infocentre/faqs/import.gov?menuid=10167&page=cso/immigrationfaqs.xml Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Jersey , States of . `` Work permits and working in Jersey '' . gov.je . ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . ^ Haigh , Bill . `` Pitcairn Islands '' . government.pn . ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ `` Entry requirements - Pitcairn Island travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Entry Visas '' . 18 December 2012 . ^ `` Entry requirements - St Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Grundy , Richard . `` Tristan da Cunha Tourism '' . tristandc.com . ^ `` South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis ^ `` Entry requirements - South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Requirements to obtain a Turks and Caicos visitor 's visa , Ministry of Border Control and Employment of the Turks and Caicos Islands . ^ `` Entry requirements - Turks and Caicos Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ `` The procedure of foreign citizens ' entry to the NKR - MFA NKR '' . nkr.am . ^ `` The Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic in USA '' . nkrusa.org . ^ FS . `` Azərbaycan Respublikasının Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi Azərbaycan Respublikasının vətəndaşlarına Liviyada mövcud olan vəziyyətlə bağlı xəbərdarlıq edir , 12 may 2011 - ci il '' . mfa.gov.az . ^ `` The Friends of Mount Athos - A Pilgrim 's Guide to Mount Athos : Planning Your Visit '' . athosfriends.org . ^ Ioannis , DATAFON Verginis G. `` MOUNT ATHOS INFO , ΑΓΙΟΝ ΟΡΟΣ , BERG ATHOS , OURANOUPOLIS , ΟΥΡΑΝΟΥΠΟΛΗ '' . mountathosinfos.gr . ^ `` Visa - free travel time up to ten days in parts of Brest Oblast , Grodno Oblast as from 1 January '' . 26 December 2017 . ^ `` Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea '' . ^ Cyprus , Korinia Estate Agency , North . `` Northern Cyprus , Living in North Cyprus , Postal System , Passports and Visa '' . korinia.com . ^ `` How to get to North Cyprus ? - Passport , Visa & Entry Requirements '' . cypnet.co.uk . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Entry requirements - Denmark travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Crew , Jan Mayen . `` JAN MAYEN HOMESITE , EDITED BY THE JAN MAYEN CREW '' . jan-mayen.no . ^ http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html ^ `` Special Categories Exempted From Visa Requirements - For Foreign Citizens - Consular Services - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo . ^ `` Kiev declares passport control on border with rebel - held regions '' . ^ `` Ukraine imposes passport control on rebel - held regions '' . 6 November 2014 . ^ `` Russian Federation Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` О визах - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . ^ `` Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ `` Rules and recommendations - Transnistria tour '' . transnistria-tour.com . ^ Splinter , Hans van der . `` Ministry of Tourism - Tourism Service Center '' . eritrea.be . ^ `` Entry requirements - Western Sahara travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 November 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . ^ `` Republic of South Sudan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=CN&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Tours must be organized by a travel agent registered in Hainan province and approved by the National Tourism Administration of China . ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Immigration Department of Hong Kong , April 2017 . ^ `` Changes in Immigration Control on British Citizens '' . Immigration Department . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=IN&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Kazakhstan Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Iran Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Entry and exit of non-residents , Public Security Police Force of Macau . ^ `` Malaysia Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Maldives Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Visa , Bureau of Consular Affairs of Taiwan . ^ `` Pamirs - the roof of the world '' . pamirs.org . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Tajikistan - Visa '' . 27 April 2012 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . ^ `` How to get Tibet Travel Permit , Successful Application Tips '' . Tibet Travel and Tours - Tibet Vista . ^ `` How to get a Tibet Travel Permits - Tibet Visa 2016 ? '' . tibettravelplanner.com . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=TM&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=AI&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ `` No visa required for tourists to Phu Quoc on short stay - Vietsea Tourist - Travel to Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia and Thailand - Vietnam Travel Tours '' . vietseatourist.vn . ^ `` Yemen Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Aruba Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Bonaire , St. Eustatius , and Saba ( BES ) Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=CO&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe , French Guiana , Martinique , Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Légifrance ( in French ) . ^ `` 404 - Page Not Found '' . travel.state.gov . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Entry requirements - St Pierre & Miquelon travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ `` Sint Maarten Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ General information , American Samoa Visitors Bureau . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . ^ Quintero , Bruno . `` Clipperton - Ile de La Passion '' . clipperton.fr . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . ^ `` Fiji Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ `` Entry requirements - French Polynesia travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ ( 4 ) ^ http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html ^ `` Redirect Page '' . fws.gov . ^ http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html ^ `` Entry requirements - Wallis & Futuna Islands travel advice '' . Government of the United Kingdom . ^ `` INFORME DE RENDICIÓN DE CUENTAS 2016 -- Consejo de Gobierno de Regimen Especial de Galápagos '' . gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . ^ `` Accès à l'Antarctique '' . taaf.fr . ^ `` Accès aux Terres australes françaises '' . taaf.fr . ^ `` Accès aux îles Eparses '' . taaf.fr . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ `` Forms expeditioners must sign '' . antarctica.gov.au . ^ Division , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Department of the Environment and Energy ; ou = Australian Antarctic . `` Frequently asked questions '' . heardisland.aq . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ `` Dronning Maud Land '' . Norwegian Polar Institute . ^ http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` International Travel Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual , 9 FAM 403.9 - 3 ( B ) ( 2 ) f '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ `` How long should my passport be valid when traveling to the United States ? '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ Timatic ^ Timatic ^ `` Country Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations ; and malaria situation ; and other vaccination requirement ^ `` Travel Report - Kuwait '' . Voyage.gc.ca. 2012 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism Archived 2009 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Michael Freund , Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel , 2008 - 12 - 07 , Jerusalem Post ^ `` Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . and Syrian Ministry of Tourism ^ `` Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ `` Israel travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . ^ Azerbaijan Country Page Archived 2009 - 03 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... NCSJ : Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia . Accessed 23 May 2010 . ^ Azerbaijan does n't allow Armenians in the country - Panarmenian.net ^ `` Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ ( advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia ) accessed 23 May 2010 '' . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . ^ `` Warning for the foreign nationals wishing to travel to the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ `` List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 10 . ^ ( 5 ) ^ `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move '' . 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 -- via Reuters . ^ F_161 . `` S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People 's Daily Online '' . peopledaily.com.cn . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ ( 6 ) ^ ( 7 ) ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews '' . secureidnews.com . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ `` Office of Biometric Identity Management - Homeland Security '' . dhs.gov . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Government of Canada -- Overcome criminal convictions ^ `` Home - Consular Protection - European Commission '' . Consular Protection . ^ Dzankic , Jelena ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Brexit and citizenship '' . European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship . ^ `` Article 50 : The simplest explanation you 'll find '' . BBC Newsbeat. 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ Raparel , Raoul ( 22 February 2015 ) . `` The mechanics of leaving the EU -- explaining Article 50 '' . Open Europe . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ `` Article 50 TEU : Withdrawal of a Member State from the EU '' ( PDF ) . EuroParl . European Parliament . February 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . ^ `` Britons ' may need visas to travel through Europe ' '' . ^ `` Argentina strengthens migratory control '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . ^ `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move '' . Reuters. 20 November 2007 . ^ F_161 . `` S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People 's Daily Online '' . People 's Daily . ^ `` 404 - Page Not Found '' . travel.state.gov . Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 . ^ `` 404 - Page Not Found '' . travel.state.gov . Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 . ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews '' . ^ `` Office of Biometric Identity Management '' . 27 September 2007 . ^ `` Foreign travel advice '' . ^ `` Statistical Yearbook - Department of Commerce '' . ^ Anuário de Estatística do Turismo ^ Anuário de Estatística do Turismo ^ `` Visitor Arrivals by Country of Residence '' . ^ `` Tourism Statistics - IAATO '' . ^ Tourism Statistics for Antigua and Barbuda ^ `` Number of Stayover Visitors by Market '' . ^ ( 8 ) ^ `` Trade and Media - Holidays in Austria . Travel Information of the Austrian National Tourist Office '' ( PDF ) ( in us ) . Austriatourism.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ `` Number of foreign citizens arrived to Azerbaijan by countries '' . ^ `` Stopovers by Country '' ( PDF ) . ^ https://corporate.visitbarbados.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2016-annual-statistical-report.pdf ^ `` Tourisme selon pays de provenance 2016 '' . ^ ( 9 ) ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . gotobermuda.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . ^ http://tcb.img.ebizity.bt/attachments/tcb_041217_bhutan-tourism-monitor-2016.pdf ^ `` INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Turismo '' . ^ TOURISM STATISTICS Cumulative data , January -- December 2017 ^ `` Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Anuário Estatístico de Turismo 2017 - Ano Base 2016 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . ^ `` Brunei Darussalam Tourism Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 10 ) ^ `` Evolution des arrivées au Burkina Faso par nationalité page 276 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Tourism Statistics Report '' . ^ Tourism Statistics Edition 2015 , table 17 ^ `` Service bulletin International Travel : Advance Information '' ( PDF ) . statcan.gc.ca . ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . ^ CIDOT . `` Welcome to the Cayman Islands Department of Tourism ( CIDOT ) Destination Statistics Website '' . ^ ( 11 ) ^ `` China Inbound Tourism Statistics in 2015 '' . ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio , Industria y Turismo de Colombia ^ ( in French ) http://www.apicongo.org/code/Annuaire_statistique_du_tourisme_Congo_2012.pdf ^ `` Visitor Arrivals by Country of Usual Residence '' . ^ `` Informes Estadísticos - Instituto Costarricense de Turismo - ICT '' . www.ict.go.cr . ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS AND NIGHTS IN 2017 ^ http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/06turismoycomercio/llegadadevisitantes/201512llegadadevisitantes.pdf ^ `` Monthly Statistics '' . ^ `` Statistical Service - Services - Tourism - Key Figures '' . ^ - 4 . quarter of 2017 - Table 5 Guests , overnight stays ( non-residents by country , numbers , indices ) ^ `` 2015 Visitors Statistics Report '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` BCRD - Estadísticas Económicas '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . ^ `` ACCOMMODATED TOURISTS BY COUNTY AND COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE ( MONTHS ) '' . ^ ( 12 ) ^ `` Appendix table 5.2 . Visitor arrivals and nights spent by country of residence , January - December 2017 '' . ^ http://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/4p-DGE/2016-4pages-60-EVE2015.xlsx ^ `` Données détaillées '' . ^ `` Tourism , transport and communication summary '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` International arrivals 2017 '' . ^ Tourismus in Zahlen 2016 , Statistisches Bundesamt ^ `` Hellenic Statistical Authority . Non-residents arrivals from abroad 2015 '' . ^ ( 13 ) ^ ( 14 ) ^ ( 15 ) ^ `` TOURISM IN HUNGARY 2016 '' . ^ Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month 2002 - 2016 - 2016 ^ ( 16 ) ^ ( 17 ) ^ `` Overseas Visitors to Ireland January - December 2012 - 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ VISITOR ARRIVALS ( 1 ) , BY COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP , Central Bureau of Statistics ^ `` IAGGIATORI STRANIERI NUMERO DI VIAGGIATORI '' . ^ Monthly Statistical Report December 2017 Vol xxvii No 12 ^ `` 2017 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures '' ( PDF ) . Japan National Tourism Organization . ^ `` Tourist Overnight and Same Day Visitors By Nationality during '' . ^ `` Статистические сборники '' . stat.gov.kz . ^ Administrator . `` Visitors by Country of Residence '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 19 . ^ `` Tourism in Kyrgyzstan '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 18 ) ^ `` TUG02 . Visitors staying in hotels and other accommodation establishments by country of residence - PX - Web '' . ^ `` Arrivals according to nationality during year 2016 '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . ^ `` Number of guests and overnights in Lithuanian accommodation establishments . ' 000 . All markets . 2015 - 2016 '' . ^ `` Arrivals by touristic region and country of residence ( All types of accommodation ) 2011 - 2016 '' . www.statistiques.public.lu . ^ `` DSEC - Statistics Database '' . ^ ( 19 ) ^ ( 20 ) ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS TO MALAYSIA BY COUNTRY OF NATIONALITY DECEMBER 2017 ^ `` Number of visitors by country , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . ^ http://www.tourism.gov.mv/packages/december-2017/ ^ ( 21 ) ^ `` ANNUAIRE 2014 '' . ^ ( 22 ) ^ Carrodeguas , Norfi . `` Datatur3 - Visitantes por Nacionalidad '' . ^ Statistică , Biroul Naţional de ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` / / Comunicate de presă '' . ^ ( 23 ) ^ ( 24 ) ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of residence '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 25 ) ^ `` Myanmar Tourism Statistics - Ministry of Hotels and Tourism , Myanmar '' . ^ ( 26 ) ^ `` Tourism Statistics 2015 p. 34 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 01 - 31 . ^ `` Visitors arrival by country of residence and year '' . ^ Toerisme in perspectief 2018 ^ `` International travel and migration : December 2017 '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ `` Estadísticas de Turismo '' . ^ `` Number of Tourists to Oman '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . ^ `` Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2012 - Pakistan Bureau of Statistics '' . ^ `` Immigration / Tourism Statistics - Palau National Government '' . ^ ( 27 ) ^ ( 28 ) ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo Archived 2016 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ ( 29 ) ^ `` in 2016 - tables TABL . III / 6 . NON-RESIDENTS VISITING POLAND IN 2016 AND THEIR EXPENDITURE '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` 2016 Annual Tourism Performance Report '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 30 ) ^ `` Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ '' . Fedstat.ru. 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ `` Statistics Netherlands '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . ^ ( 31 ) ^ ( 32 ) ^ `` Entrada de Visitantes / S. Tomé e Príncipe Ano 2005 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Tourist turnover - December 2017 ^ ( 33 ) ^ ( 34 ) ^ ( 35 ) ^ ( 36 ) ^ `` statistics / visitor - arrivals '' . ^ ( 37 ) ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on toursim - Tourism Statistics '' . ^ `` Tabla23984 '' . ^ `` TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Suriname Tourism Foundation '' ( PDF ) . www.surinametourism.sr . ^ `` Swaziland Tourism - Swaziland Safari - Swaziland Attractions - Useful Links - Research '' . ^ `` Tillväxtverkets Publikationer - '' . ^ Visitor Arrivals by Nationality ^ `` The 2016 International Visitors ' Exit Survey Report . International Tourist Arrivals . p. 73 - 77 '' ( PDF ) . nbs.go.tz/ . NBS Tanzania . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ `` สถิติ ด้าน การ ท่องเที่ยว ปี 2560 ( Tourism Statistics 2017 ) '' . Ministry of Tourism & Sports . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ ( 38 ) ^ Stats , Tonga . `` Migration Statistics - Tonga Stats '' . ^ `` T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD '' ( PDF ) . ^ NUMBER OF ARRIVING - DEPARTING VISITORS , FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017 ^ `` Turks and Caicos sto - over arrivals '' ( PDF ) . ^ Dev1 . ( PDF ) https://corporate.southpacificislands.travel/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2016-Annual-Visitor-Arrivals-ReviewF.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ `` MINISTRY OF TOURISM , WILDLIFE AND ANTIQUITIES SECTOR STATISTICAL ABSTRACT , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ ( 39 ) ^ Statistics for the Emirate of Dubai Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ `` Table 28 - Homeland Security '' . ^ `` Распределение въехавших в Республику Узбекистан иностранных граждан по странам в 2015 году '' . data.gov.uz . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . ^ ( 40 ) ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017 ^ `` Downloads '' . Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_British_citizens&oldid=842491752 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Articles with German - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with French - language external links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa%20requirements%20for%20British%20citizens	590
when is the big bang theory season 11 coming out	The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday , September 25 , 2017 . It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 2 , 2017 , after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended .	Monday , September 25 , 2017	The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 )	the big bang theory ( season 11 )	The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday , September 25 , 2017 . It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 2 , 2017 , after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended .	In March 2017 , CBS renewed the series for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Just like the previous three seasons , the first five episodes aired on Mondays due to CBS ' contractual rights to air the Thursday Night Football games . After Thursday Night Football ended , the series returned to its regular Thursday schedule starting on November 2 , 2017 . Filming for the eleventh season began on August 15 , 2017 ; it was also announced with the taping report that the premiere for the eleventh season would be titled `` The Proposal Proposal '' . Before the season premiered , five episodes were filmed from August 15 to September 19 , 2017 . According to TV Guide , Steve Holland announced on September 22 , 2017 that both Bob Newhart and Wil Wheaton would return this season since their absences from Season 10 . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main cast ( edit ) Johnny Galecki as Dr. Leonard Hofstadter Jim Parsons as Dr. Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco as Penny Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz Kunal Nayyar as Dr. Rajesh `` Raj '' Koothrappali Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler Melissa Rauch as Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom Recurring cast ( edit ) Laurie Metcalf as Mary Cooper Christine Baranski as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter Stephen Hawking as himself Regina King as Janine Davis Brian Posehn as Dr. `` Bert '' Bertram Kibbler Wil Wheaton as himself Bob Newhart as Dr. Arthur Jeffries / Professor Proton John Ross Bowie as Dr. Barry Kripke Dean Norris as Colonel Richard Williams Brian Thomas Smith as Zack Johnson Brian George as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali Pamela Adlon as Halley Wolowitz ( voice only ) Guest cast ( edit ) Riki Lindhome as Ramona Nowitzki Ira Flatow as himself Swati Kapila as Ruchi Beth Behrs as Nell Walton Goggins as Oliver Bill Gates as himself Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 232 `` The Proposal Proposal '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) T12. 15601 17.65 Amy enthusiastically accepts Sheldon 's marriage proposal . However , when dining with Amy 's colleagues later that night , Sheldon is offended that they are more impressed with Amy 's work than his own . With help from Stephen Hawking , Sheldon later comes to grips with the fact that he will not always be the center of attention in the marriage . Bernadette is shocked to realize that she is pregnant again . She and Howard are not thrilled at the idea of having another baby so soon after their first . They attempt to convince Leonard and Penny to have a child as well , but are rebuffed . Title reference : Sheldon 's proposal of marriage 233 `` The Retraction Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T12. 15602 14.06 Leonard gives an interview on public radio where he admits physics research might be at a dead end . The university is furious and , while trying to think of reasons to put in a retraction , he depresses Sheldon into thinking he might be right . Howard and Raj come over and end up just as depressed . Getting drunk with Penny , the guys go to the grave of Richard Feynman and realize there is hope for physics as long as they believe in it . Leonard accidentally sends a drunken email to Human Resources . Meanwhile , Amy and Bernadette agree with each other to keep quiet about the success in their careers so as not to upset Sheldon and Howard . While bragging to each other , they end up arguing which of their fields is better . Title reference : Leonard 's depression while writing a retraction of his statements on the radio . 234 `` The Relaxation Integration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon & Tara Hernandez October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T12. 15603 13.13 Sheldon can not find the perfect wedding date and begins talking in his sleep , adopting the persona of a laid - back person who goes with the flow . Amy and Penny believe that his subconscious mind is trying to tell him to be more relaxed ; his attempt to be so while wearing flip - flops ends in disaster . He decides to leave all the wedding planning to Amy while he wears a Star Trek uniform underneath his tuxedo . Meanwhile , Raj and Stuart both become interested in Bernadette 's new coworker Ruchi . While she likes them both as friends , she does not want a relationship with anyone . Title reference : Sheldon trying to embrace the relaxed side of his personality . 235 `` The Explosion Implosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T12. 15604 13.07 Howard and Bernadette learn their second child will be a boy , leading Howard to doubt whether he can be a good father to a son . He and Sheldon go out in the desert to test launch a model rocket , but it explodes , causing him further doubt . On the way home , Howard does a good job coaching Sheldon to drive them home , for which Sheldon tells him he will be a good teacher to his son . Leonard 's mother Beverly begins talking to Penny as a friend and confidant , troubling Leonard , especially when he learns that Beverly told Penny that she is proud of her , a level of praise she never bestowed upon Leonard himself . When Leonard confronts Beverly , he is touched when she says that of all of her children 's spouses , Penny is the one she is most impressed by , and that for this , she is indeed proud of him . Meanwhile , Raj helps Bernadette turn baby girl clothes into boy ones . Title reference : The fate of Sheldon and Howard 's model rocket . 236 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T12. 15605 13.20 Amy and Howard begin collaborating on a neuroprosthetics project , upsetting Sheldon and Raj , who feel they are not spending as much time with them . When they seek solace with an annoyed Bernadette , she exploits the situation to trick Sheldon into doing Howard 's chores . Penny employs the approaches recommended in one of Bernadette 's parenting books to deal with Sheldon with success , but Leonard believes she is coddling Sheldon too much . Sheldon and Raj resolve the issue of missing their significant others by spending time together . Title reference : Amy and Howard 's collaboration contaminating Sheldon and Raj 's moods . 237 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro , Dave Goetsch , Alex Yonks Teleplay by : Dave Steve Holland , Andy Gordon , Jeremy Howe November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T12. 15606 14.14 Sheldon 's childhood science show with Professor Proton is being rebooted . After unsuccessfully auditioning for the part , he goes to Wil Wheaton for acting tips for his second audition . However , Sheldon is later dismayed when Wil has somehow taken the role instead . Talking it over with Arthur in his dreams he is still upset his idol is replaced and considers Wil an enemy again . Meanwhile , Howard gets a vasectomy while Bernadette is on bed rest . Penny offers to take care of Halley for them but they insult her by saying Penny is irresponsible . Halley ends up saying her first word by calling Penny `` Mama . '' Title reference : The announced reboot of the Professor Proton series . 238 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T12. 15607 13.80 Bert asks for Sheldon 's help in a geology research project relating to dark matter . Sheldon secretly agrees , but is too embarrassed to admit he is working with rocks . Bert finds out about this and ends their partnership . After talking with Amy , Sheldon goes to apologize , only to find Leonard has taken his place . Meanwhile , Raj runs into Ruchi again and goes out with her , but she does not believe in romantic love . After Howard and Bernadette tell Raj that he can just have sex with Ruchi , he agrees to keep it casual . Title reference : Sheldon working in geology with Bert . 239 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T12. 15608 13.44 After learning Sheldon went behind their backs to work with the military again , Leonard and Howard say Sheldon is like Thomas Edison , taking credit for other 's ideas , while they are more like Nikola Tesla . Leonard and Howard bring in Barry Kripke to help create a better idea than Sheldon 's , but Kripke goes to the military himself cutting all three of them out . Meanwhile , Bernadette fears Ruchi is trying to steal her projects at work while she is on maternity leave , and hires Raj to spy on her . Though he finds proof that Ruchi may be stealing from Bernadette , Raj tries to defend Ruchi like a boyfriend would , pointing out Bernadette 's hypocrisy as she would 've most likely stolen from other people 's projects as well . Ruchi is not happy about this and promptly dumps Raj . Title reference : The guys discussion of Tesla and Edison . 240 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) T12. 15609 13.84 In 2010 , Leonard , Howard and Raj mined a lot of Bitcoin , worth thousands of dollars seven years later , but leave Sheldon out due to his fear of tax implications . Flashbacks are shown of how the Bitcoin ended up on an old laptop of Leonard 's , which Penny gave to her old boyfriend Zack after she and Leonard broke up . In 2017 , Leonard and Penny retrieve the computer from Zack , who first shows them a video of a drunken Penny apologizing for breaking up with Leonard . The Bitcoin is not found on the laptop . Sheldon had moved it to a flash drive on Leonard 's keychain to teach them a lesson , but Leonard lost the keychain years ago . A final flashback to 2013 shows Stuart discovering the flash drive , which he decides to erase and sell for $10 . Title reference : The guys trying to find their old Bitcoin investment . 241 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T12. 15610 14.41 When Raj loses a job interview at a planetarium , his father says he has no confidence because Howard always makes fun of him . Raj distances himself from Howard and later gets the job . Howard is hurt by this ( even after apologizing to him ) and tries to make amends with Raj after his first talk at the planetarium , but when he sees him get a date , he leaves without speaking to him , thinking that the latter 's life is better without him . Meanwhile , Sheldon and Amy try randomly dividing up wedding tasks , but they keep arguing . The only thing they can agree on is to get married so they decide to just get married at City Hall . However , Sheldon decides that he wants a first dance with his new wife , and they go home to plan their wedding . Title reference : Howard eroding Raj 's confidence . 242 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Alex Ayers Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) T12. 15611 13.74 Howard and Raj are still fighting so Howard dis - invites Raj to Halley 's birthday party . However , when Howard 's designated party planner Stuart pulls out at the last minute , Raj agrees to plan the party , which does n't turn out too well due to Halley being asleep , Bernadette on bed rest and no people turning up . When Howard and Raj get into a shoving match in the party 's bounce house , they end up letting out their frustrations with each other , but also having fun and reconciling . Leonard is depressed upon receiving his successful brother 's Christmas card and attempts to make a list of what he and Penny accomplished this year , but does n't come up with much . This prompts them to think about their plans for the future , so they decide to go on trips and achieve more out of life together before starting a family . Sheldon cooks Amy a Little House on the Prairie - themed birthday dinner , which gives them both food poisoning . They eventually recover enough to attend Halley 's birthday party with the others , where they decide to have fun in the bouncy castle and then have sex in Howard and Bernadette 's house . Title reference : Amy and Halley 's birthday celebrations . 243 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Andy Gordon January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) T12. 15612 16.16 Sheldon and Amy struggle to choose a best man and maid of honor from their friends . They secretly decide to test and score them , allowing everyone to have an equal shot at either role . Once the gang finds out , none of them apart from Bernadette and Stuart want to be in the wedding . Sheldon settles for Stuart as best man , but once Leonard tells Sheldon that as the groom , the decision is his alone , he picks Leonard . Amy is set to call Bernadette but once Penny realizes Amy is her best friend , she immediately pitches herself for the position and Amy enthusiastically chooses her . Amy later makes Penny tell Bernadette the bad news . Title reference : Sheldon and Amy scoring their friends for roles in the wedding . 244 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) T12. 15613 15.93 With Leonard , Howard , Raj and Amy accomplishing so much on their respective projects , Sheldon is forced to admit he has nothing important to work on . He makes Amy leave the apartment for a few days so he can focus , but can not come up with any ideas and calls his mother as a distraction . Leonard and Amy have fun recreating experiments from when they were growing up , boring Penny , so she eats with Sheldon as he mulls over his scientific studies . Penny helps him realize that his study of dark matter is his rebound science from string theory , which Sheldon admits he never forgot about , but explaining string theory to her inspires Sheldon , helping him discover a potential breakthrough in the field . Meanwhile Howard is too busy with his family to be in the band with Raj , so Raj brings in Bert . But when Howard annoys Bernadette by writing an astronaut - themed musical while she is on bed - rest , she makes him rejoin the band . The three are poorly received , after singing Bert 's original song about the boulder from Indiana Jones at a Bar mitsvah . Title reference : A triple entendre to represent Sheldon going into isolation to figure out his future research field only to go back to studying string theory , the vibration of the strings in string theory , and Howard 's oscillation between being in a band with Raj and being solo . 245 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T12. 15614 14.92 Raj hooks up with a recently separated woman , Nell , after one of his lectures at the planetarium . Her husband Oliver confronts Raj at the planetarium and then breaks down over the end of his marriage . After comforting Oliver , Raj talks to Nell and convinces her to give her husband another chance . Meanwhile , after diving once again into string theory and sprawling his work across his and Amy 's apartment , Sheldon approaches a reluctant Leonard and Penny and convinces them to let him use his old room to study for a three - day trial period with an agreement to be quiet and stay out of their way . Sheldon surprisingly sticks to this agreement , being a reasonably good guest , which shockingly frustrates Leonard to no end . After Leonard lets out his frustrations , Sheldon then renegotiates the guest tenancy agreement for an extra few days and resumes being his normal demanding self , much to Leonard 's relief . Title reference : A double entendre that refers to both the love triangle between Raj , Nell , and Oliver , who is upset at his separation from Nell and the roommate triangle that has reformed between Sheldon , Leonard , and Penny , a distinct callback to the show 's initial seasons . 246 15 `` The Novelization Correlation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T12. 15615 14.69 Sheldon and Amy are surprised to find that Wil Wheaton 's new Professor Proton show is actually very entertaining and that Wil had Howard on as a guest . On Howard 's suggestion , Sheldon apologizes to Wil , mending their friendship , and tells him he wants to be on the show ; but Wil asks for Amy . Sheldon tells her to do it , but she says she often does n't do things to avoid upsetting him . Sheldon is horrified when he realises how selfish he has been , especially when he finds out that the guys do the same for him . Sheldon encourages Amy to go on the show to inspire girls to pursue science while trying to control his obvious jealousy for her . Meanwhile , Leonard writes a book about a physicist that solves a murder , the protagonist Logan Dean is based on himself . Bernadette points out Logan 's mean boss Illsa is similar to Penny , who thinks it is based on Bernadette , though Leonard does not correct her . However , Bernadette tells Penny the truth , upsetting her and making her mad at Leonard . After calling his mother for advice , Leonard learns that Illsa is actually like her ; but abandons the book when he realizes he wrote romantic tension into the relationship between the characters . Title reference : The uncertainty of which woman in Leonard 's life he subconsciously based the mean boss character in his novel on . 247 16 `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' Gay Linvill Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Adam Faberman March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T12. 15616 TBD 248 17 `` The Athenaeum Allocation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T12. 15617 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Proposal Proposal '' September 25 , 2017 4.1 / 16 17.65 1.7 5.42 5.8 23.08 `` The Retraction Reaction '' October 2 , 2017 3.2 / 12 14.06 1.8 5.14 5.0 19.20 `` The Relaxation Integration '' October 9 , 2017 2.9 / 11 13.13 1.6 4.77 4.5 17.90 `` The Explosion Implosion '' October 16 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.07 1.6 4.64 4.4 17.71 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' October 23 , 2017 2.8 / 10 13.20 1.6 4.76 4.4 17.96 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' November 2 , 2017 2.7 / 11 14.14 1.8 5.14 4.5 19.28 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' November 9 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.80 1.6 4.76 4.4 18.56 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' November 16 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.44 1.7 4.84 4.3 18.28 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' November 30 , 2017 2.5 / 10 13.84 1.7 4.70 4.2 18.54 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' December 7 , 2017 2.8 / 10 14.41 1.7 4.95 4.5 19.36 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' December 14 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.74 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' January 4 , 2018 3.1 / 12 16.16 1.4 3.74 4.5 19.90 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' January 11 , 2018 3.1 / 12 15.93 1.8 5.18 4.9 21.11 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' January 18 , 2018 2.9 / 12 14.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD 15 `` The Novelization Correlation '' February 1 , 2018 2.9 / 12 14.69 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces New 2017 -- 2018 Fall Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 - 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Officially Renewed for Two Seasons as Mayim Bialik , Melissa Rauch Await Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taping Report Thread '' . The Big Bang Theory Forums . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory 's New Boss on Young Sheldon Crossovers and Season 11 '' . TVGuide.com . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory Welcomes Bill Gates - What 's His Connection To Penny ? '' . TVline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up , still at season low : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four , ' ' Will & Grace , ' everything else unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' The Four ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15616 ) `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' `` . the Futon Critic . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15617 ) `` The Athenaeum Allocation '' `` . the Futon Critic . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' premiere gets a good boost in the week 15 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on CBS '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory Episode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes on IMDb The Big Bang Theory : Season 11 at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory_(season_11)&oldid=827807988 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Big Bang Theory seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Big%20Bang%20Theory%20%28season%2011%29	591
when do the oakland raiders play in mexico city	Week Date Kickoff Opponent Result Record Game site TV NFL.com recap September 10 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at Tennessee Titans W 26 -- 16 1 -- 0 Nissan Stadium CBS Recap September 17 1 : 05 p.m. PDT New York Jets W 45 -- 20 2 -- 0 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap September 24 5 : 30 p.m. PDT at Washington Redskins L 10 -- 27 2 -- 1 FedExField NBC Recap October 1 1 : 25 p.m. PDT at Denver Broncos L 10 -- 16 2 -- 2 Sports Authority Field at Mile High CBS Recap 5 October 8 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Baltimore Ravens L 17 -- 30 2 -- 3 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap 6 October 15 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Los Angeles Chargers L 16 -- 17 2 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap 7 October 19 5 : 25 p.m. PDT Kansas City Chiefs W 31 -- 30 3 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS / NFLN / Amazon Video Recap 8 October 29 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at Buffalo Bills L 14 -- 34 3 -- 5 New Era Field CBS Recap 9 November 5 5 : 30 p.m. PST at Miami Dolphins Hard Rock Stadium NBC 10 Bye 11 November 19 1 : 25 p.m. PST New England Patriots Estadio Azteca ( Mexico City ) CBS 12 November 26 1 : 25 p.m. PST Denver Broncos Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS 13 December 3 1 : 25 p.m. PST New York Giants Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Fox 14 December 10 10 : 00 a.m. PST at Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium CBS 15 December 17 5 : 30 p.m. PST Dallas Cowboys Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum NBC 16 December 25 5 : 30 p.m. PST at Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field ESPN 17 December 31 1 : 25 p.m. PST at Los Angeles Chargers StubHub Center CBS	November 19	2017 Oakland Raiders season	2017 oakland raiders season	The 2017 Oakland Raiders season is the 58th overall season of the Oakland Raiders franchise , the franchise 's 48th season in the National Football League , their 24th season since their return to Oakland , and the third under head coach Jack Del Rio . The Raiders are looking to win their first AFC West title since 2002 and the Super Bowl for the first time since 1983 , when the club was still in Los Angeles . The Raiders began the season on September 10 at the Tennessee Titans and will finish the season December 31 at the Los Angeles Chargers . The Raiders , as they did in 2016 , will play one home game in Mexico City , this time against the New England Patriots .	Although the league approved the Raiders ' eventual relocation to Las Vegas on March 27 , 2017 , the team still maintains its lease at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum and intends to use the stadium for at least the next two seasons and , perhaps , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 1.1 Free agent signings 1.2 Losses 1.3 Trades 1.4 Contract extensions 1.5 Draft 2 Staff 3 Current roster 4 Preseason 4.1 Donald Penn holdout 4.2 Janikowski contract issue 4.3 Schedule and results 5 Regular season 5.1 Schedule and results 5.2 Game summaries 5.2. 1 Week 1 : at Tennessee Titans 5.2. 2 Week 2 : vs. New York Jets 5.2. 3 Week 3 : at Washington Redskins 5.2. 4 Week 4 : at Denver Broncos 5.2. 5 Week 5 : vs. Baltimore Ravens 5.2. 6 Week 6 : vs. Los Angeles Chargers 5.2. 7 Week 7 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs 5.2. 8 Week 8 : at Buffalo Bills 5.2. 9 Week 9 : at Miami Dolphins 6 Standings 6.1 Division 6.2 Conference 7 References 8 External links Offseason ( edit ) Free agent signings ( edit ) Pos . Player Age 2016 Team Contract TE Jared Cook 30 Green Bay Packers 2 years , $10.6 million WR Cordarrelle Patterson 26 Minnesota Vikings 2 years , $8.5 million OT Marshall Newhouse 28 New York Giants 2 years , $3.5 million LS Jon Condo 35 Oakland Raiders 1 year , $1 million OLB Jelani Jenkins 25 Miami Dolphins 1 year , $1 million QB EJ Manuel 27 Buffalo Bills 1 year , $800,000 DE IK Enemkpali 26 Buffalo Bills 1 year LB Rufus Johnson 28 Washington Redskins 1 year Losses ( edit ) Pos . Player Age 2017 Team RB Latavius Murray 26 Minnesota Vikings LB Malcolm Smith 27 San Francisco 49ers DT Stacy McGee 27 Washington Redskins OT Menelik Watson 28 Denver Broncos WR Andre Holmes 28 Buffalo Bills SS Brynden Trawick 27 Tennessee Titans CB D.J. Hayden 26 Detroit Lions FS Nate Allen 27 Miami Dolphins TE Mychal Rivera 26 Jacksonville Jaguars QB Matt McGloin 27 Philadelphia Eagles LB Perry Riley 28 TBD OT Austin Howard 30 Baltimore Ravens RB Taiwan Jones 28 Buffalo Bills Trades ( edit ) Pos . Player / picks received Player / compensation sent Team RB Marshawn Lynch 6th round pick ( 2018 draft ) 5th round pick ( 2018 draft ) Seattle Seahawks Contract extensions ( edit ) April 26 , 2017 -- Raiders sign RB Marshawn Lynch to a two - year deal that will reportedly pay him a base salary of $9 million and has a maximum value of $16.5 million with incentives . June 22 , 2017 -- Raiders sign QB Derek Carr to a five - year $125 million contract extension making him the highest paid player in the NFL . June 29 , 2017 -- Raiders sign OG Gabe Jackson to a five - year $56 million contract extension . Draft ( edit ) Main article : 2017 NFL Draft 2017 Oakland Raiders Draft Round Selection Player Position College 24 Gareon Conley CB Ohio State 56 Obi Melifonwu Connecticut 88 Eddie Vanderdoes DT UCLA 130 David Sharpe OT Florida 5 168 Marquel Lee LB Wake Forest 7 221 Shalom Luani Washington State 7 231 Jylan Ware OT Alabama State 7 242 Elijah Hood RB North Carolina 7 244 Treyvon Hester DT Toledo Staff ( edit ) Oakland Raiders staff Front Office Owner -- Mark Davis President -- Marc Badain Executive Vice President / General Counsel - Dan Ventrelle General Manager -- Reggie McKenzie Director of Football Administration -- Tom Delaney Director of Player Personnel -- Joey Clinkscales Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Trey Scott Director of Pro Personnel -- Dane Vandernat Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- Von Hutchins Director of College Scouting -- Shaun Herock Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brad Kaplan Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jack Del Rio Assistant Head Coach / Defense -- John Pagano Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Todd Downing Quarterbacks -- Jake Peetz Running Backs -- Bernie Parmalee Wide Receivers -- Rob Moore Assistant Wide Receivers -- Nick Holz Tight Ends -- Bobby Johnson Offensive Line -- Mike Tice Assistant Offensive Line -- Tim Holt Quality Control / Offense -- Nate Tice Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Ken Norton Jr . Defensive Line -- Jethro Franklin Linebackers -- Sal Sunseri Outside Linebackers -- Travis Smith Cornerbacks -- Rod Woodson Safeties -- Brent Vieselmeyer Defensive Assistant -- Sam Anno Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Brad Seely Assistant Special Teams -- Tracy Smith Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Gomes Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Darryl Eto Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Hugh Fullagar Strength and Conditioning Assistant -- Wesley Miller → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Current roster ( edit ) Oakland Raiders roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Derek Carr 18 Connor Cook 3 EJ Manuel Running backs 24 Marshawn Lynch 49 Jamize Olawale FB 30 Jalen Richard 33 DeAndré Washington Wide receivers 89 Amari Cooper 15 Michael Crabtree 16 Johnny Holton 84 Cordarrelle Patterson 10 Seth Roberts Tight ends 87 Jared Cook 86 Lee Smith 88 Clive Walford Offensive linemen 74 Vadal Alexander T 76 Jon Feliciano C 61 Rodney Hudson C 66 Gabe Jackson G 73 Marshall Newhouse T 70 Kelechi Osemele G 72 Donald Penn T 71 David Sharpe T 69 Jylan Ware T Defensive linemen 96 Denico Autry DE 97 Mario Edwards Jr . DE 78 Justin Ellis NT 90 Treyvon Hester DT 52 Khalil Mack DE 94 Eddie Vanderdoes DT 95 Jihad Ward DE Linebackers 53 NaVorro Bowman MLB 91 Shilique Calhoun OLB 47 James Cowser OLB 51 Bruce Irvin OLB 57 Cory James OLB 55 Marquel Lee MLB 50 Nicholas Morrow OLB 56 Xavier Woodson - Luster MLB Defensive backs 29 David Amerson CB 38 T.J. Carrie CB 22 Gareon Conley CB 41 Erik Harris SS 42 Karl Joseph SS 26 Shalom Luani SS 25 Demetrius McCray CB 23 Dexter McDonald CB 39 Keith McGill FS 27 Reggie Nelson FS 21 Sean Smith CB Special teams 59 Jon Condo LS 7 Marquette King P 2 Giorgio Tavecchio K Reserve lists 32 Antonio Hamilton CB ( IR ) 11 Sebastian Janikowski K ( IR ) 79 Denver Kirkland G ( IR ) 75 Darius Latham NT ( Susp . ) 20 Obi Melifonwu SS ( IR ) 99 Aldon Smith OLB ( Susp . ) Practice squad 31 Breon Borders CB 99 Fadol Brown DE 81 Pharaoh Brown TE 14 Keon Hatcher WR 37 Tevin Mitchel CB 54 Deontae Skinner OLB 65 Jordan Simmons G 62 James Stone C 9 Isaac Whitney WR Rookies in italics Roster updated October 30 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 6 Inactive , 9 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Preseason ( edit ) The Raiders ' preliminary preseason schedule was announced on April 10 . In preparation for the team 's eventual move to Las Vegas , the Raiders sought to play at least one of their two preseason games at Sam Boyd Stadium . When the preseason opponents were announced , both home games were scheduled for Oakland . Donald Penn holdout ( edit ) OT Donald Penn chose not to report to training camp on July 28 as he was unhappy with his contract which was to pay him $6.2 million this season in the second season of a two - year deal . Penn ended his holdout without a new deal and reported to the team on August 23 . Penn , sought to be paid as a top ten LT in the league , said , `` We have a great owner , a good GM . I came in here putting my trust in them . '' Janikowski contract issue ( edit ) Prior to Week 1 of the regular season , the Raiders sought to have K Sebastian Janikowski agree to rework his contract to pay him less than the $4 million owed to him for the 2017 season . Janikowski remained on the roster as of September 5 , meaning he was guaranteed to be paid $238,000 . The Raiders reportedly worked out three kickers in anticipation of being unable to reach an agreement with Janikowski . On September 6 , Janikowski agreed to a $1 million paycut to stay with the team . Three days later , Janikowski was placed on injured reserve due to a back injury . Schedule and results ( edit ) Week Date Opponent Result Record Game site NFL.com recap August 12 at Arizona Cardinals L 10 -- 20 0 -- 1 University of Phoenix Stadium Recap August 19 Los Angeles Rams L 21 -- 24 0 -- 2 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Recap August 26 at Dallas Cowboys L 20 -- 24 0 -- 3 AT&T Stadium Recap August 31 Seattle Seahawks L 13 -- 17 0 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Recap Regular season ( edit ) Schedule and results ( edit ) Week Date Kickoff Opponent Result Record Game site TV NFL.com recap September 10 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at Tennessee Titans W 26 -- 16 1 -- 0 Nissan Stadium CBS Recap September 17 1 : 05 p.m. PDT New York Jets W 45 -- 20 2 -- 0 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap September 24 5 : 30 p.m. PDT at Washington Redskins L 10 -- 27 2 -- 1 FedExField NBC Recap October 1 1 : 25 p.m. PDT at Denver Broncos L 10 -- 16 2 -- 2 Sports Authority Field at Mile High CBS Recap 5 October 8 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Baltimore Ravens L 17 -- 30 2 -- 3 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap 6 October 15 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Los Angeles Chargers L 16 -- 17 2 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS Recap 7 October 19 5 : 25 p.m. PDT Kansas City Chiefs W 31 -- 30 3 -- 4 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS / NFLN / Amazon Video Recap 8 October 29 10 : 00 a.m. PDT at Buffalo Bills L 14 -- 34 3 -- 5 New Era Field CBS Recap 9 November 5 5 : 30 p.m. PST at Miami Dolphins Hard Rock Stadium NBC 10 Bye 11 November 19 1 : 25 p.m. PST New England Patriots Estadio Azteca ( Mexico City ) CBS 12 November 26 1 : 25 p.m. PST Denver Broncos Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum CBS 13 December 3 1 : 25 p.m. PST New York Giants Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Fox 14 December 10 10 : 00 a.m. PST at Kansas City Chiefs Arrowhead Stadium CBS 15 December 17 5 : 30 p.m. PST Dallas Cowboys Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum NBC 16 December 25 5 : 30 p.m. PST at Philadelphia Eagles Lincoln Financial Field ESPN 17 December 31 1 : 25 p.m. PST at Los Angeles Chargers StubHub Center CBS Notes Intra-division opponents are in bold text . Networks and times for Sunday games from Weeks 11 -- 17 are subject to change as a result of flexible scheduling . Game summaries ( edit ) Week 1 : at Tennessee Titans ( edit ) Week One : Oakland Raiders at Tennessee Titans -- Game summary Total Raiders 7 6 10 26 Titans 7 16 at Nissan Stadium , Nashville , Tennessee Date : September 10 Game time : 12 : 00 p.m. CDT / 10 : 00 a.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 69,089 Referee : Jerome Boger TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Amari Cooper 8 -- yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 49 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 4 plays , 50 yards , 2 : 11 . TEN -- Marcus Mariota 10 -- yard run ( Ryan Succop kick ) , 6 : 58 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 75 yards , 5 : 51 . Second quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 20 -- yard field goal , 14 : 55 . Raiders 10 -- 7 . Drive : 15 plays , 73 yards , 7 : 03 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 23 -- yard field goal , 0 : 43 . Tied 10 -- 10 . Drive : 15 plays , 93 yards , 6 : 20 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 52 -- yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 13 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 41 yards , 0 : 43 . Third quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 52 -- yard field goal , 4 : 31 . Raiders 16 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 29 yards , 4 : 11 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 26 -- yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 16 -- 13 . Drive : 9 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 31 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Seth Roberts 19 -- yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 11 : 58 . Raiders 23 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 02 . TEN -- Ryan Succop 52 -- yard field goal , 4 : 49 . Raiders 23 -- 16 . Drive : 8 plays , 46 yards , 1 : 55 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 43 -- yard field goal , 1 : 09 . Raiders 26 -- 16 . Drive : 9 plays , 34 yards , 3 : 40 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr -- 22 / 32 , 262 yards , 2 TD TEN -- Marcus Mariota -- 25 / 41 , 256 yards Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 18 rushes , 76 yards TEN -- DeMarco Murray -- 12 rushes , 44 yards Top receivers OAK -- Michael Crabtree -- 6 receptions , 83 yards TEN -- Delanie Walker -- 7 receptions , 76 yards Top tacklers OAK -- Karl Joseph -- 9 tackles TEN -- Kevin Byard -- 8 tackles For the third consecutive season , the Raiders traveled to Nashville to take on the Tennessee Titans . It also marked the second consecutive year that the Raiders began the season on the road . On September 9 , one day before the first game of the season , the Raiders placed Sebastian Janikowski on injured reserve due to an injured back . They signed Giorgio Tavecchio off the practice squad to do the kicking . The Raiders started well as the Titans tried to surprise the Raiders with an onside kick on the opening kickoff which the Raiders recovered . Four plays later , Derek Carr hit Amari Cooper who bowled into the endzone for an eight - yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders the lead 7 -- 0 . The Titans answered on their ensuing drive , going 75 yards on 12 plays with Marcus Mariota rushing for a 10 - yard touchdown to tie the game . The Raiders came back as Tavecchio hit his first career field goal , a 20 - yarder , to give the Raiders a 10 -- 7 lead . After exchanging punts in the early part of the second quarter , the Titans tied the game with 43 seconds remaining in the half on a Ryan Succop 23 - yard field goal . The Raider offense moved 41 yards with time winding down to set up Tavecchio 's second field goal , from 52 yards out , to give the Raiders the halftime lead 13 -- 10 . In the second half , the Raider defense held the Titans to punts on consecutive drives as the Raiders notched another 52 - yard field goal to extend the lead to 16 -- 10 with a little over four minutes left in the third period . The Raider defense prevented a Titans touchdown on the ensuing drive , forcing the Titans to settle for a 26 - yard field goal which narrowed the gap to 16 -- 13 as the period expired . In the fourth quarter , Carr led the Raiders on a seven play , 70 - yard drive capped off by a Seth Roberts 19 - yard touchdown reception . The Raiders defense , which had struggled immensely the previous year , forced the Titans to punt and then held them to a field goal with 4 : 49 remaining . Another Tavecchio field goal , this time from 43 yards out , extended the lead to 26 -- 16 with 1 : 14 left in the game . The Titans could muster no more , missing a 52 - yard field goal with 12 seconds remaining as the Raiders pulled out the win 26 -- 16 . In the win , Tavecchio became the first kicker in NFL history to make two 50 - yard field goals in an NFL debut . Following his performance , Tavecchio was named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week . Marshawn Lynch ran for 76 yards on 18 carries in his Raider debut . Carr threw for 262 yards with two touchdown passes to lead the Raiders to a 1 -- 0 record to start the season . Week 2 : vs. New York Jets ( edit ) Week Two : New York Jets at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Jets 0 10 7 20 Raiders 7 14 7 17 45 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : September 17 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 54,729 Referee : Jeff Triplette TV announcers ( CBS ) : Ian Eagle , Dan Fouts and Evan Washburn Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 2 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 4 : 58 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 81 yards , 5 : 59 . Second quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 26 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 13 : 00 . Raiders 14 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 85 yards , 4 : 38 . NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse 34 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 9 : 15 . Raiders 14 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 47 . NYJ -- Chandler Catanzaro 46 - yard field goal , 3 : 11 . Raiders 14 -- 10 . Drive : 11 plays , 62 yards , 4 : 40 . OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 2 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 0 : 23 . Raiders 21 -- 10 . Drive : 3 plays , 4 yards , 1 : 29 . Third quarter NYJ -- Chandler Catanzaro 40 - yard field goal , 7 : 14 . Raiders 21 -- 13 . Drive : 12 plays , 45 yards , 7 : 50 . OAK -- Cordarrelle Patterson 43 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 39 . Raiders 28 -- 13 . Drive : 7 plays , 84 yards , 3 : 39 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Jalen Richard 52 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 59 . Raiders 35 -- 13 . Drive : 4 plays , 79 yards , 2 : 00 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 1 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 12 : 32 . Raiders 42 -- 13 . Drive : 1 play , 18 yards , 0 : 10 . NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse 11 - yard pass from Josh McCown ( Chandler Catanzaro kick ) , 8 : 47 . Raiders 42 -- 20 . Drive : 10 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 45 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 29 - yard field goal , 0 : 29 . Raiders 45 -- 20 . Drive : 12 plays , 37 yards , 8 : 17 . Top passers NYJ -- Josh McCown -- 17 / 25 , 166 yards , 2 TD OAK -- Derek Carr -- 23 / 28 , 230 yards , 3 TD Top rushers NYJ -- Matt Forte -- 9 rushes , 53 yards OAK -- Jalen Richard -- 6 rushes , 58 yards , TD Top receivers NYJ -- Jermaine Kearse -- 4 receptions , 64 yards , 2 TD OAK -- Michael Crabtree -- 6 receptions , 80 yards , 3 TD Top tacklers NYJ -- Marcus Maye -- 7 tackles OAK -- Reggie Nelson -- 8 tackles The Raiders opened the home portion of their schedule against the New York Jets . After the teams exchanged three - and - outs on their first possessions , the Raiders moved downfield on an 81 - yard drive that culminated in a Derek Carr to Michael Crabtree two - yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders an early 7 -- 0 lead . After another Jets punt , the Raiders went 85 yards as Carr hit Crabtree from 26 yards out to extend the lead to 14 -- 0 . The Jets answered with a 75 - yard drive which ended with a Jermaine Kearse 34 - yard pass from Josh McCown for a touchdown , reducing the Raider lead to 14 -- 7 . The Raider offense stalled on their next two possessions as the Jets added a 46 - yard field goal to narrow the lead to 14 -- 10 . With 1 : 50 remaining in the first half , the Raiders were forced to punt , but Jet returner Kalif Raymond muffed the punt and the Raiders recovered at the Jets four yard line . Three plays later , Oakland native Marshawn Lynch scored from two yards out , his first touchdown as a Raider , to give the Raiders the 21 -- 10 halftime lead . The Jets began the second half with a field goal that again narrowed the lead , this time to 21 -- 13 . The Raiders , however , answered the score convincingly , scoring three touchdowns on their next three possessions as Cordarelle Patterson and Jalen Richard each scored on long rushing plays and Carr hit Crabtree again from 19 yards out after a Jets fumble to push the lead to 42 -- 13 . The Jets added a touchdown midway through the fourth period , but the Raider offense ate up the remaining time on the clock , using 8 : 17 to go 32 yards before a Georgio Tavecchio 29 - yard field goal pushed the lead to 45 -- 20 with 25 seconds remaining . The 45 -- 20 win moved the Raiders to 2 -- 0 on the season , the first time since 2002 that they had started a season 2 -- 0 . Derek Carr completed 23 of 28 passes for 230 yards and three touchdowns , all to Michael Crabtree . Crabtree caught six passes for 80 yards to go along with his three touchdowns . Marshawn Lynch only rushed for 45 yards on 12 carries , but did get a touchdown as the Raiders rushed for 180 yards in the game . The Raider defense played well again limiting the Jets to 276 yards in the game and sacking Jets QB Josh McCown four times . Week 3 : at Washington Redskins ( edit ) Week Three : Oakland Raiders at Washington Redskins -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 0 7 10 Redskins 7 7 7 6 27 at FedExField , Landover , Maryland Date : September 24 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EDT / 5 : 30 p.m. PDT Game weather : 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , clear Game attendance : 77,123 Referee : Tony Corrente TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter WAS -- Chris Thompson 22 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 9 : 43 . Redskins 7 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 67 yards , 4 : 29 . Second quarter WAS -- Vernon Davis 18 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 3 : 48 . Redskins 14 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 72 yards , 6 : 10 . Third quarter WAS -- Josh Doctson 52 - yard pass from Kirk Cousins ( Dustin Hopkins kick ) , 10 : 37 . Redskins 21 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 23 . Oak -- Jared Cook 21 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 52 . Redskins 21 -- 7 . Drive : 2 plays , 18 yards , 0 : 47 . Fourth quarter WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 23 - yard field goal , 14 : 58 . Redskins 24 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 22 - yard field goal , 11 : 54 . Redskins 24 -- 10 . Drive : 4 plays , 8 yards , 0 : 22 . WAS -- Dustin Hopkins 28 - yard field goal , 6 : 02 . Redskins 27 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 65 yards , 5 : 52 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr -- 19 / 31 , 118 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT WAS -- Kirk Cousins 25 / 30 , 365 yards , 3 TD Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 6 rushes , 18 yards WAS -- Samaje Perine -- 19 rushes , 49 yards Top receivers OAK -- DeAndre Washington -- 5 receptions , 24 yards WAS -- Chris Thompson -- 6 receptions , 150 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Cory James -- 12 tackles WAS -- Zach Brown -- 10 tackles The Raiders traveled to take on Washington on Sunday Night Football . Beginning a rough night for Derek Carr , on the second play of the game , Carr threw his first interception on the season . Washington took advantage of the turnover , driving 67 yards on eight plays as Kirk Cousins hit Chris Thompson on a 22 - yard pass to give Washington the lead 7 -- 0 . The teams exchanged punts on each of their next three possessions , but the Raiders turned the ball over again with 10 minutes remaining in the second quarter when Carr was picked off for the second time in the game . Washington again took advantage , driving 72 yards and scoring their second touchdown on a Vernon Davis 18 - yard touchdown catch . As a result , the Raiders trailed 14 -- 0 at the half . The Raider offense was completely shut down in the first half , managing only 47 yards from scrimmage . Washington continued to dominate the Raiders in the second half , driving 75 yards on the opening possession and upping the lead to 21 -- 0 on a Josh Doctson 52 - yard touchdown catch . A punt by the Raiders followed and Washington missed a field goal attempt on their next possession as the score remained 21 -- 0 . On the Raiders next possession , they were forced to punt , but Jamison Crowder muffed the punt and the Raiders recovered at the Washington 18 - yard line . Two plays later , Carr hit Jared Cook from 21 yards out to notch the Raiders first points and cutting the lead to 21 -- 7 . A Washington field goal moved the lead to 24 -- 7 as the Raiders were forced to punt again . Following a fumble on the next Washington possession , the Raiders could not get into the end zone from the Washington 20 and were forced to settle for a Giorgio Tavecchio 22 - yard field goal . Washington answered the field goal with their own to move the lead back to 17 at 27 -- 10 . Neither team could muster anything further as the Raiders fell 27 -- 10 . The loss moved the Raiders to 2 -- 1 on the season . The disappointing performance was led by the Raider offense which went 0 -- 11 on third down tries and managed only 128 total yards . Meanwhile , the Raider defense gave up 472 yards to Washington , 356 through the air . Week 4 : at Denver Broncos ( edit ) Week Four : Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 7 0 10 Broncos 10 0 6 0 16 at Sports Authority Field at Mile High , Denver , Colorado Date : October 1 Game time : 2 : 25 p.m. MDT / 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , mostly cloudy Game attendance : 76,909 Referee : John Parry TV announcers ( CBS ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo and Tracy Wolfson Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter DEN -- A.J. Derby 22 - yard pass from Trevor Siemian ( Brandon McManus kick ) , 8 : 11 . Broncos 7 -- 0 . Drive : 7 plays , 88 yards , 3 : 17 . DEN -- Brandon McManus 28 - yard field goal , 1 : 09 . Broncos 10 -- 0 . Drive : 8 plays , 79 yards , 4 : 08 . Second quarter OAK -- Johnny Holton 64 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 36 . Broncos 10 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 99 yards , 2 : 23 . Third quarter DEN -- Brandon McManus 36 - yard field goal , 9 : 40 . Broncos 13 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 55 yards , 3 : 08 . Deb -- Brandon McManus 46 - yard field goal , 5 : 06 . Broncos 16 -- 7 . Drive : 5 plays , 3 yards , 2 : 07 . Fourth quarter Oak -- Georgio Tavecchio 38 - yard field goal , 5 : 03 . Broncos 16 -- 10 . Drive : 9 plays , 73 yards , 3 : 07 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr 10 / 18 , 143 yards , 1 TD DEN -- Trevor Siemian 16 / 26 , 179 yards , 1 TD Top rushers OAK -- Marshawn Lynch -- 9 rushes , 12 yards DEN -- C.J. Anderson -- 20 rushes , 95 yards Top receivers OAK -- Johnny Holton -- 1 reception , 64 yards , 1 TD DEN -- A.J. Derby -- 4 receptions , 75 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Cory James -- 10 tackles DEN -- Darian Stewart -- 7 tackles The Raiders next traveled to Denver for their first division game of the year . Once again , the Raider offense struggled , not managing any points until the second quarter . The Denver offense looked good on its second possession of the game , moving 88 yards on seven plays and opening the scoring as Trevor Siemian hit A.J. Derby on a 22 - yard pass and catch for a touchdown . Following a quick Raider possession and trailing 7 -- 0 , the Raider defense was able to limit Denver to a Brandon McManus 28 - yard field goal , stopping the Broncos on the 79 - yard drive . Finally , with 5 : 59 seconds remaining in the second quarter , the Raiders offense came alive . Beginning on their own one - yard line , the Raiders quickly moved out to their 36 - yard line before Derek Carr hit Johnny Holton on a bomb for a 64 - yard touchdown pass which brought the score to 10 -- 7 . The half ended with both offenses managing nothing further . The Raiders began the second half with the ball , but could not manage a first down again , punting the ball back to the Broncos . Denver capitalized , driving 55 yards before settling for another McManus field goal to move the score to 13 -- 7 . A three - and - out by the Raiders on their ensuing possession led to another McManus field goal which extended the Bronco lead to 16 -- 7 . Looking to close the gap , the Raiders again failed to manage a first down and attempted a fake punt from inside their own 35 - yard line where punter Marquette King attempted to run for the first down , but was instead dropped for a three - yard loss . The Broncos failed to capitalize as McManus missed a 29 - yard field goal . Derek Carr was sacked on the first play of the Raiders next possession and had to leave the game with a back injury . Backup quarterback EJ Manuel could not get a first down as the Raiders were forced to punt again with less than three minutes remaining in the third quarter . Neither team managed any points on their first possessors of the fourth quarter . With 8 : 30 remaining in the game , the Raiders went no huddle and EJ Manuel led the team down the field with five consecutive completions . However , the drive stalled and the Raiders were forced to settled for a Giorgio Tavecchio 38 - yard field goal with 5 : 27 left in the game . The Raider defense forced Denver to punt and Manuel took over with 4 : 16 left in the game . Completing three of four passes , the Raiders moved to the Denver 41 - yard line . However , Manuel 's next pass was intercepted by the Broncos at the Denver eight - yard line with 1 : 46 remaining in the game to end the Raider comeback hopes . For the second consecutive week , the Raider offense struggled managing only 24 yards rushing while only putting up 249 yard through the air . The Raider defense played well limiting the Broncos to only 298 total yards . The following day , it was announced that Carr had broken a bone in his back ( transverse process fracture ) and would miss two to six weeks . Week 5 : vs. Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Week Five : Baltimore Ravens at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Ravens 14 10 0 6 30 Raiders 7 7 0 17 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 8 Game time : 1 : 05 p.m. PDT Game weather : 72 ° F ( 22 ° C ) , Sunny Referee : Brad Allen TV announcers ( CBS ) : Greg Gumbel , Trent Green and Jamie Erdahl Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter BAL -- Vince Mayle 2 - yard run ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 12 : 45 . Ravens 7 -- 0 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 15 . BAL -- Jimmy Smith 47 - yard fumble return ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 11 : 10 . Ravens 14 -- 0 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 32 - yard field goal , 5 : 07 . Ravens 14 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays 61 , yards , 6 : 03 . Second quarter BAL -- Javorius Allen 1 - yard run ( Justin Tucker kick ) , 11 : 57 . Ravens 21 -- 3 . Drive : 15 plays , 75 yards , 8 : 10 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 41 - yard pass from EJ Manuel ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 9 : 11 . Ravens 21 -- 10 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 46 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 22 - yard field goal , 5 : 18 . Ravens 24 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 70 yards , 3 : 53 . Third quarter OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 3 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 3 : 46 . Ravens 24 -- 17 . Drive : 12 plays , 65 yards , 4 : 42 . Fourth quarter BAL -- Justin Tucker 21 yard field goal , 13 : 10 . Ravens 27 -- 17 . Drive : 12 plays 72 yards , 5 : 36 . BAL -- Justin Tucker 44 yard field goal , 2 : 24 . Ravens 30 -- 17 . Drive : 13 plays , 54 yards , 6 : 26 . Top passers BAL -- Joe Flacco 19 / 26 , 222 yards OAK -- EJ Manuel 13 / 26 , 159 yards , 1 TD Top rushers BAL -- Javorius Allen 21 rushes , 73 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 12 rushes , 43 yards , 1 TD Top receivers BAL -- Mike Wallace 3 receptions , 133 yards OAK -- Michael Crabtree 6 reception , 82 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers BAL -- Eric Weddle 7 tackles OAK -- Karl Joseph 9 tackles After playing three of their first four games on the road , the Raiders returned home for the first of three straight home games against Baltimore . Without Derek Carr due to a fracture in his back , EJ Manuel started for the Raiders . The Raiders defense again struggled , giving up 365 total yards , 222 through the air . Joe Flacco and Mike Wallace torched the Raider secondary , connecting on three passes of more than 20 yards . A 52 - yard pass from Flacco to Wallace set up the first Raven touchdown on their first possession . Trailing 7 -- 0 , Raider tight end Jared Cook fumbled on the ensuing possession and Jimmy Smith returned the fumble 47 yards to put the Raiders in 14 -- 0 hole with over 11 minutes remaining in the first quarter . The Raiders marched 61 yards on 12 plays on their next possession , but had to settle for a Giorgio Tavecchio 32 - yard field goal . The Ravens extended the lead on their next possession , going 75 yards on 15 plays before Javorius Allen plunged in from one yard out to extend the lead to 21 -- 3 early in the second quarter . EJ Manuel would find Michael Crabtree on a 41 - yard touchdown pass following a scramble , but the Ravens added a field goal before the half to move the score to 24 -- 10 . In the second half , the Raiders pulled within a touchdown following a Marshawn Lunch three - yard score . However , the Raider offense could muster no more as EJ Manuel was sacked three times in the game and was under constant pressure from the Ravens . Two more field goals by the Ravens extended the lead to 30 -- 17 with just over two minutes remaining and sealed the Raiders ' third straight loss on the season . Week 6 : vs. Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Week Six : Los Angeles Chargers at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Chargers 0 7 0 10 17 Raiders 7 0 6 16 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 15 Game time : 1 : 25 p.m. PDT Game weather : 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , sunny Game attendance : 54,685 Referee : Clete Blakeman TV announcers ( CBS ) : Kevin Harlan and Rich Gannon Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Michael Crabtree 23 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 5 : 04 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 11 plays , 62 yards , 6 : 05 . Second quarter SD -- Melvin Gordon 1 - yard run ( Nick Novak kick ) , 1 : 44 . Tied 7 -- 7 . Drive : 15 plays , 82 yards , 6 : 41 . OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 44 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Raiders 10 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 34 yards , 1 : 44 . Third quarter Fourth quarter SD -- Melvin Gordon 6 - yard pass from Philip Rivers , ( Nick Novak kick ) , 10 : 19 . Chargers 14 -- 10 . Drive : 10 plays , 59 yards , 4 : 38 . OAK -- Cordarrelle Patterson 47 yard run ( kick failed ) , 7 : 51 . Raiders 16 -- 14 . Drive : 4 plays , 65 yards , 2 : 28 . SD -- Nick Novak 32 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . Chargers 17 -- 16 . Drive : 11 plays , 78 yards , 4 : 09 . Top passers LAC -- Philip Rivers 25 / 36 , 268 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Derek Carr 21 / 30 , 171 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT Top rushers LAC -- Melvin Gordon 25 rushes , 63 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Marshawn Lynch 13 rushes , 63 yards Top receivers LAC -- Hunter Henry 5 receptions , 90 yards OAK -- Michael Crabtree 5 receptions , 52 yards Top tacklers LAC -- Hayes Pullard 10 tackles OAK -- T.J. Carrie 8 tackles Looking to stop a three - game losing streak , the Raiders welcomed Derek Carr back after missing one week due to injury to face the Los Angeles Chargers . However , things did not start well for Carr as he threw an interception on his first pass of the day and the Chargers took over at the Raider 30 - yard line . the defense held the Chargers to a field goal attempt from 48 yards out which was no good . The Raiders took advantage and moved the ball down the field before Carr hit Michael Crabtree from 23 yards out to give the Raiders a 7 -- 0 lead . Neither team could muster much offense until midway through the second quarter when the Chargers moved 82 yards and scored on a Melvin Gordon touchdown run from one yard out to tie the game . With , 1 : 34 remaining in the half , the Raiders moved into Charger territory and connected on a Giorgio Tavecchio 44 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Raiders a 10 -- 7 lead at the half . On their first possession of the second half , the Raiders moved deep into Charger territory , but managed no points as Carr was intercepted for the second time in the game . The teams exchanged punts and fumbles as the game moved into the fourth quarter . The Chargers finally managed some offense as Philip Rivers hit Melvin Gordon for a six - yard touchdown pass to give the Charger at 14 -- 10 lead . On their ensuing possession , Cordarrelle Patterson took the ball on an end around and scampered 47 yards for a touchdown . Giorgio Tavecchio would , however , miss the ensuing point after to leave the Raider lead at two points , 16 -- 14 . After exchanging punts , the Chargers took over with 4 : 09 remaining in the game . Rivers hit Hunter Henry for a 23 yard pass play to move the ball into Raider territory . with less than two minutes remaining , the Chargers moved the ball to the Raider 10 yard line and lined up for the game - winning field goal with three second left in the game . The field goal was good and the Raiders suffered their fourth straight loss , falling to 2 -- 4 on the season . The Raider defense again struggled , giving up 343 total yards while the offense struggled as well , managing only 274 yards . Carr 's two interceptions proved costly in his return . After the game , the team said his poor play was not due to his injury . Week 7 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Week Seven : Kansas City Chiefs at Oakland Raiders -- Game summary Total Chiefs 10 10 10 0 30 Raiders 14 0 7 10 31 at Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Date : October 19 Game time : 5 : 26 p.m. PDT Game weather : 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) , mostly cloudy Referee : Craig Wrolstad TV announcers ( CBS / NFLN / Amazon Video ) : Jim Nantz , Tony Romo , Tracy Wolfson and Jay Feely Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter KC -- Harrison Butker 53 - yard field goal . 10 : 14 . Chiefs 3 -- 0 . Drive : 10 plays , 40 yards , 4 : 46 . OAK -- Amari Cooper 38 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 8 : 11 . Raiders 7 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , 75 yards , 2 : 03 . KC -- Travis Kelce 10 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 7 : 17 . Chiefs 10 -- 7 . Drive : 7 plays , 82 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Amari Cooper 45 - yard pass from Derk Carr , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 0 : 40 . Raiders 14 -- 10 . Drive : 8 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 54 . Second quarter KC -- Tyreke Hill 64 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 8 : 51 . Chiefs 17 -- 14 . ' Drive : 3 plays , 99 yards , 1 : 32 . KC -- Harrison Butker 39 - yard field goal , 1 : 06 . Chiefs 20 -- 14 . Drive : 10 plays , 26 yards , 3 : 45 . Third quarter OAK -- DeAndré Washington 4 - yard run , ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 10 : 41 . Raiders 21 -- 20 . Drive : 8 plays , 85 yards , 4 : 15 . KC -- Albert Wilson 63 - yard pass from Alex Smith , ( Harrison Butker kick ) , 7 : 08 . Chiefs 27 -- 21 . Drive : 6 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 37 . KC -- Harrison Butker 37 - yard field goal , 0 : 47 . Chiefs 30 -- 21 . Drive : 11 plays , 55 yards , 4 : 15 . Fourth quarter OAK -- Giorgio Tavecchio 26 - yard field goal , 11 : 53 . Chiefs 30 -- 24 . Drive : 12 plays , 67 yards , 3 : 54 . OAK -- Michael Crabtree 2 - yard pass from Derek Carr , ( Giorgio Tevecchio kick ) , 0 : 00 . Raiders 31 -- 30 . Drive : 11 plays , 85 yards , 2 : 25 . Top passers KC -- Alex Smith 25 / 36 , 342 yards , 3 TD OAK -- Derek Carr 29 / 52 , 417 yards , 3 TD Top rushers KC -- Kareem Hunt 18 rushes , 87 yards OAK -- DeAndré Washington 9 rushes , 33 yards , 1 TD Top receivers KC -- Tyreke Hill 6 receptions , 125 yards , 1 TD OAK -- Amari Cooper 11 receptions , 210 yards , 2 TD Top tacklers KC -- Daniel Sorensen 9 tackles OAK -- NaVorro Bowman 11 tackes The Raiders welcomed division - leader Kansas City to Oakland on Thursday Night Football . The Raiders were looking to break their four - game losing streak with Derek Carr making his second straight start after injuring his back . The Chiefs scored on their first possession as the Raider defense held them to a 53 - yard field goal by Harrison Butker . The Raider offense , which had struggled mightily in the prior four games , got on the board early as Derek Carr hit Amari Cooper from 38 yards out on a flea flicker to give the Raiders a 7 -- 3 lead . The Chiefs immediately retook the lead on their next possession as Alex Smith found Travis Kelce for a 10 - yard touchdown. Carr found Cooper again on the Raiders next possession , this time from 45 yards out for a touchdown and a 14 -- 10 lead with 40 seconds remaining in the first quarter . As the second quarter began , each team exchanged punts before Smith hit Tyreke Hill on a 64 - yard catch and run to give the Chiefs a 17 -- 14 lead . The Raiders attempted to tie the game on their next possession , but Giorgio Tevecchio 's 53 - yard field goal was blocked . Prior to the field goal attempt , Marshawn Lynch was ejected from the game for contacting an official after he ran on to the field during an altercation after a Carr rush . A Butker field goal with just over a minute remaining in the first half extended the Chief lead to 20 -- 14 . Tavecchio again missed a field goal , this time from 45 yards out , as time expired in the first half . In the second half , the Raider offense continued to perform well , driving 85 yards on eight plays and converting on a DeAndré Washington four - yard run to give the Raiders the 21 -- 20 lead . The back - and - forth offensive show continued as the Chiefs retook the lead on their next possession as Albert Wilson scored from 63 yards out on a Smith pass to give the Chiefs the lead once again . Following a Raider punt , the Chiefs extend the lead on a Butker field goal with less than a minute left in the third quarter . Trailing 30 -- 21 in the fourth and on the verge of their fifth consecutive loss , the Raiders drove to the Chief eight - yard line before settling for a Tevecchio 26 - yard field goal to narrow the lead to six . Each team punted on their next possession and the Raider defense kept them in the game by stopping the Chiefs on three plays with less than four minutes remaining in the game . The Raiders took over with 2 : 25 remaining and moved down the field , converting a fourth and 11 at the Chief 42 on a Jared Cook 13 - yard completion with 41 seconds remaining . Three plays later , Carr hit Cook again from 29 yards out for a game - tying touchdown . However , after review , it was determined that Cook was down inside the one - yard line . With seven seconds remaining , Carr hit Michael Crabtree for another game - tying touchdown . However , Crabtree was called for pass interference on the play . With three seconds remaining Carr 's pass to Cook was incomplete as time expired . This time , the Chiefs were called for holding and the Raiders were awarded an untimed down . Carr 's next pass again fell incomplete , but again the Chiefs were called for holding . With another untimed down , Carr hit Crabtree in the front corner of the endzone to tie the game at 30 . After a review confirmed the touchdown , Tavecchio , who had missed an extra point the previous week which ended up being the difference in the game , easily made the extra point to win the game for the Raiders . The 31 -- 30 win moved the Raiders to 3 -- 4 on the season and ended their four - game losing streak . Derek Carr had a season - high 417 yards passing and threw three touchdown passes . Amari Cooper , who had struggled mightily on the season , caught 11 passes for 210 yards and two touchdowns in the win . Week 8 : at Buffalo Bills ( edit ) Week Eight : Oakland Raiders at Buffalo Bills -- Game summary Total Raiders 7 0 0 7 14 Bills 0 14 6 14 34 at New Era Field , Orchard Park , New York Date : October 29 Game time : 1 : 00 p.m. EDT / 10 : 00 a.m. PDT Game weather : 42 ° F ( 6 ° C ) , rain Game attendance : 69,599 Referee : Ed Hochuli TV announcers ( CBS ) : Andrew Catalon and James Lofton Recap , Gamebook ( show ) Game information First quarter OAK -- Jamize Olawale 1 - yard run ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 9 : 28 . Raiders 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays 81 yards , 5 : 32 . Second quarter BUF -- Andre Holmes 6 - yard pass from Tyrod Taylor ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 8 : 46 . Tie 7 -- 7 . Drive : 9 plays , 64 yards , 4 : 40 . BUF -- Matt Milano 40 - yard fumble return ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 0 : 32 . Bills 14 -- 7 . Third quarter BUF -- Stephen Hauschka 35 - yard field goal , 11 : 44 . Bills 17 -- 7 . Drive : 4 plays , 3 yards , 1 : 22 . BUF -- Stephen Hauschka 44 - yard field goal , 8 : 18 . Bills 20 -- 7 . Drive : 6 plays , 15 yards , 2 : 23 . Fourth quarter BUF -- Tyrod Taylor 1 - yard run ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 14 : 57 . Bills 27 -- 7 . Drive : 12 plays , 80 yards , 7 : 19 . OAK -- DeAndré Washington 4 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Giorgio Tavecchio kick ) , 10 : 50 . Bills 27 -- 14 . Drive : 9 plays , 75 yards , 4 : 07 . BUF -- LeSean McCoy 48 - yard run ( Stephen Hauschka kick ) , 3 : 12 . Bills 34 -- 14 . Drive : 1 play 48 yards , 0 : 09 . Top passers OAK -- Derek Carr 31 / 49 , 313 yards , 1 TD , 2 INT BUF -- Tyrod Taylor 20 / 27 , 165 yards , 1 TD Top rushers OAK -- DeAndré Washington 6 rushes , 26 yards BUF -- LeSean McCoy 27 rushes , 151 yards , 1 TD Top receivers OAK -- Michael Crabtree 5 receptions , 83 yards BUF -- Andre Holmes 3 receptions , 51 yards , 1 TD Top tacklers OAK -- Navarro Bowman 11 tackles BUF -- Trae Elston 11 tackles Traveling to Buffalo to face the Bills , the Raiders were without running back Marshawn Lynch , who was suspended for one game after making contact with an official during the team 's win against Kansas City the week before . Hoping to build on the victory over the Chiefs , the Raiders started well driving 81 yards as Jamize Olawale scored from one yard out to give Oakland a 7 -- 0 lead . However , the Raider offense sputtered on their next two possession and were forced to punt . After Tyrod Taylor hit former Raider Andre Holmes for six - yard touchdown pass to tie the game , the Raiders took over with just over two minutes remaining in the first half . Derek Carr hit DeAndré Washington over the middle over a five - yard gain , but was hit by Leonard Johnson and fumbled the ball which was recovered by Matt Milano and returned for a 40 - yard touchdown to give the Bills a 14 -- 7 lead at the half . The Bills increased the lead on their first possession of the third quarter with a 35 - yard field goal . Carr was intercepted on the next Raider possession and the Bills added another field goal to push the lead to 20 -- 7 with more than 10 minutes left in the third quarter . The Raider offense continued to struggle and punted on their next possession . The Bills took advantage and moved 80 yards in a 7 : 19 drive before Taylor snuck the ball in from inside the one - yard line on the first play of the fourth quarter to move the Buffalo lead to 27 -- 7 . The Raider offense finally came to life on their next possession , going no - huddle and moving 75 yards on nine plays before Carr hit Washington from four yards out to the narrow the lead to 27 -- 14 . After forcing a Buffalo punt , the Raider offense stalled near midfield and turned the ball over on downs . Looking to take some time off the clock , the Bills instead put the game out of reach as LeSean McCoy scored on a 48 - yard run on the first play of the drive to move the lead to 34 -- 14 . The Raiders were able to move into Buffalo territory with under two minutes remaining , but Carr was intercepted as the Bills were able to run out the clock . The loss moved the Raider to 3 -- 5 on the season . The Raider defense struggled once again , giving up 166 yards on the ground to the Bills , but did limit the Bills to 165 yards through the air . Carr completed 31 of 49 passes for 313 yards , but his two interceptions and two fumbles by the Raiders were their undoing . Week 9 : at Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Week Nine : Oakland Raiders at Miami Dolphins -- Game summary Total Raiders 0 0 0 0 0 Dolphins 0 0 0 0 0 at Hard Rock Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Date : November 5 Game time : 8 : 30 p.m. EST / 5 : 30 p.m. PST Referee : Terry McAulay TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya Preview ( show ) Game information First quarter Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter Top passers OAK -- MIA -- Top rushers OAK -- MIA -- Top receivers OAK -- MIA -- Top tacklers OAK -- MIA -- Standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Kansas City Chiefs 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 236 180 W1 Denver Broncos 0 . 429 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 127 147 L3 Los Angeles Chargers 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 150 152 L2 Oakland Raiders 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 169 187 L2 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Pittsburgh Steelers North 6 0 . 750 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 . 475 . 478 W3 Kansas City Chiefs West 6 0 . 750 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 557 . 556 W1 New England Patriots East 6 0 . 750 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 517 . 455 W4 Tennessee Titans South 0 . 571 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 404 . 367 W2 Wild Cards 5 Buffalo Bills East 5 0 . 714 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 . 442 . 405 W2 6 Jacksonville Jaguars South 0 . 571 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 509 . 484 W1 In the hunt 7 Miami Dolphins East 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 491 . 467 L1 8 Baltimore Ravens North 0 . 500 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 475 . 333 W1 9 Houston Texans South 0 . 429 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 538 . 318 L1 10 Cincinnati Bengals North 0 . 429 1 -- 2 3 -- 3 . 453 . 304 W3 11 Denver Broncos West 0 . 429 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 472 . 435 L3 12 New York Jets East 5 0 . 375 1 -- 3 3 -- 4 . 508 . 364 L3 13 Los Angeles Chargers West 5 0 . 375 2 -- 2 2 -- 4 . 550 . 318 L1 14 Oakland Raiders West 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 3 -- 4 . 517 . 565 L1 15 Indianapolis Colts South 6 0 . 250 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 . 414 . 000 L3 16 Cleveland Browns North 0 8 0 . 000 0 -- 3 0 -- 7 . 508 . 000 L8 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Pittsburgh wins tie break over New England and Kansas City based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Kansas City wins tie break over New England based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Tennessee wins tie break over Jacksonville based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over Miami based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over Cincinnati based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Houston wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Cincinnati wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : NY Jets wins tie break over LA Chargers based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Oakland ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : LA Chargers wins tie break over Oakland based on head - to - head win percentage . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Raiders to host Patriots on Sunday , November 19 in Mexico City '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` NFL owners approve Raiders ' move to Las Vegas '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Coliseum director sounds like he wants Raiders out immediately '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Cook signing with Raiders '' . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Sign Ex-Vikings Receiver Cordarrelle Patterson , Boost Return Game '' . NESN.com . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Sign OL Marshall Newhouse '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders re-sign long snapper Jon Condo '' . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders sign linebacker Jelani Jenkins '' . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EJ Manuel signs with Raiders as Derek Carr 's backup '' . SBNation.com . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Signing DE IK Enemkpali To One - Year Deal NFLTradeRumors.co '' . nfltraderumors.co . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders Signing LB Rufus Johnson NFLTradeRumors.co '' . nfltraderumors.co . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders acquire Marshawn Lynch in trade with Seahawks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Marshawn Lynch reportedly agrees to Raiders deal '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beast Mode headed home : Marshawn Lynch joins Raiders after trade with Seahawks '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders QB Derek Carr signs deal : 5 years , $125 million makes him highest - paid player '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Carr signs $125 million contract with Raiders that will come with an interesting bonus when the team moves to Las Vegas '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gabe Jackson agrees to terms on a huge five - year extension with Raiders '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders lock up right guard Gabe Jackson to contract extension '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Goodell wants Raiders in Oakland , while Davis wants game in Vegas in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn making plans to continue holdout , wants top ten LT money '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders ' Donald Penn ends holdout , returns to practice '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn ends holdout , returns to practice with Raiders '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Penn returned from holdout in good faith , Raiders need to follow through '' . Silver And Black Pride . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Janikowski still on roster , guaranteeing $238 K '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here 's the kicker : Janikowski at Raiders practice amid reports of contract impasse '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders kicker Sebastian Janikowski takes pay cut '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders put Janikowski on IR , sign Tavecchio '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Head to Nashville To Open Regular Season Against Tennessee Titans '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Sebastian Janikowski Placed on IR with Back Injury ; Giorgio Tavecchio Signed '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Derek Carr Leads Raiders to Week 1 Win vs. Titans '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Titans - Game Recap - September 10 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Notes : Oakland Raiders 26 Tennessee Titans 16 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Giorgio Tavecchio named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sabo , Robby ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) . `` New York Jets 20 , Oakland Raiders 45 : A Muff , Michael Crabtree Too Much To Overcome ( Highlights ) '' . Elite Sports NY . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jets vs. Raiders - Game Recap - September 17 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' No secret ' why Crabtree caught three touchdowns in Raiders ' win over Jets '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2017 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 3 takeaways from Raiders ' 27 - 10 loss vs. Redskins '' . Raiders Wire. 2017 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Redskins - Game Recap - September 24 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos 16 , Raiders 10 : Derek Carr suffers back injury , EJ Manuel rally falls short '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 1 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Raiders QB Carr out 2 to 6 weeks with back injury '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Carr out 2 - 6 weeks with fracture in back '' . ProFootballTalk. 2017 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Derek Carr injury EJ Manuel named starter Week 5 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 8 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 15 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Not limited by back , Derek Carr puts finger on why Raiders ' offense struggled '' . NBCS Bay Area . 2017 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs vs. Raiders - Game Recap - October 19 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders vs. Bills - Game Recap - October 29 , 2017 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Official website Oakland Raiders Founded in 1960 Played in Los Angeles ( 1982 -- 94 ) Based in Oakland , California Headquartered in Alameda , California Franchise History in Los Angeles relocation to Las Vegas Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Head coaches Stadiums Kezar Stadium Candlestick Park Frank Youell Field Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Las Vegas Stadium Key personnel Owner / CEO : Mark Davis President : Marc Badain General manager : Reggie McKenzie Head coach : Jack Del Rio Culture Oakland Raiderettes Raider Nation The Autumn Wind Mount Davis Ricky 's Sports Theatre and Grill Straight Outta L.A. Lore Heidi Game Immaculate Reception The Sea of Hands Ghost to the Post Holy Roller Red Right 88 Tuck Rule Game Rivalries Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Pittsburgh Steelers Media Broadcasters Television : NBC Sports California NBC Sports Bay Area KTVU KVVU Radio : KGMZ KBLX KUFX KCYE KDWN Other : Compass Media Networks The Raider Cast Personalities : Bill King Greg Papa J.T. the Brick Playoff appearances ( 22 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1977 1980 1982 1984 1985 1990 1991 1993 2000 2001 2002 2016 Division championships ( 15 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1976 1985 1990 2000 2001 2002 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1976 1980 2002 League championships ( 3 ) 1976 ( XI ) 1980 ( XV ) 1983 ( XVIII ) does not include 1967 AFL championship Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders seasons Oakland 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Los Angeles 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Oakland 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl victory Italics indicates AFL Championship or Super Bowl appearance 2017 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl LII Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Oakland_Raiders_season&oldid=808079029 '' Categories : 2010s in Oakland , California Oakland Raiders seasons 2017 National Football League season by team 2017 in sports in California Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Oakland%20Raiders%20season	592
who did the new england patriots play in last year's super bowl			Super Bowl XXXIX	super bowl xxxix	Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21 . The game was played on February 6 , 2005 , at Alltel Stadium ( now known as EverBank Field ) in Jacksonville , Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city .	The Patriots , who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14 -- 2 regular season record , became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls . New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years . The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13 -- 3 regular season record . The game was close throughout , with the teams battling to a 14 -- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter . The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2 - yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal . The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 , with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1 : 48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback . Overall , New England forced four turnovers , while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches . Because he recorded 10 catches during the previous year 's Super Bowl , he also set the record for the most combined receptions in 2 consecutive Super Bowls ( 21 ) . Branch was the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass . The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI . To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year , the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe '' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX 's halftime . The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers . While nearly every player on each team was different , the Patriots and Eagles again faced each other 13 years later in Super Bowl LII . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Patriots seek to become a dynasty 1.2 Eagles return to the Super Bowl 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Theme 2.4 Presidential appearances 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Aftermath 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Commercials 8 Player bonuses 9 Officials 10 Notes and references 11 External links Background ( edit ) The field of Super Bowl XXXIX before kickoff NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . Patriots seek to become a dynasty ( edit ) Main article : 2004 New England Patriots season New England finished the regular season with a record of 14 -- 2 , bested only by the Steelers ' 15 -- 1 mark , and ranking 7th in yards gained ( 5,773 ) and fourth in points scored ( 437 ) . The Patriots ' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league , Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year , including setting a single - game rushing record ( 278 yards , but has since been broken ) against the Denver Broncos on October 22 , 2000 . In 2003 , however , injuries , conflicts with the Bengals ' management and coaching staff , and other off - field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season . By the end of the 2003 season , Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded . Although many observers questioned how effective the 30 - year - old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment , the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second - round draft pick . Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots , recording 1,635 rushing yards ( franchise record ) and 12 touchdowns , both career highs , and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career . He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown . His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , the record for the most consecutive overall victories ( 21 ) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14 -- 2 . The team 's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league 's best regular season record at 15 -- 1 , and a 29 -- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Another weapon in the Patriots ' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards , recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards , returned 20 punts for 113 yards , returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards , and scored 3 total touchdowns . Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor , rushing for 141 yards , catching 28 passes for 215 yards , and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns . Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense , completing 288 out of 474 ( 60.8 percent ) of his passes for 3,692 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England 's major deep threat , missed most of the season because of injuries , he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team 's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns , and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns . On special teams , pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career , leading the NFL in field goals made ( 31 ) , field goal percentage ( 93.9 ) and scoring ( 141 points ) On defense , the Patriots were plagued by injuries , especially in their secondary . Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season - ending injuries , while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions , missed several games . In order to compensate for the losses , the following players were promoted to starters : Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week . Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations . Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career . Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well . With their patchwork secondary , the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed ( 3,400 ) and 22nd in completions allowed ( 315 ) . However , they did rank 7th in interceptions ( 20 ) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 18 ) . Most importantly , New England continued to win despite the injuries . Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back , ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions . Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player , leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions . Up front , the Patriots ' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery . New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers : Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi ( 122 tackles , 3.5 sacks , 3 interceptions , and 70 return yards ) , Willie McGinest ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , and 1 interception ) , and Mike Vrabel ( 71 tackles and 5.5 sacks ) , along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent 's goal line , recording 2 touchdown receptions . Eagles return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year ) , and Carolina Panthers , respectively . The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons . That same year , they used their first - round pick in the NFL draft ( the second overall ) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5 -- 11 record , they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns . The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games , but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years . Prior to the 2004 season , the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl . Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league , but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews . Nevertheless , Owens became the Eagles ' deep - ball threat , finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns . McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004 , completing 300 out of 469 ( 64 percent ) passes for 3,875 yards , 31 touchdowns , and 8 interceptions , making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target , recording 36 catches for 676 yards . Philadelphia 's running game was not as strong as their passing attack , ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards ( 1,639 ) . Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns , however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns . Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards . The Eagles ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley . Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl : Cornerback Lito Sheppard ( 1 sack , 5 interceptions , 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , safety Michael Lewis ( 88 tackles , 2 forced fumbles , 1 sack , and 1 interception ) and safety Brian Dawkins ( 3 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 1 fumble recovery , and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards ) , while their fourth starter , cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year ( 89 tackles , 3 sacks , 1 forced fumble , and 2 interceptions ) . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon ( 5.5 sacks ) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse ( 7.5 sacks , Pro Bowl ) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games , recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack . The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15 - 1 Steelers . After that , they finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record . Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season , when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC # 1 seed , and thus home - field advantage in the playoffs . However , during a December 19 , 12 -- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse - collar tackle '' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 05 NFL playoffs Despite the loss of Owens , the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27 -- 14 , and the Atlanta Falcons , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs with relative ease . McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns , while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings . Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards , the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions , 2 sacks , and a forced fumble . McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons . The Eagles defense held dual - threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards , 26 rushing yards , and no touchdowns , while also recording an interception , 4 sacks , and a forced fumble on Vick . McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games , with 466 passing yards , 35 rushing yards , 4 touchdowns , and no turnovers . Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player , recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings , followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons . Meanwhile , the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20 -- 3 , holding the league 's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal , Indianapolis ' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season . Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season , and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season ( 49 ) and highest quarterback rating ( 121.4 ) . Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns . Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns . However , the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns , and James to just 39 rushing yards . The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37 : 43 , including 21 : 26 in the second half , and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock . One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon 's rushing . He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards . The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41 -- 27 . Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England , 34 -- 20 , during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed , they could not stop the Patriots . Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns ; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown ; and Branch , who was coming off of his injuries , recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown , along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries . Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger ( who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times , and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh 's leading rusher , was held to just 64 yards . Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX , defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate . The other major story was the Patriots ' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season , and how it might affect the team in 2005 . On December 12 , 2004 , about a month and a half before the game , New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season . Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns ( which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl ) . Due to injuries at the tight end spot , the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time , to a one - game contract for the Super Bowl . Thomason saw time during several plays , although never had a ball thrown his way . This was his third Super Bowl , playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid 's days as a Packer assistant . With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time . They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 . The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo ' , fi ' , fo ' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship . With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January , the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak -- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years , beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . 1989 was not included in that streak , but 1977 , 1981 , 1985 ( Flyers ) , 1993 ( Phillies ) , 1997 ( Flyers ) , and 2001 ( 76ers ) were . Television and entertainment ( edit ) The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters . This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before ( although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst ) . This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team , as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off - season . James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter . Following the game , Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad ! ( `` Pilot '' ) , except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff , Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful , '' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004 . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together -- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 . The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F / A-18 Super Hornets from VFA - 106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters , the F - 22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor . The earlier military flyby during the veterans ' salute was conducted by 2 T - 6 Texan trainers and a B - 25 Mitchell bomber . The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson . They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss . For the third straight year , each team took the field en masse , following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments , Andover , Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots , and Philadelphia - born Will Smith introduced the Eagles . Halftime show ( edit ) Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show ; his selection by the NFL , the show 's producers , Don Mischer Productions , and the show 's sponsor , Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe '' choice , as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year . McCartney 's set consisted of these songs : `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude '' Theme ( edit ) Taking the concept a step further , for the first time , a theme was tied to the event : Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo , represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city , and according to the League , symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella . The theme was also used by Jacksonville - area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace , '' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation . Presidential appearances ( edit ) Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26 , 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics . '' Game Summary ( edit ) The Eagles on offense First quarter ( edit ) On the first drive of the game , Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia 's 34 - yard line . Fortunately for the Eagles , coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble ; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands . Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice , McNabb completed a 30 - yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards , moving the ball inside the Patriots 20 - yard line . However , linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16 - yard loss on the next play . On the following play , the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over : McNabb 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down . However , McNabb 's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play . This was Donovan McNabb 's first Red zone interception of the season . The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three - and - out on their ensuing possession , and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45 - yard line . But once again , they gave up another turnover : tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38 . Brady takes the snap Brady throws a pass Second quarter ( edit ) The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 19 - yard line . Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards , the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb 's six - yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with 9 : 55 left in the second quarter . It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason . On their ensuing drive , the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four - yard line , mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25 . But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play - action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it . However , the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays . Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards , giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia 's 37 - yard line . The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady 's 4 - yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1 : 10 remaining in the period , tying the game 7 -- 7 by halftime . It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game 's first two quarters ended tied . Third quarter ( edit ) On the opening drive of the second half , Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady 's 2 - yard touchdown pass to Vrabel , who lined up at the tight end spot on the play . The Eagles later tied the game with 3 : 39 left in the third period with a 74 - yard , 10 - play drive that was capped by McNabb 's 10 - yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was tied going into the fourth quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Early in the final period , the Patriots put together a 9 - play , 66 - yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12 . Dillon capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21 -- 14 lead . Then after forcing another Eagles punt , Branch made a spectacular catch , taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain , and a roughing - the - passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play , set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal with 8 : 43 left in the game to increase the score 24 -- 14 in favor of New England . In all three Patriots ' Super Bowl wins in the decade , they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter . The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens . However , after reaching the New England 36 - yard line , McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24 - yard line . At this point , there was only 7 : 20 to play in the game , with the Patriots still up by 10 points . The Eagles did force New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 21 - yard line , but with 5 : 40 left in the game . The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays , however they used a full huddle for the entire drive . McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24 - 21 . Because the Eagles used a full huddle , the drive consumed 3 : 52 of the clock , and only 1 : 48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored . Because of this , many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no - huddle offense at the start of the possession . Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves , and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves or vomiting , though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed . Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking '' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back - to - back plays . McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry - heaving during the final drive , and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing . '' The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England . The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts . New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4 - yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game . Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game . But on first down , McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage . Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock , Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain , keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle . On second down , McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens . Finally on third down , McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left . Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock , clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots , and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty . Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 ) Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 ) Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXIX : New England Patriots 24 , Philadelphia Eagles 21 Total Patriots 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles 0 7 7 7 21 at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Date : February 6 , 2005 Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21 Statistical overview ( edit ) The Patriots score their second touchdown of the game McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns , but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times . McNabb 's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback , as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 466 yards in Super Bowl LI and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots . Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards , while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards . Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards , while Owens was the Eagles ' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards , however neither of them scored a touchdown . Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns . Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown , and had 3 catches for 31 yards . Branch 's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally , all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks : Ross in 1985 , Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006 . Branch 's 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back - to - back Super Bowls . Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards . Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving , marking the third time in Super Bowl history , one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl . Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back - to - back Super Bowls , joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also , Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls . Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense . They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back - to - back Super Bowls . With the victory , Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls . He joined Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman on this exclusive list . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls . Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII . The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years . Aftermath ( edit ) The Patriots ' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston - area sports teams in 12 months , following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier . This marked the first time since 1989 -- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months . The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning 's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34 - 28 , two years later . The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams ( 5 by the Patriots , 3 by the Red Sox , and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) since 2002 . For the Eagles , with the loss , the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city 's teams played for a championship , when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles would not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , coincidentally with a 13 - 3 record , and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs . The Eagles and the Patriots will meet again in Super Bowl LII thirteen years later . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi Statistical comparison ( edit ) New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51 Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114 Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35 Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0 Eagles Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens Tom Brady ‡ QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ‡ ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest ‡ OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins Commercials ( edit ) As usual , the television coverage of this year 's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television -- both to produce and to buy airtime ( at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds ) . One ad that drew the ire of many -- including the NFL -- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year 's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman , Nikki Cappelli ( played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ) , having a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad , scheduled for the two - minute warning of the fourth quarter , along with a five - second plug , and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale , Arizona - based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad . Another popular ad was made by the NFL . It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl , headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort , depressed he did not make it in . Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger , and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off - key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow '' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline : `` Tomorrow , we 're all undefeated again . '' Roethlisberger would go on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season . The top ad , as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six - pack of the product . This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser - Busch 's `` Applause . '' For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX . Player bonuses ( edit ) Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game . The Eagles each received $36,500 . When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967 . That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005 . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII ) Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII ) Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53 Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons . Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIX . Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed December 4 , 2005 ) http://www.pro-football-reference.com -- Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl play - by - plays from USA Today ( Last accessed June 21 , 2007 ) All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. Sam 18 Cedric James 19 Ricky Bryant 21 Randall Gay 22 Asante Samuel 23 Omare Lowe 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 27 Rabih Abdullah 28 Corey Dillon 29 Earthwind Moreland 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Hank Poteat 32 Kory Chapman 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Cedric Cobbs 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Guss Scott 42 Dexter Reid 46 Zeron Flemister 47 Justin Kurpeikis 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Eric Alexander 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 61 Stephen Neal 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Lance Nimmo 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 69 Buck Rasmussen 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 74 Billy Yates 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Brandon Gorin 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch ( MVP ) 84 Benjamin Watson 85 Jed Weaver 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Marquise Hill 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rodney Bailey 97 Jarvis Green 98 Keith Traylor 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Matt Patricia Markus Paul Dean Pees Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Cory Undlin Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' ( It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode ) Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 3 ) 1948 1949 1960 Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 85 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold ( hide ) 2004 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle 2004 NFL Draft NFL Playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXIX National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . Fox NFL Related programs Fox College Football Fox NFL Kickoff Fox NFL Sunday Related articles Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions ) FoxBox NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) Commentators Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Postseason games NFC Championship Game Super Bowl International games American Bowl Bills Toronto Series World Bowl Lore `` River City Relay '' 0 -- 16 `` Miracle at the New Meadowlands '' Postseason lore 1998 NFC Championship Game `` The Bert Emanuel Rule '' `` The Catch II '' `` 4th and 26 '' `` 18 -- 1 '' `` The Helmet Catch '' `` 28 -- 3 '' `` Minneapolis Miracle '' Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music Scott Schreer Super Bowl XXXI ( 1996 ) XXXIII ( 1998 ) XXXVI ( 2001 ) XXXIX ( 2004 ) XLII ( 2007 ) XLV ( 2010 ) XLVIII ( 2013 ) LI ( 2016 ) LIV ( 2019 ) Pro Bowl 2008 2011 World Bowl ' 95 ' 96 ' 97 ' 98 ' 99 2000 IX X XI XII XIII Jacksonville events Current Amelia Island Concours d'Elegance Florida vs. Georgia Football Classic Gate River Run Gator Bowl Jacksonville Jazz Festival Jacksonville Kingfish Tournament Jacksonville Pride Mug Race One Spark The Players Championship Springing the Blues World of Nations Celebration Jacksonville Film Festival Former Planetfest Super Bowl XXXIX Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_XXXIX&oldid=821754431 '' Categories : New England Patriots postseason Philadelphia Eagles postseason Sports in Jacksonville , Florida Super Bowl 2004 National Football League season 2005 in sports in Florida 21st century in Jacksonville , Florida February 2005 sports events Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 12 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Bowl%20XXXIX	593
who plays carl's grandmother on mike and molly	Cleo King ( born Harriet Cleo King ; August 21 , 1962 ) is an American character actress , best known for her roles on television .	Cleo King	Cleo King	cleo king	Cleo King ( born Harriet Cleo King ; August 21 , 1962 ) is an American character actress , best known for her roles on television .	Life and career ( edit ) King was born in St. Louis , Missouri , and was the youngest of seven children in her family . She graduated from University of Missouri and later moved to New York to pursue an acting career , appearing on stage productions . In mid-1990s , King moved to Los Angeles , California , when she began appearing on television shows such as The Wayans Bros. , Living Single , Malcolm & Eddie , Murphy Brown , and Any Day Now . King has appeared in a number of films , playing small parts , include Magnolia ( 1999 ) , Dude , Where 's My Car ? ( 2000 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , The Life of David Gale ( 2003 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) , The Hangover ( 2009 ) , and Valentine 's Day . She guest - starred on more than 50 shows , include NYPD Blue , Ally McBeal , Six Feet Under , The West Wing , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , NCIS , and Ugly Betty . From 2001 to 2002 , King had the recurring role as Helene Parks in the Fox drama series , Boston Public created by David E. Kelley . In 2003 , she co-starred in the short - lived CBS drama The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire , also created by Kelley . In 2006 , she played Aunt Lou in the HBO drama series Deadwood during its third and final season . In 2009 , King had the recurring role as Neeta , the nanny of Jax Teller 's son in the FX drama series , Sons of Anarchy . In 2010 , King was cast in the series regular role as grandmother , Rosetta McMillan `` Nana '' , in the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly , even though she is only 7 years older than Reno Wilson ( who plays her grandson , Carl ) . She also appears regularly in Netflix 's adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events , which premiered in 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Iya Bakare . `` Mike - Molly - s - Cleo - King - Claims - Her - Throne - in - Acting - Industry - Entertainment - Articles '' . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleo King '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ William Keck ( 2 September 2010 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : CBS ' Mike & Molly Makes a Surprising Casting Choice '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Cleo King on IMDb VIAF : 106882459 LCCN : no2010008040 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleo_King&oldid=801142129 '' Categories : 1962 births American television actresses American film actresses Living people Actresses from St. Louis University of Missouri alumni African - American actresses American actresses 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 37 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleo%20King	594
what is 2 samuel about in the bible			Books of Samuel	books of samuel	The Books of Samuel , 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel , form part of the narrative history of Israel in the Nevi'im or `` prophets '' section of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament , called the Deuteronomistic history , a series of books ( Joshua , Judges , Samuel and Kings ) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and aim to explain God 's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets . According to Jewish tradition , the book was written by Samuel , with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan . Modern scholarly thinking is that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed in the period c. 630 -- 540 BC by combining a number of independent texts of various ages .	Samuel begins with the prophet Samuel 's birth and God 's call to him as a boy . The story of the Ark of the Covenant that follows tells of Israel 's oppression by the Philistines , which brought about Samuel 's anointing of Saul as Israel 's first king . But Saul proved unworthy and God 's choice turned to David , who defeated Israel 's enemies and brought the Ark to Jerusalem . God then promised David and his successors an everlasting dynasty . Contents 1 Summary 2 Composition 2.1 Versions 2.2 Authorship and date of composition 2.3 Sources 3 Themes 3.1 Samuel 3.2 Saul 3.3 David 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 7.1 Translations of 1 and 2 Samuel 7.2 Commentaries on Samuel 7.3 General 8 External links Summary ( edit ) Ernst Josephson , David and Saul , 1878 . The childless Hannah vows to Yahweh of hosts that if she has a son , he will be dedicated to him . Eli , the priest of Shiloh ( where the Ark of the Covenant is located ) , blesses her , and a child named Samuel is born . Samuel is dedicated to the Lord as a Nazirite -- the only one beside Samson to be identified in the Bible . Eli 's sons , Hophni and Phinehas , prove unworthy of the priesthood and are killed in battle during the Battle of Aphek , but the child Samuel grows up `` in the presence of the Lord . '' The Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Shiloh and take it to the temple of their god Dagon , who recognises the supremacy of Yahweh . The Philistines are afflicted with plagues and return the ark to the Israelites , but to the territory of the tribe of Benjamin rather than to Shiloh . The Philistines attack the Israelites gathered at Mizpah in Benjamin . Samuel appeals to Yahweh , the Philistines are decisively beaten , and the Israelites reclaim their lost territory . In Samuel 's old age , he appoints his sons Joel and Abijah as judges , but they are unworthy , and so the people clamour for a king . God directs Samuel to grant them a king despite his concerns , and gives them Saul of the tribe of Benjamin . Saul defeats the enemies of the Israelites , but sins against Yahweh . Yahweh tells Samuel to anoint David of Bethlehem as king , and David enters Saul 's court as his armour - bearer and harpist . Saul 's son and heir Jonathan befriends David and recognises him as rightful king . Saul plots David 's death , but David flees into the wilderness , where he becomes a champion of the Hebrews . David joins the Philistines , but continues secretly to champion his own people , until Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle at Mount Gilboa . At this point , David offers a majestic eulogy , where he praises the bravery and magnificence of both his friend Jonathan and King Saul . The elders of Judah anoint David as king , but in the north Saul 's son Ish - bosheth , or Ishbaal , rules over the northern tribes . After a long war , Ishbaal is murdered by Rechab and Baanah , two of his captains who hope for a reward from David ; but David has them killed for killing God 's anointed . David is then anointed King of all Israel . David captures Jerusalem and brings the Ark there . David wishes to build a temple , but Nathan tells him that one of his sons will be the one to build the temple . David defeats the enemies of Israel , slaughtering Philistines , Moabites , Edomites , Syrians and Arameans . David commits adultery and has sex with Bathsheba and plots the death of her husband , Uriah the Hittite ; for this Yahweh sends disasters against his house . Nathan tells David that the sword shall never depart from his house . For the remainder of his reign there are problems . Amnon ( one of David 's sons ) rapes his half - sister Tamar ( one of David 's daughters ) . Absalom ( another son of David ) kills Amnon , rebels against his father , and David flees from Jerusalem . Absalom is killed following the Battle of the Wood of Ephraim , David is restored as king , and he returns to his palace . Finally only two contenders for the succession remain , Adonijah and Bathsheba 's son Solomon . The Second Book of Samuel concludes with four chapters ( chapters 21 to 24 ) which lie outside the chronological narrative of Saul and David . The narrative is resumed with the first Book of Kings , which relates how , as David lies dying , Bathsheba and Nathan ensure Solomon 's elevation to the throne . The four supplementary chapters cover a great famine during David 's reign , the execution of seven of Saul 's remaining descendants , only Mephibosheth being saved , David 's song of thanksgiving , which is almost identical to Psalm 18 , his last words , a list of David 's `` mighty warriors '' , an offering made by David using water from the well of Bethlehem , David 's sinful census , a plague over Israel which David opted for as preferable to either famine or oppression , and the construction of an altar on land he purchased from Araunah the Jebusite . Composition ( edit ) David and Bathsheba , by Artemisia Gentileschi . David is seen in the background , standing on a balcony . Versions ( edit ) What it is now commonly known as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel are called by the Vulgate , in imitation of the Septuagint , 1 Kings and 2 Kings respectively . Then , what it is now commonly known as 1 Kings and 2 Kings would be 3 Kings and 4 Kings in old Bibles before the year 1516 . It was in 1517 that use of the division we know now today used by Protestant Bibles and adopted by Catholics began . Some Bibles still preserve the old denomination , for example , Douay Rheims bible . 1 and 2 Samuel were originally ( and , in some Jewish bibles , still are ) a single book , but the first Greek translation , called Septuagint and produced around the second century BCE , divided it into two ; this was adopted by the Latin translations used in the early Christian church of the West , and finally introduced into Jewish bibles around the early 16th century . The Hebrew text , that is used by Jews today , called the Masoretic text , differs considerably from the Hebrew text that was the basis of the first Greek translation , and scholars are still working at finding the best solutions to the many problems this presents . Authorship and date of composition ( edit ) According to passages 14b and 15a of the Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud , the book was written by Samuel up until 1 Samuel 25 , which notes the death of Samuel , and the remainder by the prophets Gad and Nathan . Critical scholars from the 19th century onward have rejected this idea . Martin Noth in 1943 theorized that Samuel was composed by a single author as part of a history of Israel : the Deuteronomistic history ( made up of Deuteronomy , Joshua , Judges , Samuel and Kings ) . Although Noth 's belief that the entire history was composed by a single individual has been largely abandoned , his theory in its broad outline has been adopted by most scholars . The most common view today is that an early version of the history was composed in the time of king Hezekiah ( 8th century BC ) ; the bulk of the first edition dates from his grandson Josiah at the end of the 7th BC , with further sections added during the Babylonian exile ( 6th century BC ) and the work was substantially complete by about 550 BC . Further editing was apparently done even after then : for example , the silver quarter - shekel which Saul 's servant offers to Samuel in 1 Samuel 9 almost certainly fixes the date of this story in the Persian or Hellenistic periods . The 6th century BC authors and editors responsible for the bulk of the history drew on many earlier sources , including ( but not limited to ) an `` ark narrative '' ( 1 Samuel 4 : 1 -- 7 : 1 and perhaps part of 2 Samuel 6 ) , a `` Saul cycle '' ( parts of 1 Samuel 9 -- 11 and 13 -- 14 ) , the `` history of David 's rise '' ( 1 Samuel 16 : 14 - 2 Samuel 5 : 10 ) , and the `` succession narrative '' ( 2 Samuel 9 -- 20 and 1 Kings 1 -- 2 ) . The oldest of these , the `` ark narrative , '' may even predate the Davidic era . Sources ( edit ) The sources used to construct 1 and 2 Samuel are believed to include the following : Call of Samuel or Youth of Samuel ( 1 Samuel 1 -- 7 ) : From Samuel 's birth his career as Judge and prophet over Israel . This source includes the Eli narrative and part of the ark narrative . Ark narrative ( 1 Samuel 4 : 1b -- 7 : 1 and 2 Samuel 6 : 1 -- 20 ) : the ark 's capture by the Philistines in the time of Eli and its transfer to Jerusalem by David -- opinion is divided over whether this is actually an independent unit . Jerusalem source : a fairly brief source discussing David conquering Jerusalem from the Jebusites . Republican source : a source with an anti-monarchial bias . This source first describes Samuel as decisively ridding the people of the Philistines , and begrudgingly appointing an individual chosen by God to be king , namely Saul . David is described as someone renowned for his skill at playing the harp , and consequently summoned to Saul 's court to calm his moods . Saul 's son Jonathan becomes friends with David , which some commentators view as romantic , and later acts as his protector against Saul 's more violent intentions . At a later point , having been deserted by God on the eve of battle , Saul consults a medium at Endor , only to be condemned for doing so by Samuel 's ghost , and told he and his sons will be killed . David is heartbroken on discovering the death of Jonathan , tearing his clothes as a gesture of grief . Monarchial source : a source with a pro-monarchial bias and covering many of the same details as the republican source . This source begins with the divinely appointed birth of Samuel . It then describes Saul as leading a war against the Ammonites , being chosen by the people to be king , and leading them against the Philistines . David is described as a shepherd boy arriving at the battlefield to aid his brothers , and is overheard by Saul , leading to David challenging Goliath and defeating the Philistines . David 's warrior credentials lead to women falling in love with him , including Michal , Saul 's daughter , who later acts to protect David against Saul . David eventually gains two new wives as a result of threatening to raid a village , and Michal is redistributed to another husband . At a later point , David finds himself seeking sanctuary amongst the Philistine army and facing the Israelites as an enemy . David is incensed that anyone should have killed Saul , even as an act of mercy , since Saul was anointed by Samuel , and has the individual responsible , an Amalekite , killed . Court History of David or Succession narrative ( 2 Samuel 9 -- 20 and 1 Kings 1 -- 2 ) : a `` historical novel '' , in Alberto Soggin 's phrase , telling the story of David 's reign from his affair with Bathsheba to his death . The theme is of retribution : David 's sin against Uriah the Hittite is punished by God through the destruction of his own family , and its purpose is to serve as an apology for the coronation of Bathsheba 's son Solomon instead of his older brother Adonijah . Some textual critics have posited that given the intimacy and precision of certain narrative details , the Court Historian may have been an eyewitness to some of the events he describes , or at the very least enjoyed access to the archives and battle reports of the royal house of David . Redactions : additions by the redactor to harmonize the sources together ; many of the uncertain passages may be part of this editing . Various : several short sources , none of which have much connection to each other , and are fairly independent of the rest of the text . Many are poems or pure lists . Themes ( edit ) Hannah presenting Samuel to Eli , by Jan Victors , 1645 . The Book of Samuel is a theological evaluation of kingship in general and of dynastic kingship and David in particular . The main themes of the book are introduced in the opening poem ( the `` Song of Hannah '' ) : ( 1 ) , the sovereignty of Yahweh , God of Israel ; ( 2 ) , the reversal of human fortunes ; and ( 3 ) , kingship . These themes are played out in the stories of the three main characters , Samuel , Saul and David . Samuel ( edit ) Main article : Samuel Samuel answers the description of the `` prophet like Moses '' predicted in Deuteronomy 18 : 15 -- 22 : like Moses , he has direct contact with Yahweh , acts as a judge , and is a perfect leader who never makes mistakes . Samuel 's successful defence of the Israelites against their enemies demonstrates that they have no need for a king ( who will , moreover , introduce inequality ) , yet despite this the people demand a king . But the king they are given is Yahweh 's gift , and Samuel explains that kingship can be a blessing rather than a curse if they remain faithful to their God . On the other hand , total destruction of both king and people will result if they turn to wickedness . Saul ( edit ) Main article : Saul Saul is the chosen one , tall , handsome and `` goodly '' , a king appointed by Yahweh , and anointed by Samuel , Yahweh 's prophet , and yet he is ultimately rejected . Saul has two faults which make him unfit for the office of king : he carries out a sacrifice in place of Samuel ( 1 Samuel 13 : 8 -- 14 ) , and he fails to complete the genocide of the Amalekites as God has ordered ( 1 Samuel 15 ) . David ( edit ) Main article : David One of the main units within Samuel is the `` History of David 's Rise '' , the purpose of which is to justify David as the legitimate successor to Saul . The narrative stresses that he gained the throne lawfully , always respecting `` the Lord 's anointed '' ( i.e. Saul ) and never taking any of his numerous chances to seize the throne by violence . As God 's chosen king over Israel , David is also the son of God ( `` I will be a father to him , and he shall be a son to me ... '' -- 2 Samuel 7 : 14 ) . God enters into an eternal covenant ( treaty ) with David and his line , promising divine protection of the dynasty and of Jerusalem through all time . 2 Samuel 23 contains a prophetic statement described as the `` last words of David '' ( verses 1 - 7 ) and details of the 37 `` mighty men '' who were David 's chief warriors ( verses 8 - 38 ) . The Jerusalem Bible states that last words were attributed to David in the style of Jacob ( see Jacob 's Blessing , Genesis 49 ) and Moses ( see Blessing of Moses , Deuteronomy 33 ) . Its editors note that `` the text has suffered considerably and reconstructions are conjectural '' . 1 Kings 2 : 1 - 9 contains David 's final words to Solomon , his son and successor as king . See also ( edit ) Biblical judges Midrash Shmuel ( aggadah ) The Bible and history History of ancient Israel and Judah Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) Kingdom of Judah Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Hebrew , 1 and 2 Samuel together comprise simply the `` Book of Samuel '' ( ספר שמואל ‬ , Sefer Shmuel ) . For purposes of chapter and verse numbering , the book is treated as divided into two parts : 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gordon 1986 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ 1 Chronicles 29 : 29 Jump up ^ Knight 1995 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Jones 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 1 : 1 - 20 Jump up ^ Spieckerman 2001 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 1 : 17 -- 27 Jump up ^ Sub-heading in Jerusalem Bible Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 21 : 1 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 21 : 2 - 9 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 22 : 1 - 51 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23 : 1 - 7 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23 : 8 - 39 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 23 : 13 - 17 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24 : 1 - 9 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24 : 10 - 17 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 24 : 18 - 25 Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / First and Second Books of Kings Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / Third and Fourth Books of Kings Jump up ^ Douay Rheims bible Jump up ^ Barron , Robert ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) . 2 Samuel ( Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible ) . Brazos Press . ISBN 9781441221964 . Jump up ^ Gordon 1986 , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Bergen 1996 , pp. 25 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Klein 2003 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007 , pp. 15 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Walton 2009 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Auld 2003 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Knight 1991 , p. 853 . Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Jones , pp. 197 -- 99 Jump up ^ Soggin 1987 , pp. 210 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Eynikel 2000 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Soggin 1987 , pp. 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . King David : The Real Life of the Man Who Ruled Israel . Random House LLC . pp. 307 -- 09 . ISBN 9780307567819 . Jump up ^ Klein 2003 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Tsumura 2007 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Beytenbrach 2000 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 9 : 2 : King James Version Jump up ^ Hertzberg 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Klein 2003 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Dick 2004 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Jones 2001 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Coogan 2009 , pp. 216 , 229 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Coogan 2009 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Jerusalem Bible , footnote at 2 Samuel 23 : 1 Bibliography ( edit ) Translations of 1 and 2 Samuel ( edit ) Samuel 1 and 2 at Bible Gateway Commentaries on Samuel ( edit ) Shmuel I -- Samuel I ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org Shmuel II -- Samuel II ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org Auld , Graeme ( 2003 ) . `` 1 & 2 Samuel '' . In James D.G. Dunn and John William Rogerson . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Bergen , David T. ( 1996 ) . 1 , 2 Samuel . B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 9780805401073 . Gordon , Robert ( 1986 ) . I & II Samuel , A Commentary . Paternoster Press . ISBN 9780310230229 . Hertzberg , Hans Wilhelm ( 1964 ) . I & II Samuel , A Commentary ( trans . from German 2nd edition 1960 ed . ) . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0664223182 . Tsumura , David Toshio ( 2007 ) . The First Book of Samuel . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802823595 . General ( edit ) Breytenbach , Andries ( 2000 ) . `` Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative ? '' . In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy . Past , Present , Future : the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets . Brill . ISBN 9789004118713 . Coogan , Michael D. ( 2009 ) A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : the Hebrew Bible in its Context Oxford University Press Dick , Michael B ( 2004 ) . `` The History of `` David 's Rise to Power '' and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies `` . In Bernard Frank Batto and Kathryn L. Roberts . David and Zion : biblical studies in honor of J.J.M. Roberts . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575060927 . Eynikel , Erik ( 2000 ) . `` The Relation Between the Eli Narrative and the Ark Narratives '' . In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy . Past , present , future : the Deuteronomistic history and the prophets . Brill . ISBN 9789004118713 . Halpern , Baruch ( 2001 ) . David 's Secret Demons : Messiah , Murderer , Traitor , King . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802827975 . Jones , Gwilym H ( 2001 ) . `` 1 and 2 Samuel '' . In John Barton and John Muddiman . The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Klein , R.W. ( 2003 ) . `` Samuel , books of '' . In Bromiley , Geoffrey W . The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837844 . Knight , Douglas A ( 1995 ) . `` Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists '' . In James Luther Mays , David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards . Old Testament Interpretation . T&T Clark . p. 62 . ISBN 9780567292896 . Knight , Douglas A ( 1991 ) . `` Sources '' . In Watson E. Mills , Roger Aubrey Bullard . Mercer Dictionary of the Bible . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865543737 . McCarter Jr. , P. Kyle ( 1984 ) . II Samuel : A New Translation With Introduction and Commentary By . Anchor Bible . ISBN 9780385068086 . Schleffer , Eben ( 2000 ) . `` Saving Saul from the Deuteronomist '' . In Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy . Past , Present , Future : the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets . Brill . ISBN 9789004118713 . Soggin , Alberto ( 1987 ) . Introduction to the Old Testament . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664221560 . Spieckerman , Hermann ( 2001 ) . `` The Deuteronomistic History '' . In Leo G. Perdue . The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible . Blackwell . ISBN 9780631210719 . Van Seters , John ( 1997 ) . In Search of History : Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575060132 . Walton , John H ( 2009 ) . `` The Deuteronomistic History '' . In Andrew E. Hill , John H. Walton . A Survey of the Old Testament . Zondervan . ISBN 9780631210719 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1 Samuel ( Bible ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : 2 Samuel ( Bible ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Books of Samuel . Wikiquote has quotations related to : First Book of Samuel Masoretic Text Samuel A - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) Samuel B - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) שמואל א Shmuel Aleph -- Samuel A ( Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) שמואל ב Shmuel Bet -- Samuel B ( Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) Jewish translations 1 Samuel at Mechon - Mamre ( Jewish Publication Society translation ) 2 Samuel at Mechon - Mamre ( Jewish Publication Society translation ) Christian translations Bible : 1 Samuel public domain audiobook at LibriVox Bible : 2 Samuel public domain audiobook at LibriVox Related articles Introduction to the book of 1 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel from the NIV Study Bible Introduction to the book of 2 Samuel from Forward Movement Books of Samuel History books Preceded by Judges Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Kings Preceded by Ruth Christian Old Testament Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Books_of_Samuel&oldid=863626412 '' Categories : 8th - century BC books 7th - century BC books 6th - century BC books Nevi'im Books of Samuel Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Eesti فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 23 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books%20of%20Samuel	595
when does attack on titan episodes come out	On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for July 2018 .	July 2018	List of Attack on Titan episodes	list of attack on titan episodes	Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Scout Regiment , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans .	Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮の弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき残酷な世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由の翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season aired from April 1 to June 17 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll streamed the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim aired a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓を捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れの鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二千年後の君へ ― シガンシナ陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Eren Jaeger , of the town called the Shiganshina District , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Scout Regiment , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackermann and their mother Carla Jaeger are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join , which impresses his father Grisha Jaeger . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlelt from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , the Colossal Titan suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to the Shiganshina District , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush back to Carla , only to see her pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as a Smiling Titan eats Carla . `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Smiling Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of townsfolk of the Shiganshina District escape to the inner Wall Maria , while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but the Armored Titan rams the gate , breaching the inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace , choose to fight , only to be wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望の中で鈍く光る ― 人類の再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Sadies inspects the new recruits of the 104th Cadet Corps and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police Regiment within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an omni - directional mobility gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertholdt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , but Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散式の夜 ― 人類の再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police Regiment to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police Regiment , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Scout Regiment on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト区攻防戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 May 31 , 2014 The Colossal Titan destroys the wall 's cannons , but it vanishes into a burst of stream before Eren prepares to attack its weak point . The Military Police Regiment scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison Regiment to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation , while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans one by one , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a Bearded Titan and almost swallowed . Eren , recalling when he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . He reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the Bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女が見た世界 ― トロスト区攻防戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Conny Springer , Christa Lenz and Ymir . As Armin heads back to the rearguard , he blames himself not being strong enough to save Eren . Meanwhile , an Abnormal Titan approaches the city 's exit gate , which is crowded by refugees . Once Mikasa kills the Abnormal Titan , she threatens a greedy merchant holding cargo to let the refugees pass first . After she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa was targeted by three slave traders , who murdered her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discovered the corpses while making a visit , Eren secretly tracked down the slave traders to a nearby hut and killed two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appeared and began strangling Eren . Encouraged by Eren , Mikasa overcame her fear and gained resolve to kill the third slave trader . After the children are found by the Military Police Regiment , Mikasa was invited to live with Eren and Grisha . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな刃 ― トロスト区攻防戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their omni - directional mobility gear being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa seems unfazed after learning from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . She rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , inspiring them to join her in the attack , but Mikasa ends up running out of gas midair and falls into an alleyway . Jean assumes command , but he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she prepares to attack with her remaining broken blade , but a Mysterious Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Conny show up , shocked to witness the Mysterious Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Mysterious Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓の鼓動が聞こえる ― トロスト区攻防戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Mysterious Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Conny agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the supply depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Conny arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Mysterious Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Conny fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat . As they see the Mysterious Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , they are shocked to watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that Eren 's severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕の行方 ― トロスト区攻防戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Scout Regiment and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . When Eren was eaten and swallowed by the Bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the Bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming himself into the Mysterious Titan and going on a rampage against them . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Mysterious Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men aim their weapons at Eren . Armin and Mikasa try to defend Eren , but to no avail . As Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Mysterious Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト区攻防戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 July 12 , 2014 Eren climbs out of the partially transformed Titan , telling Mikasa and Armin about the basement in his former house . He believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts once again orders the cannon to be loaded out of fear . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for Eren to retreat as the Mysterious Titan and criminalize himself in the eyes of humanity , and the second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset rather than a danger . Armin comes to the conclusion that he can still defend his friends despite being cowardice , deciding to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control himself as the Mysterious Titan . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト区攻防戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren as the Mysterious Titan carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison , them being Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト区攻防戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in as the Mysterious Titan , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his omni - directional mobility gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初的欲求 ― トロスト区攻防戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of omni - directional mobility gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Conny and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren as the Mysterious Titan carrying the boulder towards the gate , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and Rico fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans , but Levi saves them in the nick of time . All Titans remaining in the Trost Districts are eliminated except two , which are captured for research . Jean , Sasha and Annie all mourn the deaths of their fellow comrades among several casualties . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police Regiment , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Scout Regiment . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの日から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ目を見れない ― 反撃前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 August 9 , 2014 The populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Dhalis Zachary , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police Regiment or the Scout Regiment , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police Regiment wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Scout Regiment wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . Becoming furious upon hearing from a merchant that Mikasa is accused of being a Titan as well , Eren calls out the Military Police Regiment and their supporters for their cowardice . Levi brutally beats down Eren in retaliation , but Eren does not transform into the Mysterious Titan . Levi uses this to show to the court that the Scout Regiment can control Eren , and proposes that Eren is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zachary gives Eren to the Scout Regiment , where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out after being beaten down by Levi . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別作戦班 ― 反撃前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Eld Gin , Oruo Bozad , Petra Rall and Günther Schultz , bring Eren to the old Scout Regiment headquarters , where Eren will learn to control his Titan powers under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that Levi does care about the people under his command despite his rude and harsh demeanor . Meanwhile , Erwin and Miche Zacharius discuss the new recruits joining the Scout Regiment and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . Hange asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . She has an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . It is revealed that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . The next day , the Scout Regiment discover that Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Scout Regiment deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their omni - directional mobility gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今、何をすべきか ― 反撃前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police Regiment later , gives advice to Armin and Conny that it is their choice to decide on which military division they should join . The 104th Cadets are later greeted by Erwin at the Decision Ceremony , where he tells them that the goal of the Scout Regiment 's expedition on the following month is to reclaim the Shiganshina District and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Scout Regiment 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Scout Regiment in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertholdt , Conny , Sasha , Christa and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Scout Regiment prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Scout Regiment begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女型の巨人 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 September 6 , 2014 As the 57th Expedition gets underway , the Scout Regiment assemble into their Long - Range Scouting Formation , wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if Titans are nearby so the group can steer to avoid conflict with them if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Female Titan suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin , but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize not only was it the Female Titan 's work , but also is she possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the center group . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大樹の森 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Christa , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover that their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . The whole formation soon reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it , while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回壁外調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . Eren starts remembering when he was unable to transform into the Mysterious Titan for experimental purposes in front of Hange , Levi and his squad . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , leading Hange to deduce that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush , where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks to trap the Female Titan . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン・スミス ― 第 57 回壁外調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Scout Regiment before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Scout Regiment 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Scout Regiment member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all Titan Shifters are like Eren , since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice . Elsewhere , the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes that the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into the Mysterious Titan , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Eld , Oruo and Petra manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms . However , the Female Titan quickly regenerates her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into the Mysterious Titan . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者達 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 October 11 , 2014 While Mikasa distracts the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , Levi debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but Levi injures his leg when saving Mikasa from leaving herself vulnerable . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Scout Regiment retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . One their way back into town , the Scouts are chased two Titans , one of which are killed by Mikasa . They outrun the other Titan after Levi reluctantly orders to dispose some of the corpses in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past and finds himself and the Scout Regiment back at town safely behind Wall Sina . The townspeople not only berate the Scout Regiment 's ineptitude , but also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス区急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District , the Military Police Regiment are ordered to escort the Scout Regiment convoy once they enter the capital . Annie 's colleagues Hitch Dreyse and Marlo Sand joined the Military Police Regiment for opposite reasons , one for its current corruption and the other its possible reformation . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin begs for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although declining at first , she finally agrees when Armin believes that she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel , but Annie refuses to enter . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's omni - directional mobility gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the 57th Expedition . After Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , she laughs and soon transforms using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス区急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin told him about a plan to capture Annie , the person shockingly believed to be the Female Titan . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie as the Female Titan . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dawk of the Military Police Regiment demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Scout Regiment distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Mysterious Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス区急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths . Erwin , who accepts responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , is arrested by Nile , who orders the Military Police Regument to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , Annie is overpowered by Eren and attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina , but Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers and sends her falling . Eren prepares to eat Annie , but he stops when she starts to cry . Her body starts encasing itself in crystal before he recuperates in human form . Erwin attends a government inquiry to clear his name , explaining that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks , despite the casualties during his plans . His new plan is to find Titan Shifters and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . Eren stays with the Scout Regiment , and Annie is put under the custody of the Scout Regiment . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣の巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 April 22 , 2017 Hange Zoë and her team discover the Wall Titan sealed inside the wall . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult arrives and urges the team to cover it from sunlight with sheets . However , Pastor Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him , leading Hange to suspect that there are more Wall Titans hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin Smith is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . Twelve hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Cadets are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Miche Zacharius orders the soldiers and cadets to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . Miche buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a Beast Titan , which is apelike in appearance and capable of speaking . Miche hesitates to respond when the Beast Titan inquires him about his omni - directional mobility gear , so the Beast Titan strips Miche of his omni - directional mobility gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 April 29 , 2017 Armin Arlelt and Hange each deduce that the Wall Titans sealed within the walls provide its strength . The Scout Regiment depart from the Stohess District to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along , intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha Braus rushes to Dauper in order to warn her father and the villagers . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees , but they are chased by the Titan . Deciding to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away , Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Conny Springer and his group arrive at Ragako , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Conny discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside , and he wonders how it was able to travel so far from the walls since its legs seem too feeble to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 May 6 , 2017 Conny learns from Lynne and Gelgar that his family could still be alive since there are no traces of carnage , but before Conny rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , he is startled when the Titan in his house faintly speaks and welcomes him back home . Elsewhere , Christa Lenz tells Ymir not to worry about her when the latter asks Nanaba and Henning to allow the two to leave their group . Both groups eventually meet up at nighttime , discovering that no breaches occurred at the walls and deciding to rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Eren Jaeger learns from Hange he could learn how to seal the breach in the Shiganshina District , seeing as the crystallized skin from Annie Leonhart as the Female Titan is the same material from the walls . Pastor Nick eventually reveals to Hange that Christa is the key to finding all the answers . Soon after , Sasha arrives and hands Hange a scroll from Erwin , advising Hange and the Scouts to head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , the Beast Titan leads the other Titans to attack Castle Utgard . This prompts Nanaba , Henning , Lynne and Gelgar to defend the 104th Cadets . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Cadets rest as their seniors keep watch . Conny mentions that the Titan he encountered at Ragako resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner Braun becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can labeled herring . The Titans soon appear , and the senior soldiers hold them off from the outside while the 104th Cadets defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower which the unarmed 104th Cadets are on , Ymir jumps off the tower and transforms into a Titan in order to honor a promise that she made with Christa . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 May 20 , 2017 In the past , Christa and Ymir became lost in a blizzard during their winter training in the mountains as cadets , while trying to save fellow cadet Daz . Ymir accused Christa of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She was also aware that Christa is an unwanted illegitimate daughter of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Ymir then made Christa promise that she must live her own life if she ever reveals her true name . Back in the present , Ymir transforms into the Dancing Titan and fights off the other Titans . Christa tells Ymir to destroy the tower in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Christa and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir , but Hange and the other Scouts arrive on time to save the 104th Cadets . With the battle over , Christa attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Cadets learn that Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Christa reveals that her real name is Historia Reiss . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 June 3 , 2017 The Scouts prepare to take the comatose Ymir to the Trost District for medical attention . Later , Hannes comes with his vanguard and reports that the walls were never breached . Before leaving for the Trost District , Eren learns that Reiner and Bertholdt are the Armored Titan and the Colossal Titan , respectively . Reiner explains that the mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply join them . Twelve hours earlier in the Ehrmich District , Hange explained that the scroll received from Sasha contained a background report on Annie , suggesting a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little information available . The Scouts eventually realized that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Therefore , Hange ordered the others to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their Titan forms , despite a quick intervention by Mikasa Ackermann . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and slides down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , Eren shifts into the Mysterious Titan and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat ( Strike ・ Throw ・ Submit ) '' `` Da - Tō - Kyoku '' ( 打・投・極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 June 10 , 2017 As Eren and the Armored Titan engage in battle , the Colossal Titan consumes Ymir and another Scout . Hange and the other Scouts move in for an attack , but the Colossal Titan releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . The Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and the situation seems desperate even with assistance from Mikasa . However , Eren uses hand - to - hand combat techniques that he learned from Annie during their recruit training , enabling him to give serious damage to the Armored Titan . Eren obliges when Armin implores him to fall back to the wall for his own safety . As the Armored Titan charges Eren once more , Eren utilizes grappling techniques advised by Hange in order to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . Eren is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . The Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫う者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of steam . The Armored Titan frees itself from being grasped and extracts Eren from the Mysterious Titan , while Bertholdt carries the still unconscious Ymir and uses stolen omni - directional mobility gear to leave with the Armored Titan . Five hours later in the Trost District , the military divisions are informed about the recent battle that took place . Back at the walls , an unconscious Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she tried to protect Eren from the neighborhood bullies , but she is distraught to find him gone when she awakes . Armin tells Mikasa that Eren and Ymir were captured , but nothing can be done in their current state . Hannes reminds Mikasa and Armin that Eren has a steadfast resolve . As Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements , Hange posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the Forest of Giant Trees nearby to safely rest until nightfall , assuming that their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their limbs , while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The Scouts depart from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , Hange requests a horseback ride to Ragako to see the immobilized Titan , but Moblit decides to go in her stead since she is badly injured . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , as Eren and Ymir continue to regenerate their limbs , Ymir points out that not only are they are surrounded by Titans , but also Reiner and Bertholdt stole their omni - directional mobility gear . Reiner and Bertholdt plan to take Eren and Ymir to their hometown , but are waiting until nightfall when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren is reminded by Ymir that they are in no position to fight or flee until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and as a warrior , which Ymir deduces that there is confusion between his undercover and real personas . Ymir is highly concerned about the Beast Titan , who caused the recent Titan invasion and may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Eren and Ymir . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 July 8 , 2017 Moblit arrives at Ragako and recognizes the disabled Titan as Conny 's mother after seeing a portrait of Conny 's parents . At the Forest of Giant Trees , after Eren is restrained , Ymir says that Reiner and Bertholdt must take Christa with them . In a flashback , Ymir was worshiped by a cult as a child under supposed royalty . The cult was later apprehended and punished by soldiers , in which Ymir was injected with something and thrown off a wall , resulting in her transforming into the Dancing Titan . Ymir spent the next sixty years as a Titan , and she ate Marcel , a childhood friend of Reiner , Bertholdt and Annie , before returning to human form . She realized that her freedom of accepting her true identity was why she developed such empathy with Christa . In the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to transform into the Dancing Titan and take Christa with them . When the Scouts enter the forest , Ymir finds and swallows Christa before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . Reiner transforms as the Armored Titan , while Bertholdt , Eren and Ymir climb on its shoulders , as they flee at the edge of the forest with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir regurgitates Christa and exits her Titan form in order to explain her seemingly selfish actions to Christa . The Scouts close in on the Armored Titan , but Mikasa is foiled when the Armored Titan blocks her from attacking Bertholdt and saving Eren . The other 104th Cadets arrive to reason with Bertholdt , but he professes that there is no turning back from their mission , despite being their comrade . Erwin uses himself as bait to lure a group of Titans charging towards the Scouts chasing the Armored Titan , and the Scouts are ordered to scatter their formation and charge at the Titans . The Armored Titan is consequently attacked by the Titans , forcing it to defend itself and release Eren and Bertholdt . Armin , Erwin and Mikasa work together to distract Bertholdt , cut Eren free and rescue Eren . Conny and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying about her recent actions . The Scouts are hampered from retreating when the Armored Titan throws Titans at them , knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Eren and Mikasa then come face - to - face with the Smiling Titan , the same one that ate Carla Jaeger . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 July 22 , 2017 The Scouts are at a loss as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position . Hannes sacrifices himself protecting Eren and Mikasa from the Smiling Titan . At first failing to transform , Eren breaks down despairingly , but a heartfelt profession of love from Mikasa rekindles his spirit , activating an unknown power within him that causes the surrounding Titans to devour the Smiling Titan . Ymir realizes that Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the Coordinate , the ability to control other Titans . The surviving Scouts escape after Eren causes the Titans to go after the Armored Titan . Ymir decides to leave Christa in order to save the Armored Titan and Bertholdt from the Titans . A week later , Hange and Conny give a report to Erwin , Levi and Dot Pyxis , which reveals that the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were the citizens of Ragako . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria , as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼの手帳 ― ある調査兵団員の手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然の来訪者 ― 苛まれる青春の呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their omni - directional mobility gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Christa hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ちみキャラ劇場とんでけ ! 訓練兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日目 / 02 日目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日目 / 04 日目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日目 / 06 日目 / 07 日目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日目 / 9 日目 / 10 日目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日目 / 12 日目 / 13 日目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日目 / 15 日目 / 16 日目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Conny when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日目 / 18 日目 / 19 日目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni - directional mobility gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日目 / 21 日目 / 22 日目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日目 / 24 日目 / 25 日目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「進撃の巨人」製作委員会 . `` 放送情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日より毎週土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV アニメ「進撃の巨人」 Season 3 '' . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 作品情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃の巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Films Live - action film Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=816056025 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Attack%20on%20Titan%20episodes	596
who plays the little brother in freaks and geeks	Linda Cardellini as Lindsay Weir John Francis Daley as Sam Weir James Franco as Daniel Desario Samm Levine as Neal Schweiber Seth Rogen as Ken Miller Jason Segel as Nick Andopolis Martin Starr as Bill Haverchuck Becky Ann Baker as Jean Weir Joe Flaherty as Harold Weir Busy Philipps as Kim Kelly	John Francis Daley	Freaks and Geeks	freaks and geeks	Freaks and Geeks is an American teen comedy - drama television series created by Paul Feig and executive - produced by Judd Apatow that aired on NBC during the 1999 -- 2000 television season . The show follows gifted high schooler Lindsay Weir , who befriends a gang of slacker `` freaks '' , and her younger brother Sam , as he and his geek friends navigate high school . Eighteen episodes were completed , but the series was canceled after only 12 had aired . A fan campaign persuaded NBC to broadcast the remaining episodes in September 2000 on Fox Family Channel .	The series has appeared in numerous lists of the greatest television shows of all time , including lists by Time , Entertainment Weekly and TV Guide . It launched several of its young actors , such as Seth Rogen and James Franco , into successful acting careers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars and cameo appearances 3 Episodes 3.1 Planned storylines 4 Media releases 4.1 DVD and Blu - ray 4.2 Books 4.3 Soundtrack 5 Appearances 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Cancellation and future 7.1 Undeclared 7.2 Syndication and cast reunions 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Further reading Plot ( edit ) Teenage Lindsay Weir and her younger brother Sam attend William McKinley High School during the 1980 -- 1981 school year . The show is set in the town of Chippewa , Michigan , a fictional suburb of Detroit ( named after Chippewa Valley High School , which series creator Paul Feig attended . Lindsay 's friends constitute the title 's `` freaks '' -- Daniel Desario , Ken Miller , Nick Andopolis , and Kim Kelly ; Sam 's friends constitute the `` geeks '' -- Neal Schweiber and Bill Haverchuck . The Weir parents , Harold and Jean , are featured in every episode . Millie Kentner , Lindsay 's nerdy and highly religious former best friend , is a recurring character , as is Cindy Sanders , the popular cheerleader on whom Sam has a crush . Lindsay finds herself attempting to transform her life as an academically proficient student , star `` mathlete , '' and young girl into a rebellious teenager who hangs out with troubled slackers . Her relationships with her new friends , and the friction they cause with her parents and with her own self - image , form one central strand of the show . The other follows Sam and his group of geeky friends as they navigate a different part of the social universe and try to fit in . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Freaks and Geeks characters Main cast ( edit ) Linda Cardellini as Lindsay Weir John Francis Daley as Sam Weir James Franco as Daniel Desario Samm Levine as Neal Schweiber Seth Rogen as Ken Miller Jason Segel as Nick Andopolis Martin Starr as Bill Haverchuck Becky Ann Baker as Jean Weir Joe Flaherty as Harold Weir Busy Philipps as Kim Kelly Recurring cast ( edit ) Sarah Hagan as Millie Kentner Jerry Messing as Gordon Crisp Stephen Lea Sheppard as Harris Trinsky Natasha Melnick as Cindy Sanders Ben Foster as Eli Chauncey Leopardi as Alan White Shaun Weiss as Sean JoAnna Garcia as Vicki Appleby Kayla Ewell as Maureen Sampson Lizzy Caplan as Sara Riley Smith as Todd Schellinger Dave `` Gruber '' Allen as Jeff Rosso Steve Bannos as Mr. Kowchevski Trace Beaulieu as Mr. Lacovara Steve Higgins as Mr. Fleck Tom Wilson as Coach Ben Fredricks Joel Hodgson as a DJ Claudia Christian as Gloria Haverchuck Kevin Tighe as Mr. Andopolis Jessica Campbell as Amy Andrews Sam McMurray as Vic Schweiber Amy Aquino as Mrs. Schweiber Ann Dowd as Cookie Kelly Guest stars and cameo appearances ( edit ) Guest stars included : Samaire Armstrong ( as `` Deadhead '' Laurie ) , Alexandra Breckenridge ( as mathlete Shelly Weaver ) , Jack Conley ( as Kim Kelly 's stepfather ) , Kevin Corrigan ( as Millie 's delinquent cousin ) , Allen Covert ( as a liquor store clerk ) , Matt Czuchry ( as a student from rival Lincoln High ) , Alexander Gould ( as Ronnie , the boy Lindsay babysits while high ) , Steve Higgins ( as the Geeks ' A / V teacher ) , Rashida Jones ( as Kim Kelly 's friend Karen Scarfolli ) , Bianca Kajlich ( as a nose piercing punk girl ) , David Koechner ( as a waiter , in an uncredited role ) , David Krumholtz ( as Neal 's brother Barry ) , Shia LaBeouf ( as Herbert , the school mascot ) , Leslie Mann ( Judd Apatow 's wife ) ( in episode 13 as a teacher ) , Ben Stiller ( as a Secret Service agent ) , and Jason Schwartzman ( as a student dealing in fake IDs ) . The show 's producers were resistant to stunt casting . For example , they resisted the network 's suggestion that they have Britney Spears appear as a waitress in one episode ; they thought such appearances would detract from the show 's realism . Several of the screenwriters appeared on the show . Mike White played Kim Kelly 's oft - discussed injured brother , and first appeared in episode 4 , `` Kim Kelly is My Friend . '' Paul Feig , Gabe Sachs , and series composer Michael Andrews appear uncredited as members of the fictional band Dimension in `` I 'm With the Band . '' Episodes ( edit ) The script for the pilot episode of Freaks and Geeks was written by Paul Feig as a spec script . Feig gave the script to producer Judd Apatow , who sold it to DreamWorks , where Apatow was under an overall deal . DreamWorks sold it to NBC , who greenlit a pilot . Before the script was shot , Feig wrote a second episode at the behest of Apatow . He showed this second script to Apatow and pilot director Jake Kasdan , and they suggested that he combine the two episodes to form a stronger pilot . Notable additions include the introduction of Kim Kelly and Lindsay 's recollection of her grandmother 's death . Feig wrote a final draft after a read - through with the cast , this time incorporating a first meeting between Lindsay and the freaks ( in previous drafts , Lindsay was already part of the group ) . The show ran for 18 episodes , three of which -- `` Kim Kelly Is My Friend , '' `` Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers , '' and `` Noshing and Moshing '' -- were unaired by NBC and not seen until Fox Family ran the show in 2000 . The final three episodes premiered at the Museum of Television and Radio , prior to being broadcast on television . The list below is ordered by the chronology of the storyline . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Pilot '' Jake Kasdan Paul Feig September 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 25 ) 100 A group of high school students in 1980 faces various social struggles . Lindsay Weir rebels and begins hanging out with a crowd of burnouts , courtesy of an invitation from Daniel Desario . Her affiliation with this gang of freaks and her quitting the mathletes worries her family and her friend Millie . Her depression started after her attempt to stop the teasing of a special education student goes terribly wrong and ends in him being injured . Meanwhile , freshman Sam Weir struggles to find the courage not only to confront his and his friends ' bully Alan , but also to ask cheerleader Cindy Sanders to the homecoming dance . `` Beers and Weirs '' Jake Kasdan J. Elvis Weinstein & Judd Apatow October 2 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 02 ) 101 When the Weir parents go out of town for the weekend , Lindsay 's new friends suggest she throw a party . Lindsay hesitantly agrees in the hopes of impressing Daniel , who has broken up with Kim . She asks Sam not to tell their parents and he agrees , though the thought of serving beer at a party worries him after going to a school assembly focusing on alcohol - related deaths . When Sam discusses the matter with his friends Neal and Bill , Bill suggests that they switch the real beer with non-alcoholic beer . Despite the fake beer , the rowdy teenagers begin to think they are drunk and Lindsay soon finds herself having a terrible time when she sees that Daniel is back with Kim . `` Tricks and Treats '' Bryan Gordon Paul Feig October 30 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 30 ) 102 Halloween approaches and Sam persuades his friends to go trick - or - treating with him . The neighborhood reacts awkwardly to the freshmen trick - or - treaters and matters become worse when Alan picks a fight with the gang . Lindsay agrees to stay home and hand out candy with her mom on Halloween night . However , when she gets an invite to go cruise around town with Nick , Daniel , Ken and Kim , she ditches her mom to hang out with them . Lindsay enjoys her first taste of vandalism with the freak gang until she accidentally takes things too far . `` Kim Kelly Is My Friend '' Lesli Linka Glatter Mike White September 5 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 05 ) 103 Kim 's friend , Karen ( Rashida Jones ) , bullies Sam ; writing `` Pygmy Geek '' on his locker . Sam does n't take to the label kindly and finds himself in an argument with Neal over who is geekier as Sam is assigned to write a 500 word essay about vandalism in school . Kim invites Lindsay to dinner , explaining that she needs to introduce a nice friend to her parents so they will stop hassling her to sell her car . After Lindsay realizes what an abusive home Kim is living in , the two flee the scene in Kim 's car . When Lindsay suggests that Kim lie low at the Weir house , the Weirs find themselves in for a long night . 5 `` Tests and Breasts '' Ken Kwapis Bob Nickman November 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 06 ) 104 When Mr. Kowchevski threatens to force Daniel to repeat algebra for another year if he does n't pass an upcoming test , Lindsay offers to help him study for it . Instead , Lindsay finds herself helping Daniel to cheat after Daniel manages to steal a test from the teacher 's office and he asks Lindsay to help him fill in the answers . Mr. Kowchevski , suspicious of Daniel 's surprisingly high grade , accuses the duo of cheating . When Lindsay becomes unsure of what to do , Daniel tells her they should deny everything . Sam begins sex education class and Daniel tries to help Sam with questions he has by giving him a pornographic film . After viewing it , he is even more confused . 6 `` I 'm with the Band '' Judd Apatow Gabe Sachs & Jeff Judah November 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 13 ) 105 Nick realizes if he does n't make a career out of being a drummer , his father is going to make him join the army . Lindsay attempts to remedy this first by pressuring the band to practice more , which results in the band breaking up when Nick thinks he is better than they are . Lindsay then gets Nick an audition for the band Dimension . Unfortunately , the audition goes miserably and Nick comes to terms with the fact that his drumming is n't going to save him from joining the army . Lindsay tries to comfort Nick . Meanwhile , when the physical education department at McKinley mandates that all students must shower after class , Sam avoids the shower at all costs , afraid to be naked in front of his peers . 7 `` Carded and Discarded '' Judd Apatow Judd Apatow & Paul Feig January 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 10 ) 110 Sam , Neal and Bill befriend Maureen ( Kayla Ewell ) , a very pretty and friendly new transfer student at McKinley . When the popular crowd shows interest in her , the geeks take Maureen out on a night of all - you - can - eat dining in an attempt to keep from losing her . Lindsay and the freaks try to buy fake IDs to see the band Feedback perform at a local bar . However , after they go through the trouble of getting their IDs and going into the bar , the group is stunned to find out who the hot local band 's lead singer is . 8 `` Girlfriends and Boyfriends '' Lesli Linka Glatter Patty Lin & Paul Feig January 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 17 ) 106 Nick begins making more aggressive advances towards Lindsay , most of which end up making her feel more disturbed than love struck . Tension is created between Sam and Bill when Bill is paired with Sam 's crush , Cindy , as a science partner . 9 `` We 've Got Spirit '' Danny Leiner Mike White January 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 24 ) 107 Sam becomes the McKinley basketball team 's new mascot after the former mascot ( Shia LaBeouf ) breaks his arm . He hopes to become closer to Cindy . Instead of winning her heart , however , he increasingly becomes frustrated with her apparent desire to be nothing more than friends as well as her obsessive crush over the basketball team 's star athlete , Todd Schellinger ( Riley Smith ) . He eventually becomes so fed up that he allows Neal be the mascot during a basketball game , though Neal is much more interested in getting laughs than following orders from Vicki ( Joanna Garcia ) , the bossy head cheerleader . Lindsay tries to figure out the best way to break up with Nick . The freaks , meanwhile , have a sudden interest in sports and school spirit after they get beaten up by a gang of McKinley 's rivals at Lincoln . 10 `` The Diary '' Ken Olin Story by : Judd Apatow & Rebecca Kirshner Teleplay by : Rebecca Kirshner January 31 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 31 ) 108 Bill is tired of being confined to deep right field during PE baseball games and always being the last one picked . He is constantly embarrassed by Coach Fredricks in front of his classmates and is convinced he could be a great athlete if he were simply given a chance . Instead of confronting Coach Fredricks with this dilemma directly , Bill makes two crank phone calls to him , one of which consists entirely of insults . Meanwhile , when Lindsay 's parents fear that her new friends are having a negative effect on her , they forbid her from hanging out with Kim and Harold suggests that he and Jean read her diary . When they do , what they read sends their marriage into a crisis . 11 `` Looks and Books '' Ken Kwapis Paul Feig February 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 07 ) 109 After Lindsay crashes the Weir family car while trying to help drive Daniel and his friends around , her parents indefinitely ground her and forbid her from seeing the gang of freaks ever again . Shaken up by the experience , Lindsay gladly abides and tries to reassociate herself with her old friends , including Millie . In the process , she rejoins the mathlete team and reveals her competitive side . Meanwhile , after a new hair style does n't impress Cindy , Sam decides to dress more attractively , buying a powder blue disco jumpsuit . The attire gives him nothing but negative attention . 12 `` The Garage Door '' Bryan Gordon Gabe Sachs & Jeff Judah & Patty Lin March 13 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 13 ) 111 Sam and Bill both admire Neal 's father ( Sam McMurray ) until Sam accidentally sees Mr. Schweiber hugging a strange woman . Fearing that Mr. Schweiber may be cheating on Mrs. Schweiber ( Amy Aquino ) , Sam tells Bill and then Neal . Soon after , Neal finds an unfamiliar garage door remote control in his father 's car . The three friends start hunting around the neighborhood on their bicycles , searching for the garage door the remote control belongs to . Meanwhile , Ken reveals his first crush to be on a girl named Amy ( Jessica Campbell ) who plays the tuba in McKinley 's marching band . The freaks , along with Amy , go to the local laser dome to see a Pink Floyd laser show , but mistakenly arrive on southern rock night . 13 `` Chokin ' and Tokin ' '' Miguel Arteta Judd Apatow March 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 20 ) 112 Lindsay smokes marijuana for the first time . Moments later , her father reminds her that she had promised to babysit for neighbors that night . Afraid to babysit by herself , she pleads Millie to babysit with her . Millie not only takes care of the child they are babysitting , but also takes care of Lindsay while she anxiously deals with the effects of smoking pot . The geeks are embarrassed in front of their peers when Bill reveals their allergies and ailments to Ms. Foote ( Leslie Mann ) . Not believing that Bill is actually deathly allergic to peanuts , Alan puts peanuts into Bill 's sandwich . After Bill eats one bite of the sandwich , Alan realizes that Bill was telling the truth and Bill is rushed to the hospital . This episode also reveals why Alan bullies Sam , Bill , and Neal . 14 `` Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers '' Judd Apatow Judd Apatow & Bob Nickman October 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 10 ) 114 Lindsay and Kim accidentally run over Millie 's dog one night . Lindsay wants to come clean to Millie , but Kim threatens that if Lindsay confesses , she will react violently . Feeling guilty , Kim befriends Millie and asks her to join the freaks to witness The Who , live in concert . Meanwhile , Nick teaches himself to play guitar and writes a love ballad for Lindsay , and Bill , already having a rocky relationship with Coach Fredricks , is devastated to hear that his mother has been dating him . 15 `` Noshing and Moshing '' Jake Kasdan J. Elvis Weinstein October 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 17 ) 115 While trying to escape his problems with his parents and Kim , Daniel becomes attracted to Jenna Zank , a dropout from McKinley who is into the punk scene . To try to impress her , Daniel changes his appearance and meets her at a punk show and brings Nick and Ken along . Trying to cope with the knowledge that his father is unfaithful to his mother and whether to tell her , Neal focuses all of his energy into his new ventriloquism act , neglecting school in the process . The Weir parents become intoxicated at the Schweibers ' party , while Lindsay becomes attracted to Neal 's older brother Barry ( David Krumholtz ) , who is back in town from college . Lindsay is given detention after coming to the aid of a girl being attacked by a boy . 16 `` Smooching and Mooching '' Jake Kasdan Steve Bannos July 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 08 ) 116 After Cindy breaks up with Todd , Sam finally asks Cindy out on a date after she tells Bill that she has a crush on Sam and wants Bill to persuade Sam to invite her to a party . Sam , Neal , and Bill find themselves nervously attending a make - out party . Much to Lindsay 's disappointment , the Weirs allow Nick to stay the night at their house after Nick 's father sells his 29 - piece drum kit . 17 `` The Little Things '' Jake Kasdan Story by : Jon Kasdan & Judd Apatow & Mike White Teleplay by : Jon Kasdan July 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 08 ) 117 After Ken 's girlfriend , Amy , reveals to him that she was born an intersex woman , Ken questions his sexuality and his over-analysis of his relationship with her leads him to the conclusion that he has to break up with her , but reconsiders after talking with Sam . Sam is having a terrible time dating Cindy , who reveals herself to be shallow , rude , and egotistical . He tries to find the courage to break up with her . Lindsay struggles with asking Vice President George Bush a question during an assembly . 18 `` Discos and Dragons '' Paul Feig Paul Feig July 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 08 ) 113 By chance , Lindsay and the freaks find out that Nick has been dating Sara ( Lizzy Caplan ) and she has been teaching him to dance for an upcoming disco competition . Daniel , afraid of failing another test , is caught trying to pull the fire alarm . As punishment , he is forced to join the Audio / Visual club . The geeks respond to his presence coldly at first , but they later invite him to a game of Dungeons & Dragons . As a result of Lindsay 's outstanding grades , she receives an invitation to an academic summit at the University of Michigan taking place for two weeks during the summer . However , she is unsure of whether she wants to attend . * ^ Initial airing occurred on Fox Family . Planned storylines ( edit ) In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair , Paul Feig detailed what would have happened to the characters in a second season : Lindsay would become a human rights lawyer , years after following the Grateful Dead . Sam would have joined the drama club . Neal would cope with his parents ' divorce by joining a swing choir in school . Bill would join the basketball team , becoming a jock and leading to tension with the geeks . Daniel would end up in jail . Kim would become pregnant on tour while following the Grateful Dead . Nick would be pressured by his strict father to join the army . Media releases ( edit ) DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) On April 6 , 2004 , a six - DVD Freaks and Geeks box set was released through Shout ! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment . A limited `` yearbook edition '' set including two additional discs was also available through the official website for the show . Fans who had signed an online petition to get the show on DVD got priority in purchasing the special set . On November 25 , 2008 , the deluxe `` Yearbook Edition '' boxed set was re-released through Vivendi Entertainment . The set features all of the episodes , commentaries , and special features of the `` Complete Series '' six - DVD set , plus two extra discs and deluxe packaging . It is packaged as an 80 - page color yearbook with essays , pictures , and episode synopses . In July 2015 , Shout ! Factory announced it had begun preparing for a Blu - ray release of the series . It was subsequently confirmed in December 2015 , that Shout ! would release the complete series on Blu - ray on March 22 , 2016 , and the set contains all special features from the previous releases and the episodes in both its original aspect ratio and widescreen . Books ( edit ) In October 2004 , Newmarket Press released two Freaks and Geeks books : Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Scripts , Volume 1 and Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Scripts , Volume 2 . Each book covers nine scripts from the series , compiled by Paul Feig and Judd Apatow . Extra content includes behind - the - scenes memos and notes ; photos ; additional plot lines ; and excerpts from the Freaks and Geeks series bibles . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Freaks and Geeks ( soundtrack ) Freaks and Geeks ' creators made it a priority to feature genuine , period - specific music that would help to create the show 's tone . Clearing such names as Billy Joel , Cheap Trick , the Grateful Dead , Rush , Styx , The Moody Blues , The Who , and Van Halen required much of the show 's budget . Eventually , this became an obstacle in releasing the show on DVD due to the difficulty and expense of clearing all of the music rights for the series . Many television shows ( such as Dawson 's Creek , WKRP in Cincinnati , and Daria ) had music cues changed or removed in order to facilitate relatively inexpensive DVD releases , as was done for Freaks and Geeks when it was seen in reruns on Fox Family . However , Freaks and Geeks ' creators chose to wait to release the DVD until they could find a company willing to pay for the original music . Shout ! Factory , a music and video company specializing in comprehensive reissues and compilations , eventually brought Freaks and Geeks to DVD with all of its music intact . Appearances ( edit ) In 2000 , the cast of Freaks and Geeks was featured in an episode of the game show Family Feud hosted by Louie Anderson . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) At Metacritic , Freaks and Geeks has a score of 88 out of 100 , based on 26 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Ratings ( edit ) The show averaged 6.77 million viewers and was # 93 in the rankings during its only season . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The series received three Emmy Award nominations : creator Paul Feig was nominated twice for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , for `` Pilot '' and `` Discos and Dragons . '' It won for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series ( Allison Jones , Coreen Mayrs and Jill Greenberg ) . It was nominated for two Television Critics Association Awards , for New Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For acting , the series won for Best Family TV Series -- Comedy and was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Young Ensemble at the Young Artist Awards . For the YoungStar Awards , John Francis Daley and Sarah Hagan were nominated for Best Young Actor / Performance in a Comedy TV Series and the ensemble was nominated for Best Young Ensemble Cast -- Television . The series also received several other nominations in other categories . The series appeared on Time magazine 's 2007 `` 100 Greatest Shows of All Time '' list , and placed third on the magazine 's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s ( decade ) . In 2007 , Freaks and Geeks ranked # 21 on TV Guide 's Top Cult Shows Ever . In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th - best series of the past 25 years . The same year , AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time . In 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time , and ranked it # 1 on their list of 60 shows that were `` Cancelled Too Soon . '' It launched several of its young actors , such as Rogan and Franco , into successful acting careers . Cancellation and future ( edit ) One of the cited reasons for its early cancellation was its inability to gain an audience due to its `` erratic scheduling '' and poor time slots , competing with the high - rated Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . The producers created a website for the series , but NBC would not share its URL because `` they did n't want people to know the Internet existed . They were worried about losing viewers to it '' as explained by Judd Apatow . Freaks and Geeks was only averaging under 7 million viewers , while other NBC series such as Frasier and Friends were averaging over 14 million viewers each . NBC and the creative directors of Freaks and Geeks did not have the same vision for the series . After the network picked up the Freaks and Geeks pilot , Garth Ancier replaced the old NBC network 's president . Ancier `` did n't understand public school life '' and its relevance because he went to a boarding school and then on to Princeton . Creator Paul Feig expressed the `` irony of the situation '' as everyone involved wanted Freaks and Geeks to be a success , but the network did n't understand the concept of realistically showcasing life as ordinary teenagers . Jake Kasdan and Judd Apatow had multiple arguments with the network concerning `` lack of victories '' in the script and that the characters needed to `` be cool . '' The writers wanted to produce something that would represent the average high school experience , but the network wanted to produce something that would make high school seem cool . Because the network did not think the series would be a success , they let the writers add things to the script that they `` would n't have if they thought the show would resurface the next season , '' like the use of the phrase , `` ambiguous genitalia . '' Apatow said in 2014 that `` Everything I 've done , in a way , is revenge for the people who cancelled Freaks and Geeks . Undeclared ( edit ) In 2001 , several of the actors featured in Freaks and Geeks appeared in a new Judd Apatow college half - hour comedy Undeclared , which aired on Fox Network . Apatow fought with the network to include Freaks and Geeks actors , but the network only picked up Seth Rogen ( who was already committed to the show as a writer ) as a regular cast member . However , Jason Segel became a recurring character , and Samm Levine , Busy Philipps , and Natasha Melnick guest - starred in multi-episode arcs , as did prominent Freaks and Geeks guest stars Steve Bannos ( who played McKinley High math teacher Mr. Frank Kowchevski ) and David Krumholtz ( who played Neal 's older brother , Barry Schweiber ) . Martin Starr was prominent in another episode , and a scene with Sarah Hagan was shot , although it was cut for television broadcast . The show was also canceled during its first season . Syndication and cast reunions ( edit ) Cast of Freaks and Geeks at PaleyFest 2011 In June 2010 , it was announced that IFC had acquired the rights to air both Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared . Freaks and Geeks 's 18 - episode run on IFC finished with all episodes having aired as of October 29 , 2010 . Undeclared 's IFC run began on November 5 , 2010 . Both shows have also joined TeenNick 's line - up as of June 13 , 2011 . Freaks and Geeks aired on FXX , from 2013 to 2014 . A reunion of several cast members and producers of both shows took place at the Paley Center for Media 's PaleyFest on March 12 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coffin J. ( 2010 ) . `` Teenagers Portrayed in Television '' . Journal of Psychology . 41 ( 2 ) : 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` Geek Love '' . Salon.com. April 20 , 2000 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RetroWeb Classic Television : Freaks and Geeks '' . RetroWeb.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Longo , Chris ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Freaks and Geeks : The Enduring Legacy of a Short - Lived Show '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Feig Directs All - Star Cast in ' Bridesmaids ' '' . My Fox Detroit . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carp , Jesse . `` 10 Actors You Might Not Remember Being On Freaks And Geeks '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elan , Priya ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Priya Elan signs up for class with writer of Freaks And Geeks , Gabe Sachs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Judd Apatow , Jon Kasdan , Seth Rogan , Mike White ( April 6 , 2004 ) . Freak and Geeks : The Complete Series , `` The Little Things '' commentary track ( DVD ) . Shout ! Factory . Event occurs at 26 : 23 . Jump up ^ Wood , Jennifer ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` School Days & Parisian Nightsuits : Every ' Freaks and Geeks ' Episode , Ranked '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jay Cohen ; Paul Feig ; Judd Apatow , eds. ( 2004 ) . Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Scripts Volume 1 ( 1st ed . ) . New York : New Market Press . ISBN 1 - 55704 - 645 - X . Jump up ^ Koski , Genevieve ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Feig walks us through Freaks And Geeks ( Part 4 of 5 ) '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Series DVD Episode Booklet Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Feig : What Would 've Happened to Every Character in Freaks and Geeks ' Lost Second Season ( Drugs ! Pregnancies ! Republicanism ! ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Freaks and Geeks - Official Press Release : April 6 is the day ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . January 15 , 2004 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks - Shout Sends Over a New Fact Sheet for their Retailer Release of the Yearbook Edition '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shout ! Factory ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` We 're doing Freaks & Geeks on Blu ! We have the film to work with and it 's happening ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Freaks and Geeks - Shout ! Press Release for ' The Complete Series : Collector 's Edition ' Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks : The Complete Scripts , Volume 1 ( Newmarket Shooting Script ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks And Geeks : The Complete Scripts '' . Amazon.ca . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Week in Pop : My pop - culture picks '' . Iowa City Press - Citizen . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts and Data '' . Variety . August 6 , 2000 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Freaks and Geeks '' ( 1999 ) - Awards `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks - The 100 Best TV Shows of All '' . TIME . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks - Best Movies , TV , Books and Theater of the Decade '' . TIME . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever '' . TV Guide . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best School Shows of All Time '' . AOL TV . Aol , Inc . August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Showstoppers : The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time '' . TV Guide . pp. 16 - 17 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Cancelled Too Soon '' . TV Guide . pp. 20 and 21 Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Why was there never a second season of ' Freaks And Geeks ' , the cult show that 's now on Netflix ? '' . NME . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elan , Pryia ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Making the grade '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` 2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten : An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Judd Apatow : Everything He 's Done Is Revenge for Canceling ' Freaks and Geeks ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks , Undeclared Return to TV '' . TV Guide . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks & Undeclared - Coming Monday ! '' . TeenNick . June 9 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks / Undeclared Reunion '' . PaleyCenter.org . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks Still Rocks '' . IGN . March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 1990s portal 2000s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Freaks and Geeks Freaks and Geeks on IMDb Freaks and Geeks at TV.com Official website -- Freaks Perspective ( archived ) Official website -- Geeks Perspective ( archived ) Further reading ( edit ) Bowe , John ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Trouble with Paul Feig . '' The New York Times . Koski , Genevieve ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Feig walks us through Freaks And Geeks ( Part 1 of 5 ) . '' The A.V. Club . Lloyd , Robert ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Feig : What Would 've Happened to Every Character in Freaks and Geeks ' Lost Second Season ( Drugs ! Pregnancies ! Republicanism ! ) . '' Vanity Fair . Lloyd , Robert ( January 2013 ) . `` 2 Good 2 Be 4Gotten : An Oral History of Freaks and Geeks . '' Vanity Fair . ( hide ) Paul Feig Films directed I Am David ( 2003 ) Unaccompanied Minors ( 2006 ) Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) The Heat ( 2013 ) Spy ( 2015 ) Ghostbusters ( 2016 ) A Simple Favor ( 2018 ) TV series Freaks and Geeks Other Space Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freaks_and_Geeks&oldid=824848674 '' Categories : Freaks and Geeks 1999 American television series debuts 2000 American television series endings 1990s American comedy - drama television series 1990s American teen sitcoms 1990s teen drama television series 2000s American comedy - drama television series 2000s American teen sitcoms 2000s teen drama television series American high school television series Apatow Productions films English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by DreamWorks Television Television series set in 1980 Television series set in 1981 Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in Detroit Television works about intersex Works by Judd Apatow Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks%20and%20Geeks	597
when is the flash season 4 episode 3 coming out	No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refusing to grieve Barry . A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force , and tracks down Caitlin for help . Against Iris ' direction , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls . Wally engages the Samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the Samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai , who is revealed to be a robot . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car , caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris 's instructions , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others '' . 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank , and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 , and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus , and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe . When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X , with power dampening handcuffs . The arriving SS - Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who takes them away for execution , before they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) and The Ray ( Ray Terrill ) . Snart and Terrill take them to the underground headquarter of the Freedom Fighters , where the team meets the resistance movement 's leader General Winn Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . They learned that the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility , which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility , discovers the Nazi 's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter , and saves a prisoner ( who is Felicity 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) from Quentin . Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters ' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the temporal gateway , while the rest of the team enters the facility . In attempting to reactivate the gateway 's portal , Stein is shot and gravely wounded . Back on Earth - 1 , Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Wells ' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair . Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD	October 24 , 2017	The Flash ( season 4 )	the flash ( season 4 )	The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners .	The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refusing to grieve Barry . A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force , and tracks down Caitlin for help . Against Iris ' direction , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls . Wally engages the Samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the Samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai , who is revealed to be a robot . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car , caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris 's instructions , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others '' . 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank , and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 , and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus , and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe . When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X , with power dampening handcuffs . The arriving SS - Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who takes them away for execution , before they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) and The Ray ( Ray Terrill ) . Snart and Terrill take them to the underground headquarter of the Freedom Fighters , where the team meets the resistance movement 's leader General Winn Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . They learned that the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility , which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility , discovers the Nazi 's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter , and saves a prisoner ( who is Felicity 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) from Quentin . Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters ' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the temporal gateway , while the rest of the team enters the facility . In attempting to reactivate the gateway 's portal , Stein is shot and gravely wounded . Back on Earth - 1 , Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Wells ' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair . Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBA TBD Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , was revealed not to be returning to the series , although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton 's availability permits . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , Julian is revealed to have returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.45 1.4 3.67 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 13 reviews . Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 410 ) `` The Trial of The Flash '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Diane ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Team Teases Season 4 : ' It 's the Fastest Man Alive Against the Fastest Mind Alive ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Lindsay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Carlos Valdes Shares Good News for Cisco and Gypsy ' Shippers '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Reveals Gypsy 's Given Name '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Law & Order ' Veteran Joins ' The Flash ' In Recurring Role '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Hartley Sawyer To Play Elongated Man In Season 4 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash adds Katee Sackhoff as DC Comics villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Britne Oldford books Peek - a-Boo return in premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Flash Season 4 : Katee Sackhoff Is Most Definitely Not Playing Starbuck '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : A New Tech - Controlling Villain Terrorizes Central City '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Casts Sugar Lyn Beard as Hazard ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Who Is The Black Bison ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Wally West is Absent on The Flash '' . Screen Rant . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' : ' Doctor Who ' , ' Titanic ' , and More Pop Culture References In `` Girls Night Out '' `` . Comicbook.com . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 , Episode 5 Recap : Girls Night Out '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wickline , Dan ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` CW Releases 92 Images From Arrowverse Crossover : Crisis On Earth - X '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Exiting Arrowverse As Leonard Snart '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Kendrick Sampson Cast As Brainstorm On The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Once Upon a Time , Defenders , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` CW eyes true four - way superhero crossover next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Is Making A Big Change Behind The Scenes '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Helbing Off the Flash in Season 4 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Scoop : Season 4 Villain Is Exactly Who You Think It Is -- Cast Him ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Patten , Dominic ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Showrunner Andrew Kreisberg Suspended Over Sexual Harassment Allegations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Arrow ' Producer Suspended Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations by Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abram , Natalie ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash , Supergirl boss Andrew Kreisberg fired after sexual harassment allegations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry Allen will return a changed man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Villain Wo n't Be a Speedster '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Things to Expect on The Flash , Supergirl , Arrow , and Legends of Tomorrow '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Spoilers -- The Thinker / Clifford DeVoe New Villain '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash season 4 will restore the ' fun quotient ' after darkest year yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Autumn ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Keiynan Lonsdale Talks Spoilers , New Music And Being An Introverted Extrovert '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Rachel ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Cast on Season 4 , Barry 's Return , and Killer Frost 's Future '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Candice Patton Teases a `` Very Hardened '' Iris in The Flash Season 4 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : Your ' The Flash ' Burning Questions Answered '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl Comic Writer Sterling Gates Joins Flash Writing Staff '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Boss Promises a Lighter Season of The Flash Is Coming '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another The Vampire Diaries Spinoff ? Where 's the Charmed Reboot ? And More The CW News '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites -- The Flash '' . TVLine . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Arrow , The Good Place and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry and Iris heading to couples therapy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Star Tom Cavanagh Teases S4 's Harrison Wells '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Tom Felton not returning as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Lucifer , Flash , Supernatural , Gotham , # OneChicago , Elementary and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Behind the Scenes '' . TV Guide Comic - Con Special 2017 . p. 12 . With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Argus Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Inertia ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) The Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=818082670 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Flash%20%28season%204%29	598
who played hyde on the 70's show	Daniel Peter Masterson ( born March 13 , 1976 ) is an American actor and disc jockey . Masterson is known for his roles as Steven Hyde in That ' 70s Show ( 1998 -- 2006 ) and as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett in The Ranch ( 2016 -- 2018 ) .	Daniel Peter Masterson	Danny Masterson	danny masterson	Daniel Peter Masterson ( born March 13 , 1976 ) is an American actor and disc jockey . Masterson is known for his roles as Steven Hyde in That ' 70s Show ( 1998 -- 2006 ) and as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett in The Ranch ( 2016 -- 2018 ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Career 2.1 Acting career 2.2 Music 2.3 Business ventures 3 Personal life 3.1 Rape allegations 4 Charity work 5 Filmography 5.1 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Masterson was born on Long Island , New York , the son of Carol , a manager , and Peter Masterson , an insurance agent . He grew up in Garden City and East Williston , New York . He has one brother , actor Christopher Masterson . Their maternal half siblings Jordan Masterson and Alanna Masterson are also actors . A child model from age 4 , who was featured in magazine articles as well as television commercials beginning at age 5 , Masterson starred in musicals as a child at the age of eight , and began acting as well . His singing voice `` disappeared '' by the time he was a teenager . By the time he was sixteen , he had appeared in over one - hundred commercials , including ones for Swift Premium , Kellogg 's Frosted Flakes , Hardee 's , Hostess , Tang , and Clearasil . Career ( edit ) Acting career ( edit ) In the early 1990s , Masterson had a role in Beethoven 's 2nd , and starred as Justin in Cybill . These roles launched a film career , including a minor role in the John Travolta film Face / Off . After starring in the third and fourth seasons of Cybill , Masterson decided he wanted to move on from Cybill and audition for a show originally titled Teenage Wasteland , which later was changed to That ' 70s Show . The original casting director for That ' 70s Show , Debby Romano , resisted Masterson 's audition because he was slightly older than the rest of the cast , but ultimately allowed him to audition . She stated that , `` he came in and he was just so funny , '' and that he redefined where the role was going and made the role of Steven Hyde the , `` tough , funny guy . '' Masterson appeared in all eight seasons of That ' 70s Show . His appearance on That ' 70s Show launched a breakthrough in Masterson 's career , allowing him to pursue other endeavours between tapings . After the show concluded Masterson starred in several movies and made guest appearances on television shows including Punk 'd and MADtv . Along with Kutcher and Valderrama , he co-hosted the Fox TV special Woodstock 1999 . He had a role in the 2008 comedy Yes Man . Masterson stars with his real - life wife , Bijou Phillips , in the 2009 drama The Bridge to Nowhere . In 2011 , Masterson guest starred as James Roland in USA Network 's White Collar ( episode `` Where There 's A Will '' ) . He portrayed Jerry Rubin in the 2010 movie , The Chicago 8 , written and directed by Pinchas Perry . The Chicago 8 is a film based on the actual Chicago Eight in the late 1960s and early 1970s , and explores the events around the trial . It was filmed in September and October 2009 . The film is based closely on the trial transcripts and most of the action takes place in the courtroom . In 2012 , the comedy series Men At Work premiered on TBS , co-starring Masterson and Michael Cassidy , James Lesure and Adam Busch . In 2012 , Masterson appeared in the film Alter Egos , directed by Jordan Galland . Masterson starred alongside Sam Elliott , Ashton Kutcher , and Elisha Cuthbert in the Netflix comedy series The Ranch . Music ( edit ) Masterson began DJing at Los Angeles night clubs in 1999 as a hobby , but it soon became a side business . Masterson is a self - described `` rock and hip hop fanatic , '' and is also a fan of indie , electro , and funk music , all of which he primarily DJs with . Business ventures ( edit ) For a time , Masterson owned a lounge and bar in Park City , Utah , called Downstairs . He appeared as part of a poker team , the Unabombers , the 2005 GSN series The James Woods Gang vs. The Unabombers . He has hosted celebrity poker events , such as the Phat Farm Stuff Casino Weekend Poker Tournament , in which he won the tournament . Personal life ( edit ) Masterson is a Scientologist . He started dating Bijou Phillips in 2005 , they became engaged in 2009 , and married on October 18 , 2011 . They had daughter Fianna Francis Masterson on February 14 , 2014 . Rape allegations ( edit ) In March 2017 , four women alleged they were raped by Masterson in the early 2000s , prompting a Los Angeles Police Department investigation . Masterson , through his agent , has denied the allegations , and Masterson has not been charged or arrested . In response to the accusations , Netflix fired Masterson from its comedy series The Ranch on December 5 , 2017 , saying in a statement , `` Yesterday was his last day on the show , and production will resume in early 2018 without him . '' Masterson stated that he is `` obviously very disappointed in Netflix 's decision to write my character off of The Ranch . '' A fifth woman who dated Masterson made similar accusations in December 2017 . He was dropped as a client by United Talent Agency . At The Drive - In vocalist Cedric Bixler - Zavala said in November 2017 that his wife was raped by Masterson , and that his band 's song `` Incurably Innocent '' is about the incident . Charity Work ( edit ) Masterson has been involved with the New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project , a controversial organization with ties to the Church of Scientology . He played in a charity softball game in New York 's Central Park to help raise money for children in need of neurosurgery , designed guitars for a MusiCares fundraiser , and has supported such as the Hollywood Police Activities League ( a national youth development program for at - risk youth ) . He has played on the World Poker Tour Celebrity Invitational for the charity Chrysalis , with all proceeds going to said charity . He has also played the World Series of Poker 's Ante up for Africa event . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1993 Beethoven 's 2nd Seth 1995 Bye Bye Love Mikey 1997 Face / Off Karl 1997 Trojan War Seth 1997 Star Kid Kevin 1998 Wild Horses Danny 1998 Too Pure Tipper 1998 The Faculty `` Fucked - up '' kid 1999 Dirt Merchant Dirt Merchant 2000 Dracula 2000 Nightshade 2001 Alex in Wonder Patrick 2002 Hip , Edgy , Sexy , Cool 2002 Comic Book Villains Conan 2002 Hold On 2005 Pancho 's Pizza 2006 Puff , Puff , Pass Larry 2007 Smiley Face Steve 2007 You Are Here Derek 2008 Yes Man Rooney 2008 The Brooklyn Heist Fitz 2009 Wake Shane 2009 Made for Each Other Morris `` The Executioner '' Rodriguez 2009 The Bridge to Nowhere Kevin 2012 The Chicago 8 Jerry Rubin 2012 California Solo Paul 2012 Alter Egos Jimmy 2012 The Polterguys Tim Burr 2015 In Passing Neighbor Short film 2016 Hot Bot Agent Koontz 2016 Urge Neal 2018 Killing Winston Jones Ethan Jones Post-production Television ( edit ) Television Year Title Role Notes Jake and the Fatman Butch Episode : `` After You 're Gone '' 1993 Joe 's Life Leo Gennaro 11 episodes Roseanne Jimmy Phillips 2 episodes 1994 -- 1997 NYPD Blue 2 episodes 1995 Extreme Skeeter 7 episodes American Gothic Ray Episode : `` Rebirth '' Seduced by Madness Seth Television film Tracey Takes On ... King the Dog Episode : `` Family '' Party of Five Matt 3 episodes Her Last Chance Ryan Television film 1996 -- 1998 Cybill Justin Thorpe 16 episodes 1997 Sliders Renfield Episode : `` Stoker '' 1998 -- 2006 That ' 70s Show Steven Hyde Main cast ; 200 episodes Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for TV Choice Sidekick ( 2000 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Best Performance in a TV Series by a Young Ensemble ( shared with Topher Grace , Laura Prepon , Mila Kunis , Wilmer Valderrama and Ashton Kutcher ) ( 1999 ) 2001 Strange Frequency Randy Television film 2001 Grounded for Life Vince Episode : `` Baby You Ca n't Drive My Car '' 2001 How to Make a Monster Jeremy Uncredited ; Television film 2002 -- 2004 MADtv Various 2 episodes 2003 King of the Hill Cory Voice ; Episode : `` Megalo Dale '' 2003 Robot Chicken Various Voice ; 2 episodes 2003 Stephen King 's Dead Zone Dr. Alex Conners Episode : `` Vanguard '' 2005 Entourage Himself Episode : `` Aquamansion '' 2006 Kim Possible Quinn Voice ; Episode : `` And the Mole - Rat Will Be CGI '' 2011 Raising Hope Lucy 's Boyfriend Episode : `` Do n't Vote for This Episode '' 2011 White Collar James Roland Episode : `` Where There 's A Will '' 2012 -- 2014 Men at Work Milo Foster Main cast ; 31 episodes 2012 Supah Ninjas Limelight / Lemuel Lightner Episode : `` Limelight '' 2013 Haven Anderson Harris Episode : `` Shot in the Dark '' 2014 Royal Pains David Van Dyke Episode : `` Ganging Up '' 2016 -- 2018 The Ranch Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett Series regular ; 50 episodes 2016 @ midnight Himself Episode : `` 394 '' 2016 WWE Raw Himself October 3 guest with Ashton Kutcher 2017 Easy Annie 's Boyfriend Episode : `` Baby Steps '' Music Videos Year Title Role Notes 1999 Cheap Trick -- That ' 70s Song ( In the Street ) Hyde With Cast of That ' 70s Show 2011 Eduardo Fresco -- The Way I Fiesta ( ft . Clayton Vice ) DJ Producer Year Title Notes 2008 The Brooklyn Heist Producer ; Jury Award for Best Florida Comedy ( shared with Dave Steck , Brett Halsey , Michael Cecchi , Julian Kheel ) 2014 Men at Work Producer ; 10 episodes 2016 -- 2018 The Ranch Co-Executive Producer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Most sources give birth date March 13 , 1976 . FilmReference.com gives March 3 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Natalie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` That ' 70s Show 's Danny Masterson Is Being Investigated by LAPD Over Sexual Assault Claims '' . People . Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson Biography ( 1976 -- ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 ... born ... in Albertson ( some sources cite Williston ) , NY Jump up ^ Masterson , Danny ( @ dannymasterson ) ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` Garden city and east williston '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danny Masterson '' . Complex . n.d. Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` When Danny met Bijou '' . Paper . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson for Clearasil '' . Sitcoms Online . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Danny Masterson '' . Askmen.com . n.d. Archived from the original on May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck & Stacy Jenel Smith ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` The Chicago 8 '' . Jacksonville Observer . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Men at Work ' is n't very ambitious '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ensemble embraces ' Egos ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Harp , Jessica ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Interview With DJ Mom Jeans ( AKA Danny Masterson ) '' . Denton , Texas : MyDentonMusic.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Downstairs ( official site ) '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Amanda ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Behind Bars : Downstairs Owner Danny Masterson '' . InThisWeek.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Woods Takes on the Pros in GSN 's New Poker Royale Series ' The James Woods Gang us . the Unabombers ' '' ( Press release ) . GSN . September 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 -- via TheFutonCritic.com . Jump up ^ Belsky , Richard ( September 20 , 2005 ) . `` Vegas Meets Hollywood at the Phat Farm Stuff Casino Weekend Poker Tournament '' . Card Player . 18 ( 18 ) . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Saroyan , Strawberry ( April 2005 ) . `` Masterson of the Universe '' . Spin . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Masterson on Tom Cruise Scientology Backlash '' . Hollyscoop . December 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Davis , Peter ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` When Danny met Bijou '' . Paper Magazine . Archived from the original on 21 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Wihlborg , Ulrica ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Danny Masterson and Bijou Phillips Are Engaged ! '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Danny Masterson and Bijou Phillips Marry '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicole Eggenberger ( 2014 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Danny Masterson , Wife Bijou Phillips Welcome Baby Girl Fianna : Photos '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Bijou ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Fianna Francis Masterson , 2 / 14 / 14 '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Masterson , Danny ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Hello friends '' . Danny Masterson verified Instagram account . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Beyond thrilled to announce The birth of our daughter Fianna Francis Masterson ! Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson off ' The Ranch ' amid rape allegations '' . CNN . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Fifth Woman Accuses Danny Masterson of Rape '' . Vulture.com ( New York ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Yashar ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Top Talent Agency Cuts Ties With Danny Masterson Amid Rape Allegations '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Neilstein , Vince ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` At the Drive In Singer Accuses Actor Danny Masterson of Raping His Wife '' . MetalSucks.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bixler - Zavala , Cedric ( @ cedricbixler_ ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` My wife is one of Danny Masterson 's rape victims '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bixler - Zavala , Cedric ( @ cedricbixler_ ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` U might wan na go back and re read my `` nonsensical '' lyrics ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruises for converts using 9 / 11 ) '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Kunis , Masterson and Valderrama at Scientology Celebrity Centre 10th Annual Fund Raiser '' . Life . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 ... the Church of Scientology 's fundraiser , ' Christmas Stories X ' to benefit the Hollywood Police Activities League . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities and Poker Pros to Play for Charity at 2010 WPT Invitational '' . Pokernewsdaily.com. 2010 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Star List Grows for WSOP ' Ante Up For Africa ' Fundraiser '' . PokerNews.com. 2009 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Danny Masterson on IMDb BNF : cb161646977 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0003 5984 4235 LCCN : nr2004028788 VIAF : 221472494 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Masterson&oldid=842821407 '' Categories : 1976 births Male actors from New York ( state ) American male child actors American male film actors American Scientologists American male television actors Living people People from North Hempstead , New York 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Masterson	599
legends of tomorrow season 3 next episode air date			List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes	list of legends of tomorrow episodes	Legends of Tomorrow is an American action - adventure television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , Andrew Kreisberg and Phil Klemmer , who are also executive producers along with Sarah Schechter and Chris Fedak ; Klemmer serves as showrunner . The series airs on The CW and is a spin - off from Arrow and The Flash , existing in the same fictional universe .	As of April 9 , 2018 , 51 episodes of Legends of Tomorrow have aired , concluding the third season . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 135 3.16 17 October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 141 2.57 18 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 170 2.24 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The series premiere was prefaced with a special airing on January 19 , 2016 , titled `` DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow : Their Time Is Now '' . It featured the origin stories of the heroes and villains of the season , as well as show clips and interviews . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot , Part 1 '' Glen Winter Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg & Phil Klemmer January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 4X6351 3.21 In 2166 , the immortal warrior Vandal Savage has successfully conquered the entire planet . In an effort to save humanity , Time Master Rip Hunter travels back to 2016 to assemble a group of superheroes and supervillains to team up and stop Savage 's rise to power : Ray Palmer , Sara Lance , Jefferson Jackson and Martin Stein , Mick Rory , Leonard Snart , Carter Hall , and Kendra Saunders . Hunter takes them to 1975 to talk to Professor Boardman , a leading expert on Savage . While providing information on Savage , Boardman also reveals that he is the son of Kendra and Carter from one of their past reincarnations . Meanwhile , a time - traveling bounty hunter named Chronos attacks Hunter 's ship , the Waverider . The team is able to regroup and escape , but not before Boardman is wounded and dies . The attack forces Hunter to reveal that Chronos is after him for stealing the Waverider and going on the mission against the wishes of the Time Council and that part of his quest is based on his desire for revenge on Savage for murdering his wife and son in 2166 . All members agree to aid Hunter , who warns that time will resist against the mission . In Norway 1975 , Savage is shown in possession of weapons of mass destruction . `` Pilot , Part 2 '' Glen Winter Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim and Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 4X6352 2.89 Still in 1975 , the team infiltrates a weapons auction , where Savage intends to sell the nuclear warhead . Savage becomes aware of their presence . They all escape , but not before a piece of Ray 's suit is left behind . Angry at the recklessness , Hunter points out what happens and how the technology of Ray 's suit will be used to create super weapons that lead to the destruction of Central City in 2016 . The team splits up , with Stein , Jax , and Sara retrieving the missing piece of Ray 's suit by the help of Stein 's younger self while Ray , Leonard , and Mick go in search of the dagger that killed Kendra and Carter in their first life . The dagger turns out to be in the home of Savage , who imprisons them and calls the rest of the team . Kendra and Carter go after Savage while the rest take on Savage 's men . During the fight , Savage kills Carter with the dagger , revealing that only Kendra can wield it to kill him . She becomes injured , and the team is forced to retreat and plan a new strategy , determined to stop Savage . `` Blood Ties '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Chris Fedak February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 4X6353 2.32 While still in 1975 , Kendra 's injury stops the team from traveling through time , and Sara convinces Rip that another way to stop Savage would be to take away his financial resources . Rip locates the bank where Savage keeps his money and he and Sara go there to steal the funds . They learn that Savage is using Carter 's blood to give his own men longer lives . Rip and his team engage Savage and reclaim Carter 's body , but Rip inadvertently gives Savage the names of his family members before critically wounding him . Meanwhile , Kendra 's condition worsens , requiring Ray to shrink down and enter her bloodstream to save her . Snart attempts to change his own family 's fate , but his efforts ultimately change nothing . It is revealed that Rip once traveled to ancient Egypt 4000 years ago to kill Savage , but hesitated and has been known as a nemesis called Gareeb . The team buries Carter and Rip charts a course for 1986 , so that the team can intercept Savage again . `` White Knights '' Antonio Negret Sarah Nicole Jones & Phil Klemmer February 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 07 ) 4X6354 2.39 The team arrives in Washington , D.C , 1986 to stop Savage . They infiltrate the Pentagon and retrieve a file that points them toward scientist Valentina Vostok in the Soviet Union . Rip has Sara and Kendra work together to tame the feral nature that resides in each of them . Chronos tracks the team and Rip is forced to use Russian fighter jets to assist in taking down Chronos . While Ray and Snart go after Vostok , Rip tracks a time anomaly outside of Moscow . He finds his mentor , Zaman Druce , who offers to pardon Rip and return his new team to their time if Rip voluntarily surrenders . The pardon is revealed to be a trick and Druce attempts to kill Rip . With help from the team , Rip survives , but Chronos and Druce escape . Stein infiltrates a research lab and discovers Savage is trying to build an army with the same abilities as Firestorm . The former absorbs the energy in Savage 's thermal core , which is returned to Rip by Snart ; but Stein , Ray , and Mick are captured by the Soviets , with Vostok planning to use Stein for the project . 5 5 `` Fail - Safe '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Grainne Godfree February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 4X6355 2.25 The team brokers a deal with the Bratva to get into the gulag where Ray , Mick , and Stein are being held . Rip secretly tasks Sara with killing Stein , should they fail to rescue him . Savage has Ray and Mick tortured in front of Stein , forcing him to cooperate . Obtaining the formula , Valentina discovers that Stein is the other half of Firestorm . The team arrives at the gulag just as Valentina enters a reactor to start absorbing energy from a new thermal core . Snart rescues Mick and Ray , but Valentina merges with Stein to create a Soviet Firestorm . Jax is able to reach Stein 's consciousness and force the two to separate . Without Stein or a quantum splicer , Valentina implodes . As the team moves into the time stream , they are attacked by Chronos , who forces them to crash land in a ruined Star City , 2046 . They are confronted by a green - hooded archer whom they mistake for Oliver . 6 6 `` Star City 2046 '' Steve Shill Marc Guggenheim & Ray Utarnachitt February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 4X6356 2.47 The archer attacks the team and they retreat back to the Waverider to make repairs and leave 2046 . Rip , Sara , Snart , and Mick head to Smoak Industries , the new title of Palmer Tech , to find an essential part needed to repair the ship . Sara follows the vigilante , who turns out to be John Diggle , Jr. under the alias of Connor Hawke . It is revealed that 15 years prior , Grant Wilson , Slade 's son , arrived in Star City with a Mirakuru army and took over . While searching through Oliver 's old hideout , Sara and Rip find a 61 year old Oliver , who directs them to where they can find the part , but refuses to help in the struggle . In a fight with Grant 's men , Connor is taken prisoner . Sara convinces Oliver to resume the Green Arrow mantle . With the rest of Rip 's team as backup , Oliver is able to defeat Grant for good . With the ship repaired , the team re-enters the time stream . Meanwhile , Jax and Ray develop feelings for Kendra , but realized that she does not want anyone in her life . Mick tells Snart about his desire to see the world burn instead of saving it . 7 7 `` Marooned '' Gregory Smith Anderson Mackenzie & Phil Klemmer March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 4X6357 2.28 Savage 's trail goes cold and Rip is unable to track it without an upgrade to Gideon 's software . The team receives a distress call from another time ship , the Acheron , in deep space . Rip decides to steal the ship 's A.I. software . The former , Stein , Jax , and Mick board the Acheron , where everyone but Stein is captured by time pirates who want the Waverider , on which the pirates fire , damaging the hull . Sara and Snart attempt to fix the hull , but get locked in the room , from which the air is slowly leaking out . As Stein rescues the others , Ray manages to repair the hull . Mick betrays the team and leads the pirates to the Waverider . Rip and the others retake the Acheron while Sara and Snart stop Mick and the pirates on the Waverider . The Acheron 's captain provides Gideon 's upgrade and a tip on Savage 's location . Ray and Kendra develop a romantic relationship . Snart apparently kills Mick at an unknown place and time . In flashbacks to the alternate timeline , Rip 's future wife is revealed to be a Time Master . The Time Council finds out about their relationship , which is forbidden for Time Masters ; and she resigns in order to save Rip 's career . 8 8 `` Night of the Hawk '' Joe Dante Sarah Nicole Jones & Cortney Norris March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 4X6358 2.01 The team arrives in Oregon , 1958 to investigate a series of murders tied to Savage . Infiltrating a mental institution , Sara discovers that Savage is a psychiatrist there under another name . Ray and Kendra pose as a married couple to investigate in the suburbs , but discover that Savage lives there as well . Elsewhere , Jax is attacked by humanoid bird - like creatures created by Savage from an Nth metal meteorite similar to the one that gave Kendra and Carter their powers . Jax is abducted by the local sheriff and delivered to Savage . The team decides to go after Savage at the institution , where he has already infected Jax with the Nth metal and transformed him into one of the creatures . Kendra fails to kill Savage , who escapes . The rest of the team manages to recapture Jax . Stein and Gideon create a serum that cures Jax and the other victims . Chronos then arrives and storms the ship , forcing the Waverider to quickly leave , stranding Ray , Sara , and Kendra in 1958 . 9 9 `` Left Behind '' John F. Showalter Beth Schwartz & Grainne Godfree March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 4X6359 1.97 Chronos disables the Waverider and flees back into the timestream , taking Snart with him . Rip is forced to reset Gideon to undo Chronos ' sabotage , leaving the ship temporarily stranded in the timestream . Meanwhile , two years pass for Ray , Sara , and Kendra . Ray and Kendra build a life together while Sara rejoins the League of Assassins . Rip and the rest of the team arrive in 1960 and get Ray and Kendra . They travel to Nanda Parbat to rescue Sara , but she is revealed to have fully committed to Ra 's al Ghul 's mission and turns the team over to him as trespassers to be executed . Rip invokes the trial - by - combat ritual to save the team , with Kendra and Sara named as the champions to fight . Elsewhere , Chronos reveals himself to Snart as Mick , having been found by the Time Masters and trained to be their bounty hunter . Kendra is able to get through to Sara just as Chronos arrives . Ra 's frees the team , who successfully stops Chronos and discovers his real identity . Ra 's releases Sara and the others . Imprisoning Mick on the Waverider , the team decides to try to reform him . They head to 2147 , their last stand against Savage . 10 10 `` Progeny '' David Geddes Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 4X6360 1.88 The team arrives in Kasnia , 2147 . They discover Savage is personally grooming Per Degaton , son of Tor , the ruler . Rip reveals that when Per rises to power , he will unleash a virus that decimates most of the planet and allows Savage to kill Per and conquer the world . The team decides to remove Per from the timeline and prevent Savage 's rise to power . The kidnapping does not affect the timeline , so Rip releases Per and implores him not to let Savage influence his decisions . However , Per kills Tor on Savage 's advice , accelerating the latter 's rise . Meanwhile , Ray finds his suit 's technology has been used to create autonomous policing robots that Savage will use to help conquer the world and that the family line of his brother , Sydney , founded the company that created them . After settling his differences with Snart for the moment , Mick reveals that the Time Masters have released a group called the `` Hunters , '' whose sole purpose will be to track down the team and kill each of them , including Mick for his failure . 11 11 `` The Magnificent Eight '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) 4X6361 1.98 The team travels to Salvation , South Dakota in 1871 to hide out from the Hunters . While Rip decides their next move , the rest of the team goes into town , where they meet Jonah Hex , who knows they are time travelers and once fought alongside Rip in years past . Kendra gets flashbacks from one of her previous lives and goes to investigate , while Ray and the rest of the team head back to town to defend against the Jeb Stillwater gang . Kendra and Sara follow the former 's visions to an old woman , who turns out to be the Kendra from that time period . The past Kendra warns her future incarnation not to love a different man , as it will always end in either heartbreak or tragedy . The team goes after the Stillwater gang and captures their leader , Jeb , but Jax is apprehended as they escape . The team sets up a quick draw duel between Rip and Jeb to barter for Jax 's life . Rip wins , but the Hunters arrive before the team can leave . They defeat the Hunters , but not before they learn that the Time Masters have sent a bounty hunter with temporal powers known as the `` Pilgrim '' to kill their younger selves , thus erasing the members from the timeline . 12 12 `` Last Refuge '' Rachel Talalay Chris Fedak & Matthew Maala April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 4X6362 1.78 Gideon uses the Pilgrim 's temporal distortions to predict her next move . After they successfully rescue Mick and Sara 's younger selves , Gideon loses track of the Pilgrim 's movements , allowing her to take out any of the team members without them knowing . The Pilgrim goes after Ray in 2014 , but the team arrives just in time to save his former self and prevent Ray 's death . Rip decides to abduct the rest of the team 's infant selves to prevent the Pilgrim from killing any selves of them . They are successful , bringing the infants to Rip 's adoptive mother for her to look after until they can stop the Pilgrim . The Pilgrim kidnaps the team members ' loved ones , threatening to kill them unless the members give themselves up . Rip agrees to give up his younger self from before he became a Time Master , thus preventing the team 's formation , in exchange for everyone 's safety . The Pilgrim agrees , but the team sets a trap for her , managing to kill her . Afterward , Ray and Kendra become engaged . Rip says that the only time to stop Savage is in 2166 , at the peak of the latter 's power . 13 13 `` Leviathan '' Gregory Smith Sarah Nicole Jones & Ray Utarnachitt April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 4X6363 1.86 The team travels to London , 2166 to try to eliminate Savage just before he finally takes over the world . While investigating Savage , Kendra notices that one of his female officers is wearing a bracelet that she originally wore when she first died in ancient Egypt . The team plans to retrieve the bracelet , knowing that it will help them kill Savage . They also join forces with local rebels . The officer turns out to be Cassandra , Savage 's daughter . Snart kidnaps her and manages to convince her to assist them . Rory helps Kendra melt the bracelet down and coat Carter 's mace so that it can be used to kill Savage . Savage 's giant robot called the Leviathan attacks the Waverider . While the others go after Savage , Ray reverses the polarity of his suit so that he can grow in size and takes out the Leviathan . The mace works , but Kendra refuses to kill Savage when she learns that he has brainwashed that generation 's incarnation of Carter to be his soldier . To save Carter 's mind , she and Rip imprison Savage on the Waverider . 14 14 `` River of Time '' Alice Troughton Cortney Norris & Anderson Mackenzie May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 4X6364 1.63 Upon the revelation that the Leviathan was technology from the distant future , proving Savage has manipulated time , Rip believes the Time Masters will finally ratify his mission and sets course for the Vanishing Point . Jax fixes the damaged time drive , but is exposed to time radiation which ages him prematurely . Stein is forced to send him back to 2016 in the jump ship to reverse the process . Carter , now named Scythian Torvil , is kept prisoner while Kendra tries to restore his memories , causing a rift between her and Ray which effectively ends their relationship . Savage tries to manipulate some of the team members , allowing him to escape his cell . Just as Savage is about to kill Kendra , Scythian regains his memories as Carter and saves her , but is stabbed by Savage before Kendra knocks the latter unconscious . The team arrives at the Vanishing Point , where the Time Masters reveal that they have been working with Savage , who is to be sent back to 2166 to carry on with his plan while Rip and his team are put under arrest . 15 15 `` Destiny '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Chris Fedak May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 4X6365 1.89 Kendra and Carter are turned over to Savage as he returns to 2166 , when he kills Rip 's family again . Sara and Snart , who evaded capture , make plans to rescue the team with the help of Gideon . Druce explains to Rip that the Time Masters helped Savage because an alien race from the planet Thanagar will attack Earth in 2175 and only Savage is able to unite the world and stop them . Druce also reveals the Oculus , which the Time Masters used to manipulate Rip 's team among various others to facilitate Savage 's rise to power , including orchestrating the murder of Rip 's family . Snart and Sara disable the other time ships and rescue the others . The team decides to destroy the Oculus , only to find Druce waiting for them with soldiers . Having recruited Martin 's 2016 self to help him , Jax returns in the jump ship and kills the soldiers . But the success of the Oculus ' self - destruct costs the life of Snart , who takes Druce out with him . Savage learns of the unpredictability of the timeline due to the destruction of the Oculus and decides to make use of the time traveling technology at his disposal . 16 16 `` Legendary '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 4X6366 1.85 Kendra leaves a message for the team alerting them to Savage 's presence in France , 1944 ; but they are unable to stop him and only manage to rescue Carter . Savage reveals that the Thanagarians sent three meteors to ancient Egypt ; and he plans to use Kendra 's and Carter 's blood to activate the meteors ' alien technology and erase time back to 1700 BC , where he can rule . Stein deduces Savage 's method , also concluding that radiation from all three meteors will render Savage mortal , so anyone can kill him . The team breaks up into pairs , traveling to 1958 , 1975 , and 2021 . All three groups kill Savage . Ray and Firestorm destroy two of the meteors , and Rip uses the Waverider to send the last meteor into the Sun before it can explode and destroy the Earth . Kendra and Carter stay behind to defend in 2016 while the others decide to help Rip protect the timeline . Before they can leave 2016 , however , Rex Tyler arrives in a future version of the Waverider and warns the team of their impending death . Jump up ^ `` White Knights '' premiered earlier in Canada as CTV 's lead - out program for Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 . CTV aired an encore of the episode in its regular time , 30 minutes after its premiere on The CW in its normal timeslot on February 11 . Jump up ^ Ratings are for The CW airing on February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Magnificent Eight '' premiered earlier in Canada on CTV before it premiered April 14 on the CW . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 17 `` Out of Time '' Dermott Downs Story by : Greg Berlanti & Chris Fedak Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Phil Klemmer October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) T13. 20001 1.82 In 2016 , historian Nate Heywood enlists Mayor Oliver Queen 's help in locating the Waverider after it was caught in a nuclear blast in 1942 . The pair find the ship in an ocean with only Mick aboard in stasis , who tells them what happened after being revived . Rip 's team -- Mick , Ray , Sara , Jax , and Martin -- traveled through time dealing with `` aberrations '' in history . They learned that a nuclear bomb would be detonated in New York City in 1942 . The team discovered Damien Darhk , working with the Nazis , was behind the attack . Sara attempted to kill Darhk to prevent Laurel 's death , but Darhk escaped and launched his sole atomic bomb toward New York from a U-boat . Rip chose to scatter the team throughout time , except for the injured Mick , to save their lives while he intercepted the bomb with the Waverider and saved New York . In the present , Mick and Nate use the Waverider to travel through time and rescue everyone , but fail to find any trace of Rip . After fixing events in 1942 to prevent the Nazis from making a nuclear bomb , the team is confronted by the Justice Society of America ( JSA ) . Meanwhile , Darhk is shown to be working with Eobard Thawne . 18 `` The Justice Society of America '' Michael Grossman Chris Fedak & Sarah Nicole Jones October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) T13. 20002 1.80 The JSA captures the team , believing them to be Nazi spies . Nate reveals that he is the grandson of JSA member Commander Steel . After the JSA is assigned a mission to obtain information on Nazi captain Baron Krieger , they release the team and advise them to leave 1942 . The JSA learns that Krieger intends to trade away an amulet in Adolf Hitler 's possession ; his trade partner turns out to be Eobard , who has given him a sample of the serum with which he intends to barter . Nate soon discovers that the JSA dies on this mission , so the team returns to rescue them . While the teams collect the amulet and fight the Nazis , Krieger uses the serum on himself and turns into a monstrous superhuman . Krieger captures Ray and Amaya . Ray offers to replicate the formula to save Amaya . The teams are able to rescue Ray and Amaya , and defeat Krieger . However , Nate , a hemophiliac , is injured in the fighting . He is saved with a modified version of the serum created by Ray . Before the team departs , Eobard infiltrates JSA headquarters and stabs Rex Tyler with his vibrating hand before stealing the amulet . A dying Rex whispers `` time traveler '' to Amaya . 19 `` Shogun '' Kevin Tancharoen Phil Klemmer & Grainne Godfree October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) T13. 20003 1.75 Amaya stows away on the Waverider and attacks Mick , believing him responsible for Rex 's death . Nate stops her using his newly - developed ability to convert his body to a steel - like form . Sara convinces Amaya that a rogue time traveler is likely to blame for the murder . An accident during Ray 's testing of Nate 's abilities throws both men into the time vortex and strands them in 17th - century feudal Japan . Nate is found and cared for by Masako Yamashiro , the betrothed of shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu whose samurai capture Ray . Sara , Amaya , and Mick rescue Ray from Tokugawa , who uses the Atom suit against them . They meet up with a recovered Nate , who does not want to leave Masako to Tokugawa 's mercy . They defend Masako 's village from the samurai , while Ray and Nate defeat Tokugawa by destroying the Atom suit . Nate and Amaya officially join the team . Meanwhile , Jax and Stein discover a hidden armory inside the ship and a secret message from Barry Allen from 2056 intended for Rip and forbidden from the crew . 20 `` Abominations '' Michael Allowitz Marc Guggenheim & Ray Utarnachitt November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) T13. 20004 1.75 The team learns of a time pirate stranded in the American Civil War . Upon arriving , they encounter a black man , Henry Scott , being chased by Confederate soldiers that have been turned into zombies by a virus carried by the pirate . The team defeats the group of zombies , but Henry is killed . Before his death , Henry reveals he is a Union spy assigned to steal Confederate battle plans for General Grant and asks Jax to complete his mission . The team discovers that Mick is infected with the virus and returns him to the Waverider , where Ray and Martin ultimately manage to cure him . Sara and Nate go to warn Grant about the zombies while Jax and Amaya attempt to steal the plans . Jax runs afoul of a plantation owner and is locked up . Amaya frees him and the other black prisoners . They find the plans and burn down the mansion during a zombie attack . Meanwhile , Grant 's camp is also attacked by zombies . Sara formulates a successful plan to kill them using Nate 's powers . Jax , posing as Henry Scott , gives the plans to Grant , which will ensure a Union battle victory . A grateful Mick gives Leonard Snart 's cold gun to Ray . 21 5 `` Compromised '' David Geddes Keto Shimizu & Grainne Godfree November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) T13. 20005 1.77 In 1987 , Eobard Thawne offers Damien Darhk an alliance , which Darhk declines . Aboard the Waverider , Nate discovers an aberration in 1987 involving the INF Treaty signing . The team infiltrates the White House as tourists and finds Darhk there as one of the treaty negotiators . Sara again attempts to kill him , which alerts White House security and forces the team to make a very public escape . They soon learn that Darhk is making his own secret deal with the KGB . Returning to the White House during a state dinner , they discover him and H.I.V.E. making an exchange with KGB agents for a box with an unknown item . The team defeats the H.I.V.E soldiers and the Russians . Sara confronts Darhk , but spares his life . Instead , she reveals his future to torture him : his master plan 's failure , his wife 's murder , and his own eventual death . Eobard whisks Darhk away , but not before Sara steals the box from him . She realizes the team is up against a time - traveling speedster . Unnerved by Sara 's revelation , Darhk insists on teaming up with Eobard and the two enter the time stream . 22 6 `` Outlaw Country '' Cherie Nowlan Matthew Maala & Chris Fedak November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) T13. 20006 1.85 The team learns of an aberration in Colorado , 1874 , where they save Jonah Hex from execution . He reveals that he is fighting an outlaw boss named Quentin Turnbull . Nate reveals that the aberration is Turnbull leading the Western US in its secession to form `` Turnbull Country '' . The team learns that Turnbull is extracting dwarf star , which Ray used for his A.T.O.M. suit , and that Turnbull is planning to destroy a critical mountain pass connecting the Eastern US to the West , stopping the US Army from supplying the West . While Sara and Jonah engage Turnbull , Mick and Amaya destroy the mine and Nate uses his powers to stop the train . Instead of killing Turnbull , Jonah decides to deliver him to the authorities . With the dwarf star reappropriated , Ray plans to rebuild his suit and shows Nate the suit he has made for the latter . Amaya decides to teach Mick to control his anger . Martin and Jax deduce that , due to the former 's interaction with his past self , he may have altered the past . Sara tells the team that they need to return to 2016 to help their friends . 23 7 `` Invasion ! '' Gregory Smith Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) T13. 20007 3.39 Nate , Mick , Amaya , Felicity , and Cisco travel back to the first Dominator invasion of Earth in Redmond , Oregon , 1951 . The Legends successfully capture a Dominator for information , but are themselves captured by the MIB as well as the Dominator . While in custody , they learn from the Dominator that the aliens arrived to assess the threat humanity posed now that metahumans had appeared . Felicity and Cisco rescue the Legends and help set the Dominator free . Meanwhile in Central City 2016 , the team learns that the Dominators know about Barry 's manipulation of the timeline and that they demand his surrender in exchange for peace . After the Legends return , the team discovers that the Dominators ' weapon is a bomb that will kill all metahumans on Earth with millions of collateral human casualties . The team dissuades Barry from surrendering and Cisco reconciles with him . They manage to destroy the bomb and force the Dominators to retreat using pain - inflicting nanotechnology . Cisco gives Supergirl a device to travel between their universes . Martin convinces Jax not to tell the others that his daughter , Lily , is an aberration of the timeline . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 . 24 8 `` The Chicago Way '' Ralph Hemecker Sarah Nicole Jones & Ray Utarnachitt December 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) T13. 20008 2.00 Eobard , Darhk and Malcolm Merlyn arrive in Chicago , 1927 , and ally with Al Capone and his empire . Learning of the aberration , the Legends arrive and manage to keep Capone from murdering Eliot Ness . Ness is critically injured , so the team decides to obtain vital information on Capone 's operation to secure history . Meanwhile , Mick begins having hallucinations of Snart , who belittles him for acting like his teammates . Sara and Martin are abducted by Eobard during their infiltration and raid on Capone 's club . Malcolm offers Sara a chance to change her past in return for the amulet she took from Darhk in 1987 , but she refuses . The team rescues the captives , but `` Martin '' turns out to be a disguised Eobard , who searches the Waverider at super-speed for the amulet while Malcolm and Capone 's men attack the ship directly . Eobard barely escapes revenge at Amaya 's hand , but Sara surrenders the amulet for Martin 's safety . The Legends succeed in correcting the timeline . Eobard later shows his partners that the completed amulet projects a holographic map that can locate the Spear of Destiny , which is able to `` rewrite reality itself '' . They must next locate Rip Hunter , who is revealed to be working as a movie director in 1967 Los Angeles . 25 9 `` Raiders of the Lost Art '' Dermott Downs Keto Shimizu & Chris Fedak January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20009 1.74 During the New York attack , Rip recovered the Spear of Destiny from the Waverider and used the time drive to escape . In the present , the team learns about the spear and arrives in Los Angeles , 1967 , where they find Darhk and Malcolm attempting to kidnap Rip , who has no memories of his previous adventures and is filming with George Lucas . Both parties escape and Rip is arrested by the police as they believe he started the fight . The team springs him from custody and takes him to the Waverider . Nate and Ray are revealed to have lost their specialities and powers since the aberration caused Lucas to quit filmmaking . While Nate , Amaya , and Ray meet Lucas to dissuade him from dropping out of school , the others learn that Lucas had a fragment of the spear . Darhk and Malcolm overpower Amaya 's party and force them to search for the fragment in a dumpster . The others arrive and a battle ensues during which they recover the fragment and the Medallion . Rip , however , is abducted by Eobard and threatened with torture by Malcolm and Darhk . Lucas returns to filmmaking and the team vows to rescue Rip . Meanwhile , Mick tells Stein about his hallucinations , but the latter eventually interprets them to be emotional , not neural . 26 10 `` The Legion of Doom '' Eric Laneuville Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20010 1.78 In Star City 2016 , Eobard and Damien recruit Malcolm just hours after the 2016 Damien is killed by Oliver . The Legion 's attempts to extract information from Rip fail repeatedly , exacerbating tensions within the group . Eobard disappears after insisting on his superiority , assigning Malcolm and Damien to access Rip 's bank safe deposit box in Switzerland 2025 , the number of which Damien found engraved on Rip 's tooth . Meanwhile , Martin recruits Lily to help the team decode the amulet . She finds out that she is an aberration and gets angry with Martin . After a failed robbery , Malcolm and Damien decide to work together against Eobard . The Legends realize that the mystery speedster is Eobard and that he needs the spear to undo his removal from existence . Damien and Malcolm break into the bank vault , finding a record of Rip 's memories . They force Eobard to tell the truth about his disappearances . He reveals that Hunter Zolomon , now the undead speedster Black Flash , has been chasing him since Flashpoint . They manage to trap the pursuing speedster in the vault and escape , with Eobard agreeing to treat the duo as his equals . Lily returns home after she and Martin reconcile , while the Legion restores Rip 's memories , albeit with `` adjustments '' . In New Jersey on Christmas Day 1776 , Rip kills George Washington . 27 11 `` Turncoat '' Alice Troughton Grainne Godfree & Matthew Maala February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) T13. 20011 1.77 Rip has been brainwashed into working for the Legion . The Legends , who feel the subsequent timequake , head to Christmas Eve 1776 , to protect Washington . As Sara and Mick escort Washington to safety , Rip arrives with British troops who have been armed with modern - day assault rifles . Rip disables the team 's technology and shoots Sara in the chest , opting to take Mick and Washington prisoner . Rip then heads to the Waverider with British soldiers to retrieve the Legends ' piece of the spear . The team takes out the British . Jax holds off Rip while a shrunken Ray works to fix the Waverider . Amaya and Nate share a tender moment in the wilderness and are attacked by Hessians though they manage to defeat them ... After Mick hears that Washington will be executed in the morning , he formulates an escape plan and teaches the General what it means to be an American . Rip uses Sara as leverage to get Jax to give him the spear fragment before snapping her neck . The Waverider 's power is restored and Sara is revived in time to stop an enraged Jax from murdering Rip . Nate and Amaya save Mick and Washington , who goes on to lead his soldiers to victory in the American Revolution . Amaya tells Nate they should remain friends and the team celebrates Christmas on the Waverider . 28 12 `` Camelot / 3000 '' Antonio Negret Anderson Mackenzie February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) T13. 20012 1.64 Rip finds former JSA member Dr. Mid-Nite in Detroit , 3000 , killing him and taking his spear fragment . Gideon locates the next fragment in Medieval England , 507 A.D. , the age of King Arthur . Amaya recognizes Merlin as Stargirl , her former comrade in the JSA . She explains that Hunter joined the JSA on their final mission to secure the spear . He divided it into four pieces for more safety . The Legion abducts Arthur and controls his mind using a device taken from 3000 in order to enter Camelot , threatening to destroy it unless the spear is brought to them . Sara persuades Guinevere to help them fight back while Amaya convinces Stargirl , who is in love with Arthur , to entrust her with the fragment . Upon learning that Ray has joined Guinevere 's army , the team devises a plan to reverse the effects of the device and Arthur subdues Rip . Ray engages Damien and gets shot , but survives due to his suit 's armor . In the changed history , Ray is revealed to have become a knight . Imprisoned in the brig , Rip contacts Gideon , whose programming maintains loyalty to him . 29 13 `` Land of the Lost '' Ralph Hemecker Keto Shimizu & Ray Utarnachitt March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) T13. 20013 1.54 Rip issues an override order to Gideon to activate the Waverider 's self - destruct sequence , but the team manages to reboot Gideon and stop it . They crash land in the Cretaceous period and Ray , Amaya , and Nate venture out to recover a lost timeship part . Mick suggests using a Time Master method of mental programming to travel inside Rip 's mind and discover the location of Commander Steel and the final piece of the spear . Sara and Jax travel inside Rip 's mind , encountering Savage 's men , evil versions of themselves , Gideon in human form , and a trapped Rip . Ray , Nate , and Amaya retrieve the missing part with Amaya using her abilities to stop a dinosaur from attacking them . Nate and Amaya start to develop mutual feelings , but Ray advises against this , reminding Nate that Amaya 's granddaughter will eventually inherit her abilities . Sara , Jax , and Gideon free Rip 's consciousness before Sara and Jax return to reality . Rip shares a kiss with the human Gideon before returning to reality and resuming his role as Captain , informing the team that he does know the location of Commander Steel and the last piece of the spear . Meanwhile in 1970 , Jack Swigert , Apollo 13 's Command Module Pilot , has a meeting with a doctor revealed to be Eobard Thawne . 30 14 `` Moonshot '' Kevin Mock Grainne Godfree March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) T13. 20014 1.34 The Legends head to NASA in 1970 , where Henry Heywood works as a consultant . Henry reveals that he hid his spear fragment in the flag left by Apollo 11 on the moon and that the Apollo 13 mission is going exactly as planned . Thawne , posing as Jack Swigert , incapacitates the other astronauts . Ray boards the Apollo command module and restrains Thawne before retrieving the spear fragment . The Waverider is damaged when Sara uses the ship to shield the Apollo craft from meteors , stranding Ray on the moon . Ray and Thawne launch themselves off the moon and are caught by the Waverider . The team return to Earth intact after Henry sacrifices himself by opening one of the Waverider 's outer hatches , being sucked outside the ship . Nate , disappointed that he was n't able to create a potentially better life for his family , passes on a message from Henry to his teenage father . Sara and Rip seem to clash over how to captain the ship , but eventually reach an understanding . Amaya asks Gideon to show her the fate of her village and her family , revealing the destruction of her village and existence of her granddaughter Mari , the present - day Vixen . 31 15 `` Fellowship of the Spear '' Ben Bray Keto Shimizu & Matthew Maala March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) T13. 20015 1.72 The Legends steal the remaining spear fragment . Upon it becoming whole again , the spear 's writings reveal it can be destroyed by the blood of Jesus Christ . Rip prevents the Waverider from traveling to the Crucifixion , warning that going back to such a significant event is too risky . Nate reveals that J.R.R. Tolkien researched Sir Gawain , who supposedly possessed some of Christ 's blood . They find Tolkien at the Battle of the Somme . Tolkien takes the Legends to a grave , where they are attacked by Darhk and a past version of Snart , who has been recruited to the Legion . Tolkien acquires a map before escaping with the others . Amaya , tempted by the Spear 's power , suggests using the spear to erase the Legion from reality , but the idea is rejected . Using the map and the spear , the blood is tracked to no man 's land . Rip creates a temporary ceasefire , during which the Legends acquire the blood . They are confronted by Darhk and Snart , who convince Mick to give them the spear and join the Legion . Snart retriggers the battle , allowing for their escape and the destruction of the blood . The Legends manage to escape back to the Waverider and discuss the possibility that the Legion may not know how to use the Spear . Malcolm returns to the Legion with the Kalebros Manuscript which they must use to activate the spear . 32 16 `` Doomworld '' Mairzee Almas Ray Utarnachitt & Sarah Hernandez March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) T13. 20016 1.59 In the new reality , Thawne is the CEO of S.T.A.R. Labs and has captured the Black Flash , Darhk is the corrupt mayor of Star City , Merlyn gets his hand back and his family is alive , and Snart and Rory control Central City but still answer to Thawne as their superior . Ray , Stein , and Jax work in S.T.A.R. Labs where Jax abuses Stein . Sara and Amaya work as Darhk 's enforcers and Nate is a conspiracy theorist . A depressed Rip is held prisoner onboard the Waverider by Thawne and is the only member of the Legends unaffected by the changes to the timeline . Mick , unsatisfied with this reality , takes Nate to re-assemble the Legends , using a gun Ray created to restore the Legends ' memories . Stein , in an effort to stand up to Jax , breaks the gun after the latter attempts to use it on him . The Legends attempt to reclaim the Spear before Thawne can use Stein 's incinerator to destroy it , cementing the new reality . Darhk , Merlyn , and Snart ally against Thawne to take the Spear for themselves . In the ensuing fight , Amaya is killed by Snart while attempting to restore reality . Thawne destroys the Spear , trapping everyone in his reality . The Legends decide to stop the Legion by travelling to 1916 and taking the Spear before the Legion does . At S.T.A.R. Labs , Rip and the Waverider are shown to be miniaturized on Thawne 's desk . 33 17 `` Aruba '' Rob Seidenglanz Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) T13. 20017 1.52 The Legends regain contact with Rip and the Waverider , which Ray de-miniaturizes . The team returns to 1916 to steal the Spear before the Legion can use it . Thawne arrives from the altered reality . He destroys the blood of Christ , kills `` future Ray , '' and informs the past Legion members about the future Legends . The Legends end up interacting with their past selves . The resulting time storm prevents the use of the past Waverider to escape . Shortly after , they are ambushed by Merlyn , Darhk , and Snart . During the subsequent battle , the future Legends are killed by the Legion except Sara and Rip , while the Legion is incapacitated by the past Legends . Thawne arrives with numerous time remnants of himself to fight the team , killing future Rip . Sara takes the Spear and consults a manifestation of Laurel . Eobard steals and attempts to use the Spear , only to learn Sara depowered the Spear and released the Black Flash . Eobard is erased from existence , along with the Spear of Destiny , while future Sara fades from existence . Nate convinces Amaya to stay , while Rip leaves the team . The Legends leave the Legion in their respective places throughout the timeline and , at Mick 's request , set off for Aruba . However , they arrive in Los Angeles , with dinosaurs in the streets and buildings present from other points of history . Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 34 `` Aruba - Con '' Rob Seidenglanz Phil Klemmer & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20601 1.71 In the altered Los Angeles , the Legends encounter Rip , who reveals that he has created the `` Time Bureau '' to replace the Time Masters ' Council . Bureau agents fix the `` anachronisms '' and Rip disbands the Legends . Six months later , the Legends are living normal lives , nostalgic for their previous adventures . In Aruba , Mick captures Julius Caesar and informs Sara , who takes Ray and Nate on a quest to prove their worth to the Bureau . After delivering the wrong man and being dismissed by Rip , the Legends , joined by Jax and a reluctant Stein , steal the Waverider and capture the real Caesar . When Rip demands they deliver Caesar to the Bureau and let the Bureau fix the anachronism , the Legends choose to return Caesar to 49 BC themselves . During the return , Caesar steals Nate 's history book and uses this knowledge to conquer the world . The Bureau arrives and seizes control of the operation . During an excursion to retrieve the book , Agent Sharpe is captured , forcing Rip to allow the Legends to fix the anachronism . Later , Rip tells Sharpe that the Legends could be useful in neutralizing `` Mallus . '' In 1942 Zambesi , Amaya , with significantly improved powers , attacks a group of poachers . 35 `` Freakshow '' Kevin Tancharoen Keto Shimizu & Grainne Godfree October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20602 1.58 Six months ago , Amaya learnt of Mari 's vigilantism and suddenly left Nate . In the present , the Legends head to a petty anachronism in 1870 Wisconsin , when they come across a circus fronted by P.T. Barnum , who has captured an extinct sabertooth tiger . Ray 's shrinking device malfunctions , leading to the enlargement and escape of the sabertooth . Sara visits Amaya and convinces her to return , much to Nate 's displeasure . While Nate , Ray , and Jax visit an inn , Amaya and Sara shrink and capture the sabertooth . Intoxicated due to his depression over his relationship with Amaya , Nate tells Barnum about their powers . Intending to use them for his shows , Barnum captures Ray and Jax while Nate informs the Legends . Amaya tells him that she had to leave 2017 in order to preserve Mari 's existence . While Sara engages with Sharpe on the Waverider , the Legends attack the show and rescue their teammates , removing the anachronism . Nate reconciles with Amaya , who tells the Legends that she has begun to lose control of her animal powers , resulting in psychopathic behavior . Sara tells the Legends about the Mallus threat , which they do not take seriously considering their previous accomplishments . A follower of Mallus summons Kuasa , Mari 's sister . 36 `` Zari '' Mairzee Almas James Eagan & Ray Utarnachitt October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T13. 20603 1.43 In Seattle , 2042 , Time Bureau Agent Gary discovers hydrokinetic assassin Kuasa pursuing Zari , a hacktivist , and sends a distress signal . The Legends receive it and find Seattle under martial law imposed by A.R.G.U.S. , which is hunting down metahumans . They find Zari , who demands help in rescuing her brother from prison in exchange for finding Kuasa . Amaya is uncertain about her powers , so Stein and Nate seek a solution , with Nate synthesizing a Zambesi hallucinogen . She uses it to have a vision with an ancestor , who advises her to trust the increasing strength . While Jax initiates an unplanned prison break , Zari retrieves her brother 's amulet , admitting his murder by A.R.G.U.S. , and ditches the team . Ray pursues her to a campsite where her family was to rendezvous . Kuasa attacks the duo while Sharpe pursues the Waverider in the timestream . The Legends arrive and Amaya , now in control of her powers , defeats Kuasa , who vanishes using a mystical item and implies she is a descendant of hers . Sharpe warns Sara that , if the Legends are arrested , they would be banished to the `` dawn of time . '' Amaya decides to stay and recruits Zari to the team . In 1988 , a young Ray encounters an unknown creature . 37 `` Phone Home '' Kevin Mock Matthew Maala October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T13. 20604 1.38 Ray suddenly disappears from the Waverider and Gideon reveals that he died around Halloween of 1988 . The Legends travel to 1988 , when Ray reappears and finds his younger self has adopted a baby Dominator . Eventually , government agents take the baby Dominator , leading Ray , young Ray , and Zari to break in and rescue it while Sara , Nate , and Amaya discover the Dominator 's mother has returned to retrieve her child . The baby uses mind control to distract the agents and the Legends get it back to its mother , who leaves in peace . When young Ray gets picked on by bullies on Halloween , the Legends show up and defend him . Meanwhile , Jax and Mick learn that Stein is anxious to be present for the birth of his grandchild and help him with it , `` borrowing '' the Waverider . Later , Jax asks Ray to help him figure out a way to split Firestorm so that Stein may have a normal life . 38 5 `` Return of the Mack '' Alexandra La Roche Grainne Godfree & Morgan Faust November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20605 1.52 Nate discovers a pattern to the anachronisms , with two `` outliers '' : Kuasa 's attack and the other being a suspected vampire attack in Victorian London . The Legends arrive and meet up with Rip , who is investigating a conspiracy involving Mallus , an ancient archenemy of the Time Masters ; he believes that the outlying anachronisms are examples of Mallus 's work . They discover Darhk 's body - which apparently fell through a temporal rift into this time period - and Zari encounters a follower of Mallus called Madame Eleanor , who steals her amulet , working with a Victorian occult society which includes Stein 's ancestor Sir Henry Stein among its members . Rip traps the Legends aboard the Waverider to protect them before attending Darhk 's resurrection , which Eleanor achieves using the amulet . The Legends arrive and engage Darhk and Eleanor , who escape eventually . Sara reports Rip to the Bureau , who promptly arrest him , re-legitimizing the Legends in exchange . Rip warns Sara about Mallus 's importance . Meanwhile , Jax has Ray attempt to sever his psychic connection with Stein as a precursor to breaking their physical link as Firestorm , but suffers a side effect of short - term memory loss . Stein finds out and eventually decides to help them . 39 6 `` Helen Hunt '' David Geddes Keto Shimizu & Ubah Mohamed November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20606 1.53 Martin , Jax and Ray attempt to transfer Firestorm to Jax . It fails and causes a body swap . The Legends track an anachronism to 1937 Hollywood , revealed to be Helen of Troy . While attempting to extract Helen at a party , the team encounter Darhk , Eleanor , and Kuasa . Darhk tells Sara that he will spare the Legends ' lives if they cease time travel . Meanwhile , Stein meets Hedy Lamarr and the other male Legends start a fight over Helen . The female Legends privately confront Helen . She refuses to return to Troy , citing the misery of men dying over her . The female Legends eventually obtain Helen . The Waverider breaks down . Lamarr 's switch from actress to operator means she no longer invents FHSS . To fix this , Stein goes to Lamarr 's workplace which results in a confrontation with Darhk . Amaya and Zari guard the Waverider while the remaining Legends assist Stein . Sara duels Dahrk while the remaining Legends are beaten by Eleanor . Lamarr tells Jax and Stein to merge which will allow them to return to their bodies . Firestorm defeats Darhk and Eleanor . On the ship , Amaya and Helen defeat Kuasa . The three retreat . A sympathetic Zari takes Helen to Themyscira instead of Troy . 40 7 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' Mairzee Almas Ray Utarnachitt & Tyron B. Carter November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20607 1.49 With Sara still in a coma , the Legends choose to investigate creature attacks during the Vietnam War . Zari , Ray , and Amaya , posing as journalists , meet a woman who will show them the creature ; revealed to be a time displaced Gorilla Grodd . Meanwhile , Nate and Mick are captured by a squad led by Mick 's father , Dick Rory . On the Waverider , Stein discusses how to separate Firestorm with Isaac Newton . Jax walks in on their discussion and learns that Firestorm can be separated , but it would depower Jax . The anachronism increases in intensity , revealing Grodd 's plan to wipe out humanity by killing President Johnson and starting World War III . Jax , inspired by a powerless Sara 's abilities , saves Johnson from a minefield . After failing to capture Grodd , Amaya uses her powers to negotiate with him , but is thwarted when Dick 's squad attacks . Grodd decides to steal the Waverider and wipe humanity from the timeline . His attempt fails and seemingly falls to his death . Back at Grodd 's compound , Mick stops his father from massacring Grodd 's prisoners and comes to peace with his relationship with his father . The team returns to the ship as Sara emerges from her coma . In 2017 , Grodd is approached by Darhk . 41 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 4 '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Phil Klemmer & Keto Shimizu November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20608 2.80 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kara is saved from Thawne by Ray , while Nate releases everyone from the pipeline . On Earth - X , Stein activates the temporal gateway 's portal before succumbing to his injuries . Jax bonds with Stein to get him through the portal , along with Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Ray Terrill , and Leo Snart ( Leonard Snart 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . Members of all the teams face off against Earth - X Metallo , while Felicity and Kara are cornered by Dark Arrow before Oliver saves them . Stein is kept alive by his connection to Jax , but it is slowly killing them both . Stein severs their connection and dies from his injuries ; Jax delivers the news to Clarissa and Lily . Dark Arrow offers a truce to the team , saying they will leave in peace if the team surrenders Supergirl . Oliver refuses and the team battles the Earth - X doppelgängers and their forces . Caitlin , Amaya , and Zari infiltrate the Nazis ' timeship Wellenreiter to disable its shields so that Harry and Cisco can destroy it with the Waverider . Barry defeats Thawne but allows him to escape , unwilling to kill him . Supergirl battles Overgirl , but when Overgirl goes nuclear , Kara flies her into space to detonate . Oliver subsequently kills his doppelgänger . Ray returns to Earth - X , but Snart chooses to stay . The team holds a funeral for Stein . The Legends , Kara , and Alex depart back to their own lives . Barry and Iris are officially married by Diggle , who also marries Oliver and Felicity . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and continues on The Flash season 4 episode 8 . 42 9 `` Beebo the God of War '' Kevin Mock Grainne Godfree & James Eagan December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T13. 20609 1.61 The team searches down another anachronism , which turns out to be a young Martin Stein , displaced in the time of Vikings . Martin buying a Beebo cuddly toy as a Hanukkah present for his daughter when he was displaced , causing the Vikings to believe that the Beebo is the God of War . Damien Darhk shows up , worrying Sara , but the team eventually manages to set time right again . Despite Jax 's attempts to tell young Stein of his future self 's death , Stein already deduced it based on his counterpart 's absence . Stein , not wanting to cheat death and aware that he has a wonderful future , decides not to learn the details of his impending death , accepts his fate and to spend the years he has left dedicated to his loved ones . With the present Stein dead and his Firestorm powers gone , Jax chooses to leave the team , but is surprised by them and joins everyone for Christmas . Sara and Jax part on good terms and Jax departs for pastures new . On returning to the Waverider , Sara is greeted by John Constantine who claims he needs her and her team 's help with a demon who knows her name and is controlling a little girl . 43 10 `` Daddy Darhkest '' Dermott Downs Keto Shimizu & Matthew Maala February 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 12 ) T13. 20610 1.51 John Constantine explains to the Legends about the demon , which Sara reveals to him is Mallus . While John insists they leave it to him , Sara proclaims that they are coming as well . The little girl is Damien Darhk 's daughter Nora , and is being held in an insane asylum in 2017 and while they try and help Nora she is possessed by Mallus and sends the trio of Sara , John and Leo to 1969 . While possessed by Mallus , Nora is revealed to have extraordinary abilities , prompting Sara to once again enter Mallus ' realm to rescue Nora while trapped in 1969 and they try to recreate the symbol that Mallus created that sent them through time to successfully return home . Nora is promptly reclaimed by Damien Darhk , claiming she will soon be used for his full resurrection . With the demon dealt with , Constantine departs from the Waverider , thanking Sara for her help . Leonard also departs , thanking Mick for the adventure . Sara calls up Ava to compare notes , only to be told by Ava that Rip Hunter has escaped from the Time Bureau . Throughout this episode , Amaya tries to talk with Kuasa , but when Nate intervenes , a fight breaks out , which ends in her escape . 44 11 `` Here I Go Again '' Ben Bray Ray Utarnachitt & Morgan Faust February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) T13. 20611 1.40 A mission goes wrong , causing the crew to yell at each other . Zari attempts to repair the ship , but gets covered in goo and seemingly activates a program that blows up the Waverider , before seemingly re-experiencing events from earlier that day . The day seemingly keeps repeating , with Zari experiencing the same events over and over , learning mysterious secrets about the team , such as Mick 's writing ability . Eventually , the team discover Time Agent Gary on board , who has been causing the repetitions . Mick destroys Gary 's device , but Gary tells them the repeats were the only thing saving them from death . When the ship is next set to explode , Zari seals herself in the study and uses her powers to try and contain the blast . She reappears in an empty Waverider , where she encounters Gideon 's human form , who reassures her that she 's in the med bay and alive . She tells Zari that she transported her into her program to show her she ca n't save 2042 without the Legends . Zari admits to Sara that she was researching historical loop holes to see if she could save her brother , which Sara reassures her might be possible . In Yunnan Province , China , the recently escaped Rip Hunter tracks down Wally West . 45 12 `` The Curse of the Earth Totem '' Chris Tammaro Grainne Godfree & Ubah Mohamed February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) T13. 20612 1.51 The team reviews the list of totems and decides to find the Fire Totem first ; however , Damien Darhk retrieves it first , making it a tie where each side has two totems . Sara goes on a date with Ava . While she is away , the team takes the Waverider to 1700s Bahamas , landing in the Bermuda Triangle . There they encounter a pirate crew , led by Edward Teach , which includes Darhk , who steals Amaya 's totem . After learning of the team 's trouble , Sara abandons her date with Ava to help them . The Waverider is attacked by cannonballs and boarded by Blackbeard and his crew , though Ava comes to help Sara fight them off . Most of the team escapes ; however , Ray wracked with guilt , returns in hopes of making up a wrong he did towards Nora Darhk , in exchange for Amaya 's totem . Ray is captured by the Darhks . Wally helps Rip neutralize a Time Agent , and gets Rip 's trench coat back from the Time Bureau . The two get drunk and sing karaoke in 1992 . Rip tells Wally that maybe it 's time he went out to seek adventure . 46 13 `` No Country for Old Dads '' Viet Nguyen Keto Shimizu & James Eagan March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) T13. 20613 1.19 Damien instructs Nora and a hostage Ray to travel to 1962 Berlin to retrieve information about cold fusion , which can be used to fix the Fire Totem . Rip brings Wally to the Legends , and they try to work out their next move . Nora corrupts Amaya 's totem , and the Legends learn that the Darhks are creating anachronisms to weaken Mallus ' cage to eventually free him into the world . Damien saves Nora from his younger self , and she gains control over the totem . When cornered by Nora , Ray blasts a hole in the Berlin Wall , causing another anachronism , allowing the Legends to locate him . Wally rescues Ray and takes the Fire Totem . Director Bennett is murdered by Grodd , making Ava the senior officer at the Time Bureau , allowing Rip to return to work . Wally intends to go with Rip and Ava , but Sara convinces him to stay with the Legends , which Rip congratulates him on . Before leaving , Rip instructs Gideon to delete Ava 's file , claiming Sara must never know Ava 's secret . Mallus gains control over Nora behind Damien 's back . 47 14 `` Amazing Grace '' David Geddes Matthew Maala & Tyron B. Carter March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) T13. 20614 1.26 Wally moves into the Waverider , and proceeds to annoy everyone with his superspeed . The team soon discover differences aboard the ship , such as Nate 's hair , Mick 's rat 's name and Zari 's game . Tracking the anachronism , they find that mass panic was caused in Memphis in 1954 , during a performance by Elvis Presley . Once there , they discover that Presley 's guitar contains the final totem , the Death Totem . Things start to go wrong , when Presley admits he might be considering quitting music after the death of his brother . The team bring the guitar back to the Waverider , but start seeing a ghostly presence . Eventually , they are able to secure the Death Totem , and convince Elvis to continue pursuing music . Amaya plays Nate some music from Zambesi . The sealed box containing the Death Totem seems to shake . 48 15 `` Necromancing the Stone '' April Mullen Grainne Godfree & Morgan Faust March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) T13. 20615 1.25 Sara is enticed to open the box and wear the Death Totem , her body once again falling under the control of Mallus , while her mind is trapped in his realm , with a vision of Nora . The team try to fight her off , but her new mystical abilities prove difficult to contain . Upon learning of Sara 's situation , Ava and Gary track down John Constantine to try and help . Meanwhile , one by one the legends try to stop Sara , but are each taken out , leaving Nate , Amaya , and Rory to stop her . While in Mallus ' domain , Sara sees visions of what made her the woman she is at the same time as Nora tries to convince her to join Mallus . Nate tries to get to the Earth Totem to use it , but is confronted by Sara , and defeated . Learning that Sara is using the Death Totem , John attempts to enter Mallus ' realm , but Mallus blocks him . Mallus tries to trick John into sacrificing Sara to save the little girl Astra , but John sees through the ruse . Amaya convinces Mick to wield the Fire Totem , which is enough to stun Sara , allowing Constantine and Ava to release her from Mallus ' control . Fearing that she might hurt Ava , Sara breaks up with her in order to protect her . 49 16 `` I , Ava '' Dean Choe Ray Utarnachitt & Daphne Miles March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) T13. 20616 1.28 Sara contemplates leaving the team after her breakup with Ava , only to find out from Gary that Ava has n't been to work in a few days . Sara , Ray and Gary travel to Ava 's home , only to find that Ava 's parents are actors , paid to play a constant role . The three travel to 2213 , where they find Ava is actually a clone mass produced by a conglomerate . The three are apprehended by multiple Ava clones , but are saved by the original Ava . Zari teaches Mick to use the Fire Totem . Amaya , with a temporary truce with Kuasa , manages to reclaim her totem , but Nate is captured and `` tortured '' by Damien Darhk . However , it is revealed that Darhk misses how his little girl used to be before Mallus . He is later caught by his daughter faking the torture . Amaya , Wally and Kuasa rescue Nate and confront Nora , but Nora rips the Water Totem out of Kuasa , killing her . Driven by grief and guilt , Amaya goes back to 1992 Zambesi to change her family 's fate . Ava and Sara realize Rip deleted Ava 's file from the Bureau and decide to find out why . 50 17 `` Guest Starring John Noble '' Ralph Hemecker Keto Shimizu & James Eagan April 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) T13. 20617 1.23 The Legends stop Gorilla Grodd from killing future president Barack Obama in the 1980s , preventing another anachronism and further delaying Mallus 's release . Damien realizes that Nora will be killed when Mallus is released from his prison , causing him to temporarily ally himself with the Legends . By getting actor John Noble to impersonate the voice of Mallus , the team tricks Nora onto the Waverider and contains her . Ava asks Rip if he knew that she was a clone ; Rip reveals that she is the 12th Ava clone he has recruited , because she is such a talented agent . Amaya returns to 1992 Zambesi to change history and secure her family 's future . Nate , rather than try to convince her to return , elects to help her instead . Sara decides to allow this to happen , causing the final anachronism that will free Mallus , having concluded that the only way to stop the demon is to release him . She gives Damien the Death Totem , while the rest of the team chooses to wield their own individual totems . Damien realizes that Nora is still alive within Mallus and releases Grodd to destroy Zambesi , preventing Mallus ' release . Nate subdues Grodd with the Earth Totem . Mallus breaks free from his prison , revealing his frightening true form . 51 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Cuddly '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Phil Klemmer April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) T13. 20618 1.41 Mallus demands the Legends hand over the six totems . Rip sacrifices himself to allow the team to get away , fleeing to the town of Salvation in the Old West . An army of Romans , Vikings , and Pirates soon arrives , threatening to destroy the town unless the Legends surrender the totems . Ray and Damien travel to when Mallus was released from Nora ; Damien frees Nora from Mallus ' hold , causing Mallus to possess and kill Damien in order to be released . Back the Old West , the Legends ally with Jonah Hex , along with Helen of Troy , Jax , Nora , and an alternate Kuasa . The team saves the town from the army . Mallus arrives for the totems ; Sara , Mick , Amaya , Nate , Zari , and Wally combine the totems ' energies to create the ultimate warrior : an enlarged Beebo . Beebo battles and kills Mallus . In the aftermath , Nora is arrested by the Time Bureau , but Ray gives her the Time Stone so that she can escape . Amaya returns to Zambesi in order to live her life , but chooses not to wipe her memories . The Legends ' vacation in 2018 Aruba is interrupted when John Constantine arrives , revealing that Mallus was not the only demon that was released . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot , Part 1 '' January 21 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.21 0.9 2.03 2.1 5.24 `` Pilot , Part 2 '' January 28 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.89 0.8 1.64 1.9 4.54 `` Blood Ties '' February 4 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.32 0.7 1.63 1.6 3.95 `` White Knights '' February 7 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.39 0.6 1.40 1.5 3.80 5 `` Fail - Safe '' February 18 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.25 0.7 1.47 1.5 3.71 6 `` Star City 2046 '' February 25 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.88 7 `` Marooned '' March 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.28 N / A 1.32 N / A 3.60 8 `` Night of the Hawk '' March 10 , 2016 0.7 / 2 2.01 0.6 1.21 1.3 3.23 9 `` Left Behind '' March 31 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.97 0.5 1.17 1.2 3.14 10 `` Progeny '' April 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.88 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.23 11 `` The Magnificent Eight '' April 14 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.98 0.5 1.19 1.2 3.19 12 `` Last Refuge '' April 21 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.78 0.6 1.22 1.2 3.00 13 `` Leviathan '' April 28 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.86 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.19 14 `` River of Time '' May 5 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.5 1.15 1.1 2.78 15 `` Destiny '' May 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.89 0.5 1.18 1.2 3.08 16 `` Legendary '' May 19 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.85 0.5 1.28 1.2 3.13 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Out of Time '' October 13 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.82 0.6 1.19 1.2 3.01 `` The Justice Society of America '' October 20 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.80 N / A 1.03 N / A 2.83 `` Shogun '' October 27 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.96 1.0 2.71 `` Abominations '' November 3 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.99 1.0 2.74 5 `` Compromised '' November 10 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.77 0.4 0.98 1.0 2.75 6 `` Outlaw Country '' November 17 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.85 0.5 N / A 1.1 N / A 7 `` Invasion ! '' December 1 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.39 0.7 1.84 1.9 5.24 8 `` The Chicago Way '' December 8 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.00 0.5 1.17 1.2 3.17 9 `` Raiders of the Lost Art '' January 24 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.74 N / A 1.14 N / A 2.94 10 `` The Legion of Doom '' January 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.78 0.5 1.19 1.2 2.96 11 `` Turncoat '' February 7 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.77 N / A 1.10 N / A 2.87 12 `` Camelot / 3000 '' February 21 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.64 0.5 1.06 1.1 2.70 13 `` Land of the Lost '' March 7 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.5 1.07 1.0 2.61 14 `` Moonshot '' March 14 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.3 1.01 0.8 2.35 15 `` Fellowship of the Spear '' March 21 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.72 N / A 0.98 N / A 2.70 16 `` Doomworld '' March 28 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.59 0.5 1.01 1.0 2.60 17 `` Aruba '' April 4 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 N / A 0.87 N / A 2.39 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Aruba - Con '' October 10 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.71 0.4 1.14 1.0 2.85 `` Freakshow '' October 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.58 0.4 0.97 0.9 2.55 `` Zari '' October 24 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.38 `` Phone Home '' October 31 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.5 1.04 0.9 2.42 5 `` Return of the Mack '' November 7 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.52 0.4 1.02 0.9 2.54 6 `` Helen Hunt '' November 14 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.5 1.06 1.0 2.59 7 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' November 21 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.49 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.57 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 4 '' November 28 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.80 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.62 9 `` Beebo the God of War '' December 5 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 N / A 0.99 N / A 2.61 10 `` Daddy Darhkest '' February 12 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.51 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Here I Go Again '' February 19 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.40 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` The Curse of the Earth Totem '' February 26 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.51 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` No Country for Old Dads '' March 5 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.19 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.05 14 `` Amazing Grace '' March 12 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.26 0.3 0.78 0.7 2.03 15 `` Necromancing the Stone '' March 19 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.25 0.3 0.85 0.7 2.10 16 `` I , Ava '' March 26 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.77 N / A 2.04 17 `` Guest Starring John Noble '' April 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.3 0.80 0.7 2.04 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Cuddly '' April 9 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.41 0.3 0.74 0.7 2.16 Home media ( edit ) Complete Season DVD / Blu - ray Release dates Additional info Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / C August 23 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 The Blu - ray / DVD box - sets include featurettes , deleted scenes , gag reels and highlights from Comic - Con . August 15 , 2017 August 14 , 2017 August 16 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` DC Comics Specials Preview The CW 's ' Legends Of Tomorrow ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ' to follow the Super Bowl on CTV '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia Network . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Scandal ' , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Television on Twitter : `` The team sets a course for the Old West . Watch DC 's # LegendsOfTomorrow at a special time tonight at 8 / 7c ! '' `` . Twitter . April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Notorious ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Good Place ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Pure Genius ' , other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' How to Get Away ' adjust up , ' Great Indoors ' and NBC adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' and NBC adjust down with NFL pre-emptions : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Great Indoors ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' Great Indoors ' , ' Baking Show ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts up plus final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' adjusts up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' , ' The Wall ' , ' This Is Us ' , FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' The Flash ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' adjusts up and avoids new series low , ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' , ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` DC 'S Legends of Tomorrow : `` Welcome to the Jungle Review '' . IGN . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' This Is Us ' , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother : Celeb Edition , ' Olympics and everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week of May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' , ' Big Bang ' , ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Tomorrow DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 1st Season '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC Legends of Tomorrow : Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buy DC 'S Legends of Tomorrow : Season 1 on Blu - ray from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Tomorrow - Official Warner Press Release , Street Date for ' The Complete 2nd Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DC Legends of Tomorrow : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buy DC 'S Legends of Tomorrow : Season 2 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Harrison Wells Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Alex Danvers Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Constantine Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Legends_of_Tomorrow_episodes&oldid=843209982 '' Categories : Arrowverse Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Polski Português Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Legends%20of%20Tomorrow%20episodes	600
prime minister of india list from 1947 to 2017 pdf download			List of Prime Ministers of India	list of prime ministers of india	-- -- -- -- -- -- --	Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Prime Ministers of India ( by state of birth ) The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India . In India 's parliamentary system , the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure , but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers . Appointed and sworn - in by the President , the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's Parliament . Since 1947 , India has had fourteen Prime Ministers , fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role . The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party , who was sworn - in on 15 August 1947 , when India gained independence from the British . Serving until his death in May 1964 , Nehru remains India 's longest - serving prime minister . He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri , whose 19 - month term also ended in death . Indira Gandhi , Nehru 's daughter , succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country 's first woman premier . Eleven years later , she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party , whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister . After he resigned in 1979 , his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later . Indira Gandhi 's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984 , when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards . That evening , her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn - in as India 's youngest premier , and the third from his family . Thus far , members of Nehru -- Gandhi dynasty have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days . Rajiv 's five - year term ended with his former cabinet colleague , V.P. Singh of the Janata Dal , forming the year - long National Front coalition government in 1989 . A six - month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed , after which the Congress party returned to power , forming the government under P.V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991 . Rao 's five - year term was succeeded by four short - lived governments -- the Bharatiya Janata Party 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996 , a year each under United Front prime ministers H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujral , and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998 -- 99 . After Vajpayee was sworn - in for the third time , in 1999 , he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government to a full five - year term , the first non-Congressman to do so . Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh , the first Sikh premier , whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014 . The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP - led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India 's first non-Congress single party majority government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers of India 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Key Colour key for party of the prime ministers Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress designated Indian National Congress ( I ) 1977 -- 1996 Janata Dal Janata Party Janata Party ( Secular ) Samajwadi Janata Party Other key No : Incumbent number Assassinated or died in office Returned to office after a previous term Resigned Resigned following a no - confidence motion Prime Ministers of India No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Prior Office Party ( Alliance ) Elected constituency Term of office Appointed by Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) Vice President of Executive Council Indian National Congress Phulpur , Uttar Pradesh 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 16 years , 286 days Lord Mountbatten Rajendra Prasad -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 27 May 1964 9 June 1964 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1904 -- 1966 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh 9 June 1964 11 January 1966 1 year , 216 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 11 January 1966 24 January 1966 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January 1966 24 March 1977 11 years , 59 days V.V. Giri Morarji Desai ( 1896 -- 1995 ) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat , Gujarat 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 2 years , 126 days B.D. Jatti ( acting President ) Charan Singh ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Minister of Finance Janata Party ( Secular ) with INC Baghpat , Uttar Pradesh 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 170 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 3 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress ( I ) Medak , Andhra Pradesh 14 January 1980 31 October 1984 4 years , 291 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 6 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress ( I ) Amethi , Uttar Pradesh 31 October 1984 2 December 1989 5 years , 32 days Zail Singh 7 Vishwanath Pratap Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) Minister of Defence Janata Dal ( National Front ) Fatehpur , Uttar Pradesh 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 343 days R. Venkataraman 8 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party with INC Ballia , Uttar Pradesh 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 223 days R. Venkataraman 9 Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress ( I ) Nandyal , Andhra Pradesh 21 June 1991 16 May 4 years , 330 days R. Venkataraman 10 Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 16 May 1 June 16 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 11 Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda ( born 1933 ) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June 21 April 1997 324 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 12 Inder Kumar Gujral ( 1919 -- 2012 ) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April 1997 19 March 1998 332 days Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 10 ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 19 March 1998 22 May 6 years , 64 days K.R. Narayanan 13 Manmohan Singh ( born 1932 ) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress ( UPA ) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May 26 May 2014 10 years , 4 days A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil 14 Narendra Modi ( born 1950 ) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 26 May 2014 Incumbent 4 years , 24 days Pranab Mukherjee Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991 , but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him . Timeline See also Government of India portal India portal Prime Minister 's Office List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity List of Presidents of India References General `` Former Prime Minister 's of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( PMO ) . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . `` Gallery of Prime Ministers '' . Press Information Burea . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780330540209 . Brass , Paul R. ( 1994 ) . The Politics of India Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521459709 . Specific Jump up ^ Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand Publishing . 2003 . ISBN 9788121922036 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers Prime Minister of India '' . www.pmindia.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` In India , next generation of Gandhi dynasty '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Ankit Panda , The . `` BJP , Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers '' . PM India . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister , swearing in on May 26 '' . The Times of India . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi List List by longevity Official residence PM 's Office Indian union ministries Interim Nehru I Nehru II Nehru III Nehru IV Shastri I. Gandhi I I. Gandhi II Desai C. Singh I. Gandhi III R. Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar Rao Vajpayee I Deve Gowda Gujral Vajpayee II Vajpayee III M. Singh I M. Singh II Modi Lists of Prime Ministers Lists of Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Albania Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Catalonia Congo Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Ghana Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Jammu and Kashmir Japan Jordan Kampuchea Kazakhstan Korea Kuwait Lebanon Libya Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nagorno - Karabakh Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Newfoundland New Zealand Niger North Korea Northern Cyprus Northern Ireland North Rhine - Westphalia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Prussia Qatar Queen Elizabeth II Queen Victoria Republika Srpska Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Serbian Krajina Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Vietnam Soviet Union Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanganyika Tanzania Tatarstan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Vietnam Yugoslavia hide Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Minority Affairs North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India&oldid=845109593 '' Categories : Prime Ministers of India Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use Indian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 13 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Prime%20Ministers%20of%20India	601
when do we say that a solution is unsaturated	In organic chemistry , a saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds . Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons . An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon - carbon double bonds or triple bonds , such as those found in alkenes or alkynes , respectively . Saturated and unsaturated compounds need not consist only of a carbon atom chain . They can form straight chain , branched chain , or ring arrangements . They can have functional groups , as well . It is in this sense that fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated . The amount of unsaturation of a fatty acid can be determined by finding its iodine number .	a chemical compound that contains carbon - carbon double bonds or triple bonds , such as those found in alkenes or alkynes , respectively	Saturated and unsaturated compounds	saturated and unsaturated compounds	In organic chemistry , a saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds . Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons . An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon - carbon double bonds or triple bonds , such as those found in alkenes or alkynes , respectively . Saturated and unsaturated compounds need not consist only of a carbon atom chain . They can form straight chain , branched chain , or ring arrangements . They can have functional groups , as well . It is in this sense that fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated . The amount of unsaturation of a fatty acid can be determined by finding its iodine number .	Unsaturated compounds are those in which addition reaction can be obtained . In a chain of carbons , such as a fatty acid , a double or triple bond will cause a kink in the chain . These kinks have macro-structural implications . Unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature , rather than solid , as the kinks in the chain prevent the molecules from packing closely together to form a solid . These fats are called oils and are present in fish and plants . In other unsaturated hydrocarbons , the double bond between two carbons prevents rotation of the atoms about the bond , locking them into specific structural formations . When attached atoms occupy similar positions on each carbon , they are referred to as `` cis '' , and when they are on opposite sides , they are called `` trans '' . Most natural hydrocarbons exist in the cis state , but artificially manufactured hydrocarbons are trans . The body lacks the enzymes to properly break down the trans configuration . This is why trans fats are viewed as dangerous and unhealthy , as they tend to build up . Unsaturated compounds of the two formations are classified as geometric isomers of one another . See also ( edit ) Saturation ( chemistry ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Saturated Hydrocarbons , or Alkanes '' . Purdue University Division of Chemical Education . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturated_and_unsaturated_compounds&oldid=791133606 '' Categories : Organic chemistry Chemical nomenclature Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2016 All articles to be merged Talk About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego עברית Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated%20and%20unsaturated%20compounds	602
do you need a license for open carry in texas	Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license will be permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas will also be allowed to open carry under the new law .		Gun laws in Texas	gun laws in texas	Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Firearms possession 3 Firearms carry 3.1 License to Carry 3.2 Restrictions on licensed carry 3.2. 1 30.06 signage 3.3 Open Carry 3.3. 1 30.07 signage 4 Castle Doctrine 4.1 Stand Your Ground 4.2 Civil Immunity 5 Motorists Protection Act 6 National Firearms Act 7 See also 8 References Summary ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license will be permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas will also be allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . Firearms possession ( edit ) Texas has no laws regarding possession of `` long - barreled firearms '' or `` long guns '' ( shotguns , rifles and similar ) by persons 18 years or older with valid identification , or handguns by persons 21 years or older , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001 . Firearms carry ( edit ) There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . License to carry ( edit ) The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a CHL that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to CHL holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - CHL holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) 30.06 signage ( edit ) TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but CHL permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . Open carry ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . Exceptions to Open Carry Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform 30.07 signage ( edit ) This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' Castle Doctrine ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . Stand your Ground ( edit ) Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . Civil immunity ( edit ) In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . Motorists protection act ( edit ) Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . National firearms act ( edit ) Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . See also ( edit ) Gun violence and gun control in Texas Law of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=799151951 '' Categories : Texas law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun%20laws%20in%20Texas	570
why histone methylation occurs over large areas of chromatin during differentiation			Histone methylation	histone methylation	Histone methylation is a process by which methyl groups are transferred to amino acids of histone proteins that make up nucleosomes , which the DNA double helix wraps around to form chromosomes . Methylation of histones can either increase or decrease transcription of genes , depending on which amino acids in the histones are methylated , and how many methyl groups are attached . Methylation events that weaken chemical attractions between histone tails and DNA increase transcription , because they enable the DNA to uncoil from nucleosomes so that transcription factor proteins and RNA polymerase can access the DNA . This process is critical for the regulation of gene expression that allows different cells to express different genes .	Contents 1 Function 2 Mechanism 3 Histone methyltransferase 4 Epigenetics 5 In X chromosome inactivation 6 Mutations 7 One - carbon metabolism modifies histone methylation 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Function ( edit ) Histone methylation , as a mechanism for modifying chromatin structure is associated with stimulation of neural pathways known to be important for formation of long - term memories and learning . Animal models have shown methylation and other epigenetic regulation mechanisms to be associated with conditions of aging , neurodegenerative diseases , and intellectual disability ( Rubinstein -- Taybi Syndrome , X-linked mental retardation ) . This modification alters the properties of the nucleosome and affects its interactions with other proteins , particularly in regards to gene transcription processes . Histone methylation can be associated with either transcriptional repression or activation . For example , trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 ( H3K4me3 ) is an active mark for transcription and is upregulated in hippocampus one hour after contextual fear conditioning in rats . However , dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 ( H3K9me2 ) , a signal for transcriptional silencing , is increased after exposure to either the fear conditioning or a novel environment alone . Methylation of some lysine ( K ) and arginine ( R ) residues of histones results in transcriptional activation . Examples include methylation of lysine 4 of histone 3 ( H3K4 ) , and arginine ( R ) residues on H3 and H4 . Addition of methyl groups to histones by histone methyltransferases , can either activate or further repress transcription , depending on the amino acid being methylated and the presence of other methyl or acetyl groups in the vicinity . Mechanism ( edit ) The fundamental unit of chromatin , called a nucleosome , contains DNA wound around a protein octamer . This octamer consists of two copies each of four histone proteins : H2A , H2B , H3 , and H4 . Each one of these proteins has a tail extension , and these tails are the targets of nucleosome modification by methylation . DNA activation or inactivation is largely dependent on the specific tail residue methylated and its degree of methylation . Histones can be methylated on lysine ( K ) and arginine ( R ) residues only , but methylation is most commonly observed on lysine residues of histone tails H3 and H4 . The tail end furthest from the nucleosome core is the N - terminal ( residues are numbered starting at this end ) . Common sites of methylation associated with gene activation include H3K4 , H3K48 , and H3K79 . Common sites for gene inactivation include H3K9 and H3K27 . Studies of these sites have found that methylation of histone tails at different residues serve as markers for the recruitment of various proteins or protein complexes that serve to regulate chromatin activation or inactivation . Lysine and arginine residues both contain amino groups , which confer basic and hydrophobic characteristics . Lysine is able to be mono - , di - , or trimethylated with a methyl group replacing each hydrogen of its NH3+ group . With a free NH2 and NH2+ group , arginine is able to be mono - or dimethylated . This dimethylation can occur symmetrically on the NH2 group or asymmetrically with one methylation on each group . Each addition of a methyl group on each residue requires a specific set of protein enzymes with various substrates and cofactors . Generally , methylation of an arginine residue requires a complex including protein arginine methyltransferase ( PRMT ) while lysine requires a specific histone methyltransferase ( HMT ) , usually containing an evolutionarily conserved SET domain . Different degrees of residue methylation can confer different functions , as exemplified in the methylation of the commonly studied H4K20 residue . Monomethylated H4K20 ( H4K20me1 ) is involved in the compaction of chromatin and therefore transcriptional repression . However , H4K20me2 is vital in the repair of damaged DNA . When dimethylated , the residue provides a platform for the binding of protein 53BP1 involved in the repair of double - stranded DNA breaks . H4K20me3 is observed to be concentrated in heterochromatin and reductions in this trimethylation are observed in cancer progression . Therefore , H4K20me3 serves an additional role in chromatin repression . Histone methyltransferase ( edit ) Front view of the human enzyme Histone Lysine N - Methyltransferase , H3 lysine - 4 specific . The genome is tightly condensed into chromatin , which needs to be loosened for transcription to occur . In order to halt the transcription of a gene the DNA must be wound tighter . This can be done by modifying histones at certain sites by methylation . Histone methyltransferases are enzymes which transfer methyl groups from S - Adenosyl methionine onto the lysine or arginine residues of the H3 and H4 histones . There are instances of the core globular domains of histones being methylated as well . The histone methyltransferases are specific to either lysine or arginine . The lysine - specific transferases are further broken down into whether or not they have a SET domain or a non-SET domain . These domains specify exactly how the enzyme catalyzes the transfer of the methyl from SAM to the transfer protein and further to the histone residue . The methyltransferases can add 1 - 3 methyls on the target residues . These methyls that are added to the histones act to regulate transcription by blocking or encouraging DNA access to transcription factors . In this way the integrity of the genome and epigenetic inheritance of genes are under the control of the actions of histone methyltransferases . Histone methylation is key in distinguishing the integrity of the genome and the genes that are expressed by cells , thus giving the cells their identities . Methylated histones can either repress or activate transcription . For example , while H3K4me2 / 3 and H3K79me3 are generally associated with transcriptional activity , methylation of H3K9me2 / 3 , H3K27me2 / 3 , and H4K20me3 are associated with repression . Epigenetics ( edit ) Epigenetic mechanisms Modifications made on the histone have an effect on the genes that are expressed in a cell and this is the case when methyls are added to the histone residues by the histone methyltransferases . Histone methylation plays an important role on the assembly of the heterochromatin mechanism and the maintenance of gene boundaries between genes that are transcribed and those that are n't . These changes are passed down to progeny and can be affected by the environment that the cells are subject to . Epigenetic alterations are reversible meaning that they can be targets for therapy . The activities of histone methyltransferases are offset by the activity of histone demethylases . This allows for the switching on or off of transcription by reversing pre-existing modifications . It is necessary for the activities of both histone methyltrasnsferases and histone demethylases to be regulated tightly . Misregulation of either can lead to gene expression that leads to increased susceptibility to disease . Many cancers arise from the inappropriate epigenetic effects of misregulated methylation . However , because these processes are at times reversible , there is interest in utilizing their activities in concert with anti-cancer therapies . In X chromosome inactivation ( edit ) In female organisms , a sperm containing an X chromosome fertilizes the egg , giving the embryo two copies of the X chromosome . Females , however , do not initially require both copies of the X chromosome as it would only double the amount of protein products transcribed as shown by the hypothesis of dosage compensation . The paternal X chromosome is quickly inactivated during the first few divisions . This inactive X chromosome ( Xi ) is packed into an incredibly tight form of chromatin called heterochromatin . This packing occurs due to the methylation of the different lysine residues that help form different histones . In humans X inactivation is a random process , that is mediated by the non-coding RNA XIST . Although methylation of lysine residues occurs on many different histones , the most characteristic of Xi occurs on the ninth lysine of the third histone ( H3K9 ) . While a single methylation of this region allows for the genes bound to remain transcriptionally active , in heterochromatin this lysine residue is often methylated twice or three times , H3K9me2 or H3K9me3 respectively , to ensure that the DNA bound is inactive . More recent research has shown that H3K27me3 and H4K20me1 are also common in early embryos . Other methylation markings associated with transcriptionally active areas of DNA , H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 , are missing from the Xi chromosome along with many acetylation markings . Although it was known that certain Xi histone methylation markings stayed relatively constant between species , it has recently been discovered that different organisms and even different cells within a single organism can have different markings for their X inactivation . Through histone methylation , there is genetic imprinting , so that the same X homolog stays inactivated through chromosome replications and cell divisions . Mutations ( edit ) Due to the fact that histone methylation regulates much of what genes become transcribed , even slight changes to the methylation patterns can have dire effects on the organism . Mutations that occur to increase and decrease methylation have great changes on gene regulation , while mutations to enzymes such as methyltransferase and demethyltransferase can completely alter which proteins are transcribed in a given cell . Over methylation of a chromosome can cause certain genes that are necessary for normal cell function , to become inactivated . In a certain yeast strain , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a mutation that causes three lysine residues on the third histone , H3K4 , H3K36 , and H3K79 , to become methylated causes a delay in the mitotic cell cycle , as many genes required for this progression are inactivated . This extreme mutation leads to the death of the organism . It has been discovered that the deletion of genes that will eventually allow for the production of histone methyltransferase allows this organism to live as its lysine residues are not methylated . In recent years it has come to the attention of researchers that many types of cancer are caused largely due to epigenetic factors . Cancer can be caused in a variety of ways due to differential methylation of histones . Since the discovery of oncogenes as well as tumor suppressor genes it has been known that a large factor of causing and repressing cancer is within our own genome . If areas around oncogenes become unmethylated these cancer - causing genes have the potential to be transcribed at an alarming rate . Opposite of this is the methylation of tumor suppressor genes . In cases where the areas around these genes were highly methylated , the tumor suppressor gene was not active and therefore cancer was more likely to occur . These changes in methylation pattern are often due to mutations in methyltransferase and demethyltransferase . Other types of mutations in proteins such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 ( IDH1 ) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 ( IDH2 ) can cause the inactivation of histone demethyltransferase which in turn can lead to a variety of cancers , gliomas and leukemias , depending on in which cells the mutation occurs . One - carbon metabolism modifies histone methylation ( edit ) In one - carbon metabolism , the amino acids glycine and serine are converted via the folate and methionine cycles to nucleotide precursors and SAM . Multiple nutrients fuel one - carbon metabolism , including glucose , serine , glycine , and threonine . High levels of the methyl donor SAM influence histone methylation , which may explain how high SAM levels prevent malignant transformation . See also ( edit ) Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone methyltransferase Methylation Methyllysine Genetic Imprinting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Jamie M. ( February 2013 ) . `` Epigenetic regulation of memory : implications in human cognitive disorders , '' . Biomolecular Concepts. 4 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1515 / bmc - 2012 - 0026 . Jump up ^ Lilja , Tobias ; Nina Heldring ; Ola Hermanson ( February 2013 ) . `` Like a rolling histone : Epigenetic regulation of neural stem cells and brain development by factors controlling histone acetylation and methylation '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - General Subjects. 1830 ( 2 ) : 2354 -- 2360 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2012.08. 011 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Swati ; Se Y. Kim ; Sonja Artis ; David L. Molfese ; Armin Schumacher ; J. David Sweatt ; Richard E. Paylor ; Farah D. Lubin ( 10 March 2010 ) . `` Histone Methylation Regulates Memory Formation '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 30 ( 10 ) : 3589 -- 3599 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3732 - 09.2010 . PMC 2859898 . PMID 20219993 . Jump up ^ Greer , Eric L. ; Shi , Yang ( 2012 ) . `` Histone Methylation : A Dynamic Mark in Health , Disease and Inheritance '' . Nature Reviews Genetics . 13 : 343 -- 57 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg3173 . PMC 4073795 . PMID 22473383 . Jump up ^ Jia , Songtao ; Wang , Yu ( 2009 ) . `` Degrees make all the difference '' ( PDF ) . Epigenetics. 4 ( 5 ) : 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , S.F. ( 2010 ) . Developmental biology . ( 9th ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Inc. 35 - 37 . ^ Jump up to : Reinberg , Danny ; Zhang , Yi ( 2001 ) . `` Transcription regulation by histone methylation : Interplay between different covalent modifications of the core histone tails '' . Genes & Development . 15 : 2343 -- 2360 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 927301 . PMID 11562345 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Judd C. ; Briggs , Scott D. ; Ueberheide , Beatrix ; Barber , Cynthia M. ; Shabanowitz , Jeffrey ; Hunt , Donald F. ; Shinkai , Yoichi ; Allis , C. David ( 2003 ) . `` Histone Methyltransferases Direct Different Degrees of Methylation to Define Distinct Chromatin Domains '' . Molecular Cell. 12 ( 6 ) : 1591 -- 1598 . doi : 10.1016 / S1097 - 2765 ( 03 ) 00479 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kooistra , Susanne Marije ; Helin , Kristian ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Molecular mechanisms and potential functions of histone demethylases '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 13 ( 5 ) : 297 -- 311 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm3327 . ISSN 1471 - 0072 . Jump up ^ Cheung , Peter ; Lau , Pricilla ( 2005 ) . `` Epigenetic Regulation by Histone Methylation and Histone Variants '' . Molecular Endocrinology. 19 ( 3 ) : 563 . doi : 10.1210 / me. 2004 - 0496 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Mareike ; Helin , Kristian ( 2010 ) . `` Histone methyltransferases in cancer '' . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 21 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 220 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2009.10. 007 . Jump up ^ Akagi , Nobuo ; Sasaki , Motomichi ( 1975 ) . `` Preferential Inactivation of the Paternally Derived X Chromosome in the Extraembryonic Membranes of the Mouse '' . Nature . 256 ( 5519 ) : 640 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / 256640a0 . PMID 1152998 . Jump up ^ Elgin , Sarah C.R. ; Grewal , Shiv I.S. ( 2003 ) . `` Heterochromatin : Silence Is Golden '' . Current Biology . 13 ( 23 ) : R895 -- 898 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2003.11. 006 . Jump up ^ Ahn , J. ; Lee , J. ( 2008 ) . `` X chromosome : X inactivation '' . Nature Education . 1 ( 1 ) : 24 . Jump up ^ Barski , A. ; Cuddapah , S. ; Cui , K. ; Roh , T. ; Schones , D. ; Wang , Z. ; Wei , G. ; Chepelev , I. ; Zhao , K. ( 2007 ) . `` High - Resolution Profiling of Histone Methylations in the Human Genome '' . Cell. 129 ( 4 ) : 823 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2007.05. 009 . PMID 17512414 . Jump up ^ Chow , Jennifer ; Heard , Edith ( 2009 ) . `` X Inactivation and the Complexities of Silencing a Sex Chromosome '' . Current Opinion in Cell Biology . 21 ( 3 ) : 359 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceb. 2009.04. 012 . PMID 19477626 . Jump up ^ Jin , Y. ; Rodriguez , A.M. ; Stanton , J.D. ; Kitazono , A.A. ; Wyrick , J.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Simultaneous Mutation of Methylated Lysine Residues in Histone H3 Causes Enhanced Gene Silencing , Cell Cycle Defects , and Cell Lethality in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae '' . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 27 ( 19 ) : 6832 -- 841 . doi : 10.1128 / mcb. 00745 - 07 . PMC 2099221 . PMID 17664279 . Jump up ^ Esteller , M ( 2006 ) . `` Epigenetics Provides a New Generation of Oncogenes and Tumour - suppressor Genes '' . British Journal of Cancer . 94 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 83 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjc. 6602918 . PMC 2361113 . Jump up ^ Lu , Chao ; Ward , Patrick S. ; Kapoor , Gurpreet S. ; Rohle , Dan ; Turcan , Sevin ; Abdel - Wahab , Omar ; Edwards , Christopher R. ; Khanin , Raya ; Figueroa , Maria E. ; Melnick , Ari ; Wellen , Kathryn E. ; O'Rourke , Donald M. ; Berger , Shelley L. ; Chan , Timothy A. ; Levine , Ross L. ; Mellinghoff , Ingo K. ; Thompson , Craig B. ( 2012 ) . `` DH Mutation Impairs Histone Demethylation and Results in a Block to Cell Differentiation '' . Nature . 483 : 474 -- 78 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10860 . PMC 3478770 . Jump up ^ Wang YP , Lei QY . `` Metabolic recoding of epigenetics in cancer '' . Cancer Commun ( Lond ) . 38 ( 1 ) : 25 . doi : 10.1186 / s40880 - 018 - 0302 - 3 . PMID 29784032 . Further reading ( edit ) Gozani , O. , & Shi , Y. ( 2014 ) . Histone Methylation in Chromatin Signaling . In : Fundamentals of Chromatin ( pp. 213 -- 256 ) . Springer New York . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 8624 - 4_5 Shi , Yang ; Whetstine , Johnathan R. ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dynamic Regulation of Histone Lysine Methylation by Demethylases '' . Molecular Cell. 25 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2006.12. 010 . Transcription ( Bacterial , Eukaryotic ) Transcriptional regulation prokaryotic Operon lac operon trp operon gab operon ara operon gal operon Repressor lac repressor trp repressor eukaryotic Histone - modifying enzymes ( histone / nucleosome ) : Histone methylation / Histone methyltransferase EZH2 Histone demethylase Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone deacetylase HDAC1 Histone acetyltransferase DNA methylation : DNA methyltransferase Chromatin remodeling : CHD7 both Transcription coregulator Coactivator Corepressor Inducer Promotion Promoter Pribnow box TATA box BRE CAAT box Response element Enhancer E-box Response element Insulator Silencer Internal control region Initiation Bacterial Eukaryotic Archaeal transcription factor B Elongation bacterial RNA polymerase : rpoB eukaryotic RNA polymerase : RNA polymerase II Termination ( bacterial , eukaryotic ) Terminator Intrinsic termination Rho factor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histone_methylation&oldid=850937627 '' Categories : Molecular genetics Cellular processes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 23 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone%20methylation	603
what genre is our town by thornton wilder	Our Town 1938 first edition cover from the Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Written by Thornton Wilder Characters Stage Manager Mrs. Myrtle Webb Mr. Charles Webb Emily Webb Joe Crowell Jr . Mrs. Julia Gibbs Dr. Frank F. Gibbs Simon Stimson Mrs. Soames George Gibbs Howie Newsome Rebecca Gibbs Wally Webb Professor Willard Woman in the Balcony Man in the Auditorium Lady in the Box Mrs. Louella Soames Constable Warren Si Crowell Three Baseball Players Sam Craig Joe Stoddard Date premiered January 22 , 1938 Place premiered McCarter Theatre Princeton , New Jersey Original language English Subject Life and death in an American small town Genre Drama Setting 1901 to 1913 . Grover 's Corners , New Hampshire near Massachusetts .	Drama	Our Town	our town	Our Town is a 1938 metatheatrical three - act play by American playwright Thornton Wilder . It tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover 's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens .	Throughout , Wilder uses metatheatrical devices , setting the play in the actual theatre where it is being performed . The main character is the stage manager of the theatre who directly addresses the audience , brings in guest lecturers , fields questions from the audience , and fills in playing some of the roles . The play is performed without a set on a mostly bare stage . With a few exceptions , the actors mime actions without the use of props . Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton , New Jersey in 1938 . It later went on to success on Broadway and won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama . It remains popular today and revivals are frequent . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act I : Daily Life 1.2 Act II : Love and Marriage 1.3 Act III : Death and Eternity 2 Characters 3 Composition 4 Setting 5 Style 6 Production history 7 Awards 8 Adaptations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Frank Craven as the Stage Manager in the original Broadway production of Our Town ( 1938 ) Act I : daily life ( edit ) The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town of Grover 's Corners , New Hampshire , and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901 . Professor Willard speaks to the audience about the history of the town . Joe Crowell delivers the paper to Doc Gibbs , Howie Newsome delivers the milk , and the Webb and Gibbs households send their children ( Emily and George , respectively ) off to school on this beautifully simple morning . Act ii : love and marriage ( edit ) Three years have passed , and George and Emily prepare to wed . The day is filled with stress . Howie Newsome is delivering milk in the pouring rain while Si Crowell , younger brother of Joe , laments how George 's baseball talents will be squandered . George pays an awkward visit to his soon - to - be in - laws . Here , the Stage Manager interrupts the scene and takes the audience back a year , to the end of Emily and George 's junior year . Emily confronts George about his pride , and over an ice cream soda , they discuss the future and their love for each other . George resolves not to go to college , as he had planned , but to work and eventually take over his uncle 's farm . In the present , George and Emily say that they are not ready to marry -- George to his mother , Emily to her father -- but they both calm down and happily go through with the wedding . Act iii : death and eternity ( edit ) Nine years have passed . The Stage Manager opens the act with a lengthy monologue emphasizing eternity , bringing the audience 's attention to the cemetery outside of town and the characters who have died since the wedding , including Mrs. Gibbs ( pneumonia , while traveling ) , Wally Webb ( burst appendix , while camping ) , Mrs. Soames , and Simon Stimson ( suicide by hanging ) . Town undertaker Joe Stoddard is introduced , as is a young man named Sam Craig who has returned to Grover 's Corners for his cousin 's funeral . That cousin is Emily , who died giving birth to her and George 's second child . Once the funeral ends , Emily emerges to join the dead ; Mrs. Gibbs urges her to forget her life , warning her that being able to see but not interact with her family , all the while knowing what will happen in the future , will cause her too much pain , but she refuses . Ignoring the warnings of Simon , Mrs. Soames , and Mrs. Gibbs , Emily returns to Earth to relive one day , her 12th birthday . Emily watches with joy at being able to see her parents and some of the people of her childhood for the first time in years . However , her joy quickly turns to pain as she realizes how little people appreciate the simple joys of life . The memory proves too painful for her , and she realizes that every moment of life should be treasured . When she asks the Stage Manager if anyone truly understands the value of life while they live it , he responds , `` No . The saints and poets , maybe -- they do some . '' Emily returns to her grave next to Mrs. Gibbs and watches impassively as George kneels weeping over her . The Stage Manager concludes the play and wishes the audience a good night . Characters ( edit ) Stage Manager -- a narrator , commentator , and guide through Grover 's Corners . He joins in the action of the play periodically , as the minister at the wedding , the soda shop owner , a local townsman , etc. , and speaks directly to Emily after her death . Emily Webb -- one of the main characters ; we follow her from a precocious young girl through her wedding to George Gibbs and her early death . George Gibbs -- the other main character ; the boy next door , a kind but irresponsible teenager who matures over time and becomes a responsible husband , father and farmer . Frank Gibbs -- George 's father , the town doctor . Julia ( Hersey ) Gibbs -- George 's mother . She dreams of going to Paris but does n't get there . She saved $350 for the trip from the sale of an antique furniture piece but willed it to George and Emily . Dies while visiting her daughter in Ohio . Charles Webb -- Emily 's father , Editor of the Grover 's Corners Sentinel Myrtle Webb -- Emily and Wally 's mother . Secondary characters Joe and Si Crowell -- local paperboys . Joe 's intelligence earns him a full scholarship to MIT where he graduates at the top of his class . His promise will be cut short on the fields of France during World War I , according to the Stage Manager . Both he and his brother Si hold marriage in high disdain . Simon Stimson -- the choir director and church organist . We never learn the specific cause of his alcoholism and suicide , although Joe Stoddard , the undertaker , observes that `` He 's seen a peck of troubles . '' He remains bitter and cynical even beyond the grave . Howie Newsome -- the milkman , a fixture of Grover 's Corners . Rebecca Gibbs -- George 's younger sister . Later elopes with a traveling salesman and settles in Ohio . Wally Webb -- Emily 's younger brother . Dies of a burst appendix on a Boy Scout camping trip . Professor Willard -- a rather long - winded lecturer Woman in Auditorium -- concerned with temperance Man in Auditorium -- concerned with social justice Another Woman in Auditorium -- concerned with culture and beauty Mrs. Louella Soames -- a gossipy townswoman and member of the choir Constable Bill Warren -- the policeman Three Baseball Players -- who mock George at the wedding Joe Stoddard -- the undertaker Sam Craig -- a nephew of Mrs Gibbs who left town to seek his fortune . He came back after 12 years in Buffalo for Emily 's funeral . Dead Man Dead Woman Mr. Carter Farmer McCarty Bessie -- Howie Newsome 's horse ( visible to the characters , but not the audience ) Composition ( edit ) Wilder wrote the play while in his thirties . In June 1937 , he lived in the MacDowell Colony in Peterborough , New Hampshire , one of the many locations where he worked on the play . It is believed Wilder drafted the entire third act during a visit to Zürich in September 1937 , in one day , after a long evening walk in the rain with a friend , author Samuel Morris Steward . Setting ( edit ) The play is set in the actual theatre where the play is being performed , but the year is always 1938 . The Stage Manager of the 1938 production introduces the play - within - the - play which is set in the fictional community of Grover 's Corners , New Hampshire . The Stage Manager gives the coordinates of Grover 's Corners as 42 ° 40 ′ north latitude and 70 ° 37 ′ west longitude ( those coordinates are actually in Massachusetts , about a thousand feet off the coast of Rockport ) . Style ( edit ) Wilder was dissatisfied with the theatre of his time : `` I felt that something had gone wrong ... I began to feel that the theatre was not only inadequate , it was evasive . '' His response was to use a metatheatrical style . Our Town 's narrator , the Stage Manager , is completely aware of his relationship with the audience , leaving him free to break the fourth wall and address them directly . According to the script , the play is to be performed with little scenery , no set and minimal props . The characters mime the objects with which they interact . Their surroundings are created only with chairs , tables , staircases , and ladders . For example , the scene in which Emily helps George with his evening homework , conversing through upstairs windows , is performed with the two actors standing atop separate ladders to represent their neighboring houses . Wilder once said : `` Our claim , our hope , our despair are in the mind -- not in things , not in ' scenery . ' '' Wilder called Our Town his favorite out of all his works , but complained that it was rarely done right , insisting that it `` should be performed without sentimentality or ponderousness -- simply , dryly , and sincerely . '' Production history ( edit ) Frank Craven , Martha Scott and John Craven in the original Broadway production of Our Town ( 1938 ) Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theater in Princeton , New Jersey on January 22 , 1938 . It next opened at the Wilbur Theatre in Boston , Massachusetts on January 25 , 1938 . Its New York City debut was on February 4 , 1938 at Henry Miller 's Theatre , and later moved to the Morosco Theatre ; this production was produced and directed by Jed Harris . Wilder received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1938 for the work . In 1946 , the Soviet Union prevented a production of Our Town in the Russian sector of occupied Berlin `` on the grounds that the drama is too depressing and could inspire a German suicide wave '' . Awards ( edit ) 1938 Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1989 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival 1989 Tony Award for Best Revival Adaptations ( edit ) Hal Holbrook as the Stage Manager in the 1977 television adaptation . The play has been adapted numerous times : Our Town was first performed on radio May 12 , 1939 , on The Campbell Playhouse . The cast included Orson Welles as the Stage Manager , John Craven of the original stage production as George Gibbs , and Patricia Newton as Emily Webb . Our Town ( 1940 film ) , adaptation starring Martha Scott as Emily and William Holden as George Gibbs , with an original music score composed by Aaron Copland . Many members of the original cast repeated their roles in this film , although the ending was changed so that Emily lived . Our Town ( 1940 radio ) , on May 6 , 1940 , a radio version was performed by many of the same film actors for Lux Radio Theater . Our Town ( television ) , a live musical 1955 television adaptation on Producers ' Showcase starring Frank Sinatra as the Stage Manager , Paul Newman as George Gibbs , and Eva Marie Saint as Emily . The first and only musical version of the play to be telecast ( so far ) . Our Town , a 1977 television adaptation of the play , starring Hal Holbrook as the Stage Manager , Robby Benson as George Gibbs and Glynnis O'Connor as Emily Webb . Grover 's Corners , a 1987 musical adaptation performed at the Marriott Theatre . Our Town , a 1989 telecast of a Lincoln Center stage production starring Spalding Gray , Frances Conroy , Penelope Ann Miller , and Eric Stoltz OT : Our Town , a 2002 documentary by Scott Hamilton Kennedy about a production of the play by Dominguez High School in Compton , California Our Town , a 2003 television film adaptation starring Paul Newman as the Stage Manager . It was shown on PBS as part of Masterpiece Theatre after first being shown on the cable channel Showtime . It was filmed at the Booth Theatre in Manhattan , where it played on Broadway in 2002 . Our Town ( opera ) , an operatic version of the play with music by Ned Rorem An award - winning revival of Our Town opened at the Barrow Street Theatre , in New York City , on February 26 , 2009 . The production was directed by David Cromer , who also performed the role of Stage Manager for much of the show 's run . Upon closing , the production had played four preview and 644 regular performances , making it the longest - running production of the play in its history . In addition to Cromer , other notable actors who performed in the role of Stage Manager included Helen Hunt , Michael McKean , Jason Butler Harner , Stephen Kunken and Michael Shannon . In 1994 , Philip Jerry choreographed a balletic adaptation set to the music of Aaron Copland and has been performed by the American Repertory Ballet in Princeton , New Jersey in the decades since its premiere . In 2017 , Tony Award - winning Deaf West Theater , a Los Angeles - based theater company , co-produced with the Pasadena Playhouse a production of Our Town performed in American Sign Language and spoken English . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Our Town : A History '' . pbs.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steward , Samuel ; Gertrude Stein ; Alice B. Toklas ( 1977 ) . Dear Sammy : Letters from Gertrude Stein & Alice B. Toklas . Houghton Mifflin . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 25340 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wilder , Thornton . Thornton Wilder , Collected Plays and Writings on Theater . Preface . Jump up ^ Lumley , Frederick ( 1967 ) . New Trends in 20th Century Drama : A Survey since Ibsen and Shaw . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 333 . OCLC 330001 . Jump up ^ `` Our Town '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Board ( 1938 ) . `` Pulitzer Prize Winners of 1938 '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Play ' Our Town ' is Banned in Soviet Berlin Sector '' , Christian Science Monitor , Feb 13 , 1946 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ ( tsalagicelt ) ( 30 May 1977 ) . `` Our Town ( TV Movie 1977 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ W. Jones . `` '' Great Performances '' Our Town ( TV Episode 1989 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Paul Newman '' . Television Academy . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our Town '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Our Town '' . americanrepertoryballet.org . Jump up ^ `` Our Town '' . pasadenaplayhouse.org . Further reading ( edit ) Wilder , Thornton ( 1938 ) . Our Town : A Play in Three Acts . New York : Coward McCann , Inc . pp. 128 pp. OCLC 773139 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Our Town . Our Town at the Internet Broadway Database Our Town Teaching and Reading Educational Materials ; by The Thornton Wilder Society Dramatic and Theatrical Aspects in Thornton Wilder 's `` Our Town '' Cummings Study Guide of Our Town Our Town 1940 film ; free download at archive.org Our Town Plot Summary and Critical Analysis ; by The Thornton Wilder Society Documentary Video on the legacy of Our Town ; by The Thornton Wilder Society Thornton Wilder Plays The Long Christmas Dinner ( 1931 ) The Happy Journey to Trenton and Camden ( 1931 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) The Merchant of Yonkers ( 1938 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1942 ) The Matchmaker ( 1954 ) Books The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1927 ) The Woman of Andros ( 1930 ) Ides of March ( 1948 ) The Eighth Day ( 1967 ) Theophilus North ( 1973 ) Adaptations The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1929 film ) Our Town ( 1940 film ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 1944 film ) Our Town ( 1955 TV ) The Matchmaker ( 1958 film ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 musical ) Our Town ( 2003 film ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey ( 2004 film ) Our Town ( 2006 opera ) OT : Our Town ( documentary ) Family Amos Wilder ( brother ) Charlotte Wilder ( sister ) Janet Wilder Dakin ( sister ) Awards for Our Town Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival The Royal Family ( 1976 ) No award ( 1977 - 1981 ) Entertaining Mr Sloane ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) The House of Blue Leaves ( 1986 ) no award ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) A Little Night Music ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ? ( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013 ) The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Cost of Living ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) No Award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Town&oldid=864822101 '' Categories : 1938 plays Broadway plays Drama Desk Award - winning plays Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning works Plays by Thornton Wilder Tony Award - winning plays West End plays Plays set in New Hampshire Plays set in the 1900s Plays set in the 1910s 1901 in fiction 1904 in fiction 1913 in fiction American plays adapted into films Works set in fictional populated places Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 18 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Town	604
where did bobby flay go to high school	Flay dropped out of high school at age 17 . He has said his first jobs in the restaurant industry were at a pizza parlor and Baskin - Robbins . He then took a position making salads at Joe Allen Restaurant in Manhattan 's Theater District , where his father was a partner . The proprietor , Joe Allen , was impressed by Flay 's natural ability and agreed to pay his partner 's son 's tuition at the French Culinary Institute .		Bobby Flay	bobby flay	Robert William Flay ( born December 10 , 1964 ) is an American celebrity chef , restaurateur , and reality television personality . He is the owner and executive chef of several restaurants : Mesa Grill in Las Vegas and the Bahamas ; Bar Americain in New York and at Mohegan Sun , Uncasville , Connecticut ; Bobby Flay Steak in Atlantic City ; Gato in New York , and Bobby 's Burger Palace in 19 locations across 11 states .	Flay has hosted several Food Network television programs , appeared as a guest and hosted a number of specials on the network . Flay is also featured on the Great Chefs television series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Television , film , and radio 3.1 Great Chefs 3.2 Food Network 3.2. 1 Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay 3.2. 2 Iron Chef 3.2. 3 Specials 3.3 Other cooking shows 3.4 Other television and film appearances 3.5 Sirius XM Radio 4 Books 5 Horse racing 6 Personal life 7 Awards and accolades 8 References 9 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Flay was born in New York to Bill and Dorothy Flay . He was raised on the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan . He is a fourth generation Irish American and was raised Catholic , attending denominational schools . At age 8 , Flay asked for an Easy - Bake Oven for Christmas , despite his father 's objections ; his father thought that a G.I. Joe would be more gender - appropriate . He received both toys . Career ( edit ) Flay dropped out of high school at age 17 . He has said his first jobs in the restaurant industry were at a pizza parlor and Baskin - Robbins . He then took a position making salads at Joe Allen Restaurant in Manhattan 's Theater District , where his father was a partner . The proprietor , Joe Allen , was impressed by Flay 's natural ability and agreed to pay his partner 's son 's tuition at the French Culinary Institute . Flay received a degree in culinary arts and was a member of the first graduating class of the French Culinary Institute in 1984 . After culinary school , he started working as a sous - chef , quickly learning the culinary arts . At the Brighton Grill on Third Avenue , Flay was handed the executive chef 's position after a week when the executive chef was fired . Flay quit when he realized he was not ready to run a kitchen . He took a position as a chef working for restaurateur Jonathan Waxman at Bud and Jams . Waxman introduced Flay to southwestern and Cajun cuisine , which came to define his culinary career . After working for a short time on the floor at the American Stock Exchange , Flay returned to the kitchen as the executive chef at Miracle Grill in the East Village , where he worked from 1988 to 1990 . He caught the attention of restaurateur Jerome Kretchmer , who was looking for a southwestern - style chef . Impressed by Flay 's food , Kretchmer offered him the position of executive chef at Mesa Grill , which opened on January 15 , 1991 . Shortly after , he became a partner . In November 1993 , Flay partnered with Laurence Kretchmer to open Bolo Bar & Restaurant in the Flatiron District , just a few blocks away from Mesa Grill . Entrance sign to Mesa Grill in Caesars Palace , Las Vegas Mesa Grill at Las Vegas Flay opened a second Mesa Grill at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas in 2004 , and in 2005 he opened Bar Americain , an American Brasserie , in Midtown Manhattan . He continued to expand his restaurants by opening Bobby Flay Steak in the Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa in Atlantic City , New Jersey . This was followed by a third Mesa Grill in the Bahamas , located in The Cove at Atlantis Paradise Island , which opened on March 28 , 2007 . The Las Vegas Mesa Grill earned Flay his only Michelin Star in 2008 , which was taken away in the 2009 edition . Michelin did not publish a 2010 or 2011 Las Vegas edition , so the star could not be re-earned . Bolo Bar & Restaurant closed its doors on December 31 , 2007 , to make way for a condominium . Aside from his restaurants and television shows , Flay has been a master instructor and visiting chef at the French Culinary Institute . Although he is not currently teaching classes , he occasionally visits when his schedule permits . Flay established the Bobby Flay Scholarship in 2003 . This full scholarship to the French Culinary Institute is awarded annually to a student in the Long Island City Culinary Arts Program . Flay personally helps select the awardee each year . Flay opened Bobby 's Burger Palace ( BBP ) in Lake Grove , Long Island on July 15 , 2008 . The restaurant is located at the Smith Haven Mall . A second location opened on December 5 , 2008 at the Monmouth Mall in Eatontown , New Jersey , and a third location opened March 31 , 2009 in The Outlets at Bergen Town Center in Paramus , New Jersey . His fourth shop opened at the Mohegan Sun Casino in southeast Connecticut on July 1 , 2009 , which is also the location of his second Bar Americain , which opened on November 18 , 2009 . His fifth location of the burger chain opened in Philadelphia 's University City on April 6 , 2010 . The sixth location of Bobby 's Burger Palace opened in Washington , D.C. , at 2121 K Street in Northwest on August 16 , 2011 . On December 5 , 2011 , Flay opened the ninth location of Bobby 's Burger Palace in Roosevelt Field Mall in Garden City , New York . Flay opened the tenth and largest Bobby 's Burger Palace site at Maryland Live ! Casino in Hanover , Maryland , on June 7 , 2012 . Bobby 's Burger Palace also has an 11th location , in College Park , Maryland . In total , BBP has nineteen locations in eleven states and the District of Columbia . The original Mesa Grill in New York closed in September 2013 following a proposed rent increase by the landlord . Television , film , and Radio ( edit ) Great Chefs ( edit ) Flay has been featured in several episodes of Great Chefs television including : Great Chefs -- Great Cities Mexican Madness DVD Great Chefs Cook American Food Network ( edit ) Flay has hosted fourteen cooking shows and specials on Food Network and Cooking Channel , of which eight continue to run : Hot Off the Grill with Bobby Flay ( no longer airing ) Grillin ' & Chillin ' ( no longer airing ) Food Nation ( no longer airing ) 3 Days to Open with Bobby Flay ( no longer airing ) Boy Meets Grill BBQ with Bobby Flay Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay Grill It ! with Bobby Flay `` Bobby Flay 's BBQ Addiction '' ( airs sporadically , summer only ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate Brunch @ Bobby 's Worst Cooks in America ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) The Main Ingredient with Bobby Flay Bobby 's Dinner Battle ( Premiered January 16 , 2013 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( Premiered August 24 , 2013 ) Flay served as a judge on Wickedly Perfect , The Next Food Network Star , and The Next Iron Chef . He has cooked on Emeril Live and Paula 's Party . Throwdown ! With Bobby Flay ( edit ) On Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay , the chef challenges cooks renowned for a specific dish or type of cooking to a cook - off of their signature dish . On Episode 5 of Season 4 , Harlem chef Melba Wilson and Bobby squared off over who had the best chicken and eggnog waffles . While being interviewed on `` Conversations with Allan Wolper '' on WGBO 88.3 FM , Wilson confessed that she had been nervous because Bobby brought a cast iron skillet . Having grown up in a family that used cast iron skillets , Wilson was nonetheless forced to use a deep fryer because her restaurant was too small for a cast iron skillet . Towards the end of the anecdote , she explained , `` Can I tell you ? When he pulled out the skillet , it was a rough day . Girlfriend started sweating bullets . But at the end of the day , we threw down -- I do n't know , I think it was the eggnog -- and I won . '' Iron Chef ( edit ) Flay is an Iron Chef on the show Iron Chef America . In 2000 , when the original Iron Chef show traveled to New York for a special battle , he challenged Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto to battle rock crab . After the hour battle ended , Flay stood on top of his cutting board and raised his arms in what one journalist wrote was `` in premature victory '' . As Morimoto felt that real chefs consider cutting boards and knives as sacred , and being offended by Flay 's flamboyant gesture , he criticized his professionalism , saying that Flay was `` not a chef '' . Flay went on to lose the battle . Flay challenged Morimoto to a rematch in Morimoto 's native Japan . This time , Flay won . Flay and Morimoto , both Iron Chefs on Iron Chef America teamed -- took on and won -- against fellow Iron Chefs Mario Batali and Hiroyuki Sakai in the Iron Chef America : Battle of the Masters `` Tag Team '' battle . On a special episode of Iron Chef America originally airing on November 12 , 2006 , Flay and Giada De Laurentiis faced off against , and were defeated by , Batali and Rachael Ray . This was the highest rated show ever broadcast on Food Network . Flay and Michael Symon defeated the team of Iron Chefs Cat Cora and Masaharu Morimoto in a special episode titled `` Thanksgiving Showdown , '' which originally aired on November 16 , 2008 . On November 29 , 2009 , Iron Chefs Morimoto and Flay faced off one - on - one again in Battle Egg Nog . The battle , which featured ice - carvers , was won by Morimoto by a single point . In an episode recorded in July 2010 and broadcast in March 2011 , Montreal cooking show host Chuck Hughes beat Flay to become the youngest Canadian champ . In an interview afterward , Hughes recalled , `` When I met him I said , ' Hi Bobby , ' and my voice cracked a bit and I gave him an official ( Montreal ) Canadiens jersey , to which he replied , ' Thank you so much -- but it 's not going to help . ' '' Specials ( edit ) Bobby 's Vegas Gamble -- Covers the opening of Mesa Grill Las Vegas . Restaurant Revamp -- Flay tries to help a family restaurant . Chefography : Bobby Flay -- Biography of Flay 's life and career . Tasting Ireland -- Flay takes a food tour of Ireland , his ancestral homeland . Food Network Awards -- The Food Network recognizes people and places that have impacted the food world . All - Star Grill Fest : South Beach -- Flay joins Paula Deen , Giada De Laurentiis , Alton Brown , and Tyler Florence for a barbecue . Other cooking shows ( edit ) In 1996 , Flay hosted The Main Ingredient with Bobby Flay on Lifetime Television . Twice a month , he hosts a cooking segment on CBS ' The Early Show . He hosted the reality television show America 's Next Great Restaurant on NBC from March 2011 to May 2011 in which in the end he picks one restaurant team with whom to open a restaurant . The reality show was canceled after the first season due to low ratings . Other television and film appearances ( edit ) Flay had a cameo appearance in the Disney Channel original movie Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off as the host of the cook - off . He appeared on the television game show Pyramid with fellow Iron Chef Mario Batali as the guest celebrities in an episode originally airing on November 18 , 2003 . He appeared as a judge on the CBS television show `` Wickedly Perfect '' during the 2004 -- 05 season . He also appeared in the Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episode `` Design '' , which originally aired on September 22 , 2005 . He had a small role as himself in the 2006 film East Broadway , in which his wife , Stephanie March , had a larger role . Jeopardy ! featured a special `` Throwdown with Bobby Flay '' category during the March 12 , 2008 , episode , in which each of the clues featured Flay . He participated in the 2008 Taco Bell All - Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game played at Yankee Stadium after the 2008 MLB All Star Game ; Flay played for the National League . Flay is also mentioned in the movie Step Brothers in the `` derek comes for dinner '' scene . In 2010 , Flay was impersonated in the South Park cartoon episode Crème Fraiche . In 2011 , Flay had recurring appearances in the final season of Entourage as the boyfriend of Ari Gold 's wife . In 2012 , Flay appeared on Portlandia , in a director 's cut of the episode Brunch Village . He showed director Jonathan Krisel how to make the perfect marionberry pancakes . Flay guest stars as himself on season two of the TV series Younger , which initially aired in 2016 . Sirius XM Radio ( edit ) Flay hosted a weekly call - in show on Sirius XM Satellite Radio . He offered advice to men on `` everything from sports to current issues '' , although food was the focus . Books ( edit ) Flay has authored several cookbooks , including : Bobby Flay 's Bold American Food ( Warner Books , May 31 , 1994 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 4465 - 1724 - 9 Bobby Flay 's From My Kitchen to Your Table ( Clarkson Potter , March 31 , 1998 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 70729 - 6 Bobby Flay 's Boy Meets Grill ( Hyperion , May 19 , 1999 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6490 - 4 Bobby Flay Cooks American ( Hyperion , September 30 , 2001 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6714 - 1 Bobby Flay 's Boy Gets Grill ( Scribner , May 18 , 2004 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5481 - 6 Bobby Flay 's Grilling For Life ( Scribner , May 3 , 2005 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7272 - 8 Bobby Flay 's Mesa Grill Cookbook ( Clarkson Potter , October 16 , 2007 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 3073 - 5141 - 8 Bobby Flay 's Grill It ! ( Clarkson Potter , April 18 , 2008 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 3073 - 5142 - 5 Bobby Flay 's Burgers , Fries and Shakes ( Clarkson Potter , April 11 , 2009 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 3074 - 6063 - 9 Bobby Flay 's Bar Americain Cookbook : Celebrate America 's Great Flavors ( Clarkson Potter , September 20 , 2011 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 46138 - 4 Bobby Flay 's Throwdown ( Clarkson Potter , October 12 , 2012 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 3077 - 1916 - 4 Bobby Flay 's Barbecue Addiction ( Clarkson Potter , April 23 , 2013 ) -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 3074 - 6139 - 1 Horse racing ( edit ) Flay has a personal interest in Thoroughbred horse racing . He is the owner of more than one graded stakes race winner , including More Than Real , who won the prestigious 2010 Breeders ' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf and part owner of Creator , who won the third jewel of the triple crown the Belmont stakes . He serves on the Breeders ' Cup board of directors . He was a candidate for chairman in 2014 , but was not elected . Personal Life ( edit ) Flay married Debra Ponzek , also a chef , on May 11 , 1991 . Flay and Ponzek divorced in 1993 , and Flay married his second wife , Kate Connelly , in 1995 . They have a daughter named Sophie . Flay and Connelly separated in 1998 , and later divorced . Flay married actress Stephanie March , on February 20 , 2005 . According to media reports , March and Flay separated in March 2015 and their divorce was finalized on July 17 , 2015 . Flay has been dating Heléne Yorke since February 2016 . Awards and accolades ( edit ) New York Magazine Gael Greene 's Restaurant of the Year -- Mesa Grill ( 1992 ) James Beard Foundation 's Rising Star Chef of the Year ( 1993 ) French Culinary Institute Outstanding Graduate Award ( 1993 ) International Association of Culinary Professionals Award for Design -- Bobby Flay 's Bold American Food ( 1995 ) Daytime Emmy Award nominee for Outstanding Service Show -- Hot Off the Grill with Bobby Flay ( 2000 ) Daytime Emmy Award nominee for Outstanding Service Show Host -- Boy Meets Grill ( 2004 ) Daytime Emmy Award winner for Outstanding Service Show Host -- Boy Meets Grill ( 2005 ) Daytime Emmy Award winner for Best Culinary Program -- Grill It ! With Bobby Flay ( 2009 ) Daytime Emmy Award winner for Outstanding Culinary Host -- Bobby Flay 's Barbecue Addiction ( 2014 ) Daytime Emmy Award winner for Outstanding Culinary Host -- Bobby Flay 's Barbecue Addiction ( 2015 ) James Beard Foundation 's National Television Food Show Award -- Bobby Flay Chef Mentor ( 2005 ) James Beard Foundation 's Who 's Who of Food & Beverage in America ( 2007 ) Culinary Hall of Fame Induction ( 2015 ) Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame ( 2015 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halic , Dana ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bobby Flay 's Burlington Burger Restaurant Closes '' . boston.eater.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Flay Biography : Chef ( 1964 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Flay profile '' . Chefography . Episode CHSP08. April 11 , 2008 . Food Network . Jump up ^ `` Locations -- Official website of Bobby 's Burger Palace '' . bobbysburgerpalace.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Chef Bobby Flay '' . GreatChefs.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Samantha ; Lisa Kay Greissinger ( July 13 , 1998 ) . `` Hot Hands '' . People . Time , Inc . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Profile , biography.com ; accessed June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Lee ; Ted Lee ( February 26 , 2003 ) . `` THE CHEF : BOBBY FLAY ; Salmon Hot From the Oven , and No Slaving at the Sink '' . The New York Times . Both his mother 's and father 's families , he explained , were Irish - American going back several generations . Jump up ^ Colón , Suzan . `` Bobby Flay 's Party Plan '' . Hearst Publications . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( May 28 , 2003 ) . `` Easy - Bake Oven Gets Its Own Cookbook '' . The Spokesman - Review . p . D10 . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flay Does it His Way -- Interview with Chef Bobby Flay '' . Wannabe TV Chef . January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Danyelle ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Bobby Flay will be grillin ' & chillin ' at Chelsea food fest '' . nydailynews.com . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephanie March , Bobby Flay '' . The New York Times . February 20 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here 's Bobby '' . Food Network . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Flay '' . CBSNews.com . CBS Worldwide Inc . May 16 , 2002 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Flay Opens BAR AMERICAIN , an American Brasserie , Today at Mohegan Sun '' . MoheganSun.com . Mohegan Sun Newsroom . November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fabricant , Florence ( December 26 , 2006 ) . `` Off the Menu '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The French Culinary Institute Culinary Arts Programs : News & Press '' . The French Culinary Institute , Inc . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Flay 's Role besides being a Chef '' . PioneerChef.com . July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flay , Bobby . `` Ask Bobby '' . BobbyFlay.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Flay '' . Nationwide Speakers Bureau , Inc . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Erica ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` Bobby Flay opens Burger Palace '' . NewsDay.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Flay , Bobby ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Bobby Flay News '' . BobbyFlay.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fabrikant , Mel ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Bobby Flay Opens Bobby 's Burger Palace ( BBP ) Yummy Yum Yum '' . paramuspost.com . The Paramus Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marc ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Bobby Flay to Bring Bobby 's Burger Palace to New England '' . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Flay Opens Bar Americain , an American Brasserie , Today at Mohegan Sun '' . MoheganSun.com . Mohegan Sun Newsroom . November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` An Early Look at Bobby 's Burger Palace in DC '' . Washingtonian.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Food News : Bobby 's Burger Palace in Roosevelt Field Mall ( Garden City ) Opens '' . eastyofnyc.com . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mary Zajac ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bobby Flay 's Burger Palace Opens in Maryland Live ! Casino '' . blogs.citypaper.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorelick , Richard ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Table Talk : Bobby Flay 's burger is matriculating at College Park '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Preston , Marguerite ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Mesa Grill Closed Sunday , But Flay Is Set On Relocating '' . ny.eater.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pang , Amelia ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Mesa Grill Closes , Gato to Open '' . Epoch Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bobby Flay 's Biography '' . StarChefs . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Days to Open '' . Food Network . August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/bobby-flays-barbecue-addiction Jump up ^ Flay , Bobby ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` News '' . BobbyFlay.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salkin , Allen ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` He 's the Man Who Sets the Table '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Wolper Talks To Melba Wilson '' . 88.3 FM WGBO . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marin , Rick ( June 6 , 2001 ) . `` Lobsters at Five Paces , Knives and Egos Bared '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` ' Iron Chef ' fires up Food net '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Chef America : Thanksgiving Showdown '' . reality-tv-online.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Quebec chef wins Iron Chef with lobster poutine '' . cbc.ca . March 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Specials : Bobby 's Vegas Gamble '' . Food Network . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Specials : Restaurant Revamp '' . Food Network . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Specials : Bobby 's Vegas Gamble '' . Food Network . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Specials : Tasting Ireland '' . Food Network . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Specials : Food Network Awards '' . Food Network . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network Specials : Food Network Awards '' . Food Network . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morabito , Greg ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` Bobby Flay Set To Star In New Reality Show on NBC '' . Eater.com . Jump up ^ `` Watch Bobby Flay on Jeopardy ! '' . Jeopardy.com . Sony Pictures Digital Inc . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's Must - Watch Irresistible Comedy `` Younger '' from Darren Star Renewed for Season Three `` . The Futon Critic . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Also guest starring over the course of the season is Bobby Flay Jump up ^ Cuprisin , Tim ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Departing Channel 6 reporter Feldman made her mark covering health '' . Inside TV & Radio . Journal Sentinel . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , J.M. ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Bobby Flay taking a taste of radio '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . breederscup.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paulick , Ray ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` A Better Breeders ' Cup Board : Something Old , Something New '' . Paulickreport.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Trish ( May 8 , 1991 ) . `` Sharing a Life Of Chefs ' Hours And Pancakes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2007 . Bobby Flay and Debra Ponzek , two well - known chefs in the New York food world , are getting married on Saturday ( May 11 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Miller , Samantha ( July 13 , 1998 ) . `` Hot Hands '' . People . 49 ( 27 ) . Retrieved April 9 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bender , Kelli ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Flay and Wife Stephanie March Split '' . People . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Flay , Stephanie March divorce reportedly finalized '' . New York Post . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 -- via Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Flay Celebrates 1 Year with Girlfriend - Actress Heléne Yorke '' . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 James Beard Foundation Restaurant and Chef Awards '' . The James Beard Foundation . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cookbook Awards Past Winners '' . International Association of Culinary Professionals . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2008 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 31st Annual Daytime Emmys -- Mayors Reception Press Release '' ( Press release ) . The National Television Academy . May 20 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Winners Release '' ( Press release ) . The National Television Academy . May 20 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Winners for the 36th Annual Daytime Entertainment Creative Arts Emmy Award '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . The National Academy of Television Arts & Science . August 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners for the 41st Annual Daytime Emmy ® Awards '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . August 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners for the 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy ® Awards '' ( PDF ) . National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 James Beard Foundation / Viking Range Broadcast Media Awards '' . The James Beard Foundation . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Who 's Who Nominees & Winners '' . The James Beard Foundation . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Flay Inducted '' . culinaryhalloffame.com . February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Flay receives Walk of Fame '' . UPI . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official web site Bobby Flay on IMDb Bobby Flay 's Twitter Profile Bobby Flay at the Chef and Restaurant Database Food Network Star Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners ( series ) Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh Party Line with the Hearty Boys Guy Fieri Guy 's Big Bite Diners , Drive - Ins , and Dives Guy Off the Hook Minute to Win It Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off Guy 's Grocery Games Amy Finley The Gourmet Next Door Aaron McCargo , Jr . Big Daddy 's House Melissa d'Arabian Ten Dollar Dinners Aarti Sequeira Aarti Party Jeff Mauro $24 in 24 The Kitchen Kitchen Sink Sandwich King Justin Warner Rebel Eats Damaris Phillips Kids BBQ Championship Southern at Heart Lenny McNab Eddie Jackson BBQ Blitz Clash of the Grandmas Kids BBQ Championship Tregaye Fraser Kitchen Sink Jason Smith Best Baker in America Other contestants ( series ) Damiano Carrara Halloween Baking Championship Nikki Dinki Junk Food Flip Adam Gertler Will Work for Food Kid in a Candy Store Kelsey Nixon Kelsey 's Essentials Kelsey 's Homemade Jeffrey Saad United Tastes of America Selection committee Current Bobby Flay Giada De Laurentiis Former Alton Brown Gordon Elliott Marc Summers Spin - offs Food Network Star Kids Production Food Network CBS EYEtoo Productions The people of CBS News CBS Evening News Jeff Glor CBS Weekend News Reena Ninan Saturdays Elaine Quijano Sundays CBS This Morning Weekday anchors John Dickerson Gayle King Norah O'Donnell Saturday anchors Anthony Mason Alex Wagner Sunday Morning Anchor Jane Pauley Correspondents Serena Altschul Rita Braver Senior Correspondent Lee Cowan Bill Geist Nancy Giles Contributor Conor Knighton Ted Koppel Mo Rocca Tracy Smith Ben Stein Contributor 60 Minutes Sharyn Alfonsi Steve Kroft Co-Editor Lara Logan Scott Pelley Lesley Stahl Co-Editor Anderson Cooper Contributing Correspondent Bill Whitaker 48 Hours Mystery Maureen Maher Erin Moriarty Troy Roberts Richard Schlesinger Susan Spencer Peter Van Sant Face the Nation Margaret Brennan CBS Morning News Anne - Marie Green Chief Correspondents Nancy Cordes Chief Congressional Correspondent Jan Crawford Chief Legal Correspondent / Political Correspondent Major Garrett Chief White House Correspondent Correspondents ( Journalist 's base city ) Jim Axelrod National ( New York ) Errol Barnett ( Washington ) John Blackstone ( San Francisco ) Margaret Brennan Foreign Affairs / White House ( Washington ) James Brown Special Correspondent Lee Cowan National ( Los Angeles ) Don Dahler Adriana Diaz ( Chicago ) Seth Doane Foreign ( Rome ) Peter Greenberg Travel Editor ( New York ) Julianna Goldman ( Washington ) Sanjay Gupta Medical Contributor Steve Hartman On the Road Wynton Marsalis Cultural David Martin National Security ( Washington ) Michelle Miller ( New York ) Elizabeth Palmer Foreign ( London ) Debora Patta Foreign ( Johannesburg ) Jeff Pegues Justice / Homeland Security ( Washington ) Barry Petersen ( Denver ) Mark Phillips Senior Foreign ( London ) Chip Reid National ( Washington ) Bob Schieffer Political Contributor ( Washington ) Mark Strassmann ( Atlanta ) Ben Tracy Foreign ( Beijing ) CBSN Don Dahler Kristine Johnson Michelle Miller CBS Newspath Nikki Batiste Kenneth Craig Weijia Jiang Mola Lenghi Danielle Nottingham Laura Podesta Roxana Saberi Iron Chef Episodes 2012 revival episodes U.S. versions Iron Chef USA Iron Chef America Episodes The Next Iron Chef Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Iron Chef Gauntlet Iron Chef Showdown Other versions Iron Chef Australia Iron Chef Indonesia Episodes Iron Chef UK Iron Chef Vietnam The Next Iron Chef Vietnam Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lifestyle / Culinary Show Host Service Show Host ( 1994 -- 2006 , retired ) T. Berry Brazelton ( 1994 ) Martha Stewart ( 1995 ) Julia Child ( 1996 ) Martha Stewart ( 1997 ) Steve Thomas ( 1998 ) Ming Tsai ( 1999 ) Christopher Lowell ( 2000 ) Julia Child and Jacques Pépin ( 2001 ) Martha Stewart ( 2002 ) Martha Stewart ( 2003 ) Suze Orman ( 2004 ) Bobby Flay / Michael Chiarello ( 2005 ) Suze Orman ( 2006 ) Lifestyle Host ( 2007 -- 2008 , retired ) Paula Deen ( 2007 ) Giada De Laurentiis ( 2008 ) Lifestyle / Culinary Host ( 2009 -- 2012 , retired ) Ina Garten ( 2009 ) Ina Garten ( 2010 ) Martha Stewart ( 2011 ) Sandra Lee ( 2012 ) Culinary Host ( 2013 -- present ) Lidia Bastianich ( 2013 ) Bobby Flay ( 2014 ) Bobby Flay ( 2015 ) Gabrielle Hamilton and David Kinch ( 2016 ) Lifestyle / Travel Host ( 2013 -- present ) Leeza Gibbons ( 2013 ) Joseph Rosendo ( 2014 ) Brandon McMillan ( 2015 ) Jeff Corwin ( 2016 ) VIAF : 55827739 LCCN : n93076369 SNAC : w6ch5mpq Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Flay&oldid=832592860 '' Categories : 1964 births Living people American cookbook writers American people of Irish descent American racehorse owners and breeders American restaurateurs American television chefs Businesspeople from New York City Daytime Emmy Award winners Food Network chefs International Culinary Center alumni People from Manhattan Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Flay	605
who sang the song life in the fast lane	`` Life in the Fast Lane '' is a song written by Joe Walsh , Glenn Frey and Don Henley and recorded by the American rock band the Eagles on their 1976 studio album Hotel California . It was the third single released from this album , and peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 .	Eagles	Life in the Fast Lane	life in the fast lane	`` Life in the Fast Lane '' is a song written by Joe Walsh , Glenn Frey and Don Henley and recorded by the American rock band the Eagles on their 1976 studio album Hotel California . It was the third single released from this album , and peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Personnel 4 Covers and references 5 Charts 6 References 7 External links Content It tells the story of a couple that takes their excessive lifestyle to the edge . On In the Studio with Redbeard , Glenn Frey revealed that the title came to him one day when he was riding on the freeway with a drug dealer known as `` The Count '' . Frey asked the dealer to slow down and the response was , `` What do you mean ? It 's life in the fast lane ! '' In that same interview , Frey indicated that the song 's central riff was played by Walsh while the band was warming up in rehearsals and Walsh was told to `` keep that ; it 's a song . '' Don Henley recalled that the `` song actually sprang from the opening guitar riff . One day , at rehearsal , Joe ( Walsh ) just busted out that crazy riff and I said ' What the hell is that ? We 've got to figure out to make a song out of that . '' Henley and Frey then primarily wrote the lyrics . Critical reception In 2016 , the editors of Rolling Stone rated `` Life in the Fast Lane '' as the Eagles ' 8th greatest song . Personnel Don Henley : Lead vocals , drums Glenn Frey : Clavinet , backing vocals Joe Walsh : Lead guitar , Rhythm guitar Don Felder : Lead guitar , Rhythm guitar Randy Meisner : Bass guitar , backing vocals Covers and references This article contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( October 2017 ) Garth Brooks for the 2013 `` Classic Rock '' album in the `` Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences '' compilation . Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh plays the song on his solo tours . In 2007 , Jill Johnson recorded the song on her album Music Row . The track `` Livin ' It Up '' on Limp Bizkit 's album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water samples the phrase life in the fast lane throughout . Frey , Henley , and Walsh are credited in the `` lyrics by '' portion of the liner notes . Rascal Flatts and Carrie Underwood sang the song at the 2007 Grammy Awards . The song was used as the soundtrack for the roller coaster The Eagles ' Life In The Fast Lane , opened at Hard Rock Park in May 2008 . The country music group Williams Riley released their version of the song to country radio on August 23 , 2010 . The super group Metal Allegiance released a version of the song with vocals by Alissa White - Gluz . Charts Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 12 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 41 US Billboard Hot 100 11 References ^ Jump up to : Eagles : The Ultimate Guide . Rolling Stone . 2016 . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Music Row '' ( in Swedish ) . Svensk mediedatabas. 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cherney , Mike ( May 13 , 2009 ) . `` Freestyle Music Park Fills Out Offerings '' . The Sun News . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Freestyle rides headed from Myrtle Beach to Vietnam ? '' . myrtlebeachonline . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5238a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 5240 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Deacon Frey Vince Gill Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_in_the_Fast_Lane&oldid=814293608 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1977 singles Eagles ( band ) songs Jill Johnson songs Songs written by Glenn Frey Songs written by Don Henley Songs written by Joe Walsh Asylum Records singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from October 2017 All articles with trivia sections Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Slovenščina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20in%20the%20Fast%20Lane	606
who made the 7 wonders of the world			Wonders of the World	wonders of the world	Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day , to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures .	The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity ; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia . The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty , and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently , plus the sun and moon . Many similar lists have been made . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 2 Lists from other eras 3 Recent lists 3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers 3.2 USA Today 's New Seven Wonders 3.3 Seven Natural Wonders of the World 3.4 New7Wonders of the World 3.5 New7Wonders of Nature 3.6 New7Wonders Cities 3.7 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World 3.8 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World 3.9 Other lists of wonders of the world 3.10 Seven Wonders movie 3.11 Seven Wonders of the Solar System 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Seven Wonders of the ancient World Main article : Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only wonder of the ancient world still in existence The Colosseum in Rome The Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Stonehenge Machu Picchu Taj Mahal Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge The Victoria Falls contain the largest sheet of falling water in the world in terms of area The Great Barrier Reef CN Tower Chichen Itza Old City of Jerusalem The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights Grand Canyon The London sewerage system 's original Abbey Mills pumping station The Sydney Opera House The historian Herodotus ( 484 -- ca . 425 BC ) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , at the Museum of Alexandria , made early lists of seven wonders . Their writings have not survived , except as references . The classic seven wonders were : Colossus of Rhodes Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Lighthouse of Alexandria Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis at Ephesus The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Lists from other eras In the 19th and early 20th centuries , some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind , and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages . However , it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages , because the word `` medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era , and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as `` later list ( s ) '' , suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages . Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known . Typically representative are : Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa Colosseum Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Leaning Tower of Pisa Porcelain Tower of Nanjing Stonehenge Other sites sometimes included on such lists : Cairo Citadel Cluny Abbey Ely Cathedral Taj Mahal Recent lists Following in the tradition of the classical list , modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern . Some of the most notable lists are presented below . American Society of Civil Engineers In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World , paying tribute to the `` greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '' : Wonder Date started Date finished Location Significance Channel Tunnel December 1 , 1987 May 6 , 1994 Strait of Dover , between the United Kingdom and France The longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world . CN Tower February 6 , 1973 June 26 , 1976 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1976 -- 2007 . Empire State Building January 22 , 1930 May 1 , 1931 New York , NY , U.S. Tallest structure in the world 1931 -- 1967 . First building with 100 + stories . Golden Gate Bridge January 5 , 1933 May 27 , 1937 Golden Gate Strait , north of San Francisco , California , U.S. The longest suspension bridge main span in the world from 1937 to 1964 . Itaipu Dam January 1970 May 5 , 1984 Paraná River , between Brazil and Paraguay The largest operating hydroelectric facility in the world in terms of annual energy generation . Delta Works / Zuiderzee Works 1920 May 10 , 1997 Netherlands The largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century . Panama Canal January 1 , 1880 January 7 , 1914 Isthmus of Panama One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken . USA Today 's New Seven Wonders In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges . An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 , 2006 from viewer feedback . Number Wonder Location Potala Palace Lhasa , Tibet , China Old City of Jerusalem Jerusalem Polar ice caps Polar regions Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Hawaii , United States 5 Internet Earth 6 Mayan ruins Yucatán Peninsula , México 7 Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara Tanzania and Kenya 8 Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) Arizona , United States Seven natural Wonders of the World Similar to the other lists of wonders , there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world , and there has been debate over how large the list should be . One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN : Aurora Grand Canyon Great Barrier Reef Harbor of Rio de Janeiro Mount Everest Parícutin volcano Victoria Falls New7Wonders of the World In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments . Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1 , 2006 . Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder , the Great Pyramid of Giza , would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty , the Sydney Opera House , and other landmarks , calling the project absurd . In response , Giza was named an honorary Candidate . The results were announced on July 7 , 2007 , in Lisbon , Portugal : Wonder Date of construction Location Great Wall of China Since 7th century BC China Petra c. 100 BC Jordan Christ the Redeemer Opened October 12 , 1931 Brazil Machu Picchu c . AD 1450 Peru Chichen Itza c . AD 600 Mexico Colosseum Completed AD 80 Italy Taj Mahal Completed c . AD 1648 India Great Pyramid of Giza ( Honorary Candidate ) Completed c. 2560 BC Egypt New7Wonders of Nature New7Wonders of Nature ( 2007 -- 11 ) , a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll , was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign . Iguazu Falls Hạ Long Bay Jeju Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Komodo Amazon rainforest New7Wonders Cities New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders . Durban , South Africa Vigan , The Philippines Havana , Cuba Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Beirut , Lebanon Doha , Qatar La Paz , Bolivia Seven Wonders of the Underwater World The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International , an American - based non-profit group for divers , dedicated to ocean preservation and research . In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists , including Dr. Eugenie Clark , to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection . The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges , star of TV 's Sea Hunt : Palau Belize Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Deep - Sea Vents Galápagos Islands Lake Baikal Northern Red Sea Seven Wonders of the Industrial World British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2003 , the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats , with Cadbury as a producer . Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders : SS Great Eastern Bell Rock Lighthouse Brooklyn Bridge London sewerage system First Transcontinental Railroad Panama Canal Hoover Dam Other lists of Wonders of the World Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world . Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject , one with 10 man - made wonders , and one with 10 natural wonders . British biographer , science writer , and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World , which lists 52 wonders , one for each week of the year . Seven Wonders movie Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek list of Wonders of the World . Seven Wonders of the Solar System In a 1999 article , Astronomy magazine listed the Seven Wonders of the Solar System . This article was later made into a video . Enceladus , a moon of Saturn The Great red spot of Jupiter The Asteroid belt The surface of the Sun The Oceans of Earth The Rings of Saturn Olympus Mons on Mars See also Eighth Wonder of the World World Heritage List -- a list of over 900 sites deemed by UNESCO to be of `` outstanding universal value '' National Seven Wonders Seven Wonders of Canada Seven Wonders of Colombia Seven Wonders of India Seven Wonders of Poland Seven Wonders of Portugal Seven Natural Wonders of Romania Seven Wonders of Russia Seven Wonders of Serbia Seven Wonders of Ukraine Seven Wonders of Wales 12 Treasures of Spain Seven Wonders of Fore ( Fore Abbey , Ireland ) Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ Both the USA Today article and the Good Morning America broadcast described this wonder as `` Jerusalem 's Old City , Israel . '' The Old City is located in East Jerusalem , which is claimed by both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine . The UN and most countries do not recognize Israel 's claim to East Jerusalem , taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . References Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . ^ Jump up to : Evans , IH ( reviser ( 1975 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( Centenary edition Fourth impression ( corrected ) ed . ) . London : Cassell . p. 1163 . ^ Jump up to : Hereward Carrington ( 1880 -- 1958 ) . The Seven Wonders of the World : ancient , medieval and modern `` , reprinted in the Carington Collection ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4378 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Carrington Collection . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things . p. 280 . OCLC 01038938 . Jump up ^ Miller , Francis Trevelyan ; Woodrow , Wilson ; Taft , William Howard ; Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1915 ) . America , the Land We Love . p. 201 . OCLC 00334597 . Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Crusades. 2001 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Cluny Abbey '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 16 . 1913 . p. 74 . OCLC 06974688 . Jump up ^ The Rough Guide To England . 1994 . p. 596 . Jump up ^ Palpa , as You Like it . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Seven Wonders panel '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` The world 's 8th wonder : Readers pick the Grand Canyon '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Wonders '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage . '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New 7 Wonders of the World Campaign announced 21 finalist candidates '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Angered at New Wonders Idea '' . Home.bellsouth.net . January 1 , 1985 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters via ABC News Australia `` Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled '' 7 July 2007 `` . Australia : ABC . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Underwater Wonders of the World '' . Wonderclub . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Manjit Kumar ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Review : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Deborah Cadbury ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) . `` British History in depth : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . `` World 's top 10 man - made travel wonders '' . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . `` World 's top 10 natural travel wonders '' . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald W. ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the World . Artus Publishing Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 668 - 04932 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video : '' . Aaa.org . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Further reading Ash , Russell , `` Great Wonders of the World '' . Dorling Kindersley. 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2886 - 8 Cox , Reg , and Neil Morris , `` The Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . Chelsea House Publications : Library . October 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6048 - 9 Cox , Reg , Neil Morris , and James Field , `` The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World '' . Chelsea House Publications : Library . October 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6047 - 0 D'Epiro , Peter , and Mary Desmond Pinkowish , `` What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists '' . Anchor . December 1 , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 Morris , Neil , `` The Seven Wonders of the Natural World '' . Chrysalis Books . December 30 , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 84138 - 495 - X External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . Seven Wonders of the Modern World -- a list of modern wonders compiled by the American Society of Civil Engineers 77 Wonders of the World in 360 ° A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO ( hide ) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=808291614 '' Categories : Ancient history Cultural lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 00 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonders%20of%20the%20World	17
what kind of bomb did the us drop on japan	During the final stage of World War II , the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings , which killed at least 129,000 people , remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history .	nuclear weapons	Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki	atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki	Hiroshima :	20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings , which killed at least 129,000 people , remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland . This was preceded by a U.S. conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . The Japanese , facing the same fate , refused to accept the Allies ' demands for unconditional surrender and the Pacific War continued . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese response to this ultimatum was to ignore it . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , the U.S. dropped a uranium gun - type ( Little Boy ) bomb on Hiroshima , and American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan 's surrender , warning it to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . '' Three days later , on August 9 , a plutonium implosion - type ( Fat Man ) bomb was dropped on Nagasaki . Within the first two to four months following the bombings , the acute effects of the atomic bombings had killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . During the following months , large numbers died from the effect of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The justification for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Depiction , public response , and censorship 9 Post-attack casualties 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Debate over bombings 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War by August 1 , 1945 . Japan still had control of all of Manchuria , Korea , Taiwan and Indochina , a large part of China , including most of the main Chinese cities , and much of the Dutch East Indies . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . The Japanese fought fiercely , ensuring that U.S. victory would come at an enormous cost . Of the 1.25 million battle casualties incurred by the United States in World War II , including both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action , nearly one million occurred in the twelve - month period from June 1944 to June 1945 . December 1944 saw American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed . American military leaders used these figures to estimate high casualties among American soldiers in the planned invasion of Japan . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised the Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were under way for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon which was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from USAAF headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the USAAF offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Civilians who took part in the war effort through such activities as building fortifications and manufacturing munitions and other war materials in factories and workshops were considered combatants in a legal sense and therefore liable to be attacked . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were also devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . By July 1945 , the Japanese had stockpiled 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ; 36,400,000 US gal ; 30,300,000 imp gal ) of avgas for the invasion of Japan . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 -- 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 was needed for a bomb instead of tons of un-enriched uranium and a neutron moderator ( e.g. heavy water ) . Working in collaboration with the United Kingdom and Canada , with their respective projects Tube Alloys and Chalk River Laboratories , the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , designed and built the first atomic bombs . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed . Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device ( both types named by Robert Serber ) , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . A test implosion weapon , the gadget , was detonated at Trinity Site , on July 16 , 1945 , near Alamogordo , New Mexico . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the weapon could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released . Kyoto had the advantage of being an important center for military industry , as well an intellectual center and hence a population better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , only two bombs would be available at the start of August , although more were in production , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had dropped more than 63 million leaflets across Japan warning civilians of air raids . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern amongst the Empire of Japan that they ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb , and against a special leaflet warning , in both cases because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation , and the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources give conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton writes that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly that it was July 3 . The USAAF history notes eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima is not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the 1943 Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Stimson and Vannevar Bush represented the United States ; Britain was represented by the head of the British Joint Staff Mission , Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson ; and Canada by Clarence D. Howe . In addition , Harvey Bundy , Sir James Chadwick , Groves , Lord Halifax , George L. Harrison , and Roger Makins were all present at the meeting by invitation . Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The successful Trinity Test of July 16 exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration outlining terms of surrender for Japan . It was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the imperial institution ; that Japan not be occupied ; that the Japanese armed forces be disbanded voluntarily ; and that war criminals be prosecuted by Japanese courts . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal back to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . The uranium - 235 projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The target and bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target inserts followed by air on July 30 . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a minor supply and logistics base for the Japanese military , but it also had large stockpiles of military supplies . The city was also a communications center , a key port for shipping and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns ; children were shown how to construct and hurl gasoline bombs and the wheelchair - bound and bedridden were assembling booby traps to be planted in the beaches of Kyushu . A new slogan appeared on the walls of Hiroshima : `` FORGET SELF ! ALL OUT FOR YOUR COUNTRY ! '' It was also the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , due to the fact that it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber - made workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks , beginning in 1944 . Firebreaks continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Seizo Yamada 's ground level photo taken approximately 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) northeast of Hiroshima Picture found in Honkawa Elementary School in 2013 of the Hiroshima atom bomb cloud , stated by some books and the Hiroshima Peace Museum as having been taken about 30 minutes after detonation from about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) east of the hypocenter . However , experience on how quickly such clouds dissipate and comparisons to other photos puts this frame at 2 - 3 minutes after detonation , not 30 minutes . Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . Having been fully briefed under the terms of Operations Order No. 35 , the 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . The Enola Gay ( named after Tibbets ' mother ) was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , served as the photography aircraft . Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb during the flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . The image with the incorrect description featured prominently in the Hiroshima Peace Museum up to 2016 , though not cited , it had much earlier , also been mis - attributed and presented to the public in 1955 by US artists , with the world - touring The Family of Man exhibition . Without knowledge of the photo the output of energy from the fuel in the city , necessary to loft a stratospheric firestorm - cloud , had been estimated as 1000 times the energy of the bomb . Post March estimates using the height of this Hiroshima - cloud also point at the underlying firestorm releasing approximately 1000 times the energy of the bomb . Twenty minutes after detonation , during the formation of this firestorm , soot filled black rain began to fall on survivors . Scientist Alan Robock suggests that 100 of these firestorm - clouds would create a small `` nuclear winter '' , 1 - 2 C of global cooling . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic at 34 ° 23 ′ 41 '' N 132 ° 27 ′ 17 '' E / 34.39468 ° N 132.45462 ° E / 34.39468 ; 132.45462 . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . People on the ground reported seeing a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The US surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The greater absorption of thermal energy by dark colors resulted in the clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , being burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns . Survivor is standing as the burn is of very shallow depth ; unlike burns from hot convective material , the heat transfer rate from thermal radiation is low . 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , who was in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He lived into his 80s . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She had been in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been conscripted / mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 km away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters located about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group on the bombing mission . Although it is not identified by them , an AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . By August 8 , the 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . The Japanese government did not react . Emperor Hirohito , the government , and the war council considered four conditions for surrender : the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea , or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped the Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink , at the urging of Ashworth , the plane 's weaponeer , who was in command of the mission . After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yawata , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , they headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth ruled that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 6.4 kg ( 14 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley at 32 ° 46 ′ 25 '' N 129 ° 51 ′ 48 '' E / 32.77372 ° N 129.86325 ° E / 32.77372 ; 129.86325 . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . The explosion generated temperatures inside the fireball estimated at 3,900 ° C ( 7,050 ° F ) and winds that were estimated at over 1,000 km / h ( 620 mph ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Because of the delays in the mission and the inoperative fuel transfer pump , Bockscar did not have sufficient fuel to reach the emergency landing field at Iwo Jima , so Sweeney and Bock flew to Okinawa . Arriving there , Sweeney circled for 20 minutes trying to contact the control tower for landing clearance , finally concluding that his radio was faulty . Critically low on fuel , Bockscar barely made it to the runway on Okinawa 's Yontan Airfield . With enough fuel for only one landing attempt , Sweeney and Albury brought Bockscar in at 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) , firing distress flares to alert the field of the uncleared landing . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as Bockscar began its final approach . Touching the runway hard , the heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . The B - 29 's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off the runway . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion by the time the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground A photograph of Sumiteru Taniguchi 's back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' / conscripted students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from bomb effects . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' On the same day , Marshall endorsed the memo with the comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President . '' Truman had secretly requested this on August 10 . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall . `` The problem now ( August 13 ) is whether or not , assuming the Japanese do not capitulate , to continue dropping them every time one is made and shipped out there or whether to hold them ... and then pour them all on in a reasonably short time . Not all in one day , but over a short period . And that also takes into consideration the target that we are after . In other words , should we not concentrate on targets that will be of the greatest assistance to an invasion rather than industry , morale , psychology , and the like ? Nearer the tactical use rather than other use . '' Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . On that day Hirohito ordered Kōichi Kido to `` quickly control the situation ... because the Soviet Union has declared war against us . '' He then held an Imperial conference during which he authorized minister Shigenori Tōgō to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings : Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Hirohito met with General MacArthur on September 27 , saying to him that `` ( t ) he peace party did not prevail until the bombing of Hiroshima created a situation which could be dramatized '' . Furthermore , the `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' speech he told MacArthur about was just personal , not political , and never stated that the Soviet intervention in Manchuria was the main reason for surrender . In fact , a day after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Hirohito ordered his advisers , primarily Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu , Kawada Mizuho , and Masahiro Yasuoka , to write up a surrender speech . In Hirohito 's speech , days before announcing it on radio on August 15 , he gave three major reasons for surrender : Tokyo 's defenses would not be complete before the American invasion of Japan , Ise Shrine would be lost to the Americans , and atomic weapons deployed by the Americans would lead to the death of the entire Japanese race . Despite the Soviet intervention , Hirohito did not mention the Soviets as the main factor for surrender . Depiction , public response , and censorship Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . During the war , the British embassy in Washington reported that Americans regarded the Japanese as `` a nameless mass of vermin '' ; caricatures depicting Japanese as less than human , e.g. monkeys , were common . A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13 % of the U.S. public were in favor of `` killing off '' all Japanese people . After the Hiroshima bomb detonated successfully , Oppenheimer addressed an assembly at Los Alamos `` clasping his hands together like a prize - winning boxer '' . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . Hahn told the others , `` Once I wanted to suggest that all uranium should be sunk to the bottom of the ocean '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) and the censorship of photographs that showed corpses and maimed survivors . Such `` censorship '' was however the status - quo at the time , with no major news outlets depicting corpses or maimed survivors as a result from other events , US or otherwise . On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs and on August 21 they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the atom bomb was dropped , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 , the day of the formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri . His Morse code dispatch was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 , entitled `` The Atomic Plague '' , the first public report to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout . Burchett 's reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military . The U.S. censors suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News , and accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account of Hiroshima 's radiation sickness published one week earlier . Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the results in early 1946 . The film crew 's work resulted in a three - hour documentary entitled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . The total of 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film shot by McGovern 's cameramen had not been fully aired as of 2009 . According to Greg Mitchell , with the 2004 documentary film Original Child Bomb , a small part of that footage managed to reach part of the American public `` in the unflinching and powerful form its creators intended '' . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were then confiscated by the American authorities . These reels were in turn requested by the Japanese government , declassified , and saved from oblivion . Some black - and - white motion pictures were released and shown for the first time to Japanese and American audiences in the years from 1968 to 1970 . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the human effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , and much of this information was censored until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951 , restoring control to the Japanese . Only the most politically charged and detailed weapons effects information was censored during this period . The Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka for example , in its first issue published March 10 , 1946 , devotes itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Similarly , there was no censorship of the factually written witness accounts , the book Hiroshima written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . The book narrates the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Although most all survivors with burns also had burns compounded by the conventional fires that were lit after the bombing , this footage was primarily made with the survivors being asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the nuclear thermal / flash , to document and convey the relatively unique line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered complete protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture that is also seen particularly around joints , is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . The film also features a small number of completely unburnt survivors who were included in the film to show the recovery made by those whose hair had previously fallen out from the effects of acute radiation syndrome but by the time of filming , they had recovered . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . Dr. James V. Neel led the study which found that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . Neel also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . The National Academy of Sciences questioned Neel 's procedure which did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure . Overall , while a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 km from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University human geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects or other causes among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were more common among the survivors . Despite the insignificance of birth defects found in Neel 's study and the detailed medical literature , up to 1987 , historians such as Ronald E. Powaski frequently wrote that Hiroshima experienced `` an increase in stillbirths , birth defects , and infant mortality '' following the atomic bomb . As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years . An epidemiology study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , could be due to radiation from the bombs , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha See also : Hibakujumoku The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 are still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness , with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when Little Boy was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before Fat Man was dropped , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , and was screened at the United Nations . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Citizens of Hiroshima walk by the Hiroshima Peace Memorial , the closest building to have survived the city 's atomic bombing . The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender and the U.S. 's ethical justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades . J. Samuel Walker wrote in an April 2005 overview of recent historiography on the issue , `` the controversy over the use of the bomb seems certain to continue . '' He wrote that `` The fundamental issue that has divided scholars over a period of nearly four decades is whether the use of the bomb was necessary to achieve victory in the war in the Pacific on terms satisfactory to the United States . '' Supporters of the bombings generally assert that they caused the Japanese surrender , preventing casualties on both sides during Operation Downfall . One figure of speech , `` One hundred million ( subjects of the Japanese Empire ) will die for the Emperor and Nation '' , served as a unifying slogan , although that phrase was intended as a figure of speech along the lines of the `` ten thousand years '' phrase . In Truman 's 1955 Memoirs , `` he states that the atomic bomb probably saved half a million U.S. lives -- anticipated casualties in an Allied invasion of Japan planned for November . Stimson subsequently talked of saving one million U.S. casualties , and Churchill of saving one million American and half that number of British lives . '' Scholars have pointed out various alternatives that could have ended the war without an invasion , but these alternatives could have resulted in the deaths of many more Japanese . Supporters also point to an order given by the Japanese War Ministry on August 1 , 1944 , ordering the execution of Allied prisoners of war when the POW camp was in the combat zone . Those who oppose the bombings cite a number of reasons for their view , among them : a belief that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they were militarily unnecessary , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . The bombings were part of an already fierce conventional bombing campaign . This , together with the naval blockade , could also have eventually led to a Japanese surrender . At the time the United States dropped its atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviet Union launched a surprise attack with 1.6 million troops against the Kwantung Army in Manchuria . `` The Soviet entry into the war '' , argued Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa , `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . Another popular view among critics of the bombings , originating with Gar Alperovitz in 1965 and becoming the default position in Japanese school history textbooks , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Condé Nast . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Yuki Tanaka and Marilyn B. Young , `` Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History '' . ( New York : New Press , 2009 ) , 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 40 - 43 , 76 - 79 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Frankin D ; Churchill , Winston ( August 19 , 1943 ) . `` Quebec Agreement '' . atomicarchive.com . Jump up ^ Edwards , Gordon . `` Canada 's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States , Britain , France and India '' . Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 82 - 84 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 522 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 511 -- 516 . Jump up ^ Grunden 1998 , pp. 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Factsheets : 509th Operational Group '' . Air Force Historical Studies Office . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : 509th CG ( AFHRA archived ) . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 528 -- 529 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atomic Bomb : Decision -- Target Committee , May 10 -- 11 , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Reischauer 1986 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Jason M. ( 2012 ) . `` Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb ? : Confusion in Postwar Historiography '' . Journal of American - East Asian Relations . 19 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 203 . doi : 10.1163 / 18765610 - 01902004 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa 2006 , pp. 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Compton 1956 , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 255 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Newman 1995 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . August 13 , 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Josette H. `` The Information War in the Pacific , 1945 Paths to Peace '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲予告ビラ、高山市民が保管市内で展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜新聞社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1999 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Miller 1986 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Pages from President Truman 's diary , July 17 , 18 , and 25 , 1945 '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 389 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 395 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 233 -- 234 . The meaning of mokusatsu can fall anywhere in the range of `` ignore '' to `` treat with contempt '' . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Asada 1996 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 326 , 356 , 370 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Coster - Mullen 2012 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 64 -- 65 , 163 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1995 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( June 1946 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . nuclearfiles.org . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions # 1 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bodden 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Preston 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Fiévé & Waley 2003 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Rotter 2008 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Rebecca J. ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rare Photo of the Mushroom Cloud Over Hiroshima Discovered in a Former Japanese Elementary School '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 509th Timeline : Inception to Hiroshima '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 -- the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Dietz & Van Kirk 2012 , p. 467 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Tolzer 1957 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline # 2 - the 509th ; The Hiroshima Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Allen 1969 , p. 2566 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Malik , John ( September 1985 ) . `` The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Photo - Essay on the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Broad , William J. ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Hiroshima Mushroom Cloud That Was n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism '' ( PDF ) . p. 1994 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Processes : Chapter = 4 '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robock , Alan ; Luke Oman ; Georgiy L. Stenchikov ; Owen B. Toon ; Charles Bardeen & Richard P. Turco ( 2007 ) . `` Climatic consequences of regional nuclear conflicts '' ( PDF ) . Atmos . Chem. Phys. 7 ( 8 ) : 2003 -- 12 . doi : 10.5194 / acp - 7 - 2003 - 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshimacommittee.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 6 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 37 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 286 -- 87 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial ( Genbaku Dome ) '' . UNESCO . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 9 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ham 2011 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ `` Special Exhibit 3 '' . Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kato , Toru ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` A Short - Sighted Parrot '' . Geocities.jp . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hiroshima -- 1945 & 2007 '' by Lyle ( Hiroshi ) Saxon , Images Through Glass , Tokyo `` . NEC Biglobe . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima : A Visual Record '' . JapanFocus . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Akiko Takakura '' . Atomic Archive . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . p. 7 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , pp. 330 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Asahi Shimbun . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 -- 444 . Jump up ^ `` Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer '' . Advocate ( Burnie , Tas. : 1890 -- 1954 ) . Burnie , Tasmania : National Library of Australia . August 9 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 443 - 444 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ `` Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima '' . Allgov.com . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 444 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Greg ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hidden History : American POWS Were Killed in Hiroshima '' . The Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 Sheryl P. Walter Declassified / Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 20 Mar 2014 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knebel & Bailey 1960 , pp. 175 -- 201 ^ Jump up to : `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . The Manhattan Engineer District . June 29 , 1946 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . August 6 , 1945 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State ( 1945 ) . `` Foreign Relations of the United States : diplomatic papers : the Conference of Berlin ( the Potsdam Conference ) '' . Foreign Relations of the United States . 2 . U.S. Government Printing Office : 1376 -- 1377 . ^ Jump up to : `` OWI Pacific Psyop Six Decades ago '' . Herbert A. Friedman . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima '' . A century of flight . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warning Leaflets '' . Atomic heritage foundation . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scoenberger , Walter ( 1969 ) . Decision of Destiny . Columbus : Ohio University Press . pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Bix 1996 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Slavinskiĭ 2004 , pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Hoyt 2001 , p. 401 . ^ Jump up to : Frank 1999 , pp. 283 -- 284 . ^ Jump up to : Russ 1990 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 342 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 15 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Robert . `` Nagasaki atomic bombing , 1945 '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 353 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Sherwin 2003 , pp. 233 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline # 3 - the 509th ; The Nagasaki Mission '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Nagasaki '' . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 720 . Jump up ^ `` Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing '' . Mainichi Weekly . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 179 , 213 -- 215 . Jump up ^ `` Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 ( CGP - ASPI - 025 ) '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chun 2008 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ `` Stories from Riken '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerr et al 2005 , pp. 43 , 46 . Jump up ^ Wainstock 1996 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bomb '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Delgado 2009 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Antonucci & Antonucci 1997 , pp. 222 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Laurence , William L. `` Eyewitness Account of Atomic Bomb Over Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Ham 2011 , p. 367 . ^ Jump up to : Sklar 1984 , pp. 56 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sodei 1998 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Rezelman , David ; F.G. Gosling ; Terrence R. Fehner ( 2000 ) . `` The atomic bombing of Nagasaki '' . The Manhattan Project : An Interactive History . U.S. Department of Energy . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Subsequent Weapons Testing '' . World Nuclear Association . May 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alperovitz & Tree 1996 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim '' . The Japan Times . August 9 , 1945 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list '' . The Japan Times . August 9 , 1945 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How Effective Was Navajo Code ? One Former Captive Knows '' . News from Indian Country . August 1997 . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` POW 's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki '' . The Argus . Melbourne : National Library of Australia . September 19 , 1945 . p. 20 . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nagasaki marks tragic anniversary '' . People 's Daily . August 10 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , June 19 , 1946 . President 's Secretary 's File , Truman Papers . '' . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . p. 19 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glasstone & Dolan 1977 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ `` Photos of Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the bombing , from a 1946 US report '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Barton J. ( Spring 1991 ) . `` Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons '' . International Security . 15 ( 4 ) : 149 -- 173 . ISSN 0162 - 2889 . JSTOR 2539014 . doi : 10.2307 / 2539014 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Terkel , Studs ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Paul Tibbets Interview '' . Aviation Publishing Group . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Litz 's Interview ( 2012 ) '' . Manhattan Project Voices . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellerstein , Alex ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Third Core 's Revenge '' . Restricted Data . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kido & Yoshitake 1966 , p. 1223 . Jump up ^ Fujiwara 1991 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , pp. 316 -- 319 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Rescript ending war -- What Hirohito really said in his acceptance speech '' . translated by William Wetherall . Yosha Research . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emperor Hirohito 's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops '' . Taiwan Document Project . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2007 , pp. 234 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Dower , John ( 2012 ) Ways of Forgetting , Ways of Remembering : Japan in the Modern World . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Weingartner , James J. ( February 1992 ) . `` Trophies of War : U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead , 1941 - 1945 '' . Pacific Historical Review . 61 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 67 . JSTOR 3640788 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Pictorially , Japanese were commonly represented as apes or monkeys , but also as insects , reptiles , and bats . Jump up ^ Bagby 1999 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Feraru 1950 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Monk 2012 , p. 450 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transcript of Surreptitiously Taped Conversations among German Nuclear Physicists at Farm Hall ( August 6 - 7 , 1945 ) '' ( PDF ) . German History in Documents and Images . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican Regrets Inventors Did Not Destroy Bomb '' . The Miami News . Associated Press . August 7 , 1945 . pp. 1 -- A. Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No abbey service '' . The Guardian . 1945 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hixson 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ White 1995 , pp. 1 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hein & Selden 1997 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata : A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing , ( Japan ) 1945 - 46 '' . Bonhams . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burchett 2004 , pp. 10 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Amy ; Goodman , David ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Mitchell ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Great Hiroshima Cover - Up '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore 1995 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Ishikawa & Swain 1981 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Destructive Effects '' . Atomic Bomb Museum . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Angell , Roger ( July 31 , 1995 ) . `` Hersey and History '' . The New Yorker . From the Archives . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Richie , Donald ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` The pure horror of Hiroshima '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharp 2000 , pp. 434 -- 452 . Jump up ^ Michaub , Jon ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Eighty - Five from the Archive : John Hersey '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ( NHK ) ( 1977 ) . Unforgettable Fire : Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 978 - 0394748238 . Jump up ^ Putnam , Frank W . `` The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect '' . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Radiation Effects Research Foundation Website '' . Rerf.or.jp . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voosen , Paul ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Crisis : Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science '' . E&E News . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Spectator , Volume 35 '' . Saturday Evening Club . 2002 . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Johnston 2008 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ McCormack 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krimsky & Shorett 2005 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` Data India '' . Press Institute of India . 2008 . p. 697 . Jump up ^ Powaski 1987 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions # 2 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima marks 72nd A-bomb anniversary with eyes on ban treaty '' . The Mainichi . August 6 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Relief for A-bomb victims '' . The Japan Times . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief calls for intensified effort on nuclear disarmament '' . Asian News Service . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic bombing of Nagasaki remembered '' . The Japan News . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors '' . Japan Times . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) . Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michiko Yamada ; Shizue Izumi ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric sequelae in atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki two decades after the explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology . Springer . 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Man who survived two atom bombs dies '' . CNN . January 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gruhl 2007 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Dower , John W. ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` The Bombed '' . In Michael J. Hogan . Hiroshima in History and Memory . Cambridge University Press . p. 140 . ISBN 9780521566827 . Dower says that Korean survivor groups use higher estimates . Jump up ^ Palmer , David ( February 20 , 2008 ) . `` Korean Hibakusha , Japan 's Supreme Court and the International Community : Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing ? '' . Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Selden & Selden 1990 , pp. xxx -- xxxi . Jump up ^ Walker 1990 , pp. 97 -- 114 . Jump up ^ s : Kill All Prisoners Order ( Introduced into the Tokyo War Crimes Trials in January 1947 as Document No. 2701 ( Certified as Exhibit `` O '' in Doc . No. 2687 ) ) -- Reynolds , Gary K. ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II : The Issue of Compensation by Japan '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 12 , 2016 . One of the few existing original copy of this general order was found by Jack Edwards after the war , in the ruins of the Kinkaseki prisoner of war camp. Edwards & Walter 1991 , p. 260 Jump up ^ Stohl 1979 , p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Gunter , Linda ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Racism of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima Bombings '' . Counter Punch . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historians : Soviet offensive , key to Japan 's WWII surrender , was eclipsed by A-bombs '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr , James J. ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism and The End of the Pacific War '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 34 ( 2 , ) : 521 -- 529 . ISSN 0095 - 6848 . JSTOR 27756604 . References Allen , Louis ( 1969 ) . `` The Nuclear Raids '' . In Hart , Basil Liddell . History of the Second World War . Volume 6 . London : Purnell . pp. 2566 -- 2576 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . Asada , Sadao ( 1996 ) . `` The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan 's Decision to Surrender : A Reconsideration '' . In Hogan , Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56682 - 7 . Bagby , Wesley Marvin ( 1999 ) . America 's International Relations Since World War I. New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512389 - 1 . OCLC 38574200 . Bix , Herbert ( 1996 ) . `` Japan 's Delayed Surrender : A Reinterpretation '' . In Hogan , Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56682 - 7 . Bodden , Valerie ( 2007 ) . The Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki . Mankato , Minnesota : The Creative Company . ISBN 1 - 58341 - 545 - 9 . Bradley , F.J. ( 1999 ) . No Strategic Targets Left . Paducah , Kentucky : Turner Publishing . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 07 - 2 . Brooks , Risa ; Stanley , Elizabeth A. ( 2007 ) . Creating Military Power : the Sources of Military Effectiveness . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5399 - 7 . Bungei , Shunjū Senshi Kenkyūkai ( 1981 ) . The Day Man Lost : Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 0 - 87011 - 471 - 9 . Burchett , Wilfred ( 2004 ) . `` The Atomic Plague '' . In Pilger , John . Tell me No Lies . New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press . pp. 10 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06288 - 3 . OCLC 61395938 . Campbell , Richard H. ( 2005 ) . The Silverplate Bombers : A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B - 29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2139 - 8 . OCLC 58554961 . Carroll , James ( 2007 ) . House of War : The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 618 - 87201 - 9 . Christman , Albert B. ( 1998 ) . Target Hiroshima : Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 120 - 3 . OCLC 38257982 . Chun , Clayton K.S. ( 2008 ) . Japan , 1945 : From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 284 - 4 . OCLC 191922849 . Compton , Arthur ( 1956 ) . Atomic Quest . New York : Oxford University Press . OCLC 173307 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1969 ) . `` Japan at the End of Her Tether '' . In Hart , Basil Liddell . History of the Second World War . Volume 6 . London : Purnell . pp. 2536 -- 2544 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1994 ) . `` Air War Against Japan '' . In Cooling , B. Franklin . Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority . Washington , D.C. : Center for Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 912799 - 63 - 3 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Coster - Mullen , John ( 2012 ) . Atom Bombs : The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man . Waukesha , Wisconsin : J. Coster - Mullen . OCLC 298514167 . Craven , Wesley ; Cate , James , eds. ( 1953 ) . The Pacific : Matterhorn to Nagasaki . The Army Air Forces in World War II . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . OCLC 256469807 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Dietz , Suzanne Simon ; Van Kirk , Theodore Jerome ( 2012 ) . My true course : Dutch Van Kirk , Northumberland to Hiroshima . Lawrenceville , Georgia : Red Gremlin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 692 - 01676 - 3 . OCLC 797975707 . Drea , Edward J. ( 1992 ) . MacArthur 's ULTRA : Codebreaking and the War Against Japan , 1942 -- 1945 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0504 - 5 . OCLC 23651196 . Edwards , Jack ; Walter , Jimmy ( 1991 ) . Banzai you Bastards . London : Souvenir Press . ISBN 0 - 285 - 63027 - X . OCLC 24908835 . Edwards , Pail N. ( 1996 ) . The Closed World : Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 55028 - 8 . OCLC 807140394 . Feraru , Arthur N. ( May 17 , 1950 ) . `` Public Opinion Polls on Japan '' . Far Eastern Survey . Institute of Pacific Relations . 19 ( 10 ) : 101 -- 103 . ISSN 0362 - 8949 . JSTOR 3023943 . doi : 10.1525 / as. 1950.19. 10.01 p0599l . Fiévé , Nicolas ; Waley , Paul ( 2003 ) . Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective : Place , Power and Memory in Kyoto , Edo and Tokyo . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1409 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall : The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41424 - X . Fujiwara , Akira ( 1991 ) . Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō `` dokuhakuroku '' . Tōkyō : Ōtsuki Shoten . ISBN 4 - 272 - 52022 - 9 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2009 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945 -- 1947 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 316 - 1 . OCLC 643381863 . Glasstone , Samuel ; Dolan , Philip J. , eds. ( 1977 ) . The Effects of Nuclear Weapons . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration . OCLC 4016678 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Goldstein , Donald ; Dillon , Katherine V ; Wenger , J Michael ( 1995 ) . Rain of Ruin : a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Washington , D.C. : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 033 - 0 . OCLC 31969557 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) . Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Groves , Leslie ( 1962 ) . Now it Can be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 306 - 70738 - 1 . OCLC 537684 . Gruhl , Werner ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War II , 1931 -- 1945 . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 . OCLC 76871604 . Grunden , Walter E. ( 1998 ) . `` Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb : Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth '' . Intelligence and National Security . 13 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 60 . ISSN 0268 - 4527 . doi : 10.1080 / 02684529808432475 . Ham , Paul ( 2011 ) . Hiroshima Nagasaki . Sydney : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8845 - 7 . OCLC 746754306 . Harvey , Robert ( 2007 ) . American Shogun : General MacArthur , Emperor Hirohito and the Drama of Modern Japan . Woodstock , New York : The Overlook Press . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 891 - 0 . OCLC 62134797 . Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi ( 2006 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01693 - 4 . Hein , Laura ; Selden , Mark , eds. ( 1997 ) . Living with the Bomb : American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age . New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 967 - 9 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07186 - 7 . OCLC 637004643 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Hixson , Walter L. ( 2002 ) . The American Experience in World War II : The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94035 - 1 . OCLC 59464269 . Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2001 ) . Japan 's War : The Great Pacific Conflict . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1118 - 9 . OCLC 12722494 . Hubbell , Harry ; Cheka , Joseph ; Jones , Throyce ( 1969 ) . The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs . Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values . Hiroshima : Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission . OCLC 404745043 . Ishikawa , Eisei ; Swain , David L. ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02985 - 3 . OCLC 715904227 . Johnston , Barbara Rose ( 2008 ) . The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War : The Rongelap Report . Walnutt Creek : Left Coast Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 346 - 3 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Jowett , Philip S. ; Andrew , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Japanese Army 1931 -- 45 : 2 1942 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 354 - 5 . OCLC 59395824 . Kerr , E. Bartlett ( 1991 ) . Flames Over Tokyo : the US Army Air Forces ' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Donald I. Fine Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 301 - 3 . Kerr , George D. ; Young , Robert W. ; Cullings , Harry M. ; Christy , Robert F. ( 2005 ) . `` Bomb Parameters '' . In Young , Robert W. ; Kerr , George D. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Dosimetry System 2002 ( PDF ) . Hiroshima : The Radiation Effects Research Foundation . OCLC 271477587 . Kido , Kōichi ; Yoshitake , Oka ( 1966 ) . 木戶幸一日記 ( Kido Kōichi Diary ) ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . ISBN 4 - 13 - 030012 - 1 . Knebel , Fletcher ; Bailey , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . No High Ground . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24221 - 6 . Krimsky , Sheldon ; Shorett , Peter ( 2005 ) . Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age : Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights . Lantham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4341 - 2 . Lewis , Robert A. ; Tolzer , Eliot ( August 1957 ) . `` How We Dropped the A-Bomb '' . Popular Science . pp. 71 -- 75 , 209 -- 210 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Lifton , Robert Jay ( 1991 ) . Death in Life : Survivors of Hiroshima . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4344 - X . OCLC 490493399 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . McCormack , Mary ( 2008 ) . `` Radiotherapy and Cancer '' . In Sean Kehoe ; Eric Jauniaux ; Pierre Martin - Hirsch ; Philip Savage . Cancer and Reproductive Health . London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904752 - 61 - 5 . McNelly , Theodore H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . In Jacob Neufeld . Pearl Harbor to V-J Day : World War II in the Pacific . New York : Diane Publishing Co . ISBN 1 - 4379 - 1286 - 9 . Miller , Richard Lee ( 1986 ) . Under the Cloud : The Decades of Nuclear Testing . New York : Two - Sixty Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 921620 - 6 . Monk , Ray ( 2012 ) . Robert Oppenheimer : A Life Inside the Center . New York ; Toronto : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 50407 - 2 . Moore , Mike ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Troublesome Imagery '' . Bulletin of Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 54 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 74 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Newman , Robert P. ( 1995 ) . Truman and the Hiroshima Cult . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 403 - 5 . OCLC 32625518 . Powaski , Ronald E. ( 1987 ) . March to Armageddon : The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race , 1939 to the Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536454 - 5 . Preston , Diana ( 2005 ) . Before The Fallout : From Marie Curie to Hiroshima . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1445 - 5 . Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1986 ) . My Life Between Japan And America . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039054 - 9 . OCLC 13114344 . Rotter , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280437 - 5 . Russ , Harlow W. ( 1990 ) . Project Alberta : The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Exceptional Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 ( 2000 ) : 434 -- 452 . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Sodei , Rinjiro ( 1998 ) . Were We the Enemy ? American Survivors of Hiroshima . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2960 - 4 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0141001463 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2011 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 - 1947 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1682471654 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Heinrichs , Waldo ; Gallicchio , Marc ( 2017 ) . Implacable Foes : War in the Pacific , 1944 - 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0190616755 . Hogan , Michael J. ( 1996 ) . Hiroshima in History and Memory . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56206 - 6 . Hornfischer , James D. ( 2017 ) . The Fleet at Flood Tide : America at Total War in the Pacific , 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0345548702 . Kanabun ( 2012 ) . Kyoko ; Tam , Young , eds . A story of a girl who survived an atomic bomb ( 原爆に遭った少女の話 ) . ASIN B00HJ6H2EK . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 1948 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Enola Gay : The Bombing of Hiroshima . New York : Konecky & Konecky . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 597 - 4 . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration An Unrecognized Loss -- Message From Hiroshima ( film ) Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered 2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium RaLa Experiment S - 1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project Empire of Japan Overview Agriculture Censorship Demographics Economy Economic history Education Eugenics Foreign commerce and shipping Industrial production Militarism Nationalism Statism Internal politics State Shinto Kazoku Emperors Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) Taishō ( Yoshihito ) Shōwa ( Hirohito ) Symbols Flag of Japan Rising Sun Flag Imperial Seal of Japan Government Seal of Japan State Seal of Japan Privy Seal of Japan Kimigayo Government Constitution Charter Oath Privy Council Administrative structure Imperial Diet Peers Representatives Daijō - kan Ministry of the Imperial Household Ministry of the Treasury Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce Ministry of Commerce and Industry Ministry of Munitions East Asia Development Board ( Kōain ) Foreign relations Government and military commanders of World War II Gozen Kaigi Ministry of Colonial Affairs Ministry of Greater East Asia Home Ministry Imperial Rescript on Education Imperial Way Faction ( Kōdōha ) Kokutai National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Peace Preservation Law Political parties Supreme Court of Judicature Taisei Yokusankai Tokkō Tonarigumi Tōseiha Greater East Asia Conference Military Armed Forces Imperial General Headquarters Imperial Japanese Army Air Service General Staff Office Railways and Shipping Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service General Staff Land Forces Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors Senjinkun military code Ministry of the Military Ministry of the Army Ministry of the Navy Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman Imperial Guard Nuclear weapons program Kamikaze War crimes Supreme War Council Japanese holdout History Meiji period Meiji Restoration Boshin War Satsuma Rebellion First Sino - Japanese War Triple Intervention Boxer Rebellion Anglo - Japanese Alliance Russo - Japanese War Taishō period World War I Siberian Intervention General Election Law Washington Naval Treaty Shōwa period Shōwa financial crisis Pacification of Manchukuo Anti-Comintern Pact Second Sino - Japanese War Tripartite Pact Soviet -- Japanese Border War ( 1939 ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Surrender ( Potsdam Declaration , Gyokuon - hōsō ) Occupation Territories Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Karafuto Korea Kwantung Manchukuo South Pacific Taiwan Occupied territories Borneo Burma Hong Kong Dutch East Indies Malaya Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Other topics Sonnō jōi Fukoku kyōhei Hakkō ichiu Internment camps German pre -- World War II industrial co-operation Racial Equality Proposal Shinmin no Michi Shōwa Modan Socialist thought Yasukuni Shrine International Military Tribunal for the Far East Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period Harry S. Truman 33rd President of the United States ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 34th Vice President of the United States ( 1945 ) U.S. Senator from Missouri ( 1935 -- 1945 ) Presidency 1945 inauguration 1949 inauguration Potsdam Conference Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Fair Deal Mental Health Act National Institute of Mental Health National School Lunch Act Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Loyalty Order National Security Act of 1947 Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council Department of the Air Force Central Intelligence Agency Key West Agreement Joint Long Range Proving Grounds Revolt of the Admirals Committee on Civil Rights Integration of the Armed Forces Housing Act of 1949 North Atlantic Treaty NATO Assassination attempt Korean War U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82 , 83 Relief of General MacArthur Office of Defense Mobilization Science Advisory Committee 1952 steel strike Puerto Rican constitutional referendum , 1952 National Security Agency State of the Union Address ( 1946 1950 1952 ) Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet Truman Balcony `` The buck stops here '' Life Early life and career Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite Missouri Office and Courtroom Truman Committee Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944 Books Bibliography Homes Birthplace Harry S. Truman Farm Home Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site Historic District Blair House Truman Little White House Elections United States Senate election in Missouri , 1934 1940 Democratic National Convention 1944 1948 United States presidential election , 1944 1948 `` Dewey Defeats Truman '' campaign song Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1952 Legacy Truman Day Harry S Truman Building Truman Dam and Reservoir Harry S. Truman Scholarship Truman Sports Complex U.S. Postage stamps Related Give ' em Hell , Harry ( 1975 play and film ) Truman ( 1995 film ) Family Bess Wallace Truman ( wife ) Margaret Truman ( daughter ) John Anderson Truman ( father ) Martha Ellen Young Truman ( mother ) Clifton Truman Daniel ( grandson ) ← Franklin D. Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower → Category United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement Project Hula World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Category Portal World War II city bombing Area bombardment Aerial bombing of cities Firestorm Strategic bombing V - weapons Acre Akita Aomori Augsburg Baedeker Bahrain Barrow - in - Furness Bath Bangkok Belfast Belgrade Berlin Birmingham Braunschweig Bremen Breslau Brighton Bristol Bucharest Caen Cardiff Chongqing Clydebank Cologne Coventry Darmstadt Darwin Dietzenbach Dresden Dublin Duisburg Essen Foggia Frampol Frankfurt Frascati Freiburg Gibraltar Gorky Greenock Haifa Hamamatsu Hamburg Hanau Heilbronn Helsinki Hildesheim Hiratsuka Hiroshima Hull Innsbruck Jaffa Kassel Kobe Kōfu Königsberg Kure Leeds Leipzig Leningrad Liverpool London Lübeck Malta Manchester Mandalay Mannheim Manila Milan Minsk Nagaoka Nagasaki Nagoya Naha Nanjing Naples Nexø Nijmegen Nottingham Numazu Okazaki Osaka Pearl Harbor Pforzheim Ploiești Plymouth Podgorica Prague Rabaul Allied Rangoon Rome Rønne Rotterdam Schaffhausen Schwäbisch Hall Sendai Shanghai Sheffield Shizuoka Allied Singapore Axis Singapore Sofia Southampton Stalingrad Stuttgart Swansea Taipei Tallinn Tel Aviv Tokyo Toyohashi Toyokawa Treviso Ulm Utsunomiya Vienna Warsaw Wesel Wieluń Wilhelmshaven Wuppertal Würzburg Yawata Zadar Zagreb Japan portal Nuclear technology portal United States portal World War II portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki&oldid=802487794 '' Categories : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945 in the environment 1945 in Japan August 1945 events Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from December 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with LibriVox links Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 13 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20bombings%20of%20Hiroshima%20and%20Nagasaki	607
what made the civil rights act an important gain			Civil rights movement	civil rights movement	The civil rights movement ( also known as the African - American civil rights movement , American civil rights movement and other terms ) was a decades long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held . With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century , the movement resulted in the largest legislative impacts after the direct actions and grassroots protests organized from the mid-1950s until 1968 . Encompassing strategies , various groups , and organized social movements to accomplish the goals of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States , the movement , using major nonviolent campaigns , eventually secured new recognition in federal law and federal protection of all Americans .	After the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the 1860s , the Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution , sought to secure the rights of African Americans . While for a short time during the Reconstruction era , African Americans voted and held political office , they were soon deprived of civil rights , often under Jim Crow laws , and subjected to discrimination and sustained violence . Over the following century , various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal rights . Between 1955 and 1968 , acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities . Federal , state , and local governments , businesses , and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations , which highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans . The lynching of Emmett Till and the visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the African - American community nationwide . Forms of protest and / or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott ( 1955 -- 56 ) in Alabama ; `` sit - ins '' such as the influential Greensboro sit - ins ( 1960 ) in North Carolina and successful Nashville sit - ins in Tennessee ; marches , such as the 1963 Birmingham Children 's Crusade and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) in Alabama ; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities . Moderates in the movement worked with Congress to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation overturning discriminatory practices . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 expressly banned discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin in employment practices ; ended unequal application of voter registration requirements ; and prohibited racial segregation in schools , at the workplace , and in public accommodations . The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with a historic under - representation of minorities as voters . The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing . African Americans re-entered politics in the South , and across the country young people were inspired to take action . From 1964 through 1970 , a wave of inner - city riots in black communities undercut support from the white middle class , but increased support from private foundations . The emergence of the Black Power movement , which lasted from about 1965 to 1975 , challenged the established black leadership for its cooperative attitude and its practice of nonviolence , and instead demanding that , in addition to the new laws gained through the nonviolent movement , political and economic self - sufficiency be built in the black community . Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the charismatic leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. , who won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the movement . However , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to any one person , organization , or strategy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The beginnings of direct action ( 1950s ) 3 History 3.1 Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 3.2 Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 3.3 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott , 1955 -- 1956 3.4 Desegregating Little Rock Central High School , 1957 3.5 The method of Nonviolence and Nonviolence Training 3.6 Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 3.7 Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 3.8 Freedom Rides , 1961 3.9 Voter registration organizing 3.10 Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 1965 3.11 Albany Movement , 1961 -- 62 3.12 Birmingham campaign , 1963 3.13 `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 3.14 March on Washington , 1963 3.15 Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 3.16 St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 3.17 Freedom Summer , 1964 3.18 Civil Rights Act of 1964 3.19 Harlem riot of 1964 3.20 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 3.21 Selma Voting Rights Movement 3.22 Voting Rights Act , 1965 3.23 Watts riot of 1965 3.24 Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 3.25 Nationwide riots of 1967 3.26 Memphis , King assassination and the Poor People 's March 1968 3.27 Civil Rights Act of 1968 4 Other issues 4.1 Grassroots leadership 4.2 Black power ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 4.3 Black conservatism 4.4 Avoiding the `` Communist '' label 4.5 Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 1963 4.6 American Jewish community and the civil rights movement 4.6. 1 Profile 4.7 White backlash 4.8 African - American women in the movement 4.8. 1 Discrimination 5 Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 6 Prison reform 6.1 Gates v. Collier 7 Cold War 8 In popular culture 9 Activist organizations 10 Individual activists 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography and memory 15.2 Autobiographies and memoirs 16 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era , Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , and Jim Crow laws Before the American Civil War , almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South , only white men of property could vote , and the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only . Following the Civil War , three constitutional amendments were passed , including the 13th Amendment ( 1865 ) that ended slavery ; the 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) that gave African - Americans citizenship , adding their total population of four million to the official population of southern states for Congressional apportionment ; and the 15th Amendment ( 1870 ) that gave African - American males the right to vote ( only males could vote in the U.S. at the time ) . From 1865 to 1877 , the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to establish free labor and civil rights of freedmen in the South after the end of slavery . Many whites resisted the social changes , leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan , whose members attacked black and white Republicans to maintain white supremacy . In 1871 , President Ulysses S. Grant , the U.S. Army , and U.S. Attorney General Amos T. Akerman , initiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the Enforcement Acts . Some states were reluctant to enforce the federal measures of the act ; by the early 1870s , other white supremacist and paramilitary groups arose that violently opposed African - American legal equality and suffrage . However , if the states failed to implement the acts , the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved . Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the Klan for fear of war . After the disputed election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction and federal troops were withdrawn , whites in the South regained political control of the region 's state legislatures by the end of the century , after having intimidated and violently attacked blacks before and during elections . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states passed new constitutions and laws to disenfranchise African Americans and many poor whites by creating barriers to voter registration ; voting rolls were dramatically reduced as blacks and poor whites were forced out of electoral politics . While progress was made in some areas , this status of excluding African Americans from the political system lasted in most southern states until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s to provide federal enforcement of constitutional voting rights . For more than 60 years , blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government . Since they could not vote , they could not serve on local juries . The mob - style lynching of Will James , Cairo , Illinois , 1909 During this period , the white - dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South . With whites controlling all the seats representing the total population of the South , they had a powerful voting block in Congress . The Republican Party -- the `` party of Lincoln '' -- which had been the party that most blacks belonged to , shrank to insignificance as black voter registration was suppressed . Until 1965 , the `` solid South '' was a one - party system under the Democrats . Outside a few areas ( usually in remote Appalachia ) , the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state and local office . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House , making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there . `` The invitation was roundly criticized by southern politicians and newspapers . '' Washington persuaded the president to appoint more blacks to federal posts in the South and to try to boost African - American leadership in state Republican organizations . However , this was resisted by both white Democrats and white Republicans as an unwanted federal intrusion into state politics . Lynching victim Will Brown who was mutilated and burned during the Omaha , Nebraska race riot of 1919 . Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. During the same time as African Americans were being disenfranchised , white Democrats imposed racial segregation by law . Violence against blacks increased , with numerous lynchings through the turn of the century . The system of de jure state - sanctioned racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the post-Reconstruction South became known as the `` Jim Crow '' system . The United States Supreme Court , made up almost entirely of Northerners , upheld the constitutionality of those state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities in its 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson , legitimizing them through the `` separate but equal '' doctrine . Segregation , which began with slavery , continued with Jim Crow laws , with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk , talk , drink , rest , or eat . For those places that were racially mixed , non-whites had to wait until all white customers were dealt with . Elected in 1912 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered segregration throughout the federal government . Segregation remained intact into the mid-1950s , when many states began to gradually integrate their schools following the unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson . The early 20th century is a period often referred to as the `` nadir of American race relations '' . While tensions and civil rights violations were most intense in the South , social discrimination affected African Americans in other regions as well . At the national level , the Southern block controlled important committees in Congress , defeated passage of laws against lynching , and exercised considerable power beyond the number of whites in the South . Characteristics of the post-Reconstruction period : Racial segregation . By law , public facilities and government services such as education were divided into separate `` white '' and `` colored '' domains . Characteristically , those for colored were underfunded and of inferior quality . Disenfranchisement . When white Democrats regained power , they passed laws that made voter registration more restrictive , essentially forcing black voters off the voting rolls . The number of African - American voters dropped dramatically , and they were no longer able to elect representatives . From 1890 to 1908 , Southern states of the former Confederacy created constitutions with provisions that disfranchised tens of thousands of African Americans , and U.S. states such as Alabama disenfranchised poor whites as well . Exploitation . Increased economic oppression of blacks through the convict lease system , Latinos , and Asians , denial of economic opportunities , and widespread employment discrimination . Violence . Individual , police , paramilitary , organizational , and mob racial violence against blacks ( and Latinos in the Southwest and Asians in California ) . KKK night rally in Chicago , c. 1920 African Americans and other ethnic minorities rejected this regime . They resisted it in numerous ways and sought better opportunities through lawsuits , new organizations , political redress , and labor organizing ( see the African - American civil rights movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) ) . The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) was founded in 1909 . It fought to end race discrimination through litigation , education , and lobbying efforts . Its crowning achievement was its legal victory in the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 when the Court rejected separate white and colored school systems and , by implication , overturned the `` separate but equal '' doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896 . The integration of Southern public libraries involved many of the same characteristics seen in the larger civil rights movement . This includes sit - ins , beatings , and white resistance . For example , in 1963 in the city of Anniston , Alabama , two black ministers were brutally beaten for attempting to integrate the public library . Though there was resistance and violence , the integration of libraries was generally quicker than integration of other public institutions . Colored Sailors room in World War I Black veterans of the military after both World Wars pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements . In 1948 , they gained integration in the military under President Harry Truman , who issued Executive Order 9981 to accomplish it . The situation for blacks outside the South was somewhat better ( in most states they could vote and have their children educated , though they still faced discrimination in housing and jobs ) . From 1910 to 1970 , African Americans sought better lives by migrating north and west out of the South . Nearly seven million blacks left the South in what was known as the Great Migration . So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously black - majority states changed to white majority ( in combination with other developments ) . The rapid influx of blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern cities , exacerbating hostility between both black and white Northerners . The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities , such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919 . Stereotypic schemas of Southern blacks were used to attribute issues in urban areas , such as crime and disease , to the presence of African - Americans . Overall , African Americans in Northern cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life . Within employment , economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest - status and restrictive in potential mobility . Within the housing market , stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx , resulting in a mix of `` targeted violence , restrictive covenants , redlining and racial steering '' . White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the housing project erected this sign , Detroit , 1942 . Housing segregation was a nationwide problem , persistent well outside the South . Although the federal government had become increasingly involved in mortgage lending and development in the 1930s and 1940s , it did not reject the use of race - restrictive covenants until 1950 . Suburbanization was already connected with white flight by this time , a situation perpetuated by real estate agents ' continuing discrimination . In particular , from the 1930s to the 1960s the National Association of Real Estate Boards ( NAREB ) issued guidelines that specified that a realtor `` should never be instrumental in introducing to a neighborhood a character or property or occupancy , members of any race or nationality , or any individual whose presence will be clearly detrimental to property values in a neighborhood . '' The result was the creation of all - black ghettos in the North as well as South . Invigorated by the victory of Brown and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect , private citizens increasingly rejected gradualist , legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about desegregation . They were faced with `` massive resistance '' in the South by proponents of racial segregation and voter suppression . In defiance , African - American activists adopted a combined strategy of direct action , nonviolence , nonviolent resistance , and many events described as civil disobedience , giving rise to the civil rights movement of 1954 -- 1968 . The beginnings of direct action ( 1950s ) ( edit ) The strategy of public education , legislative lobbying , and litigation that had typified the civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century broadened after Brown to a strategy that emphasized `` direct action '' : boycotts , sit - ins , Freedom Rides , marches , and similar tactics that relied on mass mobilization , nonviolent resistance , and civil disobedience . Churches , local grassroots organizations , fraternal societies , and black - owned businesses mobilized volunteers to participate in broad - based actions . This was a more direct and potentially more rapid means of creating change than the traditional approach of mounting court challenges used by the NAACP and others . In 1952 , the Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( RCNL ) , led by T.R.M. Howard , a black surgeon , entrepreneur , and planter , organized a successful boycott of gas stations in Mississippi that refused to provide restrooms for blacks . Through the RCNL , Howard led campaigns to expose brutality by the Mississippi state highway patrol and to encourage blacks to make deposits in the black - owned Tri-State Bank of Nashville which , in turn , gave loans to civil rights activists who were victims of a `` credit squeeze '' by the White Citizens ' Councils . Although considered and rejected after Claudette Colvin 's arrest for not giving up her seat on a Montgomery , Alabama , bus in March 1955 , after Rosa Parks ' arrest in December Jo Ann Gibson - Robinson of the Montgomery Women 's Political Council put a long - considered Bus Boycott protest in motion . Late that night , she , John Cannon ( chairman of the Business Department at Alabama State University ) and others mimeographed and distributed thousands of leaflets calling for a boycott . The eventual success of the boycott made its spokesman Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a nationally known figure . It also inspired other bus boycotts , such as the successful Tallahassee , Florida , boycott of 1956 -- 57 . In 1957 , Dr. King and Rev. Ralph Abernathy , the leaders of the Montgomery Improvement Association , joined with other church leaders who had led similar boycott efforts , such as Rev. C.K. Steele of Tallahassee and Rev. T.J. Jemison of Baton Rouge ; and other activists such as Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth , Ella Baker , A. Philip Randolph , Bayard Rustin and Stanley Levison , to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . The SCLC , with its headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , did not attempt to create a network of chapters as the NAACP did . It offered training and leadership assistance for local efforts to fight segregation . The headquarters organization raised funds , mostly from Northern sources , to support such campaigns . It made nonviolence both its central tenet and its primary method of confronting racism . In 1959 , Septima Clarke , Bernice Robinson , and Esau Jenkins , with the help of Myles Horton 's Highlander Folk School in Tennessee , began the first Citizenship Schools in South Carolina 's Sea Islands . They taught literacy to enable blacks to pass voting tests . The program was an enormous success and tripled the number of black voters on Johns Island . SCLC took over the program and duplicated its results elsewhere . History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the African - American civil rights movement Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 ( edit ) Main article : Brown v. Board of Education In the spring of 1951 , black students in Virginia protested their unequal status in the state 's segregated educational system . Students at Moton High School protested the overcrowded conditions and failing facility . Some local leaders of the NAACP had tried to persuade the students to back down from their protest against the Jim Crow laws of school segregation . When the students did not budge , the NAACP joined their battle against school segregation . The NAACP proceeded with five cases challenging the school systems ; these were later combined under what is known today as Brown v. Board of Education . On May 17 , 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas , that mandating , or even permitting , public schools to be segregated by race was unconstitutional . The Court stated that the segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law ; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group . The lawyers from the NAACP had to gather plausible evidence in order to win the case of Brown vs. Board of Education . Their method of addressing the issue of school segregation was to enumerate several arguments . One pertained to having exposure to interracial contact in a school environment . It was argued that interracial contact would , in turn , help prepare children to live with the pressures that society exerts in regards to race and thereby afford them a better chance of living in democracy . In addition , another argument emphasized how `` ' education ' comprehends the entire process of developing and training the mental , physical and moral powers and capabilities of human beings '' . Risa Goluboff wrote that the NAACP 's intention was to show the Courts that African American children were the victims of school segregation and their futures were at risk . The Court ruled that both Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , which had established the `` separate but equal '' standard in general , and Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) , which had applied that standard to schools , were unconstitutional . The federal government filed a friend of the court brief in the case urging the justices to consider the effect that segregation had on America 's image in the Cold War . Secretary of State Dean Acheson was quoted in the brief stating that `` The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . '' The following year , in the case known as Brown II , the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time , `` with all deliberate speed '' . Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas ( 1954 ) did not overturn Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) . Plessy v. Ferguson was segregation in transportation modes . Brown v. Board of Education dealt with segregation in education . Brown v. Board of Education did set in motion the future overturning of ' separate but equal ' . School integration , Barnard School , Washington , D.C. , 1955 On May 18 , 1954 , Greensboro , North Carolina , became the first city in the South to publicly announce that it would abide by the Supreme Court 's Brown v. Board of Education ruling . `` It is unthinkable , ' remarked School Board Superintendent Benjamin Smith , ' that we will try to ( override ) the laws of the United States . '' This positive reception for Brown , together with the appointment of African American Dr. David Jones to the school board in 1953 , convinced numerous white and black citizens that Greensboro was heading in a progressive direction . Integration in Greensboro occurred rather peacefully compared to the process in Southern states such as Alabama , Arkansas , and Virginia where `` massive resistance '' was practiced by top officials and throughout the states . In Virginia , some counties closed their public schools rather than integrate , and many white Christian private schools were founded to accommodate students who used to go to public schools . Even in Greensboro , much local resistance to desegregation continued , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 . Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist -- even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Brown helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Till Emmett Till before and after the lynching on August 28 , 1955 . He was a fourteen - year - old boy in Chicago who went to spend the summer together with his uncle Moses Wright in Money , Mississippi , and was massacred by white men for allegedly whistling at Carolyn Bryant . Emmett Till , a 14 - year old African American from Chicago , visited his relatives in Money , Mississippi , for the summer . He allegedly had an interaction with a white woman , Carolyn Bryant , in a small grocery store that violated the norms of Mississippi culture , and Bryant 's husband Roy and his half - brother J.W. Milam brutally murdered young Emmett Till . They beat and mutilated him before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River . Three days later , Till 's body was discovered and retrieved from the river . Mamie Till , Emmett 's Mother , `` brought him home to Chicago and insisted on an open casket . Tens of thousands filed past Till 's remains , but it was the publication of the searing funeral image in Jet , with a stoic Mamie gazing at her murdered child 's ravaged body , that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism . '' Vann R. Newkirk wrote : `` The trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy '' . The state of Mississippi tried two defendants , but they were speedily acquitted by an all - white jury . `` Emmett 's murder , '' historian Tim Tyson writes , `` would never have become a watershed historical moment without Mamie finding the strength to make her private grief a public matter . '' The visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the black community throughout the U.S. `` Young black people such as Julian Bond , Joyce Ladner and others who were born around the same time as Till were galvanized into action by the murder and trial . '' They often see themselves as the `` Emmett Till Generation . '' One hundred days after Emmett Till 's murder , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama -- indeed , Parks told Mamie Till that `` the photograph of Emmett 's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus . '' Decades later , Bryant disclosed that she had fabricated her story in 1955 . Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott , 1955 -- 1956 ( edit ) Main articles : Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white person On December 1 , 1955 , nine months after a 15 - year - old high school student , Claudette Colvin , refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a public bus in Montgomery , Alabama , and was arrested , Rosa Parks did the same thing . Parks soon became the symbol of the resulting Montgomery Bus Boycott and received national publicity . She was later hailed as the `` mother of the civil rights movement '' . Parks was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and had recently returned from a meeting at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolence as a strategy was taught by Myles Horton and others . After Parks ' arrest , African Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a bus system in which passengers would be treated equally . The organization was led by Jo Ann Robinson , a member of the Women 's Political Council who had been waiting for the opportunity to boycott the bus system . Following Rosa Park 's arrest , Jo Ann Robinson mimeographed 52,500 leaflets calling for a boycott . They were distributed around the city and helped gather the attention of civil rights leaders . After the city rejected many of their suggested reforms , the NAACP , led by E.D. Nixon , pushed for full desegregation of public buses . With the support of most of Montgomery 's 50,000 African Americans , the boycott lasted for 381 days , until the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was repealed . Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts , which reduced bus revenue significantly , as they comprised the majority of the riders . In November 1956 , the United State Supreme Court upheld a district court ruling in the case of Browder v. Gayle and ordered Montgomery 's buses desegregated , ending the boycott . Local leaders established the Montgomery Improvement Association to focus their efforts . Martin Luther King Jr. was elected President of this organization . The lengthy protest attracted national attention for him and the city . His eloquent appeals to Christian brotherhood and American idealism created a positive impression on people both inside and outside the South . Desegregating Little Rock Central high school , 1957 ( edit ) Main article : Little Rock Nine Troops from the 327th Regiment , 101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine African - American students up the steps of Central High A crisis erupted in Little Rock , Arkansas , when Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard on September 4 to prevent entry to the nine African - American students who had sued for the right to attend an integrated school , Little Rock Central High School . Under the guidance of Daisy Bates , the nine students had been chosen to attend Central High because of their excellent grades . On the first day of school , 15 year old Elizabeth Eckford was the only one of the nine students who showed up because she did not receive the phone call about the danger of going to school . A photo was taken of Eckford being harassed by white protesters outside the school , and the police had to take her away in a patrol car for her protection . Afterward , the nine students had to carpool to school and be escorted by military personnel in jeeps . White parents rally against integrating Little Rock 's schools Faubus was not a proclaimed segregationist . The Arkansas Democratic Party , which then controlled politics in the state , put significant pressure on Faubus after he had indicated he would investigate bringing Arkansas into compliance with the Brown decision . Faubus then took his stand against integration and against the Federal court ruling . Faubus ' resistance received the attention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower , who was determined to enforce the orders of the Federal courts . Critics had charged he was lukewarm , at best , on the goal of desegregation of public schools . But , Eisenhower federalized the National Guard in Arkansas and ordered them to return to their barracks . Eisenhower deployed elements of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to protect the students . The students attended high school under harsh conditions . They had to pass through a gauntlet of spitting , jeering whites to arrive at school on their first day , and to put up with harassment from other students for the rest of the year . Although federal troops escorted the students between classes , the students were teased and even attacked by white students when the soldiers were not around . One of the Little Rock Nine , Minnijean Brown , was suspended for spilling a bowl of chili on the head of a white student who was harassing her in the school lunch line . Later , she was expelled for verbally abusing a white female student . Only Ernest Green of the Little Rock Nine graduated from Central High School . After the 1957 -- 58 school year was over , Little Rock closed its public school system completely rather than continue to integrate . Other school systems across the South followed suit . The method of nonviolence and nonviolence training ( edit ) During the time period considered to be the `` African - American civil rights '' era , the predominant use of protest was nonviolent , or peaceful . Often referred to as pacifism , the method of nonviolence is considered to be an attempt to impact society positively . Although acts of racial discrimination have occurred historically throughout the United States , perhaps the most violent regions have been in the former Confederate states . During the 1950s and 1960s , the nonviolent protesting of the civil rights movement caused definite tension , which gained national attention . In order to prepare for protests physically and psychologically , demonstrators received training in nonviolence . According to former civil rights activist Bruce Hartford , there are two main branches of nonviolence training . There is the philosophical method , which involves understanding the method of nonviolence and why it is considered useful , and there is the tactical method , which ultimately teaches demonstrators `` how to be a protestor -- how to sit - in , how to picket , how to defend yourself against attack , giving training on how to remain cool when people are screaming racist insults into your face and pouring stuff on you and hitting you '' ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . The philosophical method of nonviolence , in the American civil rights movement , was largely inspired by Mahatma Gandhi 's `` non-cooperation '' with the British colonists in India , which was intended to gain attention so that the public would either `` intervene in advance , '' or `` provide public pressure in support of the action to be taken '' ( Erikson , 415 ) . As Hartford explains it , philosophical nonviolence training aims to `` shape the individual person 's attitude and mental response to crises and violence '' ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . Hartford and activists like him , who trained in tactical nonviolence , considered it necessary in order to ensure physical safety , instill discipline , teach demonstrators how to demonstrate , and form mutual confidence among demonstrators ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . For many , the concept of nonviolent protest was a way of life , a culture . However , not everyone agreed with this notion . James Forman , former SNCC ( and later Black Panther ) member and nonviolence trainer , was among those who did not . In his autobiography , The Making of Black Revolutionaries , Forman revealed his perspective on the method of nonviolence as `` strictly a tactic , not a way of life without limitations . '' Similarly , Robert Moses , who was also an active member of SNCC , felt that the method of nonviolence was practical . When interviewed by author Robert Penn Warren , Moses said `` There 's no question that he ( Martin Luther King Jr . ) had a great deal of influence with the masses . But I do n't think it 's in the direction of love . It 's in a practical direction ... '' ( Who Speaks for the Negro ? Warren ) . Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 ( edit ) The Jim Crow system employed `` terror as a means of social control , '' with the most organized manifestations being the Ku Klux Klan and their collaborators in local police departments . This violence played a key role in blocking the progress of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s . Some black organizations in the South began practicing armed self - defense . The first to do so openly was the Monroe , North Carolina , chapter of the NAACP led by Robert F. Williams . Williams had rebuilt the chapter after its membership was terrorized out of public life by the Klan . He did so by encouraging a new , more working - class membership to arm itself thoroughly and defend against attack . When Klan nightriders attacked the home of NAACP member Dr. Albert Perry in October 1957 , Williams ' militia exchanged gunfire with the stunned Klansmen , who quickly retreated . The following day , the city council held an emergency session and passed an ordinance banning KKK motorcades . One year later , Lumbee Indians in North Carolina would have a similarly successful armed stand - off with the Klan ( known as the Battle of Hayes Pond ) which resulted in KKK leader James W. `` Catfish '' Cole being convicted of incitement to riot . After the acquittal of several white men charged with sexually assaulting black women in Monroe , Williams announced to United Press International reporters that he would `` meet violence with violence '' as a policy . Williams ' declaration was quoted on the front page of The New York Times , and The Carolina Times considered it `` the biggest civil rights story of 1959 . '' NAACP National chairman Roy Wilkins immediately suspended Williams from his position , but the Monroe organizer won support from numerous NAACP chapters across the country . Ultimately , Wilkins resorted to bribing influential organizer Daisy Bates to campaign against Williams at the NAACP national convention and the suspension was upheld . The convention nonetheless passed a resolution which stated : `` We do not deny , but reaffirm the right of individual and collective self - defense against unlawful assaults . '' Martin Luther King Jr. argued for Williams ' removal , but Ella Baker and WEB Dubois both publicly praised the Monroe leader 's position . Williams -- along with his wife , Mabel Williams -- continued to play a leadership role in the Monroe movement , and to some degree , in the national movement . The Williamses published The Crusader , a nationally circulated newsletter , beginning in 1960 , and the influential book Negroes With Guns in 1962 . Williams did not call for full militarization in this period , but `` flexibility in the freedom struggle . '' Williams was well - versed in legal tactics and publicity , which he had used successfully in the internationally known `` Kissing Case '' of 1958 , as well as nonviolent methods , which he used at lunch counter sit - ins in Monroe -- all with armed self - defense as a complementary tactic . Williams led the Monroe movement in another armed stand - off with white supremacists during an August 1961 Freedom Ride ; he had been invited to participate in the campaign by Ella Baker and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . The incident ( along with his campaigns for peace with Cuba ) resulted in him being targeted by the FBI and prosecuted for kidnapping ; he was cleared of all charges in 1976 . Meanwhile , armed self - defense continued discreetly in the Southern movement with such figures as SNCC 's Amzie Moore , Hartman Turnbow , and Fannie Lou Hamer all willing to use arms to defend their lives from nightrides . Taking refuge from the FBI in Cuba , the Willamses broadcast the radio show `` Radio Free Dixie '' throughout the eastern United States via Radio Progresso beginning in 1962 . In this period , Williams advocated guerilla warfare against racist institutions , and saw the large ghetto riots of the era as a manifestation of his strategy . University of North Carolina historian Walter Rucker has written that `` the emergence of Robert F Williams contributed to the marked decline in anti-black racial violence in the U.S. ... After centuries of anti-black violence , African Americans across the country began to defend their communities aggressively -- employing overt force when necessary . This in turn evoked in whites real fear of black vengeance ... '' This opened up space for African Americans to use nonviolent demonstration with less fear of deadly reprisal . Of the many civil rights activists who share this view , the most prominent was Rosa Parks . Parks gave the eulogy at Williams ' funeral in 1996 , praising him for `` his courage and for his commitment to freedom , '' and concluding that `` The sacrifices he made , and what he did , should go down in history and never be forgotten . '' Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 ( edit ) See also : Greensboro sit - ins , Nashville sit - ins , and Sit - in movement In July 1958 , the NAACP Youth Council sponsored sit - ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita , Kansas . After three weeks , the movement successfully got the store to change its policy of segregated seating , and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated . This movement was quickly followed in the same year by a student sit - in at a Katz Drug Store in Oklahoma City led by Clara Luper , which also was successful . Mostly black students from area colleges led a sit - in at a Woolworth 's store in Greensboro , North Carolina . On February 1 , 1960 , four students , Ezell A. Blair Jr. , David Richmond , Joseph McNeil , and Franklin McCain from North Carolina Agricultural & Technical College , an all - black college , sat down at the segregated lunch counter to protest Woolworth 's policy of excluding African Americans from being served food there . The four students purchased small items in other parts of the store and kept their receipts , then sat down at the lunch counter and asked to be served . After being denied service , they produced their receipts and asked why their money was good everywhere else at the store , but not at the lunch counter . The protesters had been encouraged to dress professionally , to sit quietly , and to occupy every other stool so that potential white sympathizers could join in . The Greensboro sit - in was quickly followed by other sit - ins in Richmond , Virginia ; Nashville , Tennessee ; and Atlanta , Georgia . The most immediately effective of these was in Nashville , where hundreds of well organized and highly disciplined college students conducted sit - ins in coordination with a boycott campaign . As students across the south began to `` sit - in '' at the lunch counters of local stores , police and other officials sometimes used brutal force to physically escort the demonstrators from the lunch facilities . The `` sit - in '' technique was not new -- as far back as 1939 , African - American attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker organized a sit - in at the then - segregated Alexandria , Virginia , library . In 1960 the technique succeeded in bringing national attention to the movement . On March 9 , 1960 , an Atlanta University Center group of students released An Appeal for Human Rights as a full page advertisement in newspapers , including the Atlanta Constitution , Atlanta Journal , and Atlanta Daily World . Known as the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights ( COAHR ) , the group initiated the Atlanta Student Movement and began to lead sit - ins starting on March 15 , 1960 . By the end of 1960 , the process of sit - ins had spread to every southern and border state , and even to facilities in Nevada , Illinois , and Ohio that discriminated against blacks . Demonstrators focused not only on lunch counters but also on parks , beaches , libraries , theaters , museums , and other public facilities . In April 1960 activists who had led these sit - ins were invited by SCLC activist Ella Baker to hold a conference at Shaw University , a historically black university in Raleigh , North Carolina . This conference led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . SNCC took these tactics of nonviolent confrontation further , and organized the freedom rides . As the constitution protected interstate commerce , they decided to challenge segregation on interstate buses and in public bus facilities by putting interracial teams on them , to travel from the North through the segregated South . Freedom Rides , 1961 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Rider Freedom Rides were journeys by civil rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia , ( 1960 ) 364 U.S. , which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional for passengers engaged in interstate travel . Organized by CORE , the first Freedom Ride of the 1960s left Washington D.C. on May 4 , 1961 , and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 . During the first and subsequent Freedom Rides , activists traveled through the Deep South to integrate seating patterns on buses and desegregate bus terminals , including restrooms and water fountains . That proved to be a dangerous mission . In Anniston , Alabama , one bus was firebombed , forcing its passengers to flee for their lives . A mob beats Freedom Riders in Birmingham . This picture was reclaimed by the FBI from a local journalist who also was beaten and whose camera was smashed . In Birmingham , Alabama , an FBI informant reported that Public Safety Commissioner Eugene `` Bull '' Connor gave Ku Klux Klan members fifteen minutes to attack an incoming group of freedom riders before having police `` protect '' them . The riders were severely beaten `` until it looked like a bulldog had got a hold of them . '' James Peck , a white activist , was beaten so badly that he required fifty stitches to his head . In a similar occurrence in Montgomery , Alabama , the Freedom Riders followed in the footsteps of Rosa Parks and rode an integrated Greyhound bus from Birmingham . Although they were protesting interstate bus segregation in peace , they were met with violence in Montgomery as a large , white mob attacked them for their activism . They caused an enormous , 2 - hour long riot which resulted in 22 injuries , five of whom were hospitalized . Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham temporarily halted the rides . SNCC activists from Nashville brought in new riders to continue the journey from Birmingham to New Orleans . In Montgomery , Alabama , at the Greyhound Bus Station , a mob charged another bus load of riders , knocking John Lewis unconscious with a crate and smashing Life photographer Don Urbrock in the face with his own camera . A dozen men surrounded James Zwerg , a white student from Fisk University , and beat him in the face with a suitcase , knocking out his teeth . On May 24 , 1961 , the freedom riders continued their rides into Jackson , Mississippi , where they were arrested for `` breaching the peace '' by using `` white only '' facilities . New Freedom Rides were organized by many different organizations and continued to flow into the South . As riders arrived in Jackson , they were arrested . By the end of summer , more than 300 had been jailed in Mississippi . ... When the weary Riders arrive in Jackson and attempt to use `` white only '' restrooms and lunch counters they are immediately arrested for Breach of Peace and Refusal to Obey an Officer . Says Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett in defense of segregation : `` The Negro is different because God made him different to punish him . '' From lockup , the Riders announce `` Jail No Bail '' -- they will not pay fines for unconstitutional arrests and illegal convictions -- and by staying in jail they keep the issue alive . Each prisoner will remain in jail for 39 days , the maximum time they can serve without loosing ( sic ) their right to appeal the unconstitutionality of their arrests , trials , and convictions . After 39 days , they file an appeal and post bond ... The jailed freedom riders were treated harshly , crammed into tiny , filthy cells and sporadically beaten . In Jackson , some male prisoners were forced to do hard labor in 100 ° F heat . Others were transferred to the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , where they were treated to harsh conditions . Sometimes the men were suspended by `` wrist breakers '' from the walls . Typically , the windows of their cells were shut tight on hot days , making it hard for them to breathe . Public sympathy and support for the freedom riders led John F. Kennedy 's administration to order the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) to issue a new desegregation order . When the new ICC rule took effect on November 1 , 1961 , passengers were permitted to sit wherever they chose on the bus ; `` white '' and `` colored '' signs came down in the terminals ; separate drinking fountains , toilets , and waiting rooms were consolidated ; and lunch counters began serving people regardless of skin color . The student movement involved such celebrated figures as John Lewis , a single - minded activist ; James Lawson , the revered `` guru '' of nonviolent theory and tactics ; Diane Nash , an articulate and intrepid public champion of justice ; Bob Moses , pioneer of voting registration in Mississippi ; and James Bevel , a fiery preacher and charismatic organizer , strategist , and facilitator . Other prominent student activists included Charles McDew , Bernard Lafayette , Charles Jones , Lonnie King , Julian Bond , Hosea Williams , and Stokely Carmichael . Voter registration organizing ( edit ) After the Freedom Rides , local black leaders in Mississippi such as Amzie Moore , Aaron Henry , Medgar Evers , and others asked SNCC to help register black voters and to build community organizations that could win a share of political power in the state . Since Mississippi ratified its new constitution in 1890 with provisions such as poll taxes , residency requirements , and literacy tests , it made registration more complicated and stripped blacks from voter rolls and voting . In addition , violence at the time of elections had earlier suppressed black voting . By the mid-20th century , preventing blacks from voting had become an essential part of the culture of white supremacy . In the fall of 1961 , SNCC organizer Robert Moses began the first voter registration project in McComb and the surrounding counties in the Southwest corner of the state . Their efforts were met with violent repression from state and local lawmen , the White Citizens ' Council , and the Ku Klux Klan . Activists were beaten , there were hundreds of arrests of local citizens , and the voting activist Herbert Lee was murdered . White opposition to black voter registration was so intense in Mississippi that Freedom Movement activists concluded that all of the state 's civil rights organizations had to unite in a coordinated effort to have any chance of success . In February 1962 , representatives of SNCC , CORE , and the NAACP formed the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) . At a subsequent meeting in August , SCLC became part of COFO . In the Spring of 1962 , with funds from the Voter Education Project , SNCC / COFO began voter registration organizing in the Mississippi Delta area around Greenwood , and the areas surrounding Hattiesburg , Laurel , and Holly Springs . As in McComb , their efforts were met with fierce opposition -- arrests , beatings , shootings , arson , and murder . Registrars used the literacy test to keep blacks off the voting roles by creating standards that even highly educated people could not meet . In addition , employers fired blacks who tried to register , and landlords evicted them from their rental homes . Despite these actions , over the following years , the black voter registration campaign spread across the state . Similar voter registration campaigns -- with similar responses -- were begun by SNCC , CORE , and SCLC in Louisiana , Alabama , southwest Georgia , and South Carolina . By 1963 , voter registration campaigns in the South were as integral to the Freedom Movement as desegregation efforts . After passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , protecting and facilitating voter registration despite state barriers became the main effort of the movement . It resulted in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which had provisions to enforce the constitutional right to vote for all citizens . Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 1965 ( edit ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( May 2010 ) Beginning in 1956 , Clyde Kennard , a black Korean War - veteran , wanted to enroll at Mississippi Southern College ( now the University of Southern Mississippi ) under the G.I. Bill at Hattiesburg . Dr. William David McCain , the college president , used the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , in order to prevent his enrollment by appealing to local black leaders and the segregationist state political establishment . The state - funded organization tried to counter the civil rights movement by positively portraying segregationist policies . More significantly , it collected data on activists , harassed them legally , and used economic boycotts against them by threatening their jobs ( or causing them to lose their jobs ) to try to suppress their work . Kennard was twice arrested on trumped - up charges , and eventually convicted and sentenced to seven years in the state prison . After three years at hard labor , Kennard was paroled by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett . Journalists had investigated his case and publicized the state 's mistreatment of his colon cancer . McCain 's role in Kennard 's arrests and convictions is unknown . While trying to prevent Kennard 's enrollment , McCain made a speech in Chicago , with his travel sponsored by the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission . He described the blacks ' seeking to desegregate Southern schools as `` imports '' from the North . ( Kennard was a native and resident of Hattiesburg . ) McCain said : We insist that educationally and socially , we maintain a segregated society ... In all fairness , I admit that we are not encouraging Negro voting ... The Negroes prefer that control of the government remain in the white man 's hands . Note : Mississippi had passed a new constitution in 1890 that effectively disfranchised most blacks by changing electoral and voter registration requirements ; although it deprived them of constitutional rights authorized under post-Civil War amendments , it survived U.S. Supreme Court challenges at the time . It was not until after passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act that most blacks in Mississippi and other southern states gained federal protection to enforce the constitutional right of citizens to vote . James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals In September 1962 , James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi . He attempted to enter campus on September 20 , on September 25 , and again on September 26 . He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett , who said , `` ( N ) o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor . '' The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson Jr. in contempt , ordering them arrested and fined more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll . U.S. Army trucks loaded with U.S. Marshals on the University of Mississippi campus Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent in a force of U.S. Marshals . On September 30 , 1962 , Meredith entered the campus under their escort . Students and other whites began rioting that evening , throwing rocks and firing on the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith at Lyceum Hall . Two people , including a French journalist , were killed ; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds ; and 160 others were injured . President John F. Kennedy sent regular U.S. Army forces to the campus to quell the riot . Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived . Kennard and other activists continued to work on public university desegregation . In 1965 Raylawni Branch and Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong became the first African - American students to attend the University of Southern Mississippi . By that time , McCain helped ensure they had a peaceful entry . In 2006 , Judge Robert Helfrich ruled that Kennard was factually innocent of all charges for which he had been convicted in the 1950s . Albany movement , 1961 -- 62 ( edit ) Main article : Albany Movement The SCLC , which had been criticized by some student activists for its failure to participate more fully in the freedom rides , committed much of its prestige and resources to a desegregation campaign in Albany , Georgia , in November 1961 . King , who had been criticized personally by some SNCC activists for his distance from the dangers that local organizers faced -- and given the derisive nickname `` De Lawd '' as a result -- intervened personally to assist the campaign led by both SNCC organizers and local leaders . The campaign was a failure because of the canny tactics of Laurie Pritchett , the local police chief , and divisions within the black community . The goals may not have been specific enough . Pritchett contained the marchers without violent attacks on demonstrators that inflamed national opinion . He also arranged for arrested demonstrators to be taken to jails in surrounding communities , allowing plenty of room to remain in his jail . Prichett also foresaw King 's presence as a danger and forced his release to avoid King 's rallying the black community . King left in 1962 without having achieved any dramatic victories . The local movement , however , continued the struggle , and it obtained significant gains in the next few years . Birmingham campaign , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : Birmingham campaign The Albany movement was shown to be an important education for the SCLC , however , when it undertook the Birmingham campaign in 1963 . Executive Director Wyatt Tee Walker carefully planned the early strategy and tactics for the campaign . It focused on one goal -- the desegregation of Birmingham 's downtown merchants , rather than total desegregation , as in Albany . The movement 's efforts were helped by the brutal response of local authorities , in particular Eugene `` Bull '' Connor , the Commissioner of Public Safety . He had long held much political power , but had lost a recent election for mayor to a less rabidly segregationist candidate . Refusing to accept the new mayor 's authority , Connor intended to stay in office . The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation , including sit - ins , kneel - ins at local churches , and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a drive to register voters . The city , however , obtained an injunction barring all such protests . Convinced that the order was unconstitutional , the campaign defied it and prepared for mass arrests of its supporters . King elected to be among those arrested on April 12 , 1963 . While in jail , King wrote his famous `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' on the margins of a newspaper , since he had not been allowed any writing paper while held in solitary confinement . Supporters appealed to the Kennedy administration , which intervened to obtain King 's release . King was allowed to call his wife , who was recuperating at home after the birth of their fourth child , and was released early on April 19 . The campaign , however , faltered as it ran out of demonstrators willing to risk arrest . James Bevel , SCLC 's Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education , then came up with a bold and controversial alternative : to train high school students to take part in the demonstrations . As a result , in what would be called the Children 's Crusade , more than one thousand students skipped school on May 2 to meet at the 16th Street Baptist Church to join the demonstrations . More than six hundred marched out of the church fifty at a time in an attempt to walk to City Hall to speak to Birmingham 's mayor about segregation . They were arrested and put into jail . In this first encounter the police acted with restraint . On the next day , however , another one thousand students gathered at the church . When Bevel started them marching fifty at a time , Bull Connor finally unleashed police dogs on them and then turned the city 's fire hoses water streams on the children . National television networks broadcast the scenes of the dogs attacking demonstrators and the water from the fire hoses knocking down the schoolchildren . Widespread public outrage led the Kennedy administration to intervene more forcefully in negotiations between the white business community and the SCLC . On May 10 , the parties announced an agreement to desegregate the lunch counters and other public accommodations downtown , to create a committee to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices , to arrange for the release of jailed protesters , and to establish regular means of communication between black and white leaders . Not everyone in the black community approved of the agreement -- the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth was particularly critical , since he was skeptical about the good faith of Birmingham 's power structure from his experience in dealing with them . Parts of the white community reacted violently . They bombed the Gaston Motel , which housed the SCLC 's unofficial headquarters , and the home of King 's brother , the Reverend A.D. King . In response , thousands of blacks rioted , burning numerous buildings and one of them stabbed and wounded a police officer . Congress of Racial Equality march in Washington D.C. on September 22 , 1963 , in memory of the children killed in the Birmingham bombings Kennedy prepared to federalize the Alabama National Guard if the need arose . Four months later , on September 15 , a conspiracy of Ku Klux Klan members bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , killing four young girls . `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 ( edit ) Main articles : Gloria Richardson , Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Civil Rights Address Birmingham was only one of over a hundred cities rocked by chaotic protest that spring and summer , some of them in the North . During the March on Washington , Martin Luther King would refer to such protests as `` the whirlwinds of revolt . '' In Chicago , blacks rioted through the South Side in late May after a white police officer shot a fourteen - year - old black boy who was fleeing the scene of a robbery . Violent clashes between black activists and white workers took place in both Philadelphia and Harlem in successful efforts to integrate state construction projects . On June 6 , over a thousand whites attacked a sit - in in Lexington , North Carolina ; blacks fought back and one white man was killed . Edwin C. Berry of the National Urban League warned of a complete breakdown in race relations : `` My message from the beer gardens and the barbershops all indicate the fact that the Negro is ready for war . '' In Cambridge , Maryland , a working ‐ class city on the Eastern Shore , Gloria Richardson of SNCC led a movement that pressed for desegregation but also demanded low ‐ rent public housing , job ‐ training , public and private jobs , and an end to police brutality . On June 11 , struggles between blacks and whites escalated into violent rioting , leading Maryland Governor J. Millard Tawes to declare martial law . When negotiations between Richardson and Maryland officials faltered , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy directly intervened to negotiate a desegregation agreement . Richardson felt that the increasing participation of poor and working - class blacks was expanding both the power and parameters of the movement , asserting that `` the people as a whole really do have more intelligence than a few of their leaders. ʺ In their deliberations during this wave of protests , the Kennedy administration privately felt that militant demonstrations were ʺbad for the countryʺ and that `` Negroes are going to push this thing too far . '' On May 24 , Robert Kennedy had a meeting with prominent black intellectuals to discuss the racial situation . The blacks criticized Kennedy harshly for vacillating on civil rights , and said that the African - American community 's thoughts were increasingly turning to violence . The meeting ended with ill will on all sides . Nonetheless , the Kennedys ultimately decided that new legislation for equal public accommodations was essential to drive activists `` into the courts and out of the streets . '' Alabama governor George Wallace stands against desegregation at the University of Alabama and is confronted by U.S. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach in 1963 On June 11 , 1963 , George Wallace , Governor of Alabama , tried to block the integration of the University of Alabama . President John F. Kennedy sent a military force to make Governor Wallace step aside , allowing the enrollment of Vivian Malone Jones and James Hood . That evening , President Kennedy addressed the nation on TV and radio with his historic civil rights speech , where he lamented `` a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety . '' He called on Congress to pass new civil rights legislation , and urged the country to embrace civil rights as `` a moral issue ... in our daily lives . '' In the early hours of June 12 , Medgar Evers , field secretary of the Mississippi NAACP , was assassinated by a member of the Klan . The next week , as promised , on June 19 , 1963 , President Kennedy submitted his Civil Rights bill to Congress . March on Washington , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Bayard Rustin ( left ) and Cleveland Robinson ( right ) , organizers of the March , on August 7 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom at the National Mall A. Philip Randolph had planned a march on Washington , D.C. , in 1941 to support demands for elimination of employment discrimination in defense industries ; he called off the march when the Roosevelt administration met the demand by issuing Executive Order 8802 barring racial discrimination and creating an agency to oversee compliance with the order . Randolph and Bayard Rustin were the chief planners of the second march , which they proposed in 1962 . In 1963 , the Kennedy administration initially opposed the march out of concern it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation . However , Randolph and King were firm that the march would proceed . With the march going forward , the Kennedys decided it was important to work to ensure its success . Concerned about the turnout , President Kennedy enlisted the aid of white church leaders and Walter Reuther , president of the UAW , to help mobilize white supporters for the march . The march was held on August 28 , 1963 . Unlike the planned 1941 march , for which Randolph included only black - led organizations in the planning , the 1963 march was a collaborative effort of all of the major civil rights organizations , the more progressive wing of the labor movement , and other liberal organizations . The march had six official goals : meaningful civil rights laws a massive federal works program full and fair employment decent housing the right to vote adequate integrated education . Of these , the march 's major focus was on passage of the civil rights law that the Kennedy administration had proposed after the upheavals in Birmingham . Martin Luther King Jr. at a Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. National media attention also greatly contributed to the march 's national exposure and probable impact . In his section `` The March on Washington and Television News , '' William Thomas notes : `` Over five hundred cameramen , technicians , and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event . More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last presidential inauguration . One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument , to give dramatic vistas of the marchers '' . By carrying the organizers ' speeches and offering their own commentary , television stations framed the way their local audiences saw and understood the event . `` I Have a Dream '' 30 - second sample from `` I Have a Dream '' speech by Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 Problems playing this file ? See media help . The march was a success , although not without controversy . An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial , where King delivered his famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech . While many speakers applauded the Kennedy administration for the efforts it had made toward obtaining new , more effective civil rights legislation protecting the right to vote and outlawing segregation , John Lewis of SNCC took the administration to task for not doing more to protect southern blacks and civil rights workers under attack in the Deep South . After the march , King and other civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy at the White House . While the Kennedy administration appeared sincerely committed to passing the bill , it was not clear that it had the votes in Congress to do it . However when President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 , 1963 , the new President Lyndon Johnson decided to use his influence in Congress to bring about much of Kennedy 's legislative agenda . Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 ( edit ) Main articles : Malcolm X , Black Nationalism , and The Ballot or the Bullet In March 1964 , Malcolm X ( el - Hajj Malik el - Shabazz ) , national representative of the Nation of Islam , formally broke with that organization , and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to self - defense and the philosophy of Black nationalism ( which Malcolm said no longer required Black separatism ) . Gloria Richardson -- head of the Cambridge , Maryland , chapter of SNCC , leader of the Cambridge rebellion and an honored guest at The March on Washington -- immediately embraced Malcolm 's offer . Mrs. Richardson , `` the nation 's most prominent woman ( civil rights ) leader , '' told The Baltimore Afro - American that `` Malcolm is being very practical ... The federal government has moved into conflict situations only when matters approach the level of insurrection . Self - defense may force Washington to intervene sooner . '' Earlier , in May 1963 , James Baldwin had stated publicly that `` the Black Muslim movement is the only one in the country we can call grassroots , I hate to say it ... Malcolm articulates for Negroes , their suffering ... he corroborates their reality ... '' On the local level , Malcolm and the NOI had been allied with the Harlem chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) since at least 1962 . Malcolm X meets with Martin Luther King Jr. , March 26 , 1964 On March 26 , 1964 , as the Civil Rights Act was facing stiff opposition in Congress , Malcolm had a public meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. at the Capitol building . Malcolm had attempted to begin a dialog with Dr. King as early as 1957 , but King had rebuffed him . Malcolm had responded by calling King an `` Uncle Tom '' who turned his back on black militancy in order to appease the white power structure . However , the two men were on good terms at their face - to - face meeting . There is evidence that King was preparing to support Malcolm 's plan to formally bring the U.S. government before the United Nations on charges of human rights violations against African Americans . Malcolm now encouraged Black nationalists to get involved in voter registration drives and other forms of community organizing to redefine and expand the movement . Civil rights activists became increasingly combative in the 1963 to 1964 period , owing to events such as the thwarting of the Albany campaign , police repression and Ku Klux Klan terrorism in Birmingham , and the assassination of Medgar Evers . Mississippi NAACP Field Director Charles Evers -- Medgar Evers ' brother -- told a public NAACP conference on February 15 , 1964 , that `` non-violence wo n't work in Mississippi ... we made up our minds ... that if a white man shoots at a Negro in Mississippi , we will shoot back . '' The repression of sit - ins in Jacksonville , Florida , provoked a riot that saw black youth throwing Molotov cocktails at police on March 24 , 1964 . Malcolm X gave extensive speeches in this period warning that such militant activity would escalate further if African Americans ' rights were not fully recognized . In his landmark April 1964 speech `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' , Malcolm presented an ultimatum to white America : `` There 's new strategy coming in . It 'll be Molotov cocktails this month , hand grenades next month , and something else next month . It 'll be ballots , or it 'll be bullets . '' As noted in Eyes on the Prize , `` Malcolm X had a far reaching effect on the civil rights movement . In the South , there had been a long tradition of self reliance . Malcolm X 's ideas now touched that tradition '' . Self - reliance was becoming paramount in light of the 1964 Democratic National Convention 's decision to refuse seating to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) and to seat the state delegation elected in violation of the party 's rules through Jim Crow law instead . SNCC moved in an increasingly militant direction and worked with Malcolm X on two Harlem MFDP fundraisers in December 1964 . When Fannie Lou Hamer spoke to Harlemites about the Jim Crow violence that she 'd suffered in Mississippi , she linked it directly to the Northern police brutality against blacks that Malcolm protested against ; When Malcolm asserted that African Americans should emulate the Mau Mau army of Kenya in efforts to gain their independence , many in SNCC applauded . During the Selma campaign for voting rights in 1965 , Malcolm made it known that he 'd heard reports of increased threats of lynching around Selma , and responded in late January with an open telegram to George Lincoln Rockwell , the head of the American Nazi Party , stating : `` if your present racist agitation against our people there in Alabama causes physical harm to Reverend King or any other black Americans ... you and your KKK friends will be met with maximum physical retaliation from those of us who are not handcuffed by the disarming philosophy of nonviolence . '' The following month , the Selma chapter of SNCC invited Malcolm to speak to a mass meeting there . On the day of Malcolm 's appearance , President Johnson made his first public statement in support of the Selma campaign . Paul Ryan Haygood , a co-director of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund , credits Malcolm with a role in stimulating the responsiveness of the federal government . Haygood noted that `` shortly after Malcolm 's visit to Selma , a federal judge , responding to a suit brought by the Department of Justice , required Dallas County , Alabama , registrars to process at least 100 Black applications each day their offices were open . '' St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 ( edit ) Main article : St. Augustine movement `` We Cater to White Trade Only '' sign on a restaurant window in Lancaster , Ohio , in 1938 . In 1964 , Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and spent a night in jail for attempting to eat at a white - only restaurant in St. Augustine , Florida . St. Augustine was famous as the `` Nation 's Oldest City '' , founded by the Spanish in 1565 . It became the stage for a great drama leading up to the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 . A local movement , led by Dr. Robert B. Hayling , a black dentist and Air Force veteran , and affiliated with the NAACP , had been picketing segregated local institutions since 1963 , as a result of which Dr. Hayling and three companions were brutally beaten at a Ku Klux Klan rally in the fall of that year . Nightriders shot into black homes , and teenagers Audrey Nell Edwards , JoeAnn Anderson , Samuel White , and Willie Carl Singleton ( who came to be known as `` The St. Augustine Four '' ) spent six months in jail and reform school after sitting in at the local Woolworth 's lunch counter . It took a special action of the governor and cabinet of Florida to release them after national protests by the Pittsburgh Courier , Jackie Robinson , and others . In response to the repression , the St. Augustine movement practiced armed self - defense in addition to nonviolent direct action . In June 1963 , Dr. Hayling publicly stated that `` I and the others have armed . We will shoot first and answer questions later . We are not going to die like Medgar Evers . '' The comment made national headlines . When Klan nightriders terrorized black neighborhoods in St. Augustine , Hayling 's NAACP members often drove them off with gunfire , and in October , a Klansman was killed . In 1964 , Dr. Hayling and other activists urged the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to come to St. Augustine . Four prominent Massachusetts women -- Mrs. Mary Parkman Peabody , Mrs. Esther Burgess , Mrs. Hester Campbell ( all of whose husbands were Episcopal bishops ) , and Mrs. Florence Rowe ( whose husband was vice president of John Hancock Insurance Company ) came to lend their support . The arrest of Mrs. Peabody , the 72 - year - old mother of the governor of Massachusetts , for attempting to eat at the segregated Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge in an integrated group , made front page news across the country , and brought the movement in St. Augustine to the attention of the world . Widely publicized activities continued in the ensuing months . When Dr. King was arrested , he sent a `` Letter from the St. Augustine Jail '' to a northern supporter , Rabbi Israel Dresner . This resulted , a week later , in the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history -- while conducting a pray - in at the Monson . A well - known photograph taken in St. Augustine shows the manager of the Monson Motel pouring muriatic acid in the swimming pool while blacks and whites are swimming in it . The horrifying photograph was run on the front page of the Washington newspaper the day the Senate went to vote on passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Freedom Summer , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Summer In the summer of 1964 , COFO brought nearly 1,000 activists to Mississippi -- most of them white college students -- to join with local black activists to register voters , teach in `` Freedom Schools , '' and organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) . Many of Mississippi 's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and attempts to change their society . State and local governments , police , the White Citizens ' Council and the Ku Klux Klan used arrests , beatings , arson , murder , spying , firing , evictions , and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent blacks from registering to vote or achieving social equality . Missing persons poster created by the FBI in 1964 , shows the photographs of Andrew Goodman , James Chaney , and Michael Schwerner On June 21 , 1964 , three civil rights workers disappeared : James Chaney , a young black Mississippian and plasterer 's apprentice ; and two Jewish activists , Andrew Goodman , a Queens College anthropology student ; and Michael Schwerner , a CORE organizer from Manhattan 's Lower East Side , were found weeks later , murdered by conspirators who turned out to be local members of the Klan , some of them members of the Neshoba County sheriff 's department . This outraged the public , leading the U.S. Justice Department along with the FBI ( the latter which had previously avoided dealing with the issue of segregation and persecution of blacks ) to take action . The outrage over these murders helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act . From June to August , Freedom Summer activists worked in 38 local projects scattered across the state , with the largest number concentrated in the Mississippi Delta region . At least 30 Freedom Schools , with close to 3,500 students were established , and 28 community centers set up . Over the course of the Summer Project , some 17,000 Mississippi blacks attempted to become registered voters in defiance of the red tape and forces of white supremacy arrayed against them -- only 1,600 ( less than 10 % ) succeeded . But more than 80,000 joined the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) , founded as an alternative political organization , showing their desire to vote and participate in politics . Though Freedom Summer failed to register many voters , it had a significant effect on the course of the civil rights movement . It helped break down the decades of people 's isolation and repression that were the foundation of the Jim Crow system . Before Freedom Summer , the national news media had paid little attention to the persecution of black voters in the Deep South and the dangers endured by black civil rights workers . The progression of events throughout the South increased media attention to Mississippi . The deaths of affluent northern white students and threats to other northerners attracted the full attention of the media spotlight to the state . Many black activists became embittered , believing the media valued lives of whites and blacks differently . Perhaps the most significant effect of Freedom Summer was on the volunteers , almost all of whom -- black and white -- still consider it to have been one of the defining periods of their lives . Civil rights Act of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1964 Although President Kennedy had proposed civil rights legislation and it had support from Northern Congressmen and Senators of both parties , Southern Senators blocked the bill by threatening filibusters . After considerable parliamentary maneuvering and 54 days of filibuster on the floor of the United States Senate , President Johnson got a bill through the Congress . Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 On July 2 , 1964 , Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , that banned discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex or national origin '' in employment practices and public accommodations . The bill authorized the Attorney General to file lawsuits to enforce the new law . The law also nullified state and local laws that required such discrimination . Harlem riot of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Harlem riot of 1964 When police shot an unarmed black teenager in Harlem in July 1964 , tensions escalated out of control . Residents were frustrated with racial inequalities . Rioting broke out , and Bedford - Stuyvesant , a major black neighborhood in Brooklyn erupted next . That summer , rioting also broke out in Philadelphia , for similar reasons . The riots were on a much smaller scale than what would occur in 1965 and later . Washington responded with a pilot program called Project Uplift . Thousands of young people in Harlem were given jobs during the summer of 1965 . The project was inspired by a report generated by HARYOU called Youth in the Ghetto . HARYOU was given a major role in organizing the project , together with the National Urban League and nearly 100 smaller community organizations . Permanent jobs at living wages were still out of reach of many young black men . Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Blacks in Mississippi had been disfranchised by statutory and constitutional changes since the late 19th century . In 1963 COFO held a Freedom Vote in Mississippi to demonstrate the desire of black Mississippians to vote . More than 80,000 people registered and voted in the mock election , which pitted an integrated slate of candidates from the `` Freedom Party '' against the official state Democratic Party candidates . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( center ) meets with civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. , Whitney Young , and James Farmer , January 1964 In 1964 , organizers launched the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) to challenge the all - white official party . When Mississippi voting registrars refused to recognize their candidates , they held their own primary . They selected Fannie Lou Hamer , Annie Devine , and Victoria Gray to run for Congress , and a slate of delegates to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic National Convention . The presence of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in Atlantic City , New Jersey , was inconvenient , however , for the convention organizers . They had planned a triumphant celebration of the Johnson administration 's achievements in civil rights , rather than a fight over racism within the Democratic Party . All - white delegations from other Southern states threatened to walk out if the official slate from Mississippi was not seated . Johnson was worried about the inroads that Republican Barry Goldwater 's campaign was making in what previously had been the white Democratic stronghold of the `` Solid South '' , as well as support that George Wallace had received in the North during the Democratic primaries . Johnson could not , however , prevent the MFDP from taking its case to the Credentials Committee . There Fannie Lou Hamer testified eloquently about the beatings that she and others endured and the threats they faced for trying to register to vote . Turning to the television cameras , Hamer asked , `` Is this America ? '' Johnson offered the MFDP a `` compromise '' under which it would receive two non-voting , at - large seats , while the white delegation sent by the official Democratic Party would retain its seats . The MFDP angrily rejected the `` compromise . '' The MFDP kept up its agitation at the convention , after it was denied official recognition . When all but three of the `` regular '' Mississippi delegates left because they refused to pledge allegiance to the party , the MFDP delegates borrowed passes from sympathetic delegates and took the seats vacated by the official Mississippi delegates . National party organizers removed them . When they returned the next day , they found convention organizers had removed the empty seats that had been there the day before . They stayed and sang `` freedom songs '' . The 1964 Democratic Party convention disillusioned many within the MFDP and the civil rights movement , but it did not destroy the MFDP . The MFDP became more radical after Atlantic City . It invited Malcolm X to speak at one of its conventions and opposed the war in Vietnam . Selma voting rights movement ( edit ) Main articles : Selma to Montgomery marches and Voting Rights Act President Johnson , Martin Luther King Jr. at the signing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6 , 1965 `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' Play media Statement before the United States Congress by Johnson on August 6 , 1965 , about the Voting Rights Act `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' audio only Problems playing these files ? See media help . SNCC had undertaken an ambitious voter registration program in Selma , Alabama , in 1963 , but by 1965 had made little headway in the face of opposition from Selma 's sheriff , Jim Clark . After local residents asked the SCLC for assistance , King came to Selma to lead several marches , at which he was arrested along with 250 other demonstrators . The marchers continued to meet violent resistance from police . Jimmie Lee Jackson , a resident of nearby Marion , was killed by police at a later march in February 17 , 1965 . Jackson 's death prompted James Bevel , director of the Selma Movement , to initiate and organize a plan to march from Selma to Montgomery , the state capital . On March 7 , 1965 , acting on Bevel 's plan , Hosea Williams of the SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC led a march of 600 people to walk the 54 miles ( 87 km ) from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery . Only six blocks into the march , at the Edmund Pettus Bridge , state troopers and local law enforcement , some mounted on horseback , attacked the peaceful demonstrators with billy clubs , tear gas , rubber tubes wrapped in barbed wire , and bull whips . They drove the marchers back into Selma . Lewis was knocked unconscious and dragged to safety . At least 16 other marchers were hospitalized . Among those gassed and beaten was Amelia Boynton Robinson , who was at the center of civil rights activity at the time . The national broadcast of the news footage of lawmen attacking unresisting marchers ' seeking to exercise their constitutional right to vote provoked a national response , and hundreds of people from all over the country came for a second march . These marchers were turned around by Dr. King at the last minute so as not to violate a federal injunction . With the support of James Forman and other SNCC leaders , activists throughout the country committed civil disobedience for Selma , particularly in Montgomery and at the White House . The marchers were able to lift the injunction and obtain protection from federal troops , permitting them to make the march across Alabama without incident two weeks later . Police attack non-violent marchers on `` Bloody Sunday '' , the first day of the Selma to Montgomery marches The evening of a second march on March 9 to the site of Bloody Sunday , local whites attacked Rev. James Reeb , a voting rights supporter . He died of his injuries in a Birmingham hospital March 11 . On March 25 , four Klansmen shot and killed Detroit homemaker Viola Liuzzo as she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the successfully completed march to Montgomery . Voting rights Act , 1965 ( edit ) Eight days after the first march , but before the final march , President Johnson delivered a televised address to support the voting rights bill he had sent to Congress . In it he stated : Their cause must be our cause too . Because it is not just Negroes , but really it is all of us , who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice . And we shall overcome . Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on August 6 . The 1965 act suspended literacy tests and other subjective voter registration tests . It authorized Federal supervision of voter registration in states and individual voting districts where such tests were being used . African Americans who had been barred from registering to vote finally had an alternative to taking suits to local or state courts , which had seldom prosecuted their cases to success . If discrimination in voter registration occurred , the 1965 act authorized the Attorney General of the United States to send Federal examiners to replace local registrars . Within months of its passage , 250,000 new black voters had been registered , one third of them by federal examiners . Within four years , voter registration in the South had more than doubled . In 1965 , Mississippi had the highest black voter turnout at 74 % and led the nation in the number of black public officials elected . In 1969 , Tennessee had a 92.1 % turnout among black voters ; Arkansas , 77.9 % ; and Texas , 73.1 % . Several whites who had opposed the Voting Rights Act paid a quick price . In 1966 Sheriff Jim Clark of Alabama , infamous for using cattle prods against civil rights marchers , was up for reelection . Although he took off the notorious `` Never '' pin on his uniform , he was defeated . At the election , Clark lost as blacks voted to get him out of office . Blacks ' regaining the power to vote changed the political landscape of the South . When Congress passed the Voting Rights Act , only about 100 African Americans held elective office , all in northern states . By 1989 , there were more than 7,200 African Americans in office , including more than 4,800 in the South . Nearly every Black Belt county ( where populations were majority black ) in Alabama had a black sheriff . Southern blacks held top positions in city , county , and state governments . Atlanta elected a black mayor , Andrew Young , as did Jackson , Mississippi , with Harvey Johnson Jr. , and New Orleans , with Ernest Morial . Black politicians on the national level included Barbara Jordan , elected as a Representative from Texas in Congress , and President Jimmy Carter appointed Andrew Young as United States Ambassador to the United Nations . Julian Bond was elected to the Georgia State Legislature in 1965 , although political reaction to his public Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War prevented him from taking his seat until 1967 . John Lewis represents Georgia 's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives , where he has served since 1987 . Watts riot of 1965 ( edit ) Main article : Watts Riots Police arrest a man during the Watts Riots , August 1965 The new Voting Rights Act of 1965 had no immediate effect on living conditions for poor blacks . A few days after the act became law , a riot broke out in the South Central Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts . Like Harlem , Watts was an impoverished neighborhood with very high unemployment . Its residents confronted a largely white police department that had a history of abuse against blacks . While arresting a young man for drunk driving , police officers argued with the suspect 's mother before onlookers . The spark triggered a massive destruction of property through six days of rioting . Thirty - four people were killed and property valued at about $30 million was destroyed , making the Watts Riots among the most expensive in American history . With black militancy on the rise , ghetto residents directed acts of anger at the police . Black residents growing tired of police brutality continued to riot . Some young people joined groups such as the Black Panthers , whose popularity was based in part on their reputation for confronting police officers . Riots among blacks occurred in 1966 and 1967 in cities such as Atlanta , San Francisco , Oakland , Baltimore , Seattle , Tacoma , Cleveland , Cincinnati , Columbus , Newark , Chicago , New York City ( specifically in Brooklyn , Harlem and the Bronx ) , and worst of all in Detroit . Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 ( edit ) The first major blow against housing segregation in the era , the Rumford Fair Housing Act , was passed in California in 1963 . It was overturned by white California voters and real estate lobbyists the following year with Proposition 14 , a move which helped precipitate the Watts Riots . In 1966 , the California Supreme Court invalidated Proposition 14 and reinstated the Fair Housing Act . Working and organizing for fair housing laws became a major project of the movement over the next two years , with Martin Luther King Jr. , James Bevel , and Al Raby leading the Chicago Freedom Movement around the issue in 1966 . In the following year , Father James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council also attracted national attention with a fair housing campaign in Milwaukee . Both movements faced violent resistance from white homeowners and legal opposition from conservative politicians . The Fair Housing Bill was the most contentious civil rights legislation of the era . Senator Walter Mondale , who advocated for the bill , noted that over successive years , it was the most filibustered legislation in U.S. history . It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators , as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards . A proposed `` Civil Rights Act of 1966 '' had collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision . Mondale commented that : A lot of civil rights ( legislation ) was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace , ( but ) this came right to the neighborhoods across the country . This was civil rights getting personal . Nationwide riots of 1967 ( edit ) Main articles : Detroit Riot of 1967 , 1967 Newark riots , 1967 Plainfield riots , and Long Hot Summer of 1967 Over 100 U.S. cities experienced riots in 1967 , including Detroit , Newark , Cincinnati , Cleveland , and Washington D.C. The largest of these was the Detroit riot . In Detroit , a large black middle class had begun to develop among those African Americans who worked at unionized jobs in the automotive industry ; these workers still complained of racist practices , concerns which the United Auto Workers channeled into bureaucratic and ineffective grievance procedures . Violent white mobs enforced the segregation of housing up through the 1960s ; . Blacks who were not upwardly mobile were living in substandard conditions , subject to the same problems as African Americans in Watts and Harlem . When white police officers shut down an illegal bar and arrested a large group of patrons during the hot summer , furious residents rioted . Blacks looted and destroyed property for five days , and National Guardsmen and federal troops patrolled in tanks through the streets . Residents reported that police officers shot at black people before even determining if the suspects were armed or dangerous . After five days , 43 people had been killed , hundreds injured , and thousands left homeless . $40 to $45 million worth of damage was caused . State and local governments responded to the riot with a dramatic increase in minority hiring . In the aftermath of the turmoil , the Greater Detroit Board of Commerce also launched a campaign to find jobs for ten thousand `` previously unemployable '' persons , a preponderant number of whom were black . Governor George Romney immediately responded to the riot of 1967 with a special session of the Michigan legislature where he forwarded sweeping housing proposals that included not only fair housing , but `` important relocation , tenants ' rights and code enforcement legislation . '' Romney had supported such proposals in 1965 , but abandoned them in the face of organized opposition . The laws passed both houses of the legislature . Historian Sidney Fine writes that : `` The Michigan Fair Housing Act , which took effect on November 15 , 1968 , was stronger than the federal fair housing law ... It is probably more than a coincidence that the state that had experienced the most severe racial disorder of the 1960s also adopted one of the strongest state fair housing acts . '' President Johnson created the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders in response to nationwide wave of riots . The commission 's final report called for major reforms in employment and public policy in black communities . It warned that the United States was moving toward separate white and black societies . Memphis , King assassination and the poor people 's March 1968 ( edit ) Main articles : Poor People 's Campaign and Assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' Final 30 seconds of `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' speech by Martin Luther King Jr . These are the final words from his final public speech . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A 3,000 - person shantytown called Resurrection City was established on the National Mall . Rev. James Lawson invited King to Memphis , Tennessee , in March 1968 to support a sanitation workers ' strike . These workers launched a campaign for union representation after two workers were accidentally killed on the job , and King considered their struggle to be a vital part of the Poor People 's Campaign he was planning . A day after delivering his stirring `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' sermon , which has become famous for his vision of American society , King was assassinated on April 4 , 1968 . Riots broke out in black neighborhoods in more than 110 cities across the United States in the days that followed , notably in Chicago , Baltimore , and in Washington , D.C. The day before King 's funeral , April 8 , Coretta Scott King and three of the King children led 20,000 marchers through the streets of Memphis , holding signs that read , `` Honor King : End Racism '' and `` Union Justice Now '' . Armed National Guardsmen lined the streets , sitting on M - 48 tanks , to protect the marchers , and helicopters circled overhead . On April 9 , Mrs. King led another 150,000 people in a funeral procession through the streets of Atlanta . Her dignity revived courage and hope in many of the Movement 's members , cementing her place as the new leader in the struggle for racial equality . Coretta Scott King said , ( Martin Luther King Jr . ) gave his life for the poor of the world , the garbage workers of Memphis and the peasants of Vietnam . The day that Negro people and others in bondage are truly free , on the day want is abolished , on the day wars are no more , on that day I know my husband will rest in a long - deserved peace . Rev. Ralph Abernathy succeeded King as the head of the SCLC and attempted to carry forth King 's plan for a Poor People 's March . It was to unite blacks and whites to campaign for fundamental changes in American society and economic structure . The march went forward under Abernathy 's plainspoken leadership but did not achieve its goals . See also : Orangeburg massacre Civil rights Act of 1968 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1968 As 1968 began , the fair housing bill was being filibustered once again , but two developments revived it . The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 ghetto riots was delivered to Congress on March 1 , and it strongly recommended `` a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law '' as a remedy to the civil disturbances . The Senate was moved to end their filibuster that week . As the House of Representatives deliberated the bill in April , Dr. King was assassinated , and the largest wave of unrest since the Civil War swept the country . Senator Charles Mathias wrote that : some Senators and Representatives publicly stated they would not be intimidated or rushed into legislating because of the disturbances . Nevertheless , the news coverage of the riots and the underlying disparities in income , jobs , housing , and education , between White and Black Americans helped educate citizens and Congress about the stark reality of an enormous social problem . Members of Congress knew they had to act to redress these imbalances in American life to fulfill the dream that King had so eloquently preached . The House passed the legislation on April 10 , and President Johnson signed it the next day . The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination concerning the sale , rental , and financing of housing based on race , religion , and national origin . It also made it a federal crime to `` by force or by threat of force , injure , intimidate , or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race , color , religion , or national origin . '' Other issues ( edit ) Grassroots leadership ( edit ) Fannie Lou Hamer of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( and other Mississippi - based organizations ) is an example of local grassroots leadership in the movement . While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person , organization , or strategy . Sociologist Doug McAdam has stated that , `` in King 's case , it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement ... but more importantly , there was no singular civil rights movement . The movement was , in fact , a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide , spanning several decades , hundreds of discrete groups , and all manner of strategies and tactics -- legal , illegal , institutional , non-institutional , violent , non-violent . Without discounting King 's importance , it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous , fluid , dispersed movement . '' Decentralized grassroots leadership has been a major focus of movement scholarship in recent decades through the work of historians John Dittmer , Charles Payne , Barbara Ransby , and others . Black Power ( 1966 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Black Power and Black Power movement During the Freedom Summer campaign of 1964 , numerous tensions within the civil rights movement came to the forefront . Many blacks in SNCC developed concerns that white activists from the North were taking over the movement . The massive presence of white students was also not reducing the amount of violence that SNCC suffered , but seemed to be increasing it . Additionally , there was profound disillusionment at Lyndon Johnson 's denial of voting status for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party . Meanwhile , during CORE 's work in Louisiana that summer , that group found the federal government would not respond to requests to enforce the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , or to protect the lives of activists who challenged segregation . For the Louisiana campaign to survive it had to rely on a local African - American militia called the Deacons for Defense and Justice , who used arms to repel white supremacist violence and police repression . CORE 's collaboration with the Deacons was effective against breaking Jim Crow in numerous Louisiana areas . In 1965 , SNCC helped organize an independent political party , the Lowndes County Freedom Organization ( LCFO ) , in the heart of Alabama Klan territory , and permitted its black leaders to openly promote the use of armed self - defense . Meanwhile , the Deacons for Defense and Justice expanded into Mississippi and assisted Charles Evers ' NAACP chapter with a successful campaign in Natchez . The same year , the Watts Rebellion took place in Los Angeles , and seemed to show that many black youth were now committed to the use of violence to protest inequality and oppression . During the March Against Fear in 1966 , SNCC and CORE fully embraced the slogan of `` black power '' to describe these trends towards militancy and self - reliance . In Mississippi , Stokely Carmichael declared , `` I 'm not going to beg the white man for anything that I deserve , I 'm going to take it . We need power . '' Several people engaging in the Black Power movement started to gain more of a sense in black pride and identity as well . In gaining more of a sense of a cultural identity , several blacks demanded that whites no longer refer to them as `` Negroes '' but as `` Afro - Americans . '' Up until the mid-1960s , blacks had dressed similarly to whites and straightened their hair . As a part of gaining a unique identity , blacks started to wear loosely fit dashikis and had started to grow their hair out as a natural afro . The afro , sometimes nicknamed the `` ' fro , '' remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s . Black Power was made most public , however , by the Black Panther Party ( BPP ) , which was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland , California , in 1966 . The group began following the revolutionary pan-Africanism of late - period Malcolm X , using a `` by - any - means necessary '' approach to stopping inequality . They sought to rid African American neighborhoods of police brutality and establish socialist community control in the ghettos . Their tactics varied from armed confrontation with police to setting up free breakfast and healthcare programs for children . Between 1968 and 1971 , the BPP was one of the most important black organizations in the country and had support from the NAACP , SCLC , Peace and Freedom Party , and others . Black Power was taken to another level inside prison walls . In 1966 , George Jackson formed the Black Guerrilla Family in the California San Quentin State Prison . The goal of this group was to overthrow the white - run government in America and the prison system . In 1970 , this group displayed their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower . They retaliated by killing a white prison guard . `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' from Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gold medalist Tommie Smith ( center ) and bronze medalist John Carlos ( right ) showing the raised fist on the podium after the 200 m race at the 1968 Summer Olympics ; both wear Olympic Project for Human Rights badges . Peter Norman ( silver medalist , left ) from Australia also wears an OPHR badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos . Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time . Released in August 1968 , the number one Rhythm & Blues single for the Billboard Year - End list was James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' . In October 1968 , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , while being awarded the gold and bronze medals , respectively , at the 1968 Summer Olympics , donned human rights badges and each raised a black - gloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony . King was not comfortable with the `` Black Power '' slogan , which sounded too much like black nationalism to him . When King was murdered in 1968 , Stokely Carmichael stated that whites murdered the one person who would prevent rampant rioting and that blacks would burn every major city to the ground . Black conservatism ( edit ) Despite the common notion that the ideas of Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X and Black Power only conflicted with each other and were the only ideologies of the civil rights movement , there were other sentiments felt by many blacks . Fearing the events during the movement were occurring too quickly , there were some blacks who felt that leaders should take their activism at a slower pace . Others had reservations on how focused blacks were on the movement and felt that such attention was better spent on reforming issues within the black community . Those who blatantly rejected integration had various rationales for doing so , such as fearing a change in the status quo they had been used to for so long or fearing for their safety if they found themselves in environments where whites were much more present . Some defended segregation for the sake of keeping ties with the white power structure from which many relied on for social and economic mobility above other blacks . Based on her interpretation of a 1966 study made by Donald Matthews and James Prothro detailing the relative percentage of blacks for integration , against it or feeling something else , Lauren Winner asserts that : Black defenders of segregation look , at first blush , very much like black nationalists , especially in their preference for all - black institutions ; but black defenders of segregation differ from nationalists in two key ways . First , while both groups criticize NAACP - style integration , nationalists articulate a third alternative to integration and Jim Crow , while segregationists preferred to stick with the status quo . Second , absent from black defenders of segregation 's political vocabulary was the demand for self - determination . They called for all - black institutions , but not autonomous all - black institutions ; indeed , some defenders of segregation asserted that black people needed white paternalism and oversight in order to thrive . Oftentimes , African - American community leaders would be staunch defenders of segregation . Church ministers , businessmen and educators were among those who wished to keep segregation and segregationist ideals in order to retain the privileges they gained from patronage from whites , such as monetary gains . In addition , they relied on segregation to keep their jobs and economies in their communities thriving . It was feared that if integration became widespread in the South , black - owned businesses and other establishments would lose a large chunk of their customer base to white - owned businesses , and many blacks would lose opportunities for jobs that were presently exclusive to their interests . On the other hand , there were the everyday , average black people who criticized integration as well . For them , they took issue with different parts of the civil rights movement and the potential for blacks to exercise consumerism and economic liberty without hindrance from whites . For Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X and other leading activists and groups during the movement , these opposing viewpoints acted as an obstacle against their ideas . These different views made such leaders ' work much harder to accomplish , but they were nonetheless important in the overall scope of the movement . For the most part , the black individuals who had reservations on various aspects of the movement and ideologies of the activists were not able to make a game - changing dent in their efforts , but the existence of these alternate ideas gave some blacks an outlet to express their concerns about the changing social structure . Avoiding the `` Communist '' label ( edit ) See also : The Communist Party and African - Americans On December 17 , 1951 , the Communist Party -- affiliated Civil Rights Congress delivered the petition We Charge Genocide : `` The Crime of Government Against the Negro People '' , often shortened to We Charge Genocide , to the United Nations in 1951 , arguing that the U.S. federal government , by its failure to act against lynching in the United States , was guilty of genocide under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention . The petition was presented to the United Nations at two separate venues : Paul Robeson , concert singer and activist , to a UN official in New York City , while William L. Patterson , executive director of the CRC , delivered copies of the drafted petition to a UN delegation in Paris . Patterson , the editor of the petition , was a leader in the Communist Party USA and head of the International Labor Defense , a group that offered legal representation to communists , trade unionists , and African Americans in cases involving issues of political or racial persecution . The ILD was known for leading the defense of the Scottsboro boys in Alabama in 1931 , where the Communist Party had considerable influence among African Americans in the 1930s . This had largely declined by the late 1950s , although they could command international attention . As earlier civil rights figures such as Robeson , Du Bois and Patterson became more politically radical ( and therefore targets of Cold War anti-Communism by the U.S. Government ) , they lost favor with both mainstream Black America and the NAACP . In order to secure a place in the mainstream and gain the broadest base , the new generation of civil rights activists believed they had to openly distance themselves from anything and anyone associated with the Communist party . According to Ella Baker , the Southern Christian Leadership Conference adopted `` Christian '' into its name to deter charges of Communism . The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover had been concerned about communism since the early 20th century , and continued to label as `` Communist '' or `` subversive '' some of the civil rights activists , whom it kept under close surveillance . In the early 1960s , the practice of distancing the civil rights movement from `` Reds '' was challenged by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee who adopted a policy of accepting assistance and participation by anyone , regardless of political affiliation , who supported the SNCC program and was willing to `` put their body on the line . '' At times this political openness put SNCC at odds with the NAACP . Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 1963 ( edit ) Attorney General Robert Kennedy speaking before a hostile Civil Rights crowd protesting low minority hiring in his Justice Department June 14 , 1963 For the first two years of the Kennedy administration , civil rights activists had mixed opinions of both the president and attorney general , Robert F. Kennedy . A well of historical skepticism toward liberal politics had left African Americans with a sense of uneasy disdain for any white politician who claimed to share their concerns for freedom , particularly ones connected to the historically pro-segregationist Democratic Party . Still , many were encouraged by the discreet support Kennedy gave to Dr. King , and the administration 's willingness , after dramatic pressure from civil disobedience , to bring forth racially progressive initiatives . Many of the initiatives resulted from Robert Kennedy 's passion . The younger Kennedy gained a rapid education in the realities of racism through events such as the Baldwin - Kennedy meeting . The president came to share his brother 's sense of urgency on the matter , resulting in the landmark Civil Rights Address of June 1963 and the introduction of the first major civil rights act of the decade . Robert Kennedy first became concerned with civil rights in mid-May 1961 during the Freedom Rides , when photographs of the burning bus and savage beatings in Anniston and Birmingham were broadcast around the world . They came at an especially embarrassing time , as President Kennedy was about to have a summit with the Soviet premier in Vienna . The White House was concerned with its image among the populations of newly independent nations in Africa and Asia , and Robert Kennedy responded with an address for Voice of America stating that great progress had been made on the issue of race relations . Meanwhile , behind the scenes , the administration worked to resolve the crisis with a minimum of violence and prevent the Freedom Riders from generating a fresh crop of headlines that might divert attention from the President 's international agenda . The Freedom Riders documentary notes that , `` The back burner issue of civil rights had collided with the urgent demands of Cold War realpolitik . '' On May 21 , when a white mob attacked and burned the First Baptist Church in Montgomery , Alabama , where King was holding out with protesters , Robert Kennedy telephoned King to ask him to stay in the building until the U.S. Marshals and National Guard could secure the area . King proceeded to berate Kennedy for `` allowing the situation to continue '' . King later publicly thanked Kennedy for deploying the force to break up an attack which might otherwise have ended King 's life . With a very small majority in Congress , the president 's ability to press ahead with legislation relied considerably on a balancing game with the Senators and Congressmen of the South . Without the support of Vice-President Johnson , a former Senator who had years of experience in Congress and longstanding relations there , many of the Attorney - General 's programs would not have progressed . By late 1962 , frustration at the slow pace of political change was balanced by the movement 's strong support for legislative initiatives , including administrative representation across all U.S. Government departments and greater access to the ballot box . From squaring off against Governor George Wallace , to `` tearing into '' Vice-President Johnson ( for failing to desegregate areas of the administration ) , to threatening corrupt white Southern judges with disbarment , to desegregating interstate transport , Robert Kennedy came to be consumed by the civil rights movement . He continued to work on these social justice issues in his bid for the presidency in 1968 . On the night of Governor Wallace 's capitulation to African - American enrollment at the University of Alabama , President Kennedy gave an address to the nation , which marked the changing tide , an address that was to become a landmark for the ensuing change in political policy as to civil rights . In 1966 , Robert Kennedy visited South Africa and voiced his objections to apartheid , the first time a major US politician had done so : At the University of Natal in Durban , I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity . A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be , because God created Negroes to serve . `` But suppose God is black '' , I replied . `` What if we go to Heaven and we , all our lives , have treated the Negro as an inferior , and God is there , and we look up and He is not white ? What then is our response ? '' There was no answer . Only silence . -- LOOK Magazine Robert Kennedy 's relationship with the movement was not always positive . As attorney general , he was called to account by activists -- who booed him at a June 1963 speech -- for the Justice Department 's own poor record of hiring blacks . He also presided over FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and his COINTELPRO program . This program ordered FBI agents to `` expose , disrupt , misdirect , discredit , or otherwise neutralize '' the activities of Communist front groups , a category in which the paranoid Hoover included most civil rights organizations . Kennedy personally authorized some of the programs . According to Tim Weiner , `` RFK knew much more about this surveillance than he ever admitted . '' Although Kennedy only gave approval for limited wiretapping of Dr. King 's phones `` on a trial basis , for a month or so . '' Hoover extended the clearance so his men were `` unshackled '' to look for evidence in any areas of the black leader 's life they deemed important ; they then used this information to harass King . Kennedy directly ordered surveillance on James Baldwin after their antagonistic racial summit in 1963 . American Jewish community and the civil rights movement ( edit ) See also : African American -- Jewish relations ; New York City teachers ' strike of 1968 ; and Brownsville , Brooklyn Jewish civil rights activist Joseph L. Rauh Jr. marching with Martin Luther King in 1963 Many in the Jewish community supported the civil rights movement . In fact , statistically Jews were one of the most actively involved non-black groups in the Movement . Many Jewish students worked in concert with African Americans for CORE , SCLC , and SNCC as full - time organizers and summer volunteers during the Civil Rights era . Jews made up roughly half of the white northern volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer project and approximately half of the civil rights attorneys active in the South during the 1960s . Jewish leaders were arrested while heeding a call from Martin Luther King Jr. in St. Augustine , Florida , in June 1964 , where the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history took place at the Monson Motor Lodge -- a nationally important civil rights landmark that was demolished in 2003 so that a Hilton Hotel could be built on the site . Abraham Joshua Heschel , a writer , rabbi , and professor of theology at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York , was outspoken on the subject of civil rights . He marched arm - in - arm with Dr. King in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march . In the 1964 murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner , the two white activists killed , Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner , were both Jewish . Brandeis University , the only nonsectarian Jewish - sponsored college university in the world , created the Transitional Year Program ( TYP ) in 1968 , in part response to Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King 's assassination . The faculty created it to renew the university 's commitment to social justice . Recognizing Brandeis as a university with a commitment to academic excellence , these faculty members created a chance to disadvantaged students to participate in an empowering educational experience . The American Jewish Committee , American Jewish Congress , and Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) actively promoted civil rights . While Jews were very active in the civil rights movement in the South , in the North , many had experienced a more strained relationship with African Americans . In communities experiencing white flight , racial rioting , and urban decay , Jewish Americans were more often the last remaining whites in the communities most affected . It has been argued that with Black militancy and the Black Power movements on the rise , `` Black Anti-Semitism '' increased leading to strained relations between Blacks and Jews in Northern communities . In New York City , most notably , there was a major socio - economic class difference in the perception of African Americans by Jews . Jews from better educated Upper Middle Class backgrounds were often very supportive of African American civil rights activities while the Jews in poorer urban communities that became increasingly minority were often less supportive largely in part due to more negative and violent interactions between the two groups . According to political scientist Michael Rogin , Jewish - Black hostility was a two - way street extending to earlier decades . In the post-World War II era , Jews were granted white privilege and most moved into the middle - class while Blacks were left behind in the ghetto . Urban Jews engaged in the same sort of conflicts with Blacks over bussing , local control of schools , housing , crime , communal identity , and class divides -- that other white ethnics did , leading to Jews participating in white flight . The culmination of this was the 1968 New York City teachers ' strike , pitting largely Jewish schoolteachers against predominantly Black parents in Brownsville , New York . Profile ( edit ) Many Jewish individuals in the Southern states who supported civil rights for African Americans tended to keep a low profile on `` the race issue '' , in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black and antisemitic Ku Klux Klan . However , Klan groups exploited the issue of African - American integration and Jewish involvement in the struggle to launch acts of violent antisemitism . As an example of this hatred , in one year alone , from November 1957 to October 1958 , temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in Atlanta , Nashville , Jacksonville , and Miami , and dynamite was found under synagogues in Birmingham , Charlotte , and Gastonia , North Carolina . Some rabbis received death threats , but there were no injuries following these outbursts of violence . White backlash ( edit ) King reached the height of popular acclaim during his life in 1964 , when he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . His career after that point was filled with frustrating challenges . The liberal coalition that had gained passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 began to fray . King was becoming more estranged from the Johnson administration . In 1965 he broke with it by calling for peace negotiations and a halt to the bombing of Vietnam . He moved further left in the following years , speaking of the need for economic justice and thoroughgoing changes in American society . He believed change was needed beyond the civil rights gained by the movement . King 's attempts to broaden the scope of the civil rights movement were halting and largely unsuccessful , however . King made several efforts in 1965 to take the Movement north to address housing discrimination . SCLC 's campaign in Chicago publicly failed , as Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley marginalized SCLC 's campaign by promising to `` study '' the city 's problems . In 1966 , white demonstrators holding `` white power '' signs in notoriously racist Cicero , a suburb of Chicago , threw stones at marchers demonstrating against housing segregation . Politicians and journalists quickly blamed this white backlash on the movement 's shift towards Black Power in the mid-1960s ; today most scholars view backlash as a phenomenon that was already developing in the mid-1950s , embodied in the `` massive resistance '' movement of the South where even the few moderate white leaders ( including George Wallace , who had once been endorsed by the NAACP ) shifted to openly racist positions . Northern racists opposed the southerners on a regional and cultural basis , but also held segregationist attitudes which became more pronounced as the civil rights movement headed North . For instance , prior to the Watts riot , California whites had already mobilized to repeal the state 's 1963 fair housing law . Even so , the backlash was not sufficient at the time to roll back major civil rights victories or swing the country into reaction . Social historians Matthew Lassiter and Barbara Ehrenreich note that backlash 's primary constituency was suburban and middle - class , but not working - class whites : `` among the white electorate , one half of blue - collar voters ... cast their ballot for ( the liberal presidential candidate ) Hubert Humphrey in 1968 ... only in the South did George Wallace draw substantially more blue - collar than white - collar support . '' African - American Women in the movement ( edit ) Women acted as leaders in the civil rights movement and led organizations that contributed to the cause of civil rights . African - American women stepped into the roles that men had previously held . Women were members of the NAACP because they believed it could help them contribute to the cause of civil rights . Women involved with the Black Panthers would lead meetings , edit the Black Panther newspaper , and advocated for childcare and sexual freedom . Women involved with SNCC helped to organize sit - ins and the Freedom Rides , as well as keeping the organization together . Women also formed church groups , bridge clubs , and professional organizations , such as the National Council of Negro Women , to help achieve freedom for themselves and their race . Some women who participated in these organizations lost their jobs because of their involvement . Discrimination ( edit ) Many women in the movement experienced gender discrimination and sexual harassment within the movement . In the SCLC , Ella Baker 's input was discouraged in spite of her being the oldest and most experienced person on the staff . Within the ministers ' patriarchal hierarchy , age and experience were actually considered detriments for a woman . Her role as an executive was only assigned as a placeholder for a male leader . Women that worked under SNCC did the clerical work and were not consistently given leadership positions . Women who worked in multiple civil rights organizations noted that males tended to become the leaders and women `` faded into the background '' and the men of the movement did not acknowledge the gender discrimination present in the organization . Much of the reasoning for the lesser role that women took in the movement was that it was time for black men to take on a role as a leader now that they had the opportunity . Women got very little recognition for their roles in the civil rights movement despite the fact that they were heavily involved with the participation and planning . Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 ( edit ) Further information : Civil Rights Act of 1964 , War on Poverty , and Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Johnson made civil rights one of his highest priorities , coupling it with a whites war on poverty . However in creasing the shrill opposition to the War in Vietnam , coupled with the cost of the war , undercut support for his domestic programs . Under Kennedy , major civil rights legislation had been stalled in Congress his assassination changed everything . On one hand president Lyndon Johnson was a much more skillful negotiator than Kennedy but he had behind him a powerful national momentum demanding immediate action on moral and emotional grounds . Demands for immediate action originated from unexpected directions , especially white Protestant church groups . The Justice Department , led by Robert Kennedy , moved from a posture of defending Kennedy from the quagmire minefield of racial politics to acting to fulfill his legacy . The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the moderate Republicans , led by Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen , whose support was the margin of victory for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act immediately ended de jure ( legal ) segregation and the era of Jim Crow . With the civil rights movement at full blast , Lyndon Johnson coupled black entrepreneurship with his war on poverty , setting up special program in the Small Business Administration , the Office of Economic Opportunity , and other agencies . This time there was money for loans designed to boost minority business ownership . Richard Nixon greatly expanded the program , setting up the Office of Minority Business Enterprise ( OMBE ) in the expectation that black entrepreneurs would help defuse racial tensions and possibly support his reelection . Prison reform ( edit ) Gates v. Collier ( edit ) Mississippi State Penitentiary Conditions at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , then known as Parchman Farm , became part of the public discussion of civil rights after activists were imprisoned there . In the spring of 1961 , Freedom Riders came to the South to test the desegregation of public facilities . By the end of June 1963 , Freedom Riders had been convicted in Jackson , Mississippi . Many were jailed in Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman . Mississippi employed the trusty system , a hierarchical order of inmates that used some inmates to control and enforce punishment of other inmates . In 1970 the civil rights lawyer Roy Haber began taking statements from inmates . He collected 50 pages of details of murders , rapes , beatings and other abuses suffered by the inmates from 1969 to 1971 at Mississippi State Penitentiary . In a landmark case known as Gates v. Collier ( 1972 ) , four inmates represented by Haber sued the superintendent of Parchman Farm for violating their rights under the United States Constitution . Federal Judge William C. Keady found in favor of the inmates , writing that Parchman Farm violated the civil rights of the inmates by inflicting cruel and unusual punishment . He ordered an immediate end to all unconstitutional conditions and practices . Racial segregation of inmates was abolished , as was the trusty system , which allowed certain inmates to have power and control over others . The prison was renovated in 1972 after the scathing ruling by Judge Keady , who wrote that the prison was an affront to `` modern standards of decency . '' Among other reforms , the accommodations were made fit for human habitation . The system of trusties was abolished . ( The prison had armed lifers with rifles and given them authority to oversee and guard other inmates , which led to many abuses and murders . ) In integrated correctional facilities in northern and western states , blacks represented a disproportionate number of the prisoners , in excess of their proportion of the general population . They were often treated as second - class citizens by white correctional officers . Blacks also represented a disproportionately high number of death row inmates . Eldridge Cleaver 's book Soul on Ice was written from his experiences in the California correctional system ; it contributed to black militancy . Cold War ( edit ) There was an international context for the actions of the U.S. Federal government during these years . Soviet media frequently covered racial discrimination in the U.S. Deeming American criticism of Soviet Union human rights abuses as hypocritical the Soviets would respond with `` And you are lynching Negroes '' . In his 1934 book Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , Sherwood Eddy wrote : `` In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the Scottsboro Negro boys and why they lynch Negroes . '' In Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy , the historian Mary L. Dudziak wrote that Communists critical of the United States accused the nation for its hypocrisy in portraying itself as the `` leader of the free world , '' when so many of its citizens were subjected to severe racial discrimination and violence ; she argued that this was a major factor in moving the government to support civil rights legislation . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) in popular culture The 1954 to 1968 civil rights movement contributed strong cultural threads to American and international theater , song , film , television , and folk art . Activist organizations ( edit ) National / regional civil rights organizations Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Deacons for Defense and Justice Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) Medical Committee for Human Rights ( MCHR ) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Organization of Afro - American Unity Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Southern Conference Educational Fund ( SCEF ) Southern Student Organizing Committee ( SSOC ) National economic empowerment organizations Operation Breadbasket Urban League Local civil rights organizations Albany Movement ( Albany , GA ) Council of Federated Organizations ( Mississippi ) Montgomery Improvement Association ( Montgomery , AL ) Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( Mississippi ) Women 's Political Council ( Montgomery , AL ) Individual activists ( edit ) Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Muhammad Ali Maya Angelou Louis Austin Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Fay Bellamy Powell James Bevel Claude Black Unita Blackwell Julian Bond Amelia Boynton Anne Braden Carl Braden Mary Fair Burks Stokely Carmichael Septima Clark Albert Cleage Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Jonathan Daniels Annie Devine Doris Derby Marian Wright Edelman Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams James L. Farmer Jr . Karl Fleming Sarah Mae Flemming James Forman Frankie Muse Freeman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Lorraine Hansberry Robert Hayling Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Libby Holman Myles Horton T.R.M. Howard Winson Hudson Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Esau Jenkins Gloria Johnson - Powell Clyde Kennard Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Bernard Lafayette W.W. Law James Lawson John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Joseph Lowery Autherine Lucy Clara Luper Thurgood Marshall James Meredith Loren Miller Jack Minnis Anne Moody Harry T. Moore E. Frederic Morrow Robert Parris Moses Bill Moyer Diane Nash Denise Nicholas E.D. Nixon David Nolan James Orange Nan Grogan Orrock Rosa Parks Rutledge Pearson George Raymond Jr . James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson Amelia Boynton Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Bayard Rustin Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Nina Simone Charles Kenzie Steele Dempsey Travis C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hosea Williams Robert F. Williams Malcolm X Andrew Young Whitney Young See also ( edit ) Civil Rights Movement portal African American portal Social movements portal 1950s portal 1960s portal List of civil rights leaders List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era Photographers of the American civil rights movement `` We Shall Overcome '' , unofficial movement anthem History preservation : Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Read 's Drug Store ( Baltimore ) , site of a 1955 desegregation sit - in Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 -- 1970 Post -- civil rights movement : Black Lives Matter Post -- civil rights era in African - American history Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Various other dates have been proposed as the date on which the civil rights movement began or ended . Jump up ^ The social movement has also been called the Second Reconstruction , modern civil rights movement , civil rights revolution , black revolution , Negro movement , black civil rights movement , U.S. civil rights movement , 1960s civil rights movement , Negro revolution , Negro American revolution , Negro revolt , Southern freedom movement , black rights movement , United States civil rights movement , American freedom movement , and Negro freedom movement . The term civil rights struggle can denote this or other social movements that occurred during the same period in the United States . The span of time of the social movement is called the civil rights era . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : II , Vann R. Newkirk . `` How ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' Still Stains America Today '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- CRA -- Title VII -- Equal Employment Opportunities -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 -- findUSlaw '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haines , Herbert H. ( 1995 ) . Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream , 1954 - 1970 . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 98 -- 118 . ISBN 9781572332607 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert F. Williams , ' Black Power , ' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle , '' Journal of American History 85 , No. 2 ( September 1998 ) : 540 -- 570 Jump up ^ `` How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans '' . The Guardian . August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 148 - 8 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leland T. Saito ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . p. 154 . University of Illinois Press Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . pp. 244 -- 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1701 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wormser , Richard . `` The Enforcement Acts ( 1870 -- 71 ) '' . PBS : Jim Crow Stories . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Black - American Representatives and Senators by Congress , 1870 -- Present Archived January 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. -- U.S. House of Representatives Jump up ^ Otis H Stephens , Jr ; John M Scheb , II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . p. 528 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09705 - 5 . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . pp. 199 -- 200 of vol 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516779 - 5 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill . `` Legacy of Lynching '' . PBS . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Rayford Logan , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson , pp. 97 -- 98 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Leon Litwack , Jim Crow Blues , Magazine of History ( OAH Publications , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Michael Kazin , Rebecca Edwards , Adam Rothman ( 2009 ) . `` The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History '' . p. 245 . Princeton University Press Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) , pp. 67 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Birmingham Segregation Laws -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Fultz , M. ( 2006 ) . Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation . Libraries & The Cultural Record , 41 ( 3 ) , 338 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Tolnay , Stewart ( 2003 ) . `` The African American ' Great Migration ' and Beyond '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 29 : 218 -- 221 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 29.010202. 100009 . JSTOR 30036966 . ^ Jump up to : Hannah - Jones , Nikole ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Living Apart : How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Future of Fair Housing : How We Got Here '' . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2009 , pp. 81 , 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson , Jo Ann Gibson ( 1912 -- 1992 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Stanford University . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press Jump up ^ `` The Tallahassee Bus Boycott -- Fifty Years Later , '' The Tallahassee Democrat , May 21 , 2006 Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education ( Kansas ) '' . The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Risa L. Goluboff , The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 , pp. 249 -- 251 Jump up ^ Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4772 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) pp. 65 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement '' . 100 Photographs The Most Influential Images of All Time . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen ( 1991 ) . A Death in the Delta : The story of Emmett Till . pp 41 -- 42 . JHU Press . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' remembers a horrific crime '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haas , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . The Assassination of Fred Hampton . Chicago : Chicago Review Press . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 56976 - 709 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sheila ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` How Author Timothy Tyson Found the Woman at the Center of the Emmett Till Case '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Tyson , Timothy B. ( 2017 ) . The Blood of Emmett Till . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 1486 - 8 . Carolyn Bryant Donham , interview with the author , Raleigh , NC , September 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515049 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Minnijean Brown Trickey , America.gov Archived November 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . p. 415 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31034 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Movement Veterans '' . Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Hartford ( full interview ) '' . vimeo . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 940880 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) , 182 Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) , 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Nicholas Graham , `` January 1958 : The Lumbees face the Klan '' , This Month in North Carolina History Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 149 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 159 -- 164 Jump up ^ `` Williams , Robert Franklin ( 1925 -- 1996 ) '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barbara Ransby , Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) , 213 -- 216 Jump up ^ `` The Black Power Movement , Part 2 : The Papers of Robert F. Williams '' A Guide to the Microfilm Editions of the Black Studies Research Sources ( University Publications of America ) ^ Jump up to : Tyson , Journal of American History ( September 1998 ) Jump up ^ Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 ( Simon and Schuster , 1988 ) , 781 Jump up ^ Simon Wendt , The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) , 121 -- 122 ; Mike Marqusee , `` By Any Means Necessary '' The Nation , September 24 , 2004 -- http://www.thenation.com/article/any-means-necessary# Jump up ^ Walter Rucker , `` Crusader in Exile : Robert F. Williams and the International Struggle for Black Freedom in America '' The Black Scholar 36 , No. 2 -- 3 ( Summer -- Fall 2006 ) : 19 -- 33 . URL Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert Franklin Williams : A Warrior For Freedom , 1925 -- 1996 '' Archived July 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Southern Exposure , Winter 1996 , Investigating U.S. History ( City University of New York ) Jump up ^ `` Kansas Sit - In Gets Its Due at Last '' ; NPR ; October 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ First Southern Sit - in , Greensboro NC -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I , Stations , Community ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Rising Up '' . Southern Spaces. 2008 . doi : 10.18737 / M7HP4M . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atlanta Sit - ins -- Civil Rights Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Sit - Ins '' , The New Georgia Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nashville Student Movement -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` America 's First Sit - Down Strike : The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit - In '' . City of Alexandria . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Sit - ins '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Students Begin to Lead -- The New Georgia Encyclopedia -- Atlanta Sit - Ins Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Jump up ^ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founded -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Freedom Rides -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Jump up ^ Black Protest ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Hartford , Bruce Hartford . `` Arrests in Jackson MS '' . The Civil Rights Movement Veterans website . Westwind Writers Inc . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Voter Registration & Direct - action in McComb MS -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Council of Federated Organizations Formed in Mississippi -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi Voter Registration -- Greenwood -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ handeyside , Hugh . `` What Have We Learned from the Spies of Mississippi ? '' . American Civil Liberty Union . ACLU National Security Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carrying the burden : the story of Clyde Kennard '' Archived October 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , District 125 , Mississippi , Retrieved November 5 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : William H. Tucker , The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) , pp 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction , Edited by Euan Hague , Heidi Beirich , Edward H. Sebesta , University of Texas Press ( 2008 ) pp. 284 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : `` A House Divided `` . Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jennie Brown , Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 , pp. 128 -- 132 Jump up ^ United States v. Barnett , 376 U.S. 681 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ `` James Meredith Integrates Ole Miss '' , Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , University of Southern Mississippi Library Archived September 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Albany GA , Movement -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The Birmingham Campaign -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Letter from a Birmingham Jail ~ King Research & Education Institute at Stanford Univ . Jump up ^ Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Jump up ^ Freedom - Now '' Time , May 17 , 1963 Archived March 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Glenn T. Eskew , But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) , 301 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Andrew Bryant , The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) , pg. 2 Jump up ^ Thomas J Sugrue , `` Affirmative Action from Below : Civil Rights , Building Trades , and the Politics of Racial Equality in the Urban North , 1945 -- 1969 '' The Journal of American History , Vol. 91 , Issue 1 Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission website , `` The Civil Rights Movement '' `` . Jump up ^ T he Daily Capital News ( Missouri ) June 14 , 1963 , pg. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Dispatch -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Thomas F. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom -- Maryland State Archives '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas F. Jackson , `` Jobs and Freedom : The Black Revolt of 1963 and the Contested Meanings of the March on Washginton '' Virginia Foundation for the Humanities April 2 , 2008 , pg. 10 -- 14 Jump up ^ Ortega , Tony ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Miss Lorraine Hansberry & Bobby Kennedy '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hilty , James ( April 1 , 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4399 - 0519 - 7 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1978 ) , pp. 332 -- 333 . Jump up ^ `` Book Reviews - The Bystander by Nicholas A. Bryant '' The Journal of American History ( 2007 ) 93 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights , '' June 11 , 1963 , transcript from the JFK library . Archived February 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Archived November 7 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , a worthwhile article , on The Mississippi Writers Page , a website of the University of Mississippi English Department . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Assassination -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Civil Rights bill submitted , and date of JFK murder , plus graphic events of the March on Washington . Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . This is an Abbeville Press website , a large informative article apparently from the book The Civil Rights Movement ( ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0123 - 2 ) . Jump up ^ Clawson , Laura . `` A. Philip Randolph , the union leader who led the March on Washington '' . Daily Kos . Daily Kos Group . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co. p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . pp. 350 , 351 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Krissah ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) . `` In March on Washington , white activists were largely overlooked but strategically essential '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Television News and the Civil Rights Struggle : The Views in Virginia and Mississippi '' . Southern Spaces . November 3 , 2004 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge , Maryland , activists campaign for desegregation , USA , 1962 -- 1963 '' . Global Nonviolent Action Database . Swarthmore College . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Afro - American -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Negro and the American Promise , '' produced by Boston public television station WGBH in 1963 Jump up ^ Harlem CORE , `` Film clip of Harlem CORE chairman Gladys Harrington speaking on Malcolm X '' . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm X '' The King Encyclopedia , eds . Tenisha Armstrong , et al , Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute website , Jump up ^ Manning Marable , Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Media , American Public . `` Say it Plain , Say it Loud -- American RadioWorks '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Akinyele Umoja , We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) , p. 238 ; Abel A. Bartley , Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) , 111 Jump up ^ `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackside Productions , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Movement 1954 -- 1985 , `` , The Time Has Come '' Public Broadcasting System Jump up ^ Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Fannie Lou Hamer , Speech Delivered with Malcolm X at the Williams Institutional CME Church , Harlem , New York , December 20 , 1964 . Jump up ^ George Breitman , ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) , pp. 106 -- 109 Jump up ^ Christopher Strain , Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) , pp. 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Juan Williams , et al , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years 1954 -- 1965 ( Penguin Group , 1988 ) , p. 262 Jump up ^ Paul Ryan Haygood , `` Malcolm 's Contribution to Black Voting Rights '' , The Black Commentator Jump up ^ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . `` St. Augustine FL , Movement -- 1963 '' ; `` Hayling , Robert B. ( 1929 -- ) '' , Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute , Stanford University ; `` Black History : Dr. Robert B. Hayling '' , Augustine.com ; David J. Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 316 -- 318 Jump up ^ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . `` St. Augustine FL , Movement -- 1963 '' ; David J. Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 317 ; ^ Jump up to : The Mississippi Movement & the MFDP -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi : Subversion of the Right to Vote -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . ^ Jump up to : Veterans Roll Call -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Reeves 1993 , pp. 521 -- 524 . Jump up ^ Youth in the Ghetto : A Study of the Consequences of Powerlessness , Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited , Inc. , 1964 Jump up ^ Poverty and Politics in Harlem , Alphnso Pinkney and Roger Woock , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Jump up ^ Freedom Ballot in MS -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Spencer Crump , Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Self , Robert O. ( August 8 , 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4417 - 3 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Reitman , Valerie ; Landsberg , Mitchell ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` Watts Riots , 40 Years Later '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` No on Proposition 14 : California Fair Housing Initiative Collection '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Thursday '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Folkart , Burt A. ( November 5 , 1985 ) . `` James Groppi , Ex-Priest , Civil Rights Activist , Dies '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Darren Miles `` Everett Dirksen 's Role in Civil Rights Legislation '' Western Illinois Historical Review , Vol . I Spring 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` A Walk Through Newark . History . The Riots -- Thirteen / WNET '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Karen ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` Review of Georgakas , Dan ; Surkin , Marvin , Detroit , I Do Mind Dying : A Study in Urban Revolution '' . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Profiles -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hubert G. Locke , The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) p. 325 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) , p. 326 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , `` Michigan and Housing Discrimination 1949 -- 1969 '' Michigan Historical Review , Fall 1997 Archived May 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Coretta Scott King '' . Spartacus Educational Publishers . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honorable Charles Mathias Jr . `` Fair Housing Legislation : Not an Easy Row To Hoe '' US Department of Housing and Urban Development , Office of Policy Development and Research '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Peter B. Levy , `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Public Law 90 - 284 , Government Printing Office '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Doug McAdam `` Occupy the Future : What Should a Sustained Movement Look Like ? '' Boston Review , June 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` SNCC , the Federal Government & the Road to Black Power '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Allen J. Matusow `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) , pp. 367 -- 378 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` By Any Means Necessary '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via The Nation . Jump up ^ Douglas Martin , `` Robert Hicks , Leader in Armed Rights Group , Dies at 81 '' The New York Times , April 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lance Hill , The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) pp. 200 -- 204 Jump up ^ `` Watts Rebellion goes out of control '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Transcript -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rickford , Russell ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) . We Are an African People : Independent Education , Black Power , and the Radical Imagination . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199861484 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Joshua ; Martin , Waldo E. ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) . Black Against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party . Univ of California Press . pp. 223 -- 236 . ISBN 9780520293281 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Year - end Singles -- Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ We Charge Genocide -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ interviewee , Baker , Ella , . `` Oral History Interview with Ella Baker , September 4 , 1974 . Interview G - 0007 . Southern Oral History Program Collection ( # 4007 ) : Electronic Edition . Ella Baker Describes Her Role in the Formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee '' . ^ Jump up to : Risen , Clay ( 2014 ) . The Bill of the Century : The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 76 . ISBN 9781608198245 . Jump up ^ James Hilty , Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector ( Temple University Press , 2000 ) , p. 350 - 361 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr , Robert Kennedy And His Times ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom Riders - The Cold War '' Freedom Riders , American Experience , PBS website Jump up ^ Ripple of Hope in the Land of Apartheid : Robert Kennedy in South Africa , June 1966 Archived March 13 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` COINTELPRO Revisited - Spying & Disruption - In Black and White : The F.B.I. Papers '' . What Really Happened . Jump up ^ `` A Huey P. Newton Story - Actions - COINTELPRO '' . PBS . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Tim ( 2012 ) . Enemies : A History of the FBI ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6748 - 0 . OCLC 1001918388 Jump up ^ Hersh , Burton ( 2007 ) . Bobby and J. Edgar : The Historic Face - Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1982 - 2 . OCLC 493616276 Jump up ^ James Campbell , `` James Baldwin and the FBI '' , The Threepenny Review 77 , Spring 1999 ; accessed via JStor . Jump up ^ Talia Whyte , `` Baldwin : A literary standard '' , Black History 43 ( 27 ) , February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ From Swastika to Jim Crow -- PBS Documentary Jump up ^ Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Jump up ^ Rogin , Michael ( 1998 - 05 - 29 ) . Blackface , White Noise : Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot . University of California Press . pp. 262 -- 267 . ISBN 9780520213807 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar , Howard ( November 2 , 1993 ) . A History of Jews in America . myjewishlearning.com . Vintage Books . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Chapter Seven '' . The Fierce Urgency of Now : Lyndon Johnson , Congress , and the Battle for the Great Society . Penguin . ISBN 9781101605493 . Jump up ^ `` Gillman on Klarman , ' From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality ' H - Law H - Net '' . networks.h-net.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Racism to Redemption '' . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lassiter , Matthew D. ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . The Silent Majority : Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South . Princeton University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 , 302 -- 304 . ISBN 9781400849420 . Jump up ^ Gyant , LaVerne ( 1996 ) . `` Passing the Torch : African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement '' . Journal of Black Studies . 26 ( 5 ) : 629 -- 647 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ URBAN , DENNIS J. ( 2002 ) . `` THE WOMEN OF SNCC : STRUGGLE , SEXISM , AND THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS , 1960 - 66 '' . International Social Science Review . 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 185 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Civil Rights Movement - Civil Rights History Project '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` On MLK Day , Honor the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ URBAN , DENNIS J. ( 2002 ) . `` THE WOMEN OF SNCC : STRUGGLE , SEXISM , AND THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS , 1960 - 66 '' . International Social Science Review . 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 185 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Rhoda Lois ( 1990 ) . `` WOMEN IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT : REFORM OR REVOLUTION ? '' . Dialectical Anthropology. 15 ( 2 / 3 ) : 133 -- 139 . Jump up ^ David Zarefsky , President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Peter J. Ling , `` What a difference a death makes : JFK , LBJ , and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . '' The Sixties 8 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 121 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Weems Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Douglas Schoen ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 800 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Riding On '' . Time . Time Inc . July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU Parchman Prison '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Robert M. Goldman ( April 1997 ) . `` '' Worse Than Slavery `` : Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice -- book review '' . Hnet - online . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Quinn , Allison ( November 27 , 2014 ) , `` Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage '' , The Moscow Times , retrieved December 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Volodzko , David ( May 12 , 2015 ) , `` The History Behind China 's Response to the Baltimore Riots '' , The Diplomat , archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 , retrieved December 17 , 2016 , Soon Americans who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations were answered with the famous tu quoque argument : ' A u vas negrov linchuyut ' ( and you are lynching Negroes ) . Jump up ^ Eddy , Sherwood ( 1934 ) , Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , New York : Farrar & Rinehar , pp. 73 , 151 , OCLC 1617454 Jump up ^ Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Bibliography ( edit ) Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Back , Adina `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) . Bartley , Abel A. Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Beito , David T. and Beito , Linda Royster , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , University of Illinois Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03420 - 6 Branch , Taylor . Parting the waters : America in the King years , 1954 -- 1963 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1988 Breitman , George ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) Brown , Jennie Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 Bryant , Nicholas Andrew The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515049 - 0 . Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Crump , Spencer Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31034 - 5 . Eskew , Glenn T . But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) Fine , Sidney Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) Finkelman , Paul , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516779 - 5 . Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 940880 - 10 - 5 . Garrow , David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) Gershenhorn , Jerry ( 2018 ) . Louis Austin and The Carolina Times : A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Goluboff , Risa L. The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 . Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . Hague , Euan ; Sebesta , Edward H. ; Beirich , Heidi ( 2008 ) . Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71837 - 1 . Hill , Lance The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) Hilty , James ( 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4399 - 0519 - 7 . Hoose , Phillip ( 2009 ) . Claudette Colvin : Twice Toward Justice . New York : Melanie Kroupa Books / Farrar Straus Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 66105 - 2 . Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jackson , Thomas F. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . Levy , Peter B . `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Locke , Hubert G . The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) Logan , Rayford , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Marable , Manning Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Matusow , Allen J. `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) Pinkney , Alphnso and Woock , Roger Poverty and Politics in Harlem , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) Ransby , Barbara Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) . Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) . President Kennedy : Profile of Power . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64879 - 4 . Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press . Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Saito , Leland T. ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . University of Illinois Press . Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 148 - 8 . Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Schoen , Douglas ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 800 - 6 . Self , Robert O. ( 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4417 - 3 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1701 - 9 . Stephens , Otis H. Jr. ; Scheb , John M. II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09705 - 5 . Strain , Christopher Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) Tucker , William H. The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) Tyson , Timothy B. Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) Umoja , Akinyele We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) Weems , Robert E. Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4772 - 5 . Wendt , Simon The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) . Williams , Juan . Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 -- 1965 . Penguin Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 . Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 Woodward , C. Vann The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . Young , Coleman Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young ( 1994 ) Zarefsky , David President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) Further reading ( edit ) Abel , Elizabeth . Signs of the Times : The Visual Politics of Jim Crow . ( U of California Press , 2010 ) . Barnes , Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow : The Desegregation of Southern Transit ( Columbia UP , 1983 ) . Berger , Martin A. Seeing through Race : A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2011 . Branch , Taylor . Pillar of fire : America in the King years , 1963 -- 1965 . ( 1998 ) Branch , Taylor . At Canaan 's Edge : America In the King Years , 1965 -- 1968 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85712 - X Chandra , Siddharth and Angela Williams - Foster . `` The ' Revolution of Rising Expectations , ' Relative Deprivation , and the Urban Social Disorders of the 1960s : Evidence from State - Level Data . '' Social Science History , ( 2005 ) 29 # 2 pp : 299 -- 332 , in JSTOR Ellis , Sylvia . Freedom 's Pragmatist : Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights ( U Press of Florida , 2013 ) . Fairclough , Adam . To Redeem the Soul of America : The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King . The University of Georgia Press , 1987 . Garrow , David J. The FBI and Martin Luther King . New York : W.W. Norton . 1981 . Viking Press Reprint edition . 1983 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006486 - 9 . Yale University Press ; Revised and Expanded edition . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08731 - 4 . Greene , Christina . Our Separate Ways : Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham . North Carolina . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2005 . Hine , Darlene Clark , ed . Black Women in America ( 3 Vol . 2nd ed. 2005 ; several multivolume editions ) . Short biographies by scholars . Horne , Gerald . The Fire This Time : The Watts Uprising and the 1960s . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . 1995 . Da Capo Press ; 1st Da Capo Press ed edition . October 1 , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80792 - 0 Jones , Jacqueline . Labor of love , labor of sorrow : Black women , work , and the family , from slavery to the present ( 2009 ) . Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kirk , John A. Redefining the Color Line : Black Activism in Little Rock , Arkansas , 1940 -- 1970 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2496 - X Kirk , John A. Martin Luther King Jr . London : Longman , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41431 - 8 . Kousser , J. Morgan , `` The Supreme Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction , '' National Forum , ( Spring 2000 ) . Kryn , Randall L. `` James L. Bevel , The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement '' , 1984 paper with 1988 addendum , printed in We Shall Overcome , Volume II edited by David Garrow , New York : Carlson Publishing Co. , 1989 . Lowery , Charles D. Encyclopedia of African - American civil rights : from emancipation to the present ( Greenwood , 1992 ) . online Marable , Manning . Race , Reform and Rebellion : The Second Reconstruction in Black America , 1945 -- 1982 . 249 pages . University Press of Mississippi , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 225 - 9 . McAdam , Doug . Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency , 1930 -- 1970 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1982 . McAdam , Doug , ' The US Civil Rights Movement : Power from Below and Above , 1945 -- 70 ' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955201 - 6 . Minchin , Timothy J. Hiring the Black Worker : The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry , 1960 -- 1980 . University of North Carolina Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2470 - 4 . Morris , Aldon D . The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing for Change . New York : The Free Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Ogletree , Charles J. Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05897 - 0 . Payne , Charles M. I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . U of California Press , 1995 . Patterson , James T. Brown v. Board of Education , a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Raiford , Leigh . Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare : Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle . ( U of North Carolina Press , 2011 ) . Richardson , Christopher M. ; Ralph E. Luker , eds. ( 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8037 - 5 . Sitkoff , Howard . The Struggle for Black Equality ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Smith , Jessie Carney , ed . Encyclopedia of African American Business ( 2 vol . Greenwood 2006 ) . excerpt Sokol , Jason . There Goes My Everything : White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights , 1945 -- 1975 . ( Knopf , 2006 ) . Tsesis , Alexander . We Shall Overcome : A History of Civil Rights and the Law . ( Yale University Press , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11837 - 7 Tuck , Stephen . We Ai n't What We Ought to Be : The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama ( 2011 ) . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Armstrong , Julie Buckner , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature . Cambridge University Press . pp. xxiv , 209 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 24038 - 0 . Catsam , Derek ( January 2008 ) . `` The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War : A Historical and Historiographical Assessment '' . History Compass. 6 ( 1 ) : 314 -- 344 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2007. 00486. x . Cha - Jua , Sundiata Keita ; Lang , Clarence ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The `` Long Movement '' as Vampire : Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies `` . The Journal of African American History . 92 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 288 . Eagles , Charles W. ( November 2000 ) . `` Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era '' . The Journal of Southern History . 66 ( 4 ) : 815 -- 848 . doi : 10.2307 / 2588012 . JSTOR 2588012 . Fairclough , Adam ( December 1990 ) . `` Historians and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Journal of American Studies . 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 398 . Frost , Jennifer ( May 2012 ) . `` Using ' Master Narratives ' to Teach History : The Case of the Civil Rights Movement '' ( PDF ) . History Teacher. 45 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 446 . Hall , Jacquelyn Dowd ( March 2005 ) . `` The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 91 ( 4 ) : 1233 -- 1263 . doi : 10.2307 / 3660172 . JSTOR 3660172 . Lawson , Steven F. ( April 1991 ) . `` Freedom Then , Freedom Now : The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement '' . The American Historical Review . 96 ( 2 ) : 456 -- 471 . doi : 10.2307 / 2163219 . JSTOR 2163219 . Lawson , Steven F. ; Payne , Charles M. ( 1998 ) . Debating the Civil Rights Movement , 1945 -- 1968 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9053 - 4 . Lawson , Steven F. ( 2003 ) . Civil Rights Crossroads : Nation , Community , and the Black Freedom Struggle . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2693 - 7 . Payne , Charles M. ( 2007 ) . `` Bibliographic Essay : The Social Construction of History '' . I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . University of California Press . pp. 413 -- 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25176 - 2 . Robinson , Armstead L. ; Sullivan , Patricia , eds. ( 1991 ) . New Directions in Civil Rights Studies . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1319 - 3 . Sandage , Scott A. ( June 1993 ) . `` A Marble House Divided : The Lincoln Memorial , the Civil Rights Movement , and the Politics of Memory , 1939 -- 1963 '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 80 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 167 . doi : 10.2307 / 2079700 . JSTOR 2079700 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Strickland , Arvarh E. ; Weems , Robert E. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The African American Experience : An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29838 - 7 . Zamalin , Alex ( 2015 ) . African American Political Thought and American Culture : The Nation 's Struggle for Racial Justice . Springer . pp. xii , 192 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 52810 - 0 . Autobiographies and memoirs ( edit ) Carson , Clayborne ; Garrow , David J. ; Kovach , Bill ; Polsgrove , Carol , eds . Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1941 -- 1963 and Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1963 -- 1973 . New York : Library of America , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 931082 - 28 - 6 and ISBN 1 - 931082 - 29 - 4 . Dann , Jim . Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers , Memories of Mississippi 1964 -- 65 . Baraka Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926824 - 87 - 1 . Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03557 - 9 . Malcolm X ( with the assistance of Alex Haley ) . The Autobiography of Malcolm X . New York : Random House , 1965 . Paperback ISBN 0 - 345 - 35068 - 5 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 345 - 37975 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of civil rights in the United States . Civil Rights Digital Library -- Provided by the Digital Library of Georgia . Civil Rights Movement Veterans ~ Provides movement history , personal stories , documents , and photos . Hosted by Tougaloo College . Civil Rights in America -- Provided by The National Archives of the United Kingdom . Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 -- 1970 -- Provided by the University of Virginia . Provided by the Library of Congress : The Civil Rights Era -- Part of The African American Odyssey : A Quest for Full Citizenship presentation . Voices of Civil Rights -- A project with the collaboration of AARP and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) . We Shall Overcome : Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement -- Provided by the National Park Service . Provided by Southern Poverty Law Center : `` Teaching the Movement : The State Standards We Deserve '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on September 19 , 2011 . `` Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on March 26 , 2014 . `` Teaching the Movement 2014 : The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published in 2014 . Civil Rights Teaching -- Provided by Teaching for Change , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization . ( hide ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Links to related articles Protests of 1968 Movements 1968 movement in Italy Civil rights movement Anti-nuclear movement Black Consciousness Movement Black Power movement Black Power Revolution Chicano Movement Cultural Revolution Gay liberation German student movement Hippie movement Human rights movement in the Soviet Union Mexico 68 Northern Ireland civil rights movement Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Prague Spring Red Power movement Sexual revolution The Troubles Women 's liberation movement Events 1968 Polish political crisis 1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity 1968 Red Square demonstration Båstad riots Battle of Valle Giulia Ceaușescu 's speech of 21 August 1968 Central Park be-ins Columbia University protests of 1968 East L.A. walkouts King assassination riots March of the One Hundred Thousand May 1968 events in France Memphis sanitation strike Occupation of the Old Student House Occupation of the Student Union Building Poor People 's Campaign Presidio mutiny Rodney riots Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 Tlatelolco massacre Related Anti-capitalism Black Power Counterculture of the 1960s Desegregation Flower power Free love Hippie Antisemitism in Poland New Left Racism in the United States School discipline Second - wave feminism Segregation in Northern Ireland Student activism Vietnam War Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia African American topics History Atlantic slave trade Maafa Slavery in the United States Partus sequitur ventrem Free negro Reconstruction era Military history of African Americans Jim Crow laws Nadir of American race relations Redlining Great Migration Civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 68 Black Power movement Second Great Migration Afrocentrism New Great Migration Post -- civil rights era Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 Black Lives Matter Culture Art African - American names Afrofuturism Black mecca Dance Film Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Music Musical theater Neighborhoods Sexual orientation Soul food Education , science and technology Black schools Black colleges and universities Museums African - American studies Inventors and scientists Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Black church Black theology Doctrine of Father Divine American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism Self - determination Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Populism Leftism Garveyism Back - to - Africa movement Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Black Panther Party National Urban League ( NUL ) Rights organizations Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football African Americans in the Canadian Football League Black players in ice hockey Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Black Indians Gullah Fula Igbo Louisiana Creole ( of color ) Melungeon Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas Black Belt Languages English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French By state / city Alabama Florida Georgia ( Atlanta ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Iowa ( Davenport ) Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts ( Boston ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Mississippi Nebraska ( Omaha ) New York New York City Pennsylvania ( Philadelphia ) Puerto Rico Tennessee Texas ( Houston ) Diaspora Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Back - to - Africa movement Americas Caribbean history Canada Nova Scotia Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Other France Israel Lists African Americans visual artists Republicans US senators African - American firsts mayors US state firsts Neighborhoods Landmark African - American legislation African American - related articles Topics related to the African diaspora Category Portal Civil Rights Memorial In memoriam Louis Allen Willie Brewster Benjamin Brown Johnnie Mae Chappell James Chaney Addie Mae Collins Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Henry Hezekiah Dee Roman Ducksworth Jr . Willie Edwards Medgar Evers Andrew Goodman Paul Guihard Samuel Hammond Jr . Jimmie Lee Jackson Wharlest Jackson Martin Luther King Jr . Bruce W. Klunder George W. Lee Herbert Lee Viola Liuzzo Carol Denise McNair Delano Herman Middleton Charles Eddie Moore Oneal Moore William Lewis Moore Mack Charles Parker Lemuel Penn James Reeb John Earl Reese Carole Robertson Michael Schwerner Henry Ezekial Smith Lamar Smith Emmett Till Clarence Triggs Virgil Lamar Ware Cynthia Wesley Ben Chester White Sammy Younge Jr . Contributors Southern Poverty Law Center Maya Lin Related Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore Civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( mentor and friend ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil rights movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_rights_movement&oldid=834481378 '' Categories : Civil Rights Movement History of African - American civil rights 1950s in the United States 1960s in the United States Community organizing Counterculture of the 1960s Defunct American political movements History of civil rights in the United States Movements for civil rights Nonviolent resistance movements Politics of the Southern United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2017 Use American English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with weasel words from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20rights%20movement	608
who is the girl in far east movement like a g6	`` Like a G6 '' is a 2010 song written and performed by Far East Movement , The Cataracs , and Dev , with the latter two being credited as featured artists . It is the lead single from Far East Movement 's third studio album Free Wired , and production was handled by The Cataracs . For the chorus , Dev samples a verse from her own single `` Booty Bounce '' , which was also written and produced by the Cataracs .	Dev	Like a G6	like a g6	`` Like a G6 '' is a 2010 song written and performed by Far East Movement , The Cataracs , and Dev , with the latter two being credited as featured artists . It is the lead single from Far East Movement 's third studio album Free Wired , and production was handled by The Cataracs . For the chorus , Dev samples a verse from her own single `` Booty Bounce '' , which was also written and produced by the Cataracs .	`` Like a G6 '' peaked at number - one on the US Billboard Hot 100 for three non-consecutive weeks . The song also topped the charts in New Zealand and South Korea , and reached the top ten in Australia , Canada , Belgium , the Netherlands , Thailand , the United Kingdom , Sweden , Switzerland and Slovakia . The song was the first single by Asian - American artists to hit number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and the first by any artists of Asian descent since Kyu Sakamoto 's 1963 single `` Sukiyaki '' . Although the song is credited as `` Far East Movement , featuring The Cataracts and Dev '' , on iTunes all three artists are the lead artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Reception 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Covers and parodies 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Certifications 6.3 Year - end charts 7 Release history 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) The `` G6 '' in the song `` Booty Bounce '' , which was sampled in `` Like a G6 '' , came about when the songs ' producers , the Cataracs , were looking for a rhyme for the line `` Sippin ' sizzurp in my ride , like Three 6 '' , a reference to the 2000 song `` Sippin ' on Some Syrup '' by rap group Three 6 Mafia . They settled on `` G6 '' , meant to be a reference to the private airplane model Gulfstream IV , referred to as a `` G4 '' . The G4 had been name - checked in songs such as Drake 's 2009 `` Forever '' . A G6 , they decided , was `` flyer than a G4 '' , according to Far East Movement member Kev Nish . The song has been incorrectly speculated to be about other things , including the Pontiac G6 and the Suunto G6 watch . When the song came out , the Gulfstream G650 model already existed , although the song 's writers were not aware of this at the time . Since then , the Gulfstream G600 has also been announced . Reception ( edit ) `` Like a G6 '' samples its chorus from Dev 's `` Booty Bounce '' . The song has sold 4 million paid downloads in the US , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Gulfstream Aerospace has stated that they were `` thrilled '' about the product reference . Music video ( edit ) The music video , which was directed by Matt Alonzo and edited by Thomas Uncles , premiered on YouTube and Vevo on June 2 , 2010 . The line `` sippin ' sizzurp '' and the word `` slizzered '' are censored on some channels . It follows a woman in a red dress ( Erica Ocampo ) picking up a friend from a restaurant and going to a liquor store , presumably in preparation for a party . A later scene shows the woman and her friends at the party , Colette Carr also make a cameo , Dev and the members of Far East Movement can also be seen in this party scene . The final scene shows the members of Far East Movement getting on a Gulfstream IV the next morning . Track listing ( edit ) Digital single `` Like a G6 '' ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 3 : 38 CD single `` Like a G6 '' ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 3 : 38 `` Like a G6 '' ( Cahill Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 15 Promo CD `` Like a G6 '' ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 3 : 38 `` Like a G6 '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 35 `` Like a G6 '' ( Acappella ) -- 3 : 38 Digital remix EP `` Like a G6 '' ( RedOne Remix ) ( featuring Mohombi , The Cataracs , and Dev ) -- 4 : 41 `` Like a G6 '' ( Disco Fries Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 5 : 33 `` Like a G6 '' ( Big Syphe Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 4 : 58 `` Like a G6 '' ( DJ Solarz Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 5 : 05 `` Like a G6 '' ( Ruxpin Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 6 : 52 `` Like a G6 '' ( Guy Furious Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 4 : 00 `` Like a G6 '' ( Fantastadon Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 5 : 23 `` Like a G6 '' ( DJ Taraspaz Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) -- 4 : 49 Trevor Simpson on Da Beat Remix single `` Like a G6 '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 55 `` Like a G6 '' ( Remix Club Edit ) -- 5 : 11 Eyes Remix `` Like a G6 '' ( Eyes Remix ) -- 4 : 38 Bermudez - Chico Remix `` Like a G6 '' ( Bermudez - Chico Remix ) ( featuring The Cataracs and Dev ) - 4 : 33 Covers and parodies ( edit ) Diddy -- Dirty Money covered `` Like a G6 '' as part of their set for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge , alongside `` Coming Home '' . The song then appeared on the sixth compilation of the Live Lounge . Colette Carr did a cover of the song , with new lyrics on her debut mixtape Sex Sells Stay Tooned along with Cherry Cherry Boom Boom . Richard Cheese covered `` Like a G6 '' on his 2011 album A Lounge Supreme . Connor Anderson made a parody of the song called `` Roll a D6 '' . `` Like Jesus '' was a parody produced by Totally Sketch . American comedian , musician and Internet personality Nice Peter recorded a Harry Potter - themed parody of the song called `` Like It 's Quidditch '' . Dierks Bentley references the song in his country music hit `` Drunk on a Plane '' , where he says their 737 will be rocking like a G6 . Adam Buxton parodied the song in several different incarnations on the Adam and Joe radio show on BBC 6 Music . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 -- 11 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 ) 8 Brazil ( Billboard Hot Pop Songs ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 28 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 19 European Hot 100 17 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 18 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 South Korea ( GAON ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 84 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 37 Chart ( 2011 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 72 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom November 14 , 2010 Digital download Cherrytree Interscope See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in 2010 ( New Zealand ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2010 List of number - one R&B hits of 2010 ( UK ) List of songs recorded by Dev References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billy Johnson , Jr . ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Pop Rap Newcomer Dev ' Feels So Fly Like A G6 ′ '' . The New Now . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jue , Teresa . `` Bruin Bash lineup looks to fulfill diverse musical tastes '' . The Daily Bruin . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement Explains Meaning Behind ' Like A G6 ' '' . Yahoo , November 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Konrad ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fly like a G6 ? '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ Michael Menachem ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Far East Movement Featuring the Cataracs & Dev , `` Like a G6 '' `` . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( January 9 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending Jan. 9 , 2011 : Songs : Another Taboo Falls '' . Yahoo ! Music Blog . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy Dirty Money in the Live Lounge '' . BBC . January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ie = UTF8&qid = 1325009363&sr = 8 - 1 `` BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge - Volume 6 - Tracklist '' Check url = value ( help ) . Amazon . October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ England , Dan ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Greeley filmmaker 's Dungeons & Dragons shout - out sets the Internet on fire '' . Greeley Tribune . McClatchy - Tribune Business News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goodman , William . `` '' Roll a D6 '' is sweet music video for fantasy gamers `` . CBS . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ewalt , David M. `` D&D Parody Song `` Roll A D6 '' Scores A Critical Hit `` . Forbes . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' LIKE A G6 '' - Far East Movement - `` LIKE JESUS '' Parody `` . YouTube . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The full ' Lizard in a Blizzard ' saga '' . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( Brasil : bpp ) ( 2 ) : 86 . Fevereiro de 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot Pop & Popular Songs '' . Billboard Brasil ( Brasil : bpp ) ( 2 ) : 86 . Fevereiro de 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201049 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101118121836/http://www.billboard.com/ . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` IFPI - Far East Movement / Cataracs / Dev : Like a G6 '' . Jump up ^ `` Classement des ventes de titres téléchargés en France du 15 novembre au 21 novembre 2010 '' ( in French ) . Chartsinfrance.net . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Far East Movement Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 47 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Chart : : Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201047 into search . Jump up ^ `` GAON Music Charts '' . Gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Far * East Movement feat . Cataracs & Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Far East Movement . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rap Songs for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Movement -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Far East Movement . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2011 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2010 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Far East Movement feat . The Cataracs and Dev ; ' Like a G6 ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Far East Movement feat . The Cataracs and Dev -- Like a G6 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Year End : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl - Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien / hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2010 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Like a G6 ( feat . The Cataracs & Dev ) - Single by Far East Movement - Download Like a G6 ( feat . The Cataracs & Dev ) - Single on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com . November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Far East Movement Discography Kev Nish Prohgress J - Splif DJ Virman Free Wired `` Like a G6 '' `` Rocketeer '' `` 2gether '' `` If I Was You ( OMG ) '' Dirty Bass `` Live My Life '' `` Dirty Bass '' `` Turn Up the Love '' `` Change Your Life '' Featured singles `` Lights Out ( Go Crazy ) '' `` Get Up ( Rattle ) '' Other singles `` Jello '' `` The Illest '' Related articles Cherrytree Records Interscope Records The Cataracs Studio albums Technohop Vol. 1 Technohop Vol. 2 The 13th Grade Songs We Sung in Showers Extended plays Lingerie Gordo Taqueria Loud Xmas Loud Science Singles `` Club Love '' `` Top of the World '' `` Sunrise '' `` All You '' `` Alcohol '' `` Missed U 2 '' Featured singles `` Like a G6 '' `` Bass Down Low '' `` Backseat '' Related articles Universal Records Dev Far East Movement Dev Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The Night the Sun Came Up I Only See You When I 'm Dreamin ' Extended plays Bittersweet July Bittersweet July , Pt. 2 Singles `` Bass Down Low '' `` In the Dark '' `` Naked '' `` Kiss It '' `` Honey Dip '' `` Parade '' `` Lowkey '' `` # 1 '' Featured singles `` Like a G6 '' `` Backseat '' `` Top of the World '' `` She Makes Me Wanna '' `` Hey Hey Hey ( Pop Another Bottle ) '' `` Hotter Than Fire '' `` Sunrise '' `` Turn The World On '' `` Danse '' `` Hey Ricky '' `` Electric Walk '' `` We Rock It '' Promotional singles `` Fireball '' `` Booty Bounce '' `` Lightspeed '' `` Take Her from You '' `` Me '' Associated acts The Cataracs Far East Movement Related articles Universal Republic Mohombi Discography Studio albums MoveMeant ( 2011 ) Universe ( 2014 ) Singles `` Bumpy Ride '' `` Miss Me '' `` Dirty Situation '' `` Coconut Tree '' `` Maraca '' `` In Your Head '' `` Movin ' '' `` Infinity '' Featured singles `` Sexy '' `` Suave ( Kiss Me ) '' `` I Need Your Love '' `` Baddest Girl in Town '' `` Balans '' `` Let Me Love You '' Related articles Avalon Trey Songz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_a_G6&oldid=798638543 '' Categories : 2010 singles Far East Movement songs Dev ( singer ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by The Cataracs Cherrytree Records singles 2009 songs Songs about alcohol Songs written by David Singer - Vine Songs written by Niles Hollowell - Dhar Songs written by Dev ( singer ) Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20a%20G6	609
why is it possible to raise two crops in mediterranean countries			Agriculture in Spain	agriculture in spain	Agriculture in Spain is important to the national economy .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography and agricultural conditions 2 Overview 2.1 Regional variation 3 History of agricultural development 4 Crops 5 Livestock 6 Forestry 7 Fishing 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Geography and agricultural conditions ( edit ) Main articles : Geography of Spain and Climate of Spain Much of Spain 's terrain is mountainous and unsuitable for agriculture , with agriculture concentrated on the plains . Viewed in terms of land mass , Spain is one of the largest countries in Western Europe , and it ranks second in terms of its elevation , after Switzerland . A large part of the country is semiarid , with temperatures that range from extremely cold in the winter to scorching in the summer . Rainfall , which is often inadequate , tends to be concentrated in two generally brief periods during the year . Summer droughts occur frequently . 20.6 million of Spain 's 50.5 million hectares of land , or about 40 percent , is suitable for cultivation . The soil is generally of poor quality , and about 10 percent of the land can be considered excellent . The roughness of the terrain has been an obstacle to agricultural mechanization and to other technological improvements . Furthermore , years of neglect have created a serious land erosion problem , most notably in the dry plains of Castilla - La Mancha . Overview ( edit ) Among the European Union countries , Spain has the second largest proportion of land devoted to agricultural purposes , only behind France . In the 1980s , about 5 million hectares were devoted to permanent crops : orchards , olive groves , and vineyards . Another 5 million lay fallow each year because of inadequate rainfall . Permanent meadows and pastureland occupied 13.9 million hectares . Forests and scrub woodland accounted for 11.9 million hectares , and the balance was wasteland or was taken up by populated and industrial areas . The primary forms of property holding in Spain have been large estates ( latifundios ) and tiny land plots ( minifundios ) . In large measure , this was still true in the 1980s . The agrarian census of 1982 found that 50.9 percent of the country 's farmland was held in properties of 200 or more hectares , although farms of this size made up only 1.1 percent of the country 's 2.3 million farms . At the other end of the scale , the census showed that 61.8 percent of Spain 's farms had fewer than 5 hectares of land . These farms accounted for 5.2 percent of the country 's farmland . Just under 25 percent of all farms consisted of less than 1 hectare of land , and they accounted for 0.5 percent of all farmland . Minifundios were particularly numerous in the north and the northwest . Latifundios were mainly concentrated in the south , in Castilla - La Mancha , Extremadura , Valencia , and Andalusia ( Spanish : Andalucía ) . Crop areas were farmed in two main manners . Areas relying on non-irrigated cultivation ( secano ) , which made up 85 percent of the entire crop area , depended solely on rainfall as a source of water . They included the humid regions of the north and the northwest , as well as vast arid zones that had not been irrigated . The much more productive regions devoted to irrigated cultivation ( regadio ) accounted for 3 million hectares in 1986 , and the government hoped that this area would eventually double , as it already had doubled since 1950 . Particularly noteworthy was the development in Almeria -- one of the most arid and desolate provinces of Spain -- of winter crops of various fruits and vegetables for export to Europe . Though only about 17 percent of Spain 's cultivated land was irrigated , it was estimated to be the source of between 40 and 45 percent of the gross value of crop production and of 50 percent of the value of agricultural exports . More than half of the irrigated area was planted in corn , fruit trees , and vegetables . Other agricultural products that benefited from irrigation included grapes , cotton , sugar beets , potatoes , legumes , olive trees , mangos , strawberries , tomatoes , and fodder grasses . Depending on the nature of the crop , it was possible to harvest two successive crops in the same year on about 10 percent of the country 's irrigated land . Citrus fruits , vegetables , cereal grains , olive oil , and wine -- Spain 's traditional agricultural products -- continued to be important in the 1980s . In 1983 they represented 12 percent , 12 percent , 8 percent , 6 percent , and 4 percent , respectively , of the country 's agricultural production . Because of the changed diet of an increasingly affluent population , there was a notable increase in the consumption of livestock , poultry , and dairy products . Meat production for domestic consumption became the single most important agricultural activity , accounting for 30 percent of all farm - related production in 1983 . Increased attention to livestock was the reason that Spain became a net importer of grains . Ideal growing conditions , combined with proximity to important north European markets , made citrus fruits Spain 's leading export . Fresh vegetables and fruits produced through intensive irrigation farming also became important export commodities , as did sunflower seed oil that was produced to compete with the more expensive olive oils in oversupply throughout the Mediterranean countries of the EC . Regional variation ( edit ) Greenhouses in El Ejido , Almería . Because the interior of Spain is dominated by semiarid plateaus and mountains subject to temperature extremes , the most productive agricultural areas in the late 1980s tend to be the coastal regions . Thus the north and the northwest , where there is a relatively mild , humid climate were the principal cornproducing and cattle - raising areas . Apples and pears were the main orchard crops in this area , and potatoes were another of its leading products . Galicia , which consists of Spain 's four westernmost provinces directly north of Portugal , had a concentrated farm population living on intensely fragmented plots . Accordingly , per capita farm income was low , compared with that of the northern provinces lying to the east , where there were fewer people and higher per capita income levels because of a more diversified economy that included industry , mining , and tourism . Catalonia , on the northeast coast , also has a climate that permits diversified agriculture . At the end of the 1980s , livestock particularly the expanding poultry industry was important in the area . Modern farming methods , including the use of tractors , were more advanced here than they were in the rest of the country . South of Catalonia , along the narrow Mediterranean coast , or Levante , was Spain 's principal area of intensive , irrigated horticulture . Orange trees , orchard fruits , rice , and vegetables were produced in this region , and farther to the south , fig trees and nut trees were grown . Andalusia , which includes all of tillable southern Spain , was another major agricultural area in the late 1980s . It was also the target of several agricultural planning programs . Although olive trees grow throughout the Mediterranean coastal region , as well as in parts of the Meseta Central ( Central Plateau ) , they constituted the most important crop in Andalusia , particularly in the province of Jaén . Other warm - weather crops , such as cotton , tobacco , and sugarcane , were also produced in Andalusia , as were wine and table grapes . The vast dry plateau region of central Spain contrasted sharply with the country 's relatively productive areas . The production of agricultural commodities was particularly difficult in central Spain because of a lack of rainfall , a scarcity of trees and other vegetation , extremes of temperature , and harsh , rocky soil . Nevertheless , the farmers of the region grew wheat and other grains , raised sheep and goats , maintained vineyards , and carried on other agricultural activities . An important irrigation system lies just northwest of the northern Meseta and south of the Pyrenees in the Ebro Basin , where Spain 's best known vineyard district is located in the autonomous community of La Rioja . Because of its irrigation , corn , sugar beets , and orchard fruits were grown in this area , and the Ebro Delta was one of Spain 's principal rice - growing regions . In the Balearic Islands ( Spanish : Islas Baleares ) , the uncertain , sparse rainfall and the lack of permanent fresh water streams were somewhat compensated for by good supplies of underground water . Irrigation permitted the production of a wide range of temperate and semitropical tree crops for export , as well as enough cereals , legumes , wines , and vegetables for local consumption . Sheep , goats , pigs , and poultry were also raised on the islands . Agriculture in the Canary Islands ( Spanish : Islas Canarias ) was limited by water shortages and mountainous terrain . Nevertheless , a variety of vegetable and fruit crops were produced for local consumption , and there was a significant and exportable surplus of tomatoes and bananas . History of agricultural development ( edit ) Agricultural terraces in Banyalbufar . Farming was only marginally affected by the Spanish Civil War , yet agricultural output during the 1940s remained below the 1933 level . This low agricultural productivity led to food rationing , substantially contributing to the great hardships endured by people residing in the cities . One of the main reasons for this dilemma was the government preoccupation with industrial self - sufficiency , which resulted in neglect for the modernization of agriculture . The government did encourage grain cultivation with the aim of achieving agricultural self - sufficiency , but heavy - handed efforts to control food prices led to the massive channeling of agricultural products into the black market . The traditional shortcomings of Spanish agriculture -- excessive land fragmentation ( minifundismo ) and extremely large land tracts in the hands of a few ( latifundismo ) -- were , for all practical purposes , ignored . As in the past , latifundio areas with low yields and little irrigation were primarily devoted to the production of such traditional commodities as olive oil , grains , and wine . They were , moreover , the areas where casual rural laborers ( braceros ) were concentrated , where wage levels were lowest , and where illiteracy rates were highest . A gradual change in Spanish agriculture began in the 1950s , when prices rapidly increased , and the surplus labor pool began to shrink , as a half million rural field hands migrated to the cities or went abroad in search of a better life . Nonetheless , more substantial changes did not take place prior to the 1960s . The Stabilization Plan of 1959 encouraged emigration from rural areas , and the economic boom in both Spain and Western Europe provided increased opportunities for employment . The subsequent loss of rural manpower had a far - reaching effect on both agricultural prices and wage levels and , as a consequence , on the composition of Spanish agriculture . Spain 's economic transformation in the 1960s and in the first half of the 1970s caused tremendous outmigration from rural areas . Between 1960 and 1973 , 1.8 million people migrated to urban areas . Even later , between 1976 and 1985 , when the economy was experiencing serious difficulties , the fall in farm employment averaged 4 percent per annum . The results of these migrations were reflected in the changing percentage of the population involved in farming . In 1960 , 42 percent of the population was engaged in agricultural work . By 1986 about 15 percent was so employed -- a marked reduction , though still twice as high as the European Community ( EC ) average . As Spain became more industrialized , the declining share of agriculture in the economy was evidenced by its declining share of the GDP . Agriculture accounted for 23 percent of GDP in 1960 ; for 15 percent , in 1970 ; and for 5 percent , by 1986 . In addition , the character of Spanish agriculture in the 1980s had changed . It had become less a way of life and more a way of making a living . Even subsistence agriculture , already in steady decline , had become increasingly market oriented . The magnitude of the rural exodus permitted the government to undertake a program of parcel consolidation , that is , to bring together into single plots many tiny , scattered pieces of land that characterized the minifundio sector . The government managed to surpass its goal of consolidating 1 million hectares of small land holdings between 1964 and 1967 ; by 1981 it had brought together a total of 5 million hectares . The decreased size of the rural work force affected Spanish agriculture because its traditionally labor - intensive practices required a large pool of cheap labor . The workers who remained in the countryside saw their wages advanced by 83.8 percent between 1960 and 1970 -- a rate that roughly followed the wage increases in industry . At the same time increased agricultural labor costs led to the end of countless minifundios . The 1982 agrarian census recorded the disappearance of about one - half million small farms between 1962 and 1982 . The resulting lack of a ready labor supply was an incentive to mechanise , particularly for large landed estates . The number of farm tractors expanded more than tenfold between 1960 and 1983 , from 52,000 to 593,000 . The number of combine harvester - threshers increased almost tenfold over the same period , from 4,600 to 44,000 . The process of mechanization caused agricultural productivity to grow by 3.5 percent per year between 1960 and 1978 , and the productivity of farm workers grew even faster . Nonetheless , Spain 's output per agricultural worker remained low . It was about half the EC average in 1985 , and it surpassed only those of Greece and Portugal . During the mid-1980s , Spanish agriculture was roughly self - sufficient in years when there were good harvests , and in nearly every year there were sizable surpluses of olive oil , citrus fruits , and wine that could be exported in quantities large enough to make it the EC 's third - largest food supplier . In years of poor or average harvests , the country was obliged to import grains for use as animal fodder , but on the whole Spain was a net exporter of foodstuffs . Spanish agriculture varied considerably with regard to regional differences in output . Some regions were distinguished by a highly inefficient variety of farming . Specialists estimated that areas dominated by minifundios would have to lose an estimated three - fourths of their farming population if they were to compete effectively with foreign producers . The variety of agriculture practiced along the Mediterranean coast or in the Rio Ebro Valley was , however , highly efficient and capable of keeping up with foreign competition . Opinion was not united as to what EC membership would eventually mean for Spanish farmers . The EC 's Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP ) , which aimed at supporting most of each member state 's farming sector , was expensive , and by the 1980s it was consuming well over half of the organization 's revenues . If the CAP were continued , it would not be likely to have a considerable effect on Spanish agriculture , for a system of domestic price supports had long protected the weaker parts of the nation 's farm sector . A change of EC policy that encouraged a single community - wide agricultural system might allow those parts of the Spanish agricultural sector that outperformed their rivals in the EC to prosper , while backward branches would probably disappear . Crops ( edit ) The `` sea of plastic '' - greenhouses covering 20,000 ha of the Campo de Dalías around El Ejido and Roquetas de Mar in southern Spain . Spain has long been Western Europe 's leading producer , and the world 's foremost exporter , of oranges and mandarins . In the early 1960s , the production of these commodities averaged 1.8 million tons a year , and by the 1980s the annual yield averaged about 3 million tons . Grapefruit , lemons , and limes were also grown in quantity , but Spain was second to Italy among West European producers of these fruits . Spain 's citrus groves , all under irrigation , were concentrated in Mediterranean coastal provinces , the Levante , primarily in a narrow coastal strip 500 kilometers in length extending from the province of Castellón to the province of Almería . Some citrus fruit production also was found in Andalusia . Spain 's other significant orchard crops were apples , bananas , pears , peaches , apricots , plums , cherries , figs , and nuts . Except for bananas , which were grown only in the Canary Islands , and figs , which were grown mostly in the Balearic Islands , orchard crops were produced primarily in the Levante and in Catalonia . The Catalan province of Lérida was the leading producer of apples and pears , and it ranked second to Murcia in the production of peaches . Almonds , grown along the southern and the eastern coasts , emerged as another important Spanish cash crop . Almost half of the 1985 crop was exported , approximately 70 to 75 percent of it to EC countries . The principal vegetable crops were potatoes , tomatoes , onions , cabbages , peppers , and string beans . Spain was the leading producer of onions in Western Europe , and it was second only to Italy in the production of tomatoes . These crops were concentrated in Andalusia and in the intensively cultivated and largely irrigated Mediterranean coastal areas , where small garden plots known as huertas were common . The Canary Islands also produced a significant proportion of Spain 's tomatoes . Potatoes were a prominent garden crop in the northwest . Spain was the world 's leading producer and exporter of olives and olive oil , although in some years Italy showed higher production levels because Spanish harvests were notably vulnerable to insects , frost , and storm damage . Andalusia , where about one - half of the olive groves were found , is generally free of these hazards , but olives were grown in virtually every province except the humid north and the northwest . In the 1980s , olive production fluctuated wildly , ranging from 1.2 million to 3.3 million tons per year . Olive oil production was also volatile . Spain 's olive production is affected by European Community quotas , and past efforts to control overproduction have included the destruction of olive groves . Sunflowers growing in Cendea de Cizur . Though Spain boasted the world 's largest area of land devoted to vineyards , much of the wine it produced was of mediocre quality . Vineyards were usually located on poor land , and good wine - making technology was often lacking . In the past , government - guaranteed prices for wine tended to encourage quantity rather than quality and alcoholic content , but programs were instituted in the 1980s to upgrade production , and surpluses of poor - quality white wine were more regularly distilled into industrial alcohol . Supported by the restructuring and reconversion program initiated by the government in 1984 and by an EC assistance program , Spain 's vineyard acreage continued to decline , and it was expected to fall to 100,000 hectares by 1990 . Spain 's 1986 wine production was estimated at 36.7 million hectoliters . Grains covered about 10 percent of Spain 's cultivated lands , and about 10 percent of that area was irrigated . Wheat and barley were generally grown in the dry areas because corn tends to crowd such crops out of areas with more abundant rainfall or irrigation . Although most of the wheat was grown in dry upland areas , some of it also was grown on valuable irrigated land . Rice was dependent on plentiful water supplies and , accordingly , was produced in the irrigated areas of the Levante , in Andalusia , and at the mouth of the Rio Ebro . Spanish farmers also grew rye , oats , and sorghum . During the mid-1980s , the grain crop usually hit record highs of about 20 million tons , compared to 13 million tons in 1983 . This meant that Spain , long a grain - importing nation , now produced a surplus of cereals . Barley had come to account for about one - half of the grain harvest and corn for about one - sixth of it , as the government encouraged production of these crops in order to reduce imports of animal feed grains . Although the wheat crop was subject to wide fluctuations because of variable weather conditions , it generally provided about one - fourth of Spain 's total grain production , which exceeded the country 's needs . Rice and oats constituted the rest of the national total . Some rice and wheat were exported with the help of subsidies , and analysts expected the surplus of wheat and the deficit of corn to continue into the 1990s . To make up for the shortage of domestic feed grains , Spain became one of the world 's largest importers of soybeans , and it developed a modern oilseed - crushing industry of such high productivity that surplus soybean oil became one of Spain 's most important agricultural export commodities . The government encouraged domestic production of soybeans to lessen the heavy dependence on soybean imports . To limit the impact of this production on the important , labor - intensive , olive oil industry , which provided work for many field hands in southern Spain , a domestic tax system was established that maintained a two - to - one olive oil - soybean oil price ratio . The revenues derived from this system subsidized large exports of surplus soybean oil . The United States , once the main source of soybean imports , lodged protests against this policy , both bilaterally and internationally , but with little effect as of 1988 . As a further step in reducing Spanish dependence on imported soybeans , the government encouraged sunflower production . Especially favorable growing conditions , coupled with generous government support , caused sunflower seed output to expand spectacularly , and the amount of land used for its cultivation went from virtually nothing in 1960 to approximately 1 million hectares in the 1980s . Sunflower - seed meal was not the most desirable livestock feed , and therefore was not used in this way , but by the 1980s most Spanish households used the cooking oil it provided because it was less expensive than olive oil . About 8 percent of the cultivated land in Spain was devoted to legumes and to industrial crops . Edible legumes were grown in virtually every province ; French beans and kidney beans predominated in the wetter regions ; and chick peas ( garbanzos ) and lentils , in the arid regions . However , Spain was a net importer of legumes . Although consumption of these crops declined as the standard of living improved , domestic production also fell . Sugar beets were Spain 's most important industrial crop . Annual production in the mid-1980s averaged about 7 million tons . Cultivation was widely scattered , but the heaviest production was found in the Guadalquivir Basin , in the province of León , and around Valladolid . A small amount of sugarcane was grown in the Guadalquivir Basin . Sugar production , controlled to meet EC quotas , was usually sufficient to meet domestic needs . Although small quantities of tobacco , cotton , flax , and hemp were also cultivated , they were not adequate to fulfill Spain 's needs . But esparto grass , a native Mediterranean fiber used in making paper , rope , and basketry , grew abundantly in the southeastern part of the country . Livestock ( edit ) Cattle in Dozón , Galicia . Spanish meat production in 1986 totalled 2,497,000 tons . The country 's farmers produced 137,000 tons of lamb and mutton , 435,000 tons of beef and veal , 765,000 tons of poultry , and 1,160,000 tons of pork . With some fluctuations , these figures were representative of Spain 's meat production during the 1980s . Spanish livestock industries had experienced significant growth and modernization since the 1950s , but their output remained well behind the levels of efficiency and productivity of European Community ( EC ) countries . The EC states ' generous subsidies and their experience in the use of expensive feed grains gave their livestock industries a decided competitive advantage . As the Spanish livestock sector was increasingly concentrated in northern Spain , where minifundio agriculture predominated , many Spanish cattleraising farms were too small fully to exploit the efficiencies of modern technology . Domestic meat production failed to meet demand , making Spain a net importer of farm animals and meat products . Pork was Spain 's most important meat product , and the number of pigs grew from 7.6 million in 1970 to 11.4 million in 1985 . Pigs were raised unpenned in the central uplands , but they were generally pen - fed in the northern regions . At times African swine fever was a serious impediment to pork exports . Poultry raising had also expanded rapidly , and the number of chickens had doubled between 1970 and 1985 , when it reached 54 million . The emphasis was on poultry production for meat rather than for eggs , because poultry , previously a minor item in the Spanish diet , had become much more popular . The most important areas for poultry raising were in the maize - growing provinces of the north and the northwest , but Catalonia , Valencia , and Andalusia were also important . The principal cattle areas were in the north , the northwest , and , to a lesser degree , in Extremadura , Andalusia , the Rio Duero Basin , and the Murcia - Valencia lowlands . These regions provided the suitable pastures that were available only in areas with humid climates or with irrigated land . In 1986 Spain had 5 million cattle , including 1.9 million dairy cows . About 25 percent of the cattle were raised as oxen for draft purposes , and about 2 percent were bred for the bullring . The ranches of Extremadura and Andalusia specialized in raising animals of bullring quality . The dairy industry had grown rapidly . Milk production from cows , sheep , and goats , which had stood at 5.4 million tons in 1974 , reached 6.4 million tons in 1986 -- well over double the production level of the early 1960s . The bulk of milk products came from Galicia , Asturias , and Santander . In 1982 the government launched a program designed to modernize milk production , to improve its quality , and to concentrate it in the northern provinces . The dairy industry was not seriously hurt by Spain 's entry into the European Community , although the 3 percent quota reduction for each of the years 1987 and 1988 and the 5.5 percent voluntary cutback hampered development . Spain 's sheep population remained almost unchanged at about 17 million between 1970 and 1985 . Sheep rearing predominated in central Spain and the Ebro Basin . Goats were kept in much the same area , but they were more prevalent in the higher , less grassy elevations because they can survive on poorer pasture . Merino sheep , the best known breed , were probably imported from North Africa , and they were well adapted to semiarid conditions . Merino sheep , noted for their fine wool , were widely used as stock for new breeds . Other prominent breeds were the churro and the manchegan . Although raised primarily for wool , milk , and cheese , Spanish farm animals , particularly sheep , were increasingly used to satisfy the country 's meat consumption needs . Forestry ( edit ) Most of the natural forests of the Iberian Peninsula had long since disappeared because of erosion and uncontrolled harvesting for firewood , timber , or the creation of pastureland . In the 1980s , about 7 million hectares , or 14 percent of the land in Spain , could be considered usable forest , although another 3.5 million hectares of scrub growth were often included in forestland statistics . A reforestation program had been under way in Spain since 1940 . The aims of the program included meeting market demand for forest products , controlling erosion , and providing seasonal employment in rural areas . Eucalyptus trees , Lombardy poplars , and a variety of conifers were emphasized because of their fast growth . Lumber output was approximately 12.3 million cubic meters in 1986 , compared with 11.8 million cubic meters in 1985 . Output could conceivably triple if 5.8 million hectares of the best forestland , which accounted for 50 percent of the total woodlands area , were properly developed and managed . Existing forestation programs were inadequate , however . For example , in the 1975 - 84 period , the balance between reforestation and the loss of forestland as a result of fires favored the latter by about 148,000 hectares . A report issued by the Forest Progress Association reported that , by the year 2000 , Spain 's wood deficit could reach between 8.5 and 16.9 million cubic meters . The value of Spain 's forest products in 1985 was US $302 million . Pine trees grown in the north and the northwest as well as oak and beech trees grown in the Pyrenees accounted for most of the total . Commercial forestry products produced in Spain included cork , turpentine , and resins . Spain was the world 's second largest producer of cork after Portugal . The best quality of cork , used for bottle stoppers , was grown in Catalonia . More plentiful lower grades , which went into linoleum , insulating materials , and other industrial products , came primarily from Andalusia and Extremadura . Cork production was declining , after reaching a high in the 1970s of 97,000 tons per year ; only 46,000 tons were produced in 1985 , as the widening use of plastics and other cork substitutes reduced demand . Fishing ( edit ) Fishing boats arriving at the port of L'Ametlla de Mar , Catalonia . Spain was Western Europe 's leading fishing nation , and it had the world 's fourth largest fishing fleet . Spaniards ate more fish per capita than any other European people , except the Scandinavians . In the mid-1980s , Spain 's fishing catch averaged about 1.3 million tons a year , and the fishing industry accounted for about 1 percent of GDP . Sardines , mussels , cephalopods , cod , mackerel , and tuna , most of which came from the Atlantic Ocean , were the principal components of the catch . Fishing was particularly important in the economic life of Galicia , the principal fishing ports of which were Vigo and A Coruña on the northwest coast . Also important were Huelva , Cádiz , and Algeciras in the south , and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands . In the mid-1980s , the fishing fleet numbered between 13,800 and 17,500 vessels , most of which were old and small . Deep - sea vessels numbered about 2,000 . Spain 's 100,000 fishermen made up one - third of all European Community manpower in the fishing sector , and a further 700,000 Spanish jobs depended on fishing . Prior to its admission into the EC , the undisciplined behavior of Spanish fishermen was a constant problem for the government and for other European countries . Spanish vessels were frequently charged with fishing violations in the Atlantic and the North Sea . Entry into the EC brought access to most of its waters , but it also meant catches would be sharply restricted until 1995 . See also ( edit ) Spanish cuisine Spanish economy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.ine.es/censoagrario/censoag_folleto.pdf This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . External links ( edit ) Country studies Agriculture blog with updated information ( in Spanish ) ( based in Spain ) Agroinformacion.com - portal de noticias de agricultura , ganadería , desarrollo rural , forestal y medio ambiente ( in Spanish ) ( based in Spain ) Spain articles History Chronology Prehistoric Iberia Roman Hispania Medieval Spain Union Expansion Enlightenment Reaction and revolution First Republic Restoration Second Republic Civil War Spain under Franco Transition to democracy Contemporary Spain By topic Empire Golden Age Economic Military Geography Autonomous cities Autonomous communities ( Ranked lists ) Climate Comarcas Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Municipalities National parks Plazas de soberanía Provinces Politics Constitution Cortes Generales Elections Government Prime Minister Human rights LGBT Foreign relations Military Monarchy Political parties Economy Agriculture Banks central savings Car industry Communities GDP Unemployment Median Income Economic history Energy Financial crisis Forestry Taxation Property bubble Science and technology Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Wine Society Crime Demographics Education Health care Immigration Languages Pensions People Religion Time Culture Architecture Art Bullfighting Cinema Cuisine jamón paella tapas wine Fiestas ( international national ) Life in early 19th - century Spain Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Myths and legends Nationalisms and regionalisms Public holidays Sport Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Toro de Osborne Outline Index Book Portal Agriculture in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Spain&oldid=811662796 '' Categories : Agriculture in Spain Forestry in Spain Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 02 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture%20in%20Spain	610
where are most of the united states offshore oil rigs located			Offshore oil and gas in the United States	offshore oil and gas in the united states	Offshore oil and gas in the United States provides a large portion of the nation 's oil and gas supply . Large oil and gas reservoirs are found under the sea offshore from Louisiana , Texas , California , and Alaska . Environmental concerns have prevented or restricted offshore drilling in some areas , and the issue has been hotly debated at the local and national levels .	Contents 1 Production 2 Ownership of offshore oil and gas 2.1 State ownership 2.2 Federal ownership 2.3 International ownership 3 Offshore drilling by area 3.1 Alaska 3.2 California 3.3 Gulf of Mexico 3.4 East Coast 3.5 Pacific Northwest Coast 3.6 Great Lakes 4 Restrictions on offshore drilling 4.1 State restrictions 4.2 Federal restrictions 5 Other mineral resources 6 References 7 See also 8 External links Production ( edit ) Federal leases in green ; areas proposed open for leasing 2007 - 2012 in grey ( Minerals Management Service ) From 1954 to 2007 , federal offshore tracts produced 16.8 billion barrels ( 2.7 × 10 m ) of oil and 173 trillion cubic feet ( 4.9 × 10 m ) of natural gas . In 2007 , federal offshore tracts produced 27 % of the oil and 14 % of the natural gas in the United States . Three of the top ten oil fields in the United States in terms of the proven remaining reserves were offshore in the Gulf of Mexico in 2007 ( Mars - Ursa , Thunder Horse , and Atlantis ) . The oil production in the offshore area owned by the federal government reached 492 million barrels ( 78,000,000 m ) in 2007 , down from the record of 602 million barrels ( 95,700,000 m ) produced in 2002 . 2.86 TCF of offshore gas produced in 2007 was down from the high of 5.25 TCF produced in 1996 . Ownership of offshore oil and gas ( edit ) The issue of state versus federal ownership has a long and contentious history ( see Tidelands ) . The US Supreme Court ruled in 1947 that the federal government owned all the seabed off the California coast ; the court applied the same doctrine against Louisiana and Texas in 1950 . The court ruling invalidated existing state leases over producing offshore oil fields in the three states . However , the US Congress passed the Submerged Land Act in 1953 , which recognized state ownership of the seabed within 3 nautical miles ( 6 km ) of the shore . That same year Congress also passed the Outer Continental Shelf Act , which gave the federal government jurisdiction over minerals on and under the seabed farther offshore from state waters . The first federal offshore lease sale was held in 1954 , to offer oil production rights under federal seabed in offshore Louisiana . State ownership ( edit ) Diagram showing limits of state and federal ownership of the sea bed ( Minerals Management Service ) Each coastal state owns the territory extending 3 nautical miles ( 6 km ) from the shore at mean low tide , and has jurisdiction to decide whether or not , and under what terms , to lease the territory for oil and gas . Exceptions include Texas and the west coast of Florida , which for historical reasons own the seabed out to 9 nautical miles ( 17 km ) from the shore . Louisiana is included in the 3 nautical mile rule , but because it had active offshore leases defined before 1950 ( and before most other states ) , its territory is measured using the Admiralty Nautical Mile , while other states use the International Nautical Mile , adopted by the United States in 1954 . The exact definition of the shoreline , dividing state waters offshore and potential private land onshore , depends on state law . Shifting shorelines in the vicinity of oil fields have been a thorny issue . In the Goose Creek field along the coast in Harris County , Texas , so much oil was produced that the ground elevation sank ten or more feet , putting some privately owned oil - producing lands below sea level . The state of Texas then declared that the newly submerged land , along with its oil revenue , was state property . Federal ownership ( edit ) Traditionally , nations owned the territory extending 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ) from shore . In 1945 , President Harry Truman issued a proclamation extending US jurisdiction over mineral resources to the edge of the continental shelf ; the proclamation was codified by Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953 . The Geneva Convention on the continental shelf in 1958 recognized the right of each nation to the mineral resources on its adjacent continental shelf , out to a water depth of 200 m . In 1983 , President Ronald Reagan issued a proclamation extending the US Exclusive Economic Zone to 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) from the shore . By virtue of the Law of the Sea , which the US has signed but not ratified , each nation controls an Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) that extends 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) from its shore . The EEZ confers exclusive rights to a nation to explore and produce minerals , including oil and gas . In areas within 200 nautical miles of two or more nations , the territorial line is drawn equidistant from the shores of the two nations . The US and Canada referred a dispute over the EEZ boundary in the Atlantic Ocean to the International Court of Justice , which decided the matter ( see Georges Bank ) . Article 76 of the Law of the Sea provides that nations may under certain circumstances extend their EEZs beyond the 200 nautical mile limit , to up to 350 nautical miles ( 650 km ) from shore . The 200 nautical mile EEZ left a small area in the western Gulf of Mexico enclosed by the EEZs of the United States and Mexico , but outside the EEZ of either nation ( the `` doughnut hole '' ) . The US and Mexico concluded a treaty to divide the area between them . A second , and as yet unresolved `` doughnut hole '' exists in the eastern Gulf of Mexico , bordered by the EEZs of the US , Mexico , and Cuba . Leasing and drilling on federal offshore seabed is controlled by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management ( BOEM ) , and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement ( BSEE ) , formerly named the Minerals Management Service ( MMS ) . The BOEM issues leases through competitive bidding by sealed bids . The oil and gas company offering the highest up - front payment to the government ( called a bonus ) wins the lease . The government also receives a fixed annual rental based on the area for non-producing leases , and a percentage of the market value of any oil or gas produced and sold ( royalty ) . The leases expire after a set number of years , or continue however long afterward that oil and gas are continually produced from the lease . Individual tracts are generally 9 square miles ( 23 km ) . Current leases being offered in the Gulf of Mexico have 5 - year terms for tracts in water depths of less than 400 m , and 8 years for tracts in water greater than 400 m . Royalty rates are 18.75 % regardless of water depth . From 1954 through 2004 , the federal government received $64 billion in bonuses , $3 billion in rentals , $89 billion in royalties , and $3 billion in taken - in - kind oil deliveries in lieu of royalties . International ownership ( edit ) Some potential petroleum deposits underlie areas outside the EEZ . For example , the North Chuckchi Basin in the Arctic Ocean is partly inside and partly outside the US EEZ . Offshore drilling by area ( edit ) Historically , offshore drilling began by extending known coastal oil - and gas - producing trends out into the ocean . For this reason , most US offshore drilling has taken place offshore Louisiana , Texas , California , and Alaska , areas with coastal onshore oil and gas fields . `` Possibly in some future age , when all known petroleum fields shall have been drained of their richness , oil men may seek refuge in King Neptune 's realm . '' - Oil & Gas Journal , 24 June 1915 Alaska ( edit ) The first federal lease sale offshore Alaska was held in 1976 . Alaska produces oil and gas from offshore areas in the Cook Inlet and the Arctic Ocean . Endicott Island is an artificial island built to produce oil from beneath the Beaufort Sea . There are currently four artificial islands being used for drilling . By Executive Order dated April 28 , 2017 , the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management will begin selling offshore leases in 2019 . California ( edit ) See Offshore oil and gas in California Offshore drilling began in California in 1896 , when operators in the Summerland Oil Field in Santa Barbara County followed the field into the ocean by drilling from piers built out over the ocean . Leasing California state seabed is controlled by the State Lands Commission , which halted further leasing of state offshore tracts after the Santa Barbara oil spill in 1969 . In 1994 the California legislature codified the ban on new leases by passing the California Coastal Sanctuary Act , which prohibited new leasing of state offshore tracts . The federal government has had no new lease sales for offshore California since 1982 . Offshore drilling has continued from existing platforms in state and federal waters . State offshore seabed in California produced 37,400 barrels ( 5,950 m ) of oil per day , and federal offshore tracts produced 66,400 barrels ( 10,560 m ) of oil per day in November 2008 . State and federal offshore tracts together made up 16 % of the state 's oil production . Notable offshore fields include the Ellwood Oil Field , which is partially onshore and partially offshore , and the Dos Cuadras Field , source of the 1969 spill , which is entirely within the federal zone . Gulf of Mexico ( edit ) See Offshore oil and gas in the US Gulf of Mexico This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2016 ) The western and central Gulf of Mexico , which includes offshore Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Alabama , is one of the major petroleum - producing areas of the United States . In 2007 , federal leases in the western and central Gulf of Mexico produced 25 % of the nation 's oil and 14 % of the nation 's natural gas . In 2008 , federal leases in the Gulf of Mexico produced 418 million barrels ( 66,500,000 m ) of oil , down from 568 million barrels ( 90,300,000 m ) in 2002 ; however , due to new deep - water discoveries , the MMS projects that oil production from the Gulf of Mexico will increase to 686 million barrels ( 109,100,000 m ) per year by 2013 . Major fields include Atlantis Oil Field , and the Tiber oilfield ( discovered 2009 ) and others in the Keathley Canyon protraction area . Notable oil platforms include Baldpate , Bullwinkle , Mad Dog , Magnolia , Mars , Petronius , and Thunder Horse . Notable individual wells include Jack 2 and Knotty Head . The eastern Gulf of Mexico , which includes offshore Gulf Coast Florida , has never been a petroleum - producing area due to federal and state restrictions on exploration . Offshore platforms currently exist as far east as to near the Florida - Alabama border . East coast ( edit ) See Offshore drilling on the US Atlantic coast In the late 1970s and early 1980s oil companies drilled 51 exploratory wells on federal leases on the outer continental shelf of the Atlantic coast . All the leases have now reverted to the government . A 1996 study by the MMS estimated undiscovered conventionally recoverable resources in Atlantic federal waters to be 7.2 billion barrels ( 1.1 × 10 m ) of oil and 27.5 trillion cubic feet ( 7.8 × 10 m ) gas . Pacific northwest coast ( edit ) The Sunshine Mining Co. made Washington state 's first oil discovery in July 1957 , at a location 1.4 miles south down the coast from Ocean City . The discovery was on a state lease , and was below mean high tide , which made it an offshore well . Additional wells were drilled in the area , but none produced any oil . The discovery well made 11,032 barrels of oil before it was plugged in 1959 . In 1964 , the federal government leased tracts totaling 581,000 acres ( 2,400 km ) in offshore Oregon and Washington . Oil companies drilled six tests offshore Washington ( three in state waters and three in federal waters ) and seven tests in federal waters offshore Oregon . The OCS P - 0130 well drilled offshore Oregon by Union Oil in 1966 was described as having `` potential for commercial gas production '' , but none of the wells were completed as producers , and the federal leases expired in 1969 . Farther north , in Canadian waters , Shell Canada drilled 14 wells offshore from Vancouver Island from 1967 - 1969 . None were successful . Canada has had a federal moratorium on offshore drilling on its west coast since 1972 . Great Lakes ( edit ) The lakebeds under the US portion of the Great Lakes are owned by the adjacent states . The only state that has allowed oil and gas drilling beneath the Great Lakes in recent years has been Michigan , and that only by directional drilling from onshore surface locations . All oil and gas drilling , either on or directionally beneath the Great Lakes , has been banned by federal law since 2002 . The Canadian side of Lake Erie has 480 producing gas wells in the lake . Gas production in Canadian Lake Erie waters dates back to 1913 ; more than 2000 wells have been drilled to the Clinton Sand , up to a few miles from the US side of the lake ; the same formation produces gas from many onshore wells on the US side , but there are no wells in the US portion of the lake . The province of Ontario , where the offshore wells are located , allows gas wells , but not oil wells , in offshore Lake Erie . Ontario allows oil production from below the lake only from wells drilled directionally from onshore surface locations ; a number of such directional wells are producing oil from beneath Lake Erie in the Goldsmith / Lakeshore Field . A gas well to the Medina Group was drilled in 1958 in Pennsylvania state waters in Lake Erie . The only state that has current oil and gas production from beneath the Great Lakes is Michigan . Michigan has 13 oil and gas wells that produce from below Lake Michigan , all drilled directionally from surface locations on shore . Directional drilling beneath the Great Lakes is now banned . The US Geological Survey has estimated that 430 million barrels ( 68,000,000 m ) of recoverable petroleum liquids and 5.2 trillion cubic feet ( 1.5 × 10 m ) of recoverable natural gas underlie the US portion of the Great Lakes . Petroleum potential was given to all of the lakes except Lake Superior . The majority of the natural gas ( 3.0 TCF ) is thought to underlie Lake Erie . Restrictions on offshore drilling ( edit ) See US offshore drilling debate State restrictions ( edit ) A number of states , including California and Florida , have banned leasing of state waters for oil and gas drilling . In 2009 a bill that would have partially rescinded a ban on oil and gas leasing of Florida state waters failed in the Florida statehouse ( see Offshore oil and gas in Florida ) . In 2018 , New Jersey enacted a law to ban oil and gas drilling in state waters and prohibit any constructions of oil and gas drilling infrastructure and facilities including pipelines and docks in New Jersey and its waters . This is an effort to cut off infrastructure to make it harder to drill in federal waters . New York , California , South Carolina and Rhode Island introduced similar bills in their states . Federal restrictions ( edit ) Areas withdrawn from oil and gas leasing as of 2007 Congress passed the Marine Protection , Research and Sanctuaries Act in 1972 , which provided for the establishment of National Marine Sanctuaries , in which certain activities , including oil and gas drilling , are prohibited . To date , 13 sanctuaries with a combined area of 150,000 square miles ( 390,000 km ) have been so designated . In 1982 , the US Congress directed that no federal funds be used to lease federal tracts off the coasts of Washington , Oregon , or central and northern California . Over the years Congress added other areas until the prohibited area included all the east and west coasts , and the eastern Gulf of Mexico . Congress repeated the effective ban on offshore drilling in these areas every year until September 2008 , when an appropriations bill passed the House and Senate without the ban . In 1990 , Congress passed the North Carolina Outer Banks Protection Act , prohibiting leasing and drilling on federal seabed offshore from North Carolina . In 1990 , President George H.W. Bush issued an executive moratorium restricting federal offshore leasing to Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , and parts of Alaska . The moratorium banned federal leasing through the year 2000 off the East Coast , West Coast , the eastern Gulf of Mexico ( offshore Florida Gulf Coast ) , and the Northern Aleutian Basin of Alaska . In 1998 , President Bill Clinton extended the moratorium through 2012 . In July 2008 , President George W. Bush rescinded the executive order . In 2002 , Congress imposed a moratorium on drilling on or directionally beneath the Great Lakes . The ban was made permanent by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 . Part of the central and most of the eastern Gulf of Mexico was declared off - limits to oil and gas leasing until 2022 by the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006 . Other mineral resources ( edit ) Offshore areas of the US may contain resources of sulfur , salt , sand and gravel , phosphate rock , manganese nodules , and heavy - mineral placer deposits . To date , none of these has been produced for commercial purposes except sulfur and salt in the Gulf of Mexico , and gold in Alaskan state waters near Nome . The MMS has allowed sand dredging in federal waters to restore damaged beaches in Maryland , Virginia , South Carolina , and Florida . Formerly , very large gold dredges existed for many years , mining off of Nome , Alaska . The state lease auctions for up to the three mile limit are still held infrequently . From 1960 to 2000 , sulfur was mined by the Frasch process from the caprock of a salt dome at the Main Pass 299 mine , offshore Louisiana . A total of 34 million short tons of sulfur were recovered before the mine was closed ; salt was also recovered . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , U.S. Crude Oil , Natural Gas , and Natural Gas Liquids 2007 Annual Report Archived 2009 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , p.B - 3 , PDF file , downloaded 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ US Minerals Management Service : Federal OCS oil & gas production , PDF file , retrieved 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Edgar Wesley Owen ( 1975 ) Trek of the Oil Finders , American Association of Petroleum Geologists , Memoir 6 , p. 801 . Jump up ^ D. James Baker ( 1987 ) `` The Exclusive Economic Zone - resources for the future , '' in Proceedings of the 1987 Exclusive Economic Zone Symposium on mapping and research : planning for the next 10 years , US Geological Survey , Circular 1018 , p. 7 - 9 . Jump up ^ Federal Register , 13 February 2008 , v. 73 , n. 30 , p. 8349 - 8350 . Jump up ^ US Minerals Management Service : Leasing oil and natural gas resources , outer continental shelf , p. 37 - 38 Archived 2009 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , PDF file , retrieved 13 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oil prospects in deep seas , '' Oil & Gas Journal , 24 June 1915 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ US Minerals Management Service : Exploratory drilling by sale area , accessed 13 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Executive Order Implementing an America - First Offshore Energy Strategy '' . White House . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved Aug 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ California State Lands Commission : Chiand issues statement on new Tranquillon Ridge offshore oil development , PDF file , retrieved 19 February 2009 . Jump up ^ California Department of Conservation : Monthly oil and gas production and injection report , November 2008 , PDF file , downloaded 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ US Minerals Management Service , May 2009 , Deepwater Gulf of Mexico 2009 : Interim Report of 2008 highlights , OCS Report MMS - 2009 - 016 , PDF file , p. 51 , downloaded 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ US Minerals Management Service , May 2009 , Gulf of Mexico Oil and Gas Production Forecast : 2009 - 2018 , OCS Report MMS 2009 - 012 , PDF file , p. 21 , downloaded 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ US Minerals Management Service ( 1996 ) An Assessment of the Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Potential of the Nation 's Outer Continental Shelf , PDF file , retrieved 19 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Gardner , `` Washington -- new oil - producing state , '' Oil & Gas Journal , 2 Sept , 1957 , v. 55 n. 35 p. 215 . Jump up ^ H.L. Popenoe , `` Developments in West Coast area in 1957 , '' Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists , June 1958 , v. 42 n. 6 p. 1394 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Vivian , `` Washington oil and gas development 1959 , '' in , International Oil and Gas Development , Review of 1959 , part 1 ( Austin , Tex. : International Oil Scouts Assoc. , 1960 ) 670 . Jump up ^ Vernon C. Newton Jr. , ( 1980 ) Prospects for Oil and gas in the Coos Basin , Western Coos , Douglas , and Lane Counties , Oregon , Oregon Dept. of Geology and Mineral Industries , Oil and gas Investigation 6 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Dana B. Braislin and others ( 1971 ) `` Petroleum potential of Western Oregon and Washington and Adjacent continental margin , '' in Future Petroleum Provinces of the United States - Their Geology and Potential , American Association of Petroleum Geologists , Memoir 15 , v. 1 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ P.D. Snavely Jr. , J.E. Pearl , and D.L. Lander ( 1977 ) Interim Report on Petroleum Resources Potential and Geologic Hazards in the Outer Continental Shelf - Oregon and Washington Tertiary Province , US Geological Survey , Open - File Report 77 - 282 . Jump up ^ British Columbia Ministry of Energy , Mines , and Petroleum Resources , A chronology of activity , accessed 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Clifford , ( 1975 ) Preliminary Report on Potential Hydrocarbon Reserves Underlying the Ohio Portion of lake Erie , Ohio Division of Geological Survey , Geological Note No. 1 . Jump up ^ Jerry Zremski , `` U.S. and Canada split over Lake Erie drilling , '' Buffalo News , 28 July 2008 , accessed 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Kathy Shirley , `` What 's ( not ) happening is Erie , '' AAPG Explorer , September 2001 , accessed 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources : Crude oil and natural gas resources , accessed 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Susan Eaton , `` Canadians eye the prolific Trenton , '' AAPG Explorer , Feb. 2004 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , The Areal Extent of Continuous Type Gas Accumulations in Lower Silurian Clinton Sands and Medina Group Sandstones of the Appalachian Basin and the Environments Affected by their Development Jump up ^ Charlie Cain and Jeremy Pearce , `` Thirst for energy taps Great Lakes , '' Detroit News , 18 November 2001 , accessed 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey : Undiscovered oil and gas resources underlying the U.S. portions of the Great Lakes , 2005 , Microsoft Word file , downloaded 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Brent ( 20 April 2018 ) . `` Murphy bans oil drilling off N.J. shore ( and tries to stop Trump ) '' . NJ Advance Media . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Parry , Wayne ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` States fight Trump drill plan with local bans '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ US Army Corps of Engineers : Known and potential environmental effects of oil and gas drilling activity in the Great Lakes , p. 1 , PDF file , downloaded 12 February 2009 . Jump up ^ US Minerals Management Service : Moratoria , accessed 10 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Proposed Program Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program 2007 - 2012 ( 2006 ) Minerals Management Service , p. 100 . Jump up ^ John Pernetta ( 2004 ) Guide to the Oceans , Firefly Books , ISBN 1 - 55297 - 942 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55297 - 942 - 6 , p. 179 , accessed 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ US Minerals Management Service : Federal offshore sulfur royalties , PDF file , retrieved 20 February 2009 . See also ( edit ) Off shore oil drilling Oil platform US offshore drilling debate External links ( edit ) Map of wells drilled in federal waters , Gulf of Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Offshore_oil_and_gas_in_the_United_States&oldid=837777391 '' Categories : Petroleum in the United States Natural gas fields in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 00 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore%20oil%20and%20gas%20in%20the%20United%20States	611
where is the most humid place in australia			Climate of Australia	climate of australia	Australia 's climate is governed largely by its size and by the hot , sinking air of the subtropical high pressure belt . This moves north and south with the seasons , so that the rainfall pattern over Australia is highly seasonal . Australia 's rainfall is the lowest of all continents except Antarctica . But it is variable , with frequent droughts lasting several seasons -- thought to be caused in part by the El Niño - Southern Oscillation . The climate varies widely due to its large geographical size , but by far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid . Only the south - east and south - west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil . The northern part of the country has a tropical climate , varied between tropical rainforests , grasslands and part desert .	Because Australia is a small continent , separated from polar regions by the Southern Ocean , it is not subject to the movements of frigid polar air that sweep over Northern Hemisphere continents during winter . Consequently , its winter is relatively mild , so that there is n't the great contrast between summer and winter temperatures there is in the northern continents . Yet in many parts of the country , seasonal highs and lows can be considerable : temperatures have ranged from above 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) to well below zero . Nonetheless , minimum temperatures are moderated . The El Niño - Southern Oscillation is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world . Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods . Occasionally a dust storm will blanket a region and there are reports of the occasional tornado . Tropical cyclones , heat waves , bushfires and frosts in the country are also associated with the Southern Oscillation . Rising levels of salinity and desertification in some areas is ravaging the landscape . Climate change in Australia is a highly contentious issue . Temperatures in the country have risen following an increasing trend of global warming between the years of 1910 to 2004 by approximately 0.7 ° C. Overnight minimum temperatures have warmed more rapidly than daytime maximum temperatures in recent years . The late - 20th century warming has been largely attributed to the increased greenhouse effect . According to the Bureau of Meteorology , 80 % of the land has less than 600 mm ( 24 in ) of rainfall per year and 50 % has even less than 300 mm ( 12 in ) . As a whole , Australia has a very low annual average rainfall of 419 mm ( 16 in ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 States and Territories 1.1 Australian Capital Territory 1.2 New South Wales 1.3 Northern Territory 1.4 Queensland 1.5 South Australia 1.6 Tasmania 1.7 Victoria 1.8 Western Australia 2 Precipitation 2.1 Rain 2.2 Snow 3 Temperatures 3.1 Extremes 4 Natural hazards and disasters 4.1 Bushfires 4.2 Flooding 4.3 Global warming 4.4 Drought 4.5 Cyclones 4.6 Blizzards 4.7 Dust storms 5 See also 6 References 7 External links States and territories ( edit ) Australian Capital Territory ( edit ) Light snow on Mount Tennent , which features dry sclerophyll woodlands . Because of its elevation ( 650 m ( 2,130 ft ) ) and distance from the coast , the Australian Capital Territory experiences a continental climate , unlike many other Australian cities whose climates are moderated by the sea . Canberra is notorious for hot , dry summers , and cold winters with occasional fog and frequent frosts . Many of the higher mountains in the territory 's south - west are snow - covered for at least part of the winter . Thunderstorms can occur between October and March , and annual rainfall is 623 mm ( 25 in ) , with rainfall highest in spring and summer and lowest in winter The highest maximum temperature recorded in the ACT was 42.8 ° C ( 109.0 ° F ) at Acton on 11 January 1939 . The lowest minimum temperature was − 14.6 ° C ( 5.7 ° F ) at Gudgenby on 11 July 1971 . New south Wales ( edit ) See also : Climate of Sydney , New South Wales Over half of New South Wales has an arid or semi-arid climate . However , the eastern portion has a temperate climate , ranging from humid subtropical to the Central Coast and most of Sydney , and oceanic to the south coast . The Snowy Mountains region in the south - east falls in the alpine climate / highland climate zone , with cool to cold weather all year around and snowfalls in the winter . Further inland , the climate gets semi-arid and a desert climate towards the western part of the state . Dubbo 's location in a transitional area allows a large temperature variation during the year , with high summer temperatures typical of the Western Plains of state and colder sub-zero temperatures typical of the Central Tablelands in winter . The weather in the southern half of the state is generally warm to hot in summer and cool in the winter . The seasons are more defined in the southern half of the state , especially as one moves inland , towards South West Slopes , Central West and the Riverina region . Rainfall usually peaks in the summer in most of parts of the state . Though , the Riverina region , which is in the southern - central part of the state , bordering Victoria , has drier summers and a winter rainfall peak . The warmest region is the north - west part of the state , where summers are very hot , and winters cooler and drier . The weather in the northeast region of the state , or the North Coast , bordering Queensland , is hot and humid in the summer , with a rainfall peak , and mild in winter with more sunshine , and little seasonal temperature difference . The Northern Tablelands , which are also on the north coast , have relatively mild summers and cold winters , due to their high elevation on the Great Dividing Range . The coldest region is the Snowy Mountains where the snow and frost continues for quite long period during the winter months . The Blue Mountains , Southern Tablelands and Central Tablelands , which are situated on the Great Dividing Range , have mild to warm summers and cold winters , although not as severe as those in the Snowy Mountains . Interestingly , some places situated in or around the Range have recorded freezing and near - freezing lows in nearly every month of the year , a feat not experienced in many other places of similar latitude and altitude in the northern hemisphere . The highest maximum temperature recorded was 49.8 ° C ( 121.6 ° F ) at Menindee in the state 's west on 10 January 1939 . The lowest minimum temperature was − 23.0 ° C ( − 9.4 ° F ) at Charlotte Pass on 29 June 1994 in the Snowy Mountains . This is also the lowest temperature recorded in the whole of Australia excluding Australian Antarctic Territory . Rainfall varies throughout the state . The far north - west receives the least , less than 180 mm ( 7 in ) annually , while the east receives between 600 to 1,200 mm ( 24 to 47 in ) of rain . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Sydney 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) 104 1,222 mm ( 48 in ) Penrith 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 103 696 mm ( 27 in ) Wollongong 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) 107 1,346 mm ( 53 in ) Coffs Harbour 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) 122 1,679 mm ( 66 in ) Armidale 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) 106 791 mm ( 31 in ) Orange 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) 100 898 mm ( 35 in ) Wagga Wagga 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) 124 566 mm ( 22 in ) Broken Hill 33 ° C ( 91 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 137 245 mm ( 10 in ) Northern Territory ( edit ) Monsoonal squall nears Darwin Average monthly maximum temperature in Northern Territory Month Darwin Alice Springs January 31.8 ° C ( 89.2 ° F ) 36.4 ° C ( 97.5 ° F ) February 31.4 ° C ( 88.5 ° F ) 35.1 ° C ( 95.2 ° F ) March 31.9 ° C ( 89.4 ° F ) 32.7 ° C ( 90.9 ° F ) April 32.7 ° C ( 90.9 ° F ) 28.2 ° C ( 82.8 ° F ) May 32.0 ° C ( 89.6 ° F ) 23.0 ° C ( 73.4 ° F ) June 30.6 ° C ( 87.1 ° F ) 19.8 ° C ( 67.6 ° F ) July 30.5 ° C ( 86.9 ° F ) 19.7 ° C ( 67.5 ° F ) August 31.3 ° C ( 88.3 ° F ) 22.5 ° C ( 72.5 ° F ) September 32.5 ° C ( 90.5 ° F ) 27.2 ° C ( 81.0 ° F ) October 33.2 ° C ( 91.8 ° F ) 31.0 ° C ( 87.8 ° F ) November 33.3 ° C ( 91.9 ° F ) 33.6 ° C ( 92.5 ° F ) December 32.6 ° C ( 90.7 ° F ) 35.4 ° C ( 95.7 ° F ) Source : Bureau of Meteorology The Northern Territory has two distinctive climate zones . The northern end , including Darwin , has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) with high humidity and two seasons , the wet ( November to April ) and dry season ( May to October ) . During the dry season nearly every day is warm and sunny , and afternoon humidity averages around 30 % . There is very little rainfall between May and September . In the coolest months of June and July , the daily minimum temperature may dip as low as 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) , but very rarely lower , and frost has never been recorded . The wet season is associated with tropical cyclones and monsoon rains . The majority of rainfall occurs between December and March ( the Southern Hemisphere summer ) , when thunderstorms are common and afternoon relative humidity averages over 70 % during the wettest months . On average more than 1,570 mm ( 62 in ) of rain falls in the north . Thunderstorms can produce spectacular lightning displays . The central region is the desert centre of the country , which includes Alice Springs and Uluru , and is arid or semi-arid with little rain usually falling during the hottest months from October to March . Its seasons are more defined than the northern parts , with summers being very hot , where temperatures often exceed 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) on average and winters relatively cool with average minimum temperatures dipping as low as 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) , with a few frosty nights . Central Australia receives less than 250 mm ( 10 in ) of rain per year . The highest maximum temperature recorded in the territory was 48.3 ° C ( 118.9 ° F ) at Finke on 1 and 2 January 1960 . The lowest minimum temperature was − 7.5 ° C ( 18.5 ° F ) at Alice Springs on 12 July 1976 . Queensland ( edit ) Grassland typical of Queensland and mountain ranges near Proserpine . Because of its size , there is significant variation in climate across the state . Low rainfall and hot summers are typical for the inland west , a monsoonal ' wet ' season in the far north , and warm subtropical conditions along the coastal strip . Inland and in southern ranges cooler temperatures are experienced , especially at nights . The climate of the coastal strip is influenced by warm ocean waters , keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall . There are five predominant climatic zones in Queensland , based on temperature and humidity : hot humid summer ( far north and coastal ) warm humid summer ( coastal elevated hinterlands and coastal south - east ) hot dry summer , mild winter ( central west ) hot dry summer , cold winter ( southern west ) temperate - warm summer , cold winter ( inland south - east , e.g. Granite Belt ) However , most of the Queensland populace experience two weather seasons : a winter period of rather warm temperatures and minimal rainfall and a sultry summer period of hot , sticky temperatures and higher levels of rainfall . The highest maximum temperature observed in the state is 49.5 ° C ( 121.1 ° F ) at Birdsville on 24 December 1972 . The temperature of 53.1 ° C ( 127.6 ° F ) at Cloncurry on 16 January 1889 is not considered official ; the figure quoted from Birdsville is the next highest , so that record is considered as being official . The lowest minimum temperature is − 10.6 ° C ( 12.9 ° F ) at Stanthorpe on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage on 12 July 1965 . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Brisbane 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) 123 1,022 mm ( 40 in ) Gold Coast 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) n / a 1,273 mm ( 50 in ) Mackay 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 123 1,610 mm ( 63 in ) Cairns 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 90 1,991 mm ( 78 in ) Townsville 31 ° C ( 88 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 121 1,132 mm ( 45 in ) Toowoomba 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 114 952 mm ( 37 in ) Rockhampton 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) 116 812 mm ( 32 in ) Mt Isa 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) 175 462 mm ( 18 in ) South Australia ( edit ) See also : Climate of Adelaide Typical desert landscape north of Coober Pedy . The majority of the state has the arid and semi-arid climates . The southern coastal parts of the state have a Mediterranean climate with mild wet winters and hot dry summers . The highest rainfall occurs along the southern coasts and the Mount Lofty Ranges ( with an average annual rainfall of 1,200 millimetres ( 47 in ) in the vicinity of Mount Lofty ) ; the lowest rainfall occurs in the Lake Eyre basin where the average annual totals are less than 150 millimetres ( 6 in ) and possibly even 100 millimetres ( 4 in ) . Most of the rain in the southern districts of the State fall during the winter months when the sub-tropical high - pressure belt is displaced to the north over the Australian continent . South Australia 's mean temperature range is 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) in January and 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in July . Daily temperatures in parts of the state in January and February can be up to 48 ° C ( 118 ° F ) . The highest maximum temperature was recorded as 50.7 ° C ( 123.3 ° F ) at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960 , which is the highest official temperature recorded in Australia . The lowest minimum temperature was − 8.0 ° C ( 17.6 ° F ) at Yongala on 20 July 1976 . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Adelaide 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) 87 551 mm ( 22 in ) Mount Gambier 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 40 710 mm ( 28 in ) Whyalla 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 63 267 mm ( 11 in ) Port Augusta 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 142 218 mm ( 9 in ) Oodnadatta 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) 182 176 mm ( 7 in ) Tasmania ( edit ) Snow field on top of Ben Lomond , in northeast Tasmania . See also : Climate of Tasmania Tasmania has a cool temperate climate with four seasons . Summer lasts from December to February when the average maximum sea temperature is 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) and inland areas around Launceston reach 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . Other inland areas are much cooler with Liawenee , located on the Central Plateau , one of the coldest places in Australia with temperatures in February ranging between 4 to 17 ° C ( 39 to 63 ° F ) . Autumn lasts between March and May and experiences changeable weather , where summer weather patterns gradually take on the shape of winter patterns . The highest recorded maximum temperature in Tasmania was 42.2 ° C ( 108.0 ° F ) at Scamander on 30 January 2009 , during the 2009 south - eastern Australia heat wave . Tasmania 's lowest recorded minimum temperature was − 13 ° C ( 8.6 ° F ) on 30 June 1983 , at Butlers Gorge , Shannon , and Tarraleah . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Hobart 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 41 615 mm ( 24 in ) Launceston 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) 50 630 mm ( 25 in ) Devonport 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 56 773 mm ( 30 in ) Strahan 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 16 1,544 mm ( 61 in ) Victoria ( edit ) A temperate rainforest in Great Otway National Park , in the southwest region of the state . Average monthly maximum temperature in Victoria Month Melbourne Mildura January 25.8 ° C ( 78.4 ° F ) 32.8 ° C ( 91.0 ° F ) February 25.8 ° C ( 78.4 ° F ) 32.7 ° C ( 90.9 ° F ) March 23.8 ° C ( 74.8 ° F ) 29.3 ° C ( 84.7 ° F ) April 20.2 ° C ( 68.4 ° F ) 24.1 ° C ( 75.4 ° F ) May 16.6 ° C ( 61.9 ° F ) 19.6 ° C ( 67.3 ° F ) June 14.0 ° C ( 57.2 ° F ) 16.0 ° C ( 60.8 ° F ) July 13.4 ° C ( 56.1 ° F ) 15.4 ° C ( 59.7 ° F ) August 14.9 ° C ( 58.8 ° F ) 17.7 ° C ( 63.9 ° F ) September 17.2 ° C ( 63.0 ° F ) 21.1 ° C ( 70.0 ° F ) October 19.6 ° C ( 67.3 ° F ) 25.0 ° C ( 77.0 ° F ) November 21.8 ° C ( 71.2 ° F ) 29.0 ° C ( 84.2 ° F ) December 24.1 ° C ( 75.4 ° F ) 31.7 ° C ( 89.1 ° F ) Source : Bureau of Meteorology Wikimedia Commons has media related to Climate diagrams of Victoria . Victoria has a varied climate despite its small size . It ranges from semi-arid and hot in the north - west , to temperate and cool along the coast . Victoria 's main land feature , the Great Dividing Range , produces a cooler , mountain climate in the centre of the state . Victoria 's southernmost position on the Australian mainland means it is cooler and wetter than other mainland states and territories . The coastal plain south of the Great Dividing Range has Victoria 's mildest climate . Air from the Southern Ocean helps reduce the heat of summer and the cold of winter . Melbourne and other large cities are located in this temperate region . The Mallee and upper Wimmera are Victoria 's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby deserts . Average temperatures top 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) during summer and 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in winter . Victoria 's highest maximum temperature of 48.8 ° C ( 119.8 ° F ) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009 , during the 2009 south - eastern Australia heat wave . A screen temperature of 50.7 ° C ( 123.3 ° F ) was recorded on 7 January 1906 in Mildura . The Victorian Alps in the north - east are the coldest part of Victoria . The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east - west through the centre of Victoria . Average temperatures are less than 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) in winter and below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in the highest parts of the ranges . The state 's lowest minimum temperature of − 11.7 ° C ( 10.9 ° F ) was recorded at Omeo on 13 June 1965 , and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970 . Victoria is the wettest Australian state after Tasmania . Rainfall in Victoria increases from north to south , with higher averages in areas of high altitude . Median annual rainfall exceeds 1,800 mm ( 71 in ) in some parts of the north - east but is less than 250 mm ( 10 in ) in the Mallee . Rain is heaviest in the Otway Ranges and Gippsland in southern Victoria and in the mountainous north - east . Snow generally falls only in the mountains and hills in the centre of the state . Rain falls most frequently in winter , but summer precipitation is heavier . Rainfall is most reliable in Gippsland and the Western District , making them both leading farming areas . Victoria 's highest recorded daily rainfall was 375 millimetres ( 14.8 in ) at Tanybryn in the Otway Ranges on 22 March 1983 . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Melbourne 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) 49 648 mm ( 26 in ) Ballarat 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 11 ° C ( 52 ° F ) 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) 55 690 mm ( 27 in ) Bendigo 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) 110 514 mm ( 20 in ) Mildura 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) 132 291 mm ( 11 in ) Shepparton 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) n / a 452 mm ( 18 in ) Bairnsdale 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) 60 650 mm ( 26 in ) Warnambool 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) 53 743 mm ( 29 in ) Temperature and precipitation for Victoria . Source : Bureau of Meteorology , Department of Primary Industries , Australian Natural Resources Atlas Average January temperatures : Victoria 's north is always hotter than coastal and mountainous areas . Average July temperatures : Victoria 's hills and ranges are coolest during winter . Snow also falls there . Average yearly precipitation : Victoria 's rainfall is concentrated in the mountainous north - east and coast . Western Australia ( edit ) A four - wheel drive in the Gibson Desert Most of Western Australia has a hot arid and semi-arid climate . However , the south - west corner of the state has a Mediterranean climate . The area was originally heavily forested , including large stands of the karri , one of the tallest trees in the world . This agricultural region of Western Australia is in the top nine terrestrial habitats for terrestrial biodiversity , with a higher proportion of endemic species than most other equivalent regions . Due to the offshore Leeuwin Current , the area numbers in the top six regions for marine biodiversity , containing the most southerly coral reefs in the world . Average annual rainfall varies from 300 mm ( 12 in ) at the edge of the Wheatbelt region to 1,400 mm ( 55 in ) in the wettest areas near Northcliffe , but in the months of November to March evaporation exceeds rainfall , and it is generally very dry . Plants must be adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils . A major reduction in rainfall has been observed , with a greater number of rainfall events in the summer months . The central four - fifths of the state is semi-arid or desert and is lightly inhabited with the only significant activity being mining . Annual rainfall averages about 200 to 250 mm ( 8 to 10 in ) , most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer months . An exception to this is the northern tropical regions . The Kimberley has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 mm ( 20 to 59 in ) , but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November . Eighty - five percent of the state 's runoff occurs in the Kimberley , but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils , the only development has taken place along the Ord River . A chaparral - like bush land in the Mediterranean region of the state . Australia 's tropical / subtropical location and cold waters off the western coast make most of Western Australia a hot desert with aridity a marked feature of a greater part of the continent . These cold waters produce precious little moisture needed on the mainland . A 2005 study by Australian and American researchers investigated the desertification of the interior , and suggested that one explanation was related to human settlers who arrived about 50,000 years ago . Regular burning by these settlers could have prevented monsoons from reaching interior Australia . Snowfall in the state is rare , and typically only in the Stirling Range near Albany , as it is the only mountain range far enough south and with sufficient elevation . More rarely , snow can fall on the nearby Porongurup Range . Snow outside these areas is a major event ; it usually occurs in hilly areas of south - western Australia . The most widespread low - level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the Perth Hills , as far north as Wongan Hills and as far east as Salmon Gums . However , even in the Stirling Range , snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm ( 2 in ) and rarely settle for more than one day . The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.5 ° C ( 122.9 ° F ) was recorded at Mardie Station on 19 February 1998 . The lowest minimum temperature recorded was − 7.2 ° C ( 19.0 ° F ) at Eyre Bird Observatory on 17 August 2008 . City January Max . Temp January Min . Temp July Max . Temp July Min . Temp No . Clear days Annual Rainfall Perth 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) 131 868 mm ( 34 in ) Albany 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) 45 929 mm ( 37 in ) Kalgoorlie 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) 151 266 mm ( 10 in ) Geraldton 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) 164 441 mm ( 17 in ) Karratha 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 158 297 mm ( 12 in ) Broome 33 ° C ( 91 ° F ) 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) 182 613 mm ( 24 in ) Precipitation ( edit ) Play media Australia sits far south of the equator and under a strong , migrating zone of high - pressure called the subtropical ridge ; this can lead to some interesting cloud cover . Using an advanced supercomputer climate model called GEOS - 5 , NASA scientists recreated 19 days of changing cloud cover over Australia . Watch the visualization to explore the movement of different systems that formed across the continent . Look for rising cumulus clouds that appear to bubble up over land each day . Rain ( edit ) See also : Wet season More than 80 % of the continent has an annual rainfall of less than 600 mm ( 24 in ) ; only Antarctica receives less rainfall than Australia . A place inland near Lake Eyre ( in South Australia ) would only receive 81 mm ( 3 in ) of rain annually . Another place , Troudaninna Bore ( 29 ° 11 ′ 44 '' S 138 ° 59 ′ 28 '' E / 29.19556 ° S 138.99111 ° E / - 29.19556 ; 138.99111 , altitude : 46 m ) in South Australia , from 1893 to 1936 , received , in average , 104.9 mm ( 4.13 inches ) of precipitation . From one extreme to another , parts of the far North Queensland coast annually average over 4,000 mm ( 157 in ) , with the Australian annual record being 12,461 mm ( 491 in ) , set at the summit of Mount Bellenden Ker in 2000 . There are four main factors that contribute to the dryness of the Australian landmass : Cold ocean currents off the west coast Low elevation of landforms Dominance of high - pressure systems Shape of the landmass The average annual rainfall in the Australian desert is low , ranging from 81 to 250 mm ( 3 to 10 in ) per year . Thunderstorms are relatively common in the region , with an average of 15 - 20 thunderstorms per annum . Summer daytime temperatures range from 32 to 40 ° C ( 90 to 104 ° F ) . In winter , this falls to 18 to 23 ° C ( 64 to 73 ° F ) . The southern parts of Australia get the usual westerly winds and rain - bearing cold fronts that come when the high pressure systems move towards northern Australia during winter . Cold snaps may bring frosts inland , though temperatures near the coast are mild or near mild all year round . Summers in southern Australia are generally dry and hot with coastal sea breezes . During a lengthy dry spell , hot and dry winds from the interior can cause bushfires in some southern and eastern states , though most commonly Victoria and New South Wales . The tropical areas of northern Australia have a wet summer because of the monsoon . During `` the wet '' , typically October to April , humid north - westerly winds bring showers and thunderstorms . Occasionally , tropical cyclones can bring heavy rainfall to tropical coastal regions , which is also likely to reach further inland . After the monsoonal season , the dry season comes ( `` winter '' ) , which brings mostly clear skies and milder conditions . Rainfall records tend to be concentrated along the east coast of Australia , particularly in tropical north Queensland . The highest 24 ‐ hour rainfall on record in Australia was 907.0 millimetres ( 35.7 in ) in Crohamhurst on 3 February 1893 . The highest monthly rainfall on record was 5,387.0 millimetres ( 212.1 in ) recorded at Mount Bellenden Ker , Queensland in January 1979 . The highest annual rainfall was 12,461.0 millimetres ( 490.6 in ) recorded also at Mount Bellenden Ker in the year 2000 . Additionally , the location which receives the highest average annual rainfall in Australia is Babinda in Queensland with an annual average of 4,279.4 millimetres ( 168.5 in ) . Low rate of evaporation from this very cool body of water result in little evaporation occurring . Hence , rain clouds are sparsely formed and very rarely do they form long enough for a continuous period of rain to be recorded . Australia 's arid / semi-arid zone extends to this region . The absence of any significant mountain range or area of substantial height above sea level , results in very little rainfall caused by orographic uplift . In the east the Great Dividing Range limits rain moving into inland Australia . Australia has a compact shape , and no significant bodies of water penetrate very far inland . This is important inasmuch as moist winds are prevented from penetrating inland , so keeping rainfall low . Snow ( edit ) Snow ( a relatively rare occurrence in non-alpine regions of Australia ) blankets the town of Robertson causing the closure of various transport facilities including the Cockatoo Run ( 16 August 1996 ) . In Australia , snow falls frequently on the highlands near the east coast , in the states of Victoria , New South Wales and Tasmania and in the Australian Capital Territory . There is a regular snow season in several areas which have seasonal ski tourism industries . Snow also falls with some regularity on the Great Dividing Range as far north as Stanthorpe , Queensland and in isolated parts of South Australia and Western Australia , but outside these areas , snow is an extremely rare occurrence . Snow has also fallen on Uluru and near Alice Springs on at least one occasion . Snow at sea level is occasionally recorded on mainland Australia , but is more frequent in Tasmania where snowfalls at sea level can occur during the winter months . Snow has been recorded across most of Tasmania , though it is rare on the northern coast at sea level . Snow is rare in the southernmost capitals like Melbourne and Hobart , falling less than once every five years , and in the other capitals it is unknown ( however snow has fallen in the hill suburbs of Perth and Adelaide ) . However , there are extensive , well - developed ski fields in the Great Dividing Range , a few hours ' drive from Melbourne and Sydney . Light snow generally falls every winter in Canberra , however , and other cities that may receive regular seasonal snowfalls include Orange , Oberon , Lithgow and Katoomba in New South Wales . The occasional cold snap , caused by cold air drifting north from Antarctica , can cause significant snowfall in rural areas , as well as major cities such as Hobart , Melbourne 's outer mountain suburbs and Canberra . Such occasions are rare , but have occurred in 1958 , 1965 , 1986 , 2005 and 2015 , the 1965 event causing snow to fall as far north as Eungella , near Mackay in tropical Queensland . Extreme snow events have also produced snow as far north - west as Longreach in Queensland and in the ranges near Alice Springs , and also in lowland towns such as Dubbo and Wagga Wagga in New South Wales . The frequency and intensity of such events has been decreasing significantly over the past 40 years and the most northerly occurrence of snow in this time frame has been the Bunya Mountains in southern Queensland . Temperatures ( edit ) A billabong in the Kakadu National Park . The monsoon climate of northern Australia is hot and humid in summer . The tropical savannah zone of Northern Australia is warm to hot all year round . Summers are hot in most of the country with average January maximum temperatures exceeding 30 ° C over most areas of the mainland , except for those at high elevations though . Winters are warm in the north and cool in the south , with nightly frosts common in inland areas south of the Tropic of Capricorn . Only at the highly elevated areas do wintertime temperatures approach those found in much of Europe or North America , especially the southern parts . Temperatures in Australia have followed an increasing trend between the years of 1910 to 2004 by approximately 0.7 ° C. Overnight minimum temperatures have warmed more rapidly than daytime maximum temperatures . The observed warming has hastened in recent years . The late - 20th century warming has been largely attributed to the increased greenhouse effect . Temperature differences between winter and summer are minor in the tropical region of Australia . However , they are greatest in the southern inland , with seasonal differences along the coast being moderated by the ocean 's proximity . In July , a more common latitudinal distribution of average maximums is apparent , ranging from 30 ° C near the north coast to below 3 ° C in the mountainous areas of the south - east . Average minimum temperatures in all seasons are highest in northern Australia and near the coastal areas , and are lowest in the elevated areas of the south - east . The highest average January minimum temperatures ( near 27 ° C ) are found near the north - west coast , while in winter they exceed 20 ° C at some coastal locations in northern Australia and on the Torres Strait and Tiwi Islands . In the mountains of New South Wales , it is not unusual to have average low minimum temperatures dipping below 5 ° C in January and - 5 ° C in July . Comparatively , most inland ( non-mountainous ) areas south of the tropics have average July minimum between 0 ° and 6 ° C . In the desert , the dry air and clear skies give rather large ranges in temperature between day and night . Ranges of 15 ° C being typical and 20 ° C not quite unusual . Light nighttime frosts in winter occur over much of the southern half of the arid zone , where mean July minimum temperatures are mostly in the 3 - 6 ° C range . Moving north , frosts become increasingly rare , with mean July minimum being around 10 ° C on the northern boundary . The highest maximums in Australia are recorded in two regions , the Pilbara and Gascoyne regions of north - western Western Australia and the area extending from south - western Queensland across South Australia into south - eastern Western Australia . Many locations in this region have recorded temperatures exceeding 48 ° C. In January , average maximum temperatures exceed 35 ° C over a large area of the interior and exceed 40 ° C over areas in the north - west . The highest summer maximums in the Pilbara and Gascoyne average at around 41 ° C ( in some years daily maximums consecutively exceed 40 ° C for several weeks at a time ) . Extremes ( edit ) Marble Bar set a world record of most consecutive days of maximum temperatures above 37.8 ° Celsius ( 100 degrees Fahrenheit ) . The most powerful heatwave in the history of south - eastern Australia occurred in January 1939 . Adelaide ( 46.1 ° C on the 12th ) , Melbourne ( 45.6 ° C on the 13th ) and Sydney ( 45.3 ° C on the 14th ) all had record high temperatures during this period , as did many other central district areas in New South Wales , Victoria and South Australia . The record number of consecutive days in Melbourne over 40 ° C is five , with Brisbane and Sydney each having two . Heatwaves usually bring by oppressively warm nights , with Oodnadatta , SA recording an Australian record of nine nights above 30 ° C in February 2004 . Another extreme event was a prolonged period of extensive heatwaves known as the Angry Summer in early 2013 . Marble Bar achieved 160 consecutive days above 37.8 ° C ( 100 ° Fahrenheit ) in 1923 - 24 . Nyang had an average maximum of 44.8 ° C for the months of February 1998 and January 2005 , an Australian record . At the other extreme , average January maximums are near 15 ° C on the highest peaks of the south - east ranges and near 20 ° C in much of Tasmania . In most of the desert region during summer , cool days are rare and usually associated with major rain events - a rather exceptional example occurred in February 1949 , when many areas failed to reach 20 ° C on one or more days , and the maximum at Boulia , western Queensland was at 14.4 ° C , which was 23 ° C below normal . Many other locations in Australia , except those above 500 metres , have extreme maximums between 43 ° and 48 ° C. Most Tasmanian sites away from the north coast have had extreme maximums between 35 ° and 40 ° C. The lowest extreme maximums are found along the north coast of Tasmania ( e.g. 29.5 ° C at Low Head ) and at high elevations ( 27.0 ° C at Thredbo ) . While extreme high temperatures are more common inland than they are near the coast , notable extreme maximum have been observed near the coast ; 50.5 ° C at Mardie , 49.1 ° C at Roebourne , Western Australia , 49.4 ° C at Whyalla and 47.9 ° C at Ceduna , South Australia . At lower elevations , most inland places south of the tropics have extreme minimum between - 3 ° C and - 7 ° C , and these low temperatures have also occurred in locations within a few kilometres of southern and eastern coasts , such as Sale , Victoria ( - 5.6 ° C ) , Bega , New South Wales ( - 8.1 ° C ) , Grove , Tasmania ( - 7.5 ° C ) and Taree , New South Wales ( - 5.0 ° C ) . Many locations in this region have recorded - 10 ° C or lower , including Gudgenby in the Australian Capital Territory ( - 14.6 ° C ) and Woolbrook , New South Wales ( - 14.5 ° C ) . In the desert , the lowest extreme minimum occur at high elevations , especially around Alice Springs , where the temperature has fallen as low as - 7.5 ° C . In the tropics , extreme minimum near or below 0 ° C have occurred at many places distant from the coast , as far north as Herberton , Queensland ( - 5.0 ° C ) . Some locations near tropical coasts , such as Mackay ( - 0.8 ° C ) , Townsville ( 0.1 ° C ) and Kalumburu , Western Australia ( 0.3 ° C ) have also recorded temperatures near 0 ° C. In contrast , some coastal locations , such as Darwin , have never fallen below 10 ° C , and Thursday Island , in the Torres Strait , has an extreme minimum of 16.1 ° C. The lowest maximum temperature on record in Australia was − 6.9 ° C ( 19.6 ° F ) , recorded on 9 July 1978 at Thredbo Ski Resort in New South Wales . The highest minimum temperature on record was 35.5 ° C ( 95.9 ° F ) , recorded on 24 January 1982 in Arkaroola , South Australia and again on 21 January 2003 in Wittenoom , Western Australia . A list of extremes can be found in the tables below : Absolute temperature ranges Month Maximum temperatures Minimum temperatures ° C ° F location and date ° C ° F location and date January 50.7 123.3 Oodnadatta , South Australia ( 2 January 1960 ) − 7.7 18.1 Thredbo Ski Resort , New South Wales ( 24 January 2000 ) February 50.5 122.9 Mardie , Western Australia ( 19 February 1998 ) − 7.0 19.4 Perisher Ski Resort , New South Wales ( 17 February 1979 ) March 47.8 118.0 Carnarvon , Western Australia ( 6 March 2007 ) / Roebourne , Western Australia ( 4 March 1998 ) − 7.2 19.0 Kiandra , New South Wales ( 25 March 1964 ) / Bullocks Flat , New South Wales ( 31 March 1988 ) April 45.0 113.0 Port Hedland , Western Australia ( 1 April 1948 ) / Marble Bar , Western Australia ( 2 April 1928 ) − 13.0 8.6 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 29 April 2009 ) May 40.6 105.1 Bidyadanga , Western Australia ( 6 May 1990 ) − 13.4 7.9 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 24 May 2008 ) June 37.8 100.0 Wyndham , Western Australia ( 2 June 1962 ) − 23.0 − 9.4 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 29 June 1994 ) July 37.6 99.7 Wyndham , Western Australia ( 19 July 1996 ) − 19.6 − 3.3 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 20 July 2010 ) August 40.0 104.0 Kalumburu , Western Australia ( 27 August 1970 ) − 20.6 − 5.1 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 14 August 1968 ) September 43.1 109.6 Roebuck Bay , Western Australia ( 27 September 2003 ) − 16.7 1.9 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 20 September 1967 ) October 46.9 116.4 Port Hedland , Western Australia ( 22 October 2002 ) − 12.0 10.4 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 29 October 2006 ) November 48.7 119.7 Birdsville , Queensland ( 17 November 1990 ) − 9.4 15.1 Charlotte Pass , New South Wales ( 26 November 1968 ) December 49.5 121.1 Birdsville , Queensland ( 24 December 1972 ) − 9.0 15.8 Thredbo Ski Resort , New South Wales ( 13 December 1976 ) Natural hazards and disasters ( edit ) Bushfires ( edit ) Main article : Bushfires in Australia Climatic factors contribute to Australia 's high incidence of bushfires , particularly during the summer months . Low relative humidity , wind and lack of rain can cause a small fire , either man - made or caused naturally by lightning strikes , to spread rapidly over large distances . Low humidity , the heat of the sun and lack of water cause vegetation to dry out becoming a perfect fuel for the fire . High winds fan the flames , increasing their intensity and the speed and distance at which they can travel . Many of the worst bushfires in eastern Australia , such as the 1983 Ash Wednesday fires , accompany El Niño - Southern Oscillation events which tend to cause a warm , dry and windy climate . The worst bushfires in Australian history occurred on Black Saturday in February 2009 . The human death toll of the disaster was 173 , and over 2000 homes were lost . Flooding ( edit ) Though Australia is generally dry and arid , a large portion of the country is in the tropics . Rainfall in these areas is extremely heavy . With some are areas recording world record breaking rain , such as the mountains which lie to the south west of Cairns . Through La Niña years the eastern seaboard of Australia records above average rainfall usually creating damaging floods . The 2010 -- 2011 La Nina system has broken many rainfall records in Australia , particularly in the states of Queensland and New South Wales , which have seen extensive flooding which has caused major damage to infrastructure and crops . The central east area of Queensland , an area the size of Germany and France combined , was under water in 2010 -- 2011 . The estimated damage bill could reach into the billions . Some places that see heavy monthly ( or yearly ) rainfall include : Darwin , Cairns , Townsville , Rockhampton , Innisfail , Strahan , Tasmania , Queenstown , Thursday Island and Mount Read ( Tasmania ) . Global warming ( edit ) Australian annual average temperature anomaly from 1910 to 2009 with five - year locally weighted ( ' Lowess ' ) trend line . Source : Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Main articles : Effects of global warming on Australia and Climate change in Australia According to climate scientists , climate change is predicted by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) to have significant effects on the climate of and extreme weather events in Australia , increasing temperatures and the likelihood of heat waves . According to the Bureau of Meteorology , Australia 's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 ° C ( 1.62 ° F ) above the 1961 - 90 average , making it the nation 's second warmest year since high - quality records began in 1910 . Summer in both 2013 and 2014 continued this trend of record - breaking heat -- 2014 was Australia 's third hottest year on record and 2013 broke national records . In January 2013 , the Bureau of Meteorology altered its weather forecasting chart 's temperature scale to include a range , coloured purple , between 52 ° and 54 ° C . Coastal communities face risks from sea level rise , albeit over a long period of time based on current estimates of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . The Gold Coast , being built on sand and with many canal developments , could be considered particularly at risk . Suburbs of Sydney like Drummoyne and Concord on rivers like the Parramatta River face risks of inundation of low - lying areas such as parks ( such as Timbrell Park and Majors Bay Reserve ) reclaimed from mudflats at the heads of bays , or massive expenses in rebuilding seawalls to higher levels . Currently , there are several environmental movements and campaigners advocating for action on climate change . One such campaign is `` The Big Switch '' , Australia 's largest community climate change campaign . New projections for Australia 's changing climate includes : droughts are likely to become more frequent , particularly in the south - west evaporation rates are likely to increase , particularly in the north and east high - fire - danger weather is likely to increase in the south - east sea levels will continue to rise Drought ( edit ) Drought - affected paddock in the New South Wales farming region of the Riverina Main article : Drought in Australia Drought in Australia is defined by rainfall over a three - month period being in the lowest ten percent of amounts having been recorded for that region in the past . This definition takes into account that low rainfall is a relative term and rainfall deficiencies need to be compared to typical rainfall patterns including seasonal variations . Specifically drought in Australia is defined in relation to a rainfall deficiency of pastoral leases and is determined by decile analysis applied to a certain area . Historical climatic records are now sufficiently reliable to profile climate variability taking into account expectations for regions . State Governments are responsible for declaring a region drought affected and the declaration will take into account factors other than rainfall . Cyclones ( edit ) Cyclone Monica at peak intensity Australia is affected by tropical cyclones which primarily occur between December and April but have developed in November and May , as well . Cyclones over mainland Australia occur on average five to six times each year . The region between Broome and Exmouth are most prone to cyclones . Tropical cyclones are known to bring destructive winds , heavy rain with flooding creating storm surges along the coast , causing inundation in low - lying areas . The strongest Australian region cyclone was Cyclone Monica in 2006 which had wind gusts in excess of 350 km / h ( 220 mph ) . Cyclones can also move inland , decaying to a rain depression , which dump heavy rain in these areas and causing flooding . The worst cyclones of Australia have caused billions of dollars of damage and many deaths . Cyclone Tracy crossed directly over Darwin in 1974 , 71 people were killed . Adjusted for inflation it was Australia 's most damaging cyclone . Cyclone Mahina in 1899 brought a storm surge to Far North Queensland reaching 13 m ( 43 ft ) high , causing 400 deaths and making it the worst natural disaster to befall Australia . Cyclone Larry struck North Queensland and passed over Innisfail in 2006 causing damages estimated at A $1.5 billion but no lives were lost . Cyclone Yasi caused severe flooding and had a total estimated cost of A $3.5 billion making it the second most costliest cyclone to strike Australia . Blizzards ( edit ) Blizzards are not common in mainland Australia , but occur frequently in the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales and Victoria . When blizzards do occur , they can affect the Tasmanian Highlands and , particularly , Mount Wellington , which towers over the Tasmanian capital Hobart . Blizzards do not affect any major towns or cities , because there are no populated areas located in the mountains except for the ski resort towns of New South Wales and Victoria . Dust storms ( edit ) See also : 2009 Australian dust storm A dust storm or sandstorm , a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions , arises when a gust front passes or when the wind force exceeds the threshold value where loose sand and dust are removed from the dry surface . Particles are transported by saltation and suspension , causing soil erosion from one place and deposition in another . The term sandstorm is used most often in the context of desert sandstorms , especially in the Sahara , when , in addition to fine particles obscuring visibility , a considerable amount of larger sand particles moves closer to the surface . The term dust storm is more likely to be used when finer particles are blown long distances , especially when the dust storm affects urban areas . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Climate of Australia . Indigenous Australian seasons List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Australia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/bbd307d0202ca25bca2570de00032610!OpenDocument#CLIMATE%20CHANGE Jump up ^ Climate of Australia Jump up ^ `` Precipitation in Australia '' . Climates and Weather of Australia . Routledge. 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Canberra Area '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics , 2002 Yearbook of Australia . Retrieved 22 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rainfall and Temperature Records : National '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney ( Observatory Hill ) Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Penrith Lakes Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Wollongong Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Coffs Harbour Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Armidale Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wagga Wagga Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Broken Hill Airport Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Summary statistics Darwin Airport '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2009 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Summary statistics Alice Springs Airport '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2009 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 7 : Introduction to the Atmosphere '' . physicalgeography.net . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Australian Government , Bureau of Meteorology - Climate of Queensland Jump up ^ Australian Government , Bureau of Meteorology - Australian climatic zones Jump up ^ `` Brisbane Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Gold CoastClimate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mackay Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cairns Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Townsville Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Towoomba Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mt Isa Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Adelaide Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gambier Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Whyalla Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Port Augusta Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Oodnadatta Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Launceston '' . Australian BOM . Archived from the original on 22 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hobart Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Launceston Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Devonport Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Strahan Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hopetoun sizzles as Mildura sweats Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` City swelters , records tumble in heat '' . The Age . Melbourne . 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ballarat Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bendigo Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mildura Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Shepparton Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bairnsdale Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Warnambool Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of Western Australia '' . Bureau of Meteorology . Archived from the original on 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller G , Mangan J , Pollard D , Thompson S , Felzer B , et al. ( 2005 ) Sensitivity of the Australian Monsoon to insolation and vegetation : Implications for human impact on continental moisture balance . Geology : Vol. 33 , No. 1 pp. 65 -- 68 Jump up ^ Snow in Western Australia : About Snow in WA . Retrieved 4 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Albany Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kalgoorlie Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldton Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Karratha Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Broome Climate Statistics '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Loffler , Ernst ; Anneliese Loffler ; A.J. Rose ; Denis Warner ( 1983 ) . Australia : Portrait of a continent . Richmond , Victoria : Hutchinson Group ( Australia ) . pp. 37 -- 39 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 130460 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Rain '' . Climates and Weather of Australia . Routledge. 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 50 - 1964 , page 48 , https://books.google.com/books?id=gHgz-VKdykkC&pg=PA48 Jump up ^ Kuleshow , Y ; de Hoedt , G ; Wright , W ; Brewster , A ( 2002 ) . `` Thunderstorm distribution and frequency in Australia '' ( PDF ) . Australian Meteorological Magazine . 51 ( 3 ) : 148 . ISSN 0004 - 9743 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rainfall and Temperature Records '' . Climate Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Statistics for Babinda , QL '' . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia - Climate of Our Continent Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100815101407/http://goanna.cs.rmit.edu.au/~jz/travel/aus/climate.html . Archived from the original on 15 August 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Heavy snow in southern Australia , BBC News , 10 August 2005 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , 5 June 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/46d1bc47ac9d0c7bca256c470025ff87/BBD307D0202CA25BCA2570DE00032610?opendocument Jump up ^ http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in July '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official records for Australia in January '' . Daily Extremes . Bureau of Meteorology. 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Weather and Fire , Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Australian Climate Extremes - Fire , Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Australian fires create ' a holocaust ' - CNN.com '' . CNN . 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ CSIRO 's `` Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions '' `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Australian Climate Statement 2009 '' . Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2010 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 was Australia 's third - warmest year : BoM '' . ABC Online . 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben Knight ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Heat wave creates new Australian records '' . 7 : 30 . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Hannam ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Temperatures off the charts as Australia turns deep purple '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The Big Switch , Australia 's largest community climate change campaign Jump up ^ New Projections For Australia 's Changing Climate ^ Jump up to : `` Drought '' . Climate Glossary . Bureau of Meteorology. 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Tapper , Nigel . & Hurry , Lynn . ( 1993 ) Australia 's Weather Patterns : An Introductory Guide . Pages 51 -- 57 . Dellasta . ISBN 1 - 875627 - 14 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Our Natural Resources at a Glance - Climate '' . Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry ( Australia ) . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` When is the cyclone season ? '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` What is the most cyclone - prone region in Australia ? '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau - Bureau of Meteorology - Surviving Cyclones '' . Bureau of Meteorology. 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyclone Yasi to cost insurers $3.5 bln - forecaster '' . Thomson Reuters. 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's worst natural disasters '' . SBS World News Australia . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . External links ( edit ) Australian Bureau of Meteorology - Climate Information Interactive : 100 years of temperatures in Australia - ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) Climate of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and Territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Healthcare Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Australia&oldid=800739802 '' Categories : Climate of Australia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Use Australian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2012 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Australia	612
what is the smallest country in the caribbean	Rank Country ( or dependent territory ) Abbr . July 1 , 2017 projection % of pop . Average relative annual growth ( % ) Average absolute annual growth Estimated doubling time ( Years ) Official figure ( where available ) Date of last figure Source Cuba CU 11,252,000 26.48 0.25 28,000 278 11,238,317 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate Haiti HT 10,981,229 25.49 0.98 97,000 71 9,980,243 2015 Official estimate Dominican Republic DO 10,766,998 23.87 2.31 248,000 30 10,911,819 2015 Official estimate Puerto Rico ( US ) PR 3,508,000 8.26 - 1.13 - 40,000 - 3,548,397 July 1 , 2014 Official estimate Jamaica JM 2,729,000 6.42 0.26 7,000 270 2,723,246 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate 6 Trinidad and Tobago TT 1,357,000 3.19 0.52 7,000 134 1,349,667 2015 Official estimate 7 Guadeloupe ( France ) GP 405,000 0.95 0.25 1,000 280 403,314 January 1 , 2012 Official estimate 8 Martinique ( France ) MQ 383,000 0.90 - 0.52 - 2,000 - 388,364 January 1 , 2012 Official estimate 9 Bahamas BS 379,000 0.89 1.34 5,000 52 369,670 2015 Official estimate 10 Barbados BB 283,000 0.67 0.35 1,000 196 277,821 May 1 , 2010 2010 census result 11 Saint Lucia LC 172,000 0.40 0.58 1,000 119 166,526 May 10 , 2010 Preliminary 2010 census result 12 Curaçao ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) CW 157,000 0.37 0.64 1,000 108 154,843 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate 13 Aruba ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) AW 110,000 0.26 1.85 2,000 38 109,517 2015 Official estimate 14 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC 110,000 0.26 0.00 0 - 109,434 2014 Official estimate 15 United States Virgin Islands ( US ) VI 105,000 0.25 0.00 0 - 106,405 April 1 , 2010 2010 census result 16 Grenada GD 104,000 0.24 0.00 0 - 103,328 May 12 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 17 Antigua and Barbuda AG 89,000 0.21 1.14 1,000 61 85,567 May 27 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 18 Dominica DM 71,000 0.17 0.00 0 - 71,293 May 14 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 19 Cayman Islands ( UK ) KY 59,000 0.14 3.51 2,000 20 58,238 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate 20 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN 46,000 0.11 0.00 0 - 46,204 May 15 , 2011 2011 census result 21 Sint Maarten ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) SX 39,000 0.09 2.63 1,000 27 37,224 February 1 , 2014 Official estimate 22 Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) TC 37,000 0.09 5.71 2,000 12 31,618 January 25 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 23 Saint Martin ( France ) MF 36,000 0.08 0.00 0 - 35,742 January 1 , 2012 Official estimate 24 British Virgin Islands ( UK ) VG 31,000 0.07 3.33 1,000 21 28,054 July 12 , 2010 2010 census result 25 Caribbean Netherlands ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) AN 26,000 0.06 4.00 1,000 18 24,593 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 26 Anguilla ( UK ) AI 14,000 0.03 0.00 0 - 13,037 May 11 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 27 Saint Barthélemy ( France ) BL 10,000 0.02 0.00 0 - 9,131 January 1 , 2012 Official estimate 28 Montserrat ( UK ) MS 5,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 4,922 May 12 , 2011 2011 census result Total 42,491,000 100.00 0.86 364,000 81		List of Caribbean countries by population	list of caribbean countries by population	This list of Caribbean countries and dependent territories is sorted by the mid-year normalized demographic projections . Inland and island countries in the Caribbean region , even if technically not in the Caribbean Sea itself , are included . Some lists include Bermuda , which is located about 1,000 miles from any Caribbean island , and Belize . For related lists , see Caribbean - related below .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 2 See also 2.1 Caribbean - related 2.2 Other 2.2. 1 Countries by population 2.2. 2 Island countries 3 Notes Table ( edit ) Rank Country ( or dependent territory ) Abbr . July 1 , 2017 projection % of pop . Average relative annual growth ( % ) Average absolute annual growth Estimated doubling time ( Years ) Official figure ( where available ) Date of last figure Source Cuba CU 11,252,000 26.48 0.25 28,000 278 11,238,317 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate Haiti HT 10,981,229 25.49 0.98 97,000 71 9,980,243 2015 Official estimate Dominican Republic DO 10,766,998 23.87 2.31 248,000 30 10,911,819 2015 Official estimate Puerto Rico ( US ) PR 3,508,000 8.26 - 1.13 - 40,000 - 3,548,397 July 1 , 2014 Official estimate Jamaica JM 2,729,000 6.42 0.26 7,000 270 2,723,246 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate 6 Trinidad and Tobago TT 1,357,000 3.19 0.52 7,000 134 1,349,667 2015 Official estimate 7 Guadeloupe ( France ) GP 405,000 0.95 0.25 1,000 280 403,314 January 1 , 2012 Official estimate 8 Martinique ( France ) MQ 383,000 0.90 - 0.52 - 2,000 - 388,364 January 1 , 2012 Official estimate 9 Bahamas BS 379,000 0.89 1.34 5,000 52 369,670 2015 Official estimate 10 Barbados BB 283,000 0.67 0.35 1,000 196 277,821 May 1 , 2010 2010 census result 11 Saint Lucia LC 172,000 0.40 0.58 1,000 119 166,526 May 10 , 2010 Preliminary 2010 census result 12 Curaçao ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) CW 157,000 0.37 0.64 1,000 108 154,843 January 1 , 2014 Official estimate 13 Aruba ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) AW 110,000 0.26 1.85 2,000 38 109,517 2015 Official estimate 14 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC 110,000 0.26 0.00 0 - 109,434 2014 Official estimate 15 United States Virgin Islands ( US ) VI 105,000 0.25 0.00 0 - 106,405 April 1 , 2010 2010 census result 16 Grenada GD 104,000 0.24 0.00 0 - 103,328 May 12 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 17 Antigua and Barbuda AG 89,000 0.21 1.14 1,000 61 85,567 May 27 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 18 Dominica DM 71,000 0.17 0.00 0 - 71,293 May 14 , 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 19 Cayman Islands ( UK ) KY 59,000 0.14 3.51 2,000 20 58,238 December 31 , 2014 Official estimate 20 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN 46,000 0.11 0.00 0 - 46,204 May 15 , 2011 2011 census result 21 Sint Maarten ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) SX 39,000 0.09 2.63 1,000 27 37,224 February 1 , 2014 Official estimate 22 Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) TC 37,000 0.09 5.71 2,000 12 31,618 January 25 , 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 23 Saint Martin ( France ) MF 36,000 0.08 0.00 0 - 35,742 January 1 , 2012 Official estimate 24 British Virgin Islands ( UK ) VG 31,000 0.07 3.33 1,000 21 28,054 July 12 , 2010 2010 census result 25 Caribbean Netherlands ( Kingdom of the Netherlands ) AN 26,000 0.06 4.00 1,000 18 24,593 January 1 , 2015 Official estimate 26 Anguilla ( UK ) AI 14,000 0.03 0.00 0 - 13,037 May 11 , 2011 Final 2011 census result 27 Saint Barthélemy ( France ) BL 10,000 0.02 0.00 0 - 9,131 January 1 , 2012 Official estimate 28 Montserrat ( UK ) MS 5,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 4,922 May 12 , 2011 2011 census result Total 42,491,000 100.00 0.86 364,000 81 CFTO to I tumultuous See also ( edit ) Caribbean - related ( edit ) List of Caribbean islands by area List of Caribbean islands by political affiliation List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies List of West Indian First - level Subdivisions Other ( edit ) Countries by population ( edit ) List of countries by population List of African countries by population List of countries in the Americas by population List of Arab countries by population List of Asian countries by population List of Eurasian countries by population List of European countries by population List of European Union member states by population List of Latin American countries by population List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population List of Middle East countries by population List of North American countries by population List of Oceanian countries by population List of South American countries by population List of countries by past and future population List of countries by past population ( United Nations ) List of countries by population in 2000 List of countries by population in 2010 Island countries ( edit ) List of island countries List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calculated , when available , from the latest national censuses or most recent official estimates ( many of which are cited in their respective column ) , using the exponential formula shown on the List of countries by past and future population article . This is done to normalize the different populations to a unique date , so that they are really comparable . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the following formula : projection / projection x100 - 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the calculation : projection * annual_growth / 100 . Jump up ^ It corresponds to the formula : LN ( 2 ) / LN ( growth / 100 + 1 ) , which produces exactly the same result as LOG ( 2 ) / LOG ( growth / 100 + 1 ) . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of the United States since July 26 , 1952 . Caribbean articles History Timeline Taíno -- Arawak Spanish Caribbean ( 1492 -- 1898 ) Dutch Caribbean ( 1554 -- 1863 ) British Caribbean ( 1586 -- 1834 ) French Caribbean ( 1625 -- 1817 ) Baltic - German Caribbean ( 1654 - 1689 ) Danish Caribbean ( 1672 -- 1917 ) German Caribbean ( 1685 - 1693 ) Swedish Caribbean ( 1784 -- 1878 ) By topic Afro - Caribbean Territorial evolution Geography Regions Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Caribbean Basin Caribbean Lowlands Caribbean Plate Caribbean Sea Caribbean South America Southern Caribbean By topic Bioregion Earthquakes Extreme points Islands by area Metropolitan areas Mountains Rivers Ultras sovereign states dependent territories Politics African - Caribbean leftism Caribbean Community CARIFORUM Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Sovereign states and dependent territories Western Caribbean Zone Economy Airlines Airports Central banks and currencies Citrus Fishing Stock exchanges Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange Sugar in Cuba in the Danish West Indies Telecommunications Tourism Culture Afro - Caribbean Art Beer Cuisine Literature Music People Sport Stadiums Television stations Demographics Immigration Languages Pre-Arawakan Population Diseases Religion Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Caribbean_countries_by_population&oldid=814459903 '' Categories : Caribbean society Countries in the Caribbean Demographics of the Caribbean Demographics of North America Lists of countries by large sub or trans - continental region , by population Lists of countries in the Americas Lists of countries by population Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from May 2017 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Български ქართული Latviešu پنجابی Русский Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 23 : 19 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Caribbean%20countries%20by%20population	613
how far is colchester vt from burlington vt			Colchester , Vermont	colchester, vermont	Colchester is a town in Chittenden County , Vermont , United States . The population was 17,067 as of the 2010 census . It is the fourth-most populous municipality and second-most populous town in the state of Vermont . Colchester is a suburb of Burlington -- Vermont 's most populous municipality . The town is directly to Burlington 's north on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain to the west of the Green Mountains . The Vermont National Guard is based in the town , and it is also home to the campus of Saint Michael 's College .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 3 Demographics 4 Economy 4.1 Personal income 4.2 Tourism 5 Government 5.1 Public safety 6 Transportation 7 Notable people 8 Education 8.1 Public school system 9 Media 9.1 Radio 9.2 News 10 References 11 External links Geography ( edit ) Colchester is located on the shore of Malletts Bay , part of Lake Champlain . The westernmost part of the town touches the New York state border in the middle of the lake . To the northwest across the eastern arm of the lake lies the town of South Hero in Grand Isle County , Vermont . Chittenden County communities bordering Colchester are Milton to the northeast , Westford touching the easternmost point of Colchester , Essex to the southeast , and the cities of South Burlington , Winooski , and Burlington to the south . According to the United States Census Bureau , Colchester has a total area of 58.6 square miles ( 151.7 km ) , of which 36.3 square miles ( 94.1 km ) is land and 22.2 square miles ( 57.6 km ) , or 38.0 % , is water . History ( edit ) About 2,000 years ago , during the Early Woodland period , pre-Columbian natives lived in the area . Chartered June 7 , 1763 , the town was named for the Earl of Colchester . In 1922 , the area of Winooski broke away from the town and formed its own city . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 137 -- 1800 347 153.3 % 1810 657 89.3 % 1820 960 46.1 % 1830 1,489 55.1 % 1840 1,739 16.8 % 1850 2,575 48.1 % 1860 3,041 18.1 % 1870 3,911 28.6 % 1880 4,421 13.0 % 1890 5,143 16.3 % 1900 5,352 4.1 % 1910 6,450 20.5 % 1920 6,627 2.7 % 1930 2,638 − 60.2 % 1940 3,031 14.9 % 1950 3,897 28.6 % 1960 4,718 21.1 % 1970 8,776 86.0 % 1980 12,629 43.9 % 1990 14,731 16.6 % 2000 16,986 15.3 % 2010 17,067 0.5 % Est. 2014 17,384 1.9 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 16,986 people , 6,144 households , and 4,184 families residing in the town . The population density was 460.5 people per square mile ( 177.8 / km ) . There were 6,727 housing units at an average density of 182.4 per square mile ( 70.4 / km ) . The racial makeup of the town was 96.53 % White , 0.63 % African American , 0.17 % Native American , 1.58 % Asian , 0.04 % Pacific Islander , 0.25 % from other races , and 0.80 % from two or more races. 1.11 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 6,144 households out of which 34.1 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 55.2 % were married couples living together , 8.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 31.9 % were non-families. 22.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 5.0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.96 . In the town , the population was spread out with 22.6 % under the age of 18 , 16.2 % from 18 to 24 , 32.1 % from 25 to 44 , 22.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 6.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females there were 96.0 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 95.0 males . The Island Line Trail travels from Colchester across Lake Champlain to Grand Isle County ; it is a former railroad line . Economy ( edit ) One measure of economic activity is retail sales . Colchester was fourth in the state in 2007 with $245.8 million . Major employers in the town include the VNA of Chittenden & Grand Isle Counties , Saint Michael 's College , Costco Wholesale Corporation , Green Mountain Power , Shaw 's Supermarket , and Champlain Cable Corporation . In 2015 , the town of Colchester made Fortune Magazine 's list of `` 100 Best Places to Live '' ( ranked # 100 ) , along with Launch a Business and Money Magazine 's list of `` 50 Best Places to Live '' ( ranked # 40 ) . Personal income ( edit ) In 2014 , the median household income for Colchester was $68,440 ; the per capita income was $30,877 . Males had a median income of $38,268 versus $30,880 for females . About 5.4 % of families , 8.2 % of those under age 18 , and 9.7 % of those age 65 or over ( total of 10.6 % of the population ) were below the poverty line . In 2011 , the median home value was $246,269 . Tourism ( edit ) There has been an annual `` Lake Champlain International Father 's Day Fishing Derby '' ( LCI ) since 1981 . In 2009 , 6,000 fishermen entered . The lakeshore areas of Colchester get an influx of vacationers every summer from southern New England and the New York City area . Traffic , especially around the Fourth of July holiday , increases by a substantial margin . Niquette Bay State Park offers hiking and swimming in Lake Champlain . Government ( edit ) Public safety ( edit ) In 2008 , property crimes increased by 36.9 % . Overall , the number of crimes rose 28.9 % to 1,486 incidents . Transportation ( edit ) Interstate 89 passes through the area , with exits 16 and 17 serving Colchester . Exit 16 connects to the concurrency of US Routes 2 and 7 ( Roosevelt Highway ) , just north of Winooski . Exit 17 connects to US 2 , which goes west to the Champlain Islands , and also to US 7 , which heads north toward the town of Milton . Interstate 89 Exit 17 in Colchester ( June 5 , 2015 ) In the southeastern part of Colchester , and also along the US Route 7 corridor , bus service is provided by Green Mountain Transit . Notable people ( edit ) Alfred Elisha Ames , physician and politician Tom Brennan , men 's basketball coach at the University of Vermont Ray Collins , pitcher with the Boston Red Sox ( 1909 -- 1915 ) Roger Enos , Major General and commander of the Vermont Militia in the later stages of the American Revolution Donato Giancola , science fiction and fantasy illustrator Richard Tarrant , American businessman and politician Lucy Wheelock , founder and First President of Wheelock College and Early Childhood pioneer Education ( edit ) Saint Michael 's College is located here . Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences - Vermont Campus , the first pharmacy school in Vermont , is located here on Water Tower Hill . Southern New Hampshire University - Vermont Center , home of the field - based graduate program in education . Public School system ( edit ) Around 2,200 children attend the five schools in Colchester 's school district . The district consists of one high school , Colchester High School ; one middle school , Colchester Middle School ; and three elementary schools : Malletts Bay School , Porters Point School , and Union Memorial School . Colchester High School is home to the award - winning Colchester Theatre Company . The Colchester School District underwent a teacher strike in October 2005 . The strike began over pay increases but quickly escalated to include many other aspects of the system . The strike ended on October 23 , 2005 , with an agreement on pay between teachers and board , and school re-opened on Monday the 24th . Negotiations took place for around five hours on October 18 , 2005 , but resulted in no settlement , and again on the 23rd , resulting in the conclusion to the strike . Media ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) WVTX - 88.7 FM WVMT - 620 AM WXXX `` 95 Triple X '' - 95.5 FM News ( edit ) WFFF - TV - `` Fox 44 '' WPTZ - `` WPTZ NBC 5 '' WVNY - `` ABC 22 '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Census Summary File 1 ( G001 ) : Colchester town , Chittenden County , Vermont '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Census Summary File 1 ( G001 ) : All County Subdivisions within Vermont '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buscher , Sara ( September 1 , 2008 ) . Archaeologists uncover site . Burlington Free Press . Jump up ^ `` History of Colchester '' . Jump up ^ `` Profile for Colchester , Vermont '' . ePodunk . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLean , Dan ( July 13 , 2008 ) . Retail Sales by the numbers . Burlington Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Background Data of Colchester , Vermont '' . Economic Development . Town of Colchester. 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Live 2015 : 40 . Colchester , Vt . '' . Money . Time Inc. 2015 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Background Data of Colchester , Vermont '' . Colchester . Town of Colchester. 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Burlington Free Press , June 26 , 2009 , page 1B , `` LCI Derby winners vetted , '' Joel Banner Baird Jump up ^ Sutkowsi , Matt ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` Property crimes increase in county '' . Burlington , Vermont : Burlington Free Press . pp. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Interstate 89 '' ( PDF ) . VTrans Online Map Center . Vermont Department of Transportation . 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Program History '' . Southern New Hampshire University . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Town of Colchester official website Colchester School District `` Colchester ( Vermont ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 661 . ( show ) Municipalities and communities of Chittenden County , Vermont , United States Shire town : Burlington Cities Burlington South Burlington Winooski Towns Bolton Charlotte Colchester Essex Hinesburg Huntington Jericho Milton Richmond Shelburne St. George Underhill Westford Williston Villages Essex Junction Jericho CDPs Hinesburg Milton Richmond Shelburne Unincorporated communities Buels Gore Jonesville Underhill Center ( show ) State of Vermont Montpelier ( capital ) Regions Champlain Valley Green Mountains Mount Mansfield Northeast Kingdom Counties Addison Bennington Caledonia Chittenden Essex Franklin Grand Isle Lamoille Orange Orleans Rutland Washington Windham Windsor Cities Barre Burlington ( metropolitan area ) Montpelier Newport Rutland St. Albans South Burlington Vergennes Winooski Towns ( pop . > 5000 ) Barre Bennington Brattleboro Colchester Essex Hartford Lyndon Jericho Middlebury Milton Morristown Northfield Rockingham Rutland Shelburne Springfield St. Albans St. Johnsbury Swanton Waterbury Williston Festivals Vermont State Fair Green Mountain Film Festival Topics Delegations Constitution Government History Mountains People Tallest buildings Vermont Republic Villages Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 245394285 LCCN : n93093427 GND : 4443217 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colchester,_Vermont&oldid=794833387 '' Categories : Towns in Vermont Colchester , Vermont Burlington metropolitan area Towns in Chittenden County , Vermont Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage العربية Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська اردو Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 09 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester%2C%20Vermont	614
who have been the winners of america's got talent			America 's Got Talent	america's got talent	America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom .	This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on September 20 , 2017 . The series has been renewed through its thirteenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers ' auditions 2.2 Judges ' Auditions 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That & The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges ( edit ) Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . Season Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers ' auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . Judges ' auditions ( edit ) Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 in seasons 1 to 7 , or 4 from season 8 onwards ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . Golden buzzer ( edit ) Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts Quarterfinalist Reached Semifinals Reached Finals Fifth Place Fourth Place Third Place Runner - up Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N / A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N / A Dustin 's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 11 Dorothy Williams Grace VanderWaal Laura Bretan Sal Valentinetti Calysta Bevier Season Tyra Banks Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Light Balance Christian Guardino Darci Lynne Farmer Angelina Green Mandy Harvey Judge Cuts ( edit ) From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . YouTube auditions ( edit ) Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five and after the season ended , became the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Stern 's departure , at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace VanderWaal , was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent ( Bianca Ryan , age 11 , was first ) . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was placed third . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12 , which premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place . Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Pending Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) No. 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) No. 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) No. 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) No. 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) No. 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) No. 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) No. 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) No. 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) No. 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) No. 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) No. 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 22 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; No. 11 Classical Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) No. 111 ; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) No. 4 Just the Beginning ( 2017 ) No. 22 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) No. 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) No. 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) No. 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) No. 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) No. 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) No. 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . In the United Kingdom , TruTV , along with simulcasts on the Made Television network , show America 's Got Talent , with TruTV showing it from the tenth season . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Bill ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Finale Recap : A New Champion is Crowned '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie . `` Juliet and Jackie Evancho , Bonding as Targets in a Trump Media Frenzy '' , The New York Times , January 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lee , Tiffany . `` Watch 11 - Year - Old Jackie Evancho 's Still - Platinum Pipes Sing ' Nessun Dorma ' '' , Yahoo Music : Maximum Performance , April 27 , 2011 ; and Richardson , Chris . `` Jackie Evancho , Greyson Chance following in Justin Bieber 's footsteps ? '' The Christian Science Monitor , May 24 , 2011 , accessed March 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent winner , Suffern native VanderWaal plays sold - out Vegas show '' Archived October 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , News12.com , Westchester County , New York , October 28 , 2016 , accessed December 14 , 2016 ( content preview ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , TVGrapevine.com , December 18 , 2016 ; and Angermiller , Michele Amabile . `` America 's Got Talent Winner Grace VanderWaal Set to Headline Holiday Special '' Archived November 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Billboard , November 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` ESPN , AGT , Michelle Obama : Monday winners '' Archived December 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Orlando Sentinel , December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parenthood ' Adjusts Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( 2nd Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' ' The X Factor ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' Guys With Kids ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Down , No 18 - 49 Adjustment for ' The X-Factor ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( First Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up ; ' Brooklyn DA ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Million Second Quiz ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Tues ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Weds ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' The Night Shift ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' iZombie ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' 500 Questions ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Off ' Adjusted Down ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who will get slimed ? '' . SheKnows . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Announced '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New 2012 Teen Choice Awards Nominations Led By Breaking Dawn & Snow White '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , Justin Bieber Lead 2012 Teen Choice Award Nominations '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominees ! '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2014 Nominees : ' Catching Fire , ' One Direction , Katy Perry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 Nominations -- Ariana Grande , Taylor Swift & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 Nominations -- Jennifer Lawrence & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Chad . `` Q&A with Jackie Evancho '' , Nashville Parent , June 9 , 2015 ( reprinted here ) Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Got Talent ' Kid Jackie Evancho Makes Chart Impact '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith . `` Under the Covers with Unconventional Stars '' , Billboard magazine , October 20 , 2012 , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soundscan Chart -- Top Current Albums '' , Vakseen.com , November 28 , 2012 ; and `` The Nielsen Company & Billboard 's 2011 Music Industry Report '' ( Press Release ) . Nielson Soundscan . Business Wire . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soundscan Chart -- Top Current Albums '' , Vakseen.com , November 28 , 2012 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` Mumford Holds at No. 1 , Muse 's 2nd Law Leads Multiple Debuts On Billboard 200 Chart '' , Billboard.biz , October 10 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' Archived September 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2nd week sales 22,654 , Hits Daily Double , October 16 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 3rd week sales 13,173 , Hits Daily Double , October 23 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 4th week sales 9,682 , Hits Daily Double , October 30 , 2012 ; `` Building album sales chart '' , 5th week sales 9,044 , Hits Daily Double , November 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Jackie Evancho Arrives with Awakening '' , Prometheus Global Media , October 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Jackie Evancho -- Awakening '' , AcousticSounds.com , October 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of January 7 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed December 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed April 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Classical Albums , the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , April 11 , 2017 ; Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 ; and Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Spends Lucky 13th Week At No. 1 , Lindsey Stirling Bows At No. 2 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ; `` '' Mi música es para liberarse `` , aseguró la bailarina y violinista que es furor en Youtube '' . LaCapital.com.ar . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; and `` Lindsey Stirling chart history '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Tenors Album & Song Chart History -- Classical Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grace VanderWaal '' , Austin City Limits Music Festival , accessed May 9 , 2017 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` The Hamilton Mixtape Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' , Billboard , December 11 , 2016 ( 52,000 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 16 , 2016 ( 14,687 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 23 , 2016 ( 18,972 units ) ; and Caulfield , Keith . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Josh Groban 's Noel & Michael Buble 's Christmas Albums Return '' , Billboard , November 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke . `` What Happened to Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . -- Recent News & Updates '' , The Gazette Review ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) , May 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. : Chart History '' , Billboard , accessed December 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Game Clobbers Akon , Takes Albums Chart News '' . VH1.com . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 2 Most Successful Independent In Sales -- Heavyweight Dj Forums -- Los Angeles '' . Heavyweightdj.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klein , Danny ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Cas Haley ( interview ) '' . MalibuMag.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Adele Notches Ninth Week At # 1 On Billboard -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moen , Nancy . `` MIZZOU Magazine -- Heartland star '' . Mizzoumag.missouri.edu . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex . `` In Full : ' Britain 's Got Talent ' Top 40 '' . DigitalSpy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young opera singer who stunned America with her voice wins Romania 's Got Talent '' . Romania - Insider . Business Insider SRL . June 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Got Talent franchises National franchises Albania Australia Argentina Azerbaijan Belgium VIER vtm RTL - TVI Bulgaria Cambodia Canada China Croatia Czech Republic & Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Moldova Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Philippines Poland Portugal RTP SIC Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Regional franchises Arab World Asia World 's Got Talent ( cancelled ) NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio ( 2018 ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( TBA ) Genius Junior ( TBA ) Good Girls ( 2018 ) Making It ( TBA ) The Reaper ( TBA ) Reverie ( 2018 ) Rise ( 2018 ) VIAF : 182955646 LCCN : no2009048452 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent&oldid=816229178 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series America 's Got Talent American television series based on British television series American variety television series Competitions English - language television programs Live television programs NBC network shows Television series by FremantleMedia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%2527s%20Got%20Talent	615
give two reason for the popularity of solidarity in poland			History of Solidarity	history of solidarity		Gdańsk , 25th anniversary of Solidarity , summer 2005 The history of Solidarity ( Polish : Solidarność , pronounced ( sɔliˈdarnɔɕt͡ɕ ) ( listen ) ) , a Polish non-governmental trade union , began on 14 August 1980 , at the Lenin Shipyards ( now Gdańsk Shipyards ) at its founding by Lech Wałęsa and others . In the early 1980s , it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet - bloc country . Solidarity gave rise to a broad , non-violent , anti-communist social movement that , at its height , claimed some 9.4 million members . It is considered to have contributed greatly to the fall of communism . Poland 's communist government attempted to destroy the union by instituting martial law in 1981 , followed by several years of political repression , but in the end was forced into negotiation . The Roundtable Talks between the government and the Solidarity - led opposition resulted in semi-free elections in 1989 . By the end of August 1989 , a Solidarity - led coalition government had been formed , and , in December 1990 , Wałęsa was elected president . This was soon followed by the dismantling of the communist governmental system and by Poland 's transformation into a modern democratic state . Solidarity 's early survival represented a break in the hard - line stance of the communist Polish United Workers ' Party ( PZPR ) , and was an unprecedented event ; not only for the People 's Republic of Poland -- a satellite of the USSR ruled by a one - party communist regime -- but for the whole of the Eastern bloc . Solidarity 's example led to the spread of anti-communist ideas and movements throughout the Eastern Bloc , weakening communist governments . This process later culminated in the Revolutions of 1989 . In the 1990s , Solidarity 's influence on Poland 's political scene waned . A political arm of the `` Solidarity '' movement , Solidarity Electoral Action ( AWS ) , was founded in 1996 and would win the Polish parliamentary elections in 1997 , only to lose the subsequent 2001 elections . Thereafter , Solidarity had little influence as a political party , though it did become the largest trade union in Poland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre -- 1980 roots 2 Early strikes ( 1980 ) 3 First Solidarity ( 1980 -- 1981 ) 4 Martial law ( 1981 -- 83 ) 5 Underground Solidarity ( 1982 -- 88 ) 6 Second Solidarity ( 1988 -- 89 ) 7 Party and trade union ( 1989 to the present ) 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Pre -- 1980 roots ( edit ) Millions cheered Pope John Paul II during his first visit to Poland as pontiff ( 1979 ) . In the 1970s and 1980s , the initial success of Solidarity in particular , and of dissident movements in general , was fed by a deepening crisis within Soviet - influenced societies . There was declining morale , worsening economic conditions ( a shortage economy ) , and growing stress from the Cold War . After a brief boom period , from 1975 the policies of the Polish government , led by Party First Secretary Edward Gierek , precipitated a slide into increasing depression , as foreign debt mounted . In June 1976 , the first workers ' strikes took place , involving violent incidents at factories in Płock , Radom and Ursus . When these incidents were quelled by the government , the worker 's movement received support from intellectual dissidents , many of them associated with the Committee for Defense of the Workers ( Polish : Komitet Obrony Robotników , abbreviated KOR ) , formed in 1976 . The following year , KOR was renamed the Committee for Social Self - defence ( KSS - KOR ) . On October 16 , 1978 , the Bishop of Kraków , Karol Wojtyła , was elected Pope John Paul II . A year later , during his first pilgrimage to Poland , his masses were attended by hundreds of thousands of his countrymen . The Pope called for the respecting of national and religious traditions and advocated for freedom and human rights , while denouncing violence . To many Poles , he represented a spiritual and moral force that could be set against brute material forces , he was a bellwether of change , and became an important symbol -- and supporter -- of changes to come . Early strikes ( 1980 ) ( edit ) Strikes did not occur merely due to problems that had emerged shortly before the labor unrest , but due to governmental and economic difficulties spanning more than a decade . In July 1980 , Edward Gierek 's government , facing economic crisis , decided to raise prices while slowing the growth of wages . At once there ensued a wave of strikes and factory occupations , with the biggest strikes taking place in the area of Lublin . The first strike started on July 8 , 1980 in the State Aviation Works in Świdnik . Although the strike movement had no coordinating center , the workers had developed an information network to spread news of their struggle . A `` dissident '' group , the Workers ' Defence Committee ( KOR ) , which had originally been set up in 1976 to organize aid for victimized workers , attracted small groups of working - class militants in major industrial centers . At the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk , the firing of Anna Walentynowicz , a popular crane operator and activist , galvanized the outraged workers into action . On August 14 , the shipyard workers began their strike , organized by the Free Trade Unions of the Coast ( Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża ) . The workers were led by electrician Lech Wałęsa , a former shipyard worker who had been dismissed in 1976 , and who arrived at the shipyard late in the morning of August 14 . The strike committee demanded the rehiring of Walentynowicz and Wałęsa , as well as the according of respect to workers ' rights and other social concerns . In addition , they called for the raising of a monument to the shipyard workers who had been killed in 1970 and for the legalization of independent trade unions . The Polish government enforced censorship , and official media said little about the `` sporadic labor disturbances in Gdańsk '' ; as a further precaution , all phone connections between the coast and the rest of Poland were soon cut . Nonetheless , the government failed to contain the information : a spreading wave of samizdats ( Polish : bibuła ) , including Robotnik ( The Worker ) , and grapevine gossip , along with Radio Free Europe broadcasts that penetrated the Iron Curtain , ensured that the ideas of the emerging Solidarity movement quickly spread . Monument to Shipyard Workers Fallen in 1970 , created following the Gdańsk Agreement , and unveiled December 16 , 1980 Strikers waiting in front of the Lenin Shipyard On August 16 , delegations from other strike committees arrived at the shipyard . Delegates ( Bogdan Lis , Andrzej Gwiazda and others ) together with shipyard strikers agreed to create an Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee ( Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy , or MKS ) . On August 17 a priest , Henryk Jankowski , performed a mass outside the shipyard 's gate , at which 21 demands of the MKS were put forward . The list went beyond purely local matters , beginning with a demand for new , independent trade unions and going on to call for a relaxation of the censorship , a right to strike , new rights for the Church , the freeing of political prisoners , and improvements in the national health service . Next day , a delegation of KOR intelligentsia , including Tadeusz Mazowiecki , arrived to offer their assistance with negotiations . A bibuła news - sheet , Solidarność , produced on the shipyard 's printing press with KOR assistance , reached a daily print run of 30,000 copies . Meanwhile , Jacek Kaczmarski 's protest song , Mury ( Walls ) , gained popularity with the workers . On August 18 , the Szczecin Shipyard joined the strike , under the leadership of Marian Jurczyk . A tidal wave of strikes swept the coast , closing ports and bringing the economy to a halt . With KOR assistance and support from many intellectuals , workers occupying factories , mines and shipyards across Poland joined forces . Within days , over 200 factories and enterprises had joined the strike committee . By August 21 , most of Poland was affected by the strikes , from coastal shipyards to the mines of the Upper Silesian Industrial Area ( in Upper Silesia , the city of Jastrzębie - Zdrój became center of the strikes , with a separate committee organized there , see Jastrzębie - Zdrój 1980 strikes ) . More and more new unions were formed , and joined the federation . Thanks to popular support within Poland , as well as to international support and media coverage , the Gdańsk workers held out until the government gave in to their demands . On August 21 a Governmental Commission ( Komisja Rządowa ) including Mieczysław Jagielski arrived in Gdańsk , and another one with Kazimierz Barcikowski was dispatched to Szczecin . On August 30 and 31 , and on September 3 , representatives of the workers and the government signed an agreement ratifying many of the workers ' demands , including the right to strike . This agreement came to be known as the August or Gdańsk agreement ( Porozumienia sierpniowe ) . Other agreements were signed in Szczecin ( the Szczecin Agreement of August 30 ) , and Jastrzębie - Zdrój on September 3 . It was called the Jastrzębie Agreement ( Porozumienia jastrzebskie ) and as such is regarded as part of the Gdańsk agreement . Though concerned with labor - union matters , the agreement enabled citizens to introduce democratic changes within the communist political structure and was regarded as a first step toward dismantling the Party 's monopoly of power . The workers ' main concerns were the establishment of a labor union independent of communist - party control , and recognition of a legal right to strike . Workers ' needs would now receive clear representation . Another consequence of the Gdańsk Agreement was the replacement , in September 1980 , of Edward Gierek by Stanisław Kania as Party First Secretary . First Solidarity ( 1980 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) Encouraged by the success of the August strikes , on September 17 workers ' representatives , including Lech Wałęsa , formed a nationwide labor union , Solidarity ( Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy ( NSZZ ) `` Solidarność '' ) . It was the first independent labor union in a Soviet - bloc country . Its name was suggested by Karol Modzelewski , and its famous logo was conceived by Jerzy Janiszewski , designer of many Solidarity - related posters . The new union 's supreme powers were vested in a legislative body , the Convention of Delegates ( Zjazd Delegatów ) . The executive branch was the National Coordinating Commission ( Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza ) , later renamed the National Commission ( Komisja Krajowa ) . The Union had a regional structure , comprising 38 regions ( region ) and two districts ( okręg ) . On December 16 , 1980 , the Monument to Fallen Shipyard Workers was unveiled in Gdansk , and on June 28 , 1981 , another monument was unveiled in Poznan , which commemorated the Poznań 1956 protests . On January 15 , 1981 , a Solidarity delegation , including Lech Wałęsa , met in Rome with Pope John Paul II . From September 5 to 10 , and from September 26 to October 7 , Solidarity 's first national congress was held , and Lech Wałęsa was elected its president . Last accord of the congress was adoption of republican program `` Self - governing Republic '' . March 20 -- 21 , 1981 , issue of Wieczór Wrocławia ( The Wrocław Evening ) . Blank spaces remain after the government censor has pulled articles from page 1 ( right , `` What happened at Bydgoszcz ? '' ) and from the last page ( left , `` Country - wide strike alert '' ) , leaving only their titles . The printers -- Solidarity - trade - union members -- have decided to run the newspaper as is , with blank spaces intact . The bottom of page 1 of this master copy bears the hand - written Solidarity confirmation of that decision . Meanwhile , Solidarity had been transforming itself from a trade union into a social movement or more specifically , a revolutionary movement . Over the 500 days following the Gdańsk Agreement , 9 -- 10 million workers , intellectuals and students joined it or its suborganizations , such as the Independent Student Union ( Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów , created in September 1980 ) , the Independent Farmers ' Trade Union ( NSZZ Rolników Indywidualnych `` Solidarność '' or Rural Solidarity , created in May 1981 ) and the Independent Craftsmen 's Trade Union . It was the only time in recorded history that a quarter of a country 's population ( some 80 % of the total Polish work force ) had voluntarily joined a single organization . `` History has taught us that there is no bread without freedom , '' the Solidarity program stated a year later . `` What we had in mind was not only bread , butter and sausages , but also justice , democracy , truth , legality , human dignity , freedom of convictions , and the repair of the republic . '' Tygodnik Solidarność , a Solidarity - published newspaper , was started in April 1981 . Using strikes and other protest actions , Solidarity sought to force a change in government policies . In some cases , as in Bielsko - Biała , Solidarity managed to force corrupt officials of the government to lose their jobs . At the same time , it was careful never to use force or violence , so as to avoid giving the government any excuse to bring security forces into play . After 27 Bydgoszcz Solidarity members , including Jan Rulewski , were beaten up on March 19 , a four - hour warning strike on March 27 , involving around twelve million people , paralyzed the country . This was the largest strike in the history of the Eastern bloc , and it forced the government to promise an investigation into the beatings . This concession , and Wałęsa 's agreement to defer further strikes , proved a setback to the movement , as the euphoria that had swept Polish society subsided . Nonetheless the Polish communist party -- the Polish United Workers ' Party ( PZPR ) -- had lost its total control over society . Yet while Solidarity was ready to take up negotiations with the government , the Polish communists were unsure what to do , as they issued empty declarations and bided their time . Against the background of a deteriorating communist shortage economy and unwillingness to negotiate seriously with Solidarity , it became increasingly clear that the Communist government would eventually have to suppress the Solidarity movement as the only way out of the impasse , or face a truly revolutionary situation . The atmosphere was increasingly tense , with various local chapters conducting a growing number of uncoordinated strikes as well as street protests , such as the Summer 1981 hunger demonstrations in Poland , in response to the worsening economic situation . On December 3 , 1981 , Solidarity announced that a 24 - hour strike would be held if the government were granted additional powers to suppress dissent , and that a general strike would be declared if those powers were used . Martial law ( 1981 -- 83 ) ( edit ) Further information : Martial law in Poland After the Gdańsk Agreement , the Polish government was under increasing pressure from the Soviet Union to take action and strengthen its position . Stanisław Kania was viewed by Moscow as too independent , and on October 18 , 1981 , the Party Central Committee put him in the minority . Kania lost his post as First Secretary , and was replaced by Prime Minister ( and Minister of Defence ) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski , who adopted a strong - arm policy . Memorial to the `` martyrs '' of Solidarity outside Les Invalides in Paris , Easter 1982 On December 13 , 1981 , Jaruzelski began a crack - down on Solidarity , declaring martial law and creating a Military Council of National Salvation ( Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego , or WRON ) . Solidarity 's leaders , gathered at Gdańsk , were arrested and isolated in facilities guarded by the Security Service ( Służba Bezpieczeństwa or SB ) , and some 5,000 Solidarity supporters were arrested in the middle of the night . Censorship was expanded , and military forces appeared on the streets . A couple of hundred strikes and occupations occurred , chiefly at the largest plants and at several Silesian coal mines , but were broken by ZOMO paramilitary riot police . One of the largest demonstrations , on December 16 , 1981 , took place at the Wujek Coal Mine , where government forces opened fire on demonstrators , killing 9 and seriously injuring 22 . The next day , during protests at Gdańsk , government forces again fired at demonstrators , killing 1 and injuring 2 . By December 28 , 1981 , strikes had ceased , and Solidarity appeared crippled . The last strike in the 1981 Poland , which ended on December 28 , took place in the Piast Coal Mine in the Upper Silesian town of Bieruń . It was the longest underground strike in the history of Poland , lasting 14 days . Some 2000 miners began it on December 14 , going 650 meters underground . Out of the initial 2000 , half remained until the last day . Starving , they gave up after military authorities promised they would not be prosecuted . On October 8 , 1982 , Solidarity was banned . The range of support for the Solidarity was unique : no other movement in the world was supported by Ronald Reagan , Santiago Carrillo , Enrico Berlinguer , Pope John Paul II , Margaret Thatcher , Tony Benn , peace campaigners , NATO Spokesman , Christians , Western Communists , Conservatives , Liberals , Socialists . The international community outside the Iron Curtain condemned Jaruzelski 's actions and declared support for Solidarity ; dedicated organizations were formed for that purpose ( like Polish Solidarity Campaign in Great Britain ) . US President Ronald Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland , which eventually would force the Polish government into liberalizing its policies . Meanwhile , the CIA together with the Catholic Church and various Western trade unions such as the AFL - CIO provided funds , equipment and advice to the Solidarity underground . The political alliance of Reagan and the Pope would prove important to the future of Solidarity . The Polish public also supported what was left of Solidarity ; a major medium for demonstrating support of Solidarity became masses held by priests such as Jerzy Popiełuszko . Besides the communist authorities , Solidarity was also opposed by some of the Polish ( émigré ) radical right , believing Solidarity or KOR to be disguised communist groups , dominated by Jewish Trotskyite Zionists . In July 1983 , martial law was formally lifted , though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life , as well as food rationing , remained in place through the mid-to - late 1980s . Underground Solidarity ( 1982 -- 88 ) ( edit ) `` Fighting Solidarity '' poster , modeled after World War II `` Kotwica '' emblem Almost immediately after the legal Solidarity leadership had been arrested , underground structures began to arise . On April 12 , 1982 , Radio Solidarity began broadcasting . On April 22 , Zbigniew Bujak , Bogdan Lis , Władysław Frasyniuk and Władysław Hardek created an Interim Coordinating Commission ( Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna ) to serve as an underground leadership for Solidarity . On May 6 another underground Solidarity organization , an NSSZ `` S '' Regional Coordinating Commission ( Regionalna Komisja Koordynacyjna NSZZ `` S '' ) , was created by Bogdan Borusewicz , Aleksander Hall , Stanisław Jarosz , Bogdan Lis and Marian Świtek . June 1982 saw the creation of a Fighting Solidarity ( Solidarność Walcząca ) organization . Throughout the mid-1980s , Solidarity persevered as an exclusively underground organization . Its activists were dogged by the Security Service ( SB ) , but managed to strike back : on May 1 , 1982 , a series of anti-government protests brought out thousands of participants -- several dozen thousand in Kraków , Warsaw and Gdańsk . On May 3 more protests took place , during celebrations of the Constitution of May 3 , 1791 . On that day , communist secret services killed four demonstrators -- three in Warsaw and one in Wrocław . Another wave of demonstrations occurred on August 31 , 1982 , on the first anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement ( see August 31 , 1982 demonstrations in Poland ) . Altogether , on that day six demonstrators were killed -- three in Lubin , one in Kielce , one in Wrocław and one in Gdańsk . Another person was killed on the next day , during a demonstration in Częstochowa . Further strikes occurred at Gdańsk and Nowa Huta between October 11 and 13 . In Nowa Huta , a 20 - year - old student Bogdan Wlosik was shot by a secret service officer . A wave of protests was sparked by the 1984 murder of Warsaw priest Jerzy Popiełuszko . On November 14 , 1982 , Wałęsa was released . However , on December 9 the SB carried out a large anti-Solidarity operation , arresting over 10,000 activists . On December 27 Solidarity 's assets were transferred by the authorities to a pro-government trade union , the All - Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( Ogólnopolskie Porozumienie Związków Zawodowych , or OPZZ ) . Yet Solidarity was far from broken : by early 1983 the underground had over 70,000 members , whose activities included publishing over 500 underground newspapers . In the first half of 1983 street protests were frequent ; on May 1 , two persons were killed in Kraków and one in Wrocław . Two days later , two additional demonstrators were killed in Warsaw . On July 22 , 1983 , martial law was lifted , and amnesty was granted to many imprisoned Solidarity members , who were released . On October 5 , Wałęsa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . The Polish government , however , refused to issue him a passport to travel to Oslo ; Wałęsa 's prize was accepted on his behalf by his wife . It later transpired that the SB had prepared bogus documents , accusing Wałęsa of immoral and illegal activities that had been given to the Nobel committee in an attempt to derail his nomination . On October 19 , 1984 , three agents of the Ministry of Internal Security murdered a popular pro-Solidarity priest , Jerzy Popiełuszko . As the facts emerged , thousands of people declared their solidarity with the murdered priest by attending his funeral , held on November 3 , 1984 . The government attempted to smooth over the situation by releasing thousands of political prisoners ; a year later , however , there followed a new wave of arrests . Frasyniuk , Lis and Adam Michnik , members of the `` S '' underground , were arrested on February 13 , 1985 , placed on a show trial , and sentenced to several years ' imprisonment . Second Solidarity ( 1988 -- 89 ) ( edit ) On March 11 , 1985 , power in the Soviet Union was assumed by Mikhail Gorbachev . The worsening economic situation in the entire Eastern Bloc , including the Soviet Union , together with other factors , forced Gorbachev to carry out a number of reforms , not only in the field of economics ( uskoreniye ) but in the political and social realms ( glasnost and perestroika ) . Gorbachev 's policies soon caused a corresponding shift in the policies of Soviet satellites , including the People 's Republic of Poland . On September 11 , 1986 , 225 Polish political prisoners were released -- the last of those connected with Solidarity , and arrested during the previous years . Following amnesty on September 30 , Wałęsa created the first public , legal Solidarity entity since the declaration of martial law -- the Temporary Council of NSZZ Solidarność ( Tymczasowa Rada NSZZ Solidarność ) -- with Bogdan Borusewicz , Zbigniew Bujak , Władysław Frasyniuk , Tadeusz Janusz Jedynak , Bogdan Lis , Janusz Pałubicki and Józef Pinior . Soon afterwards , the new Council was admitted to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions . Many local Solidarity chapters now broke their cover throughout Poland , and on October 25 , 1987 , the National Executive Committee of NSZZ Solidarność ( Krajowa Komisja Wykonawcza NSZZ Solidarność ) was created . Nonetheless , Solidarity members and activists continued to be persecuted and discriminated , if less so than during the early 1980s . In the late 1980s , a rift between Wałęsa 's faction and a more radical Fighting Solidarity grew as the former wanted to negotiate with the government , while the latter planned for an anti-communist revolution . By 1988 , Poland 's economy was in worse condition than it had been eight years earlier . International sanctions , combined with the government 's unwillingness to introduce reforms , intensified the old problems . Inefficient government - run planned - economy enterprises wasted labor and resources , producing substandard goods for which there was little demand . Polish exports were low , both because of the sanctions and because the goods were as unattractive abroad as they were at home . Foreign debt and inflation mounted . There were no funds to modernize factories , and the promised `` market socialism '' materialized as a shortage economy characterized by long queues and empty shelves . Reforms introduced by Jaruzelski and Mieczysław Rakowski came too little and too late , especially as changes in the Soviet Union had bolstered the public 's expectation that change must come , and the Soviets ceased their efforts to prop up Poland 's failing regime . In February 1988 , the government hiked food prices by 40 % . On April 21 , a new wave of strikes hit the country . On May 2 , workers at the Gdańsk Shipyard went on strike . That strike was broken by the government between May 5 and May 10 , but only temporarily : on August 15 , a new strike took place at the `` July Manifesto '' mine in Jastrzębie Zdrój . By August 20 the strike had spread to many other mines , and on August 22 the Gdańsk Shipyard joined the strike . Poland 's communist government then decided to negotiate . `` High Noon , June 4 , 1989 '' , Solidarity Citizens ' Committee election poster by Tomasz Sarnecki On August 26 , Czesław Kiszczak , the Minister of Internal Affairs , declared on television that the government was willing to negotiate , and five days later he met with Wałęsa . The strikes ended the following day , and on November 30 , during a televised debate between Wałęsa and Alfred Miodowicz ( leader of the pro-government trade union , the All - Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ) , Wałęsa scored a public - relations victory . On December 18 , a hundred - member Citizens ' Committee ( Komitet Obywatelski ) was formed within Solidarity . It comprised several sections , each responsible for presenting a specific aspect of opposition demands to the government . Wałęsa and the majority of Solidarity leaders supported negotiation , while a minority wanted an anticommunist revolution . Under Wałęsa 's leadership , Solidarity decided to pursue a peaceful solution , and the pro-violence faction never attained any substantial power , nor did it take any action . On January 27 , 1989 , in a meeting between Wałęsa and Kiszczak , a list was drawn up of members of the main negotiating teams . The conference that began on February 6 would be known as the Polish Round Table Talks . The 56 participants included 20 from `` S '' , 6 from OPZZ , 14 from the PZPR , 14 `` independent authorities '' , and two priests . The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw from February 6 to April 4 , 1989 . The Communists , led by Gen. Jaruzelski , hoped to co-opt prominent opposition leaders into the ruling group without making major changes in the structure of political power . Solidarity , while hopeful , did not anticipate major changes . In fact , the talks would radically alter the shape of the Polish government and society . On April 17 , 1989 , Solidarity was legalized , and its membership soon reached 1.5 million . The Solidarity Citizens ' Committee ( Komitet Obywatelski `` Solidarność '' ) was given permission to field candidates in the upcoming elections . Election law allowed Solidarity to put forward candidates for only 35 % of the seats in the Sejm , but there were no restrictions in regard to Senat candidates . Agitation and propaganda continued legally up to election day . Despite its shortage of resources , Solidarity managed to carry on an electoral campaign . On May 8 , the first issue of a new pro-Solidarity newspaper , Gazeta Wyborcza ( The Election Gazette ) , was published . Posters of Wałęsa supporting various candidates , appeared throughout the country . Solidarity Chairman Wałęsa ( center ) with US President George H.W. Bush ( right ) and Barbara Bush ( left ) in Warsaw , July 1989 Pre-election public - opinion polls had promised victory to the communists . Thus the total defeat of the PZPR and its satellite parties came as a surprise to all involved : after the first round of elections , it became evident that Solidarity had fared extremely well , capturing 160 of 161 contested Sejm seats , and 92 of 100 Senate seats . After the second round , it had won virtually every seat -- all 161 in the Sejm , and 99 in the Senate . These elections , in which anti-communist candidates won a striking victory , inaugurated a series of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe that eventually culminated in the fall of communism . The new Contract Sejm , named for the agreement that had been reached by the communist party and the Solidarity movement during the Polish Round Table Talks , would be dominated by Solidarity . As agreed beforehand , Wojciech Jaruzelski was elected president . However , the communist candidate for Prime Minister , Czesław Kiszczak , who replaced Mieczysław Rakowski , failed to gain enough support to form a government . On June 23 , a Solidarity Citizens ' Parliamentary Club ( Obywatelski Klub Parliamentarny `` Solidarność '' ) was formed , led by Bronisław Geremek . It formed a coalition with two ex-satellite parties of the PZPR -- United People 's Party and Democratic Party -- which had now chosen to `` rebel '' against the PZPR , which found itself in the minority . On August 24 , the Sejm elected Tadeusz Mazowiecki , a Solidarity representative , to be Prime Minister of Poland . Not only was he a first non-communist Polish Prime Minister since 1945 , he became the first non-Communist prime minister in Eastern Europe for nearly 40 years . In his speech he talked about the `` thick line '' ( Gruba kreska ) which would separate his government from the communist past By the end of August 1989 , a Solidarity - led coalition government had been formed . Party and trade union ( 1989 to the present ) ( edit ) The fall of the communist regime marked a new chapter in the history of Poland and in the history of Solidarity . Having defeated the communist government , Solidarity found itself in a role it was much less prepared for -- that of a political party -- and soon began to lose popularity . Conflicts among Solidarity factions intensified . Wałęsa was elected Solidarity chairman , but support for him could be seen to be crumbling . One of his main opponents , Władysław Frasyniuk , withdrew from elections altogether . In September 1990 , Wałęsa declared that Gazeta Wyborcza had no right to use the Solidarity logo . Later that month , Wałęsa announced his intent to run for president of Poland . In December 1990 , he was elected president . He resigned his Solidarity post and became the first president of Poland ever to be elected by popular vote . Solidarity economist Leszek Balcerowicz , framer of the Balcerowicz Plan Next year , in February 1991 , Marian Krzaklewski was elected the leader of Solidarity . President Wałęsa 's vision and that of the new Solidarity leadership were diverging . Far from supporting Wałęsa , Solidarity was becoming increasingly critical of the government , and decided to create its own political party for action in the upcoming 1991 parliamentary elections . The 1991 elections were characterized by a large number of competing parties , many claiming the legacy of anti-communism , and the Solidarity party garnered only 5 % of the votes . On January 13 , 1992 , Solidarity declared its first strike against the democratically elected government : a one - hour strike against a proposal to raise energy prices . Another , two - hour strike took place on December 14 . On May 19 , 1993 , Solidarity deputies proposed a no - confidence motion -- which passed -- against the government of Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka . President Wałęsa declined to accept the prime minister 's resignation , and dismissed the parliament . It was in the ensuing 1993 parliamentary elections that it became evident how much Solidarity 's support had eroded in the previous three years . Even though some Solidarity deputies sought to assume a more left - wing stance and to distance themselves from the right - wing government , Solidarity remained identified in the public mind with that government . Hence it suffered from the growing disillusionment of the populace , as the transition from a communist to a capitalist system failed to generate instant wealth and raise Poland 's living standards to those in the West , and the government 's financial `` shock therapy '' ( the Balcerowicz Plan ) generated much opposition . In the elections , Solidarity received only 4.9 % of the votes , 0.1 % less than the 5 % required in order to enter parliament ( Solidarity still had 9 senators , 2 fewer than in the previous Senate ) . The victorious party was the Democratic Left Alliance ( Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej or SLD ) , a post-communist left - wing party . Solidarity now joined forces with its erstwhile enemy , the All - Poland Alliance of Trade Unions ( OPZZ ) , and some protests were organized by both trade unions . The following year , Solidarity organized many strikes over the state of the Polish mining industry . In 1995 , a demonstration before the Polish parliament was broken up by the police ( now again known as policja ) using batons and water cannons . Nonetheless , Solidarity decided to support Wałęsa in the 1995 presidential elections . In a second major defeat for the Polish right wing , the elections were won by an SLD candidate , Aleksander Kwaśniewski , who received 51.72 % of votes . A Solidarity call for new elections went unheeded , but the Sejm still managed to pass a resolution condemning the 1981 martial law ( despite the SLD voting against ) . Meanwhile , the left - wing OPZZ trade union had acquired 2.5 million members , twice as many as the contemporary Solidarity ( with 1.3 million ) . Solidarity , ETUC Demonstration , Budapest , 2011 In June 1996 , Solidarity Electoral Action ( Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność ) was founded as a coalition of over 30 parties , uniting liberal , conservative and Christian - democratic forces . As the public became disillusioned with the SLD and its allies , AWS was victorious in the 1997 parliamentary elections . Jerzy Buzek became the new prime minister . However , controversies over domestic reforms , Poland 's 1999 entry into NATO , and the accession process to the European Union , combined with AWS ' fights with its political allies ( the Freedom Union -- Unia Wolności ) and infighting within AWS itself , as well as corruption , eventually resulted in the loss of much public support . AWS leader Marian Krzaklewski lost the 2000 presidential election , and in the 2001 parliamentary elections AWS failed to elect a single deputy to the parliament . After this debacle , Krzaklewski was replaced by Janusz Śniadek ( in 2002 ) but the union decided to distance itself from politics . In 2006 , Solidarity had some 1.5 million members making it the largest trade union in Poland . Its mission statement declares that Solidarity , `` basing its activities on Christian ethics and Catholic social teachings , works to protect workers ' interests and to fulfill their material , social and cultural aspirations . '' The European Solidarity Centre , a museum and library devoted to the history of Solidarity and other opposition movements of the Eastern Bloc , opened in Gdańsk on 31 August 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Colin Barker . `` The rise of Solidarnosc '' . International Socialism , Issue : 108 . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lepak , Keith John ( 1989 ) . Prelude to Solidarity . Columbia University Press . pp. p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barbara J. Falk ( 2003 ) . The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East - Central Europe : Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings . Central European University Press . pp. p. 34 . ISBN 963 - 9241 - 39 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barbara J. Falk ( 2003 ) . The Dilemmas of Dissidence in East - Central Europe : Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings . Central European University Press . pp. p. 35 . ISBN 963 - 9241 - 39 - 3 . Jump up ^ Weigel , George ( May 2003 ) . The Final Revolution : The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism ( ebook ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516664 - 7 . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weigel , George ( 2005 ) . Witness to Hope : The Biography of Pope John Paul II . HarperCollins . pp. p. 292 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073203 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The birth of Solidarity ( 1980 ) '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Michael Bernhard ; Henryk Szlajfer ( 1995 ) . From the Polish Underground : Selections from `` Krytyka '' , 1978 -- 93 . Penn State Press . pp. p. 405 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02565 - 4 . Jump up ^ William D Perdue , ( 1995 ) . Paradox of Change : The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland . Praeger / Greenwood , . pp. p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95295 - 9 . Jump up ^ Michael H. Bernhard ( 1993 ) . The Origins of Democratization in Poland . Columbia University Press . pp. p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08093 - X . Jump up ^ G.R. Urban . Radio Free Europe and the Pursuit of Democracy : My War Within the Cold War . Yale University Press . pp. p. 147 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06921 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Yalta 2.0 '' . Warsaw Voice . August 31 , 2005 . Retrieved August 31 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Norman ( 2005 ) . God 's Playground . pp. p. 483 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12819 - 3 . Jump up ^ Seleny , Anna ( 2006 ) . The Political Economy of State - Society Relations in Hungary and Poland . Cambridge University Press . pp. p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83564 - X . ^ Jump up to : Anna Seleny ( 2006 ) . The Political Economy of State - Society Relations in Hungary and Poland : From Communism to the . Cambridge University Press . pp. p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83564 - X . ^ Jump up to : Solidarność NSZZ in WIEM Encyklopedia . Last accessed on October 10 , 2006 ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ `` Solidarity '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` KALENDARIUM NSZZ `` SOLIDARNOŚĆ '' 1980 -- 1989 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2007 . ( 185 KB ) . Last accessed on October 15 , 2006 ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ Piotr Gliński , The Self - governing Republic in the Third Republic , `` Polish Sociological Review '' , 2006 , no. 1 Jump up ^ Misztal , Bronisław ( 1985 ) . Poland after Solidarity : Social Movements Vs. the State . Transaction Publishers . pp. p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 049 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeff Goodwin , No Other Way Out : States and Revolutionary Movements , 1945 -- 1991 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 . Chapter 1 and 8 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Wehr ; Guy Burgess ; Heidi Burgess , eds . ( February 1994 ) . Justice Without Violence ( ebook ) . Lynne Rienner Publishers . p. 28 . ISBN 1 - 55587 - 491 - 6 . Retrieved July 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ MacEachin , Douglas J ( August 2004 ) . U.S. Intelligence and the Confrontation in Poland , 1980 -- 1981 ( ebook ) . Penn State Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02528 - X . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martial law ( 1981 ) '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ 25th anniversary of the strike in Piast coal mine Archived June 29 , 2012 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ Perdue , William D ( October 1995 ) . Paradox of Change : The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland ( ebook ) . Praeger / Greenwood . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95295 - 9 . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Garton Ash , Timothy ( 2002 ) . The Polish Revolution : Solidarity . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09568 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Aryeh Neier ( 2003 ) . Taking Liberties : Four Decades in the Struggle for Rights . Public Affairs . pp. p. 251 . ISBN 1 - 891620 - 82 - 7 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Peter ( May 1996 ) . Victory : The Reagan Administration 's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet ... ( ebook ) . Atlantic Monthly Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 633 - 3 . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Peter D. Hannaford ( 2000 ) . Remembering Reagan . Regnery Publishing . pp. p. 170 , p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 514 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stefan Auer ( 2004 ) . Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe . Routledge . pp. p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 87722 - 900 - 7 . Jump up ^ David Ost ( 1991 ) . Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics : Opposition and Reform in Poland Since 1968 . Temple University Press . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 514 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gary Clyde Hufbauer ; Jeffrey J. Schott ; Kimberly Ann Elliott ( 1990 ) . Economic Sanctions Reconsidered : History and Current Policy . Institute for International Economics . pp. p. 193 . ISBN 0 - 88132 - 136 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ramet , Sabrina P. ( 1995 ) . Social Currents in Eastern Europe . Duke University Press . pp. p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1548 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Padraic ( 2003 ) . A Carnival of Revolution : Central Europe 1989 . New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11627 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Keeping the fire burning : the underground movement ( 1982 -- 83 ) '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina P. ( 1995 ) . Social Currents in Eastern Europe : The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation . Duke University Press . pp. p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1548 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Negotiations and the big debate ( 1984 -- 88 ) '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AROUND THE WORLD ; Poland Says Mrs. Walesa Can Accept Nobel Prize '' . New York Times . November 30 , 1983 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ K. Gottesman ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` Prawdziwe oświadczenie Lecha Wałęsy '' . Rzeczpospolita ( no . 188 ) . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2003 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weigel , George ( May 2003 ) . The Final Revolution : The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism ( ebook ) . Oxford University Press US . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516664 - 7 . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Padraic ( 2003 ) . A Carnival of Revolution : Central Europe 1989 . Princeton University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11627 - X . Jump up ^ John Barkley Rosser , Marina V. Rosser , Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy , MIT Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 18234 - 3 , Google Print , p. 283 Jump up ^ Michael D. Kennedy ( 2002 ) . Cultural Formations of Postcommunism : Emancipation , Transition , Nation , and War . University of Minnesota Press . pp. p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3857 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mary Patrice Erdmans , Helena Znaniecka Lopata , Polish Americans , Transaction Publishers , 1994 , ISBN 1 - 56000 - 100 - 3 , p. 221 Jump up ^ John E. Jackson ; Jacek Klich ; Krystyna Poznanska ( 2005 ) . The Political Economy of Poland 's Transition : New Firms and Reform Governments . Cambridge University Press . pp. p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83895 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solidarity victorious ( 1989 ) '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Spring Will Be Ours ^ Jump up to : `` Free elections ( 1989 ) '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : David S. Mason ( 1997 ) . Revolution and Transition in East - Central Europe . Westview Press . pp. p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2835 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Changes in the Polish media since 1989 '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steger , Manfred B ( January 2004 ) . Judging Nonviolence : The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists ( ebook ) . Routledge ( UK ) . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93397 - 8 . Retrieved July 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Padraic ( 2002 ) . A Carnival of Revolution : Central Europe 1989 . Princeton University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11627 - X . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Padraic Kenney , Rebuilding Poland : Workers and Communists , 1945 -- 1950 , Cornell University Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3287 - 1 , Google Print , p. 4 Jump up ^ Padraic Kenney ( 2002 ) . A Carnival of Revolution : Central Europe 1989 . Princeton University Press . pp. p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05028 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald J. Hill ( 1992 ) . Beyond Stalinism : Communist Political Evolution . Routledge . pp. p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 3463 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jan - Werner Müller ( 2002 ) . Memory and Power in Post-War Europe : Studies in the Presence of the Past . Cambridge University Press . pp. p. 267 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00070 - X . Jump up ^ William C. Cockerham , Health and Social Change in Russia and Eastern Europe , Routledge , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 92080 - 9 , Google Print , p. 157 Jump up ^ Arend Lijphart , Institutional Design in New Democracies , Westview Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2109 - 3 , Google Print , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , Paul A ( April 2000 ) . Unbroken Ties : The State , Interest Associations , and Corporatism in Post-Soviet Ukraine ( ebook ) . University of Michigan Press . p. 188 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11030 - 6 . Retrieved July 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to NSZZ Solidarnosc Web Site ! '' . National Commission of Independent Self - Governing Trade Union . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` W Gdańsku otwarto Europejskie Centrum Solidarności '' ( in Polish ) . Onet.pl. 31 August 2014 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Eringer , Robert ( 1982 ) . Strike for Freedom : The Story of Lech Wałęsa and Polish Solidarity . Dodd Mead . ISBN 0 - 396 - 08065 - 0 . Kenney , Patrick ( 2006 ) . The Burdens of Freedom . Zed Books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84277 - 662 - 2 . Matynia , Elzbieta ( 2009 ) . Performative Democracy . Paradigm . ISBN 1594516561 . Osa , Maryjane ( 2003 ) . Solidarity and Contention : Networks of Polish Opposition . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3874 - 8 . Ost , David ( 2005 ) . The Defeat Of Solidarity : Anger and Politics in Postcommunist Europe ( ebook ) . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4318 - 0 . Penn , Shana ( 2005 ) . Solidarity 's Secret : The Women Who Defeated Communism in Poland . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11385 - 2 . Perdue , William D. ( 1995 ) . Paradox of Change : The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland . Praeger / Greenwood . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95295 - 9 . Pope John Paul II ( May 19 , 2003 ) . `` Sollicitudo Rei Socialis '' . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Staniszkis , Jadwiga ( 1984 ) . Poland 's Self - Limiting Revolution . Princeton University Press . Szporer , Michael ( 2012 ) . Solidarity : The Great Workers Strike of 1980 . Lexington Books . ISBN 0739174886 . External links ( edit ) Organized labour portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solidarność . Polish Wikisource has original text related to this article : Statut NSZZ SOLIDARNOŚĆ ( Polish ) Interview with Henry Kissinger on US - Soviet Relations during Solidarity from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Presentation The Solidarity Phenomenon ( PL , EN , DE , FR , ES , RU ) Solidarity official English homepage Solidarity 25th Anniversary Press Center International Conference ' From Solidarity to Freedom ' Poland : Solidarity -- The Trade Union That Changed The World Who is Anna Walentynowicz ? , a documentary film about Solidarity ( EN , DE ) Advice for East German propagandists on how to deal with the Solidarity movement Solidarity , Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland , 1980 -- 81 Arch Puddington , How American Unions Helps Solidarity Win Michael Bernhard , The Polish Opposition and the Technology of Resistance The Independent Press in Poland , 1976 -- 1990 -- this site of the Library of Congress contains a list of Polish abbreviations and their English translations ; many of which were used in this article ( in Polish ) Solidarity Center Foundation -- Fundacja Centrum Solidarności Silver Coin Marks the 30th Anniversary of Poland 's Solidarity Movement Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Solidarity&oldid=837149950 '' Categories : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) Political history of Poland Labor history Hidden categories : Articles with Polish - language external links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles containing Polish - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 01 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Solidarity	616
who plays luke ashford in home and away			List of Home and Away characters ( 2017 )	list of home and away characters ( 2017 )	Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera . It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988 . The following is a list of characters that appeared or will appear in 2017 , by order of first appearance . All characters are introduced by the soap 's executive producer , Lucy Addario . The 30th season of Home and Away began airing from 30 January 2017 . Riley Hawkins was introduced during the following episode . Scarlett Snow made her debut in May , while June saw the arrival of the four - strong Astoni family consisting of parents Ben and Maggie Astoni , and their daughters Coco and Ziggy Astoni . Robbo made his first appearance in July , while Beth Ellis was introduced in August .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Riley Hawkins 2 Scarlett Snow 3 Ziggy Astoni 4 Ben Astoni 5 Maggie Astoni 6 Coco Astoni 7 Robbo 8 Beth Ellis 9 Others 10 References 11 External links Riley Hawkins ( edit ) Riley Hawkins Home and Away character Portrayed by Ryan O'Kane First appearance 31 January 2017 Last appearance 2 March 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Surgeon Home Sydney Riley Hawkins , played by Ryan O'Kane , made his first appearance on 31 January 2017 . O'Kane's housemate Rob Mills also auditioned for the role . He was waiting for his agent to let him know the outcome when O'Kane revealed that he had won the part . Riley is introduced as Tori Morgan 's ( Penny McNamee ) former boyfriend and a surgeon at the local hospital , who steps in to perform surgery on Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) . McNamee said the moment Tori is reunited with Riley is `` shocking '' for her because she has not seen him in seven years . While Riley is surprised to learn that Tori and her siblings have been in witness protection . Fellow doctor Nate Cooper ( Kyle Pryor ) , who broke up with Tori , is jealous of her history with Riley . On his first day at Northern Districts Hospital , Riley is asked to operate on Justin Morgan , the brother of his former partner Tessa Lee , now known as Tori . Tori explains to Riley that she and her brothers had to go into witness protection after their parents were shot . Riley tells Nate Cooper that he and Tori used to be a couple , and that he wants her back . He also apologises to Tori for cheating on her . When Justin learns Riley is in town , he warns him to stay away from Tori . Riley later treats Justin when he is admitted with an infection . He also tells Tori that Nate tried to make a bet with him about her , but she soon realises that he lied . Riley performs a bronchoscopy on Billie Ashford ( Tessa de Josselin ) and finds a mass in her airway . Tori and Riley go on a lunch date , where he asks her for another chance , but she is cautious due to his history . Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) sees Riley flirting with Evelyn MacGuire ( Philippa Northeast ) at Billie 's wake , and tells him not to mess Tori around again . Shortly after they get back together , Riley asks Tori to move to the city with him . She turns him down for the sake of her family . Riley then sees her and Nate talking and hugging . He amends Billie 's notes and then makes a formal complaint in an attempt to get Nate fired for medical negligence . Tori proves the notes were doctored and when Riley admits that he did it , she breaks up with him . When he shows up at her house , Tori tells him to get out of her life . Justin overhears them arguing and fights with Riley , before Tori orders him to leave . Riley quits his job at the hospital and leaves town . Scarlett Snow ( edit ) Scarlett Snow Home and Away character Portrayed by Tania Nolan First appearance 8 May 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular ( departing ) Profile Other names Scarlett Dwyer Occupation Bait shop assistant Lawyer Home Pier Flat ( show ) Family Husband Caleb Snow Sons Max Snow Scarlett Snow ( also Dwyer ) , played by Tania Nolan , made her first appearance on 8 May 2017 . Nolan 's casting was revealed in January 2017 when she was photographed filming alongside the cast in Palm Beach , the real life setting for the show 's exterior scenes . Nolan was living in Los Angeles when she learned the role was available . She flew to Sydney , where the show is filmed , for a screen test . She returned to Los Angeles the following day , but soon learned she had won the role and had to fly back to Sydney two days later . Nolan was contracted for six months and she finished filming in May . Nolan described her character as `` a bit of a mystery '' , and explained that no one knows why she is in the Bay , but she has suffered a tragedy in her past that she is dealing with . Nolan accepted the part and relocated to Sydney because of the character 's `` unique '' storyline . The actress added , `` I could relate to certain things Scarlett has been through . Not specifically , but unfortunately I know what it 's like to go through what she went through . '' . Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) jumps into Scarlett 's car and orders her to drive , as he is avoiding the police . Scarlett pulls the car over and offers Brody her handbag , which he takes . Brody goes to Scarlett 's house to return the handbag , but Scarlett hits him over the head with a vase and ties him up . She threatens to call the police , and Brody opens up to her about his drug addiction . She makes him call his family and then frees him . Brody leaves with William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) , who he says is his brother , and Scarlett thinks he is going to get help . The police track down Scarlett and ask her about the carjacking . She tells them she did not get a good look at the carjacker . Scarlett finds Brody sleeping on the beach , and he blames her for his arrest . She buys him a coffee and takes him back to her house . She then visits his family and brings them to him . Mason Morgan ( Orpheus Pledger ) suggests that Brody stays with Scarlett and she agrees . Scarlett disapproves of the way Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) handles Brody 's addiction . Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) tells Scarlett off for spear fishing in the wrong place . When she enquires about hiring a boat , Alf tells her she can borrow one for free if she can get it mended . Scarlett reluctantly hires Justin to help her . Brody relapses and flees shortly before Scarlett finds he has ransacked the house , and stolen $10,000 and a bracelet . Her landlord asks her to leave , and Alf gives her a caravan at the Summer Bay Caravan Park , as well as a job at his bait shop . Bruno Addlen ( Johnny Nasser ) turns up in the Bay looking for Scarlett , having been hired by her husband . Bruno asks for $8000 to leave and keep her whereabouts a secret . Alf offers to lend Scarlett the money , but she turns him down . Tori later thanks Scarlett for helping Brody secure a lawyer and tells her the family will repay the money Brody stole , which allows Scarlett to pay Bruno . Scarlett bonds with Justin 's daughter Ava Gilbert ( Grace Thomas ) when she visits him . Scarlett later listens to a voicemail message from her son , Max ( Addison Price ) . While working on the boat together , Justin accidentally causes Scarlett 's phone to fall into the sea . He retrieves it and gets it working again . He also notices that she has a son and questions her about it , causing Scarlett to slap him . She later apologises and decides to leave town , until Justin asks her to stay . Scarlett 's estranged husband sends another private investigator after her , as he wants her to come home . Justin helps her to get out of the Bay and Scarlett tells him that her son died a year ago . Justin admits that he care for her and allows Scarlett to take his car . Scarlett returns a week later and gets drunk on the anniversary of Max 's death . She wakes up in Justin 's bed and assumes they had sex , but he explains that she took a shower and fell asleep , while he slept on the couch . Scarlett apologises for overreacting and tells Justin how her marriage broke down because of Max 's death . Alf and Justin take Scarlett out in the boat for some fishing . When they attempt to leave , their boat fails to start and they have to spend the night on the beach . Alf is attacked by Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) , who also scares Scarlett . Justin fixes the boat and they return home . Scarlett attempts to kiss Justin , but he rejects her advances , later explaining that he still loves his former fiancée , Phoebe Nicholson ( Isabella Giovinazzo ) . He later changes his mind and they go back to Scarlett 's caravan , but Justin calls out Phoebe 's name and they stop . After avoiding each other , Scarlett and Justin decide to give their relationship a chance . They go swimming , but Justin hits his head and does not resurface . Scarlett pulls him out and gets him breathing again , but she suffers a flashback to her son 's death . Scarlett and Kat move in together , and Scarlett offers to be Brody 's lawyer at his court case . After Brody is accused of stabbing someone , Scarlett looks at Kat 's police files and then goes to a drugs den to find the weapon . She and Kat briefly fall out . While Scarlett and Justin are celebrating Brody 's suspended sentence , they are interrupted by the arrival of her estranged husband Caleb Snow ( Josh McConville ) . Ziggy Astoni ( edit ) Ziggy Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Sophie Dillman First appearance 20 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Summer Bay Auto assistant Home The Farmhouse ( show ) Family Father Ben Astoni Mother Maggie Astoni Sisters Coco Astoni Grandmothers Diana Ziggy Astoni played by Sophie Dillman , made her first appearance on 20 June 2017 . Dillman 's casting was revealed in March 2017 when she was photographed on set at Palm Beach , the show 's outdoor filming location . Details about her character Ziggy were released in June . Ziggy is the eldest daughter of Ben ( Rohan Nichol ) and Maggie Astoni ( Kestie Morassi ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Karlie Rutherford of The Daily Telegraph described Ziggy as a `` wild child '' and a `` rebel teenager '' . Ziggy is a potential love interest for Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) . After running away from her father , Ben , Ziggy enters a bathroom and asks Brody Morgan to hide her . He allows her to hide in his car and she thanks him , after Ben leaves . Ziggy goes back home , where Ben confronts her about stealing a car . He and his wife Maggie take Ziggy and her younger sister , Coco , on a road trip and they end up in Summer Bay . Ziggy meets Brody again in the Surf Club . Ziggy steals money from Kat Chapman 's ( Pia Miller ) purse and soon learns Kat is a police officer . Ben and Maggie collect her from the police station . After her parents decide to move to the Bay , Ziggy refuses to stay and Brody drives her back to the city . There she finds her boyfriend , Jarrod ( Joel Davies ) has been cheating on her . She returns to the Bay and decides to give it a chance . She spends more time with Brody and they kiss , but she and her parents soon learn he is a drug addict , and Ziggy rejects him . Ziggy is given a job at Summer Bay Auto . After learning Brody and his brother Mason Morgan ( Orpheus Pledger ) have been involved in a car accident , Ziggy comes to see him at the hospital , but he tells her to leave . Ziggy befriends Olivia Fraser Richards ( Raechelle Banno ) when she helps Olivia unlock her car , after the keys get locked inside . Ziggy is approached by William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) , who asks her if she has seen Brody and whether she is his girlfriend , which she denies . Zannis later has Ziggy kidnapped and he uses her phone to lure Brody to a motel room , where he plans to ply them with alcohol and drugs . Kat and Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) rescue them . Ziggy tells Brody to stay away from her . She later suffers a panic attack at the beach and Brody sends his sister , Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) to check on Ziggy . Tori convinces Ziggy to see a counsellor . Ziggy thanks Brody and after they talk , they have sex . The meet up the following day , but Brody tells Ziggy that they can not be together as he is still in recovery . However , they decide to date in secret . Ben Astoni ( edit ) Ben Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Rohan Nichol First appearance 20 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Builder Home The Farmhouse ( show ) Family Wife Maggie Astoni Daughters Ziggy Astoni Coco Astoni Ben Astoni , played by Rohan Nichol , made his first appearance on 20 June 2017 . Nichol 's casting was revealed in early 2017 when he was photographed at Palm Beach , the show 's outdoor filming location . He previously appeared in the show in 2004 as Stafford McRae . Nichol relocated from Melbourne to Manly , so he would be closer to Palm Beach for the role . Ben moves to Summer Bay along with his wife Maggie ( Kestie Morassi ) and their two daughters Coco ( Anna Cocquerel ) and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . After his daughter , Ziggy , runs away from him , Ben asks Brody Morgan if he has seen her . At home , Ben confronts Ziggy about stealing a car and then learns that his youngest daughter , Coco , has been suspended from school . His wife Maggie suggests that they get away from the city and visit her mother , but after Ben leaves the main road , they end up in Summer Bay . When they go to leave , the car does not start . Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) offers them a caravan , while the car is fixed overnight . After Ziggy gets into trouble for stealing , Ben asks Martin Ashford ( George Mason ) if the car is ready , and Ash admits the clutch is not stable . The family try to leave , but Ben accidentally reverses the car into a water tank , causing a pipe to burst . He tells Alf that he will fix it , leading the family to stay in the Bay for a week . Ben befriends Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) . Maggie falls in love with the Farmhouse and she and Ben decide to buy it and the Pier , which leads them to clash with business owners Leah Patterson ( Ada Nicodemou ) , Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) and Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) . Ben and Maggie learn Ziggy has befriend Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) , a drug addict , and ask her to stay away from him . Ben 's renovation plans cause tension between Maggie and Leah , and Maggie asks him to reconsider the plans , but later changes her mind . Maggie Astoni ( edit ) Maggie Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Kestie Morassi First appearance 21 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Teacher Principal of Summer Bay High Home The Farmhouse ( show ) Family Mother Diana Husband Ben Astoni Daughters Ziggy Astoni Coco Astoni Maggie Astoni , played by Kestie Morassi , made her first appearance on 21 June 2017 . Morassi 's casting was revealed in early 2017 when she was pictured filming on set , while her character details were announced on 4 June . Morassi told Luke Dennehy of Herald Sun that it took some time for her to get used to the fast paced filming schedule of the show . She commented , `` It was definitely a shock to the system . I 'm mostly used to working on film , where you have a lot more time for rehearsals . With film you are shooting maybe three minutes a day , whereas here , you are shooting almost an episode a day . '' Maggie moves to Summer Bay with her husband Ben Astoni ( Rohan Nichol ) and their two daughters Coco ( Anna Cocquerel ) and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Maggie brings her youngest daughter Coco home , after she is suspended from school for cyber bullying . Maggie suggests to her husband , Ben , that they go on a trip and they decide to visit her mother , but they end up in Summer Bay when Ben leaves the main road . After their car breaks down , the family stay at the Caravan Park . Ben and Maggie go to the Pier Diner for dinner and Maggie falls out with Leah Patterson - Baker ( Ada Nicodemou ) , after jokingly implying that Leah was checking Ben out . Maggie , Coco and Ziggy take a bus tour around the Bay and Maggie falls in love with the Farmhouse , which is for sale . She later learns that the principal job at the local high school is available . She has an interview and is offered the position . She and Ben decide to purchase the Farmhouse and the pier , which includes the leases for the diner and bait shop . Maggie and Ben are invited to lunch with Leah , Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) , Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) and Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) , where they try and discuss their plans for adding another business to the pier , which would mean taking space from the diner . Leah and Irene object to their plans . Maggie later apologises to everyone . She embarrasses Coco on her first day at Summer Bay High , by calling her by her nickname `` Coco Pops '' . Coco Astoni ( edit ) Coco Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Anna Cocquerel First appearance 21 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home The Farmhouse ( show ) Family Father Ben Astoni Mother Maggie Astoni Sisters Ziggy Astoni Grandmothers Diana Coco Astoni , played by Anna Cocquerel , made her first appearance on 21 June 2017 . Cocquerel 's casting was revealed in early 2017 when she was photographed filming on set , alongside Matt Little who plays VJ Patterson . Coco is the youngest daughter of Ben ( Rohan Nichol ) and Maggie Astoni ( Kestie Morassi ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Imogen Groome of the Metro reported that Coco could be a new love interest for VJ . Coco is suspended from school for cyber-bullying another student . When Ziggy and Coco fight , their father , Ben , puts Coco 's phone in the blender and turns it on . Ben and his wife , Maggie , decide to get away from the city and the family ends up in Summer Bay . Coco befriends Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) . Ben and Maggie decide to move the family to the Bay . Coco meets VJ Patterson and Raffy tells him that she is her French tutor . Coco plays along and VJ asks her out on a date . His mother , Leah Patterson - Baker ( Ada Nicodemou ) interrupts their date and reveals that Coco is only 16 . She leaves the restaurant and later apologises to VJ . On her first day at Summer Bay High , Coco is embarrassed when her mother calls her by her nickname `` Coco Pops '' . Jennifer Dutton ( Brittany Santariga ) then teases her about it and Raffy attempts to stand up for Coco , who tells her to get lost . Coco and Raffy make up when Coco offers to cover for Raffy , while she leaves the school . Jennifer continues bullying Coco and Raffy stands up for her . As Coco is teased for her appearance , she begins binge eating . She and Jennifer are suspended when they get into a fight at the beach . Jennifer then realises that Coco has bulimia and starts using it to get her way . Robbo ( edit ) Robbo Home and Away character Portrayed by Jake Ryan First appearance 25 July 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; recurring Profile Other names John Doe Occupation Handyman Home Summer Bay Caravan Park Robbo ( also John Doe ) , played by Jake Ryan , made his first appearance on 25 July 2017 . Ryan 's casting was revealed in March 2017 when he was photographed filming at Palm Beach , the show 's outdoor location , with Pia Miller , who plays Kat Chapman . Ryan admitted that he was not prepared for the fame that will come from appearing on the show , saying `` Sometimes these bad boy characters can work in your favour and maybe no one will like me . '' He also told Karlie Rutherford of news.com.au that he lost 13 kgs ahead of his debut , after gaining weight following a injury that ended his taekwondo career . Producers introduced Robbo in a bid to fill `` the heart - throb void '' left by Darryl Braxton ( Stephen Peacocke ) . Ryan previously auditioned for the role of Brax . He later said , `` Both characters have been painted with the bad boy brush ... but they 're very different . '' Robbo will also be Kat 's new love interest . John Doe watches on as Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) , Scarlett Snow ( Tania Nolan ) and Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) approach the cove , where he is hiding out , on in a boat . While they are fishing , John Doe attempts to hot - wire the boat , but gives up when he sees Justin approaching . The boat fails to start and Alf , Scarlett and Justin camp out on the island . When Alf goes in search of firewood the following morning , John Doe hits him with a tree branch and takes his knife . He hides on the boat and emerges once it is docked in Summer Bay . John Doe breaks into the Pier Diner to steal some food , and Alf later finds him hiding on the boat . He pushes past Alf and Justin and later follows Alf to his house , where he produces the knife . John Doe tells Alf that he can not recall who he is and needs answers . Alf 's daughter Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) and Constable Kat Chapman ( Pia Miller ) approach the scene and Kat talks him into giving her the knife . She calls Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) to treat John Doe 's head injury , and Tori takes him to the hospital to get a CT scan , as he is suffering from post-traumatic amnesia . He later leaves the hospital , but Kat convinces him to return . Kat runs his finger prints and DNA against the police database , but there are no hits . The nurses name him `` Robbo '' after Robinson Crusoe and he is discharged . Alf allows Robbo to stay at the Caravan Park . Robbo decides to leave the Bay , but after saving Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) from Mackenzie ( Luke Davis ) , he decides to stay and wait to see if any information comes back about his tattoos . Kat and Scarlett take Robbo back to the cove and search his campsite . Kat finds a picture of herself , but Robbo does not know why he has it . John Palmer ( Shane Withington ) and Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) try to help Robbo figure out who he is , but when John attempts to teach him how to drive , Robbo backs the car into Kat 's police cruiser . While taking him to the station , Kat stops off at a motel to find Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) . Robbo notices Faz ( Jesse Rowles ) leave the room , and when he and Bob ( Neal Horton ) emerge with Brody and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) , Robbo attacks them . William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) pulls a gun , but Robbo disarms him , leading Kat to think Robbo might have been a police officer . Alf offers Robbo a job doing maintenance work around the Caravan Park . After Kat breaks up with her boyfriend Martin Ashford ( George Mason ) , Robbo comes to her caravan and offers her a bottle of whiskey . They kiss , but Kat tells him it was a mistake . Scarlett offers to help Robbo and later gets a hit on one of his tattoos , which is connected to a woman called Rose . She gives him a list of addresses and Kat helps him out . At the second address , Robbo finds a burnt photo that shows his arm around a woman . He and Kat then find her body inside . Robbo decides to give up searching for information about his past and asks Kat to close the investigation . Robbo helps Coco Astoni ( Anna Cocquerel ) to the hospital when she faints at the beach . Beth Ellis ( edit ) Beth Ellis Home and Away character Portrayed by Anneliese Apps First appearance 31 August 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Alan Ellis Mother Jackie Ellis Elizabeth `` Beth '' Ellis , played by Anneliese Apps , made her first appearance on 31 August 2017 . Apps ' casting was revealed in March 2017 when she photographed filming alongside actor Orpheus Pledger on Palm Beach , the show 's outdoor setting . The actress secured the role five months after graduating from Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts . She initially thought she had performed badly in the audition , but received a callback , which she felt had gone well . She learned she had won the role a week later . Apps was excited for the audience to meet Beth and said her storyline was `` moving '' . Describing her character , Apps stated `` Beth is cheeky , layered and she wants to make the people around her feel good . She is mysterious , perhaps even a bit quirky , like me -- I 'm not that mysterious , but I 'm definitely a bit quirky . '' Beth was also introduced as a love interest for Mason Morgan ( Pledger ) . Apps told a columnist for New Idea that Beth wants to help Mason , as she sees part of herself in him . While she is at the hospital , Beth overhears Mason Morgan shouting at his siblings about his paralysis . She later changes into some nursing scrubs and attempts to cheer Mason up . Beth convinces him to get in the wheelchair and they race around the corridors . Mason meets Beth again and they spend some more time together . It emerges Beth is a patient when she returns to her room to continue her treatment . Beth and Mason spend more time together , and he introduces her to his sister Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) . Beth keeps up the pretence that she is a nurse , but Mason later finds her in her room undergoing a procedure . He attempts to look at her file and Beth catches him . She tells Mason that she has cardiomyopathy and is waiting for a heart transplant . Beth explains that she liked pretending to be someone else , as she did not want Mason to pity her . They agree to start their friendship over . Others ( edit ) Date ( s ) Character Actor Circumstances 31 January -- Luc Patterson Various actors Luc is Billie Ashford and Mick Jennings 's daughter . Billie conceives after she is raped by Mick . She allows her boyfriend VJ Patterson to believe that he is the baby 's father , until their wedding day . Billie gives birth to her daughter at the hospital , shortly after escaping a bush fire . VJ reveals that he and Billie are naming her Luc , after Billie 's late brother , Luke Ashford . VJ 's mother , Leah Patterson Baker is not keen on the name , but VJ explains that Luc is short for Lucinda , which leads Leah to question why her name is not Lucy instead . Mick later kidnaps Luc from the hospital , but he soon hands her over to his mother Irene Roberts , who returns her to Billie . A blessing is held for Luc , but Billie collapses and is later told that she has terminal cancer . VJ takes Billie to the beach , where she dies with Luc in her arms . VJ struggles to cope with Luc , so he and Leah allow her to stay with Irene Roberts . Ash feels that he is being left out , and when Luc gets sick , he decides to apply for temporary custody , which he wins . Ash then takes Luc to live with him , Kat Chapman and his brother Patrick Stanwood . Patrick almost harms her due to his PTSD . Ash and Kat take Luc camping when she fails to settle , but Ash can not wake her in the morning and she later suffers convulsions on the way to the hospital . Tori Morgan informs Ash and Kat that Luc is suffering from a bowel torsion and part of her bowel has become gangrenous . Luc develops septicaemia and she undergoes surgery . 1 February -- Constable Corelli Nick Cain Constable Corelli assists Kat Chapman with an open arson case . Months later , Corelli finds CCTV footage of Robbo being held at gunpoint by Dylan Carter at a marina . 2 February Lactation Consultant Gail Knight The Lactation Consultant helps Billie Ashford to nurse her newborn daughter . 23 February -- Ambulance Officer Rob Baird The Ambulance Officer brings John Palmer to the hospital , after he suffers a seizure at home . A few months later , he brings Zac MacGuire in after Zac suffers a fall . The Ambulance Officer tells Tori Morgan that Zac hit his head and lost consciousness for three to five minutes . 27 February -- 8 May Patrick Stanwood Luke McKenzie Patrick comes to the beach to watch the funeral service for Billie Ashford . Kat Chapman spots him leaving . She later identifies Patrick as Billie and Martin Ashford 's brother , Luke , who is presumed dead . After Kat and Ash search Patrick 's home , he appears and calls out to Ash , who punches him and leaves . Patrick comes to the Summer Bay Caravan Park to see Ash . He tells him that he faked his death as he was depressed following his last tour of duty . Kat brings Patrick to the station for questioning . Ash later introduces Patrick to his niece Luc . Kat forces Ash and Patrick to sit down and talk . Patrick stops Ash from attacking John Palmer . Patrick moves into the farmhouse with Kat . She and Ash soon realise that he is suffering from PTSD , which worsens when Ash is granted temporary custody of Luc . Patrick strikes Ava Gilbert with his car while suffering a flashback . He later reveals to Ash that he killed a young girl while he was serving in the army . Patrick leaves the Bay , and Ash finds him on some cliffs . Ash stops Patrick from hurting himself and tells him that he and Luc need him around . Patrick finally bonds with Luc and agrees to get help for his PTSD . 7 March -- Lena Ascot Felicity McKay While attending O - Week at the university , Lena bumps into Olivia Fraser Richards and asks for directions to the design and arts building . She later invites Olivia to a student night at Salt , and introduces her friends Byron and Steve . Lena later introduces herself to Olivia 's former boyfriend Mason Morgan . Lena sells drugs at the student night and Brody Morgan asks her to leave Salt . She tells him to look the other way , but Brody throws everyone out . Lena collects her credit card the following day and apologises to Brody . He later hires her as a waitress at Salt , but threatens to fire her when he catches her using cocaine . Lena gives some to Brody , and he takes it to help him create a new menu . Brody and Lena have a brief romantic relationship , until he fires her . Brody 's brother Justin Morgan sees Lena at the beach and tells her that Brody has developed a drug addiction . He grabs her arm and warns her to stay away . Kat Chapman intervenes and Lena leaves . Kat later brings Lena to the police station to question her about selling drugs . Justin tries to talk to Lena again , after Brody goes missing , but she tells him that she has not seen Brody and walks away . Raffy Morrison later asks for Lena 's help in finding Brody , and Lena gives Justin an address to a house that Brody might be staying in . Months later , Lena attends the same rehab facility as Brody and encourages him to sneak out . She produces some drugs and tries to tempt Brody to use again , but he leaves her and walks back to rehab . 7 March Byron Benjamin Winckle Byron encourages Olivia Fraser Richards to come to Salt with him and Lena Ascot later in the week . After learning Olivia 's boyfriend Hunter King is repeating his final school year , Byron tells him that Olivia is out of his league and they fight . Mason Morgan intervenes and sends Byron away . 9 March Local Woman Meagan Caratti The local man and woman recognise John Palmer from the newspaper , and the man tells John to take some responsibility for the fires he started . The woman calls John a coward , leading his wife Marilyn to defend him . Local Man James Caitlin 13 March -- Jess Kearney Jess Bush Olivia Fraser Richards meets with Jess at the Pier Diner for a study session . Jess embarrasses Olivia 's boyfriend Hunter King , as he is repeating Year 12 . A few weeks later , Hunter invites Jess to Salt to celebrate Olivia 's birthday . 21 March Cal Whitman Craig Scott Cal is one of several people forced to stay at the Caravan Park , after their homes are destroyed in a bush fire started by John Palmer . John later address everyone to tell them that he is sorry and would like a chance to help them . Cal tells John that he appreciates his gesture . 22 March Terry Diamond Rob Flanagan Terry is a renowned restaurant critic , who comes to review the food at Salt . After giving his opinion , Brody Morgan tells Terry he is wrong and insults him . 29 March -- 3 April Donna Fields Melissa Bonne Donna comes to Summer Bay to surprise her friend Phoebe Nicholson , ahead of her engagement party . They talk about Donna 's music career , and Donna asks Phoebe why she left music . She criticises her new life in Summer Bay , and Phoebe tells her not to come to the party . Donna later apologises , and Phoebe explains that she is happy and that she will play a song at the party . Before Donna leaves town , she asks Phoebe to come on tour with her in the United States . 29 March -- Lachlan Piers Warwick Allsopp Lachlan is John Palmer 's lawyer . He shows little interest in John 's case and asks John to use insane automatism in his defence instead of mentioning his brain tumour blackout . John later fires Lachlan . Months later , Lachlan tells Ben Astoni that his planning application for the pier is on hold after someone applied for heritage status . 29 March -- 20 April James Mayvers Tim Ross James is Roo Stewart 's boyfriend , who she met in Hawaii . He comes to visit her in Summer Bay and she tries to keep him a secret from her friends , but her aunt Morag Bellingham finds him in Roo 's bedroom . James assures Roo that their age gap does not matter to him . Morag tells James not to get too attached to Roo . James is hired by a news agency to photograph John Palmer after he is convicted of arson and manslaughter . James finds Roo when she faints and she tells him that she think she is going through menopause . James attends Olivia Fraser Richards ' birthday party with Roo , where Marilyn Chambers realises that he took the photos of John . He and Roo argue , but she later invites him over to the flat to tell him she is pregnant . James asks her to have a termination , as he does not want to be a father , but she decides to keep the baby and raise it as a single parent . Roo later has a miscarriage . 3 April -- William Zannis Caleb Alloway Zannis meets with Brody Morgan , on Lena Ascot 's behalf , to sell him cocaine . He later sells Brody methamphetamine . Brody meets with Zannis to buy more drugs , but when he can not come up with much money , Zannis tells him he could always start selling . When Brody fails to come up with the money for the drugs Zannis gave him to sell , Zannis has him beaten and dumped in the bush . Brody later pays his debt and buys more drugs . Brody contacts Zannis and pretends they are brothers in front of Scarlett Snow , so she will let him leave her house . Zannis is spotted selling drugs by Kat Chapman . She tries to stop him , but he drives at her causing her to jump out of the way . The police find his meth lab , but Zannis disappears . He later finds Brody and tells him he is calling in the favour Brody owes him . Zannis informs Brody that a shipment of drugs is coming to the restaurant , but Brody tells him that he is done and warns Zannis that he will go to the police if he comes back . Zannis enters the Morgan 's house and spikes the drinking water with potassium . Zannis flees when the police try to arrest him . Zannis returns to town and offers Brody more drugs . He later attempts to run Brody and Mason Morgan 's car off the road , and when they crash he comes over to see if they are still alive . Zannis believes Ziggy Astoni is Brody 's girlfriend and kidnaps her . He uses her phone to lure Brody to a motel , and then tries forcing Brody into taking drugs . Kat turns up and is knocked out by Zannis 's accomplice , Faz . Zannis decides to move Ziggy and Brody to a new location , but when he goes outside with a gun , he is disarmed by Robbo . His bail is later revoked . 10 April Court Officer Alistair Bates The court officer asks VJ Patterson to take the oath , before giving his statement . Jury Foreperson Aanisa Vylet The foreperson reads out a guilty verdict in John Palmer 's arson and manslaughter trial . Police Officer Joshua Farah The police officer escorts John Palmer from the court to a waiting police van . 11 -- 25 April Prison Officer PJ Williams The prison officer asks Marilyn Chambers to take off her bag and jewellery before visiting John Palmer . He tells her she will get used to the routine . A few days later , he reminds John and Deacon Marx that cell doors should remain open , before escorting John to his meeting with Morag Bellingham . 12 April Annie Banks Raelee Hill Annie mediates a meeting between Martin Ashford , Kat Chapman , Irene Roberts , VJ Patterson and Leah Patterson - Baker when Ash and Irene apply for custody of Luc Patterson . When Annie realises that they will not reach a peaceful agreement , she ends the meeting and takes the case to the court , which grants Ash a six month interim parental responsibility order . 13 April Delivery Guy Brendan Dodds The delivery guy brings a food order to Salt , but tells Brody Morgan that his credit cards have been declined . When Brody says that he will go upstairs to get cash , the delivery guy tells Brody to make it quick . 17 -- 25 April Deacon Marx Sam Smith Deacon notices Marilyn Chambers when she visits John Palmer in gaol and stares at her . He later gets in Marilyn 's way as she leaves and smacks her bottom . John grabs Deacon and pushes him up against the wall , causing the guards to pull them apart . Deacon later confronts John about Billie Ashford 's death and shows him his burns from a fire started by another arsonist . John hits him and Deacon 's friends attack him in retaliation . Deacon continues to threaten John , and brings a weapon into his cell , but John manages to talk him down . 17 April Bartender Alex Ewan Hunter King orders two cocktails from the Salt bartender for himself and Olivia Fraser Richards , pointing out that Olivia 's 18th birthday is in a few hours , but the bartender refuses to make them . The bartender later brings over an alcoholic drink and tells Hunter and Olivia that it has gone midnight . 3 May -- Brian Gilbert Tom O'Sullivan Brian comes to the Bay to collect his stepdaughter Ava Gilbert when she comes to meet her father Justin Morgan . Brian tells Ava off for running away , before clashing with Justin . Ava runs off while they are arguing and she is struck by a car . Brian and Justin clash at the hospital , and Brian tells Justin that he can not see Ava . Justin later apologises and thanks Brian for being there for Ava . Brian visits Justin and allows him to see Ava . He later brings her back to the Bay for Justin 's farewell party . 8 May Tony Stoiov Patrick Dickson Tony is a pawnbroker , who offers Brody Morgan $10 for a necklace he wants to sell . Brody gets argumentative and Tony asks him to leave , but Brody starts smashing up the stock . Tony calls the police and Brody runs off . 9 May , 11 July Terry Deakins Chris Hanrahan Terry is from the department of education . He meets with Zac MacGuire , who wants to discuss a potential move . John Palmer notices Terry walking by the Surf Club and introduces him to Zac 's son Hunter King . Terry asks Hunter to speak to Zac about his potential relocation . Terry later meets with Roo Stewart and Maggie Astoni about the vacant principal job at Summer Bay High . 10 May Postman Jonathan Lee Jones The postman delivers a contract from the Mayvers family to Roo Stewart . 17 May David Mayvers Noel Hodda David is James Mayvers 's father . He comes to the Bay to talk to Roo Stewart , who is pregnant with James 's baby . He apologises for sending her a contract and then offers her $250,000 , so that she and her child do not contact James . David urges Roo to think about their future , but she asks him to leave . She later meets with him and rejects his offer . 22 May Heather Shirley Meagan Caratti Heather berates John Palmer for organising a fundraiser for the burns unit , after he was charged with arson . 24 May Helena Harrison Jenevieve Chang Helena and Joseph are Leah Patterson and Zac MacGuire 's divorce lawyers . They meet at Salt for the signing of the papers . Zac does not show up , but Leah signs the papers anyway . Joseph Moore Joel Pierce 29 May -- Dr. Bailey Voss Travis Jeffery Doctor Voss is a psychologist , who meets with John Palmer . John tells him about his brain tumour and how he feels guilty for the fires he started . John believes Doctor Voss is too young and inexperienced to help him , so he leaves . John later returns and Doctor Voss tries to get him to open up about his childhood , but John realises that he can not recall anything from before he was 12 . John informs Doctor Voss that he believes he was responsible for his father 's death due to flashback he had . Doctor Voss recommends John tries hypnosis . 30 -- 31 May Rebecca Brown Kate Betcher Rebecca notices VJ Patterson at Salt and approaches him . They flirt with each other and Rebecca asks if they can go somewhere more private . The following morning , VJ asks Rebecca to leave , as his mother is in the house . He offers to get her a taxi . Rebecca introduces herself to Alf Stewart before she leaves . 31 May -- Bede Hadden Bill Young Bede finds John and Jett Palmer outside his home . Jett explains that John used to live there and Bede invites them inside . When John mentions his surname is Palmer , Bede takes him to his father 's grave and reveals that George Palmer died in a fire . Bede later comes to Summer Bay and brings John a box of things he found in his attic . 31 May -- 8 June Young John Palmer Rex Palazzi John Palmer recalls a memory of himself carrying a petrol can , shortly before a fire killed his father . John later recalls that he found his father after he shot himself , and his mother asked him to help cover it up by starting a fire . 8 June Enid Palmer Megan O'Connell John Palmer recalls a memory of him and his mother Enid covering up his father 's suicide by setting a fire . Enid asks John to keep it quiet , as they will never be able to escape the shame . 14 June -- Jay Turner Aidan Gillett Justin and Mason Morgan go to Jay 's drug den to find their brother Brody Morgan . Jay tells them he has not seen Brody , but Justin and Mason later force their way inside . Jay attempts to hit Justin with a pool cue , but Mason punches him . Months later , Jay is brought into the Yabbie Creek police station , where he realises Brody has told the police about him . He accuses Brody of stabbing him with a screwdriver . Justin comes to Jay 's house to ask him to stop lying about Brody . After the police find the screwdriver at Jay 's house with his fingerprints on it , he tells them that he accidentally fell on it . 14 -- 15 June Bruno Addlen Johnny Nasser Bruno comes to Summer Bay looking for Scarlett Snow . He asks Alf Stewart if he knows her whereabouts , but Alf tells him that he just missed her . Bruno eventually catches up with Scarlett and it emerges he is a private investigator hired to find her by her husband . Bruno asks Scarlett for $8000 to keep her whereabouts a secret and she pays him . Before he leaves , Bruno remarks that if he can find her , so can someone else . 20 June Des Green Kirk Dodd Des leads a Narctoics Anonymous meeting , which Brody Morgan attends . 21 June Anton Shields David Woodland Anton runs the following NA meeting , where Brody Morgan finally admits that he is an addict . 26 June -- Max Snow Addison Price Scarlett Snow listens to a voicemail from her son Max asking her when she is coming home . Scarlett tells Justin Morgan that her son died a year ago . Scarlett suffers flashbacks that show Max died after falling from a tree and hitting his head . Scarlett found him dead in his bed the following morning . 4 July -- Peggy King Caroline Gillmer Peggy is Hunter King 's grandmother , who comes to Summer Bay after her tries to contact her . Hunter informs Peggy that Zac MacGuire is not his father and Peggy leaves when Hunter calls his mother , Charlotte , a liar . Peggy tells Hunter that she knows about the Pier Diner robbery and she blames him for ruining Charlotte 's life . Hunter 's girlfriend Olivia Fraser Richards talks with Peggy and explains how Hunter has matured , before asking her not to go to the police about the robbery . Peggy reacts badly to Olivia 's plea and tells the police that Hunter committed the Diner robbery . Olivia and Hunter apologise to Peggy , who also apologises to them for going to the police . Hunter and Peggy agree to start afresh and spend time together , with Peggy also helping to find his father . Peggy tells Hunter that she suspects her former neighbour Wally could be his father . 6 July Constable Anderson Jon Scholten Anderson is a PI hired to track down Scarlett Snow . She offers to double his fee to leave , but he tells her has already been paid and gives her a letter from her husband . Anderson learns , via a bug in Scarlett 's caravan , that Justin Morgan is helping her to leave town . Anderson and his associate try to stop them , but Scarlett and Justin escape . 13 July -- Jarrod Joel Davies Jarrod is Ziggy Astoni 's boyfriend . She makes a surprise visit only to find him in bed with someone else . Jarrod goes after Ziggy and they argue , before she leaves with Brody Morgan . 13 July Random Girl Emma Sabjan Ziggy Astoni finds her boyfriend Jarrod in bed with the girl . 20 July Tom Joel Hogan Tom flirts with Scarlett Snow in Salt and Justin Morgan warns him off . 27 July -- Jennifer Dutton Brittany Santariga Jennifer teases Coco Astoni after her mother and school principal , Maggie Astoni , calls her by her embarrassing nickname , `` Coco Pops '' on her first day . Jennifer tells Coco that Maggie gave her detention and Coco pushes her books to the floor , before VJ Patterson breaks up the confrontation . Jennifer puts rubbish in Coco 's locker and teases her about her social media photos . Raffy Morrison stands up to Jennifer on Coco 's behalf , calling her `` Jenny '' as she knows she hates it . Jennifer insults Coco 's appearance and weight . Coco starts a fight with Jennifer , which is broken up by Maggie . She suspends them both and Jennifer 's father Nick collects her from school . Jennifer realises Coco has an eating disorder and threatens to reveal it , unless Coco gets her a date with VJ . 31 July -- 4 September Wally Burns Julian Garner Peggy King suspects her former neighbour Wally is Hunter King 's father . After Hunter sends him a letter , which he returns , Wally comes to Summer Bay and eventually meets Hunter . When Hunter expresses his happiness that he has found him , Wally tells him that he can not be his father , as he is infertile . Wally and Hunter later have dinner together and Wally tells Hunter stories about his mother Charlotte King . The following day , Hunter asks Wally for a DNA test , as there is still a chance he could be his father . Wally takes Hunter 's DNA records and asks him not to contact him again . A few days later , Wally returns and tells Hunter a DNA test confirmed that he is Hunter 's father . Hunter tries to bond with Wally , but realises they do not have much in common . Wally lies to his wife that he is at a conference . Wally visits Hunter again , but they still struggle to bond over their respective interests . Wally 's wife Claire follows him to the Bay and accuses Leah Patterson of having an affair with Wally , but Leah tells her the truth about Hunter . Wally later meets with Hunter to apologise and they agree to meet up when things improve between Wally and Claire . Wally gives Hunter a cheque for $50,000 , but Hunter rejects it after realising Claire does not want him around . He then asks Wally for another chance to get to know him , but they still to struggle to bond . Wally overhears Hunter saying he wish he had not gone looking for his father , and Wally agrees . They decide to stop forcing a relationship between them and Wally leaves town . 8 August Mean Girl Tequila Rathbone The Mean Girl deliberately knocks into Coco Astoni , causing her to drop her phone . 10 August -- Doctor Simms Ed Wightman Doctor Simms attempts to take Mason Morgan off the ventilator , but he suffers respiratory arrest . Doctor Simms tells Tori Morgan that the spinal shock obviously has not warn off and they will try again in a couple of days . Mason later wakes up and Doctor Simms carries a series of tests on his sensations and reflexes . Weeks later , Doctor Simms assesses Mason 's progress and decides that he can be discharged . 10 August Norris Gavin Fenwick Christensen Martin Ashford meets Norris to get an address for William Zannis . 14 August Counsellor Kathryn Sarah Amanious After Kathryn finishes up a group session at the rehab facility attended by Brody Morgan , she encourages him to talk at the next one . She later asks him about the hallucinations he suffered while he was taking drugs . At the next session , Kathryn asks the patients to open up about their triggers . 14 August Addict Lisa Ashley Avci Lisa attends group sessions along with Brody Morgan at a rehab facility . 14 August Mackenzie Luke Davis Mackenzie spots Raffy Morrison sitting at the bus stop and offers to drive her home . She accepts and gets into the car , but Mackenzie then makes advances towards her by putting his hand on her leg . She tells him she will get the bus , but Mackenzie accelerates away . As Raffy begs to be let out of the car , Robbo catches up to them and forces Mackenzie to pull over . Raffy gets out and Mackenzie drives off . 16 August Surfer Finlay Upton The surfer notices John Palmer with Luc Patterson and calls him `` Grandpa '' as he walks past . 17 -- 21 August Claire Burns Di Adams Claire comes to the Beach House looking for her husband Wally , and accuses Leah Patterson of having an affair with him . When Wally arrives , he introduces Hunter King as the son of a friend , but Leah then tells Claire that Hunter is Wally 's son . 22 August Felicity Cox Amali Golden Felicity is a potential buyer for Salt . Justin Morgan shows her around the restaurant and advises her to come back during the dinner service . Felicity makes it clear that she interested in Justin and kisses him . 22 August -- Nick Dutton Jacob Allan Nick and his friends come into the Pier Diner and overhear Leah Patterson telling Roo Stewart that she think she has run out of romantic chances , so he asks her out on a date . Nick tells her he has been through a messy break up recently too . Leah turns him down , as she is not ready , but Nick tells her he will check in on her again soon . Nick is called to the high school to collect his daughter Jennifer , after she is suspended for fighting . Nick returns to the diner and invites Leah to have a coffee with him . Ben Astoni comes to see Nick after learning that he applied for the pier to be heritage listed , but they argue and Nick leaves . 22 August Tyson Indigo Felton Along with Nick Dutton , Tyson and Paul overhear Leah Patterson bemoaning her lack of romantic chances and they both agree that they would ask her out . Paul John Van Putten Polygraph Examiner Gregg Arthur The Polygraph Examiner interviews Robbo , who is suffering from amnesia . 28 August -- 6 September Faz Jesse Rowles Faz helps William Zannis to kidnap and hold Ziggy Astoni hostage . After Brody Morgan joins them , Faz also tries to force him to drink alcohol and take drugs . When Kat Chapman enters the room , Faz hits her over the head with a vase , knocking her unconscious . He and Bob take Ziggy and Brody outside , but they are attacked by Robbo . Ziggy later suffers a flashback to when Faz kidnapped her . 30 August Bob Neal Horton Bob is called to a motel to pick up William Zannis and Faz , and help them move Ziggy Astoni and Brody Morgan to a new location . As he and Faz go outside , they are attacked by Robbo . 4 September -- Dr Pandza Oliver Wenn Dr Pandza is Beth Ellis 's doctor . When she returns to her hospital room for treatment , he advises her to take things easy . A few days later , Dr Pandza is preparing to perform a procedure on Beth when Mason Morgan opens the door and learns she is a patient , not a nurse . 11 September Rose Wagner Jacqui Duncan Kat Chapman shows Rose a photo of Robbo , and asks her if she knows him , but Rose denies seeing him before . 12 September Trish Jeannie Gee Trish watches on as police enter the home of her deceased neighbour , Rose . Kat Chapman asks Trish if she knows Robbo , and Trish tells her that while she has seen him with Rose , she does not know his name . 21 September Leon Maxime Etienne Leon is a tattoo artist , who is asked by Mason Morgan to come to Summer Bay and tattoo himself and Beth Ellis . 25 September -- Colin Ben Barber While waiting in the queue at the Pier Diner , Colin is approached by Tori Morgan , who flirts with him and asks him on a date . Colin accepts and suggests they go to Salt . The date goes well until they are interrupted by Martin Ashford , causing Colin to leave . Tori contacts Colin a week later to arrange another date . He soon realises that Tori is not into him and decides to leave . He helps Ash 's date Liz with her pram and they decide to get a drink together somewhere else . 26 September Sergeant Halac Louise Kelly Sergeant Halac allows Kat Chapman to take the lead when the police raid Dylan Carter 's house . Sergeant Halac alerts Kat to a wall covered in pictures and newspapers clippings of her . 28 September Photographer Lance Bonza The photographer is invited to take pictures at Olivia Fraser Richards ' launch party for her fashion label . 3 October Junkie Ellen Harvey The junkie answers the door to Scarlett Snow when she calls at Jay Turner 's drug den . Scarlett tells her that she is there to pick something up and offers the junkie money to go and get them cigarettes . 4 October Mate # 1 Peter Sammak Jay Turner 's mate comes to his house to drink beer and play pool with him . 5 October Liz Margarita Merkel Martin Ashford bumps into Liz and her son Phoenix 's pram . After he fixes the broken wheel , Liz asks him out for a coffee and a play date for their children . Ash takes her to Salt , but is distracted when Tori Morgan arrives . Liz decides to leave when she realises that Ash likes Tori . Colin helps her with the pram and she suggests they go and get a drink somewhere else . Baby Phoenix River and Ryder Srhoj 5 October -- Alan Ellis Blair McDonough Alan is spending time with his daughter Beth Ellis when Mason Morgan approaches them and introduces himself as Beth 's boyfriend . Beth apologises to her father for the way he found out about her relationship . Alan invites Mason to brunch and they are joined by his wife Jackie . After brunch , Alan tells Mason to stay away from Beth . He later comes to Mason 's home , where Beth confronts him about what he said . Mason tells Alan that they both want Beth to be happy , and they sit down and talk . Jackie Ellis Rachael Coopes 9 October -- Caleb Snow Josh McConville Caleb is Scarlett Snow 's estranged husband , who arrives unexpectedly in the Bay . 11 October -- Dennis Novak Mirko Grillini Dennis flies a drone above Robbo and Kat Chapman while they are on a date in the city . He then tells someone unknown that he has found Robbo . 12 October Shelley Hannah Goodwin Shelley helps Olivia Fraser Richards make dresses for her business and meets up with her to get paid . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Firestorm -- Monday 30th January '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan O'Kane '' . Showcast . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Preview 2017 '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Cross Television -- Darwin Tuesday , 31 - Jan - 2017 '' . Southern Cross Media . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucklow , Andrew ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Rob Mills ' housemate won a TV role that the former Australian Idol contestant really wanted '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cullen , Tamara ; Downie , Stephen ( 28 January -- 3 February 2017 ) . `` Mystery medic '' . TV Week ( 4 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tania Nolan '' ( PDF ) . Johnson & Laird Management . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kiwi Go Girls actress Tania Nolan scores Home and Away part '' . Stuff.co.nz. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanrahan , Josh ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Playing it cool ! Home and Away star James Stewart cuts a casual figure as he rocks a pair of aviators while filming alongside new blonde co-star '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rama ; Nolan , Tania ( 22 June 2017 ) . My # LAFF2017 Interview with Tania Nolan -- ' And Then There Was Eve ' . Rama 's Screen and YouTube . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scarlett woman '' . TV Week ( 19 ) . 13 -- 19 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Karlie ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Home And Away wild child role could be Sophie Dillman 's big break '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Phan , Jody ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Home And Away 's Raechelle Banno appears to have a tense conversation with newcomer Sophie Dillman during filming '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Groome , Imogen ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : There 's a new family heading to Summer Bay '' . Metro . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dennehy , Luke ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` New family for long running soap Home and Away , set to make waves in Summer Bay '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam ( 10 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away offers a first look at a brand new family in an exciting new promo '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Amelia , Simone ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Screen siren ! Pia Miller looks flawless in a police uniform as she films action - filled arrest scene for Home and Away '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Swain , Sarah ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` He was in Star Wars and now actor Rohan Nichol has moved to Summer Bay for Home and Away '' . Manly Daily . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap diary '' . TV Week ( 24 ) . 17 -- 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jary , Marta ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Wet and wild ! Home And Away 's resident hunks James Stewart and Matt Little strip down to film sweltering scenes for the soap '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Sandy Webster ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6701 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Karlie ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Home and Away 's new bad boy Jake Ryan to hit our screens as Pia Miller 's new love interest '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Kirby ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Spoiler alert : Lights , camera , action ! Pia Miller flirts up a storm with a mystery hunk as she films Home and Away scenes on the beach '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Byers , Kara ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` ' I was up for the role of Brax all those years ago ! ' New Home And Away hunk Jake Ryan reveals he wanted to play the bad boy but his new character is nothing like him '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Nicky Arnall ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6722 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Jackson , Candice ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Sealed with a kiss ! Home And Away 's Orpheus Pledger leans in with his walking cane to lock lips with newcomer Anneliese Apps on Palm Beach set '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cromarty , Ali ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Larry is my inspiration '' . New Idea : 38 . Jump up ^ Groome , Imogen ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : All the rumoured new arrivals at the Bay this summer '' . Metro . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leah 's reaction '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Episode 6582 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Awford , Jenny ( 24 August 2016 ) . `` Is Home And Away 's Billie Ashford going to name her baby Luc ? Script shows doomed star will live long enough to name first child after her late brother '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Hannah Carroll Chapman ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6583 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Chris Langman ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6587 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6602 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Luke McKenzie '' . Showcast . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felicity McKay ATYP '' . ATYP . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Kate Bradley ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6610 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6612 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Sandy Webster ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6615 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6622 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Hannah Carroll Chapman ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6623 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Melissa Bonne '' . Showcast . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 25 -- 31 March 2017 ) . `` Morag returns '' . TV Week ( 12 ) : 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ La Cioppa , Bianca ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Georgie Parker gets cosy with Tim Ross while filming Home And Away '' . Daily Mail Australia . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Caleb Alloway '' . Sophie Jermyn Management . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6635 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Raelee Hill '' . Mollison Keightley Management . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Sarah Mayberry ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6638 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith '' . Linsten Morris Management . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Anna Bauweraerts ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6639 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Tom O'Sullivan '' ( PDF ) . Sue Barnett & Associates . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Fiona Bozic ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6652 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Nick King ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6653 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 10 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6654 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 13 -- 19 May 2017 ) . `` Bye bye baby '' . TV Week ( 19 ) . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Shaun Topp ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6664 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Romina Accurso ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6666 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Joel Pierce '' . Showcast . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Jeffery '' . Showcast . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Michelle Offen ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6669 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Nick King ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6670 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Rex Palazzi '' . StarNow . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan O'Connell '' . Showcast . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Hannah Carrol Chapman ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6678 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Fiona Bozic ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6681 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Nick King ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6682 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6684 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Bad boy '' . TV Week ( 26 ) : 10 . 1 -- 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Scholten '' . Showcast . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joel Davies '' . Showcast . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6695 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Alessandra Brook ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6699 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Santariga '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julian Garner '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tequila Rathbone '' . StarNow . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Wightman '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Managemen . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Fenwick Christensen '' . Showcast . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Fiona Kelly ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6712 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Luke Davis '' . Stunt Book Australia . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6714 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Di Adams '' . Showcast . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amali Golden '' . Showcast . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Allan '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 19 -- 25 August 2017 ) . `` Back in the game '' . TV Week ( 33 ) : 10 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6717 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` John Van Putten '' . StarNow . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Emma Gordon ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6720 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6724 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Rachel Laverly ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6728 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Jeannie Gee '' . StarNow . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Laura West ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6735 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6736 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Louise Kelly '' . lkellyperformer.com.au . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6736 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Nicky Arnall ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6741 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Kate Bradley ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6742 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6743 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Blair McDonough is joining Home And Away ! '' . TV Week . 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Coopes '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ; Vnuk , Helen ( 8 -- 14 July 2017 ) . `` Hide and seek '' . TV Week ( 27 ) : 15 . Jump up ^ `` Darwin Tuesday , 10 - October - 2017 '' . Southern Cross Media . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mirko Grillini '' . Showcast . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Goodwin '' . Showcast . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Characters and cast at the Official AU Home and Away website Characters and cast at the Internet Movie Database Ben Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Coco Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Maggie Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Ziggy Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Home and Away Characters Present characters Past characters Recurring characters Births , marriages and deaths Spin - offs headLand Home and Away : An Eye for an Eye Home and Away : Revenge Related articles Theme song Awards and nominations Summer Bay `` The Great Storm '' Official website ( hide ) Home and Away characters Present characters Martin Ashford Marilyn Chambers Kat Chapman Hunter King John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker VJ Patterson Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart Past characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson ( hide ) Characters by year 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Home_and_Away_characters_(2017)&oldid=804984102 '' Categories : Lists of Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 2017 2017 in Australian television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 09 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Home%20and%20Away%20characters%20%282017%29	617
who plays eric on once upon a time	Mark Gilbert McKinney , known professionally as Gil McKinney , ( born February 5 , 1979 ) is an American film and television actor . He is best known for playing Dr. Paul Grady on ER , Derek Bishop on Friday Night Lights , and Prince Eric in Once Upon a Time , and for being the voice and face ( via MotionScan ) of Jack Kelso in the video game L.A. Noire . Gil also appeared in Supernatural as Henry Winchester .	Supernatural\|Mark Gilbert McKinney	Gil McKinney	gil mckinney	Mark Gilbert McKinney , known professionally as Gil McKinney , ( born February 5 , 1979 ) is an American film and television actor . He is best known for playing Dr. Paul Grady on ER , Derek Bishop on Friday Night Lights , and Prince Eric in Once Upon a Time , and for being the voice and face ( via MotionScan ) of Jack Kelso in the video game L.A. Noire . Gil also appeared in Supernatural as Henry Winchester .	Contents 1 Filmography 1.1 Film 1.2 Television 1.3 Video Game 2 References 3 External links Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 Jeepers Creepers 2 Team member 2009 The Grudge 3 Max Morrison 2012 Hitchcock Reporter # 2 2014 Behaving Badly Officer Joe Tackett Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 -- 2009 ER Dr. Paul Grady 23 episodes 2008 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Martin Davlin 1 episode 2010 -- 2011 Friday Night Lights Derek Bishop 6 episodes The Mentalist Sean Meyers 1 episode 2011 Drop Dead Diva Ben Logan 1 episode 2012 Grey 's Anatomy Chris 1 episode 2012 Major Crimes Tom Ross 1 episode ' Medical Causes ' 2013 -- 2014 Supernatural Henry Winchester 2 episodes 2013 -- 2017 Once Upon a Time Prince Eric 4 episodes Video Game ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 L.A. Noire Jack Kelso Also motion capture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' : Gil McKinney Cast In Important Season 8 Role '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Exclusive : Supernatural Patriarch Cast as Ariel 's Prince '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 3 Cast -- Gil McKinney as Prince Eric TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Gil McKinney Is Prince Eric -- Season 3 Spoiler - Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Gil McKinney Becomes Part of Their World as Eric '' . Leaky News . Jump up ^ `` ' Supernatural ' : Gil McKinney Cast In Important Season 8 Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Supernatural Casting News : Gil McKinney to Portray Grandpa Winchester '' . Dread Central . External links ( edit ) Gil McKinney on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gil_McKinney&oldid=853869573 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from January 2014 All articles with topics of unclear notability Biography articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Español فارسی Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 13 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%20McKinney	618
who is the actor that plays ron weasley	Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint ( born 24 August 1988 ) is an English actor and producer . He rose to prominence playing Ron Weasley , one of the three main characters in the Harry Potter film series . Grint was cast as Ron at the age of 11 , having previously acted only in school plays and at his local theatre group . From 2001 to 2011 , he starred in all eight Harry Potter films alongside Daniel Radcliffe playing as Harry Potter and Emma Watson playing as Hermione Granger .	Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint	Rupert Grint	rupert grint	Rupert Alexander Lloyd Grint ( born 24 August 1988 ) is an English actor and producer . He rose to prominence playing Ron Weasley , one of the three main characters in the Harry Potter film series . Grint was cast as Ron at the age of 11 , having previously acted only in school plays and at his local theatre group . From 2001 to 2011 , he starred in all eight Harry Potter films alongside Daniel Radcliffe playing as Harry Potter and Emma Watson playing as Hermione Granger .	Beginning in 2002 , Grint began to work outside of the Harry Potter franchise , playing a co-leading role in Thunderpants . He has had starring roles in Driving Lessons , a dramedy released in 2006 , and Cherrybomb , a drama film of limited release in 2010 . Grint co-starred with Bill Nighy and Emily Blunt in Wild Target , a comedy . His first film project following the end of the Harry Potter series was the 2012 anti-war film , Into the White , in which he has a supporting role . In 2013 , Grint 's new film CBGB was released and he was cast in CBS 's new show Super Clyde . Grint made his stage debut in Jez Butterworth 's Mojo in October 2013 at the Harold Pinter Theatre in London . In 2014 he voiced the character of Josh in Postman Pat : The Movie , and in 2017 , he starred in and was executive producer of the television series Snatch , based on the film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Harry Potter ( 2001 -- 11 ) 2.2 Other work ( 2002 -- present ) 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theatre 4.4 Music 4.5 Other roles 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Grint was born in Harlow , Essex , England , to Nigel Grint ( b . 1963 ) , a dealer in racing memorabilia , and Joanne Grint ( née Parsons ; b . 1967 ) . Grint is the eldest of five siblings , the others being James ( b . 1990 ) , Georgina ( b . 1993 ) , Samantha and Charlotte . He has stated that his earliest goal in life was to become an ice cream man . He attended Richard Hale School , in Hertford . While in school , Grint took an avid interest in theatre . He started performing in school productions and joined the Top Hat Stage and Screen School , a local theatre group that cast him as a fish in Noah 's Ark and a donkey in another nativity play . He continued performing in school plays as he moved into secondary school . However , Grint had never acted professionally before the Harry Potter series . At the age of 16 , he left school to focus on his acting career . `` I did n't really like school that much , '' he later commented . Career ( edit ) Harry Potter ( 2001 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Grint outside at the 2007 premiere of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix in Toronto , Ontario , Canada Handprints , footprints and wand prints of ( from left to right ) Watson , Radcliffe , Grint Starting in 2000 , casting began for the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , the best - selling novel written by author J.K. Rowling . Rowling personally insisted that the cast be British and assisted Susie Figgis and director Chris Columbus in casting the roles . Grint chose to audition for the role of protagonist Ron Weasley , one of Harry Potter 's best friends at Hogwarts , and was a fan of the book series . Having seen a Newsround report about the open casting , he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the role . His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him . On 8 August 2000 , Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , and an 11 - year - old Grint were selected to play the roles of Harry , Hermione Granger , and Ron , respectively . Grint is the oldest member of the trio . The release of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 2001 was Grint 's debut screen performance . Breaking records for opening - day sales and opening - weekend takings , it was the highest - grossing film of that year . With a total of US $974 million in its theatrical run , Philosopher 's Stone stands as the second most commercially successful entry in the series . It was also critically well - received , scoring mainly positive reviews from critics . However , a number of critics found the adaption staying faithful to the book to be both its best and worst quality . Grint won a Satellite Award in the category of `` Outstanding New Talent '' , and a Young Artist Award for `` Most Promising Young Newcomer '' . A year later , Grint again starred as Ron in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) , the second installment of the series . The film opened to positive reviews and critics generally enjoyed the lead actors ' performances . Both Los Angeles Times and New York Magazine observed that Grint and his peers had matured between films , with the latter pointing out that Grint had become `` more proficient '' and said they missed `` the amateurish ardour '' the actor and Watson carried in Philosopher 's Stone . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) was released on 31 May in the UK . The film sees all three of its lead characters hover on the brink of adolescence , `` and while they look braver and more capable than before , the dangers they face seem far more grave and their own vulnerability more intense . '' Academy Award - nominee Alfonso Cuarón took over direction for Prisoner of Azkaban which remains the lowest - grossing Harry Potter film with US $795 million in revenue . Nonetheless it was the second highest - grossing movie of 2004 behind Shrek 2 . Despite this it remains the second highest rated in the series in terms of critical reaction . Grint signing autographs at the 2009 premiere of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince In 2005 , Grint reprised his role again for the fourth film in the series -- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The adaptation , unlike previous films , explored romantic elements and included more humour . In a 2005 interview with IGN , all three lead actors singled out the humour as being a reason for the film 's success . This project was directed by Mike Newell . According to the actor , the director was `` really loud and not afraid to swear at you , but he was really cool . '' Goblet of Fire stands as one of the best reviewed instalments within the series , and is noted for the maturity and sophistication of its characters , darker and more complex plotline , writing and performances of the lead actors . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the fifth film in the Harry Potter franchise , was released to cinemas in 2007 . A huge financial success , Order of the Phoenix set a record worldwide opening - weekend gross of US $394 million , superseding Spider - Man 3 as the title holder . This entry was directed by a new filmmaker , David Yates , who would continue to direct all of the following movies . Grint said the laid back director was `` really good '' and helped keep the material fresh . As the fame of the actor and the series continued , Grint and fellow Harry Potter cast members left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theater in Hollywood . On 15 July 2009 , the series 's sixth instalment , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was released . It did considerably better financially than the previous film , again setting new box office records . In its total theatrical run , Half - Blood Prince totalled in US $933 million ticket sales . Also , Half - Blood Prince remains one of the most positively reviewed entries within the series among film critics , who praised the film 's `` emotionally satisfying '' story , direction , cinematography , visuals and music . Grint observed a change in Ron in this entry , pointing out that his once insecure , often overshadowed character started to become more secure and even began to show a dark side of himself . The actor found it fun to personify a more emotional Ron . Between 2009 and 2010 , his work received three nominations , including one win -- an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo . Radcliffe , Watson and Grint at the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 premiere in London , July 2011 Despite the success of the past films , the future of the franchise was put into question as all three lead actors were unsure about signing on to continue their roles for the final two films . However , by March 2007 , Grint agreed to return for the last instalments . For financial and scripting reasons , the last book was divided into two films which were shot back to back , with filming concluding in June 2010 . After completing the final film he said : `` I mean it literally has been my childhood and suddenly it all came down to really just one random scene , with us jumping through a fireplace , and then it was over . ( ... ) But because you shoot out of sequence , it 's often just ' Turn left , cross the room , okay , that 's a wrap . ' And you 're done . ( ... ) Yeah , it 's very odd . Because suddenly it was all over , just like that . It was really emotional for all of us , realising that we 're never going to be doing this again . Grint at the film premiere of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 at the Alice Tully Center in New York City on 15 November 2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) was released in November and made over US $950 million . It set several box office records and opened to mostly favourable reviews in the media . His portrayal of Ron again earned him critical praise . Reviewing the adaption in Slate , Dana Stevens called all three of the leads `` terrific . '' Despite giving Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 a negative rating , Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal publication stated `` Grint has grown up to be a skilful actor who knows the value of a slow burn '' . New York Post writer Lou Lumenick , however , observed that both Grint and Radcliffe had grown weary of playing the same characters and expressed it in their performances . Grint 's performance scored him nominations from the MTV Movie Awards and National Movie Awards for Best Fight and Performance of the Year in 2011 . Grint reprised his role for the eighth time , in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the last Harry Potter instalment . This film picked - up from where the previous film left - off and included a lot of action , whereas the first part had focused more on character development . Rupert , along with the film , was critically acclaimed : Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post asked , `` Who could have predicted that Radcliffe , Grint and Watson would turn out to be good actors ? '' . The film broke several box office records , including biggest midnight release , biggest first - day opening , and biggest opening - weekend . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 got up to the 4th highest - grossing film of all time , and is the second highest - grossing non-James Cameron film with more than US $1.3 billion worldwide ( behind The Avengers ) . Harry Potter 's author J.K. Rowling gave a speech during the final , world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 on 7 July 2011 in London , England . She announced that there are seven Harry Potter film series cast members , to whom she refers as `` The Big Seven , '' and she named Grint as one of the seven members , alongside Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , Tom Felton , Matthew Lewis , Evanna Lynch and Bonnie Wright . Other work ( 2002 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2002 , Grint starred in his first non-Harry Potter film , Thunderpants , which revolves around Patrick ( played by Bruce Cook ) whose remarkable capacity for flatulence scores him a job as an astronaut . In this film , Grint portrayed the co-lead role of Alan , an anosmic boy who is Patrick 's only friend . It was generally ignored by critics and audiences alike . Most of the critics that did take notice of Thunderpants did not respond well to it , with one writing : `` This film should be shown in prisons so that inmates have a good reason to never return . '' Another film he appeared in was Driving Lessons , a comedy - drama released in 2006 , where he starred opposite Julie Walters . The film was met with a mixed reception by critics , but his portrayal of an oppressed teenaged boy was generally praised . `` Grint , on the other hand , is a revelation '' , who `` displays an innate naturalness mixed with personal charisma that turn a potentially pathetic Christian freak into a humorous , thoroughly likable -- if more than a little awkward -- young man '' , wrote Alt Film Guide 's Andre Soares . In July 2008 , it was announced that Grint would star in the drama film Cherrybomb with Robert Sheehan and Kimberley Nixon . Grint found shooting this film very different from the Harry Potter films since he had to adjust to doing a dozen scenes per day . Grint 's character -- Malachy , a worker at Belfast -- goes to great lengths to impress his boss 's daughter , with whom he is infatuated . This film , like his next project , would involve him playing violent roles . Despite premiering at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival , the film was initially unable to find a distributor . An online campaign by Grint 's fans was credited with helping to secure a deal for distribution in the UK in 2010 . Jonathan Lynn directed Grint in Wild Target , a 2010 comedy thriller film , which he starred in alongside Emily Blunt and Bill Nighy . A remake of the 1993 French film Cible Emouvante , Wild Target was made on a relatively small production budget of US $8 million . However , it was a commercial failure , only earning back US $3.4 million . It also garnered mostly negative reviews in the media , which criticised it for dishonouring the original film and wasting the comedic potential of its cast , but Grint also attracted some positive notice : `` It 's nice to see Rupert Grint perform well in a role other than that of Ron Weasley , and it 's clear that he 's got a career ahead of him . '' In January 2011 , Grint made a cameo appearance in BBC popular comedy show Come Fly with Me starring comedy duo Matt Lucas and David Walliams ( Little Britain ) . In March 2011 , Grint was cast as the lead character in the small - budget anti-war Norwegian film Into the White , which was directed by Petter Næss . Principal photography started in April , and the project , which was shot on location , was released in 2012 . Into the White is based on a real incident that took place on 27 April 1940 , when German Luftwaffe pilot Horst Schopis 's bomber was shot down at Grotli by a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Blackburn Skua , which then crash - landed . The several German and British crew members found shelter by chance during a harsh winter there . Grint at the US premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in July 2011 In August 2011 , Grint did a photo shoot with his friend and Harry Potter co-star Tom Felton in Los Angeles for the autumn / winter collection of the fashion label Band of Outsiders . In September 2011 , it was announced that Grint would voice a character in the film adaptation of Postman Pat along with David Tennant , Stephen Mangan and Jim Broadbent ; the film was released in May 2014 . Grint also appears in the music video for Ed Sheeran 's song `` Lego House '' ; the video was released on 20 October 2011 . In March 2012 , the `` Visit Britain '' TV ad was released , which features Grint alongside Julie Walters , Michelle Dockery and Stephen Fry . The TV ad promotes holidaying at home in the UK . On 14 March 2012 , Variety reported that Grint had been cast alongside Chloë Grace Moretz in The Drummer , a biopic film about drummer Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys . On the same day , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed this and announced filming was scheduled to begin on 15 June 2012 in California and Savannah , Georgia On 25 July 2012 , Grint carried the 2012 London Olympic torch during the Olympic Torch Relay , which is part of 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London . In interviews , Rupert told the BBC News that it was an `` overwhelming '' experience that he hoped to remember forever , and told The Daily Telegraph `` It was amazing , it was really overwhelming . It 's just such an honour to be a part of this . I 'm really proud '' . In October 2012 , Grint narrated We Are Aliens , a 25min 3D Planetarium Fulldome film about the possibility of other intelligent life in our Universe . On 13 February 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter 's Live Feed announced that Grint would star in a television show on CBS called Super Clyde . `` Grint will play the title role of Clyde , the well - meaning and sweet yet slightly neurotic guy who never feels like he really fits in . The avid comic book reader considers himself a borderline agoraphobic with mild to severe anxiety issues who wishes he were a super hero himself . When Clyde inherits a $100,000 a month inheritance from his long - dead eccentric Uncle Bill , he decides that the cash will be his secret super power and will use it only for good and reward the good - hearted . '' In July 2013 , it was confirmed that Grint will be making his stage debut in Jez Butterworth 's second run of his black comedy , Mojo , playing the role as a minor hood called Sweets who pops amphetamines like Smarties and does a sort of double act , full of comic menace . Grint will be starring alongside actors Brendan Coyle , Ben Whishaw and Daniel Mays . The play is based on real - life events and ran from 26 October 2013 until 8 February 2014 at the Harold Pinter Theatre in London . He won the WhatsOnStage Award for Best London Newcomer for his role in this play . In September 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that in an adaptation of Macbeth called Enemy of Man , Grint will be starring with Sean Bean , Charles Dance , Jason Flemyng , James D'Arcy , Neil Maskell and Joe Gilgun , directed by Vincent Regan . The filming production began in January 2014 in the United Kingdom . In June 2014 , it was announced that Grint would make his Broadway debut as Frank Finger in the play It 's Only a Play at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre , appearing alongside Matthew Broderick , Nathan Lane , Stockard Channing , and Megan Mullally . Grint 's first performance was on 28 August 2014 and his last performance was on 4 January 2015 . Personal life ( edit ) Grint is involved with charity , having donated items such as clothes to charity auctions , as well as participating in the Wacky Rally in 2010 with James and Oliver Phelps , which raised money for Britain 's Royal National Lifeboat Institution . He was one of more than forty participants to produce designs for Chrysalis Collection for Keech Hospice Care in London . His piece , a painted butterfly , was auctioned on eBay.com in March 2010 . In May 2011 , along with other celebrities , Grint took part in the ad campaign for `` Make Mine Milk '' to promote daily milk drinking . His ads can be seen on thousands of bus sides and posters across the United Kingdom . Grint supports Little Star Award since 2011 in support of Cancer Research UK , joining Leona Lewis among others . `` I think that it 's wonderful that Cancer Research UK is helping to bring a little bit of magic to the children 's lives in this way , '' said Grint . Grint is private about his personal life , but was confirmed to be in a relationship in October 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Key Denotes films that have not yet been released Year Title Role Director ( s ) Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Ron Weasley Chris Columbus 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Thunderpants Alan A. Allen Peter Hewitt Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Ron Weasley Alfonso Cuarón 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Mike Newell 2006 Driving Lessons Ben Marshall Jeremy Brock 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Ron Weasley David Yates 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Cherrybomb Malachy McKinney Glenn Leyburn & Lisa Barros D'Sa Wild Target Tony Jonathan Lynn Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Ron Weasley David Yates 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 2012 Cross of Honour Gunner Robert Smith Petter Næss 2013 The Necessary Death of Charlie Countryman Karl Fredrik Bond CBGB Cheetah Chrome Randall Miller The Unbeatables Amadeo ( voice ) Juan José Campanella 2014 Postman Pat : The Movie Josh ( voice ) Mike Disa 2015 Moonwalkers Jonny Antoine Bardou - Jacquet Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Happy Birthday , Peter Pan Peter Pan ( voice ) TV documentary special Come Fly with Me Himself BBC One mockumentary television comedy series , one episode 2012 American Dad ! Liam ( voice ) `` Killer Vacation '' 2012 Top Gear Himself As the star in the reasonably priced car 2013 Super Clyde Clyde Pilot ( CBS Released Online ) 2016 Tracey Ullman 's Show Himself 1 episode 2016 The Artist August `` Gustl '' Kubizek Mini-Series ( Sky Arts ) 2017 Sick Note Daniel Glass Series ( Sky Atlantic ) 2017 Snatch Charlie Cavendish Series ( Sony Pictures Television ) 2017 Urban Myths August Kubizek ( Adolf 's Roommate ) `` Adolf the Artist '' ( Episode ) TBA Imperial City TBA ( main role ) Pre-production Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Mojo Sweets Stage production at the Harold Pinter Theatre , London 2014 It 's Only a Play Frank Finger Stage production at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre , Broadway Music ( edit ) Year Title Format Notes 2011 `` Lego House '' Music Video Song by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran 2012 `` Over the Rainbow '' Song Into the White Soundtrack 2014 `` Struck by Lightning '' Song Postman Pat : The Movie Soundtrack Other roles ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Baggy Trousers Molesworth Series , BBC Radio 4 2012 We Are Aliens Narrator The National Space Centre 's Show Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Film Result 2002 Satellite Award Outstanding New Talent Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Won Young Artist Award Most Promising Young Newcomer Won Best Ensemble in a Feature Film ( Shared with Emma Watson and Tom Felton ) Nominated 2006 2006 MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Team ( shared with Daniel Radcliffe and Emma Watson ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Nominated 2007 National Movie Award Best Performance by a Male Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Nominated 2009 Portrait Choice Award Best Male Movie Performance Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Nominated 2009 Scream Awards Best Supporting Actor Nominated Best Ensemble Won BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards Best British Actor Nominated Otto Award Movie Star Won 36th People 's Choice Awards Favorite On - Screen Team Nominated 2011 National Movie Awards Performance of the Year Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Nominated 2011 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight ( Shared with Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , Arben Bajraktaraj and Rod Hunt ) Nominated 2011 Scream Awards Best Supporting Actor Nominated BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards Best British Actor Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Won IGN Summer Movie Awards Best Ensemble Cast Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Award Best Ensemble Performance Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble Nominated 2012 38th People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Ensemble Won Favourite Film Star ( under 25 ) Nominated 2012 MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss ( Shared With Emma Watson ) Nominated Best Cast ( Shared with Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson and Tom Felton ) Won 2014 WhatsOnStage Awards Best London Newcomer of the Year Mojo Won See also ( edit ) List of Harry Potter cast members References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rupert Grint biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Weasley ( Note : Click appropriate actor 's image , click `` Actor Bio '' ) `` . Warner Bros. Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Benedict , David . `` West End Review : ' Mojo ' '' . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Michael ( 6 November 2006 ) . `` Rupert Grint : In the Driver 's Seat Now '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Whitty , Stephen . `` Rupert Grint interview : ' Potter ' star chats about famed role in blockbuster series '' . New Jersey On - Line . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` How Harry Potter and friends grew up '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 30 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus Talks Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Martyn ( 3 November 2001 ) . `` When Danny Met Harry '' . The Times . UK : Times Newspapers . pp. 28 -- 30 ( Times Magazine supplement ) . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffeyes , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson Bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to Life for Warner Bros. Pictures Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Warner Bros. 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint : Teenage Ice Cream Man '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc. 17 July 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rupert Grint '' . The-Numbers.com . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rupert Grint '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 6th Annual SATELLITE TM Awards '' . Satellite Awards . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty - Third Annual Young Artist Awards 2002 '' . Young Artist Awards . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 15 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 28 December 2005 . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Rainer , Peter ( 16 January 2003 ) . `` Chamber Made '' . New York Magazine . New York Media LLC . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban : Film review '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 May 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Nicole ( 4 June 2004 ) . `` Cuaron 's Magic Touch '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson and Rupert Grint '' . IGN. 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Rupert Grint '' . IGN. 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time worldwide opening records '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Yates to Direct ' Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ' '' . Box Office Mojo. 19 January 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Blvd Celebrates Potter 's ' Wands of Fame ' '' . KCBS - TV . CBS . 9 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ' Breaks Midnight Records '' . MTV . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Grey , Brandon ( 16 July 2009 ) . `` Sixth ' Harry Potter ' Posts Franchise - Best Opening Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen . `` How Good is Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 2 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BRAVO OTTO - Wahl 2010 ! '' ( in German ) . Bravo . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Will Be Played by Daniel Radcliffe in Final Two Flicks '' . MTV . 2 March 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Edidin , Peter ( 24 March 2007 ) . `` Gang 's all here '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Potter Producer Talks Deathly Hallows '' . Empire . Bauer Consumer Media . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe Recalls ' Weeping ' During Final ' Harry Potter ' Shoot '' . MTV . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 21 November 2010 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Deathly Hallows ' Scores Top Non-Summer Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Harry Casts a Spell '' . Slate . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' and the Endless Ending '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Lou Lumenick ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Weary Potter '' . New York Post . Paul Carlucci . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MTV Movie Award Staff ( 3 May 2011 ) . `` ' Eclipse , ' ' Inception ' Lead 2011 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . MTV . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees and Trailers '' . National Movie Awards . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` Daniel Radcliffe on the Differences Between ' Deathly Hallow ' Parts 1 and 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Brandon ( 16 July 2011 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Conjures Opening Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Harry ' Makes History '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ tzekoulis ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` J.K. Rowling 's Emotional Speech at the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 London Premiere '' . Retrieved 2 October 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Waldron - Mantgani , Ian ( 28 May 2002 ) . `` Review : Thunderpants '' . UK Critic . Jump up ^ `` DRIVING LESSONS -- Rupert Grint , Julie Walters '' . Alt Film Guide . 28 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Rupert Grint Gets Bloody for ' Cherrybomb ' -- Check Out Exclusive Photos ! '' . MTV . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fans secure film deal for Grint '' . BBC News . BBC . 5 October 2009 . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( 18 May 2008 ) . `` CinemaNX boards trio '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Target '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Target ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Target review -- Best For Film -- Film reviews and movie news '' . Bestforfilm.com. 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint Cameo Appearance In `` Come fly with me '' `` . Teen Stars World . Flixster . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint to star in Comrade '' . Harry Potter Fans. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Rossing ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` Rupert Grint starts shooting Norwegian WWII epic Comrade '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stars give modelling a whirl '' . Marie Claire . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Rupert Grint Joins Voice Cast for Big - Screen Version of British Kids ' TV Show ' Postman Pat ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music Video : Ed Sheeran `` Lego House '' Starring Rupert Grint `` . The Round Table Online . Associated Newspapers Ltd. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitelocks , Sadie ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Downton - by - sea : Stars of the screen unite to promote UK tourism and our glorious landscapes '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Moretz , Grint join ' Drummer ' cast '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` chloe moretz rupert grint join beach boy biopic '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter star Rupert Grint carries Olympic Flame . BBC . Retrieved on 25 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` London 2012 Olympics : Harry Potter star Rupert Grint carries torch '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved on 26 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Meet our Narrator '' . 10 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` ' Harry Potter 's ' Rupert Grint to Star in CBS ' Greg Garcia Comedy ' Super Clyde ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rupert Grint Confirmed For West End London Debut In Mojo October 26 , SnitchSeeker.com , Retrieved on 25 July 2013 Jump up ^ Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint win at WhatsOnStage Awards , telegraph.co.uk , Retrieved on 26 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint , Sean Bean join ' Macbeth ' adaptation ' Enemy of Man ' '' . hypable.com. 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Toronto : Rupert Grint Lined Up for Macbeth Adaptation The Hollywood Reporter.com , Retrieved on 6 September 2013 Jump up ^ Rupert Grint in Hunger TV photo shoot preview , Enemy of Man filming in January 2014 Snitchseeker.com , Retrieved on 6 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter '' Star Rupert Grint Joins `` It 's Only a Play '' `` . NBC New York . NBC News . 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( 17 June 2014 ) . `` Rupert Grint to Make Broadway Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stars donate clothes to cancer charity auction '' . OK !. 25 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James and Oliver Phelps -- Actors '' . Royal National Lifeboat Institution . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter 's Rupert Grint turn artist for charity '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Ltd. 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint joins celebrities backing milk campaign '' . BBC News . BBC . 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter star in search for courageous cancer children in Birmingham '' . Birmingham Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd. 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Moodie , Clemmie ( 3 October 2014 ) . `` Harry Potter star Rupert Grint : Money I got was ' ridiculous ' '' . mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Go Ron Then ! Rupert Grint Will Play a Hero For New Comic Book Based TV Show '' . moviepilot.com . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rupert Grint to star in comic book pilot '' . digitalspy.co.uk. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( 24 April 2006 ) . `` Alba , Carell , ' Crashers , ' ' Virgin ' Big Nominees For MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Movie Awards 2007 winners '' . BBC News . BBC . 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Angela. `` 2009 Portrait Choice Awards as voted by YOU ! '' . Portrait Choice Award . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Office -- Radio 1 's Teen Awards winners announced '' . BBC . 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp , Sandra Bullock Top 2010 People 's Choice Awards Winners '' . AOL TV . AOL Inc. 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 IGN Award for Best Ensemble Cast '' . IGN . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rupert Grint . Rupert Grint on IMDb Rupert Grint at Box Office Mojo Rupert Grint : Overview at MSN Movies site Rupert Grint at TV.com ( hide ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Duo Best On - Screen Duo Dana Carvey & Mike Myers ( 1992 ) Mel Gibson & Danny Glover ( 1993 ) Harrison Ford & Tommy Lee Jones ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock & Keanu Reeves ( 1995 ) Chris Farley & David Spade ( 1996 ) Nicolas Cage & Sean Connery ( 1997 ) John Travolta & Nicolas Cage ( 1998 ) Jackie Chan & Chris Tucker ( 1999 ) Mike Myers & Verne Troyer ( 2000 ) Mark Wahlberg & Seth MacFarlane ( 2013 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2014 ) Zac Efron & Dave Franco ( 2015 ) Hugh Jackman & Dafne Keen ( 2017 ) Best On - Screen Team Drew Barrymore , Cameron Diaz & Lucy Liu ( 2001 ) Vin Diesel & Paul Walker ( 2002 ) Sean Astin , Andy Serkis & Elijah Wood ( 2003 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan , Rachel McAdams , Lacey Chabert & Amanda Seyfried ( 2005 ) Vince Vaughn & Owen Wilson ( 2006 ) Best Cast Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson & Tom Felton ( 2012 ) VIAF : 85081712 LCCN : no2002035841 ISNI : 0000 0001 1450 2042 GND : 132159422 SUDOC : 077284259 BNF : cb14071476r ( data ) BNE : XX1668132 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rupert_Grint&oldid=800017521 '' Categories : 1988 births 21st - century English male actors People from Harlow English male child actors English male film actors English male radio actors English male television actors Male actors from Essex Living people English male stage actors English male voice actors People from Watton - at - Stone People educated at Richard Hale School Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use British English from April 2014 Good articles Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 04 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%20Grint	619
what does the expression the pot calling the kettle black mean	`` The pot calling the kettle black '' is a proverbial idiom that seems to be of Spanish origin , versions of which began to appear in English in the first half of the 17th century . It is glossed in the original sources as being used of a person who is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another and is thus an example of psychological projection .		The pot calling the kettle black	the pot calling the kettle black	`` The pot calling the kettle black '' is a proverbial idiom that seems to be of Spanish origin , versions of which began to appear in English in the first half of the 17th century . It is glossed in the original sources as being used of a person who is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another and is thus an example of psychological projection .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Similar themes in antiquity 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) The earliest appearance of the idiom is in Thomas Shelton 's 1620 translation of the Spanish novel Don Quixote . The protagonist is growing increasingly restive under the criticisms of his servant Sancho Panza , of which one is that `` You are like what is said that the frying - pan said to the kettle , ' Avant , black - browes ' . '' The Spanish text at this point reads : Dijo la sartén a la caldera , Quítate allá ojinegra ( Said the pan to the pot , get out of there black - eyes ) . It is identified as a proverb ( refrán ) in the text , functioning as a retort to the person who criticises another of the same defect that he plainly has . Among several variations , the one where the pan addresses the pot as culinegra ( black - arse ) makes clear that they are dirtied in common by contact with the cooking fire . This version was also recorded in England soon afterwards as `` The pot calls the pan burnt - arse '' in John Clarke 's collection of proverbs , Paroemiologia Anglo - Latina ( 1639 ) . A nearer approach to the present wording is provided by William Penn in his collection Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims ( 1682 ) : `` If thou hast not conquer 'd thy self in that which is thy own particular Weakness , thou hast no Title to Virtue , tho ' thou art free of other Men 's . For a Covetous Man to inveigh against Prodigality , an Atheist against Idolatry , a Tyrant against Rebellion , or a Lyer against Forgery , and a Drunkard against Intemperance , is for the Pot to call the Kettle black . '' Apart from the final example in this passage , there is not a strict accord between the behaviour of the critic and the person censured . An alternative modern interpretation , far removed from the original intention , argues that while the pot is sooty ( being placed on a fire ) , the kettle is shiny ( being placed on coals only ) ; hence , when the pot accuses the kettle of being black , it is the pot 's own sooty reflection that it sees : the pot accuses the kettle of a fault that only the pot has , rather than one that they share . The point is illustrated by a poem that appeared anonymously in an early issue of St. Nicholas Magazine from 1876 : `` Oho ! '' said the pot to the kettle ; `` You are dirty and ugly and black ! Sure no one would think you were metal , Except when you 're given a crack . '' `` Not so ! not so ! '' kettle said to the pot ; `` ' Tis your own dirty image you see ; For I am so clean -- without blemish or blot -- That your blackness is mirrored in me . '' Similar themes in antiquity ( edit ) The fable of the Snake and the Crab in the 1470s Medici Manuscript In ancient Greece , mention of ' the Snake and the Crab ' signified much the same , where the critic censures its own behaviour in another . The first instance of this is in a drinking song ( skolion ) dating from the late 6th or early 5th century BCE . The fable ascribed to Aesop concerns a mother crab and its young , where the mother tells the child to walk straight and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done . The same theme differently expressed occurs in the Aramaic version of the story of Ahiqar , dating from about 500 BCE . ' The bramble sent to the pomegranate tree saying , `` Wherefore the multitude of thy thorns to him that toucheth thy fruit ? '' The pomegranate tree answered and said to the bramble , `` Thou art all thorns to him that toucheth thee '' . In Matthew 7 : 3 - 5 , it is criticism of a less significant failing by those who are worse that is the target of the Sermon on the Mount : `` Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother 's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye ? '' See also ( edit ) Tu quoque References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phrase Finder Jump up ^ Ch. 67 Jump up ^ Regino Etxabe , Diccionario de refranes comentado , Madrid 2012 Jump up ^ Julia Cresswell , Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins , 2010 , p. 339 Jump up ^ Lines 445 -- 6 Jump up ^ Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins , by William Morris , Mary Morris Jump up ^ Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , 1870 , revised by Adrian Room ( Millennium Edition ) Jump up ^ St Nicholas Magazine 3.4 , February 1876 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados , History of the Graeco - Latin fable I , Brill , Leiden NL 1999 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Folklore and Fable vol. XVII , New York 1909 , p. 30 Jump up ^ The Words of Ahiqar : Aramaic proverbs and precepts , Syriac Studies site External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of pot calling the kettle black at Wiktionary ( hide ) Internet slang Abuse cyberbullying cyberstalking doxing flaming griefer hacker keylogger malware spyware phishing script kiddie Stealth banning spamming troll Chatspeak emoticon emoji leet owned Pr0n pwn teh w00t fap LOL nsfw padonkaffsky jargon sexting Imageboard 4chan anonymous - chan CP goatse.cx lolcat lulz lurk newbie OP pedobear rickrolling Rule 34 tripcode weeaboo Memes advertising and products animation and comics challenges email film gaming images music politics videos miscellaneous Usenet eternal September PKB plonk Portal Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_pot_calling_the_kettle_black&oldid=807198400 '' Categories : English - language idioms Hypocrisy Internet slang Metaphors referring to objects Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wiktionary Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 14 : 49 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20pot%20calling%20the%20kettle%20black	620
where does the last name strickland come from	The English surname Strickland is derived from the place - name Stercaland , of Old Norse origins , which is found in Westmorland to the south of Penrith . It has been used as a family name at least since the late 12th century , when Walter of Castlecarrock married Christian of Leteham , an heiress to the landed estate that covered the area where the villages of Great Strickland and Little Strickland are now . After this marriage Walter became known as Walter of Strickland , spelt in various ways .		Strickland ( Surname )	strickland ( surname )	The English surname Strickland is derived from the place - name Stercaland , of Old Norse origins , which is found in Westmorland to the south of Penrith . It has been used as a family name at least since the late 12th century , when Walter of Castlecarrock married Christian of Leteham , an heiress to the landed estate that covered the area where the villages of Great Strickland and Little Strickland are now . After this marriage Walter became known as Walter of Strickland , spelt in various ways .	The coat of arms of the Strickland family of Gilsland is Sable three escalopes argent , meaning `` three silver scallops on a black field '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Queen Katherine 2.1 `` Strike - land '' myth 3 List of persons with the surname Strickland 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Battle of Agincourt The family of Castlecarrock was descended from the Norman family of Vaux , called in Latin Vallibus , which came originally from Falaise in Normandy . Hubert de Vaux became the first Norman lord of Gilsland in Cumberland ( now part of Cumbria ) , an estate around Brampton and Castle Carrock . Hubert 's son Eustace married one of the two sisters who were the co-heiresses of Robert son of Bueth , the last direct male descendant of a native chieftain , Gilles son of Bueth . Robert was the owner of Gilsland in the time of King Henry I . Sir William de Strickland ( 1242 -- 1305 ) married Elizabeth d'Eyncourt , who was descended on her mother 's side from the Clan Dunbar , cadets of the Scottish kings , and from Uchtred , Earldorman of Northumberland and his third wife Aelfgifu , a daughter of Ethelred the Unready . It was by this marriage that Sizergh Castle became the Strickland family seat . The name of Strickland first came to notice at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 , when Thomas Strickland Esquire carried the Flag of St. George , dismounted , as he was still a knight in training . He had brought with him men - at - arms from his estate at Great Strickland in Westmorland and other troops from Kendal ( the Kendal Bowmen ) . The family fought against the Scots during their incursions into the English Marches , and Sir Walter Strickland also fought for the House of York during the Wars of the Roses . The family was a major landowner in Westmorland and Lancashire , and the name appears linked to local landmarks ( Strickland Wood , Warton near Carnforth for example ) . The family at Sizergh remained Roman Catholics after the Reformation . As the family grew , various branches appeared , one of which married into the Constable family of Yorkshire , another branch settled early on in Hertfordshire . With migration to the colonies and the growth of the British Empire , the name of Strickland has spread world wide . The Kendal Parish Church ( Holy Trinity ) has a Strickland family chapel and both Kendal and Penrith have main roads called Stricklandgate ( The ' gate ' element is derived from the Old Norse ' gata ' , meaning street ) . A settlement first appeared on the west side of present day Kendal not long after the 1066 Norman Invasion when a Motte and Bailey fortification was built , this became known as Kirkbie Strickland ( Kirkbie meaning church ) . There are different spellings , but the family name Stickland is not connected , being Saxon and originating from Dorset . Queen katherine ( edit ) Katherine Parr who married King Henry VIII was descended from the Strickland family via her ancestors Catherine de Strickland and Elizabeth Ros . `` Strike - land '' myth ( edit ) The poet and historical writer Agnes Strickland ( 1796 - 1874 ) claimed that in 1066 a knight with William the Conqueror 's invasion fleet was the first Norman to come ashore in England and struck his sword into the beach , thus gaining the name of `` Strikeland '' , but no evidence supports this claim and it is considered fanciful . List of persons with the Surname Strickland ( edit ) Agnes Strickland , British writer Amzie Strickland , American TV and radio actress Audra Strickland , American politician Bill Strickland , American community leader ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) Catharine Parr Traill , born Catharine Strickland , early emigrant from England to Canada Charles H. Strickland , Church of the Nazarene minister Charles Strickland , Irish land agent and town planner David Strickland , American actor Donald Strickland , American football cornerback Earl Strickland , American pool player Erick Strickland , American basketball player Gail Strickland , American film / television actress Gerald Strickland , 1st Baron Strickland ( 24 May 1861 -- 22 August 1940 ) Prime Minister of Malta , Governor of the Leeward Islands , Governor of Tasmania , Governor of Western Australia and Governor of New South Wales . Sir George Strickland , 7th Baronet ( 1782 -- 1874 ) , also known as Sir George Cholmley , an English Member of Parliament and lawyer Hugh Edwin Strickland ( 1811 -- 1853 ) , British naturalist Hunter Strickland , American baseball player Jim Strickland ( disambiguation ) , several people John Estmond Strickland ( Hong Kong ) , UK - born former Chairman of The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Josh Strickland , American singer / actor KaDee Strickland , American actress Keith Strickland , American musician Mabel Strickland , Anglo - Maltese journalist and politician Margaret Strickland , writer Mark Strickland , American basketball player Michael Strickland ( disambiguation ) , several people Peter Strickland ( British Army officer ) Randolph Strickland , American politician Robert Strickland fought at the Battle of Edgehill for the Royalist side Rod Strickland , basketball player Roy C. Strickland , American politician / businessman Shirley Strickland , Australian athlete Stephanie Strickland , poet Susanna Moodie ( Strickland ) , UK - born Canadian author Ted Strickland , American politician Terry A.D. Strickland , fugitive Tom Strickland , American politician Thomas Strickland ( cavalier ) , fought at the Battle of Edgehill for the Royalist side Walter Strickland English politician and diplomat who held high office during the Protectorate William Strickland ( disambiguation ) , several people See also ( edit ) Strickland ( disambiguation ) Strickland - Constable baronets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STRICKLAND '' . Tudorplace . Jump up ^ `` Surname Database : Strickland Last Name Origin '' . The Internet Surname Database . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Surname Database : Stickland Last NameOrigin '' . The Internet Surname Database . Jump up ^ `` PARR of Kendal '' . This page lists people with the surname Strickland . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strickland_(surname)&oldid=828271450 '' Categories : Surnames English toponymic surnames Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strickland%20%28surname%29	621
who sang your mama don't dance and your daddy don't rock and roll	`` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' is a hit 1972 song by the rock duo Loggins and Messina . Released on their self - titled album Loggins and Messina , it reached number four on the Billboard pop chart and number 19 on the Billboard Easy Listening Chart as a single in early 1973 .	rock duo Loggins and Messina	Your Mama Do n't Dance	your mama don't dance	`` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' is a hit 1972 song by the rock duo Loggins and Messina . Released on their self - titled album Loggins and Messina , it reached number four on the Billboard pop chart and number 19 on the Billboard Easy Listening Chart as a single in early 1973 .	This song , whose refrain and first verse is done in a blues format , deals with the 1950s and 1960s lifestyle concerning the generation gap , where the parents oppose the Rock and Roll Revolution , of the younger generation , which includes the rebelliousness against the old society that monitors curfews on dating , as well as being arrested for making love with a girl in the back seat of a car , during a drive - in movie , which happens during the bridge section of the song . When released as a single , it was the duo 's biggest hit as well as their only Gold single . `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' was covered in 1973 by Australian band the Bootleg Family Band . It made the top 5 in Australia . `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' was covered in 1985 by the rock band Y&T , in 1988 by the rock band Poison , and it was the fourth single from their second album Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! . The Poison version released as a single in 1989 on Capitol Records reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 39 on the Mainstream rock charts and has since gone Gold in the US . The song also charted at number 21 on the Australian charts and number 13 on the UK Singles chart . The single 's B - side is `` Tearin ' Down the Walls '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Albums 2 Personnel 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly singles charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Poison version 4 References 5 External links Albums ( edit ) `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' is on the following albums : Loggins and Messina The Best of Friends Kenny Loggins ' 1993 Solo Album : Outside : From the Redwoods The Poison version is available on : Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! Swallow This Live ( live version ) Poison 's Greatest Hits : 1986 - 1996 Crack a Smile ... and More ! ( Unplugged ) The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! - 20th Anniversary Edition Poison 'd The Y&T version is available on : Down for the Count Personnel ( edit ) Loggins & Messina version Kenny Loggins - vocals , electric guitar ( plus solo ) Jim Messina - vocals , electric guitar Jon Clarke - baritone saxophone Al Garth - alto saxophone Larry Sims - bass , backing vocals Merel Bregante - drums , backing vocals Michael Omartian - piano Milt Holland - congas , cowbells Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Loggins and Messina version : Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 19 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 58 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 53 Poison version ( edit ) `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' Single by Poison from the album Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! B - side `` Tearin ' Down the Walls '' Released February 1 , 1989 Format CD single , 7 - inch single Recorded Genre Glam metal Length 2 : 59 Label Enigma / Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Kenny Loggins , Jim Messina Producer ( s ) Tom Werman Poison singles chronology `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' ( 1988 ) `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' ( 1989 ) `` Unskinny Bop '' ( 1990 ) Chart ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Charts 21 UK Singles Chart 13 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 10 U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ `` Allmusic ( Poison charts and awards ) Billboard singles '' . Jump up ^ `` Poison chart stats '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ RPM Canada Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Steve Huey . `` Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! - Poison Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song Loggins and Messina Kenny Loggins Jim Messina Studio albums Sittin ' In ( 1971 ) Loggins and Messina ( 1972 ) Full Sail ( 1973 ) Mother Lode ( 1974 ) So Fine ( 1975 ) Native Sons ( 1976 ) Live albums On Stage ( 1974 ) Finale ( 1977 ) Live : Sittin ' In Again at the Santa Barbara Bowl ( 2005 ) Compilation albums The Best of Friends ( 1976 ) The Best of Loggins & Messina ( 1980 ) The Best : Sittin ' in Again ( 2005 ) Singles `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' ( 1972 ) `` Thinking of You '' ( 1973 ) Other songs `` Danny 's Song '' `` House at Pooh Corner '' `` Listen to a Country Song '' `` A Love Song '' Commons Poison Bret Michaels Rikki Rockett Bobby Dall C.C. DeVille Matt Smith Richie Kotzen Blues Saraceno Studio albums Look What the Cat Dragged In Open Up and Say ... Ahh ! Flesh & Blood Native Tongue Crack a Smile ... and More ! Power to the People Hollyweird Poison 'd ! Live albums Swallow This Live Great Big Hits Live ! Bootleg Seven Days Live ( CD ) Live , Raw & Uncut ( CD ) Compilations Poison 's Greatest Hits : 1986 -- 1996 Poison -- Rock Champions Best of Ballads & Blues The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock Poison -- Box Set ( Collector 's Edition ) Double Dose : Ultimate Hits Videos Sight for Sore Ears Flesh , Blood , & Videotape Swallow This Live : Flesh & Blood World Tour Seven Days Live Poison Greatest Video Hits Nothing but a Good Time ! Unauthorized Poison Video Hits The Best of Poison : 20 Years of Rock ( DVD ) Live , Raw & Uncut ( DVD ) Singles `` Cry Tough '' `` Talk Dirty to Me '' `` I Want Action '' `` I Wo n't Forget You '' `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' `` Nothin ' but a Good Time '' `` Fallen Angel '' `` Every Rose Has Its Thorn '' `` Your Mama Do n't Dance '' `` Unskinny Bop '' `` Something to Believe In '' `` Ride the Wind '' `` Life Goes On '' `` ( Flesh & Blood ) Sacrifice '' `` So Tell Me Why '' `` Stand '' `` Until You Suffer Some ( Fire and Ice ) '' `` Body Talk '' `` Shut Up , Make Love '' `` Be the One '' `` Power to the People '' `` The Last Song '' `` Rockstar '' `` Squeeze Box '' `` Shooting Star '' `` We 're an American Band '' `` What I Like About You '' `` SexyBack '' Solo albums A Letter from Death Row Glitter 4 Your Soul Songs of Life Freedom of Sound Rock My World Custom Built Jammin ' with Friends True Grit Related articles Discography Bret Michaels discography Samantha 7 Devil City Angels A Letter from Death Row ( film ) The Surreal Life Rock of Love Season 1 Celebrity Apprentice 3 Bret Michaels : Life as I Know It Celebrity Apprentice : All - Stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Your_Mama_Don%27t_Dance&oldid=795490642 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1989 singles Loggins and Messina songs Poison ( American band ) songs Songs written by Kenny Loggins Song recordings produced by Tom Werman 1972 songs Capitol Records singles Songs written by Jim Messina ( musician ) Columbia Records singles Enigma Records singles Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 15 : 37 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your%20Mama%20Don%2527t%20Dance	622
what is the wife of a kaiser called			Kaiser	kaiser	Kaiser is the German word for `` emperor '' . Like the Bulgarian , Serbian and Russian Tsar it is directly derived from the Roman emperors ' title of Caesar , which in turn is derived from the personal name of a branch of the gens ( clan ) Julia , to which Gaius Julius Caesar , the forebear of the first imperial family , belonged . Although the British monarchs styled `` Emperor of India '' were also called `` Kaisar - i - Hind '' in Hindi and Urdu , this word , although ultimately sharing the same Latin origin , is derived from the Greek : Καῖσαρ ( kaisar ) , not the German Kaiser .	In English , the term ' the Kaiser ' is usually reserved for the emperors of the German Empire and the emperors of the Austrian Empire . During the First World War , anti-German sentiment was at its zenith ; the term the Kaiser -- especially as applied to Wilhelm II of Germany -- thus gained considerable negative connotations in English - speaking countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 German history and antecedents of the title 2 See also 3 References 4 External links German history and antecedents of the title ( edit ) The Holy Roman Emperors ( 962 -- 1806 ) called themselves Kaiser , combining the imperial title with that of King of the Romans ( assumed by the designated heir before the imperial coronation ) ; they saw their rule as a continuation of that of the Roman Emperors and used the title derived from the title Caesar to reflect their supposed heritage . Main articles : Emperor of Austria and German Emperor In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved , but the title of Kaiser was retained by the House of Habsburg , the head of which , beginning in 1804 , bore the title of Emperor ( Kaiser ) of Austria . After 1438 , the Habsburgers had provided most of Holy Roman Emperors , so they saw themselves as legitimate heirs to the title they adopted . Despite Habsburg ambitions however , the Austrian Empire could no longer claim to rule over most of Germany . There were four Kaisers of the Austrian Empire who all belonged to the Habsburg dynasty . With the Unification of Germany in 1871 , there was some debate about the exact title for the monarch of those German territories ( such as free imperial cities , principalities , duchies , and kingdoms ) that agreed to unify under the leadership of Prussia , thereby forming the new German Empire . The first Kaiser himself preferred either Kaiser von Deutschland ( `` Emperor of Germany '' ) or Kaiser der Deutschen ( `` Emperor of the Germans '' ) . In the end , his chancellor 's Bismarck 's choice Deutscher Kaiser ( `` German Emperor '' ) was adopted as it simply connoted that the new emperor , hearkening from Prussia , was a German , but did not imply that this new emperor had dominion over all German territories . Especially the Austrian Kaiser would have been offended otherwise . There were only three Kaisers of the ( second ) German Empire . All of them belonged to the Hohenzollern dynasty , which , as kings of Prussia , had been de facto leaders of lesser Germany . In English the ( untranslated ) word Kaiser is mainly associated with the emperors of the unified German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) . The Kaisers of the Austrian Empire ( 1804 -- 1918 ) were : Franz I ( 1804 -- 1835 ) Ferdinand I ( 1835 -- 1848 ) Franz Joseph I ( 1848 -- 1916 ) Karl I ( 1916 -- 1918 ) The Kaisers of the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) were : Wilhelm I ( 1871 -- 1888 ) ; Friedrich III ( 9 March - 15 June 1888 ) , who ruled for 99 days ; Wilhelm II ( 1888 -- 1918 ) , during whose reign the monarchy in Germany ended near the end of World War I . Georg Friedrich Ferdinand , Prince of Prussia , is currently head of the House of Hohenzollern , which was the former ruling dynasty of the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia . Karl von Habsburg is currently the head of the House of Habsburg . See also ( edit ) German Monarchy German nobility List of German monarchs Qaisar Kayser - i Rûm Georg Friedrich , Prince of Prussia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Witzel , M. `` Autochthonous Aryans ? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts '' , p. 29 , 12.1 ( as Urdu kaisar ) . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Kaiser '' . New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber : Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789 . Band III : Bismarck und das Reich . 3rd edition , W. Kohlhammer , Stuttgart 1988 , p. 750 - 753 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Wilhelm II - World War I - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Look up kaiser in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Kaiser '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaiser&oldid=824641443 '' Categories : Holy Roman Emperors German Empire Heads of state Royal titles German noble titles Titles of national or ethnic leadership Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 16 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser	623
what is the alcohol content of beer in arkansas			Alcohol laws of Oklahoma	alcohol laws of oklahoma	The alcohol laws of Oklahoma comprehensively limit and regulate the sale of alcohol in Oklahoma . Much like its neighboring state of Kansas ( see Alcohol laws of Kansas ) , Oklahoma 's approach to alcohol is quite strict . Oklahoma 's approach contrasts sharply with that of another neighboring state , Missouri ( see Alcohol laws of Missouri ) , which has some of the nation 's least restrictive alcohol control laws .	Currently , any beverage containing more than 3.2 % ethanol by weight or 4 % alcohol by volume , that is , most liquors , wines , and typical beer , may only be sold in licensed liquor stores at room temperature . However , with the passing of Oklahoma Question 792 in the 2016 general elections , starting October 1 , 2018 , any establishment with an alcohol license will be permitted to sell full strength beer as well as wine under refrigeration . Presently to circumvent the alcohol content restrictions , beer distributors in Oklahoma primarily sell low - point beer . This allows the beer to be sold not only in convenience stores and supermarkets , but in refrigerated form . The law defines low - point beer as any beverage containing between 0.5 % and 3.2 % ethanol by weight . Which will be unnecessary after October 1 , 2018 . Minors under the age of 21 are not permitted to possess or purchase alcohol ; however , consumption in a `` private setting '' is not prohibited by Oklahoma law . Minors may not have a blood alcohol level of more than . 02 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Liquor sales 1.1 Off - premises 1.2 On - premises 2 Open container 2.1 In public 2.2 Driving 3 DUI 4 Minors , adults under age 21 , and alcohol in Oklahoma 5 References 6 External links Liquor sales ( edit ) Under Oklahoma law , it is a felony to provide alcoholic beverages to the `` mentally deficient , '' the intoxicated , and persons under 21 years of age . Although low - point beer may not be sold where unclothed persons or persons with exposed private parts are present on the same premises , alcohol sales are available by the glass if permitted by the county . Conviction of this crime is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $500 for each offense . Off - premises ( edit ) It is legal to sell packaged liquor ( off - premises sales ) on Sundays . Sales also are prohibited on Memorial Day , Independence Day , Labor Day , Thanksgiving Day , and Christmas Day . Low - point beer for consumption off - premises may not be sold between 2 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. People who have been convicted of a felony or any alcohol - related crime may not obtain a license to sell packaged alcohol . On - premises ( edit ) In Oklahoma , each county decides for itself whether it will permit the sale of alcohol by the glass . Low - point beer may not be sold for consumption on - premises or allowed to be consumed in places licensed to sell alcohol between 2 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. This crime is punishable by a fine of up to $500 and up to 6 months imprisonment . Licensed vendors may not advertise happy hours , serve more than two beverages at a time to a customer , give a discount to a person or group of persons , or permit the play of games that involve drinking . Open container ( edit ) In public ( edit ) It is legal to consume or inhale intoxicating beverages in public in Oklahoma . It also is illegal to be drunk or intoxicated in any public place . These crimes are punishable by a fine of between $10 and $100 and between 5 and 30 days of imprisonment . These crimes may cost more as fines to individual cities rather than the state ( e.g. Stillwater and Oklahoma City ) . Driving ( edit ) Opened water bottles or any alcoholic beverage with a broken seal may not be stored in an area of the vehicle accessible to the driver . As a result , Oklahoma meets the provisions of the federal Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century for prohibitions of open containers in vehicles . DUI ( edit ) Like every other state in the United States , driving under the influence is a crime in Oklahoma , and is subject to a great number of regulations . It is illegal to drive with a blood or breath alcohol content of 0.08 % or more , or while under the influence of alcohol or any other intoxicating substance . For any person under 21 years of age , Oklahoma has a zero tolerance policy . The breath alcohol limit for such a person is 0.02 % , and any measurable level of alcohol by a breathalyzer is an automatic DUI and driver 's license revocation . This crime is punishable by a fine of up $1,000 US dollars and up to 1 year imprisonment after being evaluated by a person certified by the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse . Minors , adults under age 21 , and alcohol in Oklahoma ( edit ) It is a misdemeanor for persons under 21 years of age to give the impression that they are older for the purpose of obtaining alcoholic beverages . Punishment for this crime is a fine of up to $300 and up to 30 days of community service . Furthermore , the driving license of the convicted individual will be revoked for 6 months for the first offense , 1 year for the second offense , and 2 years for all subsequent offenses , alternatively for any offense they can have their license revoked until they reach 21 years of age at the discretion of the judge . Landowners can not lawfully permit a person under 21 years of age to consume alcohol on their property . Punishment for this crime is a fine between $2,500 and $5,000 and up to 5 years of imprisonment . If a minor is pulled over and charged by an officer to be in violation of any alcohol law , a copy of the violation will be mailed to the legal guardian ( s ) of the child within three days . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 37 Oklahoma Statutes § 534 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 37 Oklahoma Statutes § 163.2 . ^ Jump up to : Section XXVIII - 5 Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Sale to Unclothed or Partially Unclothed Person Prohibited ^ Jump up to : Section XXVIII - 6 Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Low - Point Beer Sale for Off - Premises Consumption Jump up ^ Section XXVIII - 10 Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Hours During Which Sale Prohibited ^ Jump up to : OSCN Found Document : Unlawful Acts Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Consumption or Inhaling of Intoxicants in Public Places Jump up ^ Bond Schedule , Stillwater Police Department . ( accessed October 9 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Costs , okc.gov . ( accessed October 9 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation - Open Container Law Conformance Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Persons Under the Influence of Alcohol or Other Intoxicating Substance or Combination Thereof Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Cancellation or Denial of Driving Privileges for Certain Alcohol or Substance Abuse Offenses - Notification Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Permitting Invitees Under 21 to Possess or Consume Alcohol or Controlled Dangerous Substances - Penalty Jump up ^ OSCN Found Document : Procedure for Officers Stopping Persons for Violations Punishable as Misdemeanor - Minors External links ( edit ) Oklahoma statutes : Title 37 . Intoxicating Liquors Oklahoma constitution : Article XXVIII : ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE LAWS AND ENFORCEMENT Oklahoma Alcohol Laws & Offenses Information on Oklahoma Liquor Laws ( hide ) Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Oklahoma&oldid=831462770 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Oklahoma law Food and drink in Oklahoma Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 18 : 41 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20laws%20of%20Oklahoma	624
who has played joseph and his technicolour dreamcoat			Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat	joseph and the amazing technicolor dreamcoat	Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat is a musical with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber . The story is based on the `` coat of many colours '' story of Joseph from the Bible 's Book of Genesis . This was the first Lloyd Webber and Rice musical to be performed publicly ( the first , The Likes of Us , written in 1965 , was not performed until 2005 ) .	The show has little spoken dialogue ; it is almost entirely sung - through . Its family - friendly story , familiar themes and catchy music have resulted in numerous stagings . According to the owner of the copyright , the Really Useful Group , by 2008 more than 20,000 schools and amateur theatre groups had staged productions . Joseph was first presented as a 20 - minute `` pop cantata '' at Colet Court School in London in 1968 , and was published by Novello and released by Decca Records in 1969 . After the success of the next Lloyd Webber and Rice piece , Jesus Christ Superstar , Joseph received stage productions beginning in 1970 and expanded recordings in 1971 and 1972 . While still undergoing various modifications and expansions , the musical was produced in the West End in 1973 , and in its full format was recorded in 1974 . The musical was mounted on Broadway in 1982 . Several major revivals , national tours , and a 1999 straight - to - video film , starring Donny Osmond , followed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act I 1.2 Act II 2 Production 2.1 Development and early performances , publication , and recordings 2.2 Early stage performances 2.2. 1 First American productions 2.2. 2 Young Vic production and move to West End 2.2. 3 1975 -- 1979 2.3 Professional US productions , 1976 -- 1984 2.4 1990s 2.5 2000s 2.6 2010s 3 Characters 4 Musical numbers 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Original Broadway production 5.2 1991 London revival 5.3 2003 London revival 6 Film adaptation 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) The story is based on the Biblical story of Joseph , found in the Book of Genesis . It is set in a frame in which a narrator is telling a story ( sometimes to children , encouraging them to dream ) . She then tells the story of Joseph , another dreamer ( `` Prologue , '' `` Any Dream Will Do '' ) . In the beginning of the main story Jacob and his 12 sons are introduced ( `` Jacob and Sons '' ) . Joseph 's brothers are jealous of him for his coat of many colours , a symbol of their father 's preference for him ( `` Joseph 's Coat '' ) . It is clear from Joseph 's dreams that he is destined to rule over them ( `` Joseph 's Dreams '' ) . To get rid of him and prevent the dreams from coming true , they attempt fratricide , but then they sell Joseph as a slave to some passing Ishmaelites ( `` Poor , Poor Joseph '' ) , who take him to Egypt . Back home , his brothers , led by Reuben ( Levi in the original Broadway production ) and accompanied by their wives , break the news to Jacob that Joseph has been killed . They show his tattered coat smeared with his blood -- really goat blood -- as proof that what they say is true ( `` One More Angel in Heaven '' ) . After the bereft Jacob leaves , the brothers and their wives happily celebrate the loss of Joseph . In Egypt , Joseph is the slave of Egyptian millionaire Potiphar . He rises through the ranks of slaves and servants until he is running Potiphar 's house . When Mrs. Potiphar makes advances , Joseph spurns her . She removes his shirt , feels his chest and back , squeezes his rear and blows him kisses . Potiphar overhears , barges in , sees the two together -- and jumps to conclusions ( `` Potiphar '' ) . Outraged , he throws Joseph in jail . Depressed , Joseph laments the situation ( `` Close Every Door '' ) -- but his spirits rise when he helps two prisoners put in his cell . Both are former servants of the Pharaoh and both have had bizarre dreams . Joseph interprets them . One cellmate , the Baker , will be executed , but the other , the Butler , will be returned to service . Upon hearing this , the rest of the prisoners surround Joseph and encourage him to go after his dreams ( `` Go , Go , Go Joseph '' ) . Act II ( edit ) The Narrator tells of impending changes in Joseph 's fortunes ( `` A Pharaoh Story '' ) because the Pharaoh is having dreams that no one can interpret . Now freed , the Butler tells Pharaoh ( acted in the style of Elvis Presley ) of Joseph and his dream - interpretation skills ( `` Poor , Poor Pharaoh '' ) . Pharaoh orders Joseph to be brought in and the king tells him his dream involving seven fat cows , seven skinny cows , seven healthy ears of corn , and seven dead ears of corn ( `` Song of the King / Seven Fat Cows '' ) . Joseph interprets the dream as seven plentiful years of crops followed by seven years of famine ( `` Pharaoh 's Dreams Explained '' ) . An astonished Pharaoh puts Joseph in charge of carrying out the preparations needed to endure the impending famine , and Joseph becomes the most powerful man in Egypt , second only to Pharaoh himself ( `` Stone the Crows '' ) . ( In the 2007 London revival , Pharaoh has a new song , `` King of my Heart '' ) . Back home , the famine has caught up with Joseph 's brothers , who , led by Simeon , express regret at selling him and deceiving their father ( `` Those Canaan Days '' ) . They hear that Egypt still has food and decide to go there to beg for mercy and to be fed ( `` The Brothers Come to Egypt '' ) , not realising that they will be dealing with Joseph ( `` Grovel , Grovel '' ) . Joseph gives them sacks of food , but plants a golden cup in the sack of his youngest brother , Benjamin . When the brothers try to leave , Joseph stops them , asking about the `` stolen cup '' . Each brother empties his sack , and it is revealed that Benjamin has the cup . Joseph then accuses Benjamin of robbery ( `` Who 's the Thief ? '' ) . The other brothers , led by Judah , ( Naphtali in the original Broadway Production ) beg for mercy for Benjamin , imploring that Joseph take them prisoner and set Benjamin free ( `` Benjamin Calypso '' ) . Seeing their selflessness and penitence , Joseph reveals himself ( `` Joseph All the Time '' ) and sends for his father . The two are reunited ( `` Jacob in Egypt '' ) for a happy conclusion and Joseph dons his coloured coat once more ( `` Finale : Any Dream Will Do ( Reprise ) / Give Me My Coloured Coat '' ) . In some productions , the finale is followed by a rock / disco medley of most of the musical 's major numbers ( `` Joseph Megamix '' ) . Production ( edit ) Development and early performances , publication , and recordings ( edit ) The 17 - year - old budding musical - theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber was introduced to the 20 - year - old aspiring pop - song writer Tim Rice in 1965 , and they created their first musical , The Likes of Us . They produced a demo tape of that work in 1966 , but the project failed to gain a backer . In the summer of 1967 Alan Doggett , a family friend of the Lloyd Webbers who had assisted on The Likes of Us and who was the music teacher at the Colet Court school in London , commissioned Lloyd Webber and Rice to write a piece for the school 's choir . Doggett requested a `` pop cantata '' along the lines of Herbert Chappell 's The Daniel Jazz ( 1963 ) and Michael Hurd 's Jonah - Man Jazz ( 1966 ) , both of which had been published by Novello and were based on the Old Testament . The request for the new piece came with a 100 - guinea advance from Novello . This resulted in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , a retelling of the biblical story of Joseph , in which Lloyd Webber and Rice humorously pastiched a number of pop - music styles . The piece was first presented as a 20 - minute pop cantata at Colet Court School in London on 1 March 1968 . Lloyd Webber 's composer father William arranged for a second performance at his church , Westminster Central Hall , with a revised and expanded format ; the boys of Colet Court and members of the band Mixed Bag sang at this performance in May 1968 . One of the children 's parents in that audience was the Sunday Times music critic ; he reviewed the piece in the newspaper , calling it a new pop oratorio and praising its innovation and exuberance . By its third performance , at St Paul 's Cathedral in November 1968 , the musical had been expanded to 35 minutes . Novello published the lyrics and sheet music at the beginning of 1969 , as the third of their Old Testament pop cantatas . Decca Records , which had already recorded the musical in the summer of 1968 , released the recording in 1969 , credited to the Joseph Consortium , after the Novello publication . David Daltrey , front man of British psychedelic band Tales of Justine , played the role of Joseph and lead guitar , and Tim Rice was Pharaoh . Other vocalists included members of the Mixed Bag group , such as Terry Saunders and Malcolm Parry , and the choir of Colet Court School . Daltrey , although not part of the Mixed Bag , was managed by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber at the time , and EMI colleague Martin Wilcox suggested to Rice that they use the Mixed Bag as a backing group on the album . A recording of the musical with 19 tracks was issued in the US on Scepter Records in 1971 . It was a reissue of the 1969 Decca UK album , capitalising on the success of 1970 's Jesus Christ Superstar in the US . It featured Daltrey as Joseph , Rice as Pharaoh , William S. Lloyd Webber on the Hammond organ , Alan Doggett conducting , and the Colet Court choir as the chorus . Early stage performances ( edit ) First American productions ( edit ) Lloyd Webber and Rice used the popularity of their subsequent musical , the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar , to promote Joseph , which was advertised in America as a `` follow - up '' to Superstar . The rock opera 's title song `` Superstar '' had been an international hit single released in late 1969 , and `` I Do n't Know How To Love Him '' , another hit from Jesus Christ Superstar , was released 1 May 1970 . The first American production of Joseph was in May 1970 , at Cathedral College of the Immaculate Conception in Douglaston , New York . Following this , other colleges and schools sought to produce the piece . Young Vic production and move to West End ( edit ) In late August and September 1972 , Joseph was presented at the Edinburgh International Festival by the Young Vic Theatre Company , directed by Frank Dunlop . It starred Gary Bond in the title role , Peter Reeves as the narrator , and Gordon Waller as Pharaoh ; Alan Doggett was the music director . In October the production played at London 's Young Vic Theatre , and in November at the Roundhouse . The production was part of a double bill called Bible One : Two Looks at the Book of Genesis . Part I was Dunlop 's reworking of the first six of the medieval Wakefield Mystery Plays , with music by Alan Doggett . Part II was Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . The Young Vic production was recorded for an LP released on the RSO label in 1972 . This production was also broadcast in the UK by Granada Television in 1972 . In February 1973 , theatre producer Michael White and impresario Robert Stigwood mounted the Young Vic production at the Albery Theatre in the West End , where it ran for 243 performances . The mystery plays that had preceded the original Young Vic productions were dropped , and instead the musical was preceded by a piece called Jacob 's Journey , with music and lyrics by Lloyd Webber and Rice and a book by television comedy writers Ray Galton and Alan Simpson . Jacob 's Journey , which contained a great deal of spoken dialogue , was eventually phased out in favour of a sung - through score that became part of Joseph . The first production of the show in its modern , final form was at the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester , which presented the musical several times from 1974 through 1978 . A recording of the full musical was released on the MCA label in 1974 , again featuring Bond , Reeves and Waller . This is the earliest recording of Joseph to eventually be issued on CD . Waller also appeared on another recording in 1979 , featuring Rice as the Narrator and Paul Jones as Joseph , on the Music For Pleasure label . 1975 -- 1979 ( edit ) In 1975 Miranda Enterprises in association with Leicester Theatre Company presented Joseph at the Queen 's Theatre , Hornchurch . It was directed by Paul Tomlinson and choreographed by David Thornton . This production starred Patrick Ryecart as Joseph and David Sadgrove as Pharaoh . Ken Hill directed a large - scale production of Joseph at the Westminster Theatre , London , which ran from November 1978 to February 1979 , and again from November 1979 to February 1980 . This production starred Paul Jones as Joseph , John Golder as the Narrator , and Leonard Whiting as Pharaoh . A recording of this production with additional narration spoken by children was broadcast on BBC radio , produced by Richard Wilcox . Professional Us productions , 1976 -- 1984 ( edit ) The musical ran at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York in 1976 and in 1977 as `` holiday fare '' . In the 1976 production , which opened on 30 December , direction was by John Dunlop , with a cast that featured Cleavon Little as the Narrator and David - James Carroll as Joseph . In the 1977 production , running in December through 1 January 1978 , staging was by Graciela Daniele , with Carroll as Joseph , Alan Weeks as the Narrator and William Parry as Pharaoh / Elvis . Joseph received an Off - Broadway production at the Entermedia Theatre , running from 18 November 1981 through 24 January 1982 . Directed by Tony Tanner , the cast starred Bill Hutton as Joseph , Laurie Beechman as the Narrator , and Tom Carder as Pharaoh . The production transferred to Broadway at the Royale Theatre on 27 January 1982 and ran through 4 September 1983 , with 747 performances . This production was recorded on the Chrysalis label , and is the first to feature the Prologue ( dubbed on the Chrysalis release `` You are what you feel '' ) . The producers were Gail Berman and Susan Rose , who were the youngest producers on Broadway . The show received several Tony Award nominations including Best Musical and Best Original Score . Allen Fawcett replaced Hutton as Joseph in June 1982 . David Cassidy took over the role of Joseph in March 1983 and also performed in the touring cast in 1983 -- 1984 . 1990s ( edit ) With Jason Donovan in the lead , the expanded show was restaged in 1991 at the London Palladium with Steven Pimlott as director and Anthony Van Laast as choreographer , winning the 1992 Laurence Olivier Award for set design . The cast album of this production was the # 1 UK album for two weeks in September 1991 , and the single `` Any Dream Will Do '' from it was also the # 1 UK single for two weeks in June -- July 1991 . When Donovan left , former children 's TV presenter Phillip Schofield portrayed Joseph . The musical opened in Toronto at the Elgin Theatre in July 1992 , with Donny Osmond as Joseph and Janet Metz as the Narrator . Afterwards , Osmond toured North America in the role . A major Australian production , based on the 1991 UK version , opened on 31 December 1992 at the State Theatre in Melbourne . It featured Indecent Obsession lead singer David Dixon as Joseph and Tina Arena as the Narrator . The musical then played seasons in Brisbane and Sydney through 1993 . The show was revived in the United States in 1993 , playing in Los Angeles at the Pantages Theatre for 18 weeks , and in San Francisco at the Golden Gate Theatre for an 8 - week run , before moving to Broadway , where it played for 231 performances at the Minskoff Theatre from 10 November 1993 to 29 May 1994 . The cast featured Michael Damian ( Joseph ) , Kelli Rabke ( Narrator ) , Clifford David ( Jacob ) , and Robert Torti ( Pharaoh ) . 2000s ( edit ) A production starring Stephen Gately , `` with cartoon cut - out sets and props and naff panto choreography '' , previewed in Oxford in December 2002 , before moving to Liverpool over Christmas 2002 . This production reached the West End at the New London Theatre in March 2003 . A US national tour began in September 2005 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , starring starred Patrick Cassidy . A 2007 revival of the London Palladium production at the Adelphi Theatre starred a Joseph cast with the winner of BBC One 's Any Dream Will Do , presided over by Lloyd Webber . This was second reality talent show to search for a West End star , capitalising on the success of the 2006 BBC -- Lloyd Webber series , How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? . Viewers voted to for Lee Mead as Joseph . Mead had given up his ensemble role in The Phantom of the Opera , where he also understudied Raoul . The new Joseph production , which began on 6 July 2007 , used Steven Pimlott 's ( who had died since staging the Palladium production ) original direction , with Preeya Kalidas as the Narrator . Tickets for the show 's originally - planned six - month run sold out in three weeks , and the producers had extended the show 's run -- and Mead 's contract -- until 7 June 2008 . Before opening night , the producers had received £ 10 million in advance ticket sales . In his review for Variety , David Benedict wrote , `` Mead delivers ... For as long as Mead chooses to continue in it , Joseph is , commercially speaking , the safest of bets . '' Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group donated all receipts from two special performances to the BBC 's Children in Need charity appeal . Additionally , the money normally given to the cast for first - night gifts in July 2007 went instead to Children in Need . In January 2009 Mead left the show and was replaced by Gareth Gates . The production closed in May 2009 . 2010s ( edit ) The long - running UK touring production was re-cast in 2010 with Keith Jack taking on Joseph in July 2010 opposite Jennifer Potts as narrator . In May 2013 Ian `` H '' Watkins replaced Jack , reprising the role he had played in London and on tour . The 2014 -- 15 leg of the tour saw X Factor contestant Lloyd Daniels take on the title role opposite Eastender 's Matt Lapinskas as Pharaoh . Danielle Hope played Narrator in 2014 . Amelia Lily , another X factor alumna , later played the Narrator . A new North American touring production began on 4 March 2014 in Cleveland , Ohio starring Diana DeGarmo as the Narrator and Ace Young as Joseph . The 2016 UK touring production starred Joe McElderry as Joseph and Lucy Kay as the Narrator . The tour began in January 2016 and is scheduled to run through June 2017 . Characters ( edit ) Narrator : A character not of the time or place of the action . The Narrator tells the story through word and song , guiding the audience gently through the story of Joseph and his brothers , usually gives meaning to the story with his / her words . In early productions this character was usually played by a man ; later productions have featured a woman in the role . Jacob : The father of twelve sons , his favourite being Joseph . At times he may appear unfair and shallow , but he is , more importantly , the prophet who recognises the future and the calling of Joseph , thus saving the House of Israel . Usually doubles as Potiphar . Joseph : Eleventh son of Jacob . Obviously his father 's favourite , Joseph early on shows a talent for interpreting dreams and telling the future . This gets him into trouble with his brothers when he predicts his future will include ruling over the other eleven . However , it saves his life when in Egypt he correctly interprets Pharaoh 's dreams . In the end he has risen to a great position of power , but he still forgives his brothers and brings his family to Egypt to partake of the bounty he has accumulated there . Ishmaelites : Men of the desert , they buy Joseph as a slave , take him to Egypt , and sell him to Potiphar . Potiphar : A powerful and rich Egyptian , Potiphar purchases Joseph and puts him to work in his household , where he soon realises that Joseph is honest , hard - working , and a great addition to his pool of help . When he grows suspicious of Mrs. Potiphar and Joseph , however , he grows angry and has Joseph thrown into prison . Usually played by the actor playing Jacob . Mrs. Potiphar : Beautiful and scheming , Mrs. Potiphar tries to seduce Joseph , but is unsuccessful . However , she does manage to rip off much of his clothing just as her husband comes into the room , thus condemning him to prison . Also plays one of the wives . Baker : One of Pharaoh servants , the Baker is in prison with Joseph who correctly interprets his dreams and predicts that he will be put to death . Played by one of the brothers . Butler : Another of Pharaoh servants , the Butler is also in prison with Joseph who also correctly interprets his dreams , this time that he will be released and taken back into Pharaoh 's household . It is the Butler who tells Pharaoh about Joseph and his uncanny ability with dreams . Played by one of the brothers . Pharaoh : The most powerful man in Egypt , Pharaoh is considered a god on earth . When Joseph interprets his dreams , he promotes him to one of the highest positions in his government . In most productions , Pharaoh is portrayed as an Elvis Presley - style figure . Sometimes played by one of the brothers . Joseph 's Eleven Brothers : Although acting usually as a group , they each have their own different personalities , talents , and flaws . As a group they sell Joseph into slavery , but as individuals they deal with the following years and how they can make amends . They sing and dance their way through many situations and places . The brothers also double as Egyptians and servants of Potiphar . Reuben : Eldest son of Jacob . Takes the lead on `` One More Angel in Heaven '' Simeon : Second son of Jacob . Takes the lead on `` Those Canaan Days '' Levi : Third son of Jacob . Judah : Fourth son of Jacob . Takes the lead on `` Benjamin Calypso '' . Dan : Fifth son of Jacob . Naphtali : Sixth son of Jacob . Gad : Seventh son of Jacob . Asher : Eighth son of Jacob . Issachar : Ninth son of Jacob . Zebulun : Tenth son of Jacob . Benjamin : Twelfth son of Jacob . Joseph accuses him of stealing the golden cup . The Wives : The wives of Jacob . The actresses playing the wives also double as Egyptians and servants of Potiphar . Adult chorus Children 's chorus Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Prologue -- Narrator Any Dream Will Do -- Joseph , Children Jacob and Sons -- Narrator , Brothers , Ensemble Joseph 's Coat -- Jacob , Narrator , Joseph , Brothers , Wives , Ensemble Joseph 's Dreams -- Narrator , Brothers , Joseph Poor , Poor Joseph -- Narrator , Joseph , Brothers One More Angel in Heaven -- Reuben , Reuben 's Wife , Brothers , Wives , Jacob Potiphar -- Narrator , Potiphar , Mrs. Potiphar , Joseph , Ensemble Close Every Door -- Joseph and Company Go , Go , Go Joseph -- Narrator , Joseph , Butler , Baker , Ensemble Act II Pharaoh 's Story -- Narrator , Ensemble Poor , Poor Pharaoh ( reprise of Poor , Poor Joseph ) -- Narrator , Butler , Pharaoh , Women Song of the King -- Pharaoh , Ensemble Pharaoh 's Dream Explained -- Joseph , Ensemble Stone the Crows -- Narrator , Pharaoh , Joseph , Female Ensemble King of My Heart -- Pharaoh Those Canaan Days -- Simeon , Jacob , Brothers The Brothers Come To Egypt / Grovel , Grovel -- Narrator , Brothers , Joseph , Female Ensemble Who 's the Thief ? -- Narrator , Joseph , Ensemble Benjamin Calypso -- Judah , Brothers , Ensemble Joseph All the Time -- Narrator , Joseph , Brothers , Ensemble Jacob in Egypt -- Ensemble Any Dream Will Do ( Reprise ) -- Joseph , Narrator , Ensemble Joseph Megamix -- Full Company Lloyd - Webber used a variety of musical styles , including parodies of French ballads ( `` Those Canaan Days '' ) , Elvis - inspired rock and roll ( `` Song of the King '' ) , western music ( `` One More Angel In Heaven '' ) , 1920s Charleston ( `` Potiphar '' ) , Calypso ( `` Benjamin Calypso '' ) , jazz ( `` Joseph 's Dreams '' ) , and 1950s rock ( `` Go , Go , Go Joseph '' ) . `` Prologue '' was first included in the 1982 Broadway production ; the use of `` Any Dream Will Do '' at the start of the show ( and the renaming of the closing version as per the above list ) dates from the 1991 revival . The UK touring production circa 1983 - 1987 ( produced by Bill Kenwright ) , included an additional song `` I Do n't Think I 'm Wanted Back At Home '' , which was originally part of Jacob 's Journey . Sung by the title character , the brothers jokingly push Joseph out of the family home , throwing a suitcase , then a cane and top hat at him , leaving Joseph to tap - dance through the number . The tune has been recycled into numbers in By Jeeves and The Likes of Us . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1982 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Tim Rice Nominated Best Original Score Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Bill Hutton Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Laurie Beechman Nominated Best Choreography Tony Tanner Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Laurie Beechman Nominated Outstanding Director of a Musical Tony Tanner Nominated 1991 London revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Best Actor in a Musical Jason Donovan Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Linzi Hateley Nominated Best Director of a Musical Steven Pimlott Nominated Best Theatre Choreographer Anthony Van Laast Nominated Best Set Designer Mark Thompson Won 2003 London revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated Film adaptation ( edit ) In 1999 , a straight - to - video film of the same title starring Donny Osmond was released , directed by David Mallet . Osmond had toured North America in the role after opening the Toronto revival in 1992 . In the film , Maria Friedman appears as the Narrator , Richard Attenborough as Jacob , Ian McNeice as Potiphar , Joan Collins as Mrs. Potiphar and Robert Torti as Pharaoh . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Joseph benefits BBC Children in Need '' , The Really Useful Group , 29 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Samantha . `` Joseph , London , February 1973 '' . The Guardian . 24 September 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Chandler , David ( 2012 ) . `` ' Everyone should have the opportunity ' : Alan Doggett and the modern British musical '' . Studies in Musical Theatre . 6 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 289 . doi : 10.1386 / smt. 6.3. 275_1 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-DDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA564 ^ Jump up to : The Really Useful Group . `` About the Show '' . Archived from the original on 25 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Jewell , Derek . `` Pop Goes Joseph '' . Sunday Times . 19 May 1968 . Retrieved from TheMusicalCompany.com on 15 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 1969 Decca Concept Album ( vocalists ) ^ Jump up to : 1969 Decca Concept Album -- Credits ^ Jump up to : Compiled information on the 1969 Decca album Jump up ^ `` Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Listing , Scepter Records , SPS - 588X , 1971 '' discogs.com , accessed 17 March 2011 Jump up ^ Q&A regarding the original Decca and Scepter albums ^ Jump up to : Vocal Selections : Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . 1994 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 3427 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . London Palladium production programme , 1993 . ReallyUseful.com . Jump up ^ Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( TV , 1972 ) at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Chronology , 1973 guidetomusicaltheatre.com , accessed 17 March 2011 Jump up ^ Garratt , David . `` The Haymarket Theatre , Leicester '' , ArthurLloyd.co.uk , accessed 18 March 2011 Jump up ^ Barnes , Clive . `` Stage : Technicolor Dreamcoat '' , The New York Times , 31 December 1976 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Rockwell , John . `` Rock : ' Joseph and Dreamcoat ' '' , The New York Times , 16 December 1977 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Gussow , Mel . `` Theater : ' Joseph And The Dreamcoat ' '' , The New York Times , 19 November 1981 Jump up ^ `` ' Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ' listing , 1981 '' Archived 18 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , Internet Off - Broadway Database , accessed 17 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ' Listing , 1982 '' . Internet Broadway Database , accessed 17 March 2011 Jump up ^ Klein , Alvin ( 1982 - 10 - 03 ) . `` At 26 , Producing ' Joseph ' on Broadway '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` David Cassidy Fan Site '' Archived 1 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . David Cassidy Fan Site Jump up ^ Murray , Karen. `` Review : ' Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ' '' Variety ( subscription required ) , June 1992 Jump up ^ `` Composer calls for some new theatres '' . The Canberra Times . 67 , ( 21,008 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 19 October 1992 . p. 20 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Arts and Entertainment : An odd tale heads our way '' . The Canberra Times . 67 , ( 21,202 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 3 May 1993 . p. 24 . Retrieved 21 July 2017 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : Slate , Libby ( 30 May 1993 ) . `` On View : The Many Stages of Michael Damian '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Ken ( 2003 ) . Broadway : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . p. 552 . ISBN 9781135950194 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ' , 1993 '' Internet Broadway Database , accessed 17 March 2011 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 11 November 1993 ) . `` Review / Theater : Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ; Joseph and His Brothers , to Music '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . `` Review : Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , 2003 '' Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , whatsonstage.com , 4 March 2003 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio. Patrick Cassidy and `` American Idol '' Starlet Tour with ' Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ' '' Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , 15 June 2005 Jump up ^ de Jongh , Nicholas. `` Review : Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat '' Archived 3 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . This is London , 18 July 2007 Jump up ^ Probst , Andy `` Keith Jack to Join U.K. ' Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ' Tour in July '' . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Theater Mania , 9 April 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Diana-DeGarmo-and-Ace-Young-to-Lead-JOSEPH-AND-THE-AMAZING-TECHNICOLOR-DREAMCOAT-National-Tour-Launches-34-in-Cleveland-20130819 Jump up ^ Wood , John . Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat - Palace Theatre , Manchester , North West End . Retrieved 30 March 2016 ; Duke , Simon . Joe McElderry to take lead role in Joseph & the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Chronicle Live ( 2 September 2015 ). Retrieved 20 March 2016 ; and Cheesman , Neil . BGT 's Lucy Kay joins Joe McElderry in Joseph UK Tour LondonTheatre1. com. Retrieved 28 March 2016 Jump up ^ Mayo , Simon . Joseph and The Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat 2016 UK Tour , britishtheatre.com , 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Musical Numbers Archived 1 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , JosephTheMusical.com . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TimRice.com '' . Retrieved 5 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB listing for 1999 video '' . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the Internet Broadway Database Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the Internet Movie Database Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat -- Official Site Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Really Useful Group website Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat on Tim Rice 's Official Site ( links on left for production history ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat - Plot summary and character descriptions on StageAgent.com Any Dream Will Do ! -- BBC show website Preceded by Metallica by Metallica UK number one album 31 August 1991 -- 13 September 1991 Succeeded by From Time to Time - The Singles Collection by Paul Young Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Cricket The Wizard of Oz ( additional music and lyrics ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Albums Jesus Christ Superstar Evita ( 1976 concept album ) Evita ( 1996 film soundtrack ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' Related television Any Dream Will Do Superstar When Joseph Met Maria Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals The Likes of Us Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Tell Me on a Sunday Cats Song and Dance Starlight Express Cricket The Phantom of the Opera Aspects of Love Sunset Boulevard By Jeeves aka Jeeves Whistle Down the Wind The Beautiful Game ( aka The Boys in the Photograph ) The Woman in White Love Never Dies The Wizard of Oz Stephen Ward School of Rock Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' `` Unexpected Song '' `` Memory '' `` Pie Jesu '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Anything But Lonely '' `` As If We Never Said Goodbye '' `` No Matter What '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other compositions Variations Requiem Watership Down Film adaptations Jesus Christ Superstar Evita Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Family William Lloyd Webber ( father ) Julian Lloyd Webber ( brother ) Imogen Lloyd Webber ( daughter ) Sarah Brightman ( second wife ) Madeleine Gurdon ( third wife ) Jiaxin Cheng ( sister - in - law ) Company Really Useful Group Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Andrew Lloyd Webber musical revival search Series and contestants How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? ( 2006 ) Connie Fisher Helena Blackman Siobhan Dillon Aoife Mulholland Abi Finley Any Dream Will Do ( 2007 ) Lee Mead Keith Jack Ben James - Ellis Daniel Boys I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 ) Jodie Prenger Jessie Buckley Samantha Barks Rachel Tucker Niamh Perry Sarah Lark Francesca Jackson Tara Bethan Over the Rainbow ( 2010 ) Danielle Hope Sophie Evans Lauren Samuels Stephanie Fearon Jessica Robinson Stephanie Davis Amy Diamond Superstar ( 2012 ) Ben Forster Special shows When Joseph Met Maria ( 2007 ) International versions United States Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! ( 2007 ) Canada How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria ? ( 2008 ) Over the Rainbow ( 2012 ) Belgium Op zoek naar Maria ( 2009 ) Netherlands Op zoek naar Evita ( 2007 ) Op zoek naar Joseph ( 2008 ) Op zoek naar Mary Poppins ( 2009 ) Op zoek naar Zorro ( 2011 ) Musicals The Sound of Music Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Oliver ! The Wizard of Oz Jesus Christ Superstar Grease Evita Mary Poppins Zorro Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_and_the_Amazing_Technicolor_Dreamcoat&oldid=833902804 '' Categories : 1968 musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Compositions by Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals by Tim Rice Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Musicals based on religious traditions Musicals based on the Bible Compositions with a narrator Joseph ( patriarch ) Sung - through musicals Films shot at Pinewood Studios British musicals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from July 2016 EngvarB from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20and%20the%20Amazing%20Technicolor%20Dreamcoat	625
cast of friends episode the one with the bullies			Friends ( season 2 )	friends ( season 2 )		Friends ( season 2 ) Friends season 2 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network NBC Original release September 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 21 ) -- May 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of Friends episodes The second season of Friends , an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman , premiered on NBC on September 21 , 1995 . Friends was produced by Bright / Kauffman / Crane Productions , in association with Warner Bros. Television . The season contains 24 episodes and concluded airing on May 16 , 1996 . Contents 1 Reception 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 Awards and nominations 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Reception ( edit ) This season currently has no ' tomatometor ' available on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , however 96 % of the audience score was positive . TV Guide placed the season 31st on their list of 100 all - time greatest television seasons . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Friends characters ( In particular , Introduced in season 2 or Only in season 2 ) Main cast ( edit ) Jennifer Aniston as Rachel Green Courteney Cox as Monica Geller Lisa Kudrow as Phoebe Buffay Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani Matthew Perry as Chandler Bing David Schwimmer as Ross Geller Recurring cast ( edit ) Lauren Tom as Julie Mike Hagerty as Mr. Treeger Tom Selleck as Richard Burke Adam Goldberg as Eddie Menuek Jane Sibbett as Carol Willick Jessica Hecht as Susan Bunch June Gable as Estelle Leonard James Michael Tyler as Gunther Guest stars ( edit ) Maggie Wheeler as Janice Hosenstein Cosimo Fusco as Paolo Marlo Thomas as Sandra Green Ron Leibman as Leonard Green Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Vincent Ventresca as Fun Bobby Giovanni Ribisi as Frank Buffay , Jr . Joel Beeson as The Hombre Man ( Todd ) Brittney Powell as Jade Chris Young as Steven Fishman Steve Zahn as Duncan Jean - Claude Van Damme as himself Jon Favreau as Pete Becker Julia Roberts as Susie Charlie Sheen as Ryan Chrissie Hynde as Stephanie Schiffer Arye Gross as Michael Michael McKean as Mr. Rastatter Chris Isaak as Rob Donnen Emily Procter as Annabel Max Wright as Terry Phil Leeds as Mr. Adelman Brooke Shields as Erika Fred Willard as the zookeeper Dan Castellaneta as the zoo janitor Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Friends episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 25 `` The One with Ross 's New Girlfriend '' Michael Lembeck Jeffrey Astrof & Mike Sikowitz September 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 21 ) 457301 32.1 Rachel decides to tell Ross that she loves him and waits for him at the airport , not knowing he is returning with a new girlfriend named Julie ( Lauren Tom ) thanks to Chandler 's advice . Chandler feels guilty because he told Rachel that Ross loves her after he had advised Ross to get over his feelings for her . Joey and Chandler get their hair cut by Phoebe , and Monica wants her hair cut too , but Phoebe gives her an awful haircut . Chandler needs a suit , so Joey takes him to his tailor , who touches Chandler inappropriately . Chandler tells Joey of this , but Joey insists that is how pants are measured . Ross annoys everyone by talking about Julie , and Rachel becomes so desperate and upset that she spends the night with her old lover , Paolo . 26 `` The One with the Breast Milk '' Michael Lembeck Adam Chase & Ira Ungerleider September 28 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 28 ) 457302 29.8 The guys are uncomfortable with Carol breastfeeding Ben , and the situation is made worse by Joey and Phoebe tasting it . Rachel is uncomfortable with Monica 's growing friendship with Julie . At his day job , Joey competes with a fellow cologne spritzer for the affection of a beautiful colleague ( Emily Procter ) . 27 `` The One Where Heckles Dies '' Kevin S. Bright Michael Curtis & Gregory S. Malins October 5 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 05 ) 457303 30.2 Chandler refuses a date with a woman from work , claiming that it is because her nostrils are too big , but truthfully he is trying to escape a potentially serious relationship . Rachel and Monica 's downstairs neighbour Mr. Heckles dies . Mr. Heckles leaves all his belongings to Monica and Rachel , addressing them as the noisy neighbours . Chandler discovers eerie similarities between his life and the life of Mr. Heckles . Ross and Phoebe argue with each other over the legitimacy of the theory of evolution . Chandler does not want to end up alone like Mr. Heckles , and thus he makes a phone call to Janice in hopes of rekindling their relationship , only to learn that she is married with a baby on the way . 28 `` The One with Phoebe 's Husband '' Gail Mancuso Alexa Junge October 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 12 ) 457305 28.1 The gang is amazed to learn that Phoebe married a gay Canadian ice dancer Duncan ( Steve Zahn ) to help him get his green card . Phoebe thinks that she still cares for him , but then he shows up asking for a divorce as he lied to himself about being gay and wants to marry someone else . Interesting facts are revealed about the others , too : Joey starred in a porn film and Chandler has a third nipple . Ross seeks relationship advice from Rachel after revealing that he and Julie have yet to consummate their relationship . Rachel , because she still loves Ross , gives him bad advice , hoping that he and Julie will break up as a result . Unfortunately for Rachel , Joey also gives Ross advice . 29 5 `` The One with Five Steaks and an Eggplant '' Ellen Gittelsohn Chris Brown October 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 19 ) 457304 28.3 When a sexy woman calls the wrong number , Chandler seeks to make the most of the situation . Income issues divide the friends : the well - off Ross , Chandler and Monica versus the not - so - well - off Phoebe , Rachel and Joey . Monica loses her job after accepting `` gifts '' from her restaurant 's meat supplier . 30 6 `` The One with the Baby on the Bus '' Gail Mancuso Betsy Borns November 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 02 ) 457306 30.2 When Ross has an allergic reaction to Monica 's kiwi - lime pie , Chandler and Joey are asked to baby - sit Ross ' son , Ben . While using Ben to help them try to pick up girls , they accidentally leave him on a bus . Although they later locate him , they are not sure the baby is really Ben . Phoebe loses her Central Perk singing gig to a professional singer ( Chrissie Hynde ) , and she becomes a street singer in front of the café . Lea Thompson from Caroline in the City makes an appearance , not as her character Caroline but as a woman with a gay brother interested in where Joey and Chandler adopted Ben . Also , Giovanni Ribisi , who in later episodes portrays Frank Buffay Jr. , appears in this episode as a stranger who dropped a condom in Phoebe 's guitar case and comes back to get it for `` an emergency . '' The personality of this character is rather similar to Frank Jr 's ; though not confirmed , they are possibly the same person . Catherine Bell also appears as Robin , one of the girls in the bus . 31 7 `` The One Where Ross Finds Out '' Peter Bonerz Michael Borkow November 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 09 ) 457307 30.5 A drunken Rachel is persuaded to call Ross and reveals her feelings for him on his answering machine . When he finds out , he must make the choice between her and Julie . Meanwhile , Monica finds work as Chandler 's personal trainer and Phoebe has a hard time trying to get her boyfriend to have sex with her . She seeks Joey 's advice . Ross and Rachel argue , and Ross says that he is not leaving Julie . At the end of the episode Ross and Rachel kiss . 32 8 `` The One with the List '' Mary Kay Place David Crane & Marta Kauffman November 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 16 ) 457308 32.9 Ross is still compelled to make a choice between his childhood crush Rachel and his current lover Julie , and enlists Joey and Chandler 's help in making a list of the pros and cons of each . He chooses Rachel , but she finds the list and gets angry with Ross . Meanwhile , Monica gets a job making food with a disgusting synthetic chocolate substitute called Mockolate . 33 9 `` The One with Phoebe 's Dad '' Kevin S. Bright Jeffrey Astrof & Mike Sikowitz December 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 14 ) 457309 27.8 It 's Christmas time and Monica tries tipping with cookies , rather than cash , with mixed results . Phoebe learns that the guy in the pictures her grandmother keeps around is not her father but the Macy 's photo frame model . She tries to track down her real father , but in the end she feels that she is not ready to meet him . Chandler and Joey wait too late to shop for presents , and are forced to buy gifts from a gas station . Ross asks Rachel to make a list about him , but he is offended when she calls him obsessive . 34 10 `` The One with Russ '' Thomas Schlamme Ira Ungerleider January 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 04 ) 457311 32.2 Monica gets back together with Fun Bobby , who has a drinking problem . She successfully helps him give up drinking , but then he is unhappy and not fun anymore . Joey gets chosen to play the role of Dr. Drake Ramoray , a neurosurgeon on Days of Our Lives after he refuses to sleep with the casting lady . Rachel begins dating a guy named Russ , who bears an uncanny resemblance to Ross ( both roles were played by David Schwimmer , yet Russ is credited as being played by `` Snaro '' , a pseudonym of Schwimmer 's and a tribute to a friend ) . Eventually , Rachel dumps Russ , telling him he reminds her of someone , though she does n't tell him about his resemblance to Ross . In the end , Russ and Julie ( Lauren Tom ) fall in love at first sight . 35 11 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' Thomas Schlamme Doty Abrams January 18 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 18 ) 457312 31.6 Carol and Susan get married , providing Monica with a job : catering the wedding . Phoebe is possessed by the spirit of an eighty - two - year - old massage client who dies in the middle of a session . Rachel 's mother ( Marlo Thomas ) comes to visit and announces that she has decided to divorce Rachel 's father . 36 37 12 13 `` The One After the Superbowl '' Michael Lembeck Jeffrey Astrof & Mike Sikowitz Michael Borkow January 28 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 28 ) 457313 457314 52.9 Ross goes to visit Marcel while on a trip to California , and finds that the monkey is working in commercials . Joey gets his first fan letter and ends up dating the woman ( Brooke Shields ) who sent it . She turns out to be a mentally ill stalker who thinks that the happenings on Days of Our Lives are real . Phoebe is asked by a man ( Chris Isaak ) to sing for the children at a library , but their parents are horrified by her morbid lyrics . However , the kids like the songs and come to the café to listen to her . Rachel and Monica compete for the affections of Jean - Claude Van Damme after meeting him on a movie set . Chandler meets a former schoolmate ( Julia Roberts ) , a makeup artist , who seems to be attracted to him but it turns out that Chandler once embarrassed her and she just wants to get revenge . An excited Joey gets a role as an extra in the movie , and Ross and Marcel go on a whirlwind tour of the city . 38 14 `` The One with the Prom Video '' James Burrows Alexa Junge February 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 01 ) 457310 33.6 After getting his big break with Days of Our Lives , Joey pays Chandler back with $812 and an extremely tacky engraved gold bracelet . Also , an unemployed Monica is hard up for money . A home video from Monica and Rachel 's prom night reveals that Monica was previously overweight , and that Rachel had a large nose . Rachel seemed to have been stood up by her prom date , so Ross puts on his father 's tuxedo to take her to prom himself , but Rachel 's date shows up and they leave before she learns of Ross ' plans . The video then shows a speechless and devastated Ross standing at the top of the stairs . The candor of Ross ' heartbreak compels Rachel to kiss Ross . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode at # 100 of its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . 39 15 `` The One Where Ross and Rachel ... You Know '' Michael Lembeck Michael Curtis & Gregory S. Malins February 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 08 ) 457315 32.9 Joey buys a big screen TV and two leather recliners with his newfound money , resulting in him and Chandler spending two days watching TV and never getting out of the chairs . Monica has a catering job for an ophthalmologist and a friend of her parents , the attractive Dr. Richard Burke ( Tom Selleck ) , and later they go on a date . Ross and Rachel attempt to have their first real date , but it 's difficult for Rachel to overcome their long friendship . As they tried to schedule another date , Ross has an emergency at the museum and ends up having sex with Rachel for the first time . The episode introduces Tom Selleck in a recurring guest role that led to an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 2000 . 40 16 `` The One Where Joey Moves Out '' Michael Lembeck Betsy Borns February 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 15 ) 457316 31.1 Joey thinks he needs to move out of Chandler 's apartment and wants to get a new one to ' give him time to think ' . Monica struggles to tell her parents about her relationship with Richard . Rachel and Phoebe want to get a tattoo . Phoebe chickens out and Rachel gets a heart . 41 17 `` The One Where Eddie Moves In '' Michael Lembeck Adam Chase February 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 22 ) 457317 30.2 Phoebe is discovered by a record producer who wants to make her song `` Smelly Cat '' a video , but who secretly dubs in the voice of a more talented ( but less attractive ) woman . Ross ' new relationship with Rachel makes Monica feel like she 's living with her brother again ... and she hates it . Joey is finding living alone is not really for him , and wants to move back in with Chandler . However Chandler , having been led to believe Joey would n't want to come back , already has a new roommate Eddie . However Chandler finds that he does n't really click with Eddie ( who wo n't play foosball and does n't like Baywatch ) as well as he did with Joey , and quickly begins to miss Joey too . 42 18 `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' Michael Lembeck Story by : Alexa Junge Teleplay by : Michael Borkow March 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 21 ) 457318 30.1 Joey 's good fortune comes crashing down when he foolishly claims in an interview that he writes his own lines , leading to his character falling down an elevator shaft . Phoebe helps Chandler bond with his new roommate ... to Chandler 's horror . And sexual history dominates the discussion between two couples -- Monica and Richard , and Ross and Rachel . 43 19 `` The One Where Eddie Wo n't Go '' Michael Lembeck Michael Curtis & Gregory S. Malins March 28 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 28 ) 457319 31.2 Creeped out by his bizarre new roommate , Eddie , Chandler demands that he move out . Eddie agrees , but does n't move out -- nor does he even remember the conversation , as he is obviously mentally ill , imagining he and Chandler took a trip to Las Vegas and believing it to have really happened . Joey has trouble coming to grips with the death of Dr. Ramoray and the accompanying change in his lifestyle . And a new book on empowerment for women inspires the female friends to have a `` goddess meeting . '' Joey moves back in with Chandler , they kick out Eddie ( by convincing him he never lived there in the first place ) and they make up with each other . 44 20 `` The One Where Old Yeller Dies '' Michael Lembeck Story by : Michael Curtis & Gregory S. Malins Teleplay by : Adam Chase April 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 04 ) 457320 27.4 Phoebe 's world view is shattered when she learns how Old Yeller really ends . She watches all the films her mother did n't let her watch and becomes depressed . Monica becomes jealous when Richard begins hanging out with other people : namely , Joey and Chandler . However , this is short lived as Joey and Chandler confess to thinking of Richard as a fatherly figure , when Richard was under the impression that they were just buddies . Rachel becomes stressed out when she learns that Ross has planned their whole life together . 45 21 `` The One with the Bullies '' Michael Lembeck Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones April 25 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 25 ) 457321 24.7 Chandler and Ross run into two bullies at the coffee shop , one of whom steals Chandler 's hat . Monica , down to her last few dollars of savings , plays the stock market based solely on the ticker symbols to avoid taking a job at a tacky 1950s themed diner . Phoebe makes multiple attempts to visit her birth father , but instead she meets her half - brother , Frank Buffay Jr. , and learns that her father has n't been home for four years . Monica eventually loses her savings due to her unwise investments , and is forced to work at the Moondance Diner , dressed in a ridiculous costume and dancing on the counter to songs by The Village People . 46 22 `` The One with the Two Parties '' Michael Lembeck Alexa Junge May 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 02 ) 457322 25.5 Rachel 's birthday is coming up , and Monica is planning a classy party for her and it is decided not to invite her father as her mother Sandra is already coming and the two are at a point in their divorce when they ca n't stand to be in the same room as each other . However , when Rachel 's dad turns up unexpectedly , another impromptu party is set up at Chandler and Joey 's for Dr. Green to attend to keep him away from his estranged wife . Things quickly start to go wrong when Sandra worries after seeing Ross fetching things for Dr. Green and believes her daughter is dating a man who reminds her of her father , while the guests at Monica 's party quickly tire of the host sucking the fun out of the event with her dull games and strict rules and begin fleeing to Joey and Chandler 's more laidback party instead . In the end , despite a few close calls , the six successfully manage to get the couple out of both parties without bumping into each other . 47 23 `` The One with the Chicken Pox '' Michael Lembeck Brown Mandell May 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 09 ) 457324 26.1 Phoebe catches chicken pox just as her old flame Ryan ( Charlie Sheen ) arrives in town on leave from the Navy . Even though he has n't yet had chicken pox , he ca n't stand to be apart and they both spend the rest of the time sick and trying to not scratch at the sores . Joey gets a job at Chandler 's office but decides to play it as a role . The character he creates , Joseph , has a wife and kids and ultimately blames Chandler for his own screw ups . Monica is upset that Richard does n't have a `` thing '' : an unexplainable quirk . He eventually comes up with one to ease her mind . 48 24 `` The One with Barry and Mindy 's Wedding '' Michael Lembeck Story by : Ira Ungerleider Teleplay by : Brown Mandell May 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 457323 29.0 Rachel agrees to be maid of honor at her ex-fiancé's wedding , but a fashion faux pas focuses attention away from the bride . To get a role in Warren Beatty 's new movie , Joey needs to practice kissing guys . Monica ponders her future with Richard and Chandler falls for a mystery woman on the Internet who turns out to be his ex-girlfriend , Janice . Richard does n't want to have children , but Monica does , so she breaks up with him . Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Weekly Rank Ref . 25 `` The One with Ross 's New Girlfriend '' September 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 21 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 20.5 / 33 32.1 26 `` The One with the Breast Milk '' September 28 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 28 ) 19.3 / 31 29.8 27 `` The One Where Heckles Dies '' October 5 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 05 ) 19.8 / 31 30.2 28 `` The One with Phoebe 's Husband '' October 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 12 ) 19.3 / 31 28.1 29 5 `` The One with Five Steaks and an Eggplant '' October 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 19 ) 18.6 / 30 28.3 30 6 `` The One with the Baby on the Bus '' November 2 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 02 ) 19.7 / 30 30.2 31 7 `` The One Where Ross Finds Out '' November 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 09 ) 19.6 / 31 30.5 32 8 `` The One with the List '' November 16 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 16 ) 21.1 / 33 32.9 33 9 `` The One with Phoebe 's Dad '' December 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 14 ) 18.8 / 30 27.8 34 10 `` The One with Russ '' January 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 04 ) 21.0 / 31 32.2 35 11 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' January 11 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 11 ) 20.8 / 31 31.6 36 12 `` The One After the Superbowl '' January 28 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 28 ) Sunday 10 : 13 p.m. 29.6 / 46 52.9 37 13 38 14 `` The One with the Prom Video '' February 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 01 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 21.7 / 32 33.6 39 15 `` The One Where Ross and Rachel ... You Know '' February 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 08 ) 21.7 / 33 32.9 40 16 `` The One Where Joey Moves Out '' February 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 15 ) 21.1 / 33 31.1 41 17 `` The One Where Eddie Moves In '' February 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 22 ) 20.0 / 31 30.2 42 18 `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' March 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 21 ) 19.9 / 21 30.1 43 19 `` The One Where Eddie Wo n't Go '' March 28 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 28 ) 20.0 / 32 31.2 44 20 `` The One Where Old Yeller Dies '' April 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 04 ) 18.4 / 31 27.4 45 21 `` The One with the Bullies '' April 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 26 ) 16.6 / 30 24.7 5 46 22 `` The One with Two Parties '' May 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 02 ) 18.0 / 33 25.5 47 23 `` The One with the Chicken Pox '' May 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 09 ) 18.1 / 33 26.1 48 24 `` The One with Barry and Mindy 's Wedding '' May 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 16 ) 19.1 / 34 29.0 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Association Recipient Results 9th Annual American Comedy Awards Funniest Supporting Male Performer in a Television Series Matthew Perry Nominated David Schwimmer Nominated Funniest Supporting Female Performer in a Television Series Jennifer Aniston Nominated Lisa Kudrow Nominated 7th Annual GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Television Comedy Series N / A Nominated 53rd Annual Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical N / A Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television Lisa Kudrow Nominated 8th Annual Nickelodeon Kid 's Choice Awards Favorite Animal Star Marcel the monkey Nominated 48th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series N / A Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for episode `` The One After the Superbowl ( Part 1 & 2 ) '' Michael Lembeck Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for episode `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' Marlo Thomas Nominated 2nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lisa Kudrow Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Jennifer Aniston Courteney Cox Lisa Kudrow Matt LeBlanc Matthew Perry David Schwimmer Won 11th Annual Viewers for Quality Television Awards Best Quality Comedy Series N / A Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Lisa Kudrow Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These episodes originally aired as a single double - length episode but are sometimes split into two episodes for syndication , reruns and DVD presentation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Friends : Season 2 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . rottentomatoes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends Nielsen Ratings Archive - Season Two '' . Newmusicandmore.tripod.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . http://newmusicandmore.tripod.com/ . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External link in website = ( help ) External links ( edit ) List of Friends episodes on IMDb Friends : Season 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One with the Princess Leia Fantasy '' ( 3.01 ) `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) `` The One with the Morning After '' ( 3.16 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_(season_2)&oldid=859848951 '' Categories : Friends seasons 1995 American television seasons 1996 American television seasons Friends ( season 2 ) episodes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from May 2012 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Gaeilge Italiano Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2018 , at 18 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends%20%28season%202%29	626
present-day kentucky was ceded by what state in 1792	In the end , most of the trans - Appalachian land claims were ceded to the Federal government between 1781 and 1787 ; New York , New Hampshire , and the hitherto unrecognized Vermont government resolved their squabbles by 1791 , and Kentucky was separated from Virginia and made into a new state in 1792 . The cessions were not entirely selfless -- in some cases the cessions were made in exchange for federal assumption of the states ' Revolutionary War debts -- but the states ' reasonably graceful cessions of their often - conflicting claims prevented early , perhaps catastrophic , rifts among the states of the young Republic , and assuaged the fears of the `` landless '' states enough to convince them to ratify the new United States Constitution . The cessions also set the stage for the settlement of the Upper Midwest and the expansion of the U.S. into the center of the North American continent , and also established the pattern by which land newly acquired by the United States would be organized into new states rather than attached to old ones .		State cessions	state cessions	The state cessions are those areas of the United States that the separate states ceded to the federal government in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . The cession of these lands , which for the most part lay between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River , was key to establishing a harmonious union among the former British colonies .	The areas ceded comprise 236,825,600 acres ( 370,040.0 sq mi ) , or 10.4 percent of current United States territory , and make up all or part of 10 states . This does not include the areas later ceded by Texas to the federal government , which make up parts of five more states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The resolution of the claims 3 Details of the cessions 3.1 States with land claims 3.2 States without land claims 4 Texas 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Most of colonies British America were established in the 17th and early 18th century , when geographical knowledge of North America was incomplete . Many of these colonies were established by royal proclamation or charter that defined their boundaries as stretching `` from sea to sea '' ; others did not have western boundaries established at all . These colonies thus ended up with theoretical extents that overlapped each other , and conflicted with the claims and settlements established by other European powers . The British government 's Royal Proclamation of 1763 , while not resolving the disputes over the colonies ' trans - Appalachian claims , succeeded in slowing down the movement of people into the region and the making of new claims in it . Many , however , ignored the proclamation , and various frontier settlement enterprises , owing allegiance to disparate colonial governments , continued . By the time of the American Revolution , the boundaries between the Thirteen Colonies that became the United States had been for the most part surveyed and agreed upon . Their land claims also corresponded in varying degrees to the actual reality on the ground in the west at the eve of the Revolution . Kentucky , for instance , was organized into a county of Virginia in 1776 , with Virginia serving as practical sovereign over the area until its admission into the Union as a separate state in 1792 . Massachusetts ' claims to land in modern - day Michigan and Wisconsin , by contrast , amounted to little more than lines drawn on a map . The resolution of the claims ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution established American sovereignty over the land between the Appalachians and the Mississippi ; the jobs of determining how that land should be governed , and how the conflicting claims to it by several of the states should be resolved , were one of the first major tasks facing the new nation . The potential for trouble arising from these claims was twofold . One problem was obvious : in many cases more than one state laid claim to the same piece of territory , but clearly only one would be ultimately recognized as the sovereign . The other conflict also threatened the peace of the new union . Only seven of the thirteen states had western land claims , and the other , `` landless '' states were fearful of being overwhelmed by states that controlled vast stretches of the new frontier . Virginia in particular , which already encompassed 1 in 5 inhabitants of the new nation , laid claim to modern - day Kentucky , Indiana , and Illinois , and the smaller states feared that it would come to completely dominate the union . In the end , most of the trans - Appalachian land claims were ceded to the Federal government between 1781 and 1787 ; New York , New Hampshire , and the hitherto unrecognized Vermont government resolved their squabbles by 1791 , and Kentucky was separated from Virginia and made into a new state in 1792 . The cessions were not entirely selfless -- in some cases the cessions were made in exchange for federal assumption of the states ' Revolutionary War debts -- but the states ' reasonably graceful cessions of their often - conflicting claims prevented early , perhaps catastrophic , rifts among the states of the young Republic , and assuaged the fears of the `` landless '' states enough to convince them to ratify the new United States Constitution . The cessions also set the stage for the settlement of the Upper Midwest and the expansion of the U.S. into the center of the North American continent , and also established the pattern by which land newly acquired by the United States would be organized into new states rather than attached to old ones . Georgia held on to its claims over trans - Appalachian land for another decade , and this claim was complicated by the fact that much of the land was also disputed between the United States and Spain . When Georgia finally sold the land west of its current boundaries to the United States for cash in 1802 , the last phase of western cessions was complete . Details of the cessions ( edit ) States with land claims ( edit ) State Date ceded Date accepted Claims and cessions 01 ! Connecticut 000000001786 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1786 000000001786 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1786 Ceded swath between present north and south border - latitudes west to Mississippi River , across present - day Pennsylvania ( notably the Wyoming Valley disputed in the Pennamite -- Yankee War ) , Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois , except for a portion south of Lake Erie . Sovereignty over this `` Western Reserve '' was ceded to the federal government in 1800 . 02 ! Georgia 000000001802 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1802 000000001802 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1802 Ceded the `` Yazoo lands '' , between 35th parallel and 31st parallel of latitude west to Mississippi River , across present - day Alabama and Mississippi . Unique among the cessions , Georgia charged the federal government $1.25 million for this land , which it apparently paid . 03 ! Massachusetts 000000001784 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1784 000000001785 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1785 Ceded swath between present north and south border - latitudes west , across present - day New York , Michigan and Wisconsin , to which it was entitled by its interpretation of its original sea - to - sea grant from the British Crown . 04 ! New York 000000001780 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1780 000000001782 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1782 Ceded claims west of Lake Ontario , sold Erie Triangle to Pennsylvania . 05 ! North Carolina 000000001789 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1789 000000001790 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1790 Ceded its trans - Appalachian Washington District , a swath between present north and south border - latitudes west to Mississippi River , across present - day Tennessee . 06 ! South Carolina 000000001787 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1787 000000001787 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1787 Ceded swath , approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) wide ( north -- south ) , west from its northwestern tip to Mississippi River , across extreme southwest North Carolina , northern Georgia , plus the southern edge of present - day Tennessee , along with the northern edge of present - day Alabama and Mississippi . In a separate agreement , South Carolina and Georgia adjusted their common boundary . Note that the claim by South Carolina had been for land between the headwaters of the Savannah River and the southern boundary of North Carolina , and thence westward . In fact , however , later and more accurate surveying showed that the headwaters of the Savannah River actually extended into North Carolina . This meant that this strip of land for South Carolina had actually been illusory . 07 ! Virginia 000000001781 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1781 000000001777 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1777 Ceded its vast claim to the territory north of the Ohio River , which would subsequently become the Northwest Territory , but initially retained its remaining trans - Appalachian claim , the Kentucky County , south of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi River -- present - day Kentucky . States without land claims ( edit ) State Notes Delaware No claim land farther west . Its western border forms part of the Mason -- Dixon line . Maryland No claim land farther west . Its northern border forms part of the Mason -- Dixon line . New Hampshire Prior to the American Revolution , New Hampshire claimed territory west of Connecticut River , in present - day southern Vermont , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting `` New Hampshire Grants '' dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys , and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 Dollars . New Jersey No claim land farther west . Pennsylvania Original land grant from King Charles II of England to William Penn was for the land between the 42nd parallel and the 38th parallel in latitude , and extending west five degrees in longitude from the western boundary of New Jersey and northwestern boundary of Delaware . Its southern border forms part of the Mason -- Dixon line . Pennsylvania claimed the portion of land along Lake Erie commonly known as the Erie Triangle , and after Massachusetts and New York each ceded its claim to it , the triangle was sold to Pennsylvania by the federal government in 1788 . Rhode Island No claim land farther west . Texas ( edit ) Map of Texas , illustrating the area under de facto control of the Republic of Texas ( in yellow ) ; the full extent of the Texan claim ( yellow and green ) ; and the eventual permanent border of the State of Texas Later in the 19th century , there was one more case of a state ceding some of its land to the federal government . Before the Republic of Texas joined the United States in 1845 , it claimed a good deal of land that had never been under the de facto control of the Texan government -- Texan attempts to exercise control of these territories as a sovereign state ( most famously , the Santa Fe expedition ) had ended in disaster . Thus , there was a border dispute between Texas , Mexico , and Native American tribes that the U.S. government inherited upon the annexation of Texas . This was one of the causes of the Mexican -- American War of 1846 -- 47 ( another being the western land greed of the U.S. coupled with the Mexican refusal to sell its territory to the U.S. ) . After the American victory in that war , the Mexican government recognized American sovereignty over the disputed Texan lands and also ceded / sold the land extending west to the Pacific Ocean . The Mexican government was paid $25,000,000 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 . In addition , the maximalist land claims of the Republic of Texas did not set the northern and western borders of the State of Texas . Most , but not all , of its northern boundary had been set by a treaty between the United States and the Spanish Empire -- along the Red River . The joint resolution of the United States that admitted Texas to the Union gave Texas the right to divide itself up into no more than five states . In an act of Congress , the Compromise of 1850 , Texas ceded its conflicting northern and western territorial claims to the U.S. in return for debt relief , removing its conflicting claims from the U.S. territorial gains of the Mexican -- American War . This ceded land eventually became portions of the states of Kansas ( 1861 ) , Colorado ( 1876 ) , Wyoming ( 1890 ) , Oklahoma ( 1907 ) , and New Mexico ( 1912 ) . See also ( edit ) Ohio Country Illinois Country Historic regions of the United States United States territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781 -- 1867 Jump up ^ Thomas Donaldson , The Public Domain , Its History with Statistics , p. 87 ( 1884 ) Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford ; et al. , eds. ( 1904 -- 37 ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . pp. Vol. 33 , pp. 466 -- 477 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , ( 1884 ) , p. 41 -- 42 Further reading ( edit ) Paul Wallace Gates , History of Public Land Law Development , Chapter III State Cessions of Western Land Claims . Public Land Law Review Commission , ( 1968 ) , Washington D.C. External links ( edit ) Map of state claims ( 1 ) Map of state claims ( 2 ) Map of state claims ( 3 ) Map of state claims ( 4 ) Map of state claims ( 5 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_cessions&oldid=818441755 '' Categories : History of United States expansionism History of the Midwestern United States Pre-statehood history of Texas Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20cessions	627
jurisdictional immunities of the state (germany v. italy greece intervening) summary			Jurisdictional Immunities of the State	jurisdictional immunities of the state	Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy : Greece Intervening ) was a case concerning the extent of state immunity before the International Court of Justice . The case was brought by Germany after various decisions by Italian courts to ignore the state immunity of Germany when confronted with claims against Germany by victims of Nazi - era war crimes . The court found that Italy was wrong to ignore German immunity , and found that Italy was obligated to render the decisions of its courts against Germany without effect .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Facts 1.1 Luigi Ferrini 1.2 Max Josef Milde 1.3 Distomo Massacre 2 Procedural History 3 Opinion 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Facts ( edit ) The original claims were based on a number of war crimes committed by German troops during World War II . The substance of the facts were not disputed by Germany . A number of international agreements and measures had been passed which purported to waive the claims of the victims involved , or make reparations . For instance , a 1947 peace treaty between Italy and the Allies purported to waive claims by Italian nationals ; a 1963 agreement between Germany and Italy again purported to waive claims of Italian nationals for 40m Deutsche marks in compensation . Germany had also passed various laws to effect individual compensation to victims of Nazi era atrocities . However , it is undisputed that the international agreements and the sometimes restrictive language of the compensation laws collectively failed to compensate many victims individually . Luigi Ferrini ( edit ) Luigi Ferrini was an Italian who was deported from occupied Italy and forced to work in a munitions plant in Germany . During 1998 he instituted proceedings against Germany in lower court at Arezzo . The lower court and then the appeals court denied his claim , on the basis that Germany was entitled to state immunity . However , during 2004 the Italian Court of Cassation reversed this judgment on the grounds that state immunity is lost when international crimes are alleged . On remand , the lower courts entered judgment in favor of Ferrini . Max Josef Milde ( edit ) Max Josef Milde was a German soldier , member of the Herman Goering Division , who during 2004 was convicted in absentia for war crimes involving a massacre of civilians in the Italian towns of Civitella in Val di Chiana and San Pancazio . In connection with this conviction , Germany was held jointly and severally liable for damages resulting from this act . The Court of Cassation reaffirmed its reasoning in the Ferrini case by affirming this judgment during 2008 . Distomo massacre ( edit ) On June 10 , 1944 hundreds of people in the Greek village of Distomo were massacred by German troops in retaliation for Resistance activities nearby . Survivors and relatives of victims of this Distomo massacre sued Germany in Greek courts during 1995 . Germany did not appear and the trial court entered a default judgment , upheld on appeal by the Greek Court of Cassation . However , the Greek Justice Minister refused to grant the required permission to enforce the judgment in Greece . In response , the plaintiffs attempted to enforce the judgment at the European Court of Human Rights and in the German courts , but were denied on grounds of state immunity . Finally , after the Ferrini decision , the plaintiffs petitioned for enforcement in Italy ; the Italian courts agreed to enforce the judgment and during 2007 the plaintiffs placed a legal charge on Villa Vigoni , a property in Italy owned by the German state . Procedural history ( edit ) Germany filed its application to institute proceedings on December 23 , 2008 . The basis of the Court 's jurisdiction was the European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes , which during 1961 bound both Germany and Italy to submit subsequent disputes to the ICJ . Italy responded with a counterclaim that Germany should pay reparations for the original events . The counterclaim was rejected on the basis that atrocities predated the European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes and so the Court did not have jurisdiction . During 2011 , Greece petitioned and was allowed to intervene in the case on the side of Italy . Opinion ( edit ) By a vote of 12 to 3 , the court rejected both alleged exceptions to the doctrine of state immunity proposed by Italy . Firstly , the court rejected a theory of `` territorial tort , '' in which Italy would be entitled to ignore immunity because torts were committed on Italian territory . The court analyzed this exception within the narrow confines of the facts of the case : the torts were committed by an armed force during armed hostilities . The court noted that while the general territorial tort certainly has support for jure gestionus , or commercial activities of state , it is clear that such a tort is not meant to apply to armed forces engaged in an armed conflict . The court cited the European Convention on State Immunity , the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property , and the state practice of a number of countries to establish that there was little support for extending the territorial tort as much as Italy proposed . Secondly , the court rejected a more expansive exception to state immunity , by which immunity would be lost if serious human rights violations were alleged and no reparations were forthcoming . Italy advanced three `` strands '' to this argument : Italy argued that the gravity of the violations required elimination of state immunity , that not to eliminate state immunity would effectively derogate from a peremptory , or jus cogens norm ; and immunity was lost because the claimants had no other means of redress . Italy also argued that these the strands , if not each independently sufficient to warrant a loss of immunity , were sufficient when they were combined . Addressing the first strand , the court noted that allowing an judicial enquiry into the gravity of the crime would defeat the purpose of immunity , which is to avoid the trial process . Additionally , that there is little support in international conventions and state practice for the idea that severity of a crime could eliminate state immunity . The court distinguished the Pinochet case , in which Augusto Pinochet was arrested despite immunity as a head of state , by stating that Pinochet was a criminal case against an individual , not a civil case against a state itself . Addressing the second strand , the court distinguished between procedural and substantive rules and found that there was no conflict between substantive jus cogens prohibitions on enslavement , for instance , and procedural state immunity . The court noted that this was consistent with the ICJ 's rulings in Armed Activities in the Congo and Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 , in which jus cogens rules did not confer jurisdiction or abrogate immunities of officials . The court further noted that no state practice supported the argument that jus cogens rules displace immunity . Addressing the third strand , the Court distinguished between immunity and the substantive rules of international law by which Germany might still owe reparations . A finding of immunity does not equal a finding that Germany did not owe reparations . The Court indicated that under that theory , the existence of immunity would depend on the final failure of a diplomatic solution , but the failure would be exceptionally difficult to identify . Finally , having rejected the strands of Italy 's argument individually , the Court rejected their aggregate as well , specifying that immunity could not be based on a substantive balancing test applied by national courts . After finding that Italy was obliged to grant Germany immunity before Italian courts , the Court found that the petition for enforcement of a Greek judgment ( application for exequatur ) was subject to the same rules and should likewise have been denied due to immunity . By a vote of 14 to 1 , the court found that Italy was obliged , by a means of its own choosing , to render void the decisions of its courts infringing the state immunity due to Germany . See also ( edit ) List of International Court of Justice cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 22 - 26 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 27 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 29 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 30 - 36 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Application to Institute Proceedings ( December 23 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Counter-Memorial of Italy ( December 22 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Counter-Claim Order ( July 6 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Order on the Application of the Hellenic Republic to Intervene ( July 4 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 139 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 79 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 80 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 81 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 83 - 90 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 87 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 93 - 94 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 95 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 96 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 100 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Deepak Raju & Blerina Jasari , `` '' Intervention before the ICJ : A critical examination of the Court 's decision in Germany v. Italy `` '' , NUJS Law Review , January 2 , 2015 Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 102 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 106 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 131 ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ( Germany v. Italy ) , Judgment , ¶ 139 ( 4 ) ( Feb 3 , 2012 ) . External links ( edit ) Official Collection of all ICJ Records on the Case Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurisdictional_Immunities_of_the_State&oldid=799919084 '' Categories : International Court of Justice cases Germany -- Greece relations Germany -- Italy relations 2012 in Germany 2012 in Italy 2012 in case law 2012 in international relations Legal immunity Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 16 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictional%20Immunities%20of%20the%20State	628
who milked the cow with the crumpled horn	This is the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built .	the maiden all forlorn	This is the house that Jack built	this is the house that jack built	`` This Is the House That Jack Built '' is a popular British nursery rhyme and cumulative tale . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20584 . It is Aarne -- Thompson type 2035 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Narrative technique 3 Origins 4 Syntactic structure 5 References in popular culture 5.1 In literature and journalism 5.2 In politics 5.3 In television and film 5.4 In popular music 5.5 In sports 5.6 Others 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Lyrics ( edit ) This is perhaps the most common set of modern lyrics : This is the house that Jack built . This is the malt that lay in the house that Jack built . This is the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the cat that killed the rat That ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built . This is the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the judge all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the rooster that crowed in the morn That woke the judge all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the farmer sowing his corn That kept the rooster that crowed in the morn That woke the judge all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . This is the horse and the hound and the horn That belonged to the farmer sowing his corn That kept the rooster that crowed in the morn That woke the judge all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built . Some versions use `` cheese '' instead of `` malt '' , `` priest '' instead of `` judge '' , `` cock '' instead of `` rooster '' , the older past tense form `` crew '' instead of `` crowed '' , or `` chased '' in place of `` killed '' . Also in some versions the horse , the hound , and the horn are left out and the rhyme ends with the farmer . Narrative technique ( edit ) This Is the House That Jack Built illustrated by Randolph Caldecott It is a cumulative tale that does not tell the story of Jack 's house , or even of Jack who built the house , but instead shows how the house is indirectly linked to other things and people , and through this method tells the story of `` The man all tattered and torn '' , and the `` Maiden all forlorn '' , as well as other smaller events , showing how these are interlinked . Origins ( edit ) It has been argued that the rhyme is derived from an Aramaic hymn Chad Gadya ( lit. , `` One Young Goat '' ) in Sepher Haggadah , first printed in 1590 ; but although this is an early cumulative tale that may have inspired the form , the lyrics bear little relationship . It was suggested by James Orchard Halliwell that the reference to the `` priest all shaven and shorn '' indicates that the English version is probably very old , presumably as far back as the mid-sixteenth century . There is a possible reference to the song in The Boston New Letter of 12 April 1739 and the line : `` This is the man all forlorn , &c '' . However , it did not appear in print until it was included in Nurse Truelove 's New - Year 's - Gift , or the Book of Books for Children , printed in London in 1755 . It was printed in numerous collections in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries . Randolph Caldecott produced an illustrated version in 1878 . Cherrington Manor , a handsome timber - framed house in North East Shropshire , England , is reputed to be the actual house that Jack built . There is a former malt house in the grounds . Syntactic structure ( edit ) Each sentence in the story is an example of an increasingly deeply nested relative clause . The last version , `` This is the horse ... '' , would be quite difficult to untangle if the previous ones were not present . See the Noun Phrase for more details about postmodification of the noun phrase in this manner . References in popular Culture ( edit ) Illustration by Walter Crane This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( March 2017 ) The rhyme continues to be a popular choice for illustrated children 's books , with recent examples by Simms Taback and Quentin Blake showing how illustrators can introduce a fresh angle and humour into a familiar tale . The popularity of the rhyme can be seen in its use in a variety of other cultural contexts , including : In literature and journalism ( edit ) Samuel Taylor Coleridge used it as the basis of a self - parody published in 1797 under the name Nehemiah Higginbotham . This was one of three sonnets , the other two parodying Charles Lamb and Charles Lloyd . Beginning `` And this reft house is that the which he built / Lamented Jack ! And here his malt he piled / Cautious in vain ! '' it piled together phrases from Coleridge 's serious work put to ludicrous use . An adaptation by Frederick Winsor appeared in The Space Child 's Mother Goose ( 1958 ) as `` This is the theory Jack built . '' It commented on the progress of science by describing the creation , obfuscation , and eventual destruction of a flawed theory . The poem `` The Responsibility '' by Peter Appleton parodies this rhyme to make a social comment about the manufacture of weapons . The poem `` Château Jackson '' by Irish poet Louis MacNeice , in The Burning Perch collection , is a reinterpretation based on the same cumulative process . It starts with `` Where is the Jack that built the house '' . The twelfth Torchwood novel is titled The House that Jack Built . The news stories in 2006 about the shady dealings of lobbyist Jack Abramoff led to editorials about `` the house that Jack built '' . There is a political version with Hillary Clinton in it . Laurie Faria Stolarz referenced it in her book Blue is for Nightmares . One of the main characters receives an e-mail from an ex-boyfriend with a link to an animation of the poem . Louisa May Alcott in her novel Little Women says the `` ' cow with a crumpled horn ' used to invite rash youths to come and be tossed . '' In the graphic novel From Hell by Alan Moore , Inspector Frederick Abberline refers to his house as `` the house Jack built '' noting the role of Jack the Ripper in financing his home . In The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , an adventure titled `` The House that Jack Built '' written by Edward Wellen . Holmes battles Moriarty within the mind of an `` idiot savant '' frequently visualizing these lyrics to navigate a mental labyrinth . Mystery author Ed McBain published one of his `` Matthew Hope '' novels with the name The House that Jack Built in 1988 . Practically every character had a corresponding counterpart to one in the original poem -- an unpleasant heavyset older woman with a faulty hearing aid represented `` the cow with the crumpled horn , '' for example . One of the rhymes remembered by Mr Charrington in George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four . Mentioned in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens ( `` A Hand at Cards '' , Book the Third , Ch . VIII ) The House that Jack Built was chosen as the English title for the first book in the Lars Winkler crime series by Danish author Jakob Melander . An unflattering 1819 caricature of the Prince Regent by George Cruikshank , illustrating `` The Political House that Jack Built '' . `` The Atom that Bohr built '' was a poem written in the style of the original as part of the printed tribute , or ' festschrift ' to Niels Bohr on his 50th birthday ( 1935 ) called `` The Journal of Jocular Physics . '' In politics ( edit ) One of the `` Political Miscellanies '' associated with the Rolliad , an eighteenth - century British satire , was `` This Is the House That George Built '' , referring to George Nugent Grenville , Marquess of Buckingham , who had briefly supported William Pitt the Younger into government before resigning from office . The parody is attributed to Joseph Richardson . Thomas Jefferson , prior to serving as President , first used it to criticize the broad construction approach of the Necessary and Proper Clause of the U.S. Constitution with respect to a bill to grant a federal charter to a mining company . The term was used to suggest that the expansion of federal powers under these arguments would give the federal government infinite powers . `` Congress are authorized to defend the nation . Ships are necessary for defense ; copper is necessary for ships ; mines , necessary for copper ; a company necessary to work the mines ; and who can doubt this reasoning who has ever played at ' This is the House that Jack Built ' ? Under such a process of filiation of necessities the sweeping clause makes clean work . '' A British Radical satire , published in 1819 in response to public outrage over the Peterloo Massacre , was `` The Political House That Jack Built , '' written by William Hone and illustrated by George Cruikshank . In 1863 , David Claypoole Johnston published a cartoon `` The House that Jeff Built '' , a satirical denunciation of Jefferson Davis , slavery , and the Confederacy . During The Great War , British Propaganda promoted the following version of the rhyme : This is the house that Jack built . This is the bomb that fell on the house that Jack built . This is the Hun who dropped the bomb that fell on the house that Jack built . This is the gun that killed the Hun who dropped the bomb that fell on the house that Jack built . In television and Film ( edit ) A 1959 Warner Brothers cartoon is entitled The Mouse that Jack Built . It is a parody of The Jack Benny Show , whose stars supply the voices of mouse caricatures of themselves . In 1966 an episode of The Avengers was titled `` The House That Jack Built '' . A 1967 animated short The House That Jack Built was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . A 1976 Soyuzmultfilm cartoon The House That Jack Built nominated on International Short Film Festival Oberhausen at 1977 The climax of the first adventure of the British fantasy series Sapphire & Steel hinged on the recitation of the rhyme . A public information film from the 1970s -- 1980s about fire safety was entitled The House That Jack Built , and was presented as an animated book containing the story of how a house ( built by a man named Jack ) burnt down in the night due to an unguarded fire and open doors , which resulted in the deaths of Jack 's wife and newborn baby . The ending of the advert urges viewers to buy a smoke alarm and follow fire safety plans . In episode 3.05 of the TV show Frasier , actor Kelsey Grammer as the character Frasier says : `` I cut myself because I was shaving without water . And why was there no water ? Because I had to move your chair which gouged the floor which made me call for Joe who found bad pipes which called for Cecil who ate the cat who killed the rat that lived in the house that Frasier built ! '' In Lars von Trier 's The Element of Crime the prostitute Kim tells the poem to a child . Both are being kept in a cage at Frau Gerdas Whorehouse in Halbestadt . The rhyme was referenced in the classic Doctor Who serial The Seeds of Doom by the Fourth Doctor and companion Sarah Jane Smith to mock the villains who were trying to force information out of them . In popular Music ( edit ) In 1967 Alan Price had an international chart hit with his song `` The House that Jack Built '' . It reached # 4 in the UK , # 12 in Ireland , # 26 in the Netherlands and # 38 in Germany . Aretha Franklin had a number - six pop and number - two R&B hit single with `` The House That Jack Built '' ( not a version of the rhyme ) in 1968 . English singer Tracie Young had a hit single with `` The House That Jack Built '' ( not a version of the rhyme ) in 1983 . In 1987 the Australian band The Go - Betweens released the album Tallulah containing the song `` The House that Jack Kerouac built '' . In 1987 a pioneering house music act under the name ' Jack N Chill ' released a single called `` The Jack That House Built '' , which has since been sampled and re-mixed into many other songs ( particularly in the house genre ) . In 1987 near the end of the track `` Home '' by Roger Waters on his Radio K.A.O.S. CD , he makes a reference to it . It is done in similar fashion to the original prose - only mentioning Jack after a lengthy list of other references to the idea of Home . In 1995 Clutch released the song `` The House that Peterbilt '' , a reference to the truck company . In 1996 Metallica released the album Load containing a song called `` The House Jack Built '' . The Capitol Steps created and performed a parody called `` The House That Jack Bribed '' , also referring to Jack Abramoff . The lyrics of the song `` Alla Fiera Dell'Est '' ( `` At the Eastern Fair '' ) by Italian songwriter Angelo Branduardi , show a marked resemblance to ' The House that Jack Built ' In the Danish movie After the Wedding by Susanne Bier , volunteer worker Jacob teaches English to the children in an orphanage in India by using `` The House that Jack Built '' . The second studio album by indie band , The Heavy is named The House That Dirt Built , a satirisation of ' The House That Jack Built ' . The fourth song by A Day to Remember on their 2010 studio album , What Separates Me from You , is named `` This is the House That Doubt Built '' . The fifth song by Jesca Hoop on her 2012 album The House That Jack Built , is named `` The House That Jack Built '' . In sports ( edit ) The former stadium of the New York Yankees , Yankee Stadium , was nicknamed `` The house that Ruth built '' . Babe Ruth 's tremendous drawing power made the stadium possible . Others ( edit ) The Nostalgia Critic used to quote the poem in his earlier videos . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Cumulative song Chad Gadya The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly References ( edit ) Jump up ^ D.L. Ashliman , The House That Jack Built : an English nursery rhyme of folktale type 2035 ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 229 - 32 . Jump up ^ James Orchard Halliwell - Phillipps , Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales : A Sequel to the Nursery Rhymes of England , p. 6 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ English Translation of Hebrew source . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ William S. Baring - Gould and Ceil Baring - Gould , The Annotated Mother Goose ( New York , 1962 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Twinkletrax Children 's Songs . Jump up ^ Taback , Simms ( 2004 ) . This is the house that Jack built ( null ed . ) . New York : Puffin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 240200 - 9 . Jump up ^ Blake , John Yeoman ; illustrated by Quentin ( 1996 ) . The do - it - yourself house that Jack built ( null ed . ) . London : Puffin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 055323 - 9 . Jump up ^ Peter Appleton , `` The Responsibility , '' in 20th Century Poetry and War . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` The hum you hear is from lobbyists '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Suspended in Language ( 2004 ) Jim Ottaviani and Leland Purvis . pub G.T. Labs Jump up ^ `` Project Gutenberg '' . Jump up ^ Marcus Wood , Radical Satire and Print Culture 1790 - 1822 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 811278 - 5 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . IMDb. 4 April 1959 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . IMDb. 5 March 1966 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tunis , Ron ( 1967 ) . `` The House That Jack Built '' . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sapphire and Steel - The TV Series '' . h2g2 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Earth Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 3.05 - Kisses Sweeter Than Wine '' . Frasier Online Episode Guide . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Aretha Franklin , `` The House That Jack Built '' Chart Positions Retrieved 20 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` EMP Museum - Music + Sci - fi + Pop Culture '' . Jump up ^ `` METALLICA - Encyclopedia Metallica - Song Info - The House That Jack Built : '' . Encycmet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://adtr.com/releases/what_separates_me_from_you Jump up ^ `` BBC - Music - Review of Jesca Hoop - The House That Jack Built '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee stadium history '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) The House That Jack Built ~ Photographs of Advertising from 1897 for Dr. J.C. Ayer & Co The House That Jack Built Resources on the Web `` Lyrics , Origins and History of ' The House That Jack Built ' '' . Anthology of Kid 's Songs , Lullabies and Nursery Rhymes . TwinkleTrax Children 's Songs . 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_the_House_That_Jack_Built&oldid=802754380 '' Categories : Jack tales English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Hidden categories : Articles with trivia sections from March 2017 All articles with trivia sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 07 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Is%20the%20House%20That%20Jack%20Built	629
when does the new series of prison break start			Prison Break ( season 5 )	prison break ( season 5 )	The fifth season of Prison Break ( also known as Prison Break : Resurrection ) is a limited event television series and the continuation of the original series created by Paul Scheuring that aired on Fox from 2005 to 2009 . The season is produced by 20th Century Fox Television in association with Adelstein / Parouse Productions and Original Film . Paul Scheuring serves as showrunner , with himself , Marty Adelstein , Neal H. Moritz and Dawn Olmstead , Vaun Wilmott , Michael Horowitz and Nelson McCormick serving as executive producers . McCormick also serves as director . The season premiered on April 4 , 2017 , and concluded on May 30 , 2017 , consisting of 9 episodes .	Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell reprise their respective roles as Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows , while Sarah Wayne Callies , Amaury Nolasco , Paul Adelstein , Robert Knepper and Rockmond Dunbar also return from the original series . New cast additions include Mark Feuerstein , Inbar Lavi , Augustus Prew , Marina Benedict , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis . A pilot was ordered in August 2015 and the series was greenlit in January 2016 . Production on the series began in April 2016 and filming took place in Vancouver and the Moroccan cities of Rabat , Casablanca , and Ouarzazate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Seven years after his apparent death , Michael Scofield resurfaces in the notorious Ogygia Prison in Sana'a , Yemen , under the name Kaniel Outis . As the country is engulfed by war , two of Michael 's old friends , his brother Lincoln Burrows and fellow Fox River escapee Benjamin `` C - Note '' Franklin , risk their lives by traveling to Yemen to bring Michael home . Back in the United States , Michael 's wife Sara , now remarried , is hunted by agents of an operative known as Poseidon , the one responsible for Michael 's disappearance . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Prison Break characters and List of Prison Break minor characters Main ( edit ) Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield / Kaniel Outis Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi - Scofield Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Robert Knepper as Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre Mark Feuerstein as Jacob Anton Ness / Poseidon Inbar Lavi as Sheba Augustus Prew as David `` Whip '' Martin Recurring ( edit ) Rick Yune as Ja Marina Benedict as Emily Blake / A&W Steve Mouzakis as Van Gogh Amin El Gamal as Cyclops Kunal Sharma as Sid Numan Acar as Abu Ramal Curtis Lum as Agent Kishida Crystal Balint as Heather Waleed Zuaiter as Mohammad al - Tunis TJ Ramini as Cross Akin Gazi as Omar Christian Michael Cooper as Mike Scofield Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Prison Break episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Ogygia '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1AZM01 3.83 T - Bag is released from incarceration just as he receives a picture of Michael in a new prison . T - Bag shows it to Lincoln , who finds the hidden word `` Ogygia '' , which is a prison in Sana'a , Yemen . Lincoln informs Sara , who has been raising her and Michael 's son , Mike , along with her husband , Jacob . She refuses to believe the news . However , Lincoln determines to travel to Yemen to be certain , asking help from C - Note , who has converted to Islam . Sucre offers to accompany Lincoln , who takes C - Note instead . The mysterious mercenaries who have been following and harassing Lincoln and Sara send Lincoln and C - Note 's pictures to their contacts in Sana'a , where the duo overpowers the attackers and meets a contact , who trades their visit to Ogygia for Lincoln 's United States passport . Lincoln learns that Michael 's fake identity is Kaniel Outis , a dangerous terrorist affiliated with ISIL . Michael ignores Lincoln , claiming not to know him . Meanwhile , T - Bag is contacted by a physician offering him a prosthetic hand as functional as a natural one . The procedure works ; and T - Bag learns that an anonymous person known only as Outis ( Greek for `` Nobody '' ) funded the operation and insisted on him being the patient . 83 `` Kaniel Outis '' Maja Vrvilo Paul Scheuring April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 1AZM02 3.18 Lincoln receives a message from Michael asking them to find the `` Sheik of Light . '' Sheba , the contact , agrees to help decode the message in exchange for money . Sara receives the video recording of Michael and meets up with Kellerman at the State Department . He deduces that Michael was the mastermind of changing his identity . Later , he sends Sara footage of Michael killing a CIA official . Michael acquires pills to give to his cellmate , Ja , who is suffering from withdrawals in exchange for a cell phone and credit card , using them to send a message to Sara . Lincoln 's team discovers that Mohammad El - Tunis , the Sheik , is a local electrical engineer trapped in an ISIL - controlled suburb with his daughter . They rescue the duo ; and Mohammad is revealed to be the father of Sid , Michael 's cellmate incarcerated for homosexuality . Mohammad gives Michael 's team a signal to reveal that the escape plan is on . Sara receives Michael 's message to get everyone to safety because `` a storm is coming '' . The solitary inmates , including Abu Ramal , the local ISIL leader , are released into the general sector . Ramal and Michael are revealed to be close friends . 84 `` The Liar '' Maja Vrvilo Josh Goldin & Rachel Abramowitz April 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 18 ) 1AZM03 2.44 Lincoln prepares for the escape by ordering forged passports . However , he and Sheba are caught by ISIL and Cyclops , who attempts to rape her until Lincoln frees himself and saves her . T - Bag runs into Sara , and tries to warn her about A&W and Van Gogh , two of Poseidon 's henchmen , who may be following her trail . A&W and Van Gogh hack into her phone , later discovered by Sara , who deduces Kellerman 's involvement . She asks T - Bag to investigate Kellerman . Cross , an inmate who refused to leave his brother , Muza , and participate in Michael 's escape , warns Whip that Michael can not be trusted . Michael obtains a gold watch from one of the guards , planting it on Ramal , so that he will be detained during the escape . Michael and Whip are revealed to have been working undercover for the CIA as Whip worries the line between Michael and Outis will be blurred . During the escape however , Ramal 's party , Cross and Muza race to Michael 's cell and are caught by the guards , leading to Muza 's death and the recapture of Michael 's team . Ramal vows to kill Michael in solitary while Michael uses the last remaining battery life on his cell phone to record a goodbye to Sara . 85 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Guy Ferland Michael Horowitz April 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 25 ) 1AZM04 2.75 ISIL continues advancing in Sana'a . Cross rallies the other prisoners to capture Ramal and use him as a bargaining chip . Michael convinces a reluctant Ramal to help them out as he is the one inside of the solitary cell with escape tools . Ramal , Michael , Ja and Whip are able to escape just as Cross and his followers break into solitary . Sid stabs Cross in the chest , joining Michael 's party , which heads outside . They are all captured by ISIL . Ramal plans to behead Michael ; but Lincoln intervenes and kills the jihadists while Whip kills Ramal . Michael and Lincoln share an emotional reunion as a news report on Ramal 's death plays . Sid informs them that ISIL is now declaring war on them for Ramal 's death . Meanwhile , T - Bag confronts Kellerman , who denies being Poseidon , an unknown rogue CIA agent criticizing the U.S. foreign policy . They are attacked by Poseidon operatives . T - Bag manages to escape ; but Kellerman is killed by Van Gogh , who starts doubting Poseidon 's cause . T - Bag pursues A&W and Van Gogh and takes photos of them meeting with Jacob . 86 5 `` Contingency '' Guy Ferland Vaun Wilmott May 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) 1AZM05 2.35 Lincoln forces Michael to reveal the truth : Michael was contacted by Poseidon before his wedding with Sara ; Poseidon revealed that Kellerman did not have any authority to exonerate Michael 's team , offering legitimate exonerations in exchange for Michael faking his death , keeping the truth hidden from everyone and working for Poseidon . Michael 's initial refusal led to Sara 's arrest , after which Michael accepted Poseidon 's deal . While Lincoln offers going to the airport and rendezvousing with C - Note 's party , Michael decides to use the train station to leave Yemen . Cyclops deduces Michael 's plan and takes ISIL , intercepting Michael 's party , who escape to a facility where Ja ambushes ISIL . They escape the building , but Sid is shot by Cyclops . Sid attacks Cyclops , but Cyclops stabs Sid , who handcuffs them together before he dies , leaving Cyclops handcuffed to his corpse , allowing the rest of the team to proceed to the airport . Meanwhile , C - Note 's party arrives at the airport before ISIL attacks . C - Note and Sheba save a pilot , who agrees to fly them abroad . They board a plane ; but the pilot decides to fly before Michael 's party arrives , which Lincoln approves of on the phone . C - Note 's party takes off while Michael 's is chased by ISIL . In the meantime , T - Bag shows the pictures to Sara , who confronts Jacob , who later apparently proves his benevolence to her by having A&W and Van Gogh arrested . 87 6 `` Phaecia '' Kevin Tancharoen Michael Horowitz May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) 1AZM06 2.37 Michael 's party confronts Omar , who alerts ISIL ; but they overpower ISIL and force Omar 's compliance , heading to Phaecia , a human settlement in the desert capable of sending Michael 's party abroad . A&W and Van Gogh are released on bail and convince a NSA insider to help track down Michael , whose party stops at a gas station , where Michael uses the internet to contact an unknown person in Portland , Maine , sending him a picture of his tattoos on his palms . Van Gogh alerts ISIL , who attack the gas station and kill Omar . Whip kills the ISIL operatives . Michael 's party continues in the desert before learning about Cyclops chasing them . Michael takes one of the cars and lures Cyclops to a trap , where Michael blinds Cyclops ' remaining eye but he is able to wound Michael with a poisoned blade . Ja helps the others find Phaecia , where they use fireworks to lead Michael to them , who falls unconscious after arriving . A&W and Van Gogh find Michael 's contact , revealed to be an Elvis impersonator . Meanwhile , Agent Kishida replaces Kellerman 's position , assigned to investigate his death . 88 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' Kevin Tancharoen Vaun Wilmott May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 1AZM07 2.41 Ja decides to stay in Phaecia while the others leave on a boat to Crete , Greece . Lincoln calls Sara and tells her about Michael 's condition . She informs Jacob and goes to Crete by plane . She reunites with Michael and heals him . He reveals that Jacob is Poseidon , having framed the former for the murder of the CIA official . Sara returns to the U.S. to secure Mike , whom she entrusts to her friend Heather ; but they are captured by Jacob and his operatives . Michael reunites with Sucre on board the commercial ship upon which he is working . The captain learns about Outis and alerts the authorities . Navy SEALs are dispatched to kill Michael . Sucre formulates a plan to force the SEALs away , which causes a frustrated Jacob to have a missile fired at the ship , which explodes just after Michael 's party jumps overboard . Meanwhile , Kellerman 's successor , Kishida , confronts A&W and Van Gogh for their clandestine operation , leading to the former 's murder . 89 8 `` Progeny '' Nelson McCormick Michael Horowitz May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 1AZM08 1.90 Michael 's party is rescued by a fishing boat that takes them to Marseille , France , where Michael contacts Sara , deduces their situation , and decides to go to the U.S. , using Lincoln 's conflict with Luca Abruzzi , John Abruzzi 's son , over a botched smuggling operation to their advantage . Michael and Lincoln enlist C - Note and Sheba 's help in disposing of Luca and his gang , then convincing C - Note and later Sheba to leave the conflict . They proceed with the plan of taking down 21 - Void and rescuing Sara and Mike , culminating in a lake house in Michigan , where Michael reunites with Mike but realizes that it was a ruse used by Jacob to lure him , and A&W confronts them , with an unknown person getting shot . Lincoln is found by Luca outside the house , and is shot . Meanwhile , Whip , whose real identity is David Martin , is sent to Chicago by Michael , meeting T - Bag , revealed to be his father . The analyst Theroux is revealed to be a 21 - Void agent , and Van Gogh expresses disdain for Jacob 's methods and vows to leave 21 - Void when the job with Michael is done . 90 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' Nelson McCormick Paul Scheuring May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) 1AZM09 2.30 Van Gogh is revealed to be the one shot by A&W , having become skeptical of Michael 's involvement in Gaines ' murder . Mortally wounded , Van Gogh gives up Mike 's location to Sara . As Jacob works to brainwash Mike , Michael gathers his allies , including Blue Hawaii ( the Elvis impersonator who Michael contacted while in Yemen ) , to bring down Jacob . A wounded Lincoln escapes the hospital and ensures Luca 's arrest by the FBI . Michael enacts a plan where he lures Jacob and A&W to a warehouse to recreate Gaines ' murder and prove Jacob 's involvement . During the attempt , Whip is shot by A&W and dies before T - Bag kills her and is arrested . Michael succeeds in proving Jacob 's involvement and both are arrested . At the same time , Lincoln and Sara rescue Mike and capture Theroux . With the evidence planted by Michael and Theroux 's testimony , Michael is exonerated and his identity as Michael Scofield is restored . He refuses an offer to join the CIA and returns to a normal life with Sara and Mike . Jacob is sent to Fox River State Penitentiary , where he ends up with T - Bag as his cellmate , as requested by Michael . The other inmates cheer T - Bag on as he attacks Jacob . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , at the 2015 Winter TCA Press Tour , Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell revealed the possibility that Fox was interested in bringing back Prison Break , with Miller stating : `` We actually floated the idea to Fox very casually and they seemed very not casual about this interest . They seemed to think there was something there . '' Purcell concluded by adding , `` It 's something that Fox is , as Wentworth said , potentially excited about . '' On January 17 , 2015 , Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman made it clear that they would love to bring Prison Break back for another run , although Fox had nothing to report . Newman himself stated , `` There 's some speculation in the press at Prison Break and we 've made it clear at the studio that we 'd bring Prison Break back at the studio ( ... ) It 's the perfect event series . But at the moment , we have nothing else to report . '' On June 2 , 2015 , it was reported that a limited series revival of Paul Scheuring 's Prison Break was in development at Fox . On August 6 , 2015 , Fox confirmed a 10 - episode order for the revival . The limited series is a sequel to the original series , taking place several years later , and features Miller and Purcell reprising their roles as well as the return of other original characters . Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Dana Walden herself stated that Prison Break has performed particularly well internationally and on SVOD platforms such as Netflix . Walden added that : `` a logical and believable explanation to why the characters are alive and still moving around the world ( ... ) '' Walden said . `` The brothers and some of the iconic characters will be back , and it will address some questions that were set up at the end of the series for a new audience . '' On January 15 , 2016 , Fox officially ordered the revival to series , with the episode order revised to nine episodes , though Fox declined to announce how many episodes the series will run . The original producing team of creator Paul Scheuring , Neal Moritz , Marty Adelstein and Dawn Olmstead were all confirmed as to return for the event series as executive producers , with Scheuring writing and serving as showrunner . Writing ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , it was announced that creator and executive producer Paul Scheuring would be writing the first episode as well as a style / tone bible for other writers to follow . Casting ( edit ) On January 15 , 2016 , stars Wentworth Miller and Dominic Purcell were confirmed to be reprising their roles as brothers Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows . On February 22 , 2016 , it was reported that Mark Feuerstein would play Scott Ness ( later changed to Jacob Ness ) , the husband of Dr. Sara Tancredi , a Professor of Economics ( game theory ) at Cornell who has been described as , `` dubious of the government but still has a bit of fight in him when it comes to taking them on . '' Additionally , on February 22 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sarah Wayne Callies was in talks to reprise her role in the follow - up along with Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar and Amaury Nolasco , although there were no deals in place with any of them at that time . On March 9 , 2016 , Augustus Prew , Rick Yune and Steve Mouzakis were cast for `` heavily recurring roles '' . Prew plays `` funny , crazy and pretty damn sharp '' Whip ; Yune plays Ja , who is described as a `` Korean identity thief , who disheveled appearance belies his genius '' ; and Mouzakis plays Van Gogh , `` a bad - ass nut - job '' . On March 9 , 2016 , Sarah Wayne Callies was confirmed to be returning as Sara Tancredi . On March 16 , 2016 , Amin El Gamal was cast in a recurring role , playing Cyclops . On March 17 , 2016 , it was announced that original stars Robert Knepper , Amaury Nolasco and Rockmond Dunbar would be reprising their respective roles as T - Bag , Sucre and C - Note , respectively . On March 21 , 2016 , Paul Adelstein was confirmed to be reprising his role as Paul Kellerman . On March 21 , 2016 , Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict and Kunal Sharma were cast in major recurring roles . Lavi plays Sheba , an operator / fixer / activist who becomes involved with Burrows . Benedict is A&W , `` a crazed and fearless villainess who is unconcerned about her physical well - being but ruthless and efficient in completing her deadly goals '' , and Sharma plays Sid , a man in prison . On April 22 , 2016 , it was announced that Faran Tahir would play Jamil , whom Tahir describes as `` a man who has an inner conflict which again is something I love experimenting with . '' In July 2016 , it was revealed that William Fichtner would not be reprising his role as Alexander Mahone . Robert Knepper told Digital Spy that `` ( writer ) Paul Scheuring loves Bill Fichtner and I love Bill Fichtner . He 's a brilliant actor -- but Paul honestly said to me , ' I do n't know what to do with that character ' . He did n't want to just bring everybody back , so that the audience go , ' Oh , look , it 's Bill Fichtner again ! ' -- he honestly thought , ' I 'm not sure where to do that in the plot . ' So if someday there 's another chapter of this , maybe then Bill will be back . But I think the characters that are there , each of our moments that we have , are key to the storytelling , which is how it should be . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the season began in April 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver , once Miller and Purcell completed filming for Legends of Tomorrow . Filming concluded in Vancouver on July 11 , 2016 . On June 1 , 2016 , Dominic Purcell was almost killed on set in Morocco , after an iron bar used as a set piece had fallen onto his head , which caused a broken nose and a head injury . Purcell was immediately airlifted from Marrakesh to Casablanca for treatment where he recovered . Filming of the series was not substantially disrupted due to the accident . Music ( edit ) Composer Ramin Djawadi stated that he would definitely like to return and work on the new season of Prison Break , after learning of the news of the possible revival , to which further stated , `` I literally just heard it , so it 's news for me . It 's very exciting because the show was such a good show but nobody has contacted me at this point . '' Djawadi later added , `` Most likely , if my schedule allows - that show was very close to me . I loved all the people involved . I thought it was an incredible show . Absolutely . '' In June 2016 , it was confirmed that Djawadi would return as composer for season five . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 55 % based on 29 reviews , with an average score of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Prison Break recaptures some of its old urgency in its return , but familiar faces and frenetic action are n't enough to make up for a plot that manages to bore while beggaring belief . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Ogygia '' April 4 , 2017 1.5 / 5 3.83 0.8 1.86 2.3 5.68 `` Kaniel Outis '' April 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.18 0.9 1.84 2.0 5.01 `` The Liar '' April 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.8 1.76 1.7 4.20 `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma '' April 25 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Contingency '' May 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.35 0.7 1.51 1.5 3.86 6 `` Phaecia '' May 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.37 0.6 1.33 1.5 3.70 7 `` Wine Dark Sea '' May 16 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.41 0.7 1.41 1.6 3.81 8 `` Progeny '' May 23 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.90 0.7 1.60 1.4 3.50 9 `` Behind the Eyes '' May 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.30 0.7 1.54 1.6 3.83 Home media Release ( edit ) The event series was released on Blu - ray and DVD on June 27 , 2017 . Special features include a behind - the - scenes featurette , `` A Return Home : The Making of Prison Break Event Series '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Prison Break revival officially has a title -- as show writers reveal why there are only nine episodes in the new series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROBERT KNEPPER , ROCKMOND DUNBAR AND AMAURY NOLASCO RETURN TO PRISON BREAK '' . 20th Century Fox . March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break , Making History Premiere Dates Announced by Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calcuttawala , Zainab ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` American Show `` Prison Break '' to Film in Rabat , Casablanca , Ouarzazate `` . Morocco World News . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies To Reprise ' Prison Break ' Role In Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjust up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up , ' Prison Break ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fox `` Definitely '' Interested in Prison Break 's Return , Wentworth Miller Reveals `` . E !. Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Robert Knepper , Rockmond Dunbar Returning for Revival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Limited Series In Development at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Chiefs on ' Prison Break ' Revival , ' Empire ' Impact and Planned Turnaround '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Sequel Limited Series A Go At Fox '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Greenlights ' Prison Break ' Event Series , Orders ' 24 ' Spinoff Pilot ' Legacy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival Is Officially a Go : Updates on Cast , International Setting '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break Sequel Series Confirmed By Fox '' . Empire . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Event Series with Original Cast & Producers Officially Greenlit at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Michael Raymond - James Back on ' Once Upon a Time ' ; Mark Feuerstein Joins ' Prison Break ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Mark Feuerstein Joins Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : Augustus Prew , Rick Yune Join Cast '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Wayne Callies Joins Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' Casts Richard Brake ; ' Prison Break ' Adds Amin El Gamal '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' Revival Bringing Back More Original Stars '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Adelstein Returning to Fox 's ' Prison Break ' Revival '' . Variety . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' : Inbar Lavi , Marina Benedict & Kunal Sharma Join Fox Event Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break Revival : The Last Ship 's Inbar Lavi to Recur on Fox Event Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faran Tahir cast as newest member of TV serial ' Prison Break ' '' . The Express Tribune . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ; McCabe , Joseph ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Prison Break : Here 's the REAL reason that Mahone is n't back for the revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Prison Break 's ' Dominic Purcell Vows Reboot Will Be `` Amazing '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Current Productions : April 29 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada , BC District Council . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Dominic ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell : I 'm good '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Dominic Purcell Injured On Set Of Fox 's Prison Break , Production Not Impacted '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break star Dominic Purcell almost killed on set after iron bar falls on his head '' . News.com.au . June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Prison Break season 5 : Ramin Djawadi says he would ' absolutely ' return to the show '' . Daily Express . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ PBWritersRoom ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Yes ! Ramin is back , so expect some cool new music '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prison Break : Season 5 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 - June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Prison Break - Fox Official Press Release : ' The Event Series ' and Blu ' Collector 's Set ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Prison Break on IMDb Prison Break at TV.com ( hide ) Prison Break Seasons Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Allen '' `` Cell Test '' `` Cute Poison '' `` English , Fitz or Percy '' `` Riots , Drills and the Devil '' `` Manhunt '' `` Rendezvous '' `` Bolshoi Booze '' `` Disconnect '' `` The Killing Box '' `` John Doe '' `` The Message '' `` Chicago '' `` Panama '' `` Fin Del Camino '' `` Scylla '' `` Breaking & Entering '' `` Shut Down '' `` Eagles & Angels '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Blow Out '' `` Five the Hard Way '' `` The Price '' `` Greatness Achieved '' `` The Legend '' `` Quiet Riot '' `` Selfless '' `` Ogygia '' `` The Liar '' `` Kaniel Outis '' `` The Prisoners Dilemma '' Characters Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell Brad Bellick Lincoln Burrows Benjamin Miles `` C - Note '' Franklin Paul Kellerman Alexander Mahone Michael Scofield Fernando Sucre Sara Tancredi Minor characters Cast members Universe Fox River State Penitentiary Penitenciaría Federal de Sona The Company Other media The Final Break ( movie ) Proof of Innocence The Conspiracy Soundtracks Seasons 1 & 2 Seasons 3 & 4 Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prison_Break_(season_5)&oldid=835269283 '' Categories : Prison Break Prison Break episodes 2017 American television seasons Terrorism in television Yemen in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 17 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison%20Break%20%28season%205%29	630
what is the origin of ring a ring a roses			Ring a ring o ' roses	ring a ring o'roses	Audio samples	Play Marlborough ( help info ) Yorkshire ( help info ) Sporle A ( help info ) Sporle B ( help info ) `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' or `` Ring Around the Rosie '' or `` Ring a Ring o ' Rosie '' is a nursery rhyme or folksong and playground singing game . It first appeared in print in 1881 , but it is reported that a version was already being sung to the current tune in the 1790s and similar rhymes are known from across Europe . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7925 . Urban legend says the song originally described the plague , specifically the Great Plague of London , or the Black Death , but folklorists reject this idea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 1.1 Early attestation 1.2 Other languages 2 Meaning 3 References 3.1 Sources Lyrics ( edit ) The cover of L. Leslie Brooke 's Ring O ' Roses ( 1922 ) shows nursery rhyme characters performing the game It is unknown what the earliest version of the rhyme was or when it began . Many incarnations of the game have a group of children form a ring , dance in a circle around a person , and stoop or curtsy with the final line . The slowest child to do so is faced with a penalty or becomes the `` rosie '' ( literally : rose tree , from the French rosier ) and takes their place in the center of the ring . Variations , corruptions , and vulgarized versions were noted to be in use long before the earliest printed publications . One such variation was dated to be in use in Connecticut in the 1840s . Common British versions include : Ring - a-ring o ' roses , A pocket full of posies , A-tishoo ! A-tishoo ! We all fall down . Cows in the meadows Eating buttercups A-tishoo ! A-tishoo ! We all jump up . Common American versions include : Ring - a-round the rosie , A pocket full of posies , Ashes ! Ashes ! We all fall down . Children 's Dances by Hans Thoma . The last two lines are sometimes varied to : Hush ! Hush ! Hush ! Hush ! We 've all tumbled down . The Indian version of the poem is : Ringa ringa roses , Pocket full of poses , Hush - sha bush - sha , All fall down . Early attestation ( edit ) Kate Greenaway 's illustration from Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes ( 1881 ) , showing children playing the game A reference to a young children 's game named Ring o ' Roses occurs in an 1846 article from the Brooklyn Eagle . A group of young children ( the eldest being about seven ) form a ring , from which a boy takes out a girl and kisses her . An early version of the rhyme occurs in a novel of 1855 , The Old Homestead by Ann S. Stephens : A ring -- a ring of roses , Laps full of posies ; Awake -- awake ! Now come and make A ring -- a ring of roses . The novel goes on to describe a nineteenth - century Fourth of July celebration by children housed in a hospital in Roosevelt Island , New York ( then known as `` Blackwell 's Island '' ) : ' Then the little girls began to seek their own amusements . They played `` hide and seek , '' `` ring , ring a rosy , '' and a thousand wild and pretty games ' . Another early printing of the rhyme was in Kate Greenaway 's 1881 edition of Mother Goose ; or , the Old Nursery Rhymes : Ring - a-ring - a-roses , A pocket full of posies ; Hush ! hush ! hush ! hush ! We 're all tumbled down . In 1882 , Godey 's Lady 's Book has the following version : Ring around a rosy Pocket full of posies . One , two , three -- squat ! Before the last line , the children stop suddenly , then exclaim it together , `` suiting the action to the word with unfailing hilarity and complete satisfaction '' . In his Games and Songs of American Children ( 1883 ) , William Wells Newell reports several variants , one of which he provides with a melody and dates to New Bedford , Massachusetts around 1790 : Ring a ring a Rosie , A bottle full of posie , All the girls in our town Ring for little Josie . Newell writes that ' ( a ) t the end of the words the children suddenly stoop , and the last to get down undergoes some penalty , or has to take the place of the child in the centre , who represents the `` rosie '' ( rose - tree ; French , rosier ) . ' An 1883 collection of Shropshire folk - lore includes the following version : A ring , a ring o ' roses , A pocket - full o ' posies ; One for Jack and one for Jim and one for little Moses ! A-tisha ! a-tisha ! a-tisha ! On the last line `` they stand and imitate sneezing '' . A manuscript of rhymes collected in Lancashire at the same period gives three closely related versions , with the now familiar sneezing , for instance : A ring , a ring o ' roses , A pocket full o ' posies - Atishoo atishoo we all fall down . In 1892 , folklorist Alice Gomme could give twelve versions . Other languages ( edit ) Illustration by Jessie Willcox Smith , from The Little Mother Goose ( 1912 ) A German rhyme first printed in 1796 closely resembles `` Ring a ring o'roses '' in its first stanza and accompanies the same actions ( with sitting rather than falling as the concluding action ) : Ringel ringel reihen , Wir sind der Kinder dreien , sitzen unter 'm Hollerbusch Und machen alle Husch husch husch ! Loosely translated this says `` Ringed , ringed row . We are three children , sitting under an elder bush . All of us going hush , hush , hush ! '' The rhyme is well known in Germany with the first line `` Ringel , Ringel , Reihe '' ( as the popular collection Des Knaben Wunderhorn gave it ) ; it has many local variants , often with `` Husch , husch , husch '' ( which in German could mean `` quick , quick '' ) in the fourth line , comparable to the `` Hush ! hush ! hush ! hush ! '' of the first printed English version . This popular variant is notable : Ringel , Ringel , Rosen , Schöne Aprikosen , Veilchen blau , Vergissmeinnicht , Alle Kinder setzen sich ! The translation is `` A ring , a ring of roses . Beautiful apricots . Blue violets , forget - me - nots . All children sit down . '' Swiss versions have the children dancing round a rosebush . Other European singing games with a strong resemblance include `` Roze , roze , meie '' ( `` Rose , rose , May '' ) from The Netherlands with a similar tune to `` Ring a ring o ' roses '' and `` Gira , gira rosa '' ( `` Circle , circle , rose '' ) , recorded in Venice in 1874 , in which girls danced around the girl in the middle who skipped and curtsied as demanded by the verses and at the end kissed the one she liked best , so choosing her for the middle . In Croatian / Serbian / Bosnian language , there is a similar rhyme called `` Ringe Ringe Raja '' : Ringe - ringe - raja , Doš'o čika Paja , Pa pojeo jaja . Jedno jaje muć , A mi , djeco , čuč ! A rough translation is `` Ringe Ringe Raya ( does n't mean anything , this is common in Croato - Serbian rhymes ) , uncle Ducky has came , and he ate all the eggs , one egg crashed , and we children squat ! '' On the last word , the children singing the rhyme jump or squat . Meaning ( edit ) Illustration by L. Leslie Brooke ( 1862 -- 1940 ) for `` All Tumble Down '' from Anon , Ring O ' Roses ( 1922 ) The origins and meanings of the game have long been unknown and subject to speculation . In 1898 , A Dictionary of British Folklore contained the belief that an explanation of the game was of pagan origin , based on the Sheffield Glossary comparison of Jacob Grimm 's Deutsche Mythologie . The theory states that it is in reference to Pagan myths and cited a passage which states , `` Gifted children of fortune have the power to laugh roses , as Freyja wept gold . '' Believing the first instance to be indicative of Pagan beings of light . Another suggestion is more literal , that it was making a `` ring '' around the roses and bowing with the all `` fall down '' as a curtsy . In 1892 , the American writer , Eugene Field wrote a poem titled Teeny - Weeny that specifically referred to fey folk playing ring - a-rosie . According to Games and Songs of American Children , published in 1883 , the `` rosie '' was a reference to the French word for rose tree and the children would dance and stoop to the person in the center . Variations , especially more literal ones , were identified and noted with the literal falling down that would sever the connections to the game - rhyme . Addy 's interpretation failed to account for the sneezing , which had not carried over to the United States and was losing ground in Britain , as another instance of the Pagan influence . Again in 1898 , sneezing was then noted to be indicative of many superstitious and supernatural beliefs across differing cultures . Since the 20th century , the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665 , or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England . Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this ; by 1951 , however , it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom . Peter and Iona Opie , the leading authorities on nursery rhymes , remarked : The invariable sneezing and falling down in modern English versions have given would - be origin finders the opportunity to say that the rhyme dates back to the Great Plague . A rosy rash , they allege , was a symptom of the plague , and posies of herbs were carried as protection and to ward off the smell of the disease . Sneezing or coughing was a final fatal symptom , and `` all fall down '' was exactly what happened . The line Ashes , Ashes in colonial versions of the rhyme is claimed to refer variously to cremation of the bodies , the burning of victims ' houses , or blackening of their skin , and the theory has been adapted to be applied to other versions of the rhyme . In its various forms , the interpretation has entered into popular culture and has been used elsewhere to make oblique reference to the plague . Folklore scholars regard the theory as baseless for several reasons : The plague explanation did not appear until the mid-twentieth century . The symptoms described do not fit especially well with the Great Plague . The great variety of forms makes it unlikely that the modern form is the most ancient one , and the words on which the interpretation are based are not found in many of the earliest records of the rhyme ( see above ) . European and 19th - century versions of the rhyme suggest that this `` fall '' was not a literal falling down , but a curtsy or other form of bending movement that was common in other dramatic singing games . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gomme , The Traditional Games of England , Scotland , and Ireland , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara ; Mikkelson , David P. ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Ring Around the Rosie '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Newell , William ( 1883 ) . `` Games and Songs of American Children '' . Harper and Brothers . pp. 127 -- 128 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Delamar ( 2001 ) , pp. 38 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ringa Ringa Roses '' . Jump up ^ `` Gleanings from the Writings of the late Wm . B. Marsh IV : Twilight Musings '' . Brooklyn Eagle . 1846 - 03 - 17 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Ann S. ( 1855 ) . The Old Homestead . London : Sampson , Low , Son & Co. p. 213 . Jump up ^ Stephens , op . cit , pp. 215 - 216 Jump up ^ Greenaway , Kate ( illustr . ) ( n.d. ) ( 1881 ) . Mother Goose , or the Old Nursery Rhymes . London : Frederick Warne and Co. p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : `` Games '' . Godey 's Lady 's Book and Magazine . Philadelphia . cv ( 628 ) : 379 . October 1882 . ^ Jump up to : Newell , William Wells ( 1884 ) ( 1883 ) . Games and Songs of American Children . New York : Harper & Brothers . pp. 127 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Burne , Charlotte Sophia ( ed . ) ( 1883 ) . Shropshire Folk - Lore . London : Trübner & Co. pp. 511 -- 512 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1951 ) , p. 364 . Jump up ^ The one commonly sung according to Böhme ( 1897 ) , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Böhme ( 1897 ) , p. 438 , Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Böhme ( 1897 ) , pp. 438 -- 41 , Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 227 . Other rhymes for the same game have some similarity in the first line , e.g. `` Ringel , ringel , Rosenkranz '' , less in other lines -- see Böhme ( 1897 ) , 442 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel . In Kassel aus Kindermund in Wort und Weise gesammelt von Johann Lewalter '' ( Kassel 1911 ) , I Nr. 12 . Hermann Dunger , `` Kinderlieder und Kinderspiele aus dem Vogtlande '' ( Plauen 1874 ) , p. 320 . Böhme ( 1897 ) Jump up ^ Böhme ( 1897 ) , p. 439 , Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Gomme , George Laurence ( 1898 ) . A Dictionary of British Folklore . D. Nutt . pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Column '' . The Osage City Free Press ( Osage City , Kansas ) . 25 August 1892 . p. 6 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , pp. 221 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1951 ) , p. 365 . ^ Jump up to : Compare Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 221 , where they note that neither cure nor symptoms ( except for death ) feature prominently in contemporary or near contemporary accounts of the plague . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , p. 221 , citing the use of the rhyme to headline an article on the plague village of Eyam in the Radio Times , 7 June 1973 ; title of `` Ashes '' in the New Scientist review . Jump up ^ J. Simpson and S. Roud , A Dictionary of English Folklore ( Oxford : OUP , 2000 ) , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Opie and Opie ( 1985 ) , pp. 222 -- 3 : `` The following are the seven earliest reports known from in Britain ... In only four of these recordings is sneezing a feature '' . The point becomes stronger when American versions are also taken into account . Jump up ^ See above , and Opie and Opie ( 1951 ) , p. 365 , citing Chants Populaire du Languedoc : `` Branle , calandre , La Fille d'Alexandre , La pêche bien mûre , Le rosier tout fleuri , Coucou toupi -- En disant ' coucou toupi ' , tous les enfants quie forment la ronde , s'accroupissent '' , roughly translated : `` The peach well ripe , the rose all blooming , cuckoo humming - When ' cuckoo humming ' is said , all the children forming the circle crouch down '' . Sources ( edit ) Böhme , F.M. ( 1897 ) . Deutsches Kinderlied und Kinderspiel , Paperback ( 2011 ) . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel ( Nabu Press ) . pp. 438 -- 445 . ISBN 978 - 1248081532 . Delamar , Gloria T. ( 1987 ) . Mother Goose , From Nursery to Literature , Paperback , ( 2001 ) . Lincoln , Nebraska . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0595185771 . Gomme , Alice Bertha ( 1898 ) . The Traditional Games of England , Scotland , and Ireland : With Tunes , Singing - Rhymes , and Methods of Playing According to the Variants Extant and Recorded in Different Parts of the Kingdom , Volume 1 , Paperback ( 210 ) . London ( Charleston , South Carolina ) . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 1142538484 . Opie , Iona ; Opie , Peter ( 1951 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes , 2nd edition ( 1997 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( Nabu Press ) . pp. 364 -- 365 . ISBN 978 - 0198600886 . Opie , Iona ; Opie , Peter ( 1985 ) . The Singing Game , Paperback edition ( 1888 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 221 -- 225 , 227 . ISBN 978 - 0198600886 . Simpson , Jacqueline ; Roud , Steve ( 2000 ) . A Dictionary of English Folklore . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 296 . ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_a_Ring_o%27_Roses&oldid=837213143 '' Categories : 1790s in England 1881 songs 1881 in England English folk songs Singing games Urban legends Roud Folk Song Index songs Children 's songs English nursery rhymes Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 12 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20a%20Ring%20o%2527%20Roses	631
how many seats required to make government in pakistan 2018	Pakistani general election , 2018 ← 2013 25 July 2018 Next → ← outgoing members elected members → All 342 seats in the National Assembly 172 seats needed for a majority Opinion polls Turnout 51.6 % ( 3.4 pp ) First party Second party Third party Leader Imran Khan Shehbaz Sharif Bilawal Bhutto Zardari Party PTI PML ( N ) PPP Leader since 25 April 1996 6 March 2018 30 December 2007 Leader 's seat Mianwali - I Lahore - X Larkana - I Last election 35 seats , 16.92 % 166 seats , 32.77 % 42 seats , 15.23 % Seats won 149 / 342 82 / 342 54 / 342 Seat change 114 84 12 Popular vote 16,903,702 12,934,589 6,924,356 Percentage 31.82 % 24.35 % 13.03 % Swing 14.90 pp 8.42 pp 2.29 pp Prime Minister before election Shahid Khaqan Abbasi PML ( N ) Elected Prime Minister Imran Khan PTI	342	Pakistani general election , 2018	pakistani general election, 2018		Pakistani general election , 2018 ← 2013 25 July 2018 Next → ← outgoing members elected members → All 342 seats in the National Assembly 172 seats needed for a majority Opinion polls Turnout 51.6 % ( 3.4 pp ) First party Second party Third party Leader Imran Khan Shehbaz Sharif Bilawal Bhutto Zardari Party PTI PML ( N ) PPP Leader since 25 April 1996 6 March 2018 30 December 2007 Leader 's seat Mianwali - I Lahore - X Larkana - I Last election 35 seats , 16.92 % 166 seats , 32.77 % 42 seats , 15.23 % Seats won 149 / 342 82 / 342 54 / 342 Seat change 114 84 12 Popular vote 16,903,702 12,934,589 6,924,356 Percentage 31.82 % 24.35 % 13.03 % Swing 14.90 pp 8.42 pp 2.29 pp Prime Minister before election Shahid Khaqan Abbasi PML ( N ) Elected Prime Minister Imran Khan PTI General elections were held in Pakistan on Wednesday 25 July , after the completion of a five - year term by the outgoing government . At the national level , elections were held in 270 constituencies , each electing one member to the National Assembly . At the provincial level , elections were held in each of the four provinces to elect Members of the Provincial Assemblies ( MPA ) . As a result of the elections , the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) became the single largest party at the national level both in terms of popular vote and seats . At the provincial level , the PTI became the largest party in Punjab and remained the largest party in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( KP ) ; the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) remained the largest party in Sindh and the newly - formed Balochistan Awami Party ( BAP ) became the largest party in Balochistan . Opinion polling had consistently shown leads for the Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) ( PML - N ) over the PTI . From a 11 - point lead , the PML - N 's lead began to diminish in the final weeks of the campaign , with some polls close to the election showing PTI with a lead . In the final result , the PTI made a net gain with 31.82 % of the vote ( its highest share of the vote since its foundation ) , whilst the PML - N made a net loss with 24.35 % . In the lead - up to the elections , there had been allegations by some international journalists and scholars about pre-poll rigging being conducted by the judiciary , the military and the intelligence agencies to sway the election results in favour of the PTI and against the PML - N. Almost all parties , excluding Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf , alleged large - scale vote rigging and administrative malpractices . However , Election Commission of Pakistan ( ECP ) outrightly rejected such reports and stated that elections were conducted fair and free . A top electoral watchdog , Free and Fair Election Network ( Fafen ) , also said that the 2018 general elections in Pakistan have been `` more transparent in some aspects '' than the previous polls . The European Union Election Observation Mission said , in its preliminary report , that no rigging has been found during the election day in general , however , `` lack of equality of opportunity '' in the pre-election campaign , and there were systematic attempts to undermine the ruling party PML - N. The European Union assessed the conduct of polling on election day as `` transparent '' . Contents 1 Background 1.1 2013 elections 1.2 Azadi March ( 2014 ) 1.3 Panama Papers case ( 2016 ) 1.4 Disqualification of Nawaz Sharif ( 2017 ) 2 Electoral system 2.1 Electoral reforms 3 Contesting parties 4 Campaign 4.1 Major by - elections ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 4.1. 1 Lahore by - election , September 2017 4.1. 2 Peshawar by - election , October 2017 4.1. 3 Lodhran by - election , 2018 4.2 Pakistan Muslim League -- N 4.3 Pakistan Tehreek - i - Insaf 4.4 Pakistan Peoples Party 4.5 Campaigning 4.5. 1 Nomination papers 5 Opinion polls 6 Conduct 6.1 Pre-election violence 6.2 Election day violence 6.3 Allegations of election meddling 6.3. 1 Pre-poll 6.3. 2 Election day 7 Results 7.1 National Assembly 8 Government formation 8.1 Election for Speakers of the National Assembly 8.2 Election for Prime Minister 9 Reactions 9.1 Domestic 9.2 Economic 9.3 International 10 See also 11 References Background ( edit ) 2013 elections ( edit ) Further information : Pakistani general election , 2013 § Results Following the elections in 2013 , Pakistan Muslim League ( Nawaz ) , led by twice Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif , emerged as the largest party with 166 seats out of a total of 342 in the National Assembly . Although this was short of a majority , Sharif was able to form a government after several independents joined his party . During the election campaign , Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) , led by prominent cricketer turned politician Imran Khan , was widely expected to have huge success in the polls . The party fell short of these expectations , instead only taking 35 seats . It became the 3rd largest party in the National Assembly and formed a coalition government in the restive north - western province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Azadi March ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Further information : Azadi March PTI had initially conceded the elections to PML ( N ) , although they asked for manual recounts to be carried out in several constituencies where rigging had been allegedly carried out . These calls were not answered by the government or the Supreme Court , despite a 2,100 page white paper by the party which allegedly contained evidence of vote - rigging in favour of the PML ( N ) . An ' Azadi March ' was started by Khan on 14 August 2014 which demanded the government to call a snap election . The sit - in in Islamabad continued for 126 days , until the 2014 Peshawar school massacre occurred , which forced Khan to end the protest for the sake of ' national unity ' . A judicial commission was formed by the government which would probe the allegations of vote - rigging : it found the election to have been largely conducted in a free and fair manner , while also stating that PTI 's request for a probe was not `` entirely unjustified '' . Panama papers Case ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Further information : Panama Papers case On 3 April 2016 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ( ICIJ ) made 11.5 million secret documents , later known as the Panama Papers , available to the public . The documents , sourced from Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca , among other revelations about other public figures in many other countries , included details of eight offshore companies with links to the family of Nawaz Sharif , the then - incumbent Prime Minister of Pakistan , and his brother Shehbaz Sharif , the incumbent Chief Minister of Punjab . According to the ICIJ , Sharif 's children Maryam Nawaz , Hassan Nawaz and Hussain Nawaz `` were owners or had the right to authorise transactions for several companies '' . Sharif refused to resign and instead make an unsuccessful attempt to form a judicial commission . The opposition leader Khan filed a petition to the Supreme Court of Pakistan on 29 August seeking the disqualification of Sharif from the premiership and as a member of the National Assembly . Political leaders Sheikh Rasheed and Siraj - ul - Haq also supported this petition . Khan called , once again , for his supporters to put Islamabad in lockdown until Sharif resigned , although this was called off soon before it was meant to take place . On 20 April 2017 , on a 3 - 2 verdict , the Supreme Court decided against the disqualification of Sharif , instead calling for a Joint Investigation Team ( JIT ) to be created which would probe these allegations further . On 10 July 2017 , JIT submitted a 275 - page report in the apex court . The report requested NAB to file a reference against Sharif , his daughter Maryam , and his sons under section 9 of National Accountability Ordinance . Additionally , the report claimed that his daughter Maryam was guilty of falsifying documents , as she submitted a document from 2006 which used the Calibri font despite the font itself not being available for public use until 2007 . Disqualification of Nawaz Sharif ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On 28 July 2017 , following the submittal of the JIT report , the Supreme Court unanimously decided that Sharif was dishonest , therefore not fulfilling the requirements of articles 62 and 63 of the constitution which require one who holds public office to be Sadiq and Ameen ( Urdu for Truthful and Virtuous ) . Hence , he was disqualified as Prime Minister and as a Member of the National Assembly . The court also ordered National Accountability Bureau to file a reference against Sharif , his family and his former Finance Minister Ishaq Dar on corruption charges . Electoral system ( edit ) The 342 members of the National Assembly are elected by two methods in three categories ; 272 are elected in single - member constituencies by first - past - the - post voting ; 60 are reserved for females and 10 for religious minority groups ; both sets of reserved seats use proportional representation with a 5 % electoral threshold . This proportional number , however , is based on the number of seats won rather than votes cast . To win a simple majority , a party would have to take 137 seats . The 2018 General Elections were held under new delimitation of constituencies as a result of 2017 Census of Pakistan . Parliament of Pakistan amended the Constitution , allowing a one - time exemption for redrawing constituency boundaries using 2017 provisional census results . As per the notification issued on 5 March 2018 , the Islamabad Capital Territory ( ICT ) now has three constituencies , Punjab 141 , Sindh 61 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 39 , Balochistan 16 and Federally Administered Tribal Areas ( FATA ) has 12 constituencies in the National Assembly . 106 million people were registered to vote for members of the National Assembly of Pakistan and four Provincial Assemblies . Likewise for elections to provincial assemblies , Punjab has 297 constituencies , Sindh 130 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 99 and Balochistan 51 . Electoral reforms ( edit ) In June 2017 the Economic Coordination Committee approved the procurement of new printing machines with a bridge loan of 864 million rupees . The government has also developed new software for the Election Commission of Pakistan and NADRA to ensure a `` free , fair , impartial , transparent and peaceful general election . '' The former Federal Law Minister Zahid Hamid elaborated that youth reaching the age of 18 will automatically be registered as voters when they apply for a CNIC from NADRA . Contesting parties ( edit ) Party Political Position Leader Seats won previously ( FPTP ) Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Centre - right Shehbaz Sharif 126 Pakistan Peoples Party Centre - left Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 33 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Centre to Centre - right Imran Khan 28 Muttahida Qaumi Movement - Pakistan Left wing Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui 19 Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal Far right Fazl - ur - Rehman 14 Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party Left wing Mahmood Khan Achakzai Awami National Party Left wing Asfandyar Wali Khan Pak Sarzameen Party Left wing Syed Mustafa Kamal 0 Tehreek Labbaik Pakistan Far right Khadim Hussain Rizvi 0 Balochistan Awami Party Centre Jam Kamal Khan 0 Grand Democratic Alliance Big tent Pir Pagaro 0 Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) Left wing Akhtar Mengal 0 Campaign ( edit ) Major by - elections ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Following the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif , several by - elections were held throughout Pakistan . Lahore by - election , September 2017 ( edit ) The first of these was the by - election in Sharif 's former constituency , NA - 120 Lahore , which is located in the capital city of the Punjab province , a province where the PML ( N ) was the ruling party . It retained this seat , albeit with a much reduced majority due to gains by the PTI and minor Islamist parties . Peshawar by - election , October 2017 ( edit ) The second of these was a by election in Peshawar , capital city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province , where the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf was the ruling party . NA - 4 once again voted for PTI , despite a reduced majority : once again mainly due to the rise of Islamist parties . These by - elections largely were largely seen as indicators that the ruling parties in both Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab were still electorally strong . Lodhran by - election , 2018 ( edit ) On 15 December 2017 , Jahangir Khan Tareen , General Secretary of the PTI , was disqualified from holding public office . Hence , his NA - 154 Lodhran seat was vacated . In a previous by - election in this constituency in 2015 , Tareen won this seat with a majority in excess of 35,000 votes . Therefore , this seat was seen as a stronghold for the PTI . In what was seen as an upset result , Iqbal Shah of the PML ( N ) won this by - election with a majority over 25,000 votes against Jahangir Tareen 's son , Ali Tareen . Many saw this as a failure on the PTI 's behalf , and the result led to a drop in morale for PTI workers . Pakistan Muslim League -- N ( edit ) Pakistan Muslim League -- N launched its election campaign on 25 June 2018 from Karachi . On 5 July 2018 , PMLN unvieled its election manifesto . Pakistan Tehreek - i - Insaf ( edit ) Pakistan Tehreek - i - Insaf started its election campaign on 24 June 2018 from Mianwali . On 9 July 2018 , Imran Khan launched PTI 's election manifesto . On 23 July 2018 , PTI concluded its electioneering with rallies in Lahore . Pakistan Peoples party ( edit ) On 28 June 2018 , PPP became the first political party to unviel its election manifesto . PPP kicked off its election campaign on 30 June 2018 , as Bilawal inaugurated their election office in Lyari , Karachi . Campaigning ( edit ) The National Assembly and provincial assemblies of Pakistan dissolved as early as 28 May for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh , and as late as 31 May for Punjab , Balochistan , and the National Assembly . The assemblies dissolved during the holy month of Ramadan , a month where Muslims worldwide refrain from eating or drinking from sunrise to sundown . Hence , most major parties did not start campaigning until late June . Nomination papers ( edit ) On 4 June , parties and individuals started filing nomination papers for the elections . This process continued until 8 June . After this , the returning officer in each constituency began scrutiny of the nominated candidates and decided whether or not to accept the nomination papers . The scrutiny resulted in many high - profile politicians having their nomination papers rejected : Imran Khan ( chairman of PTI ) , Farooq Sattar ( chairman of Muttahida Qaumi Movement ( Pakistan ) ( MQM - P ) and Pervez Musharraf ( chairman of All Pakistan Muslim League and former President ) , had their nomination papers rejected . Both Sattar and Khan had their nomination papers later accepted . Additionally , politicians Fawad Chaudhry ( Information Secretary of PTI ) and Shahid Khaqan Abbasi ( former Prime Minister ) were disqualified from contesting these elections by election tribunals due to the non declaration of assets in their nomination papers . This was controversial because election tribunals were seen as not having the jurisdiction to disqualify candidates , rather only to accept or reject their nomination papers . The Lahore High Court eventually overturned these judgements and allowed the respective candidates to contest their elections . Two major politicians of Tehreek - e-Insaf from Chakwal , Sardar Ghulam Abbas and Sardar Aftab Akbar Khan were disqualified to contest elections producing major problem in Chakwal district for the party . Opinion polls ( edit ) Main article : Opinion polling for the Pakistani general election , 2018 Each coloured line specifies a political party and how strong their voting intention is nationwide for the National Assembly , based on a 3 - point moving average . Parties which poll below 10 % are not shown . Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Peoples Party Date Pollster Publisher Sample PML - N PTI PPP MQM - P MMA * ANP Others Lead 25 July 2018 Election 2018 ECP 53,123,733 24.35 % 31.82 % 13.01 % 1.38 % 4.81 % 1.53 % 22.98 % 7.47 % 12 July 2018 SDPI Herald 6,004 25 % 29 % 20 % N / A 3 % 1 % 20 % 4 % 4 July 2018 IPOR GSP 3,735 32 % 29 % 13 % 2 % 3 % 1 % 20 % 3 % 6 June 2018 Gallup Pakistan Geo / Jang 3,000 26 % 25 % 16 % N / A 2 % 1 % 30 % 1 % 28 May 2018 Pulse Consultant 3,163 27 % 30 % 17 % 1 % 4 % 1 % 20 % 3 % May 2018 Gallup Pakistan Self 3,000 38 % 25 % 15 % 22 % 13 % Mar 2018 Gallup Pakistan WSJ 2,000 36 % 24 % 17 % 23 % 12 % 1 November 2017 Gallup Pakistan Geo / Jang 3,000 34 % 26 % 15 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 19 % 8 % 25 October 2017 Pulse Consultant 3,243 36 % 23 % 15 % 2 % 1 % 1 % 22 % 13 % 24 October 2017 IPOR GSP 4,540 38 % 27 % 17 % 3 % 1 % 1 % 14 % 11 % 11 May 2013 Election 2013 ECP 45,388,404 32.77 % 16.92 % 15.23 % 5.41 % 3.22 % 1.00 % 25.57 % 15.85 % * Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal is an alliance of Islamist political parties , formed in 2002 and dissolved after the 2008 elections . The restoration of this alliance occurred in December 2017 . Polls conducted before the restoration show the sum for Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) , the major political party in this alliance . Conduct ( edit ) There were 272 national and 577 provincial assembly constituencies , contested by over 3,600 and 8,800 candidates respectively . A total of 811,491 staff were deployed for election duties as presiding officers , assistant presiding officers , and polling officers , in addition to 371,000 armed forces personnel who provided security duties alongside police and other law enforcement agencies . There were 85,317 polling stations set up , comprising over 242,000 polling booths . Pre-election violence ( edit ) In the beginning of July , a bombing took place in Ramzak tehsil of North Waziristan at the office of Malik Aurangzeb Khan , PTI 's candidate for NA - 48 ( Tribal Area - IX ) leaving 10 people injured . On 7 July , a bomb planted in a motorcycle was remotely exploded at an election campaign of Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal 's PK -- 89 candidate Shein Malik in the Takhti Khel area of the Bannu . On 10 July , a suicide bombing attack claimed by Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan ( TTP ) on political rally of Awami National Party ( ANP ) in Yakatoot neighborhood of Peshawar left twenty people dead and sixty three others injured . Among the killed was ANP 's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly candidate , Haroon Bilour . Following Bilour 's death , elections for Constituency PK - 78 were postponed to an disclosed date by the Election Commission . On 12 July , a spokesperson for former Member of National Assembly Alhaj Shah Jee Gul Afridi was killed and another citizen was injured after unidentified men opened fire at the spokesperson 's car in Peshawar . On the same day , the Balochistan Awami Party ( BAP ) 's office in Khuzdar came under gunfire before a bomb detonated injuring 2 people . On 13 July , two separate bombings on election rallies in Mastung and Bannu left 154 people dead and injured more than 220 others . In Bannu , 4 citizens were killed and 10 were injured after a planted bomb exploded near the car of JUI - F candidate Akram Khan Durrani . In Mastung , a suicide bomber affiliated with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) blew himself up at the election rally of Balochistan Awami Party 's candidate for the Balochistan Assembly , Nawabzada Siraj Raisani , killing him and 148 others people and injured over 186 . On 22 July , PTI 's candidate for constituency PK - 99 Ikramullah Gandapur and his driver were killed after a suicide bomber blew himself near his car as he was headed towards a corner meeting in the outskirts of Dera Ismail Khan . The same day , unknown gunmen opened fires on the vehicle of Durrani in Bannu . No one was hurt during firing as the vehicle was bulletproof . This was second unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Durrani and third terrorist incident in the city in the span of two weeks . On 24 July , four people were killed including three Pakistani Army soldiers in Kech District , Balochistan . Election day violence ( edit ) Main article : Pakistani general election , 2018 violence On 25 July , during polling in Quetta , a bomb went off which resulted in 31 people being killed and 35 injured . In Swabi , a city in the northern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , one person was killed and three injured after PTI supporters exchanged fire with those from the secularist Awami National Party ( ANP ) . At least three other people were injured in a grenade attack outside a polling station in Larkana , in the southern province of Sindh . In Khanewal , a man was shot dead and another one was injured in a political clash . Several more people were injured in 7 other incidents . Allegations of election meddling ( edit ) Pre-poll ( edit ) There have been allegations by some international journalists and scholars , claiming that there was a plan between judiciary and military bodies to influence the outcome of the election . These allegations were also made by the outgoing PML - N following Nawaz Sharif 's disqualification for corruption . It was suggested that alleged goal of these attempts was to halt the party of Nawaz Sharif from coming into power and to bring the results in favor of PTI , so that Imran Khan -- who is alleged as close to the military -- can be installed as the prime minister . Khan has denied these allegations as a `` foreign conspiracy '' and `` against the facts '' , while the military also categorically rejected them . There have been claims of PML ( N ) 's campaign material being ripped apart by authorities while leaving alone material belonging to PTI . There have been suggestions that candidates belonging to PML ( N ) have been coerced by ISI to switch to those parties whose future government can be better controlled by military . On the last day of scrutiny of nomination papers , seven PML ( N ) candidates from Southern Punjab returned their tickets leaving no option for PML ( N ) to field replacement candidates , depriving them an opportunity to win those seats . There have also been reports of election engineering by army and intelligence agencies in Balochistan province in favor of Balochistan Awami Party . Reports further suggested that there was evidence of collusion between the judiciary and military , in that two military officials were appointed to the Joint Investigation Team to investigate corruption allegations against former prime minister Nawaz Sharif , which were further strengthened by the circumstances of the Avenfield case verdict against the Sharifs . Justice Shaukat Aziz Siddiqui , an Islamabad High Court senior justice , released a statement on 22 July alleging that judges were pressured by ISI not to release Sharif before the election . However , he provided no evidence and was at the time facing corruption and misconduct charges pending at the Supreme Judicial Council , leading to rumours about the timing of his statement . Pakistan 's Chief Justice Saqib Nisar said he felt `` saddened '' at Siddiqui 's comments , and whilst criticising them , stated that `` as the head of judiciary , I assure you that we are not under any sort of pressure '' . There have been allegations that the micromanagement of political parties and the censorship of the newspapers , social media and TV channels is to further influence the election result . An official from the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that `` The level of army interference and political engineering is unprecedented . '' Another institution , the National Accountability Bureau has been described as being used by military intelligence agencies , including ISI , to bring politicians in line by threatening to bring corruption cases against them . Due to interference by military and intelligence agencies , The Financial Times described these elections as `` the dirtiest in years '' . Furthermore , the EU observer mission released their report after the election stating that there were `` systematic attempts to undermine the ruling party '' , `` lack of equality of opportunity '' , pressure on the media , far stronger efforts than usual to encourage switching parties and judicial conduct had all negatively influenced the vote . Some of these allegations have also been made by certain political parties and figures more prominently by PML ( N ) . Among the politicians , Farhatullah Babar has been very vocal against the election meddling by military describing it as a `` creeping coup against civilian authority '' . Raza Rabbani also leveled same allegations including the Election Commission of Pakistan , National Accountability Bureau and security agencies as the culprit behind pre-poll rigging . Election day ( edit ) Almost all political parties , with the exception of PTI , have alleged large scale election day rigging . The winning PTI have alleged rigging in some constituencies as well . Doubts were raised by unprecedented delays in the declaration of results . The fairness of the election was also criticized due to the Election Commission 's failure to provide Form 45s , official forms which include the tally of votes and are prepared in the presence of political agents of all the candidates . Party leaders alleged that their representatives were barred from polling stations before counting began and the Form 45s were prepared in their absence and behind closed doors . In some instances , the representatives were given results on plain paper instead of official forms . In another instance , the presiding officer signed blank forms , allowing the possibility of results being manipulated afterwards . Independent candidate Jibran Nasir also made similar allegations . There was also an incident of seven people being arrested for alleged vote rigging in Karachi . According to FAFEN observer Sarwar Bari , `` Only one polling agent of every party is allowed when Form 45 is given out by the polling staff , so we ca n't rule out the fact that it could be a misunderstanding . '' A few days after the election , in the NA - 241 ( Korangi Karachi - III ) constituency , ballots cast for candidates of PML ( N ) , PPP , and MQM - P were found in a garbage heap . A PTI candidate won the election in that constituency . Chairman of winning party Imran Khan pledged that he will allow to open any constituency his opponents think are rigged , he said that opposition has full right into recounting or accountability over election process to ensure transparency . The Free and Fair Election Network , an election watchdog , said the 2018 polls were `` more transparent '' in some aspects than the previous elections and that `` significant improvements in the quality of critical electoral processes '' inspired `` greater public confidence '' . According to former Indian Chief Election Commissioner S.Y. Quraishi , a member of the international observers group in Pakistan , the election system was transparent , free and fair , and the minor technical glitches which showed up later in the day were due to inexperience . On 12 August 2018 , it was reported that 90 % of Form - 45s were not signed by any polling agent , which is a violation of Election Act 2017 . However , an ECP spokesperson clarified the discrepancy by stating that there was no designated space on the Form - 45s to obtain the signatures of polling agents . The signatures were instead done on tamper - evident bags that were used to transport the results . For the transparency reasons and to combat controversy surrounding form 45 , election commission of Pakistan published all form 45 publicly on their website . Results ( edit ) National Assembly ( edit ) Party Votes % Seats General Reserved Total + / -- Women Minorities Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 16,903,702 31.82 116 28 5 149 + 114 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 12,934,589 24.35 64 16 82 -- 84 Pakistan Peoples Party 6,924,356 13.03 43 9 54 + 12 Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal 2,573,939 4.85 12 15 -- 4 Tehreek - i - Labbaik Pakistan 2,234,316 4.21 0 0 0 0 New Grand Democratic Alliance 1,260,147 2.37 0 -- 4 Awami National Party 815,998 1.54 0 0 -- 2 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 733,245 1.38 6 0 7 -- 17 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) 517,408 0.97 0 5 + 3 Balochistan Awami Party 319,348 0.60 0 5 New Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) 238,817 0.45 0 + 3 Allah - o - Akbar Tehreek 172,120 0.32 0 0 0 0 Sindh United Party 140,303 0.26 0 0 0 0 Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party 134,846 0.25 0 0 0 0 -- 4 Pak Sarzameen Party 126,128 0.24 0 0 0 0 Awami Muslim League 119,362 0.22 0 0 0 Pakistan Awami Raj 115,226 0.22 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) 72,553 0.14 0 0 0 0 Qaumi Watan Party 57,249 0.11 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Rah - e-Haq Party 55,859 0.11 0 0 0 0 Balochistan National Party ( Awami ) 55,206 0.10 0 0 0 0 Tehreek - e-Labbaik Islam 55,155 0.10 0 0 0 0 All Pakistan Muslim League 36,566 0.07 0 0 0 0 Pakistan National Muslim League 35,415 0.07 0 0 0 0 Jamiat Ulama - e-Islam Nazryati 34,247 0.06 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Human Party 34,246 0.06 0 0 0 0 National Party 33,432 0.06 0 0 0 0 Mutahidda Qabail Party 28,469 0.05 0 0 0 0 Jamiat Ulama - e-Islam Pakistan ( S ) 24,582 0.05 0 0 0 0 Jamhoori Wattan Party 23,274 0.04 0 0 + 1 Jamiat Ulama - e-Pakistan ( Noorani ) 22,145 0.04 0 0 0 0 Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan 21,521 0.04 0 0 0 0 Majlis Wahdat - e-Muslimeen 19,615 0.04 0 0 0 0 Awami Workers Party 17,935 0.03 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Justice and Democratic Party 12,637 0.02 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Kissan Ittehad ( Ch . Anwar ) 12,255 0.02 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Peoples Party ( Shaheed Bhutto ) 10,032 0.02 0 0 0 0 Hazara Democratic Party 7,942 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Nazriati 6,755 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim Alliance 6,703 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Siraiki Party ( T ) 6,523 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Sunni Tehreek 5,943 0.01 0 0 0 0 Sunni Ittehad Council 5,939 0.01 0 0 0 0 Tehreek Jawanan Pakistan 5,841 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Awami Inqelabi League 5,046 0.01 0 0 0 0 Roshan Pakistan League 4,267 0.01 0 0 0 0 Tehreek Tabdili Nizam Pakistan 4,161 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf - Gulalai 4,146 0.01 0 0 0 0 Balochistan National Movement 3,971 0.01 0 0 0 0 Tabdeeli Pasand Party Pakistan 3,698 0.01 0 0 0 0 Amun Taraqqi Party 3,646 0.01 0 0 0 0 Jamote Qaumi Movement 3,269 0.01 0 0 0 0 Barabri Party Pakistan 2,702 0.01 0 0 0 0 Move On Pakistan 2,580 0.00 0 0 0 0 All Pakistan Muslim League ( Jinnah ) 2,418 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Falah Party 2,167 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pasban Pakistan 2,154 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Awami League 1,780 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Aman Tehreek 1,718 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Peoples Party 1,587 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Quami Yakjehti Party 1,571 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) 1,406 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( Sher - e-Bangal ) 1,332 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Freedom Movement 1,096 0.00 0 0 0 0 Mustaqbil Pakistan 1,053 0.00 0 0 0 0 Humdardan - e-Watan Pakistan 936 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Aman Party 852 0.00 0 0 0 0 Aam Admi Tehreek Pakistan 828 0.00 0 0 0 0 Awami Justice Party Pakistan 730 0.00 0 0 0 0 Saraiskistan Democratic Party 724 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Supreme Democratic 708 0.00 0 0 0 0 Aam Log Party Pakistan 606 0.00 0 0 0 0 Tehreek - e-Suba Hazara Pakistan 545 0.00 0 0 0 0 Awam League 493 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Welfare Party 426 0.00 0 0 0 0 Aam Awam Party 364 0.00 0 0 0 0 Jannat Pakistan Party 248 0.00 0 0 0 0 National Peace Council Party 242 0.00 0 0 0 0 Front National ( Pakistan ) 233 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League Organization 211 0.00 0 0 0 0 All Pakistan Tehreek 155 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Human Rights Party 139 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaniat 98 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League Council 91 0.00 0 0 0 0 Peoples Movement of Pakistan ( PMP ) 37 0.00 0 0 0 0 Independents 6,087,410 11.46 13 0 0 13 + 5 Postponed -- -- -- -- -- Invalid / blank votes -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 53,123,733 100 272 60 10 342 0 Registered voters / turnout 51.6 -- -- -- -- -- Source : ECP Government formation ( edit ) Despite rejecting the results of the election due to alleged rigging , the Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) made the decision to take oath in the elected assemblies for the sake of democracy , conceding that Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 's Imran Khan was likely to be the Prime Minister . Hence , the government formation at the federal level was left to the PTI alone . Talks began with smaller parties and independents to form a government . Muttahida Qaumi Movement which won six seats , Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) which won four , Balochistan Awami Party which won four , Grand Democratic Alliance which won two , and thirteen independent candidates were invited to join the PTI - led government . Additionally , Awami Muslim League led by Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed , the party 's only MNA , had already vowed its support to PTI before the elections . On 28 July , PML ( Q ) pledged its support to PTI 's candidates for Chief Minister of Punjab , making it unlikely to oppose PTI in the National Assembly . On 31 July , Balochistan Awami Party announced its support for a PTI led federal government . On 1 August , Muttahida Qaumi Movement was told by the PPP that it had to choose between sitting in a coalition with them in Sindh or sitting in a coalition with PTI in the centre . On the same day , MQM - P convener Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui announced the party 's six MNAs would lend their support to the PTI in the National Assembly . On 2 August , Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) , Pakistan Peoples Party , Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal and Awami National Party announced to form a `` Grand Opposition Alliance '' whereby the Speaker , Prime Minister and other key posts would be jointly nominated and elected . The Speakership would be given to the PPP , the Deputy Speakership to the MMA and the Premiership to the PML - N. However , on 16 August , after the elections for speaker , PPP decided to withdraw their support for Shehbaz Sharif for the post of Prime Minister , owing to previous statements made by the individual about the party 's co-chairman and ex-President of Pakistan , Asif Ali Zardari . Over the next few weeks , other parties pledged their support towards the PTI nominees for speaker , deputy speaker . These parties include Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) , Grand Democratic Alliance and Jamhoori Watan Party . In addition to this , 9 independents joined the party . Election for speakers of the National Assembly ( edit ) The election for the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly took place on 15 August 2018 . Candidate Party Contesting for Votes Obtained Required majority → 172 out of 342 Asad Qaiser Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( 151 ) supporters : MQM - P ( 7 ) , BAP ( 5 ) , BNP - M ( 4 ) , PML - Q ( 3 ) , GDA ( 3 ) , AML ( 1 ) , JWP ( 1 ) , IND ( 1 ) Speaker 176 Y Qasim Suri Deputy Speaker 183 Y Khurshid Shah Pakistan Peoples Party ( 54 ) Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal ( 15 ) supporters : PML - N ( 81 ) , ANP ( 1 ) Speaker 146 N Asad Mehmood Deputy Speaker 144 N Election for Prime Minister ( edit ) The election for the premiership took place on 17 August 2018 . Candidate Party Votes Obtained Required majority → 172 out of 342 Imran Khan Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( 151 ) supporters : MQM - P ( 7 ) , BAP ( 5 ) , BNP - M ( 4 ) , PML - Q ( 3 ) , GDA ( 3 ) , AML ( 1 ) , JWP ( 1 ) , IND ( 1 ) 176 Y Shehbaz Sharif Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) ( 81 ) supporters : PPP ( 54 ) , MMA ( 15 ) , ANP ( 1 ) 96 N Abstentions 53 Reactions ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) As the results began to pour in , many of the main opposition parties declared that the elections were not ' free and fair ' . The Election Commission of Pakistan denied the allegations but announced that it would be willing to investigate if proof was provided . PTI chairman Imran Khan also addressed the allegations in his first national address and said that he would be willing to look into any allegations of rigging . He also added that he thought that the elections were the `` cleanest in Pakistan 's history . '' Celebrations across Pakistan also erupted as early results indicated a win for Tehreek - e-Insaf . Khan 's fellow cricketers and celebrities took to Twitter in celebration of his assumed victory even before election results were finalized or a government formed . Economic ( edit ) The Pakistan Stock Exchange ( PSX ) reacted positively and opened 2 % higher as the prospect of a hung government dissipated . The KSE index closed 749 points higher on Thursday . On 3 July 2018 , the benchmark KSE - 100 index gained 314 points to reach 43,100 points . It closed up 770 points at 43,556 points . The US dollar shed Rs5. 36 against the rupee in the inter-bank market for the first time in four years , falling to Rs122. 5 . The positive economic indicators are considered to be largely driven by what investors consider the return of political stability following the 25 July polls . International ( edit ) Supranational bodies United Nations -- United Nations spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric did not acknowledge the results of the election , he commended the Electoral Commission for their organizational efforts , `` noting positive initiatives related to training and efforts to enhance the inclusion of women , persons with disabilities and other marginalized groups , as well as first - time voters , in the electoral process . '' European Union -- The European Union 's monitoring delegate Michael Gahler said , `` Our overall assessment of the election process is that it is not as good as in 2013 ... ( but ) the election results are credible . '' Gahler particularly criticized the ill - treatment given to the former ruling party and threats against the press from the various campaigns . Ambassador of the European Union to Pakistan Jean Francois Cautain congratulated Khan on his party 's recent electoral victory and assured the PM - in - waiting that the EU is keen to work with his government . Cautain said , `` We are ready to collaborate in the fields of security , economy , education and rural development . We will assist the newly elected government in securing investments from EU 's member countries as we wish to see stability and development in Pakistan . The EU is also ready to help Pakistan escape the grey list of the Financial Action Task Force . '' He further added , `` The EU also does not have any objections to the Iran -- Pakistan gas pipeline project . '' States Afghanistan -- President of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani congratulated Khan and wrote , `` I just spoke to Imran Khan and congratulated him on the victory in parliamentary elections . We both agreed to overcome the past and to lay a new foundation for a prosperous political , social and economic future of both countries . '' He also invited Khan to visit Kabul and Khan has accepted the invitation . Azerbaijan -- President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev has congratulated Imran Khan on his election as Prime Minister of Pakistan . He expressed the hope that the two governments would work to improve the bilateral relationship . Canada -- Canada 's High Commissioner in Pakistan issued the statement on the elections in Pakistan , `` We congratulate the millions of Pakistani citizens who exercised their democratic rights by casting votes in the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly elections on July 25 . The participation of tens of millions of voters is a testament to the strong democratic convictions of the people of Pakistan . We are saddened by the incidents of violence which occurred on July 25 and in the lead - up to the election , resulting in significant loss of life . Canada condemns these senseless acts and vicious attacks on democracy and conveys its condolences to the families of those whose lives were lost , as well as those injured . '' China -- The spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China Geng Shuang expressed pleasure for smooth completion of the general election and congratulated Imran Khan . At the regular press conference , he said , `` China welcomes the smooth completion of the general election in Pakistan and congratulates the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf led by Mr. Imran Khan for winning this election . We are willing to work together with the new Pakistani government to push China - Pakistan all - weather strategic partnership to a new level . '' France -- Spokesperson of the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs issued the statement , `` France welcomes the mobilization of the Pakistani people , who went to the polls to exercise their electoral rights despite calls from extremist groups and incidents during the electoral process , which will be detailed in the final report of the Election Observation Mission of the European Union . We strongly condemn the violence that has bereaved the electoral process , including the attacks in Mastung and Quetta , and express our condolences to the families of the victims . France congratulates the future leaders of the country and stands ready to start constructive relations with the government which will be chosen by the parliament . This election marks , for the first time in the history of Pakistan , the second consecutive transfer of power between two democratically elected governments . It constitutes a new step in the strengthening of democracy in Pakistan . France will stand alongside Pakistan in the continuation of this process , as well as support the economic and social development of the country . '' Germany -- Government of Germany commended the 25 July general election held in Pakistan , saying it was `` ready to work closely and confidently '' with the new leadership . In a statement , the German Foreign Office spokesperson said , `` Our country looks forward to ( assisting ) them in accomplishing these tasks . Germany understands that the new government will face great challenges that include improving the living conditions of all Pakistanis , combating corruption , and strengthening regional stability . Germany stands by and ready to work closely and confidently with the new Pakistani government and to assist them in accomplishing these task , '' referring to the newly - elected Pakistani government . India -- Prime Minister Narendra Modi telephoned Khan and congratulated him over his party 's success in the general elections and expressed hope that the democracy will take deeper roots in Pakistan , and reiterated his vision of peace and development in the entire neighborhood . Indian Ministry of External Affairs Spokesperson Raveesh Kumar expressed hope for better bilateral relations with Pakistan and said , `` India desires a prosperous and progressive Pakistan at peace with its neighbors . We hope that the new Government of Pakistan will work constructively to build a safe , stable , secure and developed South Asia free of terror and violence . '' India 's Foreign Affairs Ministry did not directly comment on Khan 's call for talks , but said it welcomed that `` the people of Pakistan have reposed their faith in democracy through general elections '' . Iran -- Iranian President Hassan Rouhani extended his sincere congratulations to Imran Khan on his election as the new Prime Minister of Pakistan and expressed hope that the two countries would further improve relations during his tenure . In his congratulatory message to Imran , Rouhani said that the Islamic Republic of Iran as always and particularly during the new era expresses its readiness to expand relations and cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . The Iranian president said that Imran Khan 's election is the result of willpower of the brave Pakistani nation . Iran 's ambassador to Pakistan Mehdi Honardoost congratulated Khan on winning the general elections , and expressed to enhance cooperation with the government - in - waiting . He said in a letter written to Khan , `` People of Pakistan have demonstrated their desire to achieve progress and development by turning up in large numbers and using their right of franchise in the 25 July polls . '' Japan -- Government of Japan congratulated Imran Khan and his political party on victory in the general election 2018 . The government expressed hopes that the relations between the two countries will get better with the new Pakistani leadership in place and that Imran 's government will continue to work on deals between the two countries . Maldives -- President of Maldives Abdulla Yameen telephoned Khan and felicitated him on his success in the general elections , and expressed his best wishes for him . The Prime Minister - designate Imran Khan thanked the President of Maldives . Nepal -- Prime Minister of Nepal Khadga Prasad Oli , sent a message of congratulations to Imran Khan on his assumption of the high office of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.In the message , Prime Minister Oli has recalled friendly relations between Nepal and Pakistan and has wished for successful tenure of the newly elected Prime Minister of Pakistan. Prime Minister Oli has also expressed hope that bilateral relations between Nepal and Pakistan will be further strengthened during the tenure of Prime Minister Imran Khan . Qatar -- Qatar 's Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al - Thani telephoned PTI Chairman Imran Khan and congratulated him on election win . Extending an invitation to the prime minister - in - waiting to visit Qatar , Sheikh Tamim expressed his desire to expand ties with the incoming government in Pakistan . Khan , on his part , said that Pakistan accords great respect to its ties with Qatar and expressed the hope that the two governments would work to improve the bilateral relationship . Russia -- Russian Ambassador to Pakistan Alexey Dedov called on Prime Minister - in - waiting and Chairman PTI Imran Khan in Bani Gala and congratulated him on the victory in elections 2018 . The Russian Ambassador expressed desire to further enhance cooperation between Pakistan and Russia . Saudi Arabia -- Saudi Arabian Ambassador to Pakistan Nawaf bin Said Al - Malki met Imran Khan and congratulated him . Talking about Khan 's speech he termed it as `` comprehensive and positive . '' Ambassador said that the Saudi Crown Prince would visit Pakistan soon after Imran Khan takes the oath and the transition to the new government , and put in place a new stronger bilateral relationship between the two countries . Sri Lanka -- Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena congratulated Imran Khan after he took oath today as the Prime Minister of Pakistan . `` I am confident that your leadership will help steer Pakistan towards peace , prosperity and sustainability , as relations between our two countries grow further '' . Turkey -- President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan telephoned Khan and congratulated him on his victory . He also offered his well wishes to Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf and expressed hope for the future government . During the telephonic exchange , the two leaders exchanged the hope for the beginning of a positive chapter in the bilateral relations . United Arab Emirates -- United Arab Emirates Ambassador Hamad Obaid Ibrahim Salem Al Zaabi called on Imran Khan at his Bani Gala residence and congratulated him for his party 's victory in the parliamentary elections . The two sides also touched on the political and bilateral ties between the two friendly countries . United Kingdom -- Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt congratulated `` the millions of voters who participated in Pakistan 's elections '' in spite of terrorism , calling it an `` important moment for democracy in Pakistan '' . Hunt also expressed concern about the reports of `` pressure on the media '' and the number of parties `` who preach violence and intolerance '' . He also wished for a successful transition , adding that he hopes that all sides will `` resolve any disputed results peacefully and in accordance with Pakistan 's electoral laws . '' United States -- The Trump administration and the US State Department , which had no election observers on the ground mainly due to security concerns , refused to confirm that the elections were free and fair , and the State Department `` expressed concern over reports regarding limits on freedom of expression before the polls '' . It added that the United States will look for opportunities to work with the new government `` to advance our goals of security , stability , and prosperity in South Asia '' . State Department spokesperson Heather Nauert congratulated the Pakistani people , especially the women , for having the courage to vote in view of the violent circumstances surrounding the election . See also ( edit ) Punjab provincial election , 2018 Sindh provincial election , 2018 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial election , 2018 Balochistan provincial election , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Assembly Wise Voters Turnout '' . Ecp.gov.pk . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nawaz Sharif verdict : Ahead of general elections , Pakistan Army exhibits super show of ' soft coup ' to prop up extremist parties '' . Firstpost.com . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kanwar , Kamlendra ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Nawaz Sharif sentencing : More to the judgment than meets the eye '' . newsnation.in . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of Democracy or a New Resurgence in Pakistan ? '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 53 ( 24 ) . 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A manipulated outcome '' . telegraphindia.com . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pak Army wants to install a puppet government : Nadeem Nusrat '' . Aninews.in . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The assault on Pakistan media ahead of vote '' . Bbc.com. 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistanis tiring of elections manipulated by establishment -- Asia Times '' . Atimes.com . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patronage and power plays in Pakistan 's electoral politics '' . eastasiaforum.org. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fair , C. Christine ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Pakistan 's Sham Election '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-cricketer Khan leads Pakistan elections in early counting '' . BBC News . 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Kathy ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` Unofficial Results in Pakistan 's Election Show Lead For Imran Khan , But Opponents Allege Fraud '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Saeed ( 25 July 2018 ) . `` Ex-Cricket Star Imran Khan Headed for Pakistan Election Victory '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election : Party of Ex-PM Nawaz Sharif concedes to Imran Khan '' . Jump up ^ `` ECP rejects political parties ' claim of ' rigging ' on election day '' . Jump up ^ `` ' PML - N rejects poll results , ' declares Shahbaz Sharif '' . Dawn. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FAFEN satisfied with transparency of polls , urges ECP to allay opposition 's concerns '' . July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Memphis ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` EU piles pressure on Imran Khan after Pakistan election '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU monitors team says Pakistan election not a level playing field '' . Geo TV news . 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif 's PML - N emerges as single largest party in Pak polls '' . Zeenews. 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan : ' Pakistan will never be the same again ' '' . BBC News . 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI concedes defeat in Pakistan elections '' . The Express Tribune . AFP . 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imran demands recount with fingerprint verification on 4 constituencies '' . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif Has Lost All Moral Authority , Imran Khan Tells NDTV : Highlights '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For a national cause : PTI calls off dharna after 126 days '' . Express Tribune . 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JC finds 2013 elections fair and in accordance with law '' . 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Vasilyeva , Natalya ; Anderson , Mae ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` News Group Claims Huge Trove of Data on Offshore Accounts '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheema , Umer . `` House of Sharifs Named In Panama Papers '' . Centre for Investigative Reporting in Pakistan . CIRP . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giant leak of offshore financial records exposes global array of crime and corruption '' . OCCRP . The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. 3 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghumman , Khawar ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Imran plans siege of Islamabad on Oct 30 '' . Dawn . Dawn Group . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the SC judges behind the Panama Papers ruling '' . Dawn.com . Jump up ^ `` JIT report '' . supremecourt.gov.pk . Jump up ^ `` Complete Report of Joint Investigation Team ( JIT ) in Panama Case '' . SUCH TV . SUCH TV NEWS. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JIT report raises doubts about use of ' Calibri ' font in papers submitted by Maryam '' . Dawn.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sadiq and Ameen '' . Thenation.com.pk. 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhatti , Haseeb ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Nawaz Sharif steps down as PM after SC 's disqualification verdict '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ `` Panama Case verdict : Pakistan Supreme Court disqualifies PM Nawaz Sharif '' . Daily Pakistan . 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan polls : Jailed Sharif 's PML - N takes guard against Imran 's PTI '' . Jump up ^ `` The Pathan Suits : Can Imran Khan Lay A New Path For Pakistan 's Fractured Polity ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Election for Pakistani National Assembly '' . IEFS. 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalmers , John . `` Pakistan marks democratic milestone in close - fought election '' . U.S . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elections 101 : What is delimitation and why does it matter ? '' . Jump up ^ `` How constituency boundaries were redrawn across Pakistan '' . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of National Assembly constituencies for General Elections 2018 -- Dispatch News Desk '' . dnd.com.pk. 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Download Polling Scheme of Sindh for National Assembly General Elections 2018 -- Dispatch News Desk '' . dnd.com.pk. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Download Polling Scheme for Balochistan Provincial Assembly General Elections 2018 -- Dispatch News Desk '' . dnd.com.pk. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Voting ends in Pakistan ; 35 killed in suicide blast , poll - related violence '' . Jump up ^ `` General elections 2018 : ECC approves Rs864m for procuring new printing machines '' . The News International . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Next general election to be held on time : Zahid Hamid '' . The Nation. 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official result of NA - 120 announced , Kulsoom polls 61,745 votes '' . dunya.tv. 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 's Arbab Amir wins NA - 4 by - election with reasonable margin : unofficial results '' . dunya.tv. 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan gets clean chit , Jahangir Khan Tareen disqualified '' . www.thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N candidate poised to win by - polls in NA - 154 Lodhran '' . dawn.com. 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shahbaz launches PML - N election campaign from Karachi '' . Dawn. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N unveils party manifesto for elections 2018 '' . The News International . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI to kick - start election campaign from Mianwali '' . Express Tribune . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan launches PTI manifesto for General Election 2018 '' . The News International . 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Election campaign ends amid PTI , PML - N power shows '' . Samaa TV . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PPP unveils election manifesto promising to ' save and develop Pakistan ' '' . Express Tribune . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bilawal kicks off election campaign from Karachi '' . Express Tribune . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly stands dissolved as second successive democratic government completes five - year term '' . Dawn.com. 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran to kick - start PTI 's election campaign from Mianwali today '' . Geo.tv. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ECP : Change in date of filing nomination papers '' . 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination papers of Sattar , Musharraf rejected '' . Geo.tv . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Agencies . `` Imran Khan 's nomination papers rejected '' . gulfnews.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI chief Imran Khan allowed to contest polls from NA - 53 , NA - 35 '' . geo.tv . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bilal , Rana ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` LHC suspends appellate tribunal 's disqualification verdict against PTI 's Fawad Chaudhry '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bilal , Rana ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` LHC suspends tribunal decision on Abbasi 's disqualification for life '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI left without candidate in NA - 64 '' . dawn.com . June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Survey shows elections too close to call '' . Jump up ^ `` National Survey of Current Political Survey in Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Elections Exclusive : 3 poll results in ! Who will you vote for Pakistan ? '' . geo.tv . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Ijaz Shafi Gilani , Chairman Gallup Pakistan talks about the changing trends in public opinion and motivations of the voters with respect to the upcoming Election on Jirga with SaleemKhanSafi on Geo News '' . Gallup Pakistan . 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Saeed ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Trial of Ex-Leader Rattles Pakistan 's Democracy '' . ( www.wsj.com ) . ^ Jump up to : Elahi , Manzar ; Haider , Sajjad ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` PML - N remains most popular party , Nawaz most favourite leader : survey '' . Geo TV . Jump up ^ `` Shehbaz favoured by Pakistan 's majority to become premier : GSP survey '' . Dunya News . 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Public Opinion Survey '' . Global Strategic Partners . 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Party wise total vote bank '' ( PDF ) . Government of Pakistan . 27 May 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hamdani , Kazim ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` FAFEN satisfied with transparency of polls , urges ECP to allay opposition 's concerns '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jamal , Sana ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` More than 12,000 contesting Pakistan Elections 2018 '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ali , Akbar ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` 10 injured in blast at PTI candidate 's election office in North Waziristan '' . Dawn . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 7 including MMA candidate injured in Bannu blast '' . Dawn. 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ANP 's Haroon Bilour among 20 martyred in Peshawar suicide attack '' . The News International . 11 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Political worker shot dead in Peshawar '' . Tribune.com.pk . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Syed , Ali Shah ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` 2 injured in blast near political party 's office in Khuzdar '' . Dawn . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four killed as blast targets JUI - F leader Akram Khan Durrani 's convoy in Bannu '' . Geo.tv . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Death toll in Mastung blast escalates to 131 '' . Dunya News . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 's Ikramullah Khan Gandapur martyred in DI Khan suicide blast '' . Express Tribune . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JUI - F leader Akram Durrani safe as shots fired at vehicle in Bannu '' . Geo News . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three security personnel among four martyred in Balochistan gun attack : ISPR '' . The News . 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six policemen among 29 martyred in suicide attack outside Quetta polling station '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI worker shot dead in clash with ANP supporters in Swabi '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At least three injured in explosion outside polling station in Larkana '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clashes , violence mar polling in various constituencies ; at least 2 killed '' . DAWN.COM. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mir , Asfandyar ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` What just happened in Pakistan 's election ? And what happens next ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan : General Elections Subverted By Army - Judiciary Nexus -- Analysis '' . eurasiareview.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Saba ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` Pakistan elections : Who is Imran Khan ? '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif : Pakistan 's army yet again takes on the wrong fight -- The Economic Times '' . economictimes.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan elections around the corner , but many say results already decided '' . hindustantimes.com . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Shah , Saeed ; Gillani , Waqar ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Pakistan 's Military Wields More Influence Ahead of National Election '' . Wsj.com . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Birmani , Tariq Saeed ; Faheem , Kanwer ; Ali , Mohammad ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` PML - N 's troubles continue as 7 candidates in south Punjab return party tickets '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of ' engineering ' hangs over Pakistan election '' . Aljazeera.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election raises fears of ' creeping coup ' '' . Bbc.com. 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Reporter , The Newspaper 's Staff ( 22 July 2018 ) . `` Justice Shaukat sees erosion of independence of judiciary '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Naseer , Tahir ( 21 July 2018 ) . `` IHC judge makes startling allegations against security agencies ' meddling ' in judicial affairs '' . Dawn . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CJP Nisar responds angrily to Justice Shaukat 's statement '' . The News . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In Pre-Election Pakistan , a Military Crackdown Is the Real Issue '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan heads for dirtiest election in years '' . amp.ft.com . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Guramani , Nadir ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` ' Creeping coup ' underway in lead - up to election , alleges Babar '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raza Rabbani , accuses NAB , judiciary , ECP of pre-poll rigging - Global Village Space '' . globalvillagespace.com. 13 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Dirtiest Polls in Pakistan 's History ' : Shehbaz Sharif Says Blatant Rigging Taking Nation 30 Years Back '' . News18.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Rajat Sharma ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Pakistan Polls : Parties allege large scale rigging '' . Aninews.in . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's a list of constituencies where PTI , PML - N , PPP are alleging rigging '' . 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Election Results 2018 updates : 5 parties allege poll rigging as PTI emerges in lead ; Imran Khan 's party says open to recounting '' . firstpost.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Election 2018 : PPP , PML - N allege large - scale rigging as PTI widens lead - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . Dnaindia.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Political parties protest against irregularity in vote counting '' . nation.com.pk. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Karachi : 7 , including a woman , arrested from polling stations in NA - 238 '' . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stamped ballot papers recovered from garbage dump in Karachi '' . Geo.tv . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan 's speech in full : READ new Pakistan leaders complete victory speech in English '' . 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Elections Free And Fair , Says Indian Observer SY Quraishi '' . NDTV. 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` اہم خبریں - 90 فیصد سے زائد فارم 45 پر پولنگ ایجنٹوں کے دستخط نہیں '' . Daily Jang . Jump up ^ Durrani , Fakhar ( 12 August 2018 ) . `` More than 90pc Form - 45 not signed by polling agents '' . The News . Jump up ^ `` ECP uploads Form 45 , others containing election results data on its website '' . The Dawn . August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 's NA total rises to 158 after addition of 33 reserved seats '' . Geo.tv . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election : Party of Ex-PM Nawaz Sharif concedes to Imran Khan '' . 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election : Imran Khan begins coalition talks as opposition parties protest ' rigged ' vote '' . Jump up ^ `` Number games for Punjab CM : PML - Q gives thumbs down to PML - N '' . Jump up ^ `` BAP announces support for PTI in National Assembly '' . geo.tv . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MQM - P lends support to PTI in forming federal govt - The Express Tribune '' . tribune.com.pk . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Opposition ' parties resolve to bring their own prime minister , NA speaker '' . dawn.com. 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PPP withdraws support for Shehbaz Sharif as PM candidate Pakistan '' . Geo.tv. 2018 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BNP - M , PTI deal secures Mengal 's support for Imran at centre Pakistan '' . Geo.tv. 2018 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) . `` GDA assures unconditional support to PTI - Pakistan '' . Dunya News . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Shahzain Bugti announces support for Imran Khan - Pakistan '' . Dawn. 2018 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 's Asad Qaiser , Qasim Suri elected NA speaker and deputy speaker amid opposition ruckus '' . dawn.com. 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan elected as Pakistan 's prime minister '' . aljazeera.com. 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Article in Firstpost Jump up ^ `` Election body rejects ' rigging ' accusations '' . thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan says ready to investigate rigging claims '' . thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will aid in probing opposition 's rigging allegations : Imran Khan '' . geo.tv . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Report , Asma Ali Zain / Web . `` ECP officially declares Imran Khan 's PTI as winner '' . m.khaleejtimes.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ First Post staff ( 26 July 2018 ) . `` Pakistan General Elections 2018 : Twitter reacts to Imran Khan 's win ; ' ... my sons ' father is Pakistan 's next PM ' , tweets Jemima '' . First Post . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan stock exchange remains bullish , gains 749 points in post election rally '' . arabnews.com. 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` In a first in four years , dollar falls by Rs5. 36 in interbank market '' . Geo News . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Latest : US commends ' courage ' of Pakistanis who voted '' . Washington Post . 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' EU deeply interested in collaborating with PTI govt , ' European Union envoy tells Imran '' . Dawn. 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' EU ready to help Pakistan get out of FATF grey list ' '' . Dunya News . 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU Ambassador Jean - Francois calls on Imran Khan '' . The News . 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ashraf Ghani on Twitter '' . 29 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan president invites Khan after Pakistan election win '' . Arab News . 29 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani President congratulates new Pakistan 's PM '' . Azernews.az. 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ TNS2 . `` Azerbaijan Prime Minister felicitates Imran Khan on becoming PM '' . Tns. world . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Canada 's statement on Pakistan elections '' . GAC . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` China congratulates Imran Khan , PTI on winning elections '' . The News . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan - Parliamentary Elections ( 25 July 2018 ) '' . La France au Pakistan - Ambassade de France au Pakistan . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Germany ready to work closely , confidently with new Pak govt ' : Foreign Office '' . The News . 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian PM congratulates Imran over success in election '' . Geo News . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India says hopes new Pakistan government will work for terror - free South Asia '' . Reuters. 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` India desires improved ties as Pakistan readies for new government '' . The Express Tribune . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian president , Azerbaijan PM felicitate Imran on becoming prime minister '' . Pakistantoday.com.pk . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iran ready to enhance cooperation with Imran Khan 's govt - in - waiting '' . The Express Tribune . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan congratulates Imran Khan , hopes to further strengthen bilateral ties '' . Geo.tv. 28 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President of Maldives telephones PM elect Imran Khan '' . Times of Islamabad. 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Posted onAugust 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Press Release on the Congratulatory Message sent by Rt . Hon . Prime Minister - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA '' . Mofa.gov.np . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar emir invites PM - in - waiting Imran Khan for visit '' . Dunya News . 7 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 's Emir calls PM designate Imran Khan , invites him for official visit '' . Daily Pakistan . 7 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pakistan . `` Russian Ambassador calls on Imran Khan Pakistan '' . Thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ . `` Russian envoy calls on Imran Khan - Pakistan - Dunya News '' . Dunyanews.tv . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi ambassador greets Imran , congratulations pour in from China , Afghanistan '' . The News . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Leaders Congratulate Imran Khan on his Victory '' . 30 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Forgot Username or Password ( 2018 - 08 - 18 ) . `` As Pakistan 's Khan takes office Sri Lanka expresses confidence in him '' . Menafn.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan receives a congratulatory phone call from Turkey 's Erdogan '' . The News . 31 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Erdogan congratulates Imran on election performance via telephone '' . Dawn. 31 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UAE envoy meets Imran Khan '' . The News . 31 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Secretary statement on the Pakistan election '' . Gov.uk. 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doubts raised in US over fairness of Pakistan elections '' . Times of India . 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan election 2018 : Trump administration REFUSES to declare the polls ' FREE AND FAIR ' '' . Daily Express . 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` US state department response over general elections 2018 in Pakistan '' . Times of Islamabad. 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Pakistani general election , 2018 ← 2013 election Constituencies MNAs elected Opinion polling Prime Minister - caretaker : Nasirul Mulk Prime Minister - elect : Imran Khan Election violence Pre-election violence 2018 Peshawar suicide bombing 2018 Mastung and Bannu bombings 2018 Kulachi suicide bombing 2018 Pakistani general election violence 2018 Quetta suicide bombing Parties elected to the National Assembly Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Peoples Party Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Muttahida Qaumi Movement Grand Democratic Alliance Balochistan National Party ( Mengal ) Awami Muslim League Awami National Party Balochistan Awami Party Jamhoori Wattan Party Provincial elections Balochistan ( MPAs elected ) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( MPAs elected ) Punjab ( MPAs elected ) Sindh ( MPAs elected ) Elections and referendums in Pakistan General elections 1920 1923 1926 1930 1934 1945 1970 1977 1985 2002 2008 2013 2018 next Regional elections 1937 1946 1951 1953 1954 Referendums 1960 1984 2002 See also : Elections in Azad Kashmir Balochistan Gilgit - Baltistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_general_election,_2018&oldid=866422520 '' Categories : Pakistani general election , 2018 2018 elections in Pakistan General elections in Pakistan July 2018 events in Pakistan Electoral fraud in Pakistan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Use dmy dates from July 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano پښتو Polski Русский Simple English سنڌي اردو 粵語中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 06 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani%20general%20election%2C%202018	632
list of mac fonts and what they look like			List of typefaces included with macOS	list of typefaces included with macos	This list of fonts contains every font shipped with Mac OS X 10.0 through macOS 10.12 , including any that shipped with language - specific updates from Apple ( primarily Korean and Chinese fonts ) . For fonts shipped only with Mac OS X 10.5 , please see Apple 's documentation .	Contents ( hide ) 1 System fonts up to Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 2 New fonts added with OS X 10.10 Yosemite 3 New fonts added with OS X 10.11 El Capitan 4 New fonts added with macOS 10.12 Sierra 5 Font appearances 6 Hidden Fonts 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links System fonts up to Mac OS X 10.7 lion ( edit ) Family Name Subtype Faces Available Target script and other notes Al Bayan non-Latin Regular , Bold Arabic American Typewriter serif , book Condensed Light , Condensed , Condensed Bold , Light , Regular , Bold Andalé Mono sans , mono , book Regular Apple Casual sans , title Regular Hidden , see below Apple Chancery script Regular Apple Garamond serif , book Light , Light Italic , Book , Book Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Hidden , see below Apple Gothic sans , book Regular Korean Apple LiGothic non-Latin Medium Traditional Chinese Apple LiSung non-Latin Light Traditional Chinese Apple Myungjo non-Latin Regular Korean Apple Symbols picto Regular . AquaKana Regular Japanese , Not depicted below Arial sans , book Condensed Light , Narrow , Narrow Italic , Narrow Bold , Narrow Bold Italic , Regular , Italic , Bold , Rounded Bold , Bold Italic , Black Bundled with Windows Arial Hebrew non-Latin Regular , Bold Hebrew Ayuthaya non-Latin Regular Thai ; not depicted below Baghdad non-Latin Regular Arabic Baskerville serif , book Regular , Italic , Semi-bold , Semi-bold Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Beijing non-Latin Regular Simplified Chinese ; bitmap only BiauKai non-Latin Regular Traditional Chinese ; missing in Yosemite and El Capitan until Sierra . Big Caslon serif , book Medium Brush Script script Italic Chalkboard sans , title Regular , Bold Bold added in 10.4 ; Bold not depicted below Chalkduster sans , book Regular added in 10.6 ; not depicted below Charcoal sans , book Regular Classic only Charcoal CY non-Latin , sans Regular Cyrillic Chicago sans , book Regular Classic only , see Krungthep below Cochin Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Comic Sans sans , deco Regular , Bold Bundled with Windows Cooper serif , book Black Copperplate serif , title , small caps Light , Regular , Bold Corsiva Hebrew non-Latin Regular , Bold Hebrew Courier serif mono , book Regular , Oblique , Bold , Bold Oblique Courier New serif mono , book Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Bundled with Windows DecoType Naskh non-Latin Regular Naskh Arabic ; not depicted below Devanagari non-Latin Regular , Bold Devanagari Didot serif , book Regular , Italic , Bold Euphemia UCAS Regular , Italic , Bold Canadian Syllabics ; not depicted below Futura sans , book Condensed Medium , Condensed Extra Bold , Medium , Medium Italic Gadget sans , title Regular Classic only Geeza Pro non-Latin Regular , Bold Arabic Geezah non-Latin Regular Arabic Geneva sans , book Regular Geneva CY non-Latin , sans Regular Cyrillic Georgia serif , book Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Bundled with Windows Gill Sans sans , book Light , Light Italic , Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Gujarati non-Latin Regular , Bold Gujarati Gung Seoche non-Latin Regular Korean , named `` # GungSeo '' in font list Gurmukhi non-Latin Regular Gurmukhi Hangangche non-Latin Regular Korean HeadlineA non-Latin Regular Korean , named `` # HeadLineA '' in font list Hei non-Latin Regular Simplified Chinese Helvetica sans , book Regular , Oblique , Bold , Bold Oblique System Font for Small Text Helvetica CY non-Latin , sans , book Regular , Oblique , Bold , Bold Oblique Cyrillic ; Face is condensed compared to Helvetica , Helvetica Neue Helvetica Neue sans , book Condensed Bold , Condensed Black , Ultra-light , Ultra-light Italic , Light , Light Italic , Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Herculanum sans , deco , upper case Regular Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro non-Latin W3 , W6 Japanese Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN non-Latin W3 , W6 Japanese based on JIS X 0213 Hiragino Kaku Gothic Std non-Latin W8 Japanese Hiragino Kaku Gothic StdN non-Latin W8 Japanese based on JIS X 0213 Hiragino Maru Gothic Pro non-Latin W4 Japanese Hiragino Maru Gothic ProN non-Latin W4 Japanese based on JIS X 0213 Hiragino Mincho Pro non-Latin W3 , W6 Japanese Hiragino Mincho ProN non-Latin W3 , W6 Japanese based on JIS X 0213 Hoefler Text serif , book Regular , Italic , Black , Black Italic , Ornaments Re ‐ added in 10.3 , but present in System 7.5 also Inai Mathi non-Latin Regular Tamil ; added in 10.4 ; not depicted below Impact sans , title Regular Bundled with Windows Jung Gothic non-Latin Medium Korean Kai non-Latin Regular Simplified Chinese Keyboard Regular Krungthep non-Latin Regular Thai ; Latin characters identical to Chicago ; not depicted below KufiStandard GK non-Latin Regular Arabic ; not depicted below LastResort Regular Keyboard LiHei Pro non-Latin Medium Traditional Chinese LiSong Pro non-Latin Light Traditional Chinese Lucida Grande sans , book Regular , Bold Main System Font in Mac OS X Marker Felt sans , deco Thin , Wide Menlo sans , mono Regular , Bold , Italic Monaco sans , mono Regular Monaco CY non-Latin , sans Regular Cyrillic Mshtakan non-Latin Regular , Oblique , Bold , Bold Oblique Armenian ; added in 10.3 ; not depicted below Nadeem non-Latin Regular Arabic New Peninim sans , book Regular , Inclined , Bold , Bold Inclined Hebrew New York serif , book Regular Classic only NISC GB18030 non-Latin Regular Chinese ; bitmap only ; not depicted below ; named `` GB18030 Bitmap '' in font lists Optima Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic , Extra Black Osaka non-Latin mono Regular , Monospace Japanese Palatino serif , book Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Classic or iLife Papyrus sans , deco Regular PC Myungjo non-Latin Regular Korean , named `` # PCMyungjo '' in font list Pilgiche non-Latin Regular Korean , named `` # PilGi '' in font list Plantagenet Cherokee serif , book Regular Cherokee Raanana non-Latin Regular , Bold Hebrew Sand sans , deco Regular Sathu non-Latin Regular Thai ; not depicted below Seoul non-Latin Regular Korean Shin Myungjo Neue non-Latin Regular Korean Silom non-Latin Regular Thai ; not depicted below Skia sans , title Regular Song non-Latin Regular Simplified Chinese ST FangSong non-Latin Regular Simplified Chinese ST Heiti non-Latin Light , Regular Simplified Chinese ST Kaiti non-Latin Regular Simplified Chinese ST Song non-Latin Regular Simplified Chinese Symbol symbol Regular Tae Graphic non-Latin Regular Korean Tahoma sans , book Light , Regular , Bold Bundled with Windows Taipei non-Latin Regular Traditional Chinese ; bitmap only ; not depicted below Techno sans , title Regular Classic only Textile sans , deco Regular Classic ( and iDVD ) Thonburi non-Latin Regular Thai ; not depicted below Times serif , book Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Times CY non-Latin , serif Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Cyrillic ; removed from 10.4 Times New Roman serif , book Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Bundled with Windows Trebuchet MS sans , book Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Bundled with Windows Verdana sans , book Regular , Italic , Bold , Bold Italic Bundled with Windows Zapf Chancery script Medium Italic Classic only Zapf Dingbats picto Regular Zapfino script , deco Regular New fonts added with OS X 10.10 Yosemite ( edit ) The following system fonts have been added with Yosemite : ITC Bodoni 72 : Book , Italic , Bold ( these three in separate fonts with lining and text figures ) , Small Caps , Ornaments ( Sumner Stone ) ITF Devanagari Kohinoor Devanagari ( Satya Rajpurohit ) Luminari ( Philip Bouwsma ) Phosphate : Inline and Solid ( Steve Jackaman & Ashley Muir ) Shree Devanagari 714 ( Modular Infotech ) SignPainter ( House Industries ) Skia : Light , Light Condensed , Light Extended , Condensed , Extended , Bold , Black , Black Condensed , Black Extended ( Matthew Carter ; system previously only included regular ) Sukhumvit Set : Thin , Light , Text , Medium , SemiBold , Bold ( Anuthin Wongsunkakon ) Bitstream Symbols Trattatello ( James Grieshaber ) New fonts added with OS X 10.11 El Capitan ( edit ) At least the following system fonts have been added with El Capitan : PingFang SC / PingFang TC / PingFang HK , a new set of Chinese UI Fonts produced by DynaComware in lieu of deprecated STHeiti Family . San Francisco UI / Display / Text . New fonts added with macOS 10.12 Sierra ( edit ) At least the following system fonts have been added with Sierra : Toppan Bunkyu Mincho Pr6N Regular Toppan Bunkyu Midashi Minchoi StdN ExtraBold Toppan Bunkyu Gothic Pr6N Regular / Demibold Toppan Bunkyu Midashi Gothic StdN Extrabold Monotype LingWai Medium ( SC / TC ) Songti ( SC / TC ) Yu Kyokasho N ( Medium / Bold ) ( Vertical Version / Horizontal Version ) San Francisco Mono Font appearances ( edit ) These images compare Roman fonts only , in most styles : The fonts in the following list were included as `` extras '' with AppleWorks 6 , which was bundled with new iMacs until 2006 . Hidden fonts ( edit ) A number of fonts have also been provided with iMovie , iLife , iDVD and other Apple applications in hidden folders , for the sole use of these applications . The reason why these fonts are hidden is unknown , with licensing issues suggested as the cause . However , they may easily be installed for use by all applications by copying them out of their Library directories and installing them as with any third - party font . Notable hidden fonts on macOS include Bank Gothic , Bodoni , Century Gothic , Century Schoolbook , Garamond , several cuts of Lucida and Monotype Twentieth Century . See also ( edit ) List of typefaces Unicode typefaces List of typefaces included with Microsoft Windows Fonts on the Mac Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elferdink , Jim & David Reynolds , AppleWorks 6 : The Missing Manual , p. 422 Jump up ^ Williams , Warren & Cathleen Merritt , AppleWorks Journal , March 2006 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Tomalty , Fletcher . `` Hidden fonts on Mac OS X '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Apple 's font list for 10.3 ( names only , no images ) Apple 's font list for 10.4 ( names only , no images ) Apple 's font list for 10.5 ( names only , no images ) Apple 's font list for 10.6 ( names only , no images ) Apple 's font list for 10.7 ( names only , no images ) Apple 's font list for 10.8 ( names only , no images ) Apple 's font list for 10.9 ( names only , no images ) Apple 's font list for 10.12 ( names only , no images ) Advanced Typography with Mac OS X Tiger ( Appendix B contains representations of Latin fonts included with Mac OS 10.4 Tiger ) Microsoft 's list of Mac OS X installed fonts Alan Wood 's list of common Mac OS X fonts Code Style 's survey of Mac OS fonts ( includes OS 8 / 9 users ) Szántó Tibor : A betű ( The type ) ( Hungarian ; Akadémiai Kiadó , Budapest , 1982 , ISBN 963 05 0327 1 ) , Chapter XVI . External links ( edit ) Revised ( cross-platform ) font stack ( for the web ) hide macOS typefaces Latin , Greek , Cyrillic American Typewriter Andalé Mono Arial Arial Unicode MS Athelas Avenir , Avenir Next Baskerville MT Big Caslon Bodoni 72 Bradley Hand Bold Brush Script MT Chalkboard Chalkduster Cochin Comic Sans Charter Copperplate Courier Courier New Didot DIN Euphemia UCAS Futura Geneva Georgia Gill Sans Helvetica , Helvetica Neue Herculanum Hoefler Text Iowan Old Style Impact Lucida Grande Luminari Marion Marker Felt Menlo Microsoft Sans Serif Monaco Noteworthy Optima Palatino Papyrus Phosphate Pilgiche PT Fonts San Francisco Savoye LET Seravek SignPainter Skia Snell Roundhand STIX Fonts Superclarendon Tahoma Times , Times New Roman Trattatello Trebuchet MS Verdana Zapfino Apple Chancery Apple Braille Non-alphabetic Apple Color Emoji Apple Symbols Symbol Webdings Zapf Dingbats List of typefaces included with macOS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS&oldid=825612917 '' Categories : Apple Inc. typefaces Apple Inc. lists Lists of typefaces MacOS Hidden categories : Dynamic lists Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 11 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20typefaces%20included%20with%20macOS	633
who are the actors in jurassic park fallen kingdom	Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor trainer for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family 's secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum revealed of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar .		Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom	jurassic world : fallen kingdom		2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.135 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs on the island before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.1 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark , the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 18th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , its visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , although many criticized the screenplay and felt the film added nothing new to the franchise , with some suggesting it had run its course . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager , Claire Dearing , has created the dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . Upon finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and , finding Zia , assist her in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin safely get away , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor trainer for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family 's secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum revealed of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and said he would direct the film if asked . Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series . In May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' , saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors , whose names he did not mention . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced that a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they did for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' and confirmed that the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said that the script was being written , and it was announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film , although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project to which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film , and it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before Bayona was hired , he met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said about the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer and spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow stated that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said that the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half in which dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings , while Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but such locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was partially shot in England , Spielberg felt that the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting during the second half , as he and the producers did not want the film to focus too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back , '' while Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel , while retaining final approval on the project . In June 2015 , approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was an idea that existed in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate the idea into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' stating , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' of John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs , which made Trevorrow realize that there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film , as the producers felt it was also important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world , before choosing to remove such details to keep the story focused . For the script 's structure , Trevorrow said he had been inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , stating , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use , as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow stated that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also stated that he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact , while further stating `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea that was supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism regarding the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow stated that for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading all of Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow stated that the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona stated that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' Bayona 's concept of gothic suspense for the film was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films , and he compared the film to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly 's script , and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . Among Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character , '' and Trevorrow said about the character , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film , but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate that she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvisation . Pineda auditioned a total of seven times before receiving the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley , and did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had roles in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' while Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . A majority of filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , Pinewood Studios was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series that is presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 cameras throughout the duration of filming . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona . During filming and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors during certain scenes , as he had done for his previous films . Bayona also played sound effects from previous films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Prior to being filmed , Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving the character of Owen , and many of Pratt 's ideas were added into the film . Speaking about Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. president Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow in which a news ticker states that the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment that was left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a line that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surrounding , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets that he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes , stating , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt stated that the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia , Hawaii , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half of the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes in which Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes in which characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . The specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck driving over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar in which Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . The scene was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England , and Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene in which the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to have genuine fear for the scene . The final portion of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . Bayona wanted this portion of the scene to have the appearance of a single continuous shot ; to achieve this , the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor for the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required 85 crew members . The scene in the tank was primarily shot by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team inquired `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene in which Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had previously been built in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . The film was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene that was removed from the film would reveal the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow , who chose to cut it out for runtime reasons . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created through a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects creative supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke served as visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures , and Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were frequently brought up , and stated , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series , as Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not previously seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the previous films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film only featured one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene in which Howard rode atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona stated that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan stated that animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios to work on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World , and Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic was controlled through joysticks , with the ability to breathe and move its head . The T. rex animatronic was used for a scene in which the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots in the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI , with the middle portion of the scene using a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable dinosaur was operated by two puppeteers as a Indoraptor stand - in on set , while a CGI version of the creature would be added in later . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms , and the creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 feet tall while standing on two legs . The Indoraptor 's black color was chosen as Bayona wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , stating that `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were instead created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors , which were used for a scene with Pratt , while the final , wider shots of the scene used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump , and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs , and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , stated that the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus that is shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team stayed up through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . Cranston advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . Additionally , Cranston advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements , and also worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 , but this was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , prior to the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that ultimately included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who previously created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world , which frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes prior to the film 's release . Universal spent $185 million on partners for a global marketing campaign , more than double the cost of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners which aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The partners were Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion items to promote the film , including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum and featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , which was more than any film trailer that was watched online following its Super Bowl LII television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt in which a large dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners included Mattel , Lego , and Funko , all of which created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . A mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts was released as a tie - in to Mattel 's dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in . It was created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , and features Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . A website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' , the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group , was created by Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins , and was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The international theatrical release began on June 6 , with the film being released in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , in the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and in Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of July 15 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $363.3 million in the United States and Canada and $771.4 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.135 billion , against a production budget in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film all - time to make the milestone , and seventh for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( behind Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end of projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting to $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back - to - back weekends , following the Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 60 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend , and in its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain , and was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million in its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 , respectively ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . It went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing the film 's two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 51 % based on 305 reviews , and an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of the Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring '' . In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael , based on a story by him and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer along with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Production Information '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . May 2018 . pp. 2 -- 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 26 , 28 , 30 -- 34 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JURASSIC WORLD : FALLEN KINGDOM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 26 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Jurassic World Sequel ( 2018 ) '' . AllMovie . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Ready To Leave $135 M+ Footprint Stateside As Global Evolves To $600 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillank ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' -- What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` When Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Actually Takes Place '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Colin Trevorrow clarified that the opening scene takes place only a few weeks , or at most a month , after Jurassic World . Jump up ^ Trevorrow , Colin ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's call it 6 months '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Set for 2018 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Plot Details Emerge ... and They 're Bonkers '' . Collider . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rafe Spall Reveals His Character Name in Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom '' . Jurassic Outpost . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bui , Hoai - Tran ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Website Reveals What Claire Has Been Doing '' . / Film . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Cromwell shares details about ' Jurassic World ' sequel '' . Ora TV . April 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` James Cromwell Joins ' Jurassic World ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Dinosaur trade goes awry in the final trailer for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Is Bringing Back A Favorite Character '' . CinemaBlend.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World ' Star BD Wong Says It 's `` Simplistic '' to Think of His Character as a Villain `` . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` 10 movies you absolutely must see this summer , from ' Avengers ' to young Han Solo '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Maisie ( Isabella Sermon ) wakes up to a nightmarish guest -- a new dinosaur called the Indoraptor -- in the sequel `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' ( June 22 ) . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` We just saw hundreds of new toys coming out this year -- here are the hottest things every kid will want '' . MSN . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Full ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teases a Darker Sequel '' . Collider . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Jacob ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Toss Geraldine Chaplin Into the Maw of a T - Rex '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Joins ' Jurassic World ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Goldblum says his role in Jurassic World 2 is a small one '' . Scified . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Empire Podcast Jeff Goldblum Interview Special '' . Empire . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 director JA Bayona : ' Jeff Goldblum Fallen Kingdom role is a cameo ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World : Colin Trevorrow Talks Building a Foundation for Future Installments '' . Collider.com . Event occurs at 4 : 30 -- 7 : 58 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Phil de Semlyen ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Sequels Planned '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Trevorrow Not Directing the Next Jurassic Park Film '' . ComingSoon.net . May 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pratt is signed on for more Jurassic World movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ty Simpkins Talks Jurassic World , Marvel Movies , & Deadpool '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel could see Apple vs Microsoft - style dinosaur tech race '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : Colin Trevorrow and Frank Marshall Talk Future of the Franchise '' . SlashFilm.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Tom ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Will Jurassic World Be As Good As Jurassic Park ? '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow on where the franchise can go next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Semlyen , Phil ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Empire Spoiler Podcast : Ten Secrets Of Jurassic World '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rundle , Michael ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 may be off - island , with open - source dinos '' . Wired UK . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard on Her Hope for the Jurassic World Sequel '' . IGN . August 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Opening in UK Cinemas Before US '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Star Wants His Character to Die in the Sequel '' . IGN.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Dallas Howard - eTalk Extended Jurassic World Interview '' . YouTube.com . October 20 , 2015 . 7 : 24 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Classic Characters Could Return for Jurassic World 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' World War Z ' Sequel Moves Forward After ' Jurassic World 2 ' Drama ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Brad Pitt ' World War Z ' Sequel Loses Director Juan Antonio Bayona '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J World sequel set for London '' . The Sun . March 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel to film in the UK '' . TheKnowledgeOnline.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Would Jeff Goldblum Ever Return to the ' Jurassic ' Franchise ? Here 's His Answer '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Finds Its Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall on How to Win in Hollywood Today '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 trailer : Director J.A. Bayona reveals huge Fallen Kingdom details - interview '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow Says ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' is ' The Impossible ' Meets ' The Orphanage ' with Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Matt ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` JA Bayona interview : directing Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , Rodrigo ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Colin Trevorrow Talks The ' Book Of Henry ' & Going From Blockbusters To Indie Films Again '' . ThePlaylist.net . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sam Neill Leaves His Comfort Zone in ' Hunt for the Wilderpeople ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 's working title is ' Ancient Futures ' '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cabin , Chris ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Hawaii Production Gets 2017 Start Date '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World 2 to begin production February 2017 ; Returning to Hawaii '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Begins Production in February 2017 '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World Sequel Eyes Wales '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pink , Stuart ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sequel to smash hit Jurassic World movie set to be filmed in Wales '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colin Trevorrow Talks Jurassic World 2 and More ! ( Surprise Guest : J.A. Bayona ! ) '' . Jurassic Outpost . September 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley on Going Back to the Park ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 1 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( September 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Jurassic World Confirmed as a Trilogy '' . Latino Review Online . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Jurassic World Co-Star Who 's Expected Back For Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Giacchino Does Not Require Sleep , Will Score ' Jurassic World 2 ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Happy to confirm that Oscar Faura will be the Cinematographer for the Jurassic World Sequel '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trenholm , Richard ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on Star Wars exit and Jurassic World experiments '' . CNET . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Jurassic World ' used the DNA of a beloved franchise to build a bold new universe '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valentini , Valentina I. ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Is Officially Coming -- More Chris Pratt for Us All ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow On The Future Of Jurassic World '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Which ' Jurassic Park ' Quote Inspired ' Jurassic World ' ? Which One Will Inspire ' Jurassic World 2 ' ? '' . Slashfilm . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - Colin Trevorrow Interview '' . Flickering Myth YouTube channel . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travis , Ben ; De Semlyen , Nick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` 18 Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Secrets from JA Bayona and Colin Trevorrow '' . Empire . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Makers of Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Solve Some of the Film 's Biggest Mysteries '' . io9 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow Explains the ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Ending , Teases Where ' Jurassic World 3 ' Will Go '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World Director Says Sequel Will Be A Better Movie '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Colin Trevorrow answers Fallen Kingdom burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JA Bayona studying Michael Crichton Jurassic Park novels to prepare for Jurassic World Sequel ! '' . JurassicWorld.org. April 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pugh , Chris ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Director J.A. Bayona on Ian Malcolm : `` He 's a Great Character ! '' `` . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom roars into EW 's Summer Movie Preview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mayturn , Matt ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Why Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will be `` more scary than ever '' `` . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Gets The ' Empire Strikes Back ' Comparison Like Every Other Blockbuster Sequel '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Be a Parable For Animal Abuse '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Was Born Out of Several Moral and Ethical Dilemmas '' . io9 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom trailer introduces dinosaur black market '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Singer , Matt ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` How a Jurassic Park IV Script Inspired the Jurassic World Movies '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lamble , Ryan ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 : How a 2004 Script Holds the Future 's Answers '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ian Malcolm 's Jurassic World 2 Dialogue Is Mostly Based On The Original Novel '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom : Jeff Goldblum says fans have Ian Malcolm butt tattoos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Will Continue The Tradition Of Having Kids Run From Dinosaurs '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Holland Learned He Got His ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Role From a Marvel Instagram Post '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Jones and Rafe Spall in Talks to Join Sequel to ' Jurassic World ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Casts ' Get Down ' Star Justice Smith ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Casts ' Get Down ' Star Justice Smith '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' : ' The Detour ' Actress Daniella Pineda Lands Key Role in Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Adds ' Silence of the Lambs ' Actor Ted Levine '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Justice Smith on Terrifying Stunts and More Terrifying Dinosaurs ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 1 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Returns For ' Jurassic World 2 ' ! Life Has Found A Way ! '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 has begun filming -- first pictures of staging area ! '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crick , Andy ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Jurassic Park blockbuster relocated away from Hollywood ... to a business estate in Slough '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Shoots This February in London , New Details Emerge '' . MovieWeb.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bayona , JA ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` UK wrap for Jurassic ! ! So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` How J.A. Bayona Used Music During Filming of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Chris Pratt on Acting With Animatronic Dinos and Movie Legends ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Planning the Ending for ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . Collider. 2 : 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Will ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how those Donald Trump jokes wound up in ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mad hair . Russian owners . Is Jurassic World 2 's meanest dinosaur really Donald Trump ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` How A Nasty Woman Line Ended Up In Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` BD Wong Looks Sharp On The Set Of Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Aftab ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom partly filmed in location near Glasgow '' . Evening Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Andrew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE SPOILER ! Jurassic World 2 plot details LEAKED teasing that the new film will centre around Blue the Velociraptor ... as military vehicles are spotted on set in Scotland '' . DailyMail . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Footage emerges of Jurassic World 2 filming in England '' . Jurassic Outpost. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Stephen ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : See first shots of the woodland set for huge blockbuster being filmed on Hawley Common '' . Get Surrey . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( December 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Sounds Amazing '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cragside stars in new Jurassic World movie '' . Northumberland Gazette . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cragside has starring role in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Are Jeff Goldblum , Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard in Suffolk ? Jurassic World 2 rumoured to be filming at Rock Barracks '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 weekly buzz : New set photos , plot spoilers excite fans '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Back in ' Jurassic World ' and Making a Small Role Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecqque , Jeff ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive concept art for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 6 , 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelista , Chris ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Sequel Bits : ' Hobbs and Shaw ' , ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' , ' Doom ' , ' Rabid ' , ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Bukott birodalom - A pörgőgömb '' . Universal International Pictures . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Unexpected Techniques ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX '' . Thrillist . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Josh ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Take the Plunge with Diving Pro for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Underwater Stunt '' . SyFy Wire . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Talks About Creating That `` One Shot '' Sequence and More `` . / Film . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard reveal filthy details from ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' sets '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Burned Cat Litter To Mimic Lava On Set '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Making waves ! Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard struggle through the surf as they film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom in Hawaii '' . Daily Mail . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Barry ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's trailer reveals film was shot in Hawaii '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits '' . Collider. 2 : 26 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Original Jurassic Park T - Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Louisa ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Gloucestershire vet who had a major role in the upcoming Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom film '' . Gloucestershire Live . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' viral marketing begins with new website '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Video : Meet The Dinosaur Protection Group '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Klayton Fioriti ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) , The Dinosaur Protection Group Interview - Jurassic Park Canon - Meet The Creators ! , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Teaser Unleashes New Footage ; New Trailer Next Week '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roaring dinosaurs return in ' Jurassic World ' sequel '' . Reuters . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' begins its worldwide cinema rollout from June 6 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . External links Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Amber Rock Climb Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape Films directed by J.A. Bayona The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=850389786 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films American films American adventure films American disaster films American science fiction films American sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Dinosaur films Films about animal rights Films about orphans Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by J.A. Bayona Films produced by Frank Marshall Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films set in California Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Argyll and Bute Jurassic Park films Science fiction adventure films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 15 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic%20World%3A%20Fallen%20Kingdom	634
who sang the song chandni o meri chandni	No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Mere Haathon Mein '' Lata Mangeshkar 05 : 34 2 . `` Mehbooba '' Lata Mangeshkar , Vinod Rathod 04 : 53 3 . `` Main Sasural Nahi Jaaungi '' Pamela Chopra 04 : 06 4 . `` Mitwa ( Tere Mere Honton Pe ) '' Lata Mangeshkar , Babla Mehta 04 : 31 5 . `` Aa Meri Jaan '' Lata Mangeshkar 04 : 21 6 . `` Dance Music '' Instrumental 03 : 16 7 . `` Chandni O Meri Chandni '' Sridevi , Jolly Mukherjee 04 : 32 8 . `` Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki '' Suresh Wadkar , Anupama Deshpande 03 : 25 9 . `` Parbat Se Kaali '' Asha Bhosle , Vinod Rathod 04 : 22 10 . `` Tu Mujhe Suna '' Nitin Mukesh , Suresh Wadkar 04 : 30 11 . `` Mere Haathon Mein '' Instrumental 05 : 47	Sridevi\|Jolly Mukherjee	Chandni	chandni	Chandni ( Translation : Moonlight ) is a 1989 Indian romantic musical drama film , directed and produced by Yash Chopra in a screenplay written by Kamna Chandra , Arun Kaul , Sagar Sarhadi and Umesh Kalbagh . The film stars Sridevi in the titular role . Rishi Kapoor , Vinod Khanna and Waheeda Rehman are featured in supporting roles . The film focuses on Chandni , whose fiancé is paralysed in an accident and she 's forced to start afresh . Her boss falls in love with her and she agrees to marry him . She faces a dilemma when her fiancé returns to her life .	The eighties marked a professional setback in Chopra 's career , as several films he directed and produced in that period were critical and commercial failures . After a series of failed action movies , Chopra decided to return to his roots and make a romantic musical , a film with all the hallmarks of what has come to be known as the `` Yash Chopra style '' : heroine - oriented , romantic , emotional , depicting the lifestyle of the super elite , with melodic music used in songs picturised in foreign locations . The film marked the first collaboration between Chopra and Sridevi . Upon release , Chandni received widespread critical acclaim and was a major commercial success , grossing ₹ 80.5 million , becoming the fourth - highest - grossing film of 1989 . The huge success of the film and its soundtrack were instrumental in ending the era of violent action films in Indian Cinema and rejuvenating the romantic musical genre . The success of Chandni consolidated Sridevi 's position as the top female star of the era . Over the years , Chandni is hailed as one of the greatest Indian films of all time and one of Chopra 's finest movies . At the 37th National Film Awards , the film received the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . At the 35th Filmfare Awards , Chandni received 10 nominations including Best Film and winning Best Cinematography . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Reception 5 Awards 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Rohit ( Rishi Kapoor ) meets Chandni ( Sridevi ) at a wedding of a relative and falls instantly in love with her and pursues her relentlessly until she agrees to date him . Eventually , they are engaged to be married soon . His family is against this marriage decision because of the vast difference in their social status , but that does not bother Rohit at all and he does not care . One day , Rohit wants to surprise his beloved with something extra special - he calls Chandni and asks her to wait for him on the terrace of her house . As she 's waiting , the afternoon 's silence is broken by the roaring blades of a helicopter , from which a smiling Rohit appears to shower Chandni with lots of red rose petals from the copter . After five minutes of this delight , he disappears and she is surrounded by silence . When she reaches home downstairs , she has a bad feeling that something ominous has happened . After she reaches inside her home , the phone rings and Chandni picks it up . She is informed by Rohit 's family that Rohit has been hospitalised . She immediately makes her way to the hospital ICU unit where Rohit is admitted in critical condition ! His family , who are all at the hospital , greet her with stony expressions and accuse her of being the cause for Rohit 's falling from the helicopter . Learning that he is paralyzed on his right side , his family continues to berate her . Rohit soon realises that because of his physical disability he would never be able fulfil the role of a good husband . He decides to let Chandni go . Chandni heartbroken that Rohit no longer wants her in his life , moves to Bombay . In Bombay , she starts working for a travel agency headed by Lalit ( Vinod Khanna ) , a handsome and charming widower . He soon falls in love with Chandni and asks her to marry him . After a few years of dating and wooing , she finally agrees to this and meets Lalit 's mother ( Waheeda Rehman ) , who is so delighted to have a super pretty daughter - in - law . Like a twist of fate , Lalit meets Rohit on a business trip in Switzerland where Rohit is receiving treatment from the professional therapists and physicians . Rohit is able to stand now and no longer needs a wheelchair . Lalit and Rohit become fast friends and tell each other their love - stories , sing with the joy of love , not knowing they are singing about the same woman ( they are in love with the same woman ) . Back in India , Rohit shows up one evening to meet his friend Lalit and Chandni opens the door . They are both delighted to see each other with tears in their eyes and to her amazement , he can now stand on both feet without stumbling and also does a little dance . They are both so keyed up with emotion and Rohit seizes this opportunity to propose to her . However , at this time Chandni has to tell him the truth , very much to his dismay , that -- she is committed to someone else called `` Lalit '' . Obviously , Rohit becomes angry at her betrayal , but Chandni asks him what he would have done in her place ... to which he has no reply and so regretfully leaves . As Rohit and Lalit had become good friends in Switzerland , Lalit invites him to his wedding . In all the subsequent ceremonies and meetings / parties , Rohit and Chandni pretend to be strangers to spare Lalit . On the day of the wedding , Rohit drinks a bit too much in order to drive away the pain of the loss of a beloved one , and starts mumbling and then stumbles down a flight of stairs . Chandni immediately upon seeing this behaviour of his , can not contain herself any longer and screams / yearns for him to be saved . She comes so close to him , hugs him and starts crying , at which Lalit realises that she is the woman Rohit was always talking about , but hiding her identity . Fortunately , Rohit is rushed to the hospital and the doctor says the condition is not too serious . Soon after , Rohit regains the pink of health and this time he proposes to Chandni again , to which she agrees after receiving a nod from her fiancé Lalit . Lalit and his mother share a brief sad moment as they watch Chandni and Rohit rekindle and reconcile . Then , they get married and live happily ever after . Cast ( edit ) Sridevi as Chandni Mathur Rishi Kapoor as Rohit Gupta Vinod Khanna as Lalit Khanna Waheeda Rehman as Mrs. Khanna ( Lalit 's mother ) Sushma Seth as Mrs. Gupta ( Rohit 's mother ) Mita Vasisht as Kiran ( Chandni 's friend ) Anant Mahadevan as Brij ( Kiran 's Husband ) Achala Sachdev Beena Banerjee Manohar Singh as Rohit 's father Ram Gopal Bajaj as Shiv Prasad Mathur Lalit Tiwari Suhas Joshi Renu Arya Bharat Bhushan as Doctor Anupam Kher as Ramesh ( Rohit 's Brother - In - Law ) Juhi Chawla as Devika ( cameo ) Music ( edit ) The music of Chandni was composed by Shiv Kumar Sharma and Hariprasad Chaurasia , known together as Shiv - Hari . The lyrics were provided by Anand Bakshi . In addition to the songs listed below , there was a recurring instrumental love melody , not part of a full song . That melody was further developed into the song `` Kabhi Main Kahoon '' for Chopra 's next movie Lamhe , also scored by Shiv - Hari . The film 's soundtrack was a major success in India . It is believed that the soundtrack brought back the musical genre , with its songs and lyrics all being critically acclaimed . According to Yash Raj Films , the soundtrack went four times Platinum on the day of the premiere . By the 25th week , it went 25 times Platinum , a new standard in the music industry . No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Mere Haathon Mein '' Lata Mangeshkar 05 : 34 2 . `` Mehbooba '' Lata Mangeshkar , Vinod Rathod 04 : 53 3 . `` Main Sasural Nahi Jaaungi '' Pamela Chopra 04 : 06 4 . `` Mitwa ( Tere Mere Honton Pe ) '' Lata Mangeshkar , Babla Mehta 04 : 31 5 . `` Aa Meri Jaan '' Lata Mangeshkar 04 : 21 6 . `` Dance Music '' Instrumental 03 : 16 7 . `` Chandni O Meri Chandni '' Sridevi , Jolly Mukherjee 04 : 32 8 . `` Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki '' Suresh Wadkar , Anupama Deshpande 03 : 25 9 . `` Parbat Se Kaali '' Asha Bhosle , Vinod Rathod 04 : 22 10 . `` Tu Mujhe Suna '' Nitin Mukesh , Suresh Wadkar 04 : 30 11 . `` Mere Haathon Mein '' Instrumental 05 : 47 Reception ( edit ) Chandni received highly positive reviews upon its release with critics highlighting the film 's impact in being instrumental in bringing an end to an era of violent action movies in Indian Cinema and rejuvenating the genre of romantic musical . According to iDiva , Chandni was `` more an event and less a movie . Even as its shooting rolled on the sets , the film was a constant subject of discussion in the press . '' Chandni emerged as one of the biggest blockbusters of 1989 with The Hindu stating that `` the film opened to full houses and distributors had to drastically increase the number of theatres . '' ' It was cited by Times of India as `` one of the most watched films of Indian Cinema . '' Hindustan Times featured the movie in its list of ' Yash Chopra 's Greatest Hits ' saying `` it was instrumental in ending the era of violence in Bollywood and bringing back the romance into Hindi films . '' The film consolidated Sridevi 's position as the top female star of the era . Describing Sridevi 's performance in Chandni , Indiatimes wrote `` True to her screen - name , she was an epitome of radiance , warmth and vivacity . She effortlessly introduced us to the powerful streaks , her classic , angelic character was laden with . '' The scene where she confronts Rishi Kapoor was ranked by Rediff as one of the `` Ten Best Scenes from Yash Chopra Films . '' While Sridevi topped the Hindustan Times ' list of Yash Chopra 's `` Top 5 Heroines , '' CNN - IBN ranked her no . 1 on its list of `` Yash Chopra 's 10 Most Sensuous Heroines , '' saying that `` Yash Chopra immortalised Sridevi as the perfect Chandni . '' The titular character became one of the most famous characters of Hindi cinema with India Today including it in its list of ' Yash Chopra 's Iconic Characters ' . CNN - IBN listed it among ' The Cult Characters Yash Chopra Created ' while NDTV featured it in its list of ' Yash Chopra 's Greatest Creations ' stating that the film established Sridevi `` as the nation 's sweetheart '' and `` reinforced her position as the reigning actress in Bollywood . '' Sridevi 's iconic ' Chandni Look ' revolutionized fashion in North India and became synonymous with the actress , with Rediff stating `` A luminous Sridevi slips into every possible design in white for a major chunk of the romance and no one complains . '' Speaking about the look , Yash Chopra told film critic Rajeev Masand `` While making Chandni , I had a vision of who I wanted this girl to be . I told Sridevi that most of her costumes in the film would be in white . '' The Tribune wrote `` Leena Daru scored a winner again when she created the ' Chandni Look ' for Sridevi . Every street corner sold the salwar - kameez and dupatta that gave the heroine a refreshingly understated look , rarely seen on the Indian screen . '' while Mid Day reported `` Leena Daru dressed Bollywood 's beauties for several years . But it was her simple white churidar and kurta with the leheriya dupatta for Sridevi in the film Chandni that gave the Southern belle an angelic image and caused the Chandni Chowk stores to hit the jackpot with thousands of copies . '' BizAsia described the effect of the look saying `` Chopra never quite got over his Sridevi hangover and almost always chose to present his lead heroines in similar outfits ( Juhi Chawla in Darr ( 1993 ) , Madhuri Dixit in Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) ) , but none of them became half as iconic as Sridevi did after Chandni . '' The ' Chandni Look ' was also highlighted in the film 's famous Tandav dance sequence by Sridevi , where Rediff said `` the actress transformed into a mythical goddess in a white number . '' Sridevi 's chiffons became equally popular with Indian Express writing `` This movie made the chiffon sari a must - have in every Indian woman 's wardrobe . '' The music of Chandni became a multi-Platinum success with Sridevi 's famous dance number `` Mere Hathon Mein Nau Nau Choodiyan Hain '' finding a place in the Rediff chart of ' Bollywood 's Top 25 Wedding Songs . ' The actress also lent her voice to the film 's popular title - track ' Chandni O Meri Chandni ' which featured among the ' Top 5 Songs ' of Yash Chopra by Hindustan Times . Talking about her role in Chandni , Sridevi said it was `` a lively and vibrant girl in the first half ( who ) becomes quiet and goes into a shell in the second half . I loved that transformation and when you have a director like Yash Chopra at the helm , you can be sure that he will make the best out of everything . '' Awards ( edit ) 37th National Film Awards Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment - Yash Chopra & T. Subbarami Reddy 35th Filmfare Awards Wins Best Cinematography - Manmohan Singh Nominations Best Film - Yash Chopra & T. Subbarami Reddy Best Director - Yash Chopra Best Actress - Sridevi Best Actor - Rishi Kapoor Best Supporting Actor - Vinod Khanna Best Supporting Actress - Waheeda Rehman Best Music - Shiv - Hari Best Lyricist - Anand Bakshi - `` Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki '' Best Male Singer - Suresh Wadkar - `` Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yahoo . `` Best of Yash Chopra '' . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` The Very Best of Yash Chopra '' . Jump up ^ TOI . `` Top 10 Yash Chopra Films '' . ^ Jump up to : iDiva . `` Sridevi - The Dancing Queen '' . Jump up ^ Boxofficeindia.co.in . `` Worth Their Weight In Gold ! ( 80s ) '' . Jump up ^ The Hindu . `` Yash , he can ! '' . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ Times of India ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Yash Chopra Films '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Hindustan Times . `` Yash Chopra 's greatest hits '' . Jump up ^ Indiatimes . `` Most Iconic Names in Yash Chopra Films ! '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` The Ten Best Film Scenes from Yash Chopra '' . ^ Jump up to : Hindustan Times . `` Top 50 : Glorious moments from Yash Chopra 's oeuvre '' . Jump up ^ CNN - IBN . `` Yash Chopra 's 10 Most Sensuous Heroines '' . Jump up ^ India Today . `` Yash Chopra 's iconic characters '' . Jump up ^ CNN - IBN . `` The cult characters Yash Chopra created '' . Jump up ^ NDTV . `` Vijay , Chandni : Yash Chopra 's greatest creations '' . Jump up ^ Mid Day . `` C for Chopra , C for chiffon '' . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` Yash Chopra 's visions in white '' . Jump up ^ RajeevMasand.com . `` Yash Chopra : `` I see movies today , and I realize that love has changed '' `` . Jump up ^ The Tribune . `` Sunday Reading '' . Jump up ^ Mid Day . `` Tinseltown Trendsetters '' . Jump up ^ bizAsia . `` Yash Chopra classic flashback : ' Chandni ' ( 1989 ) '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` Your Favourite Sridevi Avatar Onscreen ? '' . Jump up ^ Indian Express . `` Yash Chopra : Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Rediff . `` Bollywood 's Top 25 Wedding Songs '' . Jump up ^ BusinessofCinema . `` Anybody Can Sing ! '' . Jump up ^ Magnamags.com . `` I Felt Yashji Was Immortal : SRIDEVI '' . Jump up ^ National - film - awards - 1990 Jump up ^ Filmfareawards Archived 8 July 2012 at Archive.is External links ( edit ) Chandni on IMDb National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment 1974 -- 1980 Kora Kagaz ( 1974 ) Tapasya ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Swami ( 1977 ) Ganadevata ( 1978 ) Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) -- ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 -- ( 1981 ) -- ( 1982 ) -- ( 1983 ) Kony ( 1984 ) -- ( 1985 ) Samsaram Adhu Minsaram ( 1986 ) Pushpaka Vimana ( 1987 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Chandni and Geethanjali ( 1989 ) Ghayal ( 1990 ) -- ( 1991 ) Sargam ( 1992 ) Darr and Manichitrathazhu ( 1993 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Maachis ( 1996 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) Vaanathaippola ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( Once Upon a Time in India ) ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2003 ) Autograph and Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Oye Lucky ! Lucky Oye ! ( 2008 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Dabangg ( 2010 ) Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai ( 2011 ) Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2013 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) Sathamanam Bhavati ( 2016 ) Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion ( 2017 ) Yash Raj Films About Head Office Y - Films Yash Chopra Daag : A Poem of Love ( 1973 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1976 ) Kaala Patthar ( 1979 ) Silsila ( 1981 ) Mashaal ( 1984 ) Faasle ( 1985 ) Vijay ( 1988 ) Chandni ( 1989 ) Lamhe ( 1991 ) Darr ( 1993 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) Aditya Chopra Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) Befikre ( 2016 ) Kunal Kohli Mujhse Dosti Karoge ( 2002 ) Hum Tum ( 2004 ) Fanaa ( 2006 ) Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic ( 2008 ) Shaad Ali Saathiya ( 2002 ) Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) Jhoom Barabar Jhoom ( 2007 ) Kill Dil ( 2014 ) Siddharth Anand Salaam Namaste ( 2005 ) Ta Ra Rum Pum ( 2007 ) Bachna Ae Haseeno ( 2008 ) Sanjay Gadhvi Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai ( 2002 ) Dhoom ( 2004 ) Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) Shimit Amin Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) Jugal Hansraj Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Pyaar Impossible ! ( 2010 ) Kabir Khan Kabul Express ( 2006 ) New York ( 2009 ) Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Pradeep Sarkar Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Lafangey Parindey ( 2010 ) Mardaani ( 2014 ) Maneesh Sharma Band Baaja Baaraat ( 2010 ) Ladies vs Ricky Bahl ( 2011 ) Shuddh Desi Romance ( 2013 ) Fan ( 2016 ) Vijay Krishna Acharya Tashan ( 2008 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) Thugs of Hindostan ( 2018 ) Ramesh Talwar Doosra Aadmi ( 1977 ) Sawaal ( 1982 ) Ali Abbas Zafar Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) Gunday ( 2014 ) Sultan ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Habib Faisal Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Daawat - e-Ishq ( 2014 ) Qaidi Band ( 2017 ) Dibakar Banerjee Detective Byomkesh Bakshy ! ( 2015 ) Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar ( 2018 ) Sharat Katariya Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Sui Dhaaga ( 2018 ) Other Noorie ( 1979 ) Nakhuda ( 1981 ) Aaina ( 1993 ) Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) Neal ' n ' Nikki ( 2005 ) Aaja Nachle ( 2007 ) Dil Bole Hadippa ! ( 2009 ) Badmaash Company ( 2010 ) Aurangzeb ( 2013 ) Aaha Kalyanam ( 2014 ) Bewakoofiyaan ( 2014 ) Titli ( 2014 ) Meri Pyaari Bindu ( 2017 ) Hichki ( 2018 ) List of films released by Yash Raj Films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandni&oldid=843445426 '' Categories : 1989 films 1980s Hindi - language films Indian films Films directed by Yash Chopra Films scored by Shiv - Hari Yash Raj Films films Indian romance films Indian musical films Films set in Mumbai Films set in Delhi Films shot in Mumbai Films shot in Delhi Hindi - language films dubbed in Telugu Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Italiano मराठी नेपाल भाषा Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 06 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni	635
what made world war one a total war			Home front during World war I	home front during world war i	The home front during World War I covers the domestic , economic , social and political histories of countries involved in that conflict . It covers the mobilization of armed forces and war supplies , but does not include the military history . For the nonmilitary interactions among the major players see Diplomatic history of World War I .	About 10 million combatants and seven million civilians died during the entire war , including many weakened by years of malnutrition ; they fell in the worldwide Spanish Flu pandemic , which struck late in 1918 , just as the war was ending . The Allies had much more potential wealth that they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 US dollars ) , is that the Allies spent $147 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $61 billion . Among the Allies , Britain and its Empire spent $47 billion and the US $27 billion ; among the Central Powers , Germany spent $45 billion . Total war demanded total mobilization of all the nation 's resources for a common goal . Manpower had to be channeled into the front lines ( all the powers except the United States and Britain had large trained reserves designed for just that ) . Behind the lines labor power had to be redirected away from less necessary activities that were luxuries during a total war . In particular , vast munitions industries had to be built up to provide shells , guns , warships , uniforms , airplanes , and a hundred other weapons , both old and new . Agriculture had to be mobilized as well , to provide food for both civilians and for soldiers ( many of whom had been farmers and needed to be replaced by old men , boys and women ) and for horses to move supplies . Transportation in general was a challenge , especially when Britain and Germany each tried to intercept merchant ships headed for the enemy . Finance was a special challenge . Germany financed the Central Powers . Britain financed the Allies until 1916 , when it ran out of money and had to borrow from the United States . The US took over the financing of the Allies in 1917 with loans that it insisted be repaid after the war . The victorious Allies looked to defeated Germany in 1919 to pay `` reparations '' that would cover some of their costs . Above all , it was essential to conduct the mobilization in such a way that the short term confidence of the people was maintained , the long - term power of the political establishment was upheld , and the long - term economic health of the nation was preserved . For more details on economics see Economic history of World War I . World War I had a profound impact on woman suffrage across the belligerents . Women played a major role on the homefronts and many countries recognized their sacrifices with the vote during or shortly after the war , including the United States , Britain , Canada ( except Quebec ) , Denmark , Austria , the Netherlands , Germany , Russia , Sweden and Ireland . France almost did so but stopped short . Contents ( hide ) 1 Financial costs 2 Britain 2.1 Scotland 2.2 Politics 2.3 Women 3 British Empire 3.1 Canada 3.2 Australia 3.2. 1 Internment of German aliens 3.2. 2 Economy 3.3 New Zealand 3.4 South Africa 3.5 India 4 Belgium 4.1 Belgian Congo 5 France 6 Russia 7 Italy 8 United States 9 Germany 9.1 Political revolution 10 Austria - Hungary 11 Ottoman Empire 12 Balkans 12.1 Serbia 12.2 Bulgaria 12.3 Greece 13 Asia 13.1 China 13.2 Japan 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Economics 16.2 Britain 16.2. 1 Year books 16.2. 2 Historiography 16.2. 3 Dominions , India 16.3 France 16.4 Russia 16.5 U.S. 16.6 Other Allies 16.7 Central Powers 16.8 Historiography 17 Primary sources and year books 18 External links Financial costs ( edit ) The total direct cost of war , for all participants including those not listed here , was about $80 billion ( in 1913 US dollars ) Since $1 billion in 1913 = about $25 billion in 2017 US dollars the total cost comes to about $2 trillion in 2017 dollars . Direct cost is figured as actual expenditures during war minus normal prewar spending . It excludes postwar costs such as pensions , interest , and veteran hospitals . Loans to / from allies are not included in `` direct cost '' . Repayment of loans after 1918 is not included . The total direct cost of the war as a percent of wartime national income : Allies : Britain , 37 % ; France , 26 % ; Italy , 19 % ; Russia , 24 % ; United States , 16 % . Central Powers : Austria - Hungary , 24 % ; Germany , 32 % ; Turkey unknown . The amounts listed below are presented in terms of 1913 US dollars , where $1 billion then equals about $25 billion in 2017 . Britain had a direct war cost about $21.2 billion ; it made loans to Allies and Dominions of $4.886 billion , and received loans from the United States of $2.909 billion . France had a direct war cost about $10.1 billion ; it made loans to Allies of $1.104 billion , and received loans from Allies ( United States and Britain ) of $2.909 billion . Italy had a direct war cost about $4.5 billion ; it received loans from Allies ( United States and Britain ) of $1.278 billion . The United States had a direct war cost about $12.3 billion ; it made loans to Allies of $5.041 billion . Russia had a direct war cost about $7.7 billion ; it received loans from Allies ( United States and Britain ) of $2.289 billion . The two governments agreed that financially Britain would support the weaker Allies and that France would take care of itself . In August 1914 , Henry Pomeroy Davison , a Morgan partner , traveled to London and made a deal with the Bank of England to make J.P. Morgan & Co. the sole underwriter of war bonds for Great Britain and France . The Bank of England became a fiscal agent of J.P. Morgan & Co. , and vice versa . Over the course of the war , J.P. Morgan loaned about $1.5 billion ( approximately $21 billion in today 's dollars ) to the Allies to fight against the Germans . Morgan also invested in the suppliers of war equipment to Britain and France , thus profiting from the financing and purchasing activities of the two European governments . Britain made heavy loans to Tsarist Russia ; the Lenin government after 1920 refused to honor them , causing long - term issues . Britain ( edit ) Main article : History of the United Kingdom during World War I See also : Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War I At the outbreak of war , patriotic feelings spread throughout over the whole country , and many of the class barriers of Edwardian era faded during the years of combat . However , the Catholics in southern Ireland moved overnight to demands for complete immediate independence after the failed Easter Rebellion of 1916 . Northern Ireland remained loyal to the crown . In 1914 Britain had by far the largest and most efficient financial system in the world . Roger Lloyd - Jones and M.J. Lewis argue : To prosecute industrial war required the mobilisation of economic resources for the mass production of weapons and munitions , which necessarily entitled fundamental changes in the relationship between the state ( the procurer ) , business ( the provider ) , labour ( the key productive input ) , and the military ( the consumer ) . In this context , the industrial battlefields of France and Flanders intertwined with the home front that produced the materials to sustain a war over four long and bloody years . Economic sacrifices were made , however , in the name of defeating the enemy . In 1915 Liberal politician David Lloyd George took charge of the newly created Ministry of Munitions . He dramatically increased the output of artillery shells -- the main weapon actually used in battle . In 1916 he became secretary for war . Prime Minister H.H. Asquith was a disappointment ; he formed a coalition government in 1915 but it was also ineffective . Asquith was replaced by Lloyd George in late 1916 . He had a strong hand in the managing of every affair , making many decisions himself . Historians credit Lloyd George with providing the driving energy and organisation that won the War . Although German were using Zeppelins to bomb the cities , morale remained relatively high due in part to the propaganda churned out by the national newspapers . With a severe shortage of skilled workers , industry redesigned work so that it could be done by unskilled men and women ( termed the `` dilution of labour '' ) so that war - related industries grew rapidly . Lloyd George cut a deal with the trades unions -- they approved the dilution ( since it would be temporary ) and threw their organizations into the war effort . Historian Arthur Marwick saw a radical transformation of British society , a deluge that swept away many old attitudes and brought in a more equalitarian society . He also saw the famous literary pessimism of the 1920s as misplaced , for there were major positive long - term consequences of the war . He pointed to new job opportunities and self - consciousness among workers that quickly built up the Labour Party , to the coming of partial woman suffrage , and to an acceleration of social reform and state control of the British economy . He found a decline of deference toward the aristocracy and established authority in general , and a weakening among youth of traditional restraints on individual moral behavior . Marwick concluded that class differentials softened , national cohesion increased , and British society became more equal . Scotland ( edit ) Scotland played a major role in the British effort in the First World War . It especially provided manpower , ships , machinery , food ( particularly fish ) and money , engaging with the conflict with some enthusiasm . With a population of 4.8 million in 1911 , Scotland sent 690,000 men to the war , of whom 74,000 died in combat or from disease , and 150,000 were seriously wounded . Scottish urban centres , with their poverty and unemployment were favourite recruiting grounds of the regular British army , and Dundee , where the female dominated jute industry limited male employment had one of the highest proportion of reservists and serving soldiers than almost any other British city . Concern for their families ' standard of living made men hesitate to enlist ; voluntary enlistment rates went up after the government guaranteed a weekly stipend for life to the survivors of men who were killed or disabled . After the introduction of conscription from January 1916 every part of the country was affected . Occasionally Scottish troops made up large proportions of the active combatants , and suffered corresponding loses , as at the Battle of Loos , where there were three full Scots divisions and other Scottish units . Thus , although Scots were only 10 per cent of the British population , they made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces and eventually accounted for 20 per cent of the dead . Some areas , like the thinly populated Island of Lewis and Harris suffered some of the highest proportional losses of any part of Britain . Clydeside shipyards and the nearby engineering shops were the major centers of war industry in Scotland . In Glasgow , radical agitation led to industrial and political unrest that continued after the war ended . In Glasgow , the heavy demand for munitions and warships strengthened union power . There emerged a radical movement called `` Red Clydeside '' led by militant trades unionists . Formerly a Liberal Party stronghold , the industrial districts switched to Labour by 1922 , with a base among the Irish Catholic working class districts . Women were especially active solidarity on housing issues . However , the `` Reds '' operated within the Labour Party and had little influence in Parliament ; the mood changed to passive despair by the late 1920s . Politics ( edit ) See also : David Lloyd George David Lloyd George became prime minister in December 1916 and immediately transformed the British war effort , taking firm control of both military and domestic policy . In rapid succession in spring 1918 came a series of military and political crises . The Germans , having moved troops from the Eastern front and retrained them in new tactics , now had more soldiers on the Western Front than the Allies . Germany launched a full scale Spring Offensive ( Operation Michael ) , starting March 21 against the British and French lines , with the hope of victory on the battlefield before the American troops arrived in numbers . The Allied armies fell back 40 miles in confusion , and facing defeat , London realized it needed more troops to fight a mobile war . Lloyd George found a half million soldiers and rushed them to France , asked American President Woodrow Wilson for immediate help , and agreed to the appointment of French General Foch as commander - in - chief on the Western Front so that Allied forces could be coordinated to handle the German offensive . Despite strong warnings it was a bad idea , the War Cabinet decided to impose conscription on Ireland . The main reason was that labour in Britain demanded it as the price for cutting back on exemptions for certain workers . Labour wanted the principle established that no one was exempt , but it did not demand that the draft actually take place in Ireland . The proposal was enacted but never enforced . The Catholic bishops for the first time entered the fray and called for open resistance to a draft . Many Irish Catholics and nationalists moved into the intransigent Sinn Féin movement . This proved a decisive moment , marking the end of Irish willingness to stay inside the UK . When on May 7 , 1918 , a senior army general on active duty , Major - General Sir Frederick Maurice went public with allegations that Lloyd George had lied to Parliament on military matters , a crisis was at hand . The German spring offensive had made unexpected major gains , and a scapegoat was needed . Asquith , the Liberal leader in the House , took up the allegations and attacked Lloyd George ( also a Liberal ) , which further split the Liberal Party . While Asquith 's presentation was poorly done , Lloyd George vigorously defended his position , treating the debate as a vote of confidence . He won over the House with a powerful refutation of Maurice 's allegations . The main results were to strengthen Lloyd George , weaken Asquith , end public criticism of overall strategy , and strengthen civilian control of the military . Meanwhile , the German offensive stalled . By summer the Americans were sending 10,000 fresh men a day to the Western Front , a more rapid response made possible by leaving their equipment behind and using British and French munitions . The German army had used up its last reserves and was steadily shrinking in number and weakening in resolve . Victory came on November 11 , 1918 . Women ( edit ) Prime Minister David Lloyd George was clear about how important the women were : It would have been utterly impossible for us to have waged a successful war had it not been for the skill and ardour , enthusiasm and industry which the women of this country have thrown into the war . The militant suffragette movement was suspended during the war , and at the time people credited the new patriotic roles women played as earning them the vote in 1918 . However , British historians no longer emphasize the granting of woman suffrage as a reward for women 's participation in war work . Pugh ( 1974 ) argues that enfranchising soldiers primarily and women secondarily was decided by senior politicians in 1916 . In the absence of major women 's groups demanding for equal suffrage , the government 's conference recommended limited , age - restricted women 's suffrage . The suffragettes had been weakened , Pugh argues , by repeated failures before 1914 and by the disorganizing effects of war mobilization ; therefore they quietly accepted these restrictions , which were approved in 1918 by a majority of the War Ministry and each political party in Parliament . More generally , Searle ( 2004 ) argues that the British debate was essentially over by the 1890s , and that granting the suffrage in 1918 was mostly a byproduct of giving the vote to male soldiers . Women in Britain finally achieved suffrage on the same terms as men in 1928 . British Empire ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Yiddish ( top ) and English versions of World War I recruitment posters directed at Canadian Jews . A Canadian recruiting poster featuring names of French battlefields ( but an English text ) Main article : Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years § World War I The 620,000 men in service were most notable for combat in the trenches of the Western Front ; there were 67,000 war dead and 173,000 wounded . This total does not include the 2,000 deaths and 9,000 injuries in December 1917 when a munitions ship exploded in Halifax . Volunteering provided enough soldiers at first , but high casualties soon required conscription , which was strongly opposed by Francophones . The Conscription Crisis of 1917 saw the Liberal Party ripped apart , to the advantage of the Conservatives Prime Minister Robert Borden , who led a Unionist coalition to a landslide victory in 1917 . Distrusting the loyalties of Canadians of German ethnicity and , especially , recent immigrants from the Ukraine ( who were citizens of the Austro - Hungarian Empire ) , the government interned thousands of aliens . The war validated Canada 's new world role , in an almost - equal partnership with Britain in the Commonwealth of Nations . Arguing that Canada had become a true nation on the battlefields of Europe , Borden demanded and received a separate seat for Canada at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 . Canada 's military and civilian participation in the First World War strengthened a sense of British - Canadian nationhood among the Anglophones ( English speakers ) . The Francophones ( French speakers ) supported the war at first , but pulled back and stood aloof after 1915 because of language disputes at home . Heroic memories centered around the `` Canada 's Hundred Days '' battles of 1917 , especially the Battle of Vimy Ridge where 3,600 died . Australia ( edit ) An Australian Kookaburra active service postcard Billy Hughes , prime minister from October 1915 , expanded the government 's role in the economy , while dealing with intense debates over the issue of conscription . From a population of five million , 417,000 men enlisted ; 330,000 went overseas to fight during the First World War . They were all volunteers , since the political battle for compulsory conscription failed . Some 58,000 died and 156,000 were wounded . Fisher argues that the government aggressively promoted economic , industrial , and social modernization in the war years . However , he says it came through exclusion and repression . He says the war turned a peaceful nation into `` one that was violent , aggressive , angst - and conflict - ridden , torn apart by invisible front lines of sectarian division , ethnic conflict and socio - economic and political upheaval . '' The nation was fearful of enemy aliens -- especially Germans , regardless of how closely they identified with Australia . The government interred 2,900 German - born men ( 40 % of the total ) and deported 700 of them after the war . Irish nationalists and labor radicals were under suspicion as well . Racist hostility was high toward nonwhites , including Pacific Islanders , Chinese and Aborigines . The result , Fischer says , was a strengthening of conformity to imperial / British loyalties and an explicit preference for immigrants from the British Isles . The major military event involved sending 40,000 ANZAC ( Australia and New Zealand ) soldiers in 1915 to seize the Gallipoli peninsula near Constantinople to open an Allied route to Russia and weaken the Ottoman Empire . The campaign was a total failure militarily and 8,100 Australians died . However the memory was all - important , for it transformed the Australian mind and became an iconic element of the Australian identity and the founding moment of nationhood . Internment of German aliens ( edit ) The War Precautions Act 1914 of 1914 provided the Commonwealth government with wide - ranging powers for a period of up to six months after the duration of the war . It covered : the prevention of trade with hostile nations , issuing loans to pay for the war effort , the introduction of a national taxation scheme , the fixing of the prices of certain goods , the internment of people considered a danger to Australia , the compulsory purchase of strategic goods , and the censorship of the media . At the outbreak of the war there were about 35,000 people who had been born in either Germany or Austria - Hungary living in Australia . They had weak ties with Germany ( and almost none to Austria ) and many had enlisted in the Australian war effort . Nevertheless , fears ran high and internment camps were set up where those suspected of unpatriotic acts were sent . In total 4,500 people were interned under the provisions of the War Precautions Act , of which 700 were naturalised Australians and 70 Australian born . Following the end of the war , 6,150 were deported . Economy ( edit ) The Australian Honour Flag , awarded to subscribers of the Australian Government 's 7th War Loan in 1918 In 1914 the Australian economy was small but very nearly the most propserous in the world per capita ; it depended on the export of wool and mutton . London provided assurances that it would underwrite a large amount of the war risk insurance for shipping in order to allow trade amongst the Commonwealth nations to continue . London imposed controls so that no exports would wind up in German hands . The British government protected prices by buying Australian products , even though the shortage of shipping meant that there was no chance that they would ever receive them . On the whole , Australian commerce was expanded due to the war , although the cost of the war was quite considerable and the Australian government had to borrow considerably from overseas to fund the war effort . In terms of value , Australian exports rose almost 45 per cent , while the number of Australians employed in manufacturing industries increased over 11 per cent . Iron mining and steel manufacture grew enormously . Inflation became a factor as the prices of consumer goods went up , while the cost of exports was deliberately kept lower than market value in an effort to prevent further inflationary pressures worldwide . As a result , the cost of living for many average Australians was increased . The trade union movement , already powerful , grew rapidly , although the movement was split on the political question of conscription . It expelled the politicians , such as Hughes , who favoured conscription ( which was never passed into law ) . The government sought to stabilize wages , much to the anger of unionists . the average weekly wage during the war was increased by between 8 and 12 per cent , it was not enough to keep up with inflation . Angry workers launched a wave of strikes against both the wage freeze and the conscription proposal . Nevertheless , the result was very disruptive and it has been estimated that between 1914 and 1918 there were 1,945 industrial disputes , resulting in 8,533,061 working days being lost and a £ 4,785,607 deficit in wages . Overall , the war had a significantly negative impact on the Australia economy . Real aggregate Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) declined by 9.5 percent over the period 1914 to 1920 , while the mobilization of personnel resulted in a six percent decline in civilian employment . Meanwhile , although population growth continued during the war years , it was only half that of the prewar rate . Per capita incomes also declined sharply , failing by 16 percent . New Zealand ( edit ) The country remained an enthusiastic supporter of the Empire , enlisting 124,211 men and sending 100,444 to fight in World War I ( see New Zealand Expeditionary Force ) . Over 18,000 died in service . Conscription was introduced in mid 1916 and by the end of the war near 1 in four members of the NZEF was a conscript . As in Australia , involvement in the Gallipoli campaign became an iconic touchstone in New Zealand memory of the war and was commonly connected to imaginings of collective identity . The war divided the labour movement with numerous elements taking up roles in the war effort while others alleged the war was an imperial venture against the interests of the working class . Labour MPs frequently acted as critics of government policy during the war and opposition to conscription saw the modern Labour Party formed in 1916 . Maori tribes that had been close to the government sent their young men to volunteer . The mobilisation of women for war work / service was relatively slight compared to more industrialised countries . Though some 640 women served as nurses with 500 going overseas . New Zealand forces captured Western Samoa from Germany in the early stages of the war , and New Zealand administered the country until Samoan Independence in 1962 . However many Samoans greatly resented the administration , and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on New Zealand rule . South Africa ( edit ) South Africa had a military role in the war , fighting the Germans in East Africa and on the Western Front . Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines . The British elements strongly supported the war and comprised the great majority of the 146,000 white soldiers . Nasson says , `` for many enthusiastic English - speaking Union recruits , going to war was anticipated as an exciting adventure , egged on by the itch of making a manly mark upon a heroic cause . '' Likewise the Indian element ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) , generally supported the war effort . Afrikaners were split , with some like Prime Minister Louis Botha and General Jan Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort . Their pro-British position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who favoured Germany and who launched the Maritz Rebellion , a small - scale open revolt against the government . The trade union movement was divided . Many urban blacks supported the war , expecting it would raise their status in society . Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights . The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France , also hoping to better their lot after the war . Those blacks and Coloureds who supported the war were embittered when the postwar era saw no easing of white domination and restrictive conditions . India ( edit ) The British controlled India ( including modern Pakistan and Bangladesh ) either directly through the British Raj or indirectly through local princes . The colonial government of India supported the war enthusiastically , and enlarged the British Indian army by a factor of 500 % to 1.4 million men . It sent 550,000 overseas , with 200,000 going as labourers to the Western Front and the rest to the Middle East theatre . Only a few hundred were allowed to become officers , but there were some 100,000 casualties . The main fighting of the latter group was in Iraq , where large numbers were killed and captured in the initial stages of the Mesopotamian campaign , most infamously during the Siege of Kut . The Indian contingent was entirely funded by the Indian taxpayers ( who had no vote and no voice in the matter ) . Although Germany and the Ottoman Empire tried to incite anti-British subversion with the help of Indian freedom fighters , such as Rash Bihari Bose or Bagha Jatin , they had virtually no success , apart from a localized 1915 Singapore Mutiny , which was a part of the Gadar conspiracy . The small Indian industrial base expanded dramatically to provide most of the supplies and munitions for the Middle East theatre . Indian nationalists became well organized for the first time during the war , and were stunned when they received little in the way of self - government in the aftermath of victory . In 1918 , India experienced an influenza epidemic and severe food shortages . Belgium ( edit ) Main articles : Belgium in World War I and Rape of Belgium Nearly all of Belgium was occupied by the Germans , but the government and army escaped and fought the war on a narrow slice of the Western Front . The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 - 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a refugee wave of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the US , while Berlin said it was legal and necessary because of the threat of `` franc - tireurs '' ( guerrillas ) like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the US , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany . The Germans left Belgium stripped and barren . They shipped machinery to Germany while destroying factories . After the atrocities of the first few weeks , German civil servants took control and were generally correct , albeit strict and severe . There was no violent resistance movement , but there was a large - scale spontaneous passive resistance of a refusal to work for the benefit of German victory . Belgium was heavily industrialized ; while farms operated and small shops stayed open , most large establishments shut down or drastically reduced their output . The faculty closed the universities ; publishers shut down most newspapers . Most Belgians `` turned the four war years into a long and extremely dull vacation , says Kiossmann . Neutrals led by the United States set up the Commission for Relief in Belgium , headed by American engineer Herbert Hoover . It shipped in large quantities of food and medical supplies , which it tried to reserve for civilians and keep out of the hands of the Germans . Many businesses collaborated with the Germans , and some women cohabitated with them . They were treated roughly in a wave of popular violence in November and December 1918 . The government set up judicial proceedings to punish the collaborators . In 1919 the king organized a new ministry and introduced universal male suffrage . The Socialists -- mostly poor workers -- benefited more than the more middle class Catholics and Liberals . Belgian congo ( edit ) Rubber had long been the main export ; production levels held up but its importance fell from 77 % of exports ( by value ) to only 15 % . New resources were opened , especially copper mining in Katanga province . The British - owned Union Miniere company dominated the copper industry ; it used a direct rail line to the sea at Beira . The war caused a heavy demand for copper , production soared from 997 tons in 1911 to 27,000 tons in 1917 , then fell off to 19,000 tons in 1920 . Smelters operated at Lubumbashi ; before the war copper was sold to Germany ; the British purchased all the wartime output , with the revenues going to the Belgian government in exile . Diamond and gold mining expanded during the war . The British firm of Lever Bros. greatly expanded the palm oil business during the war , and there was an increased output of cocoa , rice and cotton . New rail and steamship lines opened to handle the expanded export traffic . France ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War I and French Third Republic § First World War Many French intellectuals welcomed the war to avenge the humiliation of defeat and loss of territory to Germany following the Franco - Prussian War of 1871 . Only one major figure , novelist Romain Rolland retained his pacifist internationalist values ; he went to Switzerland . After Socialist leader Jean Jaurès , a pacifist , was assassinated at the start of the war , the French socialist movement abandoned its antimilitarist positions and joined the national war effort . Prime Minister Rene Viviani called for unity -- for a `` Union sacrée '' ( `` Sacred Union '' ) ; France had few dissenters . However , war - weariness was a major factor by 1917 , even reaching the army , as soldiers were reluctant to attack -- many threatened to mutiny -- saying it was best to wait for the arrival of millions of Americans . The soldiers were protesting not just the futility of frontal assaults in the face of German machine guns but also degraded conditions at the front lines and at home , especially infrequent leaves , poor food , the use of African and Asian colonials on the home front , and concerns about the welfare of their wives and children . The economy was hurt by the German invasion of major industrial areas in the northeast . While the occupied area in 1913 contained only 14 % of France 's industrial workers , it produced 58 % of the steel , and 40 % of the coal . Considerable relief came with the influx of American food , money and raw materials in 1917 . The arrival of over a million American soldiers in 1918 brought heavy spending on food and construction materials . Labor shortages were in part alleviated by the use of volunteer workers from the colonies . The war damages amounted to about 113 % of the GDP of 1913 , chiefly the destruction of productive capital and housing . The national debt rose from 66 % of GDP in 1913 to 170 % in 1919 , reflecting the heavy use of bond issues to pay for the war . Inflation was severe , with the franc losing over half its value against the British pound . The World War ended a golden era for the press . Their younger staff members were drafted and male replacements could not be found ( women were not considered ) . Rail transportation was rationed and less paper and ink came in , and fewer copies could be shipped out . Inflation raised the price of newsprint , which was always in short supply . The cover price went up , circulation fell and many of the 242 dailies published outside Paris closed down . The government set up the Interministerial Press Commission to closely supervise newspapers . A separate agency imposed tight censorship that led to blank spaces where news reports or editorials were disallowed . The dailies sometimes were limited to only two pages instead of the usual four , leading one satirical paper to try to report the war news in the same spirit : War News . A half - zeppelin threw half its bombs on half - time combatants , resulting in one - quarter damaged . The zeppelin , halfways - attacked by a portion of half - anti aircraft guns , was half destroyed . '' Georges Clemenceau became prime minister in November 1917 , a time of defeatism and acrimony . Italy was on the defensive , Russia had surrendered . Civilians were angry , as rations fell short and the threat of German air raids grew . Clemenceau realized his first priority was to restore civilian morale . He arrested Joseph Caillaux , a former French prime minister , for openly advocating peace negotiations . He won all - party support to fight to victory calling for `` la guerre jusqu'au bout '' ( war until the end ) . Russia ( edit ) Main articles : History of Russia ( 1892 -- 1917 ) and Russian Revolution Tsarist Russia was being torn apart in 1914 and was not prepared to fight a modern war . The industrial sector was small , finances were poor , the rural areas could barely feed themselves . Repeated military failures and bureaucratic ineptitude soon turned large segments of the population against the government . Control of the Baltic Sea by the German fleet , and of the Black Sea by combined German and Ottoman forces prevented Russia from importing supplies or exporting goods . By the middle of 1915 the impact of the war was demoralizing . Food and fuel supplies grew scarce , war casualties kept climbing and inflation was mounting . Strikes increased among low - paid factory workers , and the peasants , who wanted land reforms , were restless . Meanwhile , elite distrust of the incompetent decision making at the highest levels was deepened when a semiliterate mystic , Grigory Rasputin , gained enormous influence over the Tsar and his wife until he was assassinated . Major strikes broke out early in 1917 and the army sided with the strikers in the February Revolution . The tsar abdicated . The liberal reformer Alexander Kerensky came to power in July , but in the October Revolution Lenin and the Bolsheviks took control . In early 1918 they signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that made Germany dominant in Eastern Europe , while Russia plunged into years of civil war . While the central bureaucracy was overwhelmed and under - led , Fallows shows that localities sprang into action motivated by patriotism , pragmatism , economic self - interest , and partisan politics . Food distribution was the main role of the largest network , called the `` Union of Zemstvos . '' It also set up hospitals and refugee stations . Italy ( edit ) See also : History of Italy § First World War , and Italy in World War I Italy decided not to honor its Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria , and remained neutral . Public opinion in Italy was sharply divided , with Catholics and socialists calling for peace . However nationalists saw their opportunity to gain their `` irredenta '' -- that is , the border regions that were controlled by Austria . The nationalists won out , and in April 1915 , the Italian government secretly agreed to the London Pact in which Britain and France promised that if Italy would declare war on Austria , it would receive its territorial rewards . The Italian army of 875,000 men was poorly led and lacked heavy artillery and machine guns . The industrial base was too small to provide adequate amounts of modern equipment , and the old - fashioned rural base did not produce much of a food surplus . The war stalemated with a dozen indecisive battles on a very narrow front along the Isonzo River , where the Austrians held the high ground . In 1916 , Italy declared war on Germany , which provided significant aid to the Austrians . Some 650,000 Italian soldiers died and 950,000 were wounded , while the economy required large - scale Allied funding to survive . Before the war the government had ignored labor issues , but now it had to intervene to mobilize war production . With the main working - class Socialist party reluctant to support the war effort , strikes were frequent and cooperation was minimal , especially in the Socialist strongholds of Piedmont and Lombardy . The government imposed high wage scales , as well as collective bargaining and insurance schemes . Many large firms expanded dramatically . For example , the workforce at the Ansaldo munitions company grew from 6,000 to 110,000 workers as it manufactured 10,900 artillery pieces , 3,800 warplanes , 95 warships and 10 million artillery shells . At Fiat the workforce grew from 4,000 to 40,000 . Inflation doubled the cost of living . Industrial wages kept pace but not wages for farm workers . Discontent was high in rural areas since so many men were taken for service , industrial jobs were unavailable , wages grew slowly and inflation was just as bad . Italy blocked serious peace negotiations , staying in the war primarily to gain new territory . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded the victorious Italian nation the Southern half of the County of Tyrol , Trieste , Istria , and the city of Zadar . Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Pact of London , so this victory was considered `` mutilated '' . In 1922 Italy formally annexed the Dodecanese ( Possedimenti Italiani dell'Egeo ) , that she had occupied during the previous war with Turkey . United States ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War I President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships would mean war . Wilson 's mediation efforts failed ; likewise , the peace efforts sponsored by industrialist Henry Ford went nowhere . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off Britain ; the US declared war in April 1917 . America had the largest industrial , financial and agricultural base of any of the great powers , but it took 12 -- 18 months to fully reorient it to the war effort . American money , food and munitions flowed freely to Europe from spring 1917 , but troops arrived slowly . The US Army in 1917 was small and poorly equipped . Navy poster by Howard Chandler Christy The draft began in spring 1917 but volunteers were also accepted . Four million men and thousands of women joined the services for the duration . By summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived in France at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was an Allied victory in November 1918 . Propaganda campaigns directed by the government shaped the public mood toward patriotism and voluntary purchases of war bonds . The Committee on Public Information ( CPI ) controlled war information and provide pro-war propaganda , with the assistance of the private American Protective League and tens of thousands of local speakers . The Sedition Act of 1918 criminalized any expression of opinion that used `` disloyal , profane , scurrilous or abusive language '' about the US government , flag or armed forces . The most prominent opponents of the war were Wobblies and Socialists , many of whom were convicted of deliberately impeding the war effort and were sentenced to prison , including the Socialist presidential candidate Eugene Debs . Woodrow Wilson played the central role in defining the Allied war aims in 1917 -- 1918 ( although the US never officially joined the Allies . ) He demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms , the Fourteen Points . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Germany ( edit ) Main article : History of Germany during World War I By 1915 the British naval blockade had cut - off food imports and conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front , with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas . The causes included the transfer of so many farmers and food workers into the military , combined with the overburdened railroad system , a shortage of coal , and the British blockade that cut off imports from abroad . The winter of 1916 -- 1917 was known as the `` turnip winter '' ( de : Steckrübenwinter ) , because that vegetable , which was usually fed to livestock , was used by people as a substitute for potatoes and meat , which were increasingly scarce . Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry people , who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves . Even the army had to cut the rations for soldiers . Compared to peacetime , about 474,000 additional civilians died , chiefly because malnutrition had weakened the body . Morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink , but using the slogan of `` sharing scarcity '' , the German bureaucracy ran an efficient rationing system nevertheless . Political Revolution ( edit ) The end of October 1918 saw the outbreak of the German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 as units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last , large - scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost ( → Kiel mutiny ) . By 3 November , the revolt had spread to other cities and states of the country , in many of which workers ' and soldiers ' councils were established ( → German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 ) . Meanwhile , Hindenburg and the senior commanders had lost confidence in Kaiser Wilhelm II and his government . The Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated . On 9 November 1918 , the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann ( 1865 - 1939 ) proclaimed a Republic . On 11 November , the armistice ended the war with a total defeat for Germany . The Rhineland was occupied by the Allies ( until 1923 / 1930 ) ; Austria - Hungary ( edit ) See also : Hungary in World War I and Austria - Hungary § World War I The heavily rural Empire did have a small industrial base , but its major contribution was manpower and food . On the home front , food grew scarcer and scarcer , as did heating fuel . The hog population fell 90 percent , as the dwindling supplies of ham and bacon percent of the Army. Hungary , with its heavy agricultural base , was somewhat better fed . The Army conquered productive agricultural areas in Romania and elsewhere , but refused to allow food shipments to civilians back home . Morale fell every year , and the diverse nationalities gave up on the Empire and looked for ways to establish their own nation states . Inflation soared , from an index of 129 in 1914 to 1589 in 1918 , wiping out the cash savings of the middle - class . In terms of war damage to the economy , the war used up about 20 percent of the GDP . The dead soldiers amounted to about four percent of the 1914 labor force , and the wounded ones to another six percent . Compared all the major countries in the war , Austria 's death and casualty rate was toward the high - end . Whereas the German army realized it needed close cooperation from the homefront , Habsburg officers saw themselves as entirely separate from the civilian world , and superior to it . When they occupied productive areas , such as Romania , they seized food stocks and other supplies for their own purposes , and blocked any shipments intended for civilians back in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . The result was that the officers lived well , as the civilians began to starve . Vienna even transferred training units to Serbia and Poland for the sole purpose of feeding them . In all , the Army obtained about 15 percent of its cereal needs from occupied territories . Ottoman Empire ( edit ) See also : Ottoman Empire § World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , and Armenian Genocide The Ottoman Empire had long been the `` sick man of Europe '' and by 1914 it had been driven out of nearly all of Europe , and had lost its influence in North Africa . It still controlled 23 million people , of whom 17 million were in modern - day Turkey , three million in Syria , Lebanon and Palestine , and 2.5 million in Iraq . Another 5.5 million people were under nominal Ottoman rule in the Arabian peninsula . A Turkish revival movement , the Young Turks took control of the government in 1913 ; they mobilized the country 's society for war , employing numerous political and economic reforms . The Committee of Union and Progress , through its Committee of National Defense , fostered pan-Turkish nationalism based in Anatolia . The Young Turks created new organizations , such as the Ottoman Red Crescent Society , the Ottoman Navy League , and the Committee of National Defense , to extend their political influence to the middle class , to mobilize support for the war effort and to construct a Turkish identity . When the war broke out the sultan , in his capacity , as caliph , issued a jihad , calling all Muslims in Egypt , India and other Allied colonies to revolt against their Christian rulers . Very few listened . Meanwhile , many Arabs turned against the Turkish rulers of the Empire and collaborated with the British . Reacting to highly exaggerated fears that the Armenians were a tool of the Russians , the Young Turks forcibly evacuated the Armenians from eastern Anatolia , regardless of the 600,000 or more lives lost in the Armenian Genocide . The Young Turks lost control as the war ended and fled into exile . Balkans ( edit ) Serbia ( edit ) Despite its small size and population of 4.6 million , Serbia had the most effective manpower mobilization of the war , and had a highly professional officer corps . It called 350,000 men to arms , of whom 185,000 were in combat units . Nevertheless , the casualties and expenditure of munitions in the Balkan Wars left Serbia depleted and dependent on France for supplies . Austria invaded twice in 1914 and was turned back after both armies suffered very heavy losses . Many captured Austrian soldiers were Slavic and joined the Serbian cause . The year 1915 was peaceful in the sense there was no military action , but food supplies were dangerously low and a series of deadly epidemics hit , especially typhus . The death toll from epidemics was about 100,000 civilians , 35,000 soldiers , and 30,000 prisoners of war . In late 1915 , however , German generals were given control and invaded Serbia with Austrian and Bulgarian forces . The Serbian army hastily retreated west but only 70,000 made it through , and Serbia became an occupied land . Disease was rampant , but the Austrians were pragmatic and paid well for food supplies , so conditions were not harsh . Instead Austria tried to depoliticize Serbia , to minimize violence , and to integrate the country into the Empire . Nevertheless , Serbian nationalism remained defiant and many young men slipped out to help rebuild the Serbian army in exile . France proved an invaluable ally during the war and its armies , together with reorganized Serbian units , moved up from Greece in 1918 and liberated Serbia , Montenegro , and Vojvodina . The war ended the very heavy death toll , which saw 615,000 of Serbia 's 707,000 soldiers killed , along with 600,000 civilian dead . The death toll in Montenegro was also high . Serbia achieved its political goals by forming the new Kingdom of the Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes ( later Yugoslavia ) in 1918 . It proved more difficult to create the new - model `` Yugoslav '' as an exemplar of a united nation containing diverse ethnicities , languages and religions . For example , Montenegro was included but , fearful of losing its own cultural traditions , there was a revolt there that the Serbian army crushed . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Bulgaria during World War I Bulgaria , a poor rural nation of 4.5 million people , sought to acquire Macedonia , but when it tried it suffered defeat in 1913 in the Second Balkan War . In the Great War Bulgaria at first stayed neutral . However its leaders still hoped to acquire Macedonia , which was controlled by an Ally , Serbia . In 1915 , joining the Central Powers seemed the best route . Bulgaria mobilized a very large army of 800,000 men , using equipment supplied by Germany . The Bulgarian - German - Austrian invasion of Serbia in 1915 provided a quick victory , but by the end of that year Bulgaria was also fighting the British and French -- as well as the Romanians in 1916 and the Greeks in 1917 . Bulgaria was ill - prepared for a long war ; the absence of so many soldiers sharply reduced agricultural output . Much of its best food was smuggled out to feed lucrative black - markets elsewhere . By 1918 the soldiers were not only short of basic equipment like boots , but they were being fed mostly corn bread with a little meat . Germany increasingly took control , and Bulgarian relations with its ally the Ottoman Empire soured . The Allied offensive in September 1918 destroyed the remnants of Bulgarian military power and civilian morale . Troops mutinied and peasants revolted , demanding peace . By that month 's end Bulgaria signed an armistice , giving up its conquests and its military hardware . The Bulgarian Czar abdicated and Bulgaria 's war ended . The Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine in 1919 stripped Bulgaria of its conquests , reduced its army to 20,000 men , and demanded reparations of £ 100 million . Greece ( edit ) Greece had been exhausted by the Balkan wars and sought to remain neutral , but its strategic position as the gateway to the Balkans made that impossible . In the National Schism , King Constantine I , a traditionalist who had German ties , battled with his modernizing liberal Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos , who was sympathetic to the Allies . Venizélos with Allied support , set up the short - lived Greek `` state '' of Salonika , from October 1916 to June 1917 . An Allied blockade forced the king to abdicate in June 1917 . Venizélos was now in full control and Greece sided with the Allies and declared war . Greece served as a staging base for large numbers of French , Serbian and other Allied units . By war 's end the Greek army numbered 300,000 and had about 5,000 casualties . The schism between modernizers and traditionalists did not heal and for decades was the polarizing factor in Greek politics . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) Main article : History of the Republic of China The warlord Duan Qirui was the most powerful leader in China . He dissolved the parliament and declared war on Germany and Austria - Hungary on August 13 , 1917 . Enemy nationals were detained and their assets seized . Around 175,000 Chinese workers volunteered for well - paid positions in the labor battalions that served the Allies behind the lines in France , and Africa and on supply ships . Some 10,000 died , including over 500 on ships sunk by U-boats . No soldiers were sent overseas . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japan during World War I Japan 's military seized German possessions in the Pacific and East Asia . but there was no large - scale mobilization of the economy . Foreign minister Kato Takaaki and Prime Minister Okuma Shigenobu wanted to use the opportunity to expand Japanese influence in China . They enlisted Sun Yat - sen ( 1866 -- 1925 ) , then in exile in Japan , but they had little success . The Imperial Navy , a nearly autonomous bureaucratic institution , made its own decision to undertake expansion in the Pacific . It captured Germany 's Micronesian territories north of the equator , and ruled the islands until 1921 . The operation gave the navy a rationale for enlarging its budget to double the army budget and expanding the fleet . The Navy thus gained significant political influence over national and international affairs . Inflation caused rice prices to quadruple , leading to small - scale riots all across the country in 1918 . The government made thousands of arrests and prevented the newspapers from reporting the riots . Some 250,000 people died in the Spanish flu epidemic in late 1918 . The death rate was much lower than other major countries because some immunity had developed from a mild outbreak earlier ; public health officials successfully warned people to avoid contact ; and the use of inoculation , herbals , masks , and gargling . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Diplomatic history of World War I Economic history of World War I Propaganda in World War I British propaganda during World War I Italian propaganda during World War I Opposition to World War I World War I casualties World War I in popular culture World War I in literature Fiction based on World War I British women 's literature of World War I Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ H.E. Fisk , The Inter-Allied Debts ( 1924 ) pp 13 & 325 reprinted in Horst Menderhausen , The Economics of War ( 1943 edition ) , appendix table II Jump up ^ Hardach , First World War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Palm , Trineke ( March 2013 ) . `` Embedded in social cleavages : an explanation of the variation in timing of women 's suffrage '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 36 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9477.2012. 00294. x . Jump up ^ Harvey Fisk , The Inter-Ally Debts : An Analysis of War and Post-War Public Finance , 1914 - 1923 ( 1924 ) pp 1 , 21 - 37 . The book is online at Questia Jump up ^ Fisk , The Inter-Ally Debts pp 21 - 37 . Jump up ^ Peter Gatrell , Russia 's First World War : A Social and Economic History ( 2005 ) pp 132 - 53 Jump up ^ Martin Horn , Britain , France , and the financing of the First World War ( 2002 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wolff ( 2003 ) . Black Sun : The Brief Transit and Violent Eclipse of Harry Crosby . New York Review of Books . ISBN 1 - 59017 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Siegel , For Peace and Money : French and British Finance in the Service of Tsars and Commissars ( Oxford UP , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ National Archives `` The war and the changing face of British society '' Jump up ^ Christopher Godden , `` The Business of War : Reflections on Recent Contributions to the Economic and Business Histories of the First World War . '' Œconomia . History , Methodology , Philosophy 6 # 4 ( 2016 ) : 549 - 556 . online Jump up ^ Roger Lloyd - Jones and M.J. Lewis , Arming the Western Front : War , Business and the State in Britain , 1900 -- 1920 ( Routledge , 2016 ) , p 1 . Jump up ^ Stephen Broadberry and Peter Howlett , `` The United Kingdom during World War I : business as usual ? '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp. 34 -- 5 , 54 , 58 , 73 -- 76 Jump up ^ Ian F.W. Beckett , The Great war ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) pp 394 -- 395 Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp. 341 , 455 Jump up ^ Arthur Marwick , The Deluge : British Society and the First World War ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ C.M.M. Macdonald and E.W. McFarland , eds , Scotland and the Great War ( Edinburgh : Tuckwell Press , 1999 ) Jump up ^ D. Daniel , `` Measures of enthusiasm : new avenues in quantifying variations in voluntary enlistment in Scotland , August 1914 - December 1915 '' , Local Population Studies , Spring 2005 , Issue 74 , pp. 16 -- 35 . Jump up ^ I.F.W. Beckett and K.R. Simpson , eds . A Nation in Arms : a Social Study of the British Army in the First World War ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1985 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ R.A. Houston and W.W. Knox , eds , The New Penguin History of Scotland ( London : Penguin , 2001 ) , p. 426 . ^ Jump up to : B. Lenman and J. , Mackie , A History of Scotland ( London : Penguin , 1991 ) Jump up ^ D. Coetzee , `` A life and death decision : the influence of trends in fertility , nuptiality and family economies on voluntary enlistment in Scotland , August 1914 to December 1915 '' , Family and Community History , Nov 2005 , vol. 8 ( 2 ) , pp. 77 -- 89 . Jump up ^ J. Buchanan , Scotland ( Langenscheidt , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Bruce Lenman , An Economic History of Modern Scotland : 1660 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) pp 206 -- 14 Jump up ^ Iain McLean , The Legend of Red Clydeside ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) vol 4 pp 1 -- 30 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 73 -- 99 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 100 -- 106 Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) vol 4 pp 478 -- 83 Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish Conscription Crisis , '' Historical Journal ( 1974 ) 17 # 1 pp. 107 -- 129 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Grigg , Lloyd George vol 4 pp 465 -- 88 Jump up ^ John Gooch , `` The Maurice Debate 1918 , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1968 ) 3 # 4 pp. 211 -- 228 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War leader , 1916 -- 1918 ( London : Penguin , 2002 ) , pp 489 -- 512 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 108 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bob Whitfield ( 2001 ) . The Extension of the Franchise , 1832 - 1931 . Heinemann . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) p. 29 , 94 Jump up ^ Martin D. Pugh , `` Politicians and the Woman 's Vote 1914 -- 1918 , '' History , ( 1974 ) , Vol. 59 Issue 197 , pp 358 -- 374 Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? Peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p 791 Jump up ^ War Office , Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 ( London , 1922 ) p. 237 Jump up ^ Robert Craig Brown and Ramsay Cook , Canada , 1896 -- 1921 A Nation Transformed ( 1974 ) ch 13 Jump up ^ Frances Swyripa and John Herd Thompson , eds . Loyalties in Conflict : Ukrainians in Canada During the Great War ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Jacqueline Hucker , `` ' Battle and Burial ' : Recapturing the Cultural Meaning of Canada 's National Memorial on Vimy Ridge , '' Public Historian , ( Feb 2009 ) 31 # 1 pp 89 -- 109 Jump up ^ Kosmas Tsokhas , `` The Forgotten Economy and Australia 's Involvement in the Great War , '' Diplomacy & Statecraft ( 1993 ) 4 # 2 331 - 357 Jump up ^ See `` First World War 1914 -- 18 '' from Australian War Memorial Jump up ^ Gerhard Fischer , `` ' Negative integration ' and an Australian road to modernity : Interpreting the Australian homefront experience in World War I , '' Australian Historical Studies , ( April 1995 ) 26 # 104 pp 452 -- 76 Jump up ^ Graeme Davidson et al. , The Oxford Companion to Australian History ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) p 283 -- 4 Jump up ^ Fischer , `` ' Negative integration ' and an Australian road to modernity '' p. 452 for quote Jump up ^ Joan Beaumont , Australia 's War 1914 -- 18 ( 1995 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Home front Powers 1914 -- 1918 '' . anzacday.org . Archived from the original on 15 April 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Ernest Scott , Australia During the War ( 7th ed. 1941 ) p 105 online Jump up ^ `` Internment in Australia during WWI '' . anzacday.org . Archived from the original on 15 April 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , Australia During the War ( 1941 ) p. 516 -- 18 , 539 . Jump up ^ Russel Ward , A nation for a continent : The history of Australia , 1901 -- 1975 ( 1977 ) p 110 Jump up ^ Scott , Australia During the War ( 1941 ) pp. 549 , 563 Jump up ^ Stuart Macintyre , The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 4 : 1901 -- 42 , the Succeeding Age ( 1987 ) pp 163 -- 75 Jump up ^ Scott , Australia During the War ( 1941 ) pp. 663 -- 65 Jump up ^ Russel Ward , A nation for a continent : The history of Australia , 1901 -- 1975 ( 1977 ) p 110 -- 11 Jump up ^ Ian W. McLean , Why Australia Prospered : The Shifting Sources of Economic Growth ( 2013 ) , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Steven Loveridge , Calls to Arms : New Zealand Society and Commitment to the Great War ( Wellington : Victoria University Press , 2014 ) p. 26 Jump up ^ Gwen Parsons , `` The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two , '' History Compass ( 2013 ) 11 # 6 pp 419 -- 428 Jump up ^ Hermann Hiery , `` West Samoans between Germany and New Zealand 1914 -- 1921 , '' War and Society ( 1992 ) 10 # 1 pp 53 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Bill Nasson , Springboks on the Somme : South Africa in the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) ; Anne Samson , Britain , South Africa and the East Africa Campaign , 1914 -- 1918 : The Union Comes of Age ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Nasson , Springboks on the Somme ch 8 Jump up ^ Bill Nasson , `` A Great Divide : Popular Responses to the Great War in South Africa , '' War & Society ( 1994 ) 12 # 1 pp 47 -- 64 Jump up ^ Tucker , European Powers , pp 353 -- 4 Jump up ^ Hew Strachan , The First World War ( 2001 ) 1 : 791 - 814 Jump up ^ David Stevenson , With Our Backs to the Wall ( 2011 ) pp 257 -- 8 , 381 Jump up ^ John Horne and Alan Kramer , German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial ( Yale U.P. 2001 ) ch 1 - 2 , esp . p. 76 Jump up ^ Horne and Kramer , German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial ch 3 - 4 show there were no `` franc - tireurs '' in Belgium . Jump up ^ Horne and Kramer , German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial ch 5 - 8 Jump up ^ E.H. Kossmann . The Low Countries ( 1978 ) , p 523 -- 35 Jump up ^ Kossmann , p 525 Jump up ^ Johan den Hertog , `` The Commission for Relief in Belgium and the Political Diplomatic History of the First World War , '' Diplomacy and Statecraft , ( Dec 2010 ) 21 # 4 pp 593 -- 613 , Jump up ^ Laurence van Ypersele and Xavier Rousseaux , `` Leaving the War : Popular Violence and Judicial Repression of ' unpatriotic ' behaviour in Belgium ( 1918 -- 1921 ) , '' European Review of History ( Spring 2005 ) 12 # 3 pp 3 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Belgian Congo '' in Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1922 edition ) online Jump up ^ Martha Hanna , The mobilization of intellect : French scholars and writers during the Great War ( Harvard University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Greenhalgh , `` Writing about France 's Great War . '' ( 2005 ) : 601 - 612 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leonard V. Smith , `` War and ' Politics ' : The French Army Mutinies of 1917 , '' War in History , ( April 1995 ) 2 # 2 pp 180 -- 201 Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) pp 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Pierre - Cyrille Hautcoeur , `` Was the Great War a watershed ? The economics of World War I in France , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Paul Beaudry and Franck Portier , `` The French depression in the 1930s . '' Review of Economic Dynamics ( 2002 ) 5 # 1 pp : 73 - 99 . Jump up ^ Collins , `` The Business of Journalism in Provincial France during World War I , '' ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Hans Rogger , `` Russia in 1914 , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1966 ) 1 # 4 pp. 95 -- 119 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter Gatrell , `` Poor Russia , poor show : mobilising a backward economy for war , 1914 -- 1917 , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ John M. Thompson , Revolutionary Russia , 1917 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Fallows , `` Politics and the War Effort in Russia : The Union of Zemstvos and the Organization of the Food Supply , 1914 -- 1916 , '' Slavic Review ( 1978 ) 37 # 1 pp. 70 -- 90 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Francesco Galassi and Mark Harrison , `` Italy at war , 1915 -- 1918 , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch. 9 Jump up ^ Thomas Nelson Page , Italy and the world war ( 1992 ) online at Google Jump up ^ Luigi Tomassini , `` Industrial Mobilization and the labour market in Italy during the First World War , '' Social History , ( Jan 1991 ) , 16 # 1 pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ Tucker , European Powers in the First World War , p 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Hugh Rockoff , `` Until it 's over , over there : the US economy in World War I , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ John W. Chambers , II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer , The United States in World War I ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Albrecht Ritschl , `` The pity of peace : Germany 's economy at war , 1914 -- 1918 and beyond , '' in Broadberry and Harrison , eds . ' The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 2 Jump up ^ Roger Chickering , Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) p. 141 -- 42 Jump up ^ N.P. Howard , `` The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany , 1918 -- 19 , '' German History ( 1993 ) 11 # 2 pp 161 -- 88 online table p 166 , with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in 1919 . Jump up ^ Keith Allen , `` Sharing scarcity : Bread rationing and the First World War in Berlin , 1914 -- 1923 , '' Journal of Social History , ( Winter 1998 ) 32 # 2 pp 371 -- 93 in JSTOR Jump up ^ A.J. Ryder , The German Revolution of 1918 : A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt ( 1st ed. 1967 / 2008 ) Jump up ^ Max - Stephan Schulze , `` Austria - Hungary 's economy in World War I , '' in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 3 online Jump up ^ Robert A. Kann , et al. eds . The Habsburg Empire in World War I : Essays on the Intellectual , Military , Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Maureen Healy , Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire : Total War and Everyday Life in World War I ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Schulze , `` Austria - Hungary 's economy in World War I , '' Jump up ^ Watson , Ring of Steel p 396 - 97 Jump up ^ Şevket Pamuk , `` The Ottoman Economy in World War I '' in Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ch 4 , esp . p 112 Jump up ^ Feroz Ahmad , `` War and Society under the Young Turks , 1908 -- 18 , '' Review : A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center , ( 1988 ) 11 # 2 pp 265 -- 286 Jump up ^ Nadi _̇ r Özbek , `` Defining the public sphere during the late Ottoman Empire : War , mass mobilization and the young Turk regime ( 1908 -- 18 ) , '' Middle Eastern Studies , ( Sept 2007 ) 43 # 5 pp 795 -- 809 Jump up ^ see text of jihad Jump up ^ Mustafa Aksakal , `` ' Holy War Made in Germany ' ? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad , '' War in History ( April 2011 ) 18 # 2 pp 184 -- 199 Jump up ^ Hasan Kayali , Arabs and Young Turks : Ottomanism , Arabism , and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire , 1908 -- 1918 ( 1997 ) in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ronald Grigor Suny , `` Truth in Telling : Reconciling Realities in the Genocide of the Ottoman Armenians , '' American Historical Review ( 2009 ) 114 # 4 pp. 930 -- 946 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stevenson , Cataclysm p 59 Jump up ^ Dragan Zivojinovic , `` Serbia and Montenegro : The Home Front '' in Béla K. Király , ed . East Central European society in World War I ( 1985 ) pp 253 -- 59 esp p 243 Jump up ^ Jonathan E. Gumz , The Resurrection and Collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Andrej Mitrovic , Serbia 's Great War 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Zivojinovic , `` Serbia and Montenegro : The Home Front '' p 256 Jump up ^ Zdenko Zlatar , `` Nationalism in Serbia ( 1804 -- 1918 ) , '' Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism ( 1979 ) Vol. 6 , pp 100 -- 113 Jump up ^ Tucker , The European powers in the First World War ( 1996 ) . pp 149 -- 52 Jump up ^ Richard C. Hall , `` Bulgaria in the First World War , '' Historian , ( Summer 2011 ) 73 # 2 pp 300 -- 315 online Jump up ^ George B. Leontaritis , Greece and the First World War ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Mark Mazower , `` The Messiah and the Bourgeoisie : Venizelos and Politics in Greece , 1909 -- 1912 , '' Historical Journal ( 1992 ) 35 # 4 pp. 885 -- 904 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Guoqi Xu , China and the Great War : China 's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Frederick R. Dickinson , War and National Reinvention : Japan in the Great War , 1914 -- 1919 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Albert A. Altman and Harold Z . Schiffrin , `` Sun Yat - Sen and the Japanese , 1914 -- 16 , '' Modern Asian Studies , ( July 1972 ) 6 # 4 pp 385 -- 400 Jump up ^ J.C. Schencking , `` Bureaucratic Politics , Military Budgets and Japan 's Southern Advance : The Imperial Navy 's Seizure of German Micronesia in the First World War , '' War in History , ( July 1998 ) 5 # 3 pp 308 -- 326 Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Rice and Edwina Palmer , `` Pandemic influenza in Japan , 1918 -- 19 : Mortality patterns and official responses , '' Journal of Japanese Studies , ( Summer 1993 ) 19 # 2 pp 389 -- 420 Further reading ( edit ) Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . v. 30 - 31 - 32 partly online and list of article titles full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free scans of each page of vol 30 - 31 - 32 The Cambridge History of the First World War Volume 3 : Civil Society ( 2014 ) online Fisk , H.E. The Inter-Ally Debts : An Analysis of War and Post-War Public Finance , 1914 - 1923 ( 1924 ) online Questia Godden , Christopher . `` The Business of War : Reflections on Recent Contributions to the Economic and Business Histories of the First World War . '' Œconomia . History , Methodology , Philosophy 6 # 4 ( 2016 ) : 549 - 556 . online Grayzel , Susan . Women and the First World War ( 2002 ) , worldwide coverage Herwig , Holger H. , and Neil M. Heyman , eds . Biographical Dictionary of World War I ( Greenwood , 1982 ) ; includes prime ministers and main civilian leaders . Higham , Robin and Dennis E. Showalter , eds . Researching World War I : A Handbook ( 2003 ) , 475pp ; highly detailed historiography , stressing military themes ; annotates over 1000 books -- mostly military but many on the homefront ; online edition Horne , John N. , ed . A Companion to World War I ( 2010 ) , 38 essays by leading scholars covering all facets of the war excerpt and text search Horne , John N. State , Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War ( 2002 ) Proctor , Tammy M. Civilians in a World at War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2010 ) 410pp ; global coverage excerpt and text search Stevenson , David . Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy ( 2005 ) 625pp ; excerpt and text search Stevenson , David . With Our Backs to the Wall : Victory and Defeat in 1918 ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search covers both the homefront and the battlefields for the major powers Strachen , Hew . The First World War ( vol 1 , 2005 ) 1225pp ; covers the battlefields and chief home fronts in 1914 -- 1917 excerpt and text search Tucker , Spencer , ed . European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search Tucker , Spencer , ed . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol 2005 ) ; the most detailed reference source ; articles by specialists cover all aspects of the war Tucker , Spencer C. , ed . World War I : A Student Encyclopedia . 4 vol . ABC - CLIO , 2006 . 2454 pp . Winter , J.M. The Experience of World War I ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Economics ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of World War I § Further reading Broadberry , Stephen , and Mark Harrison , eds . The Economics of World War I ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 85212 - 9 . Covers France , Britain , USA , Russia , Italy , Germany , Austria - Hungary , the Ottoman Empire , and the Netherlands , 362pp ; excerpt and text search ; online review Grayzel , Susan . Women and the First World War ( 2002 ) , worldwide coverage Stevenson , David . With Our Backs to the Wall : Victory and Defeat in 1918 ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search , pp 350 -- 438 , covers major countries Hardach , Gerd . The First World War 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) , economic history of major powers Thorp , William Long . Business Annals : United States , England , France , Germany , Austria , Russia , Sweden Netherlands , Italy , Argentina , Brazil , Canada , South Africa , Australia , India , Japan , China ( 1926 ) capsule summary of conditions in each country for each quarter - year 1790 -- 1925 Britain ( edit ) Butler , Simon . The War Horses : The Tragic Fate of a Million Horses Sacrificed in the First World War ( 2011 ) Cassar , George . Lloyd George at War , 1916 -- 1918 ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Cooksley , Peter . The Home Front : Civilian Life in World War One ( 2006 ) Dewey , P.E. `` Food Production and Policy in the United Kingdom , 1914 -- 1918 , '' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ( 1980 ) . v. 30 , pp 71 -- 89 . in JSTOR Doyle , Peter . First World War Britain : 1914 -- 1919 ( 2012 ) Fairlie , John A. British War Administration ( 1919 ) online edition Ferguson , Niall The Pity of War ( 1999 ) , 563pp ; cultural and economic themes online edition French , David . The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition , 1916 -- 1918 Oxford University Press , 1995 Fry , Michael . `` Political Change in Britain , August 1914 to December 1916 : Lloyd George Replaces Asquith : The Issues Underlying the Drama , '' Historical Journal ( 1988 ) 31 # 3 pp. 609 -- 627 in JSTOR Goebel , Stefan and White , Jerry . ' London and the First World War ' . London Journal 41 : 3 ( 2016 ) , 1 -- 20 . Gregory , Adrian . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Grigg , John . Lloyd George : war leader , 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) Havighurst , Alfred F. Twentieth - Century Britain . 1966 . standard survey online edition Hazlehurst , Cameron . `` Asquith as Prime Minister , 1908 -- 1916 , '' The English Historical Review Vol. 85 , No. 336 ( Jul. 1970 ) , pp. 502 -- 531 in JSTOR Johnson , Matthew . `` The Liberal War Committee and the Liberal Advocacy of Conscription in Britain , 1914 -- 1916 , '' Historical Journal , Vol. 51 , No. 2 ( June , 2008 ) , pp. 399 -- 420 in JSTOR Little , John Gordon . `` H.H. Asquith and Britain 's Manpower Problem , 1914 -- 1915 . '' History 1997 82 ( 267 ) : 397 -- 409 . ISSN 0018 - 2648 ; admits the problem was bad but exonerates Asquith Fulltext : in Ebsco Marwick , Arthur . The Deluge : British Society and the First World War , ( 1965 ) Matthew , H.C.G. `` Asquith , Herbert Henry , first earl of Oxford and Asquith ( 1852 -- 1928 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , online Offer , Avner . The First World War : An Agrarian Interpretation ( 1991 ) , on food supply of Britain and Germany Paddock , Troy R.E. A call to arms : propaganda , public opinion , and newspapers in the Great War ( 2004 ) Silbey , David . The British Working Class and Enthusiasm for War , 1914 -- 1916 ( 2005 ) online edition Simmonds , Alan G.V. Britain and World War One ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Storey , Neil R. Women in the First World War ( 2010 ) Taylor , A.J.P. English History : 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 1 -- 119 Turner , John , ed . Britain and the First World War ( 1988 ) Wilson , Trevor . The Myriad Faces of War : Britain and the Great War 1914 -- 1918 ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search 864pp ; covers both the homefront and the battlefields Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Whetham , Edith H. The Agrarian History of England and Wales : Volume VIII : 1914 - 39 ( Cambridge University Press , 1978 ) , pp 70 -- 123 Year books ( edit ) Annual Register 1915 Annual Register 1916 Annual Register 1917 Annual Register 1918 Annual Register 1919 Historiography ( edit ) Holbrook , Carolyn , and Nathan Wise . `` In the Shadow of Anzac : Labour Historiography of the First World War in Australia . '' History Compass 14.7 ( 2016 ) : 314 - 325 . link Offer , Avner . The First World War : An Agrarian Interpretation ( 1991 ) , on food supply of Britain and the Empire , and Germany War Office . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 ( London , 1922 ) , 880pp online edition Dominions , India ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian history § First World War homefront Beaumont , Joan . Australia 's War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1995 ) . Condliffe , J.B. `` New Zealand during the War , '' Economic Journal ( 1919 ) 29 # 114 pp. 167 -- 185 in JSTOR , free , economic mobilisation Crawford , John , and Ian McGibbon , eds . New Zealand 's Great War : New Zealand , the Allies and the First World War ( 2008 ) Keith , Arthur Berriedale ( 1921 ) . War government of the British dominions . Brown R.C. , and Ramsay Cook . Canada , 1896 -- 1921 A Nation Transformed. ( 1974 ) , a standard survey Grundlingh , Albert M. Fighting their own war : South African blacks and the First World War ( Ravan Pressof South Africa , 1987 ) . Loveridge , Steven , Calls to Arms : New Zealand Society and Commitment to the Great War ( 2014 ) Macintyre , Stuart . The Oxford History of Australia : Volume 4 : 1901 -- 42 , the Succeeding Age ( 1993 ) MacKenzie , David , ed . Canada and the First World War ( 2005 ) 16 essays by leading scholars excerpt and text search Morton , Desmond , and Jack Granatstein . Marching to Armageddon : Canadians and the Great War 1914 -- 1919 ( 1989 ) Nasson , Bill . Springboks on the Somme : South Africa in the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( Johannesburg and New York , Penguin , 2007 ) Samson , Anne . Britain , South Africa and the East Africa Campaign , 1914 -- 1918 : The Union Comes of Age ( 2006 ) 262pp Shaw , Amy . `` Expanding the Narrative : A First World War with Women , Children , and Grief , '' Canadian Historical Review ( 2014 ) 95 # 3 pp 398 -- 406 . online Tinker , Hugh . `` India in the First World War and after . '' Journal of contemporary history 3.4 ( 1968 ) : 89 - 107 . in JSTOR Winegard , Timothy C. Indigenous Peoples of the British Dominions and the First World War ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search , covers Canada , Australia , Newfoundland , New Zealand and South Africa France ( edit ) Audoin - Rouzeau , Stéphane , and Annette Becker. 14 - 18 : Understanding the Great War ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Becker , Jean Jacques . The Great War and the French People ( 1986 ) Darrow , Margaret H. French Women and the First World War : War Stories of the Home Front ( Berg , 2000 ) online edition Fridenson , Patrick . The French home front , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1992 ) Grayzel , Susan R. Women 's identities at war : gender , motherhood , and politics in Britain and France during the First World War ( 1999 ) . Greenhalgh , Elizabeth . `` Writing about France 's Great War . '' ( 2005 ) : 601 - 612 . in JSTOR McPhail , Helen . The Long Silence : The Tragedy of Occupied France in World War I ( 2014 ) Smith , Leonard V. et al. France and the Great War ( 2003 ) 222pp ; excerpt and text search Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Russia ( edit ) Badcock , Sarah . `` The Russian Revolution : Broadening Understandings of 1917 . '' History Compass 6.1 ( 2008 ) : 243 - 262 . Historiography online Gatrell , Peter . Russia 's First World War : A Social and Economic History ( 2005 ) . Gatrell , Peter . `` Tsarist Russia at War : The View from Above , 1914 -- February 1917 '' Journal of Modern History 87 # 4 ( 2015 ) 668 - 700 online Gaudin , Corinne . `` Rural Echoes of World War I : War Talk in the Russian Village . '' Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas ( 2008 ) : 391 - 414 . in English . Jahn , Hubertus F. Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I ( 1998 ) Lincoln , W. Bruce . Passage through Armageddon : the Russians in war and revolution , 1914 - 1918 ( 1986 ) Sanborn , Joshua A. Imperial Apocalypse : The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire ( 2014 ) . excerpt Sanborn , Joshua A. Drafting the Russian Nation : Military Conscription , Total War , and Mass Politics , 1905 - 1925 ( 2003 ) Sanborn , Joshua A . `` The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation : A Reexamination , '' Slavic Review 59 # 2 ( 2000 ) , pp. 267 -- 289 in JSTOR Wade , Rex A . The Russian Revolution , 1917 ( Cambridge UP , 2000 ) . excerpt Wood , Alan . The Origins of the Russian Revolution , 1861 -- 1917 ( Routledge , 2004 ) US ( edit ) Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Chambers , John W. , II . To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the ' Forgotten War ' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 - 468 . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society online edition Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 ( 1997 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 online at ACLS e-books Scott , Emmett Jay . Scott 's Official History of the American Negro in the World War ( 1919 ) 511 pages online edition Slosson , Preston William . The Great Crusade and after , 1914 -- 1928 ( 1930 ) . social history online edition Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Young , Ernest William . The Wilson Administration and the Great War ( 1922 ) online edition Zieger , Robert H. America 's Great War : World War I and the American Experience . 2000 . 272 pp . Other Allies ( edit ) De Grand , Alexander . Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism , 1882 -- 1922 ( 2001 ) Dickinson , Frederick R. War and National Reinvention : Japan in the Great War , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Krippner , Monica . The Quality of Mercy : Women at War Serbia 1915 -- 18 ( 1980 ) Mitrovic , Andrej . Serbia 's Great War 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Page , Thomas Nelson . Italy and the world war ( 1992 ) online at Google Xu , Guoqi . China and the Great War : China 's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization ( 2011 ) Central Powers ( edit ) Bloxham , Donald . The Great Game of Genocide : Imperialism , Nationalism , and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) Chickering , R. Imperial Germany and the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1998 ) Daniel , Ute . The war from within : German working - class women in the First World War ( 1997 ) . Davis , Belinda Joy . Home Fires Burning : Food , Politics , and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Feldman , Gerald D. Army , industry , and labor in Germany , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1966 ) Healy , Maureen . Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire : Total War and Everyday Life in World War I ( 2007 ) Herwig , Holger H. The First World War : Germany and Austria - Hungary 1914 -- 1918 ( 2009 ) Howard , N.P. `` The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany , 1918 -- 19 , '' German History ( 1993 ) 11 # 2 pp 161 -- 88 online Kann , Robert A. et al. , eds . The Habsburg Empire in World War I : Essays on the Intellectual , Military , Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort ( 1977 ) online borrowing copy Kocka , Jürgen . Facing total war : German society , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1984 ) . online at ACLS e-books Lutz , Ralph Haswell , ed . Fall of the German Empire , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2 vol 1932 ) . 868pp online review , primary sources McCarthy , Justin . The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire ( 2001 ) . Offer , Avner . The First World War : An Agrarian Interpretation ( 1991 ) , on food supply of Britain and Germany Osborne , Eric . Britain 's Economic Blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Verhey , Jeffrey . The Spirit of 1914 . Militarism , Myth and Mobilization in Germany ( Cambridge University Press 2000 ) Watson , Alexander . Ring of Steel : Germany and Austria - Hungary in World War I ( 2014 ) Welch , David . Germany , Propaganda and Total War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2003 ) Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Ziemann , Benjamin . War Experiences in Rural Germany , 1914 -- 1923 ( Berg , 2007 ) online edition Historiography ( edit ) Rietzler , Katharina . `` The war as history : Writing the economic and social history of the First World War . '' Diplomatic History 38.4 ( 2014 ) : 826 - 839 . Winter , Jay and Antoine Prost . The Great War in History : Debates and Controversies , 1914 to the Present ( 2005 ) Winter , Jay M. `` Catastrophe and Culture : Recent Trends in the Historiography of the First World War , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1992 ) 64 # 3 525 - 532 in JSTOR Primary Sources and year Books ( edit ) Gooch , G.P. Recent Revelations Of European Diplomancy ( 1940 ) , 475pp summarizes published memoirs by main participants Marwick , Arthur , and W. Simpson , eds . War , Peace and Social Change - Europe 1900 - 1955 - Documents I : 1900 -- 1929 ( 1990 ) Pollard , Sidney and Colin Holmes , eds . Documents of European Economic History Volume 3 The End of the Old Europe 1914 -- 1939 ( 1973 ) pp 1 -- 89 ; 33 short excerpts Shevin - Coetzee , Marilyn , and Frans Coetzee , eds . World War One and European Society ( 1995 ) . Shevin - Coetzee , Marilyn , and Frans Coetzee , eds . World War I : A History in Documents ( 2002 ) online edition New International Year Book 1913 ( 1914 ) Comprehensive coverage of world affairs ; strong on economics ; 867pp New International Year Book 1914 ( 1915 ) , 913pp New International Year Book 1915 ( 1916 ) , 791pp New International Year Book 1916 ( 1917 ) , 938pp New International Year Book 1917 ( 1918 ) , 904 pp New International Year Book 1918 ( 1919 ) , 904 pp New International Year Book 1919 ( 1920 ) , 744pp New International Year Book 1920 ( 1921 ) , 844 pp New International Year Book 1921 ( 1922 ) , 848 pp External links ( edit ) Links to other sites , by county World War I . History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_front_during_World_War_I&oldid=815522885 '' Categories : Home front during World War I World War I Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 10 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20front%20during%20World%20War%20I	636
what do red stripes mean on a navy uniform			United States Navy good conduct variation	united states navy good conduct variation	In the United States Navy , enlisted members in pay grades E-4 to E-9 are authorized to wear gold rate insignia instead of red if the individual meets the requirements for good conduct service . Personnel E-4 to E-6 who have met good conduct service requirements are also authorized to wear collar insignia and cap devices with gold chevrons on their service uniforms .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Gold rating badge and service stripes 2 Continued wearing of gold 3 Fleet reserve personnel 4 E-4 Good Conduct Variation 5 References Gold rating badge and service stripes ( edit ) Navy sailors whose most recent twelve cumulative years of naval active or active reserve service meet requirements for Good Conduct Service ( that which meets minimum requirements for performance , conduct and evaluation marks for the Good Conduct Award ) shall wear gold rating badges and gold service stripes on Dress Blue Uniforms , Dinner Dress Blue uniforms and Dinner Dress Blue / White Jacket uniforms . The twelve years may be active or drilling reserve time in the Navy , Navy Reserve , and Navy units attached to Marine Corps , or Marine Corps Forces Reserve units . Times excluded are : delayed entry program , inactive reserve , and broken service . Under broken service conditions - resume the cumulative time count upon active duty reenlistment or upon enlisting in the drilling reserves . Continued wearing of gold ( edit ) Once qualified to wear the gold rating badge and gold service stripes , the qualification continues through the duration of an enlisted person 's service , providing they continue to meet minimum conduct , performance , and evaluation mark requirements for a Good Conduct Medal or Naval Reserve Meritorious Service Award . On the date the individual fails to meet the minimum standards , the gold rating badge and gold service stripes must be removed from the uniform . Additionally , if an individual is convicted by court - martial or Non-judicial punishment ( NJP ) , the gold badge and gold service stripes must be removed from the uniform on the date the conviction becomes final within the meaning of Article 76 , Uniform Code of Military Justice . The privilege to again wear the gold service stripes / rating badge may only be earned by fulfilling the requirements listed above . The United States Coast Guard 's enlisted rate insignia , while similar to that of the U.S. Navy 's , include gold stripes for all chief petty officers ( E-7 to E-9 ) regardless of their disciplinary history . All other ranks wear red stripes . Fleet reserve personnel ( edit ) Fleet reserve personnel may wear the gold rating badges and service stripes authorized at the time of their transfer to the fleet reserve . For fleet reserve personnel returning to active duty , fleet reserve time is considered broken time for the purpose of determining authorized additional service stripes , and qualifying to wear gold sleeve insignia . E-4 good conduct variation ( edit ) The petty officer third class good conduct variation is very rare in the U.S. Navy as it is uncommon for a sailor with 12 years of good conduct to have not been promoted beyond that paygrade . For more information on this rarity , see petty officer third class good conduct variation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171219023217/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2017-06/deckplates -- base - gold - stripes - service - not - conduct Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Navy_good_conduct_variation&oldid=826983447 '' Categories : Awards and decorations of the United States Navy Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2009 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 02 : 39 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Navy%20good%20conduct%20variation	637
who is known as the father of india cricketer	M. Suryanarayan ( 1930 -- 2010 ) was an Indian first - class cricketer who was born on February 1 , 1930 during Madras presidency . M. Suryanarayan is the first son of M. Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the ' Father of South Indian Cricket ' the doyen of Madras Cricket . He was also a member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamilnadu in 1954 - 1955 , which the Madras team won against Holkar . He was a right - handed batsman and a right - arm medium bowler . The Hindu describing his Cricket , once said : `` His batting resembles very closely that of his father - dashing and carefree - and his cover - drive , a joy to watch , has amazing impetus ... '' And it added that he had `` enriched Madras sport as his father had '' . His only younger brother M.M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy .	Buchi Babu Naidu	M Suryanarayan	m suryanarayan	M. Suryanarayan ( 1930 -- 2010 ) was an Indian first - class cricketer who was born on February 1 , 1930 during Madras presidency . M. Suryanarayan is the first son of M. Baliah Naidu and the Grandson of Buchi Babu Naidu who is also known as the ' Father of South Indian Cricket ' the doyen of Madras Cricket . He was also a member of the First Ranji Trophy triumph team of Tamilnadu in 1954 - 1955 , which the Madras team won against Holkar . He was a right - handed batsman and a right - arm medium bowler . The Hindu describing his Cricket , once said : `` His batting resembles very closely that of his father - dashing and carefree - and his cover - drive , a joy to watch , has amazing impetus ... '' And it added that he had `` enriched Madras sport as his father had '' . His only younger brother M.M Kumar represented in the Ranji Trophy .	The First Ranji Trophy Triumph Team of Tamilnadu in 1954 - 1955 Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Later life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan was a stylish right - hand middle order batsman who played off and cover drives in particularly elegant fashion . A stalwart of Madras cricket in the forties and fifties , ` Suri ' as he was popularly known , played 11 matches for the state in the Ranji Trophy and earned selection for the Indian team for the fifth and final ` Test ' against the SJOC team at Lucknow in 1953 - 54 . Suryanarayan proved his mettle by scoring two unbeaten half - centuries against bowlers of the class of Frank Worrell , Fazal Mahmood , Amir Elahi , Khan Mohamed , Loxton , Peter Loader , and Jim McConnel . He Captained Madras and Mysore at the highest levels , besides scoring three centuries before lunch in first - class cricket in Madras and Bangalore . He won the All - India University Tennis Doubles title , Partnering Ramanathan Krishnan , and played in the qualifying rounds of the doubles tournament at Wimbledon . He also won several titles in Table tennis and golf in South Indian Competitions . Tamilnadu Test Cricketers gathers in front of the historic MCC Pavilion Later life ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan followed in his father 's footsteps in many ways . He was a natural at all ball games . M. Suryanarayan did a University of Madras Science degree from Presidency College , then moved into the British Indian world of commerce in Madras and Bangalore before going into business on his own . He also spent some years abroad promoting Indian handlooms on behalf of the Government of India . He published a book written by Suri & Raja ( ed ) , Buchi Babu ( Father of Madras Cricket ) and his sporting clan , 1993 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` M Suryanarayan India Cricket Team Official Cricket Profiles PCB '' . Pcb.com.pk . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` M Suryanarayan '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Buchi Babu clan -- masters of sport from cricket to golf '' . Wisdenindia.com. 2015 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) M. Suryanarayan at ESPNcricinfo M. Suryanarayan at CricketArchive ( subscription required ) ^ C. Ramaswami , My reminiscences , The Sunday Standard ( undated ) , reproduced in Suri & Raja ( ed ) , Buchi Babu ( Father of Madras Cricket ) and his sporting clan , 1993 . V Ramnarayan , Mosquitos and other Jolly Rovers `` CHAPTER - II : FORMATION OF TNCA '' ( PDF ) . Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Suryanarayan&oldid=826692373 '' Categories : 1930 births 2010 deaths Hindus cricketers Indian cricketers India Test cricketers Tamil Nadu cricketers Tamil sportspeople Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 32 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Suryanarayan	638
the suite life of zack and cody list of episodes			List of the suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes	list of the suite life of zack & cody episodes	The following is an episode list for the Disney Channel situation comedy , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , which aired three seasons spanning three years before ending to make way for the sequel , The Suite Life on Deck .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2005 -- 06 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2006 -- 07 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) January 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 27 ) 39 February 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 03 ) June 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 02 ) 22 June 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 23 ) September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2005 -- 06 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Hotel Hangout '' Rich Correll Jeny Quine March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) 102 Zack and Cody ( Dylan and Cole Sprouse ) , on their first day of school , meet Max and Tapeworm and befriend them . However , when a cool kid named Drew learns that Zack and Cody live at the Tipton Hotel , he and his friends begin hanging out with the twins , causing them to ignore their real friends . Meanwhile , Mr. Moseby ( Phill Lewis ) hires Maddie ( Ashley Tisdale ) as London 's ( Brenda Song ) tutor to make London keep her grades up , but Maddie instead is helped out by London to get involved with Lance . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez , Dennis Bendersky as Tapeworm , Jascha Washington as Drew , Alyson Stoner as Max , Aaron Musicant as Lance `` The Fairest of Them All '' Rich Correll Valerie Ahern & Christian McLaughlin March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) 104 Girls check into the Tipton to participate in a beauty pageant . Cody bumps into a girl named Rebecca and finds that he likes her and accidentally enters the pageant trying to follow . When he realizes he tries to drop out but Zack begs Cody to stay so they can use the prize money to buy new bikes . However , Cody later drops out because he wants Rebecca to win . Zack then enters doing skateboard stunts but they are disqualified after the judge of the beauty contest and Carey discover that Cody is dressed in girl 's clothing and Rebecca wins learning Cody is a nice person . Then Rebecca kisses him before leaving as Cody thinks girls are better than a new bike . Guest stars : Stephanie Hodge as Brianna 's mother , Victoria Justice as Rebecca , Lisa Long as Bev , Skyler Samuels as Brianna , Matt Winston as Tim `` Maddie Checks In '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan March 25 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 25 ) 103 A hotel guest named Jason checks into the Tipton Hotel and Maddie seems to like him very much . When London invites her and Jason to see a concert , she asks Maddie to play along for one night and act rich . This backfires when Jason and his parents stay another night in Boston , and when Zack and Cody get involved . They get her into the imperial suite , but another guest , the Amputator , checks into Maddie 's suite , so the boys must dismantle the suite in order for the wrestler to check out of the hotel . Guest stars : Julia Duffy as Martha Harrington , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez , Daniel Booko as Kyle , Lee Reherman as the Amputator , James Snyder as Jason Harrington , Lyman Ward as George Harrington `` Hotel Inspector '' Henry Chan Marc Flanagan April 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 01 ) 107 Mr. Moseby , worried that their antics will get him in trouble with the hotel inspector , bribes Zack and Cody with tickets to a baseball game and money for dinner so they will not be at the hotel during the visit . However , they return just as the meeting with the inspector , Ilsa ( Caroline Rhea ) , is going on . The two rats that they were using for a science project , then run loose in the hotel ( Zack had brought them to the game without Cody 's knowledge ) , getting Mr. Moseby fired and replaced by Ilsa . Zack and Cody try to devise a plan that will help get Mr. Moseby his job back at the Tipton . Guest stars : Caroline Rhea as Ilsa , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Estelle Harris as Muriel 5 5 `` Grounded on the 23rd Floor '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan April 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 08 ) 101 Zack and Cody get grounded for a week for rollerblading in the lobby , injuring Mr. Moseby in the process . When they find out a famous couple is getting married at the hotel , they buy a camera off Maddie to take a picture of the kiss rumored to be selling for 20,000 dollars . Zack sneaks into the wedding and takes the picture , only for Maddie , Cody , and Zack to be busted by Mr. Moseby . The boys are grounded again for another week after Carey finds out . Note : This was originally the first episode of the entire series , as the episode style and layout was that of a pilot episode and many of the props used in the episode ( such as Maddie 's uniform or some furniture in the Martins ' suite ) were not used in future episodes . Additionally , Maddie has brown hair instead of blonde hair in this episode . An alternate version of this episode also aired with different cuts and extended scenes , including an extended scene after Maddie and London talk and London says `` Hold that elevator ! '' and more conversations between Zack and Cody when they are observing armpit hairs and when Carey refers to the previous hotel accident . 6 6 `` The Prince & The Plunger '' Andrew Tsao Adam Lapidus April 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 15 ) 106 Arwin , the hotel engineer , sends Carey flowers and a poem . However , she thinks they were sent by Serge the concierge , who when asked , lied to Carey about the flowers and poem . When Zack and Cody find out , they help Arwin tell Carey that it was him who sent the gifts . Meanwhile , London 's father the owner of the Tipton is attending her father - daughter dance , but he fails to show due to usual circumstances . Guest stars : Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser , Estelle Harris as Muriel 7 7 `` Footloser '' Rich Correll Bill Freiberger April 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 22 ) 105 Zack and Max enter GoDanceUSA , a dance contest . When Zack hurts his ankle jumping on the bed after Max specifically told him not to do anything stupid , Cody fills in for Zack despite being a terrible dancer . London loans Maddie money for her parents trip to Paris so in return Maddie works for London Until she can repay her . In the end the entire staff chip in some money so Maddie can pay London back . Guest star : Alyson Stoner as Max 8 8 `` A Prom Story '' Jim Drake Jeny Quine May 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 06 ) 111 Maddie 's high school prom is coming up , and Zack finds out she is throwing it at the Tipton . When he overhears her saying that she likes a guy who has an age difference from her by three years , he thought it was him , not Jeff , the guy she liked . Meanwhile , a circus comes to the Tipton , prompting Cody to act like a mime . When Zack gets his heart broken by Maddie , she gets her heart broken by Jeff , who has a college girlfriend . Maddie then agrees to dance with Zack . Guest star : Monique Coleman as Mary Margaret 9 9 `` Band in Boston '' Rich Correll Billy Riback May 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 20 ) 112 Zack , Cody , Max and Tapeworm organize a band called Rock Squared for battle of the bands , but due to fighting , Cody quits the band . On the day of the event , Max locks the twins in their closet , but they find their own way there , with help from Arwin . Meanwhile , Maddie and Lance 's band Waterworks for battle of the bands instruments ' are funded by London after they promise she can be a back - up singer , but she is a terrible singer . Guest stars : Alyson Stoner as Max , Dennis Bendersky as Tapeworm , Brian Stepanek as Arwin , Estelle Harris as Muriel 10 10 `` Cody Goes to Camp '' Rich Correll Jim Geoghan June 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 06 ) 113 Cody and Tapeworm go to math camp for a week , leaving Zack on his own for a few days . Meanwhile , London gets her learner 's permit and while Mr. Moseby teaches her how to drive , her car ends up in the Tipton hotel wall . When Zack starts to miss Cody , he persuades London , Maddie , and Muriel to drive up to camp to check on Cody with him . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez and Estelle Harris as Muriel 11 11 `` To Catch a Thief '' Jeff McCracken Ross Brown June 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 18 ) 108 Esteban is accused of a jewelry theft after someone 's jewelry was stolen . Zack and Cody try to prove it was n't him , but they end up crashing a Bar Mitzvah , for which they get punished . Meanwhile , London ca n't bring her dog onto her father 's ship , so Maddie takes care of Ivana while she is gone . When Zack and Cody overhear the real thieves talking about heading up to London 's suite , the twins , Esteban , and Maddie all set a trap to catch the real thieves . Note : This is the first time we see the SS Tipton when London is on the phone with Maddie . The life preserver says `` S.S. Tipton '' . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez , Estelle Harris as Muriel 12 12 `` It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad Hotel '' Lex Passaris Howard Nemetz July 17 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 17 ) 114 When Zack and Cody 's football breaks a painting hung up in the hallway , they find an article on the back saying that someone was coming back for his treasure . Desperate , Zack , Cody , Maddie , London , and Esteban all imagine what their life would be like if they found the treasure , despite London already being rich . They all search frantically for the treasure , but they end up breaking into the bank of Boston . In the end , the real treasure was Muriel . Guest stars : Estelle Harris as Muriel , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Brian Stepanek as Arwin Note : When Esteban is having his fantasy , the symbols on the workers shirt still have a `` T '' for Tipton . 13 13 `` Poor Little Rich Girl '' Dana deVally Piazza Lloyd Garver July 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 22 ) 110 Zack and Cody watch a video of them being born , but in the video , their mother might have mistaken them for each other , so they become the complete opposite of themselves . Meanwhile , London becomes poor after finding out her father went bankrupt from a failed investment of diamonds , so she stays with Maddie until her father can find a place for her to stay . At the end of the episode , Carey gets her sons ' birth certificates from the hospital and tells which of her sons are which . Also London becomes rich again when Mr. Moseby tells her that her father struck oil in his diamond mine . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Estelle Harris as Muriel 14 14 `` Cookin ' with Romeo and Juliet '' Jim Drake Jeny Quine & Adam Lapidus July 22 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 22 ) 115 Ilsa , the hotel inspector who attempted to replace Mr. Moseby as manager of the Tipton , returns and informs Mr. Moseby that she is the manager of the hotel across the street . The son of the rival hotel owner likes London but the owners of the hotel hate each other . Maddie helps them meet behind everyone 's back . Zack tries to make money from Cody 's cookies which are the best some people have ever tasted . Guest stars : Caroline Rhea as Ilsa , Ben Ziff as Todd 15 15 `` Rumors '' Rich Correll Bernadette Luckett August 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 14 ) 116 London starts a rumor about Maddie and Lance that angers Maddie , eventually leading her into accidentally beginning a rumor about London that she has real fox fur in her closet . It turns out that she pronounced faux as fox , which caused Maddie to think she had real animal furs . Cody tries to make himself look less like Zack by dyeing his hair , but it turns red and he asks Zack to take his place in an interview . Guest stars : Estelle Harris as Muriel , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban 16 16 `` Big Hair & Baseball '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell August 28 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 28 ) 117 Mr. Moseby takes Zack and Cody to a baseball game , but when he accidentally catches a baseball that makes the Boston Red Sox lose the game , everyone in Boston hates him . Maddie attempts to stop her hair from frizzing before going to a blind date London set up for her with a boy who sweats when he is nervous . Guest stars : Chad Broskey as Gavin , Estelle Harris as Muriel 17 17 `` Rock Star in the House '' Kelly Sandefur Jeny Quine & Howard Nemetz September 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 18 ) 122 Jesse McCartney stays at the Tipton . London and Maddie try to see him while Zack obtains souvenirs to auction off to other fans . Cody works on his science project , a high frequency laser , and Arwin helps him even though it is against the rules . Guest stars : Jesse McCartney as himself , Sophie Oda as Barbara Brownstein , Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser 18 18 `` Smart & Smarterer '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Adam Lapidus October 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 10 ) 125 Cody gets a good grade and Zack gets a bad grade in school and Carey threatens Zack that he will have to go to summer school if he ca n't keep his grades up . However , after he finds out that Bob gets more time to complete tests because he has dyslexia , Zack pretends that he has dyslexia too . Mr. Moseby loses his voice , causing havoc in the hotel . London and Maddie play chess but London keeps winning so they keep playing until Maddie wins . When she ca n't , London eventually lets Maddie win . Esteban helps Moseby get his voice back by giving him a special treatment and Zack is punished for being lazy and lying to his teacher and Carey about dyslexia and is forced to do extra homework as his punishment . Guest stars : Charlie Stewart as Bob , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez 19 19 `` The Ghost of Suite 613 '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan October 14 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 14 ) 109 A rumor is circulating around the Tipton Hotel that Suite 613 is haunted by a ghost . Meanwhile , Zack plays practical jokes on everyone , embarrassing them around other people . Later , when they hear that London has dropped her purse with a thousand dollars in Suite 613 , Maddie , London , Zack , and Cody all run up to get it . On the way , Muriel tells them about the ghost whose name was Irene . A very wealthy woman . In 1942 Irene and her husband checked in on their honeymoon night and then he went off to join the Allies in World War 2 and never came back . He `` met '' an Italian woman . Irene snapped and threw a gift of hers at the mirror thus shattering it and unintentionally killing herself . Muriel then leaves . When Mr. Moseby finds them in the suite later on , he tells them of the experience he had with suite 613 when he was only a bellhop in the hotel . Then Zack dares Cody to spend a night at 613 and the person who runs out first owes the other five dollars . In the suite , they try to talk to the spirit ( Cody , Zack , London , Maddie , and Esteban ) getting Esteban possessed and making Cody , Maddie and London disappear . It is then revealed to be a practical joke for Zack . At the end of the episode , Zack and Cody look for Cody 's blanket when a woman who looks exactly like Irene approaches them and gives Cody back the blanket and leaves , passing through the wall with a portrait in the wall meaning the ghost of Irene is real . Note : Irene , the ghost of suite 613 , is mentioned in The Suite Life on Deck episode `` The Ghost and Mr. Martin '' , when Zack says that ghosts exist because they saw one in the Tipton hotel . Orlando Bloom is also mentioned by London when they were having pizza . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Brian Stepanek as Arwin , Estelle Harris as Muriel 20 20 `` Dad 's Back '' Rich Correll Jim Geoghan November 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 26 ) 119 The boys ' father Kurt ( played by Robert Torti ) returns . Zack gets tired of living by his mother 's boring rules , so Zack sneaks onto his father 's bus the day he leaves . Carey decides to become the `` fun '' parent while Kurt becomes the responsible one . London trains Maddie because of her lack of strength for gym class . 21 21 `` Christmas at the Tipton '' Danny Kallis Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan December 10 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 10 ) 123 Everyone 's plans for Christmas are cancelled when a snowstorm traps everyone in the Tipton . Carey and the boys are stuck with Kurt . After Cody sees Carey and Kurt hugging he thinks they are getting back together . Maddie tries to get an expensive present from London by writing her name on all the Secret Santa slips , and asking London to pick . In the end though , Maddie is disappointed when London gives her a sweater that she sewed herself , with no hole for the head because there is a third arm instead . Mr. Moseby has to have Arwin 's help to keep everyone in the hotel warm by firing up a furnace with ripped - up furniture . While this is happening , a couple named Joseph and Mary ( who are expecting a baby girl ) come to stay at the Tipton on Christmas Eve , and she goes into labor , but ca n't make it to the hospital because the roads are closed . Finally , Mary must give birth to a beautiful baby girl in the elevator . Guest star : Robert Torti as Kurt Martin , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Brian Stepanek as Arwin 22 22 `` Kisses & Basketball '' Lex Passaris Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan January 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) 120 Max kisses Zack after they win a basketball game , then Zack insults Max making her feel bad since she really likes him . The basketball team then makes him go on a date with her so that she 'll feel better , but then the date goes horribly wrong , with Zack revealing it was n't his own decision to come , and Max feels worse than ever . Maddie helps London with her shopping problems . Guest stars : Alyson Stoner as Max , Dennis Bendersky as Tapeworm , Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser , Patrick Bristow as Patrick 23 23 `` Pilot Your Own Life '' Lee Shallat - Chemel Danny Kallis January 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) 118 Maddie and London compete with each other to get on the cover of a teen magazine . Cody convinces Moseby 's employees to `` pilot their own lives '' , which causes a lot of chaos . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez , Estelle Harris as Muriel 24 24 `` Crushed '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell & Adam Lapidus January 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 13 ) 121 A classmate named Agnes ( Allie Grant ) falls in love with Cody because he is the only pupil who is n't mean to her . She asks him out on a date , and Cody gets Zack to go on the date and revolt her . Agnes finds out it is really Zack , not Cody , on the date , and begins to like him , instead . London sets up her dog Ivana on a date with another rich dog . Ivana does n't like the other dog , and falls in love with Maddie 's dog , Scamp . Guest stars : Allie Grant as Agnes , Emma Stone as the voice of Ivana 25 25 `` Commercial Breaks '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis January 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 20 ) 126 A commercial for the Tipton is being shot at the hotel . All of the employees have to audition . The director did n't like anybody who auditioned , but picked London because her father signs his paycheck . London is horrible , so she is fired and replaced by Mr. Moseby who trips and breaks his leg , so Carey ( who had previously dated the director ) does the commercial . Guest stars : Steve Hytner , Brian Stepanek as Arwin , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban 26 26 `` Boston Holiday '' Lex Passaris Pamela Eells O'Connell January 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 27 ) 124 Prince Sanjay , The Prince of Ishkabar , stays at the Tipton and becomes friends with Zack and Cody . He tells them he just wants to be a normal child and Zack takes him to the mall while Cody takes his place in a meeting with the mayor ( Cody wears a Shabakababa which is a worn on occasions in Sanjay 's culture -- it covers the face so nobody could tell it was Cody ) . While trying to impress girls , Sanjay accidentally steals clothes while thinking that it was ok and that his people will pay for it . Zack and Sanjay end up in mall jail . Meanwhile , London thinks she has spotted a UFO and Maddie helps her because London keeps ordering delicious and expensive food . In the end , it turns out to be a mylar balloon from London 's birthday party caught on a TV antenna . Season 2 ( 2006 -- 07 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 27 `` Odd Couples '' Danny Kallis Adam Lapidus February 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 03 ) 203 London likes a merit scholar ( Zac Efron ) , and Maddie helps her to trick him into thinking she is smart . Cody moves into a coat closet because Zack is too messy and does n't clean his side of the room . To Zack 's surprise , Cody makes the room more `` home '' like by putting in a flat - screen TV and more . It has the gag out of the TV show The Odd Couple that Zack is like Oscar and Cody is like Felix . Guest star : Zac Efron as Trevor . Note : This was the first time that Ashley Tisdale and Zac Efron worked together on Disney , the second time was the High School Musical movies . 28 `` French 101 '' Rich Correll Jim Geoghan February 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 10 ) 201 The French Ambassador and his daughter visit the Tipton Hotel , and both Zack and Cody develop a crush on the daughter , Jolie , although neither of them know French . Following his mother 's advice , Cody locks Zack in a coat closet , then hires Mr. Moseby to translate for him . He eventually gets to dance with Jolie , but while doing so , Zack arrives with 2 cards : One full of compliments and one full of insults . Cody takes the insults ( which he mistakes for compliments ) and the daughter goes to Zack . However , Bob , who speaks fluent French , gets Jolie at the end . Meanwhile , Esteban is upset when London can beat a street thief but he ca n't . To cheer him up , Maddie arranges a plan for Arwin to pretend to be a thief and let Esteban defeat him . Things go wrong when Arwin forgets about the plan and Esteban must fight a real thief instead . Note : The waiter that said `` Third door on the left '' was also in the episode Shipnotized on Suite Life on Deck . Guest stars : Katelyn Pippy as Jolie , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez , Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser 29 `` Day Care '' Jim Drake Jeff Hodsden February 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) 204 Maddie requires Zack and Cody 's help to run a day care center . London takes Mr. Moseby and Carey to yoga lessons , but when London does n't like the yoga teacher , she decides to be the teacher . Guest stars : Moises Arias as Randall , Wynter Daggs as Brandi , Logan Grove as Johnny , Joey King as Emily , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Cheryl Rusa as Woman in hotel , Sara Christine Smith as Randall 's Mom 30 `` Heck 's Kitchen '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell February 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 24 ) 207 Mr. Moseby receives information that a food critic called Bernard Burnaise is coming to the Tipton to try out the food . He is told that Burnaise has three different disguises : A middle - aged woman , a Chinese man with a long beard , and a cowboy . Mr. Moseby then hires Zack and Cody to sneak around the hotel and find out who exactly is Burnaise . They conclude that a Texan cowboy is actually Burnaise and Mr. Moseby orders Chef Paolo to cook a wonderful meal for him . Things take a turn for the worse when Chef Paolo quits after being insulted , and Cody must take over , having London , Maddie , and Zack as his kitchen staff . What they do n't know is that although the cowboy is impressed with his meal , he is actually not the real food critic , who suddenly appears to give the Tipton another chance when he realizes the situation and the struggle to serve the cowboy . Chef Paolo then decides to go back to work at the Tipton , where his being in charge assures that the Tipton will get good reviews . 31 5 `` Free Tippy '' Rich Correll Jeny Quine March 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 03 ) 202 Zack and Cody try to save the Tipton 's carriage horse ( Tippy ) from being sold to a mean lumberjack when the horse carriage driver Henry gets retired . London borrows Maddie 's great grandmother 's brooch , but when she loses it , Maddie makes her feel bad . Mr. Moseby arranges a banquet with Mrs. Delecourt . The boys sneak Tippy into the hotel and have him stay with Arwin , but then Tippy escapes so the boys look all around the hotel . London tells Carey that the brooch is in the trash but she is not looking there . But Carey tells her that a good friend would help look for it . So Arwin and London look for it in the dumpster and run into a homeless guy . At the end , Mrs. Delecourt convinces Mr. Tipton not to retire Henry , and the homeless man comes to the hotel with Maddie 's brooch . 32 6 `` Forever Plaid '' Jim Drake Tim Pollock March 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 20 ) 205 Zack and Cody make a hole in a wall , and Arwin helps them fix it . Zack and Cody then discover that they can see soccer girls in the next room , so they invite their friends to look in the hole too . They later get found out by Mr. Moseby and Carey and they all end up with a sore eye . Meanwhile , London transfers to Maddie 's school and causes her to get a detention , later they pretend to be nuns from Finland . Guest stars : Monique Coleman as Mary Margaret , Vanessa Hudgens as Corrie , Marianne Muellerleile as Sister Dominick , Brian Stepanek as Arwin and Charlie Stewart as Bob 33 7 `` Election '' Rich Correll Howard Nemetz March 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 21 ) 206 Zack and Cody both run in a school election , and London and Maddie take sides : Maddie tries to help Cody and London tries to help Zack . At first , Zack was getting more attention ( by making lies that the students will get ice cream , supermodels and a skate park if he is president ) . Later , Cody gets the attention after Zack drops out because he thought that Cody 's ideas were better and he would want him to be president . Guest stars : Alyson Stoner as Max , Allie Grant as Agnes , and Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser . 34 8 `` Moseby 's Big Brother '' Rich Correll Howard Nemetz March 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 22 ) 212 Mr. Moseby 's smaller - in - size but older - in - age brother comes to the Tipton . He is very rich and they do not really like each other much . Zack and Cody get one bicycle together because they do not have enough money to get their own individual ones . However , Zack begins to keep the bike all for himself which makes Cody angry . Maddie and Esteban send London fake horoscopes to take advantage of her , which backfires when London finds out . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban 35 9 `` Books & Birdhouses '' Rich Correll Jim Geoghan March 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 23 ) 214 London steals Maddie 's idea for a school assignment and turns it into a famous book . London 's theft backfires when she is sued for a million dollars because Maddie 's idea plagiarized a previous book . Meanwhile , Cody signs up for an advanced Calculus Math Class covering tables , Conversion and Convergences , but no one , even the teacher , shows up . Cody is jealous that Zack is acing woodshop , and signs up for it instead . He does not know anything about wood and ends up getting his first demerit and C . Guest stars : Phil Abrams , Patricia Bethune , Max Burkholder , Lauren Cohn , Chris Dollard , D.C. Douglas , Joey King , Marianne Muellerleile , Charlie Stewart 36 10 `` Not So Suite 16 '' Rich Correll Adam Lapidus March 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 24 ) 213 Maddie and London 's 16th birthday parties are scheduled on the same day , even though London 's birthday was 6 months ago . London refuses to change her date out of selfishness and bribes people with gifts if they come to her party . Cody gets Maddie the perfect gift . Zack wants it , but Cody wo n't give it to him ; he instead helps find Zack a suitable gift . Aside from her family , only Zack shows up at Maddie 's party while everyone else goes to London 's , thus earning a hug . Maddie and London both have a miserable time and in the end , reconcile and merge parties . Guest stars : Monique Coleman as Mary Margaret , Vanessa Hudgens as Corrie , Bernie Kopell , Kathryn Joosten 37 11 `` Twins at the Tipton '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell March 31 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 31 ) 215 The Tipton is having a twin convention . Zack forces Cody , who was recently dumped by his girlfriend Irma , to go out on a double date with Janice and Jessica ( Camilla and Rebecca Rosso ) , who are British identical twins . Maddie and London also go on a double date with twins , and Maddie ends up dating the geek twin who is really smart , yet disturbing ; while London gets the handsome twin who is just as dumb as she is . Note : At 4 : 00 - 4 ; 05 when Bob tells Cody that he has been dumped by Irma , he says `` Irma told Kim who told Phill who told Ashley who told Brenda who told Dylan who told Cole who told me . '' The names used are the first names of the cast members in the reverse of the sequence shown in the opening credits . Guest stars : Rebecca Rosso as Jessica , Camilla Rosso as Janice , Scott Halberstadt as Dirk , Jake Abel as Kirk 38 12 `` Neither a Borrower nor a Speller Bee '' Lex Passaris Lloyd Garver April 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 14 ) 209 Zack wants Cody to drop out of the junior spelling bee because he owes the $30 to his competitor . London and Maddie do community service . London sees that her rival got in the newspaper for doing community service , so London brings the paparazzi with her to show off herself doing community service . Sister Dominick also always comes in at the wrong time when London is faking work and Maddie and her friends were pushed out of the way by London , all the credit to London while Maddie , Corrie , and Mary -- Margaret are the ones doing ALL the work , and Maddie becomes infuriated as a result . Guest stars : Monique Coleman as Mary Margaret , Vanessa Hudgens as Corrie 39 13 `` Bowling '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis April 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) 208 When the Tipton staff keeps losing at sports against Ilsa and the St. Mark crew , Zack tells them he is a good bowler , so they decide to play bowling against them . Arwin , however , has a fear of bowling , and quits . Zack is the best bowler on the Tipton team , but gets grounded for a month for playing a mean trick on Cody and ca n't help his team in a bowling contest against the St. Mark hotel , so Arwin has to fill in for him , regardless of a bowling accident that he experienced years ago . Guest stars : Caroline Rhea , Dot Jones , Brian Stepanek as Arwin , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban 40 14 `` A Kept Man '' Jim Drake Jeff Hodsden & Tim Pollock May 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 19 ) 216 Zack befriends a rich boy named Theo . He lavishes Zack with expensive gifts including tickets to a Boston Celtics game and a Black Eyed Peas concert . Zack also begins rejecting Cody , even refusing to attend his speech . After Theo tries to get Zack to tape the concert , Zack finally ends their friendship . He makes amends with Cody and agrees to attend his speech . Meanwhile , London and Maddie have to take care of a baby simulator for school , which keeps them up all night . Maddie mainly does all the work , while London does hardly any except buying him expensive clothing and giving Esteban the position of a nanny . The doll eventually falls out of a window and breaks . Maddie and London return it to Sister Dominic , expecting to fail , but she instead gives them an A+ for figuring out the purpose of the assignment . They are overjoyed , but Maddie gets in trouble when the recorder in the doll plays a message of her insulting Sister Dominic . Guest stars : Monique Coleman as Mary Margaret , Vanessa Hudgens as Corrie , Mike Weinberg , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Note : In the UK airings of this episode , the scene where the doll simulator ( heavily resembling a baby ) is thrown out the window is censored . The following scene is also censored ( it does not show the simulator hit Esteban on the head ) . As well as this , the scene that shows the `` baby '' being thrown against the couch is censored also . However in `` Mr. Tipton Comes to Visit , '' these scenes are left in . 41 15 `` The Suite Smell of Excess '' Kelly Sandefur Billy Riback June 2 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 02 ) 210 Arwin builds a machine called the P.U. ( Parallel Universalizer ) that can take anybody to an alternate universe . Zack and Cody use the machine to travel to a universe where everything is how they like it , but completely opposite of the normal universe : Paris Hilton is President , George Clooney is on the quarter , the Tipton hotel is the Fitzpatrick hotel because Maddie is the one who is rich , and not London . Carey is a successful singer , with Arwin being her producer ( Carey is the one who has a crush on Arwin in the parallel Universe , not the other way around ) . Mr. Moseby 's nickname is ' M ' and he loves playing in the lobby and disturbing the guests . Lastly , Esteban is a cleaning lady . After spending a few days there , they become tired of it and return to the real universe . Arwin is told about Carey 's crush on him and tries to go into the parallel Universe . Esteban dresses up as a cleaning lady for a party . Carey notices the George Clooney quarter and keeps it . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Brian Stepanek as Arwin 42 16 `` Going for the Gold '' Rich Correll Adam Lapidus June 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 10 ) 221 Arwin enters the Hotel Engineers ' competition which is taking place at the Tipton . Zack and Cody find out that one of the competitors , Irv Weldon , is cheating , so they try to help Arwin win . London opens her own store and hires Maddie to be in it , but London keeps on insulting the guests and ruining business . Guest star : Brian Stepanek as Arwin 43 17 `` Boston Tea Party '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell June 30 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 30 ) 222 When Zack and Cody visit the park , they find out it is being cordoned off . Then a construction worker tells them they 're going to knock down the tree of liberty and pave the park over into a parking lot . Cody writes an eighteen page letter to convince city hall not to pave the park , but they do n't listen . Zack has a dream about the Boston Tea Party and finds out Liberty Park is where they planned it . This gives the construction workers reason to not pave it over . At the end , Mr. Moseby gets a restraining order not to tear down the park . Meanwhile , Esteban is taking a test to become a citizen of the United States . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez , Brian Stepanek as Arwin , Sharon Jordan as Irene the Concierge 44 18 `` Have a Nice Trip '' Rich Correll Jeny Quine July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) 219 A hotel patron claims he fell on Zack 's skateboard . Zack and Cody find out that he faked the accident to get free things from the Tipton . The Tipton staff have to serve their `` injured '' guest with the best service they have , or risk the hotel 's reputation being trashed by the man . Absent : Brenda Song as London Tipton Guest stars : Sammi Hanratty , Eric Lutes , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban 45 19 `` Ask Zack '' Eric Dean Seaton Billy Riback July 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 15 ) 224 Zack wants a job on the school paper because the only other job was on the band . He then uses his part of the paper ( the `` Ask Shirley '' column ) to get a girl named Darlene . London has trouble getting to sleep because there are diamond dust bunnies under her mattress . Guest stars : Camilla and Rebecca Rosso as Jessica and Janice , Nicki Prian as Darlene , Sophie Oda as Barbara Brownstein , Charlie Stewart as Bob 46 20 `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( Part two of `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ) Rich Correll Howard Nemetz July 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 28 ) 218 Raven Baxter visits the Tipton and has a vision that Carey 's birthday party will be full of chaos . Meanwhile , Maddie tries to get London to wear Raven 's dress but London does n't want to wear it , as it was not made by someone famous . Also , Cody fears if he will get any bad luck . Maddie tricks London into wearing the dress but London finds out , soon Hannah Montana shows up at the hotel and also wants the dress , so she fights for it with London . Special guest stars : Raven - Symoné as Raven Baxter Special appearance : Miley Cyrus as Hannah Montana Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Brian Stepanek as Arwin 47 21 `` What the Hey ? '' Lex Passaris Danny Kallis August 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 05 ) 217 After they miss the bus , Zack convinces Cody to skip school and go to the mall where they ( along with Bob ) meet Cody 's favorite band , `` Everything Stinks , '' who are shooting a music video . Cody wins a contest to have a part in the video as `` Wing Lee '' , but before the shoot , Carey comes to the mall for shopping and Zack , Cody and Bob try to keep her from seeing them until she leaves . Meanwhile , London and her new step - mother ( T Lopez ) are having trouble getting along . When Carey finds out that Zack and Cody are ditching school along with Bob , she grounds Zack from movies , desserts , television and music , and Cody from reading for fun for a month and London and Brandi become friends after London apologizes to Brandi for saying all the mean things to her because of her annoyance , thanks to Mr. Moseby 's advice . Guest stars : T Lopez as Brandi Tipton , Monet Lerner as Matisse , Charlie Stewart as Bob 48 22 `` A Midsummer 's Nightmare '' Lex Passaris Jeny Quine August 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) 211 Zack and Cody are in a school play . Cody and a girl named Gwen ( Selena Gomez ) are going out and Zack likes Vanessa . Zack gets a role in the play where he has to kiss Gwen . When they are practicing the kiss , Gwen starts to like Zack . Zack does n't like her back . Vanessa likes Cody . Cody changes the kissing scene with help from Agnes ( because she could n't stand to see Zack kiss another girl ) . London changes the look of the hotel to bring good luck with the art of Feng Shui , but the arrangement causes more trouble than good . At first , Maddie finds a $100 bill , Esteban 's parents get rich , and Moseby gets an exotic vehicle because his breaks down . But , Maddie is arrested since the bill was a fake , Esteban 's parents go bankrupt , and Moseby 's `` exotic vehicle '' is a bike . Guest stars : Chris Doyle as Messenger , Gage Golightly as Vanessa , Selena Gomez as Gwen , Allie Grant as Agnes , Ernie Grunwald as Mr. Forgess , Asante Jones as G - Man , Loren Lester as Man , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Charlie Stewart as Bob 49 23 `` Lost in Translation '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis August 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 19 ) 223 It is International Week at Zack and Cody 's school . A Japanese singer ( Kumiko Mori as herself ) visits the Tipton , and Zack uses her for his school project . When Zack loses the singer at school , Carey , Cody , and Zack end up performing for a large Japanese audience , until Kumiko returns . Meanwhile , London allows Maddie to select some of her old clothes in her closet . But the doorknob broke off the door , locking London and Maddie inside it . Guest stars : Camilla and Rebecca Rosso as Janice and Jessica , Kumiko Mori as herself 50 24 `` Volley Dad '' Kelly Sandefur Adam Lapidus September 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 08 ) 227 Cody is concerned about his mother 's new boyfriend , so he calls his father to the Tipton . Maddie plays a trick on London to get her to play volleyball well . Guest stars : Monique Coleman as Mary Margaret , Kaycee Stroh , Mindy Sterling , Robert Torti as Kurt Martin 51 25 `` Loosely Ballroom '' Rich Correll Jeny Quine September 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) 225 Esteban starts a ballroom dancing class to help earn money for his sister 's quinceañera ( 15th birthday party , similar to a ' sweet 16 ' ) . Mr. Moseby schedules a ballroom dancing competition at the Tipton . The gang enters to win money for Esteban 's sister 's quinceañera . Note : Jared Murillo , Ashley Tisdale 's then - boyfriend , has a cameo in this episode . He is seen in the dance competition , but is not credited . Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick Guest stars : Camilla and Rebecca Rosso , Rip Taylor , Ashly DelGrosso , Louis van Amstel , Cheryl Burke , Alaina Reed Hall , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban 52 26 `` Scary Movie '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell October 13 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 13 ) 228 When Zack and Cody take Jessica and Janice to the movies watching a horror movie , which their mother has told them not to see , Zack starts to sleepwalk and piles furniture against the hotel door in the lobby . Meanwhile , London pretends to be poor to impress a boy . Guest stars : Tahj Mowry as Brandon , Camilla and Rebecca Rosso as Janice and Jessica , Monica May as the movie cashier 53 27 `` Ah ! Wilderness ! '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan November 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) 230 The boys become Wilderness Scouts , with Mr. Moseby as their leader . When all of their food disappears , Zack saves the team from starvation by finding wild food . Cody is jealous , and when he meets an old man ( Tom Poston ) who gives him food , Cody lies to the team and says that he found it himself . While the boys are away , Carey tries to have free time , but Maddie and London keep bothering her about a guy Maddie is dating . The guy is London 's old boyfriend and she still likes him . Note : This was Tom Poston 's last role before his death . Guest stars : Tom Poston as Merle , Charlie Stewart as Bob 54 28 `` Birdman of Boston '' Rich Correll Jim Geoghan November 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 24 ) 220 A hawk makes a nest at the Tipton and causes havoc , so Mr. Moseby scares her away . When Cody finds that the hawk laid an egg , he cares for it while Zack films the hatching of the egg to sell on the internet . Cody continues to care for the baby hawk after the egg hatches , but when the baby hawk is ready to be released into the wild , Cody has a difficult time letting him go . Absent : Brenda Song as London Tipton Note : The name of the hawk , `` Bubba , '' is also the name of Dylan and Cole Sprouse 's dog . Guest stars : Patrick Bristow as Patrick , Brian Stepanek as Arwin , Camilla and Rebecca Rosso as Jessica and Janice 55 29 `` Nurse Zack '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis December 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) 229 Cody takes care of Carey when she is sick , but when Cody also falls ill , Zack needs to take care of them both . All of the employees at the Tipton try to win Employee of the Month by sabotaging all of the other employees ' stations . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Patrick Bristow as Patrick , Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser 56 30 `` Club Twin '' Lex Passaris Howard Nemetz January 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 07 ) 231 Zack and Cody try to find summer jobs , so they convince Moseby to let them have the lounge on Monday nights , and they start an underage club . London gives Maddie some of her beauty products called Simply London , but turns out to have a side effect . Guest stars : Alyson Stoner as Max , Charlie Stewart as Bob 57 31 `` Risk It All '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan January 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 27 ) 234 Zack and Cody enter a game show called `` Risk It All '' . Maddie tries to retrieve an angry email that London accidentally sent to Mr. Moseby -- which she did n't intend to send at all . Guest stars : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Ramirez , Dan Levy as Jerry Barnes , Meghan Ashley as Prize Girl 1 , Tyler Kremin as Kevin , AJ Noel as Johnny , Christina Silva as Prize Girl 2 , Jordan Green as Oven , Mario Munoz as Stunt Double Zack , Albert Lee as Sumo Wrestler , Courtney Farnsworth as Stunt Jousting Maiden , and Howard Nemetz as Tom 58 32 `` Nugget of History '' Danny Kallis Dan Signer February 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 23 ) 236 Moseby 's grandmother , Rose Moseby ( Phill Lewis in a dual role ) , comes to visit , and helps Zack with his history paper about `` Fascinating Firsts of the 1940s '' , which he writes based on a man named Hugh Mulzac , whom according to Rose was the captain of the first desegregrated ship crew . But Zack gets a `` D '' because the teacher claims that the facts in Zack 's paper are inaccurate , and he also gets a week of detention when Zack talks back trying to defend his assignment . Zack gets help from Grandma Moseby to prove Zack 's history teacher was wrong . Meanwhile , London gets a job at Cluck Bucket with Maddie . When London causes Maddie to get her old job back as `` Hillary Hen '' , Maddie becomes furious ; but when London is in trouble , it is up to a reluctant Maddie to save her . Guest star : Oliver Muirhead as Mr. Dwosh 59 33 `` Miniature Golf '' Jim Drake Jeny Quine March 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 02 ) 232 Zack & Cody go on a double date at mini golf . Zack stinks at it , but his date is great . Soon , Zack tries to get help from Mr. Moseby , who was an expert at mini golf . Zack returns to the mini golf course and proceeds to beat everyone sorely . Meanwhile , London starts a book club and Maddie gets tempted to join but realizes that the club is n't discussing about the book and Carey tries to live a healthier life . Guest stars : Alexa Nikolas as Tiffany , Brittany Curran as Chelsea , Sophie Oda as Barbara 60 34 `` Health and Fitness '' Rich Correll Howard Nemetz March 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 16 ) 226 Every employee at the Tipton is required to take a cholesterol test , and Mr. Moseby is afraid of the needle . Cody tries to get Chef Paolo to eat healthily after bacon bits were found in his blood after the cholesterol test . After looking in a slanted mirror that distorts images , London is worried about being overweight , and Maddie is worried about being too thin . London starts to obsessively exercise and eat nothing while Maddie tries to eat a lot . In an effort to keep Zack from eating too much candy , Carey gives him a strictly healthy diet . 61 35 `` Back in the Game '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell & Adam Lapidus April 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 06 ) 237 A wheelchair basketball team is staying at the Tipton , giving Zack the opportunity to persuade his friend Jamie , now permanently using a wheelchair , to start playing the sport again . Maddie tries to make a film for her school project starring London and Lance . Guest stars : Nathan Kress as Jamie , Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell as Daryl , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban 62 36 `` The Suite Life Goes Hollywood , Part 1 '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan April 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 20 ) 238 Two television writers discover about the life of Zack & Cody , and sells a sitcom about the show , and everyone gets to go there to watch it . Although , when Zack and Cody 's actors do n't work out , Zack and Cody are offered to take their place . Note : Rich Correll , who is actually the director of the show , plays the TV Director . Guest stars : Rich Correll as TV Director , Dante Basco as `` Madrid '' -- Hollywood 's London , Brecken Palmer as Hollywood Zack , Bridger Palmer as Hollywood Cody , Cameron Goodman as Hollywood Maddie , Michele Nordin as Hollywood Carey , Benjamin Brown as Hollywood Moseby , Sam McMurray as Bud , Christopher Neiman as Lou 63 37 `` The Suite Life Goes Hollywood , Part 2 '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Jim Geoghan April 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 20 ) 239 Zack and Cody accept the offer to become the stars of the television show , although Cody gets stage fright and ca n't act , leading to a fight , so Carey gives them a timeout . During the timeout , some twins ( guest stars The Veronicas ) sing in front of the audience , and the writers fire Zack & Cody and hire them . Meanwhile , London and Maddie sneak onto a movie set to see a cute actor , and the director mistakes them for stunt doubles . Note : The Veronicas perform their song `` Cry '' when asked to sing in front of the audience . Guest stars : Rich Correll as TV Director , Jennifer Tisdale as Western Movie Actress # 1 , Nikki Soohoo as Western Movie Actress # 2 , Eddie Mekka as Western Movie Director , Dante Basco as `` Madrid '' -- Hollywood 's London , Cameron Goodman as Hollywood Maddie , Michele Nordin as Hollywood Carey , Benjamin Brown as Hollywood Moseby , Sam McMurray as Bud , Christopher Neiman as Lou , Rik Young as Johnny Vaine , The Veronicas as the Australian twins 64 38 `` I Want My Mummy '' Phill Lewis Pamela Eells O'Connell May 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 18 ) 235 When London comes back from Peru , she brings back a lot of artifacts , including an ancient necklace and a mummy , which Esteban says is cursed . Zack and Cody want to see the mummy , so they sneak into the suite to see it , but accidentally push it out of the window . As a result , Zack disguises Cody as the mummy until Zack can get the real one . However , Maddie and Esteban feel the mummy should go back where it came from , so they dress up one of Maddie 's old dolls to look like the mummy and switch with the one on display ( which is really Cody ) . Eventually , they all find out the original mummy is a fake . Guest star : Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Note : This episode marked Phill Lewis ' directorial debut . 65 39 `` Aptitude '' Danny Kallis Adam Lapidus June 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 02 ) 233 Zack and Cody are surprised by their aptitude test scores : Zack is told he will be a CEO , while Cody is going to turn out as a sanitation engineer . Zack soon starts acting smart , while Cody starts to have a negative attitude . Meanwhile , Maddie saves the life of a Moroccan ambassador , and later London . She becomes famous for a little while and London does n't like it . But eventually new news comes and Maddie is sad to find out that her 15 minutes of fame are over . Season 3 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 66 `` Graduation '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Adam Lapidus June 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 23 ) 301 After Cody becomes class valedictorian , because of passing all of his classes , Zack finds out that he has failed English and is unable to graduate so he has to attend summer school . After the boys ' father Kurt comes over to visit to take some time off from his tour so he can watch his boys graduate , he lies to his parents , making them believe that he passed and that he will graduate as Zack sneaks into graduation and stealing someone 's cap and gown and pretending to get a diploma by shooting a spitball at one of the teachers . However , at the party they throw for the boys ' graduation , he is overcome with guilt and announces in front of everyone that he has failed English and that he did n't graduate and Zack is forced to give Kurt back his favorite vintage guitar that Kurt gave to him . Meanwhile , Maddie becomes a camp counselor and finds that she needs to spend the summer with a group of juvenile girls including Holly , the little con - artist and hustler from `` Have a Nice Trip '' . Guest stars : Hannah Leigh Dworkin as Amy , Ernie Grunwald as Mr Forgess , Sammi Hanratty as Holly , Marianne Muellerleile as Sister Dominic , Sophie Oda as Barbara Brownstein , Jaelin Palmer as Leah , Cierra Ramirez as Jasmine , Robert Torti as Kurt Martin , Todd Tucker as Puppeteer 67 `` Summer of Our Discontent '' Rich Correll Dan Signer June 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 30 ) 302 Cody searches for a summer job , and finds a `` help wanted '' sign at the local mini-mart . When the owner realizes Cody is friends with London , he will only hire Cody if he will set him up on a date with her . Meanwhile , Zack repeats English in summer school , but when Zack discovers he is the smartest student in his summer school class , all the other kids give him three hanging wedgies but in the end he tutors them too which causes them to pass the entire summer school class . Zack later finds the wedgies strangely relaxing . Title reference : The phrase `` Now is the winter of our discontent , '' from Shakespeare 's Richard III Guest stars : Tara Lynne Barr as Haley , Adam Cagley as Brick , Jareb Dauplaise as Wayne Wormser , Mary Scheer as Mrs. Bird , Tyler Steelman as Mark , Kara Taitz as Millicent Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 68 `` Sink or Swim '' Rich Correll Jeny Quine & Dan Signer July 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 08 ) 303 Since Zack is done with summer school now that he has finally passed English , Carey asks him if he wants to find a summer job . When the girls at camp overhear Maddie on the phone with London , they report the latest juicy gossip to the tabloids . Since all the news is saying that London ca n't swim , she starts taking swim lessons with Lance . After he teaches her to swim in a shallow pool , she falls in love with him . Arwin takes Zack in as his assistant , but Zack does n't want to do all the required dirty work , so he hides in the mini-mart as Zack ends up getting a job there . Guest stars : Aaron Musicant as Lance , Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser 69 `` Super Twins '' Rich Correll Jim Geoghan & Pamela Eells O'Connell July 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 13 ) 305 Zack and Cody wish upon a star and become superheroes . Zack gets super speed and Cody gets telekinesis and can read minds . However , Mr. Moseby has become a super villain called the Mean - ager , whose evil plot is to turn all kids into adults with the help of his minions , Bellboy ( Esteban ) and the Engineer ( Arwin ) . However , in the end , Zack finds out it was only a dream after he ate three slices of cold pizza before going to bed . Guest stars : Charlie Stewart as Bob , Brian Stepanek as Arwin , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban Note : This episode was part of Disney Channel 's `` Wish Gone Amiss Weekend '' 70 5 `` Who 's the Boss ? '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Adam Lapidus July 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 22 ) 304 At the mini-mart , Cody does all the work but Zack gets all the credit . With the help of Arwin , Cody gets a machine to help him with his job . But when the machine breaks and causes total chaos in the store , Cody gets fired , and Zack tries to help Cody get his job back . Meanwhile , London does n't know how to present Lance to her friends , because Lance embarrasses her constantly . Guest stars : Alexa Nikolas as Tiffany , Brittany Curran as Chelsea , Aaron Musicant as Lance 71 6 `` Baggage '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell & Jim Geoghan July 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 22 ) 306 A competing mini-mart issues a competition to see who can bag items faster . Meanwhile , Mr. Moseby 's niece , Nia ( Giovonnie Samuels ) , comes to the Tipton and works as the candy counter girl in Maddie 's absence . Instead of preparing for the challenge , Zack and Cody are goofing off at a party with London and Nia . Note : This is the first appearance of Nia Moseby . Guest star : Giovonnie Samuels as Nia Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 72 7 `` Sleepover Suite '' Danny Kallis Adam Lapidus July 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 28 ) 307 To impress Stacey ( Meaghan Jette Martin ) , Cody tells her that she can have her birthday slumber party in London 's hotel suite while she is in Scotland but , when London comes home early , Zack , Cody , and Nia must find a way to keep London out of the suite . Meanwhile , Carey is constantly pursued by a barbershop quartet named The Mellow Notes because she is so beautiful . In the end , Cody , Zack , and Nia confess everything , making Stacey lose interest in Cody and the three grounded . Also , the barbershop quartet has Moseby join the band and they sing to Carey . Guest stars : Giovonnie Samuels as Nia , Meaghan Jette Martin as Stacey , Raini Rodriguez as Betsy Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 73 8 `` The Arwin That Came to Dinner '' Rich Correll Jeny Quine August 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 05 ) 308 Arwin could n't fix things right because his mother re-married and moved out . When Zack and Cody invite Arwin over for dinner and stay overnight , he wo n't seem to leave , because he does n't want to be alone . Carey is getting annoyed at him so she forces Zack and Cody to make him go . Meanwhile , Lance dumps London and she wants to find a way to get back with him . Guest stars : Samantha Droke as Wanda , Megan Hilty as Enid , Aaron Musicant as Lance , Giovonnie Samuels as Nia , Brian Stepanek as Arwin Hawkhauser Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 74 9 `` Lip Synchin ' in the Rain '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Dan Signer August 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 12 ) 318 London ( even though she ca n't sing or dance ) gets the role of Sharpay in their school production of High School Musical instead of Maddie because Mr. Tipton is financing the director 's play ( `` Floss '' ) on Broadway . Zack has to work backstage for detention and Cody gets the part of Troy . Guest stars : Mitchell Whitfield as Mr. Blaine , Mark Indelicato as Antonio Note : Maddie references Ashley Tisdale ( who actually plays Maddie in the series ) a few times by saying that she looks like Sharpay ( which Ashley Tisdale also played in High School Musical ) , though no other character on the show seems to agree . 75 10 `` First Day of High School '' Lex Passaris Howard Nemetz August 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 26 ) 310 It is the first day of high school for Zack and Cody . Zack finds a new crush , Amber , ( Kay Panabaker ) . Cody saves Bob from Vance , the school bully , Nia gets in trouble for defending Zack , and Mark ( from Zack 's summer school class in `` Summer of Our Discontent '' ) gets Cody 's help to learn to be a geek and Cody and Vance get in trouble for fighting in the classroom and the two end up in detention along with Zack , Nia and Mark after Ms. Millitich , the school principal discovers the incident . London attends public school for the first time ( after being expelled again from Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow for not showing up regularly ) , in which she is out to tear down lockers for her own personal lounge . Guest stars : Kay Panabaker as Amber , Blythe Auffarth as Ellen , Kathy Najimy as Ms. Millitich , Giovonnie Samuels as Nia , Matt Angel as Vance Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 76 11 `` Of Clocks and Contracts '' Rich Correll Tim Pollock September 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 15 ) 309 Zack tries to negotiate a better contract for Carey as the Tipton 's nightly singer to Mr. Moseby so they could stay at the Tipton . After losing her science tutor , London asks and pays Cody to help her with her project . Nia also wants Cody 's help and bribes him with concert tickets to Yo Yo Ma . Cody quits and London and Nia combine their machines , inventing a French Fry maker . Guest star : Giovonnie Samuels as Nia Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 77 12 `` Arwinstein '' Rich Correll Pamela Eells O'Connell September 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 30 ) 313 It is Halloween at the Tipton . When looking for Arwin , Zack and Cody accidentally release a robot Frankenstein monster ( created by Arwin ) , who is almost an exact replica of Arwin . The employees think ' Arwinstein ' is Arwin in his costume for Halloween . Meanwhile , London is hosting a Halloween party at the Tipton , which has a costume contest , and the winner gets diamonds . Arwinstein shows up at the party and becomes the winner of London 's costume contest . Soon , Arwinstein kidnaps Carey and everyone finds out that Arwinstein is a monster . Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 78 13 `` Team Tipton '' Rich Correll Howard Nemetz October 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 27 ) 312 Maddie returns and does not get along with Nia at all , while Esteban and Patrick are also fighting . Carey then gets into an argument with Patrick , after saying he was making noise during her performance . Meanwhile , when Zack causes some customers to leave , he and Cody schedule a bug convention at the Tipton to make it up to Mr. Moseby . However , Zack who is afraid of bugs , accidentally releases the bugs into the Tipton . Mr. Moseby makes arrangements for a seminar to be held at the Tipton for himself , Arwin , Esteban , Patrick , Carey , Millicent , Maddie , London , and Nia to help them to learn to respect their co-workers . Guest stars : Giovonnie Samuels as Nia , Pat Finn as Sandy Butteaux , Kara Taitz as Millicent Note : This is the only time where Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick and Giovonnie Samuels as Nia Moseby both appear in the same episode . 79 14 `` Orchestra '' Rich Correll Jeff Hodsden November 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 10 ) 311 Cody becomes jealous of the new violinist Sergay , a Russian prodigy . When Sergay starts to flirt with Barbara , Cody 's girlfriend , he becomes jealous and determined to win her back at the orchestra 's performance at the Tipton . Meanwhile , London wants to learn the business of the Tipton hotel , so she shadows all the jobs in the Tipton , including the bellboy and maid , and causes chaos for the guests and all the employees . But when she goes for Mr. Moseby 's job , she realizes all the nasty things the workers at the Tipton have to say about her . Note : This episode was part of Disney Channel 's November 2007 `` Night of Premieres '' . Guest star : Sharon Jordan as Irene the Concierge , Sophie Oda as Barbara Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 80 15 `` A Tale of Two Houses '' Rich Correll Jim Geoghan November 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 17 ) 314 Zack and Cody each invite a girl over at their father 's empty apartment at the same time without the other knowing it . Meanwhile , London teaches Esteban how to act rich because his family inherits the throne to his country , but ends up ruining everything for Esteban and when a military coup d'etat has overthrown Esteban 's royal family , all his luxury items are subject to repossession , forcing Esteban to go back to his old job as a bellhop . Esteban 's friend , a hot dog vendor named Hector , takes the place as a rich person and goes Island Shopping with London . Guest stars : Amanda Gallo as Abby , Rolando Molina as Hector , Sophie Oda as Barbara , Adrian R'Mante as Esteban , Tyler Steelman as Mark , Rachel Thorp as Cassandra , Robert Torti as Kurt Martin Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 81 16 `` Tiptonline '' Rich Correll Dan Signer December 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 15 ) 315 Cody helps London with her website Yay Me ! Starring London Tipton and produces a video on her site . Meanwhile , Zack gets addicted to Medieval Magic Quest , an online game . Mr. Moseby is playing the game too , so they become friends online . Cody is tired of all the things London makes him do ( wearing high heels , etc . ) , so he quits . London 's site then starts to get less viewers and she apologizes to Cody , inviting him back to be the producer . Meanwhile , Zack and Mr. Moseby discover each other 's identity in the game and they later try to quit because the game proves to be addictive . Guest star : Brittany Curran as Chelsea Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 82 17 `` Foiled Again '' Danny Kallis Billy Riback February 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) 319 Tony Hawk checks into the Tipton ; Maddie and London each have a crush on their fencing instructor . While Zack and Cody are doing their science project , the problem is that Cody has a fear of germs , and when Zack makes a mistake when analyzing a germ from the kitchen and thinks it is a toxic type of black mold , the rumor spreads through the hotel and everyone starts panicking . Cody gets over his fear after he realizes that he ca n't go skateboarding with Tony Hawk wearing an anti-germs suit . Special guest star : Tony Hawk as himself 83 18 `` Romancing the Phone '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Pamela Eells O'Connell April 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 19 ) 317 Zack and Cody befriend Travis , a kid whom they rope into helping them impress their dates because his father works on a cruise ship . They then bail on Travis and go out with their dates , but lets Travis go with the girls instead . Maddie finds a stranger 's phone whom she thinks is her crush ( because she and the stranger have many of the same interests , which she found out on the lost phone ) . At the end , the owner of the phone was an old man , but Maddie takes an interest in the old man 's grandson named Jeffrey . Special guest star : Jaden Smith as Travis Guest stars : Kelsey Chow as Dakota , Morgan Leigh as man on Guerney , June Kyoku Lu as Barbara 's grandmother , Sophie Oda as Barbara , William Schallert as David , Drew Seeley as Jeffrey 84 19 `` Benchwarmers '' Jim Drake Danny Kallis July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 ) 316 Zack tries out for the high school basketball team but realizes there 's some stiff competition , the kind he did n't face in middle school , and worse yet , the giant , in - your - face Coach Little ( Michael Clarke Duncan ) . Meanwhile , when they 're rejected as cheerleaders , Cody and London form their own cheer - leading squad with the help of Mr. Moseby , who ends up doing a jumping cheer and landing right into the arms of a gruff Coach Little . Note : This is the last appearance of Giovonnie Samuels with her role of Nia Moseby only in Season 3 Guest stars : Sophie Oda as Barbara , Giovonnie Samuels as Nia , Kaycee Stroh as Leslie , Tara Lynne Barr as Haley , Camilla and Rebecca Rosso as Janice and Jessica Ellis , Daniella Monet as Dana , Michael Clarke Duncan as Coach Little Absent : Ashley Tisdale as Maddie Fitzpatrick 85 20 `` Doin ' Time in Suite 2330 '' Rich Correll Jeny Quine & Adam Lapidus August 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 09 ) 320 When Zack and Cody are grounded for crashing the wedding and having Mr. Moseby injured by angry people and forbidden to leave their suite for the rest of the week , Maddie steps in for Cody as the producer of London 's Internet show . In order to win the Golden Netty award , Cody sneaks out and gets The Cheetah Girls as guest stars for London 's show but is surprised when he finds out that Maddie has already booked Chris Brown as a guest star . In the end Carey finds out and goes on a rampage against the blatant disobedience of her sons , scaring Chris , the Cheetah Girls , and the live audience , and angrily grounds Zack and Cody again in rage . It ends up that Maddie and Cody both win the Golden Netty and Zack and Cody 's mother was the top download of the week as `` Ranting - Mom '' . Guest stars : Chris Brown as himself , The Cheetah Girls as themselves 86 21 `` Let Us Entertain You '' Rich Correll Danny Kallis & Pamela Eells O'Connell August 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 16 ) 322 Zack and Cody get an offer to stay in the King Neptune suite on the SS Tipton with their mother if she will sing , however , they do n't tell her that she will have to sing , and after a couple hours she finds out herself . Since Carey does not think it is a vacation if she has to work , she offers to pay for her room herself , although the only room she can afford is the `` Sardine Suite '' in other words the storage room . Also , Sardine Suite members only get fed one small plate of food a day . Carey finally gives in and agrees to sing . Unfortunately , she falls asleep in the sun and gets a sunburn , no longer able to perform . Zack and Cody then perform in her place , stating that because their mother has made so many sacrifices for them , it is time they made a sacrifice for her . When the uptight cruise director says this is not authorized , the audience applauds Zack and Cody and says they put on a great show . Meanwhile in Boston , London is hosting a 24 - hour telethon during her `` Yay Me ! '' Staring London Tipton '' broadcast . In this episode of `` Yay Me '' London takes Maddies advice to raise money for the less fortunate through phone pledges . They plan to have special guests come in from around the world and perform to help the cause . However , a blizzard occurs , which prevents any of London 's guests for her broadcast to get to the hotel ( since the roads have all been closed ) . Therefore , they are forced to improvise , which include Mr. Moseby jumping through a hoop like a dog , Maddie and London performing a ventriloquist act , and London spinning plates . After almost the full 24 hours , London gets tired and decides to log off . Then they realize that their internet connection has been lost for over twenty three hours and that all their performances had been for nothing . Instead , they decide to give the left - over food from the Tipton to the food shelter once or twice a week . Guest stars : Nicole Sullivan as Miss Klotz Note : The same cruise set ( the SS Tipton ) is used in The Suite Life on Deck . The cityscape background seen throughout the episode is that of the Miami skyline . 87 22 `` Mr. Tipton Comes to Visit '' Lex Passaris Jim Geoghan September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) 321 The news of a visit from Mr. Tipton gets the employees excited and they start reminiscing about their good deeds , while thinking about who deserves a possible $50,000 bonus . When Mr. Tipton arrives he is in a bad mood , which means somebody will be fired and nobody will get the raise . All fingers point to Carey because of the boys ' mishaps , but Zack & Cody come up with a plan , involving Muriel , to protect their mother . Muriel makes a mistake in front of Mr. Tipton and he fires her , not realizing that she had already retired some time ago , also Mr. Moseby accidentally breaks the vase in the hotel . Notes : This is a flashback episode and aired during `` The Suite Life and Times of London Tipton '' marathon . Guest stars : Estelle Harris as Muriel , Brian Stepanek as Arwin , Bob Joles as Mr. Tipton References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Suite Life of Zack & Cody '' . Zap2it . General references `` Suite Life of Zack & Cody Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . `` The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) List of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes at TV.com List of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes on IMDb List of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes at Zap2it List of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes at AOL Television List of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episodes at Yahoo ! TV hide The Suite Life series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody The Suite Life on Deck Characters Main Zack Martin Cody Martin London Tipton Mr. Moseby Carey Martin Recurring The Suite Life of Zack & Cody The Suite Life on Deck Episodes The Suite Life of Zack & Cody `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' `` The Suite Life Goes Hollywood '' The Suite Life on Deck `` The Suite Life Sets Sail '' `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related The Suite Life Movie Disney Channel All Star Party Indian Adaptation The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir Episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Suite_Life_of_Zack_%26_Cody_episodes&oldid=840785771 '' Categories : The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Lists of American children 's television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Español Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 04 : 20 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Suite%20Life%20of%20Zack%20%2526%20Cody%20episodes	639
you and i will fight for our lives			We shall fight on the beaches	we shall fight on the beaches	`` We shall fight on the beaches '' is a common title given to a speech delivered by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 4 June 1940 . This was the second of three major speeches given around the period of the Battle of France , with the others designated as the `` Blood , toil , tears , and sweat '' speech of 13 May , and the `` This was their finest hour '' speech of 18 June . Events developed dramatically over the five - week period , and although broadly similar in themes , each speech addressed a different military and diplomatic context .	In this speech , Churchill had to describe a great military disaster , and warn of a possible invasion attempt by the Nazis , without casting doubt on eventual victory . He also had to prepare his domestic audience for France 's falling out of the war without in any way releasing France to do so , and wished to reiterate a policy and an aim unchanged -- despite the intervening events -- from his speech of 13 May , in which he had declared the goal of `` victory , however long and hard the road may be '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Peroration 3 Reception 4 Popular culture 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Churchill had taken over as Prime Minister on 10 May , eight months after the outbreak of World War II in Europe . He had done so as the head of a multiparty coalition government , which had replaced the previous government ( led by Neville Chamberlain ) as a result of dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war , demonstrated by the Norway debate on the Allied evacuation of Southern Norway . Coincidentally , the German Wehrmacht offensive in the Low Countries and France had begun on 10 May with the invasion of the Netherlands , Belgium and Luxembourg . Churchill had spoken to the House of Commons as Prime Minister for the first time on 13 May , to announce the formation of the new administration : I would say to the House , as I said to those who have joined this Government : `` I have nothing to offer but blood , toil , tears and sweat . '' In that speech he had said nothing about the military situation in France and the Low Countries . Expecting that the German offensive would develop along much the same lines as it did in 1914 , the lines of communication of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) did not run through the `` short crossing '' Channel ports -- Boulogne , Calais , Dunkirk , etc. -- but rather through Dieppe and Le Havre . On 13 May , the Wehrmacht 's attack through the Ardennes had reached the Meuse River at Sedan and then crossed it , breaking through the defences of the French Army . By 20 May , Wehrmacht armoured divisions had reached the coast of the English Channel , splitting the BEF and the French First Army from the main French forces . The Wehrmacht next moved against the cut - off Allied forces , moving along the seacoast with only small Allied forces to resist them . After the capitulation of Belgium on 28 May , a gap had also appeared on the eastern flank of the Allied forces , which had been forced to retreat into a small pocket around the seaport of Dunkirk . From this pocket the bulk of the BEF and a considerable number of French troops had been evacuated in Operation Dynamo , but these troops had left behind virtually all of their heavy equipment ( transport and armaments ) . The French First Army had most of its units pocketed around Lille . Those of its units evacuated from Dunkirk were relanded in France but saw no further action ; they were still being reorganised in Brittany at the fall of France . Churchill had made a brief statement to the Commons on 28 May reporting the Belgian capitulation , and concluding Meanwhile , the House should prepare itself for hard and heavy tidings . I have only to add that nothing which may happen in this battle can in any way relieve us of our duty to defend the world cause to which we have vowed ourselves ; nor should it destroy our confidence in our power to make our way , as on former occasions in our history , through disaster and through grief to the ultimate defeat of our enemies . He had promised a further statement of the military situation on 4 June , and indeed the major part of the speech is an account of military events -- so far as they affected the BEF -- since the German breakthrough at Sedan . The German breakthrough had not been exploited southwards , and the French had improvised a relatively thinly held defensive line along the Aisne and the Somme . The British military evaluation was that this was unlikely to withstand any major attack by the Wehrmacht . In the air , the French were short of fighter planes and the shortage was worsening due to their many losses in combat . The French military commanders had hence asked for additional British fighter squadrons to be sent into the fight in France . Politically , there were considerable doubts over the French willingness to continue the war , even in the absence of any further military catastrophes . Churchill had argued in favour of sending the fighter squadrons to France because he considered that that move would be vital to sustain French public morale , and also to give no excuse for the collapse of the French Army . That would possibly lead to a French government that would not only drop out of the war , but also become hostile to the United Kingdom . The British War Cabinet discussed this issue at meetings on 3 June and on the morning of 4 June , but it decided to take the advice of the Royal Air Force and the Secretary of State for Air , Sir Archibald Sinclair , that the British priority must be to prepare its own defences . The three squadrons present in France would be kept up to fighting strength , but no further squadrons could be spared for the Battle of France . Despite relief that the bulk of the BEF had made it back to Britain , Mass Observation reported civilian morale in many areas as zero , one observer claiming that everyone looked suicidal . Only half the population expected Britain to fight on and the feelings of thousands were summed up as : This is not our war -- this is a war of the high - up people who use long words and have different feelings . Therefore , when talking about the future course and conduct of the war in this speech , Churchill had to describe a great military disaster , and warn of a possible German invasion attempt , without casting doubt on eventual victory . He needed to prepare his domestic audience for France 's departure from the war without in any way releasing France to do so ; in his subsequent speech of 18 June immediately after the French had sued for peace Churchill said : The military events which have happened during the past fortnight have not come to me with any sense of surprise . Indeed , I indicated a fortnight ago as clearly as I could to the House that the worst possibilities were open , and I made it perfectly clear then that whatever happened in France would make no difference to the resolve of Britain and the British Empire to fight on , if necessary for years , if necessary alone . Finally , he needed to reiterate a policy and an aim unchanged -- despite the intervening events -- from his speech of 13 May , in which he had said : We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind . We have before us many , many long months of struggle and of suffering . You ask , what is our policy ? I will say : It is to wage war , by sea , land , and air , with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us ; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark , lamentable catalogue of human crime . That is our policy . You ask , what is our aim ? I can answer in one word : It is victory , victory at all costs , victory in spite of all terror , victory , however long and hard the road may be . Peroration ( edit ) The peroration is perhaps the best known part of the speech , and is widely held to be one of Churchill 's finest oratorical moments . Turning once again , and this time more generally , to the question of invasion , I would observe that there has never been a period in all these long centuries of which we boast when an absolute guarantee against invasion , still less against serious raids , could have been given to our people . In the days of Napoleon , of which I was speaking just now , the same wind which would have carried his transports across the Channel might have driven away the blockading fleet . There was always the chance , and it is that chance which has excited and befooled the imaginations of many Continental tyrants . Many are the tales that are told . We are assured that novel methods will be adopted , and when we see the originality of malice , the ingenuity of aggression , which our enemy displays , we may certainly prepare ourselves for every kind of novel stratagem and every kind of brutal and treacherous manœuvre . I think that no idea is so outlandish that it should not be considered and viewed with a searching , but at the same time , I hope , with a steady eye . We must never forget the solid assurances of sea power and those which belong to air power if it can be locally exercised . I have , myself , full confidence that if all do their duty , if nothing is neglected , and if the best arrangements are made , as they are being made , we shall prove ourselves once more able to defend our island home , to ride out the storm of war , and to outlive the menace of tyranny , if necessary for years , if necessary alone . At any rate , that is what we are going to try to do . That is the resolve of His Majesty 's Government -- every man of them . That is the will of Parliament and the nation . The British Empire and the French Republic , linked together in their cause and in their need , will defend to the death their native soil , aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength . Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule , we shall not flag or fail . We shall go on to the end . We shall fight in France , we shall fight on the seas and oceans , we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air , we shall defend our island , whatever the cost may be . We shall fight on the beaches , we shall fight on the landing grounds , we shall fight in the fields and in the streets , we shall fight in the hills ; we shall never surrender , and if , which I do not for a moment believe , this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving , then our Empire beyond the seas , armed and guarded by the British Fleet , would carry on the struggle , until , in God 's good time , the New World , with all its power and might , steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old . In the sentence ending in ' surrender ' only the last word -- `` surrender '' -- does not have Old English roots according to some sources . However , it is often forgotten that other words used in the speech such as `` confidence '' , `` defend '' , `` Empire '' and `` liberation '' among others originated from Old French . The popular yet false idea that only the word `` surrender '' does not have Old English roots is most likely grounded in Francophobia . There is no similar overwhelming preponderance in the peroration as a whole ; nor do the perorations of other Churchill speeches largely exclude words with foreign origins . However , Churchill himself had attended a speech given by Georges Clemenceau in Paris in June 1918 , in which Clemenceau had used similar diction ( `` I will fight ( the Germans ) in front of Paris , I will fight in Paris , and I will fight behind Paris '' ) . Both orators used the accumulation of similar - sounding statements to emphasise their uncompromising will to fight . Reception ( edit ) It is said that immediately after giving the speech , Churchill muttered to a colleague , `` And we 'll fight them with the butt ends of broken beer bottles because that 's bloody well all we 've got ! '' Nonetheless , Churchill impressed his listeners and the speech was immediately recognised to be historic . One of Churchill 's secretaries noted in his diary `` A magnificent oration , which obviously moved the House '' . A Conservative MP wrote in his diary `` he was eloquent and oratorical and used magnificent English ; several Labour members cried '' . A Labour MP , Josiah Wedgwood , 1st Baron Wedgwood , friend and admirer of Churchill since the Dardanelles campaign , wrote to him , `` My dear Winston . That was worth 1,000 guns and the speeches of 1,000 years '' . Unlike his subsequent This was their finest hour speech , Churchill 's 4 June speech in the House of Commons was not repeated by him as a live radio broadcast that evening . Rather , as with his earlier Blood , toil , tears , and sweat speech , extracts were read by the newsreader on that evening 's BBC news broadcast . They made a great impression on at least one listener : Even repeated by the announcer , it sent shivers ( not of fear ) down my spine . I think that one of the reasons why one is stirred by his Elizabethan phrases is that one feels the whole massive backing of power and resolve behind them , like a great fortress : they are never words for words ' sake . The next year American journalist H.R. Knickerbocker wrote that its words `` deserve to be memorized by us all '' , observing that `` With Churchill 's picture these words are placarded in homes and offices throughout the British Empire . '' Popular culture ( edit ) Parts of the peroration are sampled in the song Fool 's overture from Supertramp ( at 2 : 28 ) : We shall go on to the end . ( ... ) We shall fight on the seas and oceans , ( ... ) we shall defend our island , whatever the cost may be . ( ... ) We shall never surrender . A portion of the speech , from `` We shall go on to the end ... '' to `` We shall never surrender '' , has been used in live recordings and performances of Iron Maiden 's song Aces High . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jackson , Julian ( 2003 ) . The Fall of France . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 185 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280300 - X . Jump up ^ Collier , Richard ( 1980 ) . 1940 : The World in Flames . Harmondsworth : Penguin . p. 352 . ISBN 9780140053418 . Jump up ^ More nuanced accounts of how people subsequently recalled their feelings to be can be found at `` The Spitfire site : Stories of the Battle of Britain 1940 -- Dunkirk Over : Triumph or Defeat ? '' . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quote by Robert Lacey : `` When Winston Churchill wanted to rally the nati ... '' `` . Goodreads . Jump up ^ Jordan M. Poss . `` Jordan M. Poss : Blog , Ltd . '' . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ John Olsen . `` War '' . Jump up ^ Enright , Dominique ( 2001 ) . The Wicked Wit of Winston Churchill . Michael O'Mara . p. 45 . ISBN 9781854795298 . -- other sources give other occasions for the remark Jump up ^ John Colville , diary entry 4 June 1940 , quoted in Gilbert op cit Jump up ^ `` Chips '' ( Sir Henry Channon ) diary entry 4 June 1940 in Robert Rhode James , ed. ( 1967 ) . Chips : the Diaries of Sir Henry Channon . London . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Josiah Wedgewood , letter of 4 June 1940 , quoted in Gilbert , Martin ( 1983 ) . Finest Hour Winston S Churchill 1939 -- 1941 . London : Book Club Associates . p. 468 . Jump up ^ Sir Robert Rhodes James ( Autumn 1996 ) . `` Myth Shattering : An Actor Did Not Give Churchill 's Speeches '' ( PDF ) . Finest Hour . The International Churchill Societies ( 92 ) : 23 -- 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sir Robert Rhodes James ( n.d. ) . `` Myths - An actor read Churchill 's wartime speeches over the wireless . '' . The Churchill Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sackville - West , Vita letter of 4 June 1940 to Harold Nicholson in ( 1967 ) . Nigel Nicholson , ed . Harold Nicholson Diaries and Letters 1939 -- 1945 . London . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Knickerbocker , H.R. ( 1941 ) . Is Tomorrow Hitler 's ? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind . Reynal & Hitchcock . pp. 152 -- 3 . External links ( edit ) A full audio recording , hosted by The Guardian . The Churchill Centre : We Shall Fight on the Beaches , with a short introduction Transcription and MP3 recording of the speech Hansard transcription and ensuing exchanges ( hide ) Winston Churchill Life Winston Churchill as historian Winston Churchill as painter Winston Churchill as writer Winston Churchill in politics , 1900 -- 1939 Timeline War Rooms conferences Percentages agreement Statement on Atrocities European Advisory Commission Honours of Winston Churchill Later life of Winston Churchill The Other Club Blenheim Palace Chartwell St Martin 's Church , Bladon Writings The Story of the Malakand Field Force ( 1898 ) Savrola ( 1899 novel ) The River War ( 1899 ) London to Ladysmith via Pretoria ( 1900 ) Ian Hamilton 's March ( 1900 ) Lord Randolph Churchill ( 1906 ) The World Crisis ( 1923 -- 1931 , five volumes ) My Early Life ( 1930 ) Marlborough : His Life and Times ( 1933 -- 1938 , four volumes ) Great Contemporaries ( 1937 ) Arms and the Covenant ( 1938 ) The Second World War ( 1948 -- 1963 , six volumes ) A History of the English - Speaking Peoples ( 1956 -- 1958 , four volumes ) Speeches `` Blood , toil , tears , and sweat '' `` Be ye men of valour '' `` We shall fight on the beaches '' `` This was their finest hour '' `` Never was so much owed by so many to so few '' `` Iron Curtain '' Legacy and depictions Palace of Westminster statue Parliament Square statue Washington , DC , statue Epstein bust Memorial Trusts Churchill College , Cambridge Churchill Archives Centre The Churchill Centre US Churchill Museum Cultural depictions Churchillian Drift Related Norway Debate Terminological inexactitude Siege of Sidney Street Tonypandy Riots Sword of Stalingrad Operation Unthinkable Family Lord Randolph Churchill ( father ) Jennie Jerome , Lady Randolph Churchill ( mother ) John Strange Spencer - Churchill ( brother ) Clementine Churchill , Baroness Spencer - Churchill ( wife ) Diana Churchill ( daughter ) Randolph Churchill ( son ) Sarah Churchill ( daughter ) Marigold Churchill ( daughter ) Mary Soames , Baroness Soames ( daughter ) Descendants John Spencer - Churchill ( grandfather ) Frances Anne Spencer - Churchill ( grandmother ) Leonard Jerome ( grandfather ) Clarissa Eden ( niece ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches&oldid=803703960 '' Categories : 1940 in the United Kingdom World War II speeches English phrases British political phrases Speeches by Winston Churchill June 1940 events Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Français עברית Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 02 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20shall%20fight%20on%20the%20beaches	640
where is lactase found in the human body	Lactase is an enzyme produced by many organisms . It is located in the brush border of the small intestine of humans and other mammals . Lactase is essential to the complete digestion of whole milk ; it breaks down lactose , a sugar which gives milk its sweetness . Lacking lactase , a person consuming dairy products may experience the symptoms of lactose intolerance . Lactase can be purchased as a food supplement , and is added to milk to produce `` lactose - free '' milk products .	in the brush border of the small intestine	Lactase	lactase	Lactase is an enzyme produced by many organisms . It is located in the brush border of the small intestine of humans and other mammals . Lactase is essential to the complete digestion of whole milk ; it breaks down lactose , a sugar which gives milk its sweetness . Lacking lactase , a person consuming dairy products may experience the symptoms of lactose intolerance . Lactase can be purchased as a food supplement , and is added to milk to produce `` lactose - free '' milk products .	Lactase ( also known as lactase - phlorizin hydrolase , or LPH ) , a part of the β - galactosidase family of enzymes , is a glycoside hydrolase involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers . Lactase is present predominantly along the brush border membrane of the differentiated enterocytes lining the villi of the small intestine . In humans , lactase is encoded by the LCT gene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 1.1 Food use 1.2 Medical use 1.3 Industrial use 2 Mechanism 3 Structure and biosynthesis 4 Genetic expression and regulation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Uses ( edit ) Food use ( edit ) Lactase is an enzyme that some people are unable to produce in their small intestine . Without it they ca n't break down the natural lactose in milk , leaving them with diarrhea , gas and bloating when drinking regular milk . Lactase is added to Lactose Free Milk to neutralize lactose naturally found in milk , leaving it slightly sweet but digestible by everyone . Without lactase , lactose intolerant people pass the lactose undigested to the colon where bacteria break it down creating carbon dioxide and that leads to bloating and flatulence . Medical use ( edit ) Lactase supplements are sometimes used to treat lactose intolerance . Industrial use ( edit ) Lactase produced commercially can be extracted both from yeasts such as Kluyveromyces fragilis and Kluyveromyces lactis and from molds , such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae . Its primary commercial use , in supplements such as Lacteeze and Lactaid , is to break down lactose in milk to make it suitable for people with lactose intolerance , However , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not formally evaluated the effectiveness of these products . Lactase is also used to screen for blue white colonies in the multiple cloning sites of various plasmid vectors in Escherichia coli or other bacteria . Mechanism ( edit ) The optimum temperature for human lactase is about 37 ° C for its activity and has an optimum pH of 6 . In metabolism , the β - glycosidic bond in D - lactose is hydrolyzed to form D - galactose and D - glucose , which can be absorbed through the intestinal walls and into the bloodstream . The overall reaction that lactase catalyzes is C H O + H O → C H O + C H O + heat . The catalytic mechanism of D - lactose hydrolysis retains the substrate anomeric configuration in the products . While the details of the mechanism are uncertain , the stereochemical retention is achieved through a double displacement reaction . Studies of E. coli lactase have proposed that hydrolysis is initiated when a glutamate nucleophile on the enzyme attacks from the axial side of the galactosyl carbon in the β - glycosidic bond . The removal of the D - glucose leaving group may be facilitated by Mg - dependent acid catalysis . The enzyme is liberated from the α - galactosyl moiety upon equatorial nucleophilic attack by water , which produces D - galactose . Substrate modification studies have demonstrated that the 3 ′ - OH and 2 ′ - OH moieties on the galactopyranose ring are essential for enzymatic recognition and hydrolysis . The 3 ′ - hydroxy group is involved in initial binding to the substrate while the 2 ′ - group is not necessary for recognition but needed in subsequent steps . This is demonstrated by the fact that a 2 - deoxy analog is an effective competitive inhibitor ( K = 10mM ) . Elimination of specific hydroxyl groups on the glucopyranose moiety does not completely eliminate catalysis . Lactase also catalyzes the conversion of phlorizin to phloretin and glucose . Structure and biosynthesis ( edit ) Preprolactase , the primary translation product , has a single polypeptide primary structure consisting of 1927 amino acids . It can be divided into five domains : ( i ) a 19 - amino - acid cleaved signal sequence ; ( ii ) a large prosequence domain that is not present in mature lactase ; ( iii ) the mature lactase segment ; ( iv ) a membrane - spanning hydrophobic anchor ; and ( v ) a short hydrophilic carboxyl terminus . The signal sequence is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum , and the resulting 215 - kDa pro-LPH is sent to the Golgi apparatus , where it is heavily glycosylated and proteolytically processed to its mature form . The prodomain has been shown to act as an intramolecular chaperone in the ER , preventing trypsin cleavage and allowing LPH to adopt the necessary 3 - D structure to be transported to the Golgi apparatus . Schematic of processing and localization of human lactase translational product Mature human lactase consists of a single 160 - kDa polypeptide chain that localizes to the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells . It is oriented with the N - terminus outside the cell and the C - terminus in the cytosol . LPH contains two catalytic glutamic acid sites . In the human enzyme , the lactase activity has been connected to Glu - 1749 , while Glu - 1273 is the site of phlorizin hydrolase function . Genetic expression and regulation ( edit ) Lactase is encoded by a single genetic locus on chromosome 2 . It is expressed exclusively by mammalian small intestine enterocytes and in very low levels in the colon during fetal development . Humans are born with high levels of lactase expression . In most of the world 's population , lactase transcription is down - regulated after weaning , resulting in diminished lactase expression in the small intestine , which causes the common symptoms of adult - type hypolactasia , or lactose intolerance . Some population segments exhibit lactase persistence resulting from a mutation that is postulated to have occurred 5,000 -- 10,000 years ago , coinciding with the rise of cattle domestication . This mutation has allowed almost half of the world 's population to metabolize lactose without symptoms . Studies have linked the occurrence of lactase persistence to two different single - nucleotide polymorphisms about 14 and 22 kilobases upstream of the 5 ' - end of the LPH gene . Both mutations , C → T at position - 13910 and G → A at position - 22018 , have been independently linked to lactase persistence . The lactase promoter is 150 base pairs long and is located just upstream of the site of transcription initiation . The sequence is highly conserved in mammals , suggesting that critical cis - transcriptional regulators are located nearby . Cdx - 2 , HNF - 1α , and GATA have been identified as transcription factors . Studies of hypolactasia onset have demonstrated that despite polymorphisms , little difference exists in lactase expression in infants , showing that the mutations become increasingly relevant during development . Developmentally regulated DNA - binding proteins may down - regulate transcription or destabilize mRNA transcripts , causing decreased LPH expression after weaning . See also ( edit ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal MCM6 Lactase persistence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Järvelä I , Torniainen S , Kolho KL ( 2009 ) . `` Molecular genetics of human lactase deficiencies '' . Annals of Medicine . 41 ( 8 ) : 568 -- 75 . doi : 10.1080 / 07853890903121033 . PMID 19639477 . ^ Jump up to : Skovbjerg H , Sjöström H , Norén O ( Mar 1981 ) . `` Purification and characterisation of amphiphilic lactase / phlorizin hydrolase from human small intestine '' . European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 114 ( 3 ) : 653 -- 61 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1432 - 1033.1981. tb05193. x . PMID 6786877 . ^ Jump up to : Mantei N , Villa M , Enzler T , Wacker H , Boll W , James P , Hunziker W , Semenza G ( Sep 1988 ) . `` Complete primary structure of human and rabbit lactase - phlorizin hydrolase : implications for biosynthesis , membrane anchoring and evolution of the enzyme '' . The EMBO Journal . 7 ( 9 ) : 2705 -- 13 . PMC 457059 . PMID 2460343 . Jump up ^ Harvey CB , Fox MF , Jeggo PA , Mantei N , Povey S , Swallow DM ( Jul 1993 ) . `` Regional localization of the lactase - phlorizin hydrolase gene , LCT , to chromosome 2q21 '' . Annals of Human Genetics . 57 ( Pt 3 ) : 179 -- 85 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1809.1993. tb01593. x . PMID 8257087 . Jump up ^ `` Lactose Intolerance '' . Mayo Clinic . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Asked : How do dairies make lactose free milk ? '' . USA Today . 3 Sept 2014 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lactose Intolerance '' . NIDDK . June 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Seyis I , Aksoz N ( 2004 ) . `` Production of lactase by Trichoderma sp '' ( PDF ) . Food Technol Biotechnol. 42 : 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` Re : GRAS Notification for Acid Lactase from Aspergillus oryzae Expressed in Aspergillus niger '' . United States Food and Drug Administration . Jump up ^ Holsinger VH ( 1992 ) . `` The Lactaid Story '' . Innovative Products for Food Industries . Rural Development Publications Collection . pp. 256 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Tarantino , LM ( 2003 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No . GRN 000132 '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hermida C , Corrales G , Cañada FJ , Aragón JJ , Fernández - Mayoralas A ( Jul 2007 ) . `` Optimizing the enzymatic synthesis of beta - D - galactopyranosyl - D - xyloses for their use in the evaluation of lactase activity in vivo '' . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry . 15 ( 14 ) : 4836 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bmc. 2007.04. 067 . PMID 17512743 . ^ Jump up to : Sinnott M ( November 1990 ) . `` Catalytic mechanisms of enzymic glycosyl transfer '' . Chem. Rev. 90 ( 7 ) : 1171 -- 1202 . doi : 10.1021 / cr00105a006 . ^ Jump up to : Juers DH , Heightman TD , Vasella A , McCarter JD , Mackenzie L , Withers SG , Matthews BW ( Dec 2001 ) . `` A structural view of the action of Escherichia coli ( lacZ ) beta - galactosidase '' . Biochemistry . 40 ( 49 ) : 14781 -- 94 . doi : 10.1021 / bi011727i . PMID 11732897 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez P , Cañada FJ , Jiménez - Barbero J , Martín - Lomas M ( Jul 1995 ) . `` Substrate specificity of small - intestinal lactase : study of the steric effects and hydrogen bonds involved in enzyme - substrate interaction '' . Carbohydrate Research . 271 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / 0008 - 6215 ( 95 ) 00034 - Q. PMID 7648581 . Jump up ^ Naim HY , Sterchi EE , Lentze MJ ( Jan 1987 ) . `` Biosynthesis and maturation of lactase - phlorizin hydrolase in the human small intestinal epithelial cells '' . The Biochemical Journal . 241 ( 2 ) : 427 -- 34 . doi : 10.1042 / bj2410427 . PMC 1147578 . PMID 3109375 . Jump up ^ Naim HY , Jacob R , Naim H , Sambrook JF , Gething MJ ( Oct 1994 ) . `` The pro region of human intestinal lactase - phlorizin hydrolase '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 269 ( 43 ) : 26933 -- 43 . PMID 7523415 . Jump up ^ Zecca L , Mesonero JE , Stutz A , Poirée JC , Giudicelli J , Cursio R , Gloor SM , Semenza G ( Sep 1998 ) . `` Intestinal lactase - phlorizin hydrolase ( LPH ) : the two catalytic sites ; the role of the pancreas in pro-LPH maturation '' . FEBS Letters. 435 ( 2 - 3 ) : 225 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 98 ) 01076 - X . PMID 9762914 . ^ Jump up to : Troelsen JT , Mitchelmore C , Spodsberg N , Jensen AM , Norén O , Sjöström H ( Mar 1997 ) . `` Regulation of lactase - phlorizin hydrolase gene expression by the caudal - related homoeodomain protein Cdx - 2 '' . The Biochemical Journal . 322 ( Pt 3 ) ( Pt. 3 ) : 833 -- 8 . PMC 1218263 . PMID 9148757 . Jump up ^ Reference , Genetics Home . `` LCT gene '' . Genetics Home Reference . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bersaglieri T , Sabeti PC , Patterson N , Vanderploeg T , Schaffner SF , Drake JA , Rhodes M , Reich DE , Hirschhorn JN ( Jun 2004 ) . `` Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 74 ( 6 ) : 1111 -- 20 . doi : 10.1086 / 421051 . PMC 1182075 . PMID 15114531 . Jump up ^ Kuokkanen M , Enattah NS , Oksanen A , Savilahti E , Orpana A , Järvelä I ( May 2003 ) . `` Transcriptional regulation of the lactase - phlorizin hydrolase gene by polymorphisms associated with adult - type hypolactasia '' . Gut. 52 ( 5 ) : 647 -- 52 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 52.5. 647 . PMC 1773659 . PMID 12692047 . ^ Jump up to : Troelsen JT ( May 2005 ) . `` Adult - type hypolactasia and regulation of lactase expression '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1723 ( 1 - 3 ) : 19 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2005.02. 003 . PMID 15777735 . ^ Jump up to : Wang Y , Harvey CB , Hollox EJ , Phillips AD , Poulter M , Clay P , Walker - Smith JA , Swallow DM ( Jun 1998 ) . `` The genetically programmed down - regulation of lactase in children '' . Gastroenterology. 114 ( 6 ) : 1230 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / S0016 - 5085 ( 98 ) 70429 - 9 . PMID 9609760 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lactase . The Lactase Protein E. coli β - galactosidase : PDB : 1JYY Gene Ontology for Lactase Making of the Fittest : Got Lactase ? The Co-evolution of Genes and Culture Lactase persistence shows indication of association with Obesity Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism fructose and galactose enzymes Fructose / Fructolysis Hepatic fructokinase Aldolase B Triokinase Sorbitol Sorbitol dehydrogenase Aldose reductase Galactose / Galactolysis Galactokinase Galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase / UDP - glucose 4 - epimerase Aldose reductase Lactose Lactose synthase Lactase Mannose Mannose phosphate isomerase Hydrolase : sugar hydrolases ( EC 3.2 ) 3.2. 1 : Glycoside hydrolases Disaccharidase Sucrase / Sucrase - isomaltase / Invertase Maltase Trehalase Lactase Glucosidases Cellulase Alpha - glucosidase Acid Neutral AB Neutral C Beta - glucosidase cytosolic Debranching enzyme Other Amylase Alpha - amylase Chitinase Lysozyme Neuraminidase NEU1 NEU2 NEU3 NEU4 Bacterial neuraminidase Viral neuraminidase Galactosidases Alpha Beta alpha - Mannosidase Glucuronidase Hyaluronidase Pullulanase Glucosylceramidase lysosomal non-lysosomal Galactosylceramidase Alpha - N - acetylgalactosaminidase NAGA Alpha - N - acetylglucosaminidase Fucosidase Hexosaminidase HEXA HEXB Iduronidase Maltase - glucoamylase Heparanase HPSE2 3.2. 2 : Hydrolysing N - Glycosyl compounds DNA glycosylases : Oxoguanine glycosylase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactase&oldid=834014454 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 2 Food additives Antiflatulents EC 3.2. 1 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Protein pages needing a picture All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactase	641
when was the first step pyramid built in egypt	The Pyramid of Djoser ( or Djeser and Zoser ) , or step pyramid ( kbhw - ntrw in Egyptian ) is an archeological remain in the Saqqara necropolis , Egypt , northwest of the city of Memphis . It was built during the 27th century BC for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by his vizier , Imhotep . It is the central feature of a vast mortuary complex in an enormous courtyard surrounded by ceremonial structures and decoration .	during the 27th century BC	Pyramid of Djoser	pyramid of djoser	The Pyramid of Djoser ( or Djeser and Zoser ) , or step pyramid ( kbhw - ntrw in Egyptian ) is an archeological remain in the Saqqara necropolis , Egypt , northwest of the city of Memphis . It was built during the 27th century BC for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by his vizier , Imhotep . It is the central feature of a vast mortuary complex in an enormous courtyard surrounded by ceremonial structures and decoration .	This first Egyptian pyramid consisted of six mastabas ( of decreasing size ) built atop one another in what were clearly revisions and developments of the original plan . It is seven levels high and four - sided . The pyramid originally stood 62 metres ( 203 ft ) tall , with a base of 109 m × 125 m ( 358 ft × 410 ft ) and was clad in polished white limestone . The step pyramid ( or proto - pyramid ) is considered to be the earliest large - scale cut stone construction , although the pyramids at Caral in South America are contemporary and the nearby enclosure known as Gisr el - mudir would seem to predate the complex . Perspective view , plan and elevation images Djoser 's Pyramid Complex taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 Djoser 2 Precedents 3 Overview 3.1 Enclosure wall 3.2 Great Trench 3.3 Roofed colonnade entrance 3.4 South Court 3.5 South Tomb 3.6 Step Pyramid 4 Pyramid substructure 4.1 Burial chamber 4.2 North Temple and Serdab Court 4.3 Heb - sed Court 5 References Djoser ( edit ) Djoser was the first or second king of the 3rd Dynasty ( ca . 2667 to 2648 BC ) of the Egyptian Old Kingdom ( ca . 2686 to 2125 BC ) . He is believed to have ruled for 19 years or , if the 19 years were biennial taxation years , 38 years . He reigned long enough to allow the grandiose plan for his pyramid to be realized in his lifetime . Djoser is best known for his innovative tomb , which dominates the Saqqara landscape . In this tomb he is referred to by his Horus name Netjeriykhet ; Djoser is a name given by New Kingdom visitors thousands of years later . Djoser 's step pyramid is astounding in its departure from previous architecture . It sets several important precedents , perhaps the most important of which is its status as the first monumental structure made of stone . The social implications of such a large and carefully sculpted stone structure are staggering . The process of building such a structure would be far more labor - intensive than previous monuments of mud - brick . This suggests that the state , and therefore the royal government had a new level of control of resources , both material and human . Also , from this point on , kings of the Old Kingdom are buried in the North , rather than at Abydos . Furthermore , although the plan of Djoser 's pyramid complex is different than later complexes , many elements persist and the step pyramid sets the stage for later pyramids of the 4th , 5th , and 6th Dynasties , including the great pyramids of Giza . Finally , another intriguing first is the identification of the architect Imhotep , who is credited with the design and construction of the complex . Precedents ( edit ) Djoser 's Pyramid draws ideas from several precedents . The most relevant precedent is found at Saqqara mastaba 3038 . The substructure lay in a 4m deep rectangular pit , and had mudbrick walls rising to 6 m . Three sides were extended and built out to create eight shallow steps rising at an angle of 49 ° . This would have been an elongated step pyramid if the remaining side had not been left uncovered . In another parallel to Djoser 's complex , to complete this mastaba complex a niched enclosure wall was erected . Comparison of approximate profiles of the Pyramid of Djoser with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Overview ( edit ) Entry hall . Step Pyramid Complex , Saqqara . Temples of the festival complex . Djoser 's Step Pyramid complex has several structures pivotal to its function in both life and the afterlife . Several are discussed below with attention paid to function and form . The pyramid was not simply a grave in ancient Egypt . Its purpose was to facilitate a successful afterlife for the king so that he could be eternally reborn . The symbolism of the step pyramid form , which did not survive the 3rd Dynasty , is unknown , but it has been suggested that it may be a monumental symbol of the crown , especially the royal mortuary cult , since seven small step pyramids ( not tombs ) were built in the provinces . Another well accepted theory is that it facilitated the king 's ascension to join the eternal North Star . The main excavator of the Step Pyramid was Jean - Philippe Lauer , a French architect who reconstructed key portions of the complex . The complex covers 15ha and is about 2.5 times as large as the Old Kingdom town of Heirakonpolis . Several features of the complex differ from those of later Old Kingdom pyramids . The pyramid temple is situated at the north side of the pyramid , whereas in later pyramids it is on the east side . Also , the Djoser complex is built on a North - South axis whereas later complexes utilize an East - West axis . Furthermore , the Djoser complex has one niched enclosure wall , whereas later pyramids have two enclosure walls with the outside one being smooth and the inside one sometimes niched . Enclosure wall ( edit ) The Djoser complex is surrounded by a wall of light Tura limestone 10.5 m high . The wall design recalls the appearance of 1st Dynasty tombs , with the distinctive paneled construction known as the palace façade , which imitates bound bundles of reeds . The overall structure imitates mudbrick . The wall is interrupted by 14 doors , however only one entrance , in the south corner of the east façade , is functional for the living . This arrangement resembles Early Dynastic funerary enclosures at Abydos in which the entrance was on the east side . The remaining doors are known as false doors , and were meant for the king 's use in the afterlife . They functioned as portals through which the king 's ka could pass between life and the afterlife . The functional door at the southeast end of the complex leads to a narrow passageway that connects to the roofed colonnade . Great trench ( edit ) Outside the enclosure wall , Djoser 's complex is completely surrounded by a trench dug in the underlying rock . The trench measures 750 m long and 40 m wide and is a rectangle on a North - South axis . The walls of the trench were originally decorated with niches and its function seems to have been to make entry into the complex more difficult . Roofed colonnade entrance ( edit ) Roofed colonnade corridor leading into the complex , with stone pillars carved to imitate bundled plant stems . The roofed colonnade led from the enclosure wall to the south of the complex . A passageway with a limestone ceiling constructed to look as though it was made from whole tree trunks led to a massive stone imitation of two open doors . Beyond this portal was a hall with twenty pairs of limestone columns composed of drum shaped segments built to look like bundles of plant stems and reaching a height of 6.6 m . The columns were not free - standing , but were attached to the wall by masonry projections . Between the columns on both sides of the hall were small chambers , which some Egyptologists propose may have been for each of the provinces of Upper and Lower Egypt . At the end of the colonnade was the transverse hypostyle room with eight columns connected in pairs by blocks of limestone . This led to the South Court . South court ( edit ) The South Court is a large court between the South Tomb and the pyramid . Within the court are curved stones thought to be territorial markers associated with the Heb - sed festival , an important ritual completed by Egyptian kings ( typically after 30 years on the throne ) to renew their powers . These would have allowed Djoser to claim control over all of Egypt , while its presence in the funerary complex would allow Djoser to continue to benefit from the ritual in the afterlife . At the southern end of the court was a platform approached by steps . It has been suggested that this was a platform for the double throne . This fits into the theory proposed by Barry Kemp , and generally accepted by many , that suggests the whole step pyramid complex symbolizes the royal palace enclosure and allows the king to eternally perform the rituals associated with kingship . At the very south of the South Court lay the South Tomb . South Tomb ( edit ) Relief of Djoser facing the temple of Horus of Behedet ( modern Edfu ) in a blue faience chamber of the south tomb . The South Tomb has been likened to the satellite pyramids of later Dynasties , and has been proposed to house the ka in the afterlife . Another proposal is that it may have held the canopic jar with the king 's organs , but this does not follow later trends where the canopic jar is found in the same place as the body . These proposals stem from the fact that the granite burial vault is much too small to have facilitated an actual burial . The substructure of the South Tomb is entered through a tunnel - like corridor with a staircase that descends about 30m before opening up into the pink granite burial chamber . The staircase then continues west and leads to a gallery that imitates the blue chambers below the step pyramid . Current evidence suggests that the South Tomb was finished before the pyramid . The symbolic king 's inner palace , decorated in blue faience , is much more complete than that of the pyramid . Three chambers of this substructure are decorated in blue faience to imitate reed - mat facades , just like the pyramid . One room is decorated with three finely niche reliefs of the king , one depicting him running the Heb - sed . Importantly , Egyptian builders chose to employ their most skilled artisans and depict their finest art in the darkest , most inaccessible place in the complex . This highlights the fact that this impressive craftsmanship was not meant for the benefit of the living but was meant to ensure the king had all the tools necessary for a successful afterlife . Step pyramid ( edit ) The design of the Step Pyramid used royal cubits . The superstructure of the Step Pyramid is six steps / seven levels ( including rooftop ) and was built in six stages , as might be expected with an experimental structure . The pyramid began as a square mastaba ( this designation as a mastaba is contended for several reasons ) ( M1 ) which was gradually enlarged , first evenly on all four sides ( M2 ) and later just on the east side ( M3 ) . The mastaba was built up in two stages , first to form a four - stepped structure ( P1 ) and then to form a six - stepped structure ( P2 ) , which now had a rectangular base on an east -- west axis . The fact that the initial mastaba was square has led many to believe that the monument was never meant to be a mastaba , as no other known mastabas had ever been square . When the builders began to transform the mastaba into the four step pyramid , they made a major shift in construction . Like in the construction of the mastaba , they built a crude core of rough stones and then cased them in fine limestone with packing in between . The major difference is that in mastaba construction they laid horizontal courses , but for the pyramid layers , they built in accretion layers that leaned inwards , while using blocks that were both bigger and higher quality . Much of the rock for the pyramid was likely quarried from the construction of the great trench . It is widely accepted that ramps would have been used to raise heavy stone to construct the pyramid , and many plausible models have been suggested . Apparatuses like rollers in which the heavy stone could be placed and then rolled were employed in transport . Pyramid substructure ( edit ) Under the step pyramid is a labyrinth of tunneled chambers and galleries that total nearly 6 km in length and connect to a central shaft 7 m square and 28 m deep . These spaces provide room for the king 's burial , the burial of family members , and the storage of goods and offerings . The entrance to the 28 m shaft was built on the north side of the pyramid , a trend that would remain throughout the Old Kingdom . The sides of the underground passages are limestone inlaid with blue faience tile to replicate reed matting . These `` palace façade '' walls are further decorated by panels decorated in low relief that show the king participating in the Heb - sed . Together these chambers constitute the funerary apartment that mimicked the palace and would serve as the living place of the royal ka . On the east side of the pyramid eleven shafts 32 m deep were constructed and annexed to horizontal tunnels for the royal harem ( The existence of this `` harem '' is debated ) . These were incorporated into the preexisting substructure as it expanded eastward . In the storerooms along here over 40,000 stone vessels were found , many of which predate Djoser . These would have served Djoser 's visceral needs in the afterlife . An extensive network of underground galleries was located to the north , west and south of the central burial chamber and crude horizontal magazines were carved into these . Burial chamber ( edit ) The burial chamber was a vault constructed of four courses of well - dressed granite . It had one opening , which was sealed with a 3.5 ton block after the burial . No body was recovered as the tomb had been extensively robbed . Lauer believes that a burial chamber of alabaster existed before the one of granite . He found interesting evidence of limestone blocks with five pointed stars in low relief that were likely on the ceiling , indicating the first occurrence of what would become a tradition . The king sought to associate himself with the eternal North Stars that never set so as to ensure his rebirth and eternity . North temple and serdab court ( edit ) The northern ( funerary / mortuary ) temple was on the north side of the pyramid and faced the north stars , which the king wished to join in eternity . This structure provided a place in which the daily rituals and offerings to the dead could be performed , and was the cult center for the king . To the east of the temple is the serdab , which is a small enclosed structure that housed the ka statue . The king 's ka inhabited the ka statue in order to benefit from daily ceremonies like the opening of the mouth , a ceremony that allowed him to breathe and eat , and the burning of incense . He witnessed these ceremonies through two small eye holes cut in the north wall of the serdab . This temple appeared on the north side of the pyramid throughout the Third Dynasty , as the king wished to go north to become one of the eternal stars in the North Sky that never set . In the Fourth Dynasty , when there was a religious shift to an emphasis on rebirth and eternity achieved through the sun , the temple was moved to the east side of the temple where the sun rises , so that through association the king may be reborn every day . Heb - sed court ( edit ) The Heb - sed court is rectangular and parallel to the South Courtyard . It was meant to provide a space in which the king could perform the Heb - sed ritual in the afterlife . Flanking the east and west sides of the court are the remains of two groups of chapels , many of which are dummy buildings , of three different architectural styles . At the north and south ends there are three chapels with flat roves and no columns . The remaining chapels on the west side are decorated with fluted columns and capitals flanked by leaves . Each of the chapels has a sanctuary accessed by a roofless passage with walls that depict false doors and latches . Some of these buildings have niches for statues . Egyptologists believe that these buildings were related to the important double coronation of the king during the Heb - sed . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramid of Djoser . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Ian , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 480 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Jump up ^ Harry Adès A Traveller 's History of Egypt ( Chastleton Travel / Interlink , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 905214 - 01 - 4 p48 Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . New York : Thames and Hudson . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05084 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : George Hart , Pharaohs and Pyramids , A Guide Through Old Kingdom Egypt ( London : The Herbert Press , 1991 ) , 57 - 68 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn A. Bard , An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt ( Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd , 2008 ) , 128 - 33 . ^ Jump up to : Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . New York : Thames and Hudson . pp. 80 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05084 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Isler , Sticks , Stones , and Shadows : Building the Egyptian Pyramids ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 2001 ) , 90 - 99 . ^ Jump up to : Alberto Siliotti , Guide to the Pyramids of Egypt with forward by Zahi Hawass ( New York : Barnes and Noble Books , 1997 ) , 105 - 113 . ^ Jump up to : A.J. Spencer , Early Egypt : The Rise of Civilization in the Nile Valley ( London : British Museum Press , 1993 ) , 98 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : Gay Robins , The Art of Ancient Egypt ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 2000 ) , 40 - 45 . ^ Jump up to : Miroslav Verner , The Pyramids ( New York : Grove Press , 1998 ) , 105 - 139 . ^ Jump up to : Dick Parry , Engineering the Pyramids ( Phoenix : Sutton Publishing Limited , 2004 ) , 14 Jump up ^ Dieter Arnold , Building in Egypt , Pharaonic Stone Masonry ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1991 ) , 79 - 101 . Records Preceded by Tower of Jericho World 's tallest structure c. 2650 BCE -- 2610 BCE 62 m Succeeded by Meidum Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology VIAF : 244808418 GND : 7755488 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_of_Djoser&oldid=808594059 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 27th century BC Former world 's tallest buildings Saqqara Pyramids of the Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser Ancient Egyptian step pyramids Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid%20of%20Djoser	642
what three things did the missouri compromise do	The Missouri Compromise was the legislation that provided for the admission to the United States of Maine as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state , thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South in the United States Senate . As part of the compromise , slavery was prohibited north of the 36 ° 30 ′ parallel , excluding Missouri . The 16th United States Congress passed the legislation on May 9 , 1820 , and President James Monroe signed it on March 6 , 1820 .		Missouri Compromise	missouri compromise	The Missouri Compromise was the legislation that provided for the admission to the United States of Maine as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state , thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South in the United States Senate . As part of the compromise , slavery was prohibited north of the 36 ° 30 ′ parallel , excluding Missouri . The 16th United States Congress passed the legislation on May 9 , 1820 , and President James Monroe signed it on March 6 , 1820 .	Earlier , on February 4 , 1820 , Representative James Tallmadge Jr. , a Jeffersonian Republican from New York , submitted two amendments to Missouri 's request for statehood , which included restrictions on slavery . Southerners objected to any bill which imposed federal restrictions on slavery , believing that slavery was a state issue settled by the Constitution . However , with the Senate evenly split at the opening of the debates , both sections possessing 11 states , the admission of Missouri as a slave state would give the South an advantage . Northern critics including Federalists and Democratic - Republicans objected to the expansion of slavery into the Louisiana Purchase territory on the Constitutional inequalities of the three - fifths rule , which conferred Southern representation in the federal government , derived from a states ' slave population . Jeffersonian Republicans in the North ardently maintained that a strict interpretation of the Constitution required that Congress act to limit the spread of slavery on egalitarian grounds . `` ( Northern ) Republicans rooted their antislavery arguments , not on expediency , but in egalitarian morality '' ; and `` The Constitution , ( said northern Jeffersonians ) strictly interpreted , gave the sons of the founding generation the legal tools to hasten ( the ) removal ( of slavery ) , including the refusal to admit additional slave states . '' When free - soil Maine offered its petition for statehood , the Senate quickly linked the Maine and Missouri bills , making Maine admission a condition for Missouri entering the Union with slavery unrestricted . Senator Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois added a compromise proviso , excluding slavery from all remaining lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36 ° 30 ' parallel . The combined measures passed the Senate , only to be voted down in the House by those Northern representatives who held out for a free Missouri . Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky , in a desperate bid to break the deadlock , divided the Senate bills . Clay and his pro-compromise allies succeeded in pressuring half the anti-restrictionist House Southerners to submit to the passage of the Thomas proviso , while maneuvering a number of restrictionist House northerners to acquiesce in supporting Missouri as a slave state . The Missouri question in the 15th Congress ended in stalemate on March 4 , 1819 , the House sustaining its northern antislavery position , and the Senate blocking a slavery restricted statehood . The Missouri Compromise was controversial at the time , as many worried that the country had become lawfully divided along sectional lines . The bill was effectively repealed in the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , and declared unconstitutional in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) . This increased tensions over slavery and eventually led to the Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Era of Good Feelings and party `` amalgamation '' 2 The Louisiana Purchase and Missouri Territory 3 The 15th Congress Debates : 1819 3.1 Jeffersonian Republicanism and slavery 4 Struggle for political power 4.1 `` Federal Ratio '' in the House 4.2 `` Balance of Power '' in the Senate 4.3 Constitutional arguments 5 Stalemate 6 Federalist `` plots '' and `` consolidation '' 7 Development in Congress 7.1 Second Missouri Compromise 8 Impact on political discourse 9 Repeal 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links The era of Good Feelings and party `` amalgamation '' ( edit ) President James Monroe : signer of the Missouri Compromise bills The Era of Good Feelings , closely associated with the administration of President James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) , was characterized by the dissolution of national political identities . With the discredited Federalists in decline nationally , the `` amalgamated '' or hybridized Republicans adopted key Federalist economic programs and institutions , further erasing party identities and consolidating their victory . The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended an abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the constitution , a limited central government and commitments to the primacy of Southern agrarian interests . The end of opposition parties also meant the end of party discipline and the means to suppress internecine factional animosities . Rather than produce political harmony , as President James Monroe had hoped , amalgamation had led to intense rivalries among Jeffersonian Republicans . It was amid the `` good feelings '' of this period -- during which Republican Party discipline was in abeyance -- that the Tallmadge Amendment surfaced . The Louisiana Purchase and Missouri territory ( edit ) The immense Louisiana Purchase territories had been acquired through federal executive action , followed by Republican legislative authorization in 1803 during the Thomas Jefferson administration . Prior to its purchase in 1803 , the governments of Spain and France had sanctioned slavery in the region . In 1812 , the state of Louisiana , a major cotton producer and the first to be carved from the Louisiana Purchase , had entered the Union as a slave state . Predictably , Missourians were adamant that slave labor should not be molested by the federal government . In the years following the War of 1812 , the region , now known as Missouri Territory , experienced rapid settlement , led by slaveholding planters . Agriculturally , the land comprising the lower reaches of the Missouri River , from which that new state would be formed , had no prospects as a major cotton producer . Suited for diversified farming , the only crop regarded as promising for slave labor was hemp culture . On that basis , southern planters immigrated with their chattel to Missouri , the slave population rising from 3,100 in 1810 to 10,000 in 1820 . In a total population 67,000 , slaves represented about 15 percent . By 1818 , the population of Missouri territory was approaching the threshold that would qualify it for statehood . An enabling act was provided to Congress empowering territorial residents to select convention delegates and draft a state constitution . The admission of Missouri territory as a slave state was expected to be more or less routine . The 15th Congress debates : 1819 ( edit ) Representative James Tallmadge Jr. , author of the antislavery amendment to Missouri statehood When the Missouri statehood bill was opened for debate in the House of Representative on February 13 , 1819 , early exchanges on the floor proceeded without serious incident . In the course of these proceedings , however , Representative James Tallmadge Jr. of New York `` tossed a bombshell into the Era of Good Feelings '' with the following amendments : Provided , that the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited , except for the punishment of crimes , whereof the party shall have been fully convicted ; and that all children born within the said State will be executed after the admission thereof into the Union , shall be free at the age of twenty - five years . A political outsider , the 41 - year old Tallmadge conceived his amendment based on a personal aversion to slavery . He had played a leading role in accelerating emancipation of the remaining slaves in New York in 1817 . Moreover , he had campaigned against Illinois ' Black Codes : though ostensibly free - soil , the new Illinois state constitution permitted indentured servitude and a limited form of slavery . As a New York Republican , Tallmadge maintained an uneasy association with Governor DeWitt Clinton , a former Republican who depended on support from ex-Federalists . Clinton 's faction was hostile to Tallmadge for his spirited defense of General Andrew Jackson over his contentious invasion of Florida . Tallmadge had to back from a fellow New York Republican , Congressman John W. Taylor ( not to be confused with legislator John Taylor of Caroline County , Virginia ) . Taylor also had antislavery credentials : In February 1819 , he had proposed similar slave restrictions on Arkansas territory in the House , but failed 89 - 87 . He would lead the pro-Tallmadge antislavery forces during the 16th Congress in 1820 . The amendment instantly exposed the polarization among Jeffersonian Republicans over the future of slavery in the nation . Northern Jeffersonian Republicans formed a coalition across factional lines with remnants of the Federalists . Southern Jeffersonian united in almost unanimous opposition . The ensuing debates pitted the northern `` restrictionists '' ( antislavery legislators who wished to bar slavery from the Louisiana territories ) and southern `` anti-restrictionists '' ( proslavery legislators who rejected any interference by Congress inhibiting slavery expansion ) . The sectional `` rupture '' over slavery among Jeffersonian Republicans , first exposed in the Missouri crisis , had its roots in the Revolutionary generation . Jeffersonian Republicanism and slavery ( edit ) Thomas Jefferson : The Missouri crisis roused Jefferson `` like a fire bell in the night . '' The Missouri crisis marked a rupture in the Republican Ascendency -- the national association of Jeffersonian Republicans that dominated national politics in the post-War of 1812 period . The Founders had inserted both principled and pragmatic elements in the establishing documents . The Declaration of Independence of 1776 was grounded on the claim that liberty established a moral ideal that made universal equality a common right . The Revolutionary War generation had formed a government of limited powers in 1787 to embody the principles in the Declaration , but `` burdened with the one legacy that defied the principles of 1776 '' : human bondage . In a pragmatic commitment to form the Union , the federal apparatus would forego any authority to directly interfere with the institution of slavery where it existed under local control within the states . This acknowledgment of state sovereignty provided for the participation of those states most committed to slave labor . With this understanding , slaveholders had cooperated in authorizing the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 , and to outlawing the trans - Atlantic slave trade in 1808 . Though the Founders sanctioned slavery , they did so with the implicit understanding that the slaveholding states would take steps to relinquish the institution as opportunities arose . Southern states , after the War for Independence , had regarded slavery as an institution in decline ( with the exception of Georgia and South Carolina ) . This was manifest in the shift towards diversified farming in the Upper South , and in the gradual emancipation of slaves in New England , and more significantly , in the mid-Atlantic states . Beginning in the 1790s , with the introduction of the cotton gin , and by 1815 , with the vast increase in demand for cotton internationally , slave - based agriculture underwent an immense revival , spreading the institution westward to the Mississippi River . Slavery opponents in the South vacillated , as did their hopes for the imminent demise of human bondage . However rancorous the disputes among Southerners themselves over the virtues of a slave - based society , they united as a section when confronted by external challenges to their institution . The free states were not to meddle in the affairs of the slaveholders . Southern leaders -- of whom virtually all identified as Jeffersonian Republicans -- denied that Northerners had any business encroaching on matters related to slavery . Northern attacks on the institution were condemned as incitements to riot among the slave populations -- deemed a dire threat to white southern security . Northern Jeffersonian Republicans embraced the Jeffersonian antislavery legacy during the Missouri debates , explicitly citing the Declaration of Independence as an argument against expanding the institution . Southern leaders , seeking to defend slavery , would renounce the document 's universal egalitarian applications and its declaration that `` all men are created equal . '' Struggle for political power ( edit ) `` Federal ratio '' in the House ( edit ) Rufus King : last of the Federalist icons Article One , Section Two of the US Constitution supplemented legislative representation in those states where residents owned slaves . Known as the three - fifths clause or the `` federal ratio '' , three - fifths ( 60 % ) of the slave population was numerically added to the free population . This sum was used to calculate Congressional districts per state and the number of delegates to the Electoral College . The federal ratio produced a significant number of legislative victories for the South in the years preceding the Missouri crisis , as well as augmenting its influence in party caucuses , the appointment of judges and the distribution of patronage . It is unlikely that the three - fifths clause , prior to 1820 , was decisive in affecting legislation on slavery . Indeed , with the rising northern representation in the House , the South 's share of the membership had declined since the 1790s . Hostility to the federal ratio had historically been the object of the now nationally ineffectual Federalists ; they blamed their collective decline on the `` Virginia Dynasty '' , expressed in partisan terms rather than in moral condemnation of slavery . The pro-De Witt Clinton - Federalist faction carried on the tradition , posing as antirestrictionists , for the purpose of advancing their fortunes in New York politics . Senator Rufus King of New York , a Clinton associate , was the last Federalist icon still active on the national stage , a fact irksome to Southern Republicans . A signatory to the US Constitution , he had strongly opposed the three - fifths rule in 1787 . In the 1819 15th Congress debates , he revived his critique as a complaint that New England and the Mid-Atlantic States suffered unduly from the federal ratio , declaring himself `` degraded '' ( politically inferior ) to the slaveholders . Federalists , North and South , preferred to mute antislavery rhetoric , but during the 1820 debates in the 16th Congress , King and other old Federalists would expand their critique to include moral considerations of slavery . Republican James Tallmadge , Jr. and the Missouri restrictionists deplored the three - fifths clause because it had translated into political supremacy for the South . They had no agenda to remove it from the founding document , only to prevent its further application west of the Mississippi River . As determined as Southern Republicans were to secure Missouri statehood with slavery , the three - fifths clause failed to provide the margin of victory in the 15th Congress . Blocked by Northern Republicans -- largely on egalitarian grounds -- with sectional support from Federalists , the bill would die in the upper house , where the federal ratio had no relevance . The `` balance of power '' between the sections , and the maintenance of Southern preeminence on matters related to slavery resided in the Senate . `` Balance of power '' in the Senate ( edit ) Northern voting majorities in the lower house did not translate into political dominance . The fulcrum for proslavery forces resided in the upper house of Congress . There , constitutional compromise in 1787 had provided for exactly two senators per state , regardless of its population : the South , with its small white demographic relative to the North , benefited from this arrangement . Since 1815 , sectional parity in the Senate had been achieved through paired admissions , leaving the North and South , at the time of Missouri territory application for statehood , at eleven states each . The South , voting as a bloc on measures that challenged slaveholding interests and augmented by defections from Free State Senators with Southern sympathies , was able to tally majorities . The Senate stood as the bulwark and source of the Slave Power -- a power that required admission of slave states to the Union to preserve its national primacy . Missouri statehood , with the Tallmadge amendment approved , would set a trajectory towards a Free State trans - Mississippi and a decline in Southern political authority . The question as to whether the Congress could lawfully restrain the growth of slavery in Missouri took on great importance among the slave states . The moral dimensions of the expansion of human bondage would be raised by Northern Republicans on constitutional grounds . Constitutional arguments ( edit ) The Tallmadge amendment was `` the first serious challenge to the extension of slavery '' and raised questions concerning the interpretation of the republics ' founding documents . Jeffersonian Republicans justified Tallmadge 's slavery restrictions on the grounds that Congress possessed the authority to impose territorial statutes which would remain in force after statehood was established . Representative John W. Taylor pointed to Indiana and Illinois , where their Free State status conformed to the antislavery provisions in the Northwest Ordinance . Massachusetts Representative Timothy Fuller Further , antislavery legislators invoked Article Four , Section Four of the Constitution , which required that states provide a republican form of government . As the Louisiana Territory was not part of the United States in 1787 , they argued , introducing slavery into Missouri would thwart the egalitarian intent of the Founders . Proslavery Republicans countered that the Constitution had long been interpreted as having relinquished any claim to restricting slavery within the states . The free inhabitants of Missouri , either in the territorial phase or during statehood , had the right to establish slavery -- or disestablish it -- exclusive of central government interference . As to the Northwest Ordinance , Southerners denied that this could serve as a lawful antecedent for the territories of the Louisiana Purchase , as the ordinance had been issued originally under the Articles of Confederation , not under the US Constitution . As a legal precedent , they offered the treaty acquiring the Louisiana lands in 1803 : the document included a provision ( Article 3 ) that extended the rights of US citizens to all inhabitants of the new territory , including the protection of property in slaves . When slaveholders embraced Jeffersonian constitutional strictures on a limited central government they were reminded that Jefferson , as US President in 1803 , had deviated from these precepts when he wielded federal executive power to double the size the United States ( including the lands under consideration for Missouri statehood ) . In doing so , he set a Constitutional precedent that would serve to rationalize Tallmadge 's federally imposed slavery restrictions . The 15th Congress debates , focusing on it did on constitutional questions , largely avoided the moral dimensions raised by the topic of slavery . That the unmentionable subject had been raised publicly was deeply offensive to Southern Congressmen , and violated the long - held sectional understanding between free and slave state legislators . Missouri statehood confronted Southern Jeffersonians with the prospect of applying the egalitarian principles espoused by the Revolutionary generation . This would require halting the spread of slavery westward , and confine the institution to where it already existed . Faced with a population of 1.5 million slaves , and the lucrative production of cotton , the South would abandon hopes for containment . Slaveholders in the 16th Congress , in an effort to come to grips with this paradox , would resort to a theory that called for extending slavery geographically so as to encourage its decline : `` diffusion '' . Stalemate ( edit ) On February 16 , 1819 , the House Committee of the Whole voted to link Tallmadge 's provisions with the Missouri enabling legislation , approving the move 79 - 67 . Following the committee vote , debates resumed over the merits of each of Tallmadge 's provisions in the enabling act . The debates in the House 's 2nd session in 1819 lasted only three days . They have been characterized as `` rancorous '' , `` fiery '' , `` bitter '' , `` blistering '' , `` furious '' and `` bloodthirsty '' . You have kindled a fire which all the waters of the ocean can not put out , which seas of blood can only extinguish . -- Representative Thomas W. Cobb of Georgia If a dissolution of the Union must take place , let it be so ! If civil war , which gentlemen so much threaten , must come , I can only say , let it come ! -- Representative James Tallmadge Jr. of New York : Northern representatives outnumbered the South in House membership 105 to 81 . When each of the restrictionist provisions were put to the vote , they passed along sectional lines : 87 to 76 in favor of prohibition on further slave migration into Missouri ( Table 1 ) and 82 to 78 in favor of emancipating slave offspring at age twenty - five . Table 1 . House vote on restricting slavery in Missouri . 15th Congress 2nd Session , February 16 , 1819 . Yea * Nay Abst Total Northern Federalists 22 28 Northern Republicans 64 7 7 77 North Total 86 10 9 105 South Total 66 13 80 House Total 87 76 22 185 * Yea is an antislavery ( restrictionist ) vote The enabling bill was passed to the Senate , where both parts of it were rejected : 22 to 16 opposed to restricting new slaves in Missouri ( supported by five northerners , two of whom were the proslavery legislators from the free state of Illinois ) ; and 31 to 7 against gradual emancipation for slave children born post-statehood . House antislavery restrictionists refused to concur with the Senate proslavery anti-restrictionists : Missouri statehood would devolve upon the 16th Congress in December 1819 . Federalist `` plots '' and `` consolidation '' ( edit ) New York Governor DeWitt Clinton The Missouri Compromise debates stirred suspicions among proslavery interests that the underlying purpose of the Tallmadge amendments had little to do with opposition to slavery expansion . The accusation was first leveled in the House by the Republican anti-restrictionist John Holmes from the District of Maine . He suggested that Senator Rufus King 's `` warm '' support for the Tallmadge amendment concealed a conspiracy to organize a new antislavery party in the North -- a party composed of old Federalists in combination with disaffected antislavery Republicans . The fact that King , in the Senate , and Tallmadge and Tyler , in the House -- all New Yorkers -- were among the vanguard for slavery restriction in Missouri lent credibility to these charges . When King was re-elected to the US Senate in January 1820 , during the 16th Congress debates , and with bipartisan support , suspicions deepened and would persist throughout the crisis . Southern Jeffersonian Republican leadership , including President Monroe and former President Thomas Jefferson , considered it as an article of faith that Federalists , given the chance , would destabilize the Union so as to re-impose monarchal rule in North America , and `` consolidate '' political control over the people by expanding the functions of the central government . Jefferson , at first unperturbed by the Missouri question , soon became convinced that a northern conspiracy was afoot , with Federalists and crypto - Federalists posing as Republicans , using Missouri statehood as a pretext . Due to the disarray of the Republican Ascendency brought about by amalgamation , fears abounded among Southerners that a Free State party might take shape in the event that Congress failed to reach an understanding over Missouri and slavery : Such a party would threaten Southern preeminence . Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts surmised that the political configuration for just such a sectional party already existed . That the Federalists were anxious to regain a measure of political participation in national politics is indisputable . There was no basis , however , for the charge that Federalists had directed Tallmadge in his antislavery measures , nor was there anything to indicate that a New York - based King - Clinton alliance sought to erect an antislavery party on the ruins of the Republican Party . The allegations by Southern proslavery interests of a `` plot '' or that of `` consolidation '' as a threat to the Union misapprehended the forces at work in the Missouri crisis : the core of the opposition to slavery in the Louisiana Purchase were informed by Jeffersonian egalitarian principles , not a Federalist resurgence . Development in Congress ( edit ) Extension of the Missouri Compromise Line westward was discussed by Congress during the Texas Annexation in 1845 , during the Compromise of 1850 , and as part of the proposed Crittenden Compromise in 1860 , but the line never reached the Pacific . To balance the number of `` slave states '' and `` free states '' , the northern region of what was then Massachusetts , the District of Maine , ultimately gained admission into the United States as a free state to become Maine . This only occurred as a result of a compromise involving slavery in Missouri , and in the federal territories of the American West . The admission of another slave state would increase the South 's power at a time when northern politicians had already begun to regret the Constitution 's Three - Fifths Compromise . Although more than 60 percent of whites in the United States lived in the North , by 1818 northern representatives held only a slim majority of congressional seats . The additional political representation allotted to the South as a result of the Three - Fifths Compromise gave southerners more seats in the House of Representatives than they would have had if the number was based on just free population . Moreover , since each state had two Senate seats , Missouri 's admission as a slave state would result in more southern than northern senators . A bill to enable the people of the Missouri Territory to draft a constitution and form a government preliminary to admission into the Union came before the House of Representatives in Committee of the Whole , on February 13 , 1819 . James Tallmadge of New York offered an amendment , named the Tallmadge Amendment , that forbade further introduction of slaves into Missouri , and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25 . The committee adopted the measure and incorporated it into the bill as finally passed on February 17 , 1819 , by the house . The United States Senate refused to concur with the amendment , and the whole measure was lost . During the following session ( 1819 -- 1820 ) , the House passed a similar bill with an amendment , introduced on January 26 , 1820 , by John W. Taylor of New York , allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state . The question had been complicated by the admission in December of Alabama , a slave state , making the number of slave and free states equal . In addition , there was a bill in passage through the House ( January 3 , 1820 ) to admit Maine as a free state . The Senate decided to connect the two measures . It passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to form a state constitution . Before the bill was returned to the House , a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois , excluding slavery from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north ( the southern boundary of Missouri ) , except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri . The vote in the Senate was 24 for the compromise , to 20 against . The amendment and the bill passed in the Senate on February 17 and February 18 , 1820 . The House then approved the Senate compromise amendment , on a vote of 90 to 87 , with those 87 votes coming from free state representatives opposed to slavery in the new state of Missouri . The House then approved the whole bill , 134 to 42 , with opposition from the southern states . Second Missouri Compromise ( edit ) The two houses were at odds not only on the issue of the legality of slavery but also on the parliamentary question of the inclusion of Maine and Missouri within the same bill . The committee recommended the enactment of two laws , one for the admission of Maine , the other an enabling act for Missouri . They recommended against having restrictions on slavery but for including the Thomas amendment . Both houses agreed , and the measures were passed on March 5 , 1820 , and were signed by President James Monroe on March 6 . The question of the final admission of Missouri came up during the session of 1820 -- 1821 . The struggle was revived over a clause in Missouri 's new constitution ( written in 1820 ) requiring the exclusion of `` free negroes and mulattoes '' from the state . Through the influence of Kentucky Senator Henry Clay `` The Great Compromiser '' , an act of admission was finally passed , upon the condition that the exclusionary clause of the Missouri constitution should `` never be construed to authorize the passage of any law '' impairing the privileges and immunities of any U.S. citizen . This deliberately ambiguous provision is sometimes known as the Second Missouri Compromise . Impact on political discourse ( edit ) During the decades following 1820 , Americans hailed the 1820 agreement as an essential compromise almost on the sacred level of the Constitution itself . Although the Civil War broke out in 1861 , historians often say the Compromise helped postpone the war . Animation showing the free / slave status of U.S. states and territories , 1789 -- 1861 , including the Missouri Compromise These disputes involved the competition between the southern and northern states for power in Congress and for control over future territories . There were also the same factions emerging as the Democratic - Republican party began to lose its coherence . In an April 22 letter to John Holmes , Thomas Jefferson wrote that the division of the country created by the Compromise Line would eventually lead to the destruction of the Union : ... but this momentous question , like a fire bell in the night , awakened and filled me with terror . I considered it at once as the knell of the Union . it is hushed indeed for the moment . but this is a reprieve only , not a final sentence . A geographical line , coinciding with a marked principle , moral and political , once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men , will never be obliterated ; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper . The debate over admission of Missouri also raised the issue of sectional balance , for the country was equally divided between slave and free states with eleven each . To admit Missouri as a slave state would tip the balance in the Senate ( made up of two senators per state ) in favor of the slave states . For this reason , northern states wanted Maine admitted as a free state . Maine was admitted in 1820 and Missouri in 1821 , but no further states were added until 1836 , when Arkansas was admitted . From the constitutional standpoint , the Compromise of 1820 was important as the example of Congressional exclusion of slavery from U.S. territory acquired since the Northwest Ordinance . Nevertheless , the Compromise was deeply disappointing to African - Americans in both the North and South , as it stopped the southern progression of gradual emancipation at Missouri 's southern border and legitimized slavery as a southern institution . Repeal ( edit ) The provisions of the Missouri Compromise forbidding slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north were effectively repealed by Stephen A. Douglas 's Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 . The repeal of the Compromise caused outrage in the North and sparked the return to politics of Abraham Lincoln , who criticized slavery and excoriated Douglas 's act in his `` Peoria Speech '' ( October 16 , 1854 ) . See also ( edit ) Compromise of 1790 Compromise of 1850 Kansas -- Nebraska Act Origins of the American Civil War Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665 Tallmadge Amendment Slave Trade Acts Dred Scott v. Sandford Northwest Ordinance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 . p. 125 Wilentz , 2004 . p. 382 Jump up ^ Wilentz 2004 . p. 387 Jump up ^ Wilentz 2004 p. 389 Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 . p. 25 : `` ( Henry Clay ) , who managed to bring up the separate parts of the compromise separately in the House , enabling the Old Republicans ( in the South ) to provide him with a margin of victory on the closely contested Missouri ( statehood ) bill while saved their pride by voting against the Thomas Proviso . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 381 Jump up ^ Ammons , 1971 . p. 457 - 458 Jump up ^ Ammon , 1958 , p. 4 : `` The phrase ' Era of Good Feelings ' , so inextricably associated with the administration of James Monroe ... Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 . p. 23 : `` So long as the Federalists remained an effective opposition , Jefferson 's party worked as a party should . It maintained its identity in relation to the opposition by a moderate and pragmatic advocacy of strict construction of the Constitution . Because it had competition , it could maintain discipline . It responded to its constituent elements because it depended on them for support . But eventually , its very success was its undoing . After 1815 , stirred by the nationalism of the postwar era , and with the Federals in decline , the Republicans took up Federalist positions on a number of the great public issues of the day , sweeping all before then as they did . The Federalists gave up the ghost . In the Era of Good Feelings which followed , everybody began to call himself a Republican , and a new theory of party amalgamation preached the doctrine that party division was bad and that a one - party system best served the national interest . Only gradually did it become apparent that in victory the Republicans party had lost its identity -- and it 's usefulness . As the party of the whole nation , it ceased to be responsive to any particular elements in its constituency . It ceased to be responsive to the North ... When it did ( become unresponsive ) , and because it did , it invited the Missouri crisis of 1819 -- 1820 ... '' Jump up ^ Ammon , 1958 , p. 5 : `` Most Republicans like former President ( James ) Madison readily acknowledged the shift that had taken place within the Republican party towards Federalist principles and viewed the process without qualms . And p. 4 : `` ... The Republicans had taken over ( as they saw it ) that which was of permanent value in the Federal program . '' And p. 10 : `` ... Federalists had vanished '' from national politics . Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 23 : `` ... a new theory of party amalgamation preached the doctrine that party division was bad and that a one - party system best served the national interest '' and `` After 1815 , stirred by the nationalism of the post-war era , and with the Federalists in decline , the Republicans took up the Federalist positions on a number of the great public issues of the day , sweeping all before them as they did . The Federalists gave up the ghost . '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 22 : `` The insistence ( FILL ) ... outside the South '' and p. 23 : The amalgamated Republicans , `` as a party of the whole nation ... ceased to be responsive to any particular elements in its constituency . It ceased to be responsive to the South . '' And `` The insistence that slavery was uniquely a Southern concern , not to be touched by outsiders , had been from the outset a sine qua non for Southern participation in national politics . It underlay the Constitution and its creation of a government of limited powers ... '' Brown , 1966 , p. 24 : `` Not only did the Missouri crisis make these matters clear ( the need to revive strict constructionist principles and quiet anti-slavery agitation ) , but `` it gave marked impetus to a reaction against nationalism and amalgamation of postwar Republicanism '' and the rise of the Old Republicans . Jump up ^ Ammon , 1971 ( James Monroe bio ) p. 463 : `` The problems presented by the ( consequences of promoting Federalist economic nationalism ) gave an opportunity to the older , more conservative ( Old ) Republicans to reassert themselves by attributing the economic dislocation to a departure from the principles of the Jeffersonian era . '' Jump up ^ Parsons , 2009 , p. 56 : `` Animosity between Federalists and Republicans had been replaced by animosity between Republicans themselves , often over the same issues that had once separated them from the Federalists . '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 28 : `` ... amalgamation had destroyed the levers which made party discipline possible . '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 36 Ammons , 1971 . p. 206 Ellis , 1996 . p. 266 : `` Jefferson had in fact worried out loud that the constitutional precedent he was setting with the acquisition of Louisiana in 1803 . In that sense his worries proved to be warranted . The entire congressional debate of 1819 -- 1820 over the Missouri Question turned on the question of federal versus state sovereignty , essentially a constitutional conflict in which Jefferson 's long - standing opposition to federal power was clear and unequivocal , the Louisiana Purchase being the one exception that was now coming back to haunt him . But just as the constitutional character of the congressional debate served only to mask the deeper moral and ideological issues at stake , Jefferson 's own sense of regret at his complicity in providing the constitutional precedent for the Tallmadge amendment merely scratched that surface of his despair . '' Jump up ^ Malone , 1960 . p. 419 : `` ( S ) everal thousand planters took their slaves into the area believing that Congress would do nothing to disturb the institution , which had enjoyed legal protection in the territory of the Louisiana Purchase under its former French and Spanish rulers . '' Jump up ^ , Malone , 1969 . p. 419 : `` After 1815 , settlers had poured across the Mississippi ... Several thousand planters took their slaves in the area ... '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 . p. 109 Wilentz , 2004 . P. 379 : `` Missouri , unlike Louisiana , was not suited to cotton , but slavery had been established in the western portions , which were especially promising for growing hemp , a crop so taxing to cultivate that it was deemed fit only for slave labor . Southerners worried that a ban on slavery in Missouri , already home to 10,000 slaves -- roughly fifteen percent of its total population ( 85 % whites ) -- would create a precedent for doing so in all the entering states from the trans - Mississippi West , thereby establishing congressional powers that slaveholders denied existed Jump up ^ , Howe , 2004 , p. 147 : `` By 1819 , enough settlers had crossed the Mississippi River that Missouri Territory could meet the usual population criterion for admission to the Union . '' And `` an ' enabling act ' was presented to Congress ( for Missouri statehood ) . '' Malone , 1960 . p. 419 : `` ( S ) ettlement had reached the point where Missouri , the next state ( after Louisiana state ) to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase , straddled the line between the free and slave states . '' Jump up ^ Ammons , 1971 . p. 449 : `` Certainly no one guessed in February 1819 the extent to which passions would be stirred by the introduction of a bill to permit Missouri to organize a state government . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 379 : `` When the territorial residents of Missouri applied for admission to the Union , most Southerners -- and , probably , at first , most Northerners -- assumed slavery would be allowed . All were in for a shock . '' Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 107 : Prior to the Tallmadge debates , the 15th Congress there had been `` certain arguments or warnings concerning congressional powers in the territories ; none the less ... ( Tallmadge 's amendment ) caught the House off its guard . '' Jump up ^ , Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Howe , 2004 . p. 147 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 107 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 , p. 110 : `` When Tallmadge , in 1818 , attacked the indentured service and limited slavery provisions in the Illinois constitution , only thirty - four representatives voted with him against admission . The Tallmadge amendment of 1819 , therefore , must also be considered the first serious challenge to the extension of slavery . Jump up ^ Howe , 2004 . p. 147 : `` Tallmadge was an independent - minded Republican , allied at the time with Dewitt Clinton 's faction in New York state politics . The year before , he had objected to the admission of Illinois on the ( well - founded ) grounds that its constitution did not provide enough assurance that the Northwest Ordinance prohibition on slavery would be perpetuated . '' Wilentz , 2004 . p. 379 : `` In 1818 , when Illinois gained admission to the Union , antislavery forces won a state constitution that formally barred slavery but included a fierce legal code that regulated free blacks and permitted the election of two Southern - born senators . '' Jump up ^ Howe 2010 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 378 : `` A Poughkeepsie lawyer and former secretary to Governor George Clinton , Tallmadge had served in Congress for just over two years when he made his brief but momentous appearance in national politics . He was known as a political odd duck . Nominally an ally and kin , by marriage , of De Witt Clinton , who nonetheless distrusted him , Tallmadge was disliked by the surviving New York Federalists , who detested his defense of General Andrew Jackson against attacks on Jackson 's military command in East Florida . Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 107 - 108 : `` James Tallmadge , Jr. a representative ( of New York state ) ... was supposed to be a member of the ( DeWitt Clinton ) faction in New York politics ... may have offered his amendment because his conscience was affronted , and for no other reason . Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 : p. 107 , footnote 28 : In February 1819 , ( Taylor , attempted ) to insert into a bill establishing a Territory of Arkansas an antislavery clause similar to ( the one Tallmadge would shortly present ) ... and it `` was defeated in the House 89 - 87 . '' Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 122 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 376 : `` ( T ) he sectional divisions among the Jeffersonian Republicans ... offers historical paradoxes ... in which hard - line slaveholding Southern Republicans rejected the egalitarian ideals of the slaveholder ( Thomas ) Jefferson while the antislavery Northern Republicans upheld them -- even as Jefferson himself supported slavery 's expansion on purportedly antislavery grounds . Jump up ^ Dangerfleld , 1965 . p. 111 : `` The most prominent feature of the voting at this stage was its apparently sectional character . '' Jump up ^ , Wilentz , 2004 . p. 380,386 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 376 : `` Jeffersonian rupture over slavery drew upon ideas from the Revolutionary era . It began with congressional conflicts over slavery and related matter in the 1790s . It reached a crisis during the first great American debate about slavery in the nineteenth century , over the admission of Missouri to the Union . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 p. 376 : `` When fully understood , however , the story of sectional divisions among the Jeffersonians recovers the Jeffersonian antislavery legacy , exposes the fragility of the `` second party system '' of the 1830s and 1840s , and vindicates Lincoln 's claims about his party 's Jeffersonian origins . The story also offers historical paradoxes of its own , in which hardline slaveholding Southern Republicans rejected the egalitarian ideals of the slave - holder Jefferson while anti-slavery Northern Republicans upheld them -- even as Jefferson himself supported slavery 's expansion on purportedly antislavery grounds . The Jeffersonian rupture over slavery drew upon ideas from the Revolutionary era . It began with congressional conflicts over slavery and related matters in the 1790s . It reached a crisis during the first great American debate about slavery in the nineteenth century , over the admission of Missouri to the Union . '' Ellis , 1995. p. 265 , 269 and 271 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 376 Jump up ^ , Miller , 2996 . p 16 Jump up ^ Ellis 1995 . p. 265 : `` ( T ) he idea of prohibiting the extension of slavery into the western territories could more readily be seen as a fulfillment rather than a repudiation of the American Revolution , indeed as the fulfillment of Jefferson 's early vision of an expansive republic populated by independent farmers unburdened by the one legacy that defied the principles of 1776 ( slavery ) '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 . p. 22 : `` The insistence that slavery was uniquely a Southern concern , not to be touched by outsiders , had been from the outset a sine qua non for Southern participation in national politics . It underlay the Constitution and its creation of a government of limited powers , without which Southern participation would have been unthinkable . '' Jump up ^ Ellis , 1996 . p. 267 : `` ( The Founders ' silence on slavery ) was contingent upon some discernible measure of progress toward ending slavery . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 383 : `` Not since the framing and ratification of the Constitution in 1787 -- 88 had slavery caused such a tempest in national politics . In part , the breakthrough of emancipation in the Middle States after 1789 -- especially in New York , where James Tallmadge played a direct role -- emboldened Northern antislavery opinion . Southern slavery had spread since 1815 . After the end of the War of 1812 , and thanks to new demand from the Lancashire mills , the effects of Eli Whitney 's cotton gin , and the new profitability of upland cotton , slavery expanded into Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . Between 1815 and 1820 , U.S. cotton production doubled , and , between 1820 and 1825 , it doubled again . Slavery 's revival weakened what had been , during the Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary era , a widespread assumption in the South , although not in South Carolina and Georgia , that slavery was doomed . By the early 1820s , Southern liberal blandishments of the post-Revolutionary years had either fallen on the defensive or disappeared entirely Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 . p. 22 : `` ... there ran one compelling idea that virtually united all Southerners , and which governed their participation in national politics . This was that the institution of slavery should not be dealt with from outside the South . Whatever the merits of the institution -- and Southerners violently disagreed about this , never more so than in the 1820s -- the presence of the slave was a fact too critical , too sensitive , too perilous to be dealt with by those not directly affected . Slavery must remain a Southern question . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 383 : `` Southerner leaders -- of whom virtually all identified as Jeffersonian Republicans -- denied that Northerners had any business encroaching on matters related to slavery . Northern attacks on the institution were regarded as incitements to riot among the slave populations -- deemed a dire threat to white southern security . Tallmadge 's amendments horrified Southern congressmen , the vast majority of whom were Jeffersonian Republicans . They claimed that whatever the rights and wrongs of slavery , Congress lacked the power to interfere with its expansion . Southerners of all factions and both parties rallied to the proposition that slavery must remain a Southern question . Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 p. 376 : `` When fully understood , however , the story of sectional divisions among the Jeffersonians recovers the Jeffersonian antislavery legacy , exposes the fragility of the `` second party system '' of the 1830s and 1840s , and vindicates Lincoln 's claims about his party 's Jeffersonian origins . The story also offers historical paradoxes of its own , in which hardline slaveholding Southern Republicans rejected the egalitarian ideals of the slave - holder Jefferson while anti-slavery Northern Republicans upheld them -- even as Jefferson himself supported slavery 's expansion on purportedly antislavery grounds . The Jeffersonian rupture over slavery drew upon ideas from the Revolutionary era . It began with congressional conflicts over slavery and related matters in the 1790s . It reached a crisis during the first great American debate about slavery in the nineteenth century , over the admission of Missouri to the Union . '' Jump up ^ , Wilentz , 2016 . p. 101 : `` The three - fifths clause certainly inflated Southerner 's power in the House , not simply in affecting numerous roll - call votes -- roughly one in three overall of those recorded between 1795 to 1821 -- but in shaping the politics of party caucuses ... patronage and judicial appointments . Yet even with the extra seats , the share held by major slaveholding states actually declined between 1790 to 1820 , from 45 % to 42 % ... ( and ) none of the bills listed in the study concerned slavery , whereas in 1819 , antislavery Northerners , most of them Jeffersonian Republicans , rallied a clear House majority to halt slavery 's expansion . '' Jump up ^ Varon , 2008 . p. 40 : `` The three - fifths clause inflated the South 's representation in the House . Because the number of presidential electors assigned to each state was equal to the size of its congressional delegation ... the South had power over the election of presidents that was disproportionate to the size of the region 's free population ... since Jefferson 's accession in 1801 , a `` Virginia Dynasty '' had ruled the White House . '' Malone , 1960 . p . ? : `` The constitutional provision relating to slavery that bore most directly on the ( Missouri controversy ) was the three - fifths ratio of representation , sometimes called the federal ratio . The representation of any state in the lower house of Congress was based on the number of its free inhabitants , push three - fifths of its slaves . The free states were now ( 1820 ) forging ahead in total population , were now had a definite majority . On the other hand , the delegation from the South was disproportionate to its free population , and the region actually had representation for its slave property . This situation vexed the Northerners , especially the New Englanders , who had suffered from political frustration since the Louisiana Purchase , and who especially resented the rule of the Virginia Dynasty . '' Wilentz , 2016 . p. 47 : `` ( Federalists ) objected above all to the increasingly notorious three - fifths clause ( which ) inflated representation of the Southern states in Congress and the Electoral College '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2016 . p. 99 : `` ( Federalist hostility to Jefferson and the Virginia Dynasty ) nothing about slavery or its cruelties showed up -- except ( in what had become a familiar sour - grapes excuse among Federalists for their national political failures ) how the three - fifths clause aided the wretched ... Jeffersonians . '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 109 : `` The federal ratio ... had hitherto been an object of the Federalist - Clintonian concern ( rather than the Northern Jeffersonian Republicans ) ; whether the Republicans of the North and East would have gone to battle over Missouri is their hands had not been forced by Tallmadge 's amendment is quite another question . '' Howe , 2004 , p. 150 Brown , 1966 . p. 26 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 385 Jump up ^ , Wilentz , 2004 . p. 385 : `` More than thirty years after fighting the three - fifths clause at the Federal Convention , King warmly supported banning slavery in Missouri , restating the Yankee Federalist fear of Southern political dominance that had surfaced at the disgraced Hartford Convention in 1814 . The issue , for King , at least in his early speeches on Missouri , was not chiefly moral . King explicitly abjured wanting to benefit either slaves or free blacks . His goal , rather , was to ward off the political subjugation of the older northeastern states -- and to protect what he called ' the common defense , the general welfare , and ( the ) wise administration of government . ' Only later did King and other Federalists begin pursuing broader moral and constitutional indictments of slavery . Jump up ^ , Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 121 , footnote 64 Jump up ^ , Varon , 2008 . p. 39 : `` ... they were openly resentful of the fact that the three - fifths clause had translated into political supremacy for the South . Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 109 : `` ( The federal ratio ) hardly agreed with ( the restrictionists ) various interests for this apportionment to move across the Mississippi River . Tallmadge ( remarked the trans - Mississippi region ) ' had no claim to such unequal representation , unjust upon the other States . '' Jump up ^ Howe , 2004 . p. 150 : `` The Missouri Compromise also concerned political power ... many ( Northerners ) were increasingly alarmed at the disproportionate political influence of the southern slaveholders ... ( resenting the three - fifths clause ) . '' Jump up ^ , Wilentz , 2016 . p. 102 - 103 : `` The three - fifths clause guaranteed the South a voting majority on some , but hardly all ( critical matters ) ... Indeed , the congressional bulwark of what became known , rightly , as the Slave Power proved not to be the House , but the Senate , where the three - fifths rule made no difference . '' And `` The three - fifths clause certainly did not prevent the House from voting to exclude slavery from the new state of Missouri in 1819 . The House twice passed ( in the 15th Congress ) by substantial margins , antislavery resolutions proposed by ( Tallmadge ) with the largely Northern Republican majority founding its case on Jefferson 's Declaration ( of Independence ) ... The antislavery effort would die in the Senate , where , again , the three - fifths clause made no difference . '' Jump up ^ Howe , 2004 . p. 150 : `` ... but if slavery were on the road to ultimate extinction in Missouri , the state might not vote with the proslavery bloc . In such power calculations , the composition of the Senate was of even greater moment than that of the House ... So the South looked to preserve its sectional equality in the Senate . '' Jump up ^ Varon , 2008 . p. 40 : `` ( T ) he North 's demographic edge ( in the House ) did not translate into control over the federal government , for that edge was blunted by constitutional compromises . The fact that the Founders had decided that each state , however large or small , would elect two senators meant the South 's power in the Senate was disproportionate to its population , and that maintaining a senatorial parity between North and South depended on bringing in equal numbers of free and slave states . Ammons , 1971 . p. 450 : `` The central concern in the debates ... had been over the ( senatorial ) balance of power , for the Southern congressmen had concentrated their objections upon the fact that the admission of Missouri would forever destroy the equal balance then existing between ( the number of ) free and slave states . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 379 : `` At stake were the terms of admission to the Union of the newest state , Missouri . The main issue seemed simple enough , but the ramifications were not . Since 1815 , in a flurry of state admissions , the numbers of new slave and free states had been equal , leaving the balance of slave and free states nationwide and in the Senate equal . The balance was deceptive . In 1818 , when Illinois gained admission to the Union , antislavery forces won a state constitution that formally barred slavery but included a fierce legal code that regulated free blacks and permitted the election of two Southern - born senators . In practical terms , were Missouri admitted as a slave state , the Southern bloc in the Senate might enjoy a four - vote , not a two - vote majority . Howe , 2004 . p. 150 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2016 . p. 102 : `` The congressional bulwark of what came to be known , rightly , as the Slave Power proved not to be the House but the Senate ... '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 114 - 115 : `` The political and sectional problem originally raised by the Tallmadge amendment , the problem of the control of the Mississippi Valley , quite failed to conceal ( the ) profound renumciation of human rights . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 387 : `` According to the Republicans , preservation of individual rights and strict construction of the Constitution demanded the limitation of slavery and the recognition ... Earlier and more passionately than the Federalists , Republicans rooted their antislavery arguments , not in political expediency , but in egalitarian morality -- the belief , as Fuller declared , that it was both `` the right and duty of Congress '' to restrict the spread `` of the intolerable evil and the crying enormity of slavery . '' Individual rights , the Republicans asserted , has been defined by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence ... If all men were created equal , as Jefferson said , then slaves , as men , were born free and , under any truly republican government , entitled to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . As the Constitution , in Article 4 , section 4 , made a republican government in the states a fundamental guarantee of the Union , the extension of slavery into areas where slavery did not exist in 1787 was not only immoral but unconstitutional . '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 110 Varon , 2008 . p. 39 : `` The Missouri debates , first and foremost , arguments about just what the compromises of 1787 really meant -- what the Founders really intended . Jump up ^ Varon , 2008 . p. 40 : `` Tallmadge ( and his supporters ) made the case that it was constitutional for Congress to legislate the end of slavery in Missouri after its admission to statehood ( to determine ) the details of its government . '' Wilentz , 2005 . p. 123 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 387 : `` According to the Republicans , preservation of individual rights and strict construction of the Constitution demanded the limitation of slavery and the recognition , in Fuller 's words , that `` all men have equal rights '' , regardless of color . Earlier and more passionately than the Federalists , Republicans rooted their antislavery arguments , not in political expediency , but in egalitarian morality -- the belief , as Fuller declared , that it was both `` the right and duty of Congress '' to restrict the spread `` of the intolerable evil and the crying enormity of slavery . '' Individual rights , the Republicans asserted , has been defined by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence -- `` an authority admitted in all parts of the Union ( as ) a definition of the basis of republican government . '' If all men were created equal , as Jefferson said , then slaves , as men , were born free and , under any truly republican government , entitled to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . As the Constitution , in Article 4 , section 4 , made a republican government in the states a fundamental guarantee of the Union , the extension of slavery into areas where slavery did not exist in 1787 was not only immoral but unconstitutional . '' Jump up ^ Ellis , 1995 . p. 266 : `` ( T ) he idea of prohibiting the extension of slavery into the western territories could more readily be seen as a fulfillment rather than a repudiation of the American Revolution , indeed as the fulfillment of Jefferson 's early vision of an expansive republic populated by independent farmers unburdened by the one legacy that defied the principles of 1776 ( slavery ) '' ^ Jump up to : Varon , 2008 . p. 40 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p , 379 : footnote ( 8 ) Ellis , 1995 . p. 266 Jump up ^ Ellis , 1995 . p. 266 - 267 : `` ( W ) hat most rankled Jefferson ( and southern Republicans ) about the debate over the Missouri Question was that it was happening at all . For the debate represented a violation of the sectional understanding and the vow of silence ... '' Jump up ^ Ellis , 1995 . p. 268 : `` Only a gradual policy of emancipation was feasible , but the mounting size of the slave population made any gradual policy unfeasible ... and made any southern - sponsored solution extremely unlikely ... the enlightened southern branch of the revolutionary generation ... had not kept its promise to ( relinquish slavery ) . '' and p. 270 : `` All ( of the Revolutionary generation at the time ) agreed that ending slavery depended on confining it to the South ... isolating it in the South . '' Jump up ^ Ammons , 1971 . p. 450 : `` ... if slavery were confined to the states where it existed , the whites would eventually desert these regions ... would the ( abandoned area ) be accepted as black republics with representation in Congress ? ... a common southern view ( held ) that the best way to ameliorate the lot of the slave and ( achieving ) emancipation , was by distributing slavery throughout the Union . '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 110 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 379 - 380 Jump up ^ Howe , 2004 . p. 148 Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 111 Holt , 2004 . p. 5 - 6 Wilentz , 2004 . p. 380 Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 111 Jump up ^ Howe , 2004 . p. 150 Jump up ^ Burns , 1982 . P. 242 - 243 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 111 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 380 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 p. 380 ( Table 1 adapted from Wilentz ) Jump up ^ Ammons , 1971 . p. 454 : `` ( President Monroe ) and other Republicans were convinced that behind the attempt to exclude slavery from Missouri was a carefully concealed plot to revive the party divisions of the past either openly as Federalism or some new disguise . He drew his conclusion from several circumstances ... ( Rufus King had emerged ) as the outstanding congressional spokesman of the restrictionists ... ( and that he ) was in league with De Witt Clinton ( who was pursuing his own presidential ambitions outside the Republican Party ) ... to ( Monroe 's ) way of thinking , the real objective of these leaders was power ... that they were willing to accept disunion if their plans could not be achieved in any other fashion ... ( and that ) Tallmadge was one of Clinton 's close associates ( added weight to his suspicions ) ... ( The union could not ) survive the formation of parties based on a North - South sectional alignment . '' Ellis , 1995 . p. 270 : `` The more ( Thomas Jefferson ) though about the debate over Missouri , the more he convinced himself that the real agenda had little to do with slavery at all '' Jump up ^ Howe , 2004 . p. 151 : `` Republicans ( in Congress ) accused ( King ) of fanning flames of northern sectionalism is revitalize the Federalist Party . '' Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 119 : `` An insinuation , made very early in the House ( by Mr. Holmes , who wish to detach the Maine statehood from that of Missouri ) was the first to suggest that the purpose behind the movement to restrict ( slavery in ) Missouri was a new alignment of parties . New York , he hinted , was the center of this conspiracy ; and he barely concealed his belief that Rufus King and ( Governor ) De Witt Clinton -- a Federalist and ( many believed ) a crypto - Federalist -- were its leaders . '' And `` In 1819 ( King had expressed himself ) with ... too great a warmth in favor of the Tallmadge amendment , and in January 1820 , he was re-elected to the by a legislative composed ( of both New York factions ) ... From then onward , the notion that a Federalist - Clintonian alliance was ' plotting ' to build a new northern party out of the ruins of the Republican Ascendency was never absent from the Missouri debates . '' Jump up ^ Ellis , 1995 . p. 270 - 271 Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 . p. 23 Jump up ^ Ellis , 1995 . p. 217 : `` ' Consolidation ' was the new term that Jefferson embraced -- other Virginians were using it too -- to label the covert goals of these alleged conspirators . In one sense the consolidations were simply the old monarchists in slightly different guise ... ( a ) flawed explanation of ... the political forces that had mobilized around the Missouri Question ( suspected of being organized ) to maximize its coercive influence over popular opinion . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2004 . p. 3885 - 386 : `` No evidence exists to show that Clinton or any New England Federalist helped to instigate the Tallmadge amendments . Although most Northern Federalists backed restriction , they were hardly monolithic on the issue ; indeed , in the first key vote on Tallmadge 's amendments over Missouri , the proportion of Northern Republicans who backed restriction surpassed that of Northern Federalists . `` It is well known '' , the New Hampshire Republican William Plumer , Jr. observed of the restrictionist effort , `` that it originated with Republicans , that it is supported by Republicans throughout the free states ; and that the Federalists of the South are its warm opponents . '' Dangerfield , 1965 . p. 122 : `` There is no trace of a Federalist ' plot ' , at least as regards the origins of the Tallmadge amendment ; there was never a Federalist - Clinton ' conspiracy ' ... '' Howe , 2004 . p. 151 Jump up ^ Ammons , 1971 . p. 454 - 455 : `` Although there is nothing to suggest that the political aspirations of the Federalists were responsible for the move to restrict slavery in Missouri , once the controversy erupted for Federalists were not unwilling to consider the possibility of a new political alignment . They did not think in terms of a revival of Federalism , but rather of establishing a liaison with discontented Republicans which would offer them an opportunity to re-engage in political activity in some other form than a permanent minority . '' And p. 458 : `` In placing this emphasis upon political implications of the conflict over Missouri ( e.g. Federalist ' plots ' and ' consolidation ' ) , Monroe and other Southerners obscured the very real weight of antislavery sentiment involved in the restrictionist movement . '' Jump up ^ Dixon , 1899 p. 184 Jump up ^ White , Deborah Gray ( 2013 ) . Freedom On My Mind : A History of African Americans . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Dixon , 1899 pp. 49 -- 51 Jump up ^ Forbes , 1899 pp. 36 -- 38 Jump up ^ Dixon , 1899 pp. 58 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Greeley , Horace . A History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension Or Restriction in the United States , p. 28 ( Dix , Edwards & Co. 1856 , reprinted by Applewood Books 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Dixon , 1899 pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman ( 2011 ) . Millard Fillmore : The 13th President , 1850 -- 1853 . Henry Holt . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 340 . Jump up ^ Brown , 1964 p. 69 Jump up ^ Peterson , 1960 p. 189 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes '' . April 22 , 1820 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Becomes a State '' . Library of Congress . March 15 , 1820 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Becomes a State '' . Library of Congress . August 10 , 1821 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Becomes a State '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ White , Deborah Gray ( 2013 ) . Freedom On My Mind : A History of African Americans . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . pp. 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln at Peoria '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peoria Speech , October 16 , 1854 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Brown , Richard H. ( 1970 ) ( Winter 1966 ) , `` Missouri Crisis , Slavery , and the Politics of Jacksonianism '' , in Gatell , Frank Otto , Essays on Jacksonian America , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , pp. 5 -- 72 Burns , James MacGregor ( 1982 ) , The Vineyard of Liberty , Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 0394505468 Dangerfield , George ( 1965 ) , The Awakening of American Nationalism : 1815 -- 1828 , New York : Harper & Row , ISBN 9780881338232 Ellis , Joseph A. ( 1996 ) , American sphinx : the character of Thomas Jefferson , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0679764410 Howe , Daniel W. ( 2007 ) , What hath God wrought : the transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0195392432 Malone , Dumas ; Rauch , Basil ( 1960 ) , Empire for Liberty : The Genesis and Growth of the United States of America , New York : Appleton - Century Crofts Miller , William L. ( 1995 ) , Arguing about Slavery : The Great Battle in the United States Congress , Borzoi Books , Alfred J. Knopf , ISBN 0 - 394 - 56922 - 9 Staloff , Darren ( 2005 ) , Hamilton , Adams , Jefferson : The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding , New York : Hill and Wang , ISBN 0 - 8090 - 7784 - 1 Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) , Disunion ! The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 Wilentz , Sean ( Fall 2004 ) , `` Jeffersonian Democracy and the Origins of Political Antislavery in the United States : The Missouri Crisis Revisited '' , The Journal of the Historical Society , IV ( 3 ) CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2016 ) , The Politicians & the Egalitarians : The Hidden History of American Politics , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 28502 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Richard Holbrook ( 1964 ) , The Missouri compromise : political statesmanship or unwise evasion ? , Heath , p. 85 Dixon , Mrs. Archibald ( 1899 ) . The true history of the Missouri compromise and its repeal . The Robert Clarke Company . p. 623 . Forbes , Robert Pierce ( 2007 ) . The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath : Slavery and the Meaning of America . University of North Carolina Press . p. 369 . ISBN 9780807831052 . Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Missouri Compromise '' . New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Howe , Daniel Walker ( Summer 2010 ) , `` Missouri , Slave Or Free ? '' , American Heritage , 60 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 23 Humphrey , D.D. , Rev. Heman ( 1854 ) . THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE . Pittsfield , Massachusetts : Reed , Hull & Peirson . p. 32 . Moore , Glover ( 1967 ) , The Missouri controversy , 1819 -- 1821 , University of Kentucky Press ( Original from Indiana University ) , p. 383 Peterson , Merrill D. ( 1960 ) . The Jefferson Image in the American Mind . University of Virginia Press . p. 548 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1851 - 0 . Wilentz , Sean ( 2004 ) , `` Jeffersonian Democracy and the Origins of Political Antislavery in the United States : The Missouri Crisis Revisited '' , Journal of the Historical Society , 4 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 401 White , Deborah Gray ( 2013 ) , Freedom On My Mind : A History of African Americans , Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , pp. 215 -- 216 Woodburn , James Albert ( 1894 ) , The historical significance of the Missouri compromise , Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , p. 297 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Missouri Compromise Library of Congress -- Missouri Compromise and Related Resources EDSITEment 's lesson plan Early Threat of Session Missouri Compromise 1820 Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory James Monroe 5th President of the United States ( 1817 -- 1825 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1811 -- 1817 ) United States Secretary of War ( 1814 -- 1815 ) Governor of Virginia ( 1799 -- 1802 , 1811 ) United States Minister to the United Kingdom ( 1803 -- 1808 ) United States Minister to France ( 1794 -- 1796 ) United States Senator from Virginia ( 1790 -- 1794 ) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from Virginia ( 1783 -- 1786 ) Founding events Virginia Ratifying Convention Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Florida Treaty Treaty of 1818 Panic of 1819 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Seminole Wars Monroe Doctrine Tariff of 1824 State of the Union Address , 1824 Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty War of 1812 Life Early life and career Birthplace and boyhood home Revolutionary War service Battle of Trenton Monroe Hill home and office James Monroe Law Office , Museum , and Memorial Library Highland Oak Hill James Monroe Tomb Elections U.S. Senate election , 1790 1792 Governor of Virginia election , 1799 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1816 1820 Legacy and popular culture Memorials Monrovia , capital of Liberia Monroe , Michigan Monroe , Georgia Monroe County , Kentucky Monroe County , New York Monroe Township , New Jersey Monroe Hill ( 2015 film ) U.S. postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Related Virginia dynasty Monroe on slavery American Colonization Society Family Elizabeth Kortright ( wife ) George Hay ( son - in - law ) Samuel L. Gouverneur ( son - in - law ) Spence Monroe ( father ) Elizabeth Jones ( mother ) ← James Madison John Quincy Adams → Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource texts US Presidency Portal Missouri in the American Civil War 1861 Governor refuses to furnish quota of militia to the United States Seizure of United States Arsenal at Liberty Seizure of United States ordnance stores at Kansas City Capture of Camp Jackson Convention between Brig. Gen. William S. Harney , U.S. Army , and Maj. Gen. Sterling Price , Missouri State Guard Engagement at Boonville Skirmish at Cole Camp Engagement near Carthage Skirmish at Athens Martial law declared in St. Louis Battle of Wilson 's Creek Action at Dry Wood Creek Siege of Lexington Action at Blue Mills Landing Destruction of Osceola Operations about Ironton and Fredericktown Action at Springfield Engagement at Belmont Missouri admitted as a member of the Confederate States of America Brig. Gen. John M. Schofield , U.S. Army , assumes command of the Missouri Militia Skirmish at Blackwater Creek Action at Mount Zion Church 1862 Action at Roan 's Tan - Yard Operations at New Madrid Brig. Gen. Mosby M. Parsons , Mo . S.G. , assumes command of the Missouri State Guard Action at Moore 's Mill Action at Kirksville Action at Independence Action at Lone Jack Engagement at Newtonia Skirmish at Island Mound Action at Clark 's Mill 1863 Engagement at Springfield Engagement at Hartville Action at Cape Girardeau Skirmish at Chalk Bluff Enrolled Militia of Missouri placed under command of Maj. Gen. Schofield General Order No. 11 Shelby 's raid in Arkansas and Missouri 1864 Maj. Gen. Sterling Price , C.S. Army , assumes command of the expeditionary forces at Princeton , Ark . Price enters Missouri Affair at Centralia Attack on Fort Davidson Action at Glasgow Action at Lexington Action at the Little Blue Action at Independence Action at the Big Blue Engagement at Westport Engagement at the Marmiton Engagement at Newtonia 1865 Negotiations for the surrender of the Confederate forces in the Trans - Mississippi Department Gen. E. Kirby Smith , C.S. Army , surrenders troops in Trans - Mississippi Department Units Confederate Union Places St. Louis Commons hide American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Racial violence Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Compromise&oldid=850206202 '' Categories : 16th United States Congress 1820 in American politics 1820 in law History of United States expansionism Legal history of Missouri Presidency of James Monroe Slavery in the United States United States federal territory and statehood legislation Missouri in the American Civil War Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Date and year Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 11 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%20Compromise	643
when were the canterbury tales written and in what language	The Canterbury Tales ( Middle English : Tales of Caunterbury ) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400 . In 1386 , Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and , in 1389 , Clerk of the King 's work . It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text , The Canterbury Tales . The tales ( mostly written in verse , although some are in prose ) are presented as part of a story - telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral . The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return .	written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400	The Canterbury Tales	the canterbury tales	The Canterbury Tales ( Middle English : Tales of Caunterbury ) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400 . In 1386 , Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and , in 1389 , Clerk of the King 's work . It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text , The Canterbury Tales . The tales ( mostly written in verse , although some are in prose ) are presented as part of a story - telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral . The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return .	After a long list of works written earlier in his career , including Troilus and Criseyde , House of Fame , and Parliament of Fowls , The Canterbury Tales is near - unanimously seen as Chaucer 's magnum opus . He uses the tales and descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time , and particularly of the Church . Chaucer 's use of such a wide range of classes and types of people was without precedent in English . Although the characters are fictional , they still offer a variety of insights into customs and practices of the time . Often , such insight leads to a variety of discussions and disagreements among people in the 14th century . For example , although various social classes are represented in these stories and all of the pilgrims are on a spiritual quest , it is apparent that they are more concerned with worldly things than spiritual . Structurally , the collection resembles Giovanni Boccaccio 's The Decameron , which Chaucer may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372 . It has been suggested that the greatest contribution of The Canterbury Tales to English literature was the popularisation of the English vernacular in mainstream literature , as opposed to French , Italian or Latin . English had , however , been used as a literary language centuries before Chaucer 's time , and several of Chaucer 's contemporaries -- John Gower , William Langland , the Pearl Poet , and Julian of Norwich -- also wrote major literary works in English . It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was seminal in this evolution of literary preference . While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems , the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine . Chaucer was a courtier , leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for nobility . The Canterbury Tales is generally thought to have been incomplete at the end of Chaucer 's life . In the General Prologue , some 30 pilgrims are introduced . According to the Prologue , Chaucer 's intention was to write four stories from the perspective of each pilgrim , two each on the way to and from their ultimate destination , St. Thomas Becket 's shrine ( making for a total of about 120 stories ) . Although perhaps incomplete , The Canterbury Tales is revered as one of the most important works in English literature . It is also open to a wide range of interpretations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 Order 2 Language 3 Sources 4 Genre and structure 5 Style 6 Historical context and themes 6.1 Religion 6.2 Social class and convention 6.3 Relativism versus realism 6.4 Liminality 7 Influence on literature 8 Reception 8.1 15th century 9 Literary additions and supplements 10 Literary adaptations 11 Adaptations and homages 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Text ( edit ) The question of whether The Canterbury Tales is a finished work has not been answered to date . There are 84 manuscripts and four incunable editions of the work , dating from the late medieval and early Renaissance periods , more than for any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience . This is taken as evidence of the Tales ' popularity during the century after Chaucer 's death . Fifty - five of these manuscripts are thought to have been originally complete , while 28 are so fragmentary that it is difficult to ascertain whether they were copied individually or as part of a set . The Tales vary in both minor and major ways from manuscript to manuscript ; many of the minor variations are due to copyists ' errors , while it is suggested that in other cases Chaucer both added to his work and revised it as it was being copied and possibly as it was being distributed . Determining the text of the work is complicated by the question of the narrator 's voice which Chaucer made part of his literary structure . Even the oldest surviving manuscripts of the Tales are not Chaucer 's originals . The very oldest is probably MS Peniarth 392 D ( called `` Hengwrt '' ) , written by a scribe shortly after Chaucer 's death . The most beautiful , on the other hand , is the Ellesmere Manuscript , a manuscript whose order and many editors have followed even down to the present day . The first version of The Canterbury Tales to be published in print was William Caxton 's 1476 edition . Only 10 copies of this edition are known to exist , including one held by the British Library and one held by the Folger Shakespeare Library . In 2004 , Linne Mooney claimed that she was able to identify the scrivener who worked for Chaucer as an Adam Pinkhurst . Mooney , then a professor at the University of Maine and a visiting fellow at Corpus Christi College , Cambridge , said she could match Pinkhurst 's signature , on an oath he signed , to his handwriting on a copy of The Canterbury Tales that might have been transcribed from Chaucer 's working copy . Order ( edit ) Main articles : Order of The Canterbury Tales and List of The Canterbury Tales characters In the absence of consensus as to whether or not a complete version of the Tales exists , there is also no general agreement regarding the order in which Chaucer intended the stories to be placed . Textual and manuscript clues have been adduced to support the two most popular modern methods of ordering the tales . Some scholarly editions divide the Tales into ten `` Fragments '' . The tales that make up a Fragment are closely related and contain internal indications of their order of presentation , usually with one character speaking to and then stepping aside for another character . However , between Fragments , the connection is less obvious . Consequently , there are several possible orders ; the one most frequently seen in modern editions follows the numbering of the Fragments ( ultimately based on the Ellesmere order ) . Victorians frequently used the nine `` Groups '' , which was the order used by Walter William Skeat whose edition Chaucer : Complete Works was used by Oxford University Press for most of the twentieth century , but this order is now seldom followed . Fragment Group Tales 01 Fragment I General Prologue , The Knight 's Tale , The Miller 's Tale , The Reeve 's Tale , The Cook 's Tale 02 Fragment II The Man of Law 's Tale 03 Fragment III The Wife of Bath 's Tale , The Friar 's Tale , The Summoner 's Tale 04 Fragment IV The Clerk 's Tale , The Merchant 's Tale 05 Fragment V The Squire 's Tale , The Franklin 's Tale 06 Fragment VI The Physician 's Tale , The Pardoner 's Tale 07 Fragment VII The Shipman 's Tale , The Prioress 's Tale , Sir Thopas ' Tale , The Tale of Melibee , The Monk 's Tale , The Nun 's Priest 's Tale 08 Fragment VIII The Second Nun 's Tale , The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale 09 Fragment IX The Manciple 's Tale 10 Fragment X The Parson 's Tale An alternative ordering ( seen in an early manuscript containing The Canterbury Tales , the early - fifteenth century Harley MS . 7334 ) places Fragment VIII before VI . Fragments I and II almost always follow each other , just as VI and VII , IX and X do in the oldest manuscripts . Fragments IV and V , by contrast , vary in location from manuscript to manuscript . Language ( edit ) The Merchant 's Prologue Recording in reconstructed Middle English pronunciation Problems playing this file ? See media help . Chaucer wrote in late Middle English , which has clear differences from Modern English . From philological research , we know certain facts about the pronunciation of English during the time of Chaucer . Chaucer pronounced - e at the end of words , so that care was ( ˈkaːrə ) , not / kɛər / as in Modern English . Other silent letters were also pronounced , so that the word knight was ( kniçt ) , with both the k and the gh pronounced , not / naɪt / . In some cases , vowel letters in Middle English were pronounced very differently from Modern English , because the Great Vowel Shift had not yet happened . For instance , the long e in wepyng `` weeping '' was pronounced as ( eː ) , as in modern German or Italian , not as / iː / . Below is an IPA transcription of the opening lines of The Merchant 's Prologue : ' Wepyng and waylyng , care and oother sorwe I knowe ynogh , on even and a-morwe , ' Quod the Marchant , ' and so doon oother mo That wedded been . ' ˈweːpɪŋɡ and ˈwailɪŋɡ ‖ ˈkaːr ‿ and ˈoːðər ˈsɔrwə ‖ iː ˈknɔu əˈnoːx ‖ ɔn ˈɛːvən and aˈmɔrwə ‖ ˈkwɔd ðə ˈmartʃant ‖ and ˈsɔː ˈdoːn ˈoːðər ˈmɔː ‖ ðat ˈwɛddəd ˈbeːn ‖ ' Weeping and wailing , care and other sorrow I know enough , in the evening and in the morning , ' said the Merchant , ' and so does many another who has been married . ' Although no manuscript exists in Chaucer 's own hand , two were copied around the time of his death by Adam Pinkhurst , a scribe with whom he seems to have worked closely before , giving a high degree of confidence that Chaucer himself wrote the Tales . Because the final - e sound was lost soon after Chaucer 's time , scribes did not accurately copy it , and this gave scholars the impression that Chaucer himself was inconsistent in using it . It has now been established , however , that - e was an important part of Chaucer 's grammar , and helped to distinguish singular adjectives from plural and subjunctive verbs from indicative . Sources ( edit ) A Tale from the Decameron by John William Waterhouse No other work prior to Chaucer 's is known to have set a collection of tales within the framework of pilgrims on a pilgrimage . It is obvious , however , that Chaucer borrowed portions , sometimes very large portions , of his stories from earlier stories , and that his work was influenced by the general state of the literary world in which he lived . Storytelling was the main entertainment in England at the time , and storytelling contests had been around for hundreds of years . In 14th - century England the English Pui was a group with an appointed leader who would judge the songs of the group . The winner received a crown and , as with the winner of The Canterbury Tales , a free dinner . It was common for pilgrims on a pilgrimage to have a chosen `` master of ceremonies '' to guide them and organise the journey . Harold Bloom suggests that the structure is mostly original , but inspired by the `` pilgrim '' figures of Dante and Virgil in The Divine Comedy . New research suggests that the General Prologue , in which the innkeeper and host Harry Bailey introduces each pilgrim , is a pastiche of the historical Harry Bailey 's surviving 1381 poll - tax account of Southwark 's inhabitants . The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio contains more parallels to The Canterbury Tales than any other work . Like the Tales , it features a number of narrators who tell stories along a journey they have undertaken ( to flee from the Black Death ) . It ends with an apology by Boccaccio , much like Chaucer 's Retraction to the Tales . A quarter of the tales in The Canterbury Tales parallel a tale in the Decameron , although most of them have closer parallels in other stories . Some scholars thus find it unlikely that Chaucer had a copy of the work on hand , surmising instead that he must have merely read the Decameron at some point , while a new study claims he had a copy of the Decameron and used it extensively as he began work on his own collection . Each of the tales has its own set of sources that have been suggested by scholars , but a few sources are used frequently over several tales . They include poetry by Ovid , the Bible in one of the many vulgate versions in which it was available at the time ( the exact one is difficult to determine ) , and the works of Petrarch and Dante . Chaucer was the first author to use the work of these last two , both Italians . Boethius ' Consolation of Philosophy appears in several tales , as the works of John Gower do . Gower was a known friend to Chaucer . A full list is impossible to outline in little space , but Chaucer also , lastly , seems to have borrowed from numerous religious encyclopaedias and liturgical writings , such as John Bromyard 's Summa praedicantium , a preacher 's handbook , and Jerome 's Adversus Jovinianum . Many scholars say there is a good possibility Chaucer met Petrarch or Boccaccio . Genre and structure ( edit ) Canterbury Cathedral from the north west circa 1890 -- 1900 ( retouched from a black & white photograph ) The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories built around a frame narrative or frame tale , a common and already long established genre of its period . Chaucer 's Tales differs from most other story `` collections '' in this genre chiefly in its intense variation . Most story collections focused on a theme , usually a religious one . Even in the Decameron , storytellers are encouraged to stick to the theme decided on for the day . The idea of a pilgrimage to get such a diverse collection of people together for literary purposes was also unprecedented , though `` the association of pilgrims and storytelling was a familiar one '' . Introducing a competition among the tales encourages the reader to compare the tales in all their variety , and allows Chaucer to showcase the breadth of his skill in different genres and literary forms . While the structure of the Tales is largely linear , with one story following another , it is also much more than that . In the General Prologue , Chaucer describes not the tales to be told , but the people who will tell them , making it clear that structure will depend on the characters rather than a general theme or moral . This idea is reinforced when the Miller interrupts to tell his tale after the Knight has finished his . Having the Knight go first gives one the idea that all will tell their stories by class , with the Monk following the Knight . However , the Miller 's interruption makes it clear that this structure will be abandoned in favour of a free and open exchange of stories among all classes present . General themes and points of view arise as the characters tell their tales , which are responded to by other characters in their own tales , sometimes after a long lapse in which the theme has not been addressed . Lastly , Chaucer does not pay much attention to the progress of the trip , to the time passing as the pilgrims travel , or to specific locations along the way to Canterbury . His writing of the story seems focused primarily on the stories being told , and not on the pilgrimage itself . Style ( edit ) Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales in the hand of Adam Pinkhurst , c. 1400 The variety of Chaucer 's tales shows the breadth of his skill and his familiarity with many literary forms , linguistic styles , and rhetorical devices . Medieval schools of rhetoric at the time encouraged such diversity , dividing literature ( as Virgil suggests ) into high , middle , and low styles as measured by the density of rhetorical forms and vocabulary . Another popular method of division came from St. Augustine , who focused more on audience response and less on subject matter ( a Virgilian concern ) . Augustine divided literature into `` majestic persuades '' , `` temperate pleases '' , and `` subdued teaches '' . Writers were encouraged to write in a way that kept in mind the speaker , subject , audience , purpose , manner , and occasion . Chaucer moves freely between all of these styles , showing favouritism to none . He not only considers the readers of his work as an audience , but the other pilgrims within the story as well , creating a multi-layered rhetorical puzzle of ambiguities . Thus Chaucer 's work far surpasses the ability of any single medieval theory to uncover . With this , Chaucer avoids targeting any specific audience or social class of readers , focusing instead on the characters of the story and writing their tales with a skill proportional to their social status and learning . However , even the lowest characters , such as the Miller , show surprising rhetorical ability , although their subject matter is more lowbrow . Vocabulary also plays an important part , as those of the higher classes refer to a woman as a `` lady '' , while the lower classes use the word `` wenche '' , with no exceptions . At times the same word will mean entirely different things between classes . The word `` pitee '' , for example , is a noble concept to the upper classes , while in the Merchant 's Tale it refers to sexual intercourse . Again , however , tales such as the Nun 's Priest 's Tale show surprising skill with words among the lower classes of the group , while the Knight 's Tale is at times extremely simple . Chaucer uses the same meter throughout almost all of his tales , with the exception of Sir Thopas and his prose tales . It is a decasyllable line , probably borrowed from French and Italian forms , with riding rhyme and , occasionally , a caesura in the middle of a line . His meter would later develop into the heroic meter of the 15th and 16th centuries and is an ancestor of iambic pentameter . He avoids allowing couplets to become too prominent in the poem , and four of the tales ( the Man of Law 's , Clerk 's , Prioress ' , and Second Nun 's ) use rhyme royal . Historical context and themes ( edit ) The Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 is mentioned in the Tales . The Canterbury Tales was written during a turbulent time in English history . The Catholic Church was in the midst of the Western Schism and , though it was still the only Christian authority in Europe , was the subject of heavy controversy . Lollardy , an early English religious movement led by John Wycliffe , is mentioned in the Tales , which also mention a specific incident involving pardoners ( sellers of indulgences , which were believed to relieve the temporal punishment due for sins that were already forgiven in the Sacrament of Confession ) who nefariously claimed to be collecting for St. Mary Rouncesval hospital in England . The Canterbury Tales is among the first English literary works to mention paper , a relatively new invention that allowed dissemination of the written word never before seen in England . Political clashes , such as the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt and clashes ending in the deposing of King Richard II , further reveal the complex turmoil surrounding Chaucer in the time of the Tales ' writing . Many of his close friends were executed and he himself moved to Kent to get away from events in London . While some readers look to interpret the characters of The Canterbury Tales as historical figures , other readers choose to interpret its significance in less literal terms . After analysis of Chaucer 's diction and historical context , his work appears to develop a critique of society during his lifetime . Within a number of his descriptions , his comments can appear complimentary in nature , but through clever language , the statements are ultimately critical of the pilgrim 's actions . It is unclear whether Chaucer would intend for the reader to link his characters with actual persons . Instead , it appears that Chaucer creates fictional characters to be general representations of people in such fields of work . With an understanding of medieval society , one can detect subtle satire at work . Religion ( edit ) The Tales reflect diverse views of the Church in Chaucer 's England . After the Black Death , many Europeans began to question the authority of the established Church . Some turned to lollardy , while others chose less extreme paths , starting new monastic orders or smaller movements exposing church corruption in the behaviour of the clergy , false church relics or abuse of indulgences . Several characters in the Tales are religious figures , and the very setting of the pilgrimage to Canterbury is religious ( although the prologue comments ironically on its merely seasonal attractions ) , making religion a significant theme of the work . Two characters , the Pardoner and the Summoner , whose roles apply the Church 's secular power , are both portrayed as deeply corrupt , greedy , and abusive . Pardoners in Chaucer 's day were those people from whom one bought Church `` indulgences '' for forgiveness of sins , who were guilty of abusing their office for their own gain . Chaucer 's Pardoner openly admits the corruption of his practice while hawking his wares . Summoners were Church officers who brought sinners to the Church court for possible excommunication and other penalties . Corrupt summoners would write false citations and frighten people into bribing them to protect their interests . Chaucer 's Summoner is portrayed as guilty of the very kinds of sins for which he is threatening to bring others to court , and is hinted as having a corrupt relationship with the Pardoner . In The Friar 's Tale , one of the characters is a summoner who is shown to be working on the side of the devil , not God . The murder of Thomas Becket Churchmen of various kinds are represented by the Monk , the Prioress , the Nun 's Priest , and the Second Nun . Monastic orders , which originated from a desire to follow an ascetic lifestyle separated from the world , had by Chaucer 's time become increasingly entangled in worldly matters . Monasteries frequently controlled huge tracts of land on which they made significant sums of money , while peasants worked in their employ . The Second Nun is an example of what a Nun was expected to be : her tale is about a woman whose chaste example brings people into the church . The Monk and the Prioress , on the other hand , while not as corrupt as the Summoner or Pardoner , fall far short of the ideal for their orders . Both are expensively dressed , show signs of lives of luxury and flirtatiousness and show a lack of spiritual depth . The Prioress 's Tale is an account of Jews murdering a deeply pious and innocent Christian boy , a blood libel against Jews that became a part of English literary tradition . The story did not originate in the works of Chaucer and was well known in the 14th century . Pilgrimage was a very prominent feature of medieval society . The ultimate pilgrimage destination was Jerusalem , but within England Canterbury was a popular destination . Pilgrims would journey to cathedrals that preserved relics of saints , believing that such relics held miraculous powers . Saint Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury , had been murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by knights of Henry II during a disagreement between Church and Crown . Miracle stories connected to his remains sprang up soon after his death , and the cathedral became a popular pilgrimage destination . The pilgrimage in the work ties all of the stories together and may be considered a representation of Christians ' striving for heaven , despite weaknesses , disagreement , and diversity of opinion . Social class and convention ( edit ) Bors ' Dilemma -- he chooses to save a maiden rather than his brother Lionel The upper class or nobility , represented chiefly by the Knight and his Squire , was in Chaucer 's time steeped in a culture of chivalry and courtliness . Nobles were expected to be powerful warriors who could be ruthless on the battlefield yet mannerly in the King 's Court and Christian in their actions . Knights were expected to form a strong social bond with the men who fought alongside them , but an even stronger bond with a woman whom they idealised to strengthen their fighting ability . Though the aim of chivalry was to noble action , its conflicting values often degenerated into violence . Church leaders frequently tried to place restrictions on jousts and tournaments , which at times ended in the death of the loser . The Knight 's Tale shows how the brotherly love of two fellow knights turns into a deadly feud at the sight of a woman whom both idealise . To win her , both are willing to fight to the death . Chivalry was in Chaucer 's day on the decline , and it is possible that The Knight 's Tale was intended to show its flaws , although this is disputed . Chaucer himself had fought in the Hundred Years ' War under Edward III , who heavily emphasised chivalry during his reign . Two tales , Sir Topas and The Tale of Melibee are told by Chaucer himself , who is travelling with the pilgrims in his own story . Both tales seem to focus on the ill - effects of chivalry -- the first making fun of chivalric rules and the second warning against violence . The Tales constantly reflect the conflict between classes . For example , the division of the three estates : the characters are all divided into three distinct classes , the classes being `` those who pray '' ( the clergy ) , `` those who fight '' ( the nobility ) , and `` those who work '' ( the commoners and peasantry ) . Most of the tales are interlinked by common themes , and some `` quit '' ( reply to or retaliate against ) other tales . Convention is followed when the Knight begins the game with a tale , as he represents the highest social class in the group . But when he is followed by the Miller , who represents a lower class , it sets the stage for the Tales to reflect both a respect for and a disregard for upper class rules . Helen Cooper , as well as Mikhail Bakhtin and Derek Brewer , call this opposition `` the ordered and the grotesque , Lent and Carnival , officially approved culture and its riotous , and high - spirited underside . '' Several works of the time contained the same opposition . Relativism versus realism ( edit ) Chaucer 's characters each express different -- sometimes vastly different -- views of reality , creating an atmosphere of testing , empathy , and relativism . As Helen Cooper says , `` Different genres give different readings of the world : the fabliau scarcely notices the operations of God , the saint 's life focuses on those at the expense of physical reality , tracts and sermons insist on prudential or orthodox morality , romances privilege human emotion . '' The sheer number of varying persons and stories renders the Tales as a set unable to arrive at any definite truth or reality . Liminality ( edit ) The concept of liminality figures prominently within The Canterbury Tales . A liminal space , which can be both geographical as well as metaphorical or spiritual , is the transitional or transformational space between a `` real '' ( secure , known , limited ) world and an unknown or imaginary space of both risk and possibility . The notion of a pilgrimage is itself a liminal experience , because it centers on travel between destinations and because pilgrims undertake it hoping to become more holy in the process . Thus , the structure of The Canterbury Tales itself is liminal ; it not only covers the distance between London and Canterbury , but the majority of the tales refer to places entirely outside the geography of the pilgrimage . Jean Jost summarises the function of liminality in The Canterbury Tales , `` Both appropriately and ironically in this raucous and subversive liminal space , a ragtag assembly gather together and tell their equally unconventional tales . In this unruly place , the rules of tale telling are established , themselves to be both disordered and broken ; here the tales of game and earnest , solas and sentence , will be set and interrupted . Here the sacred and profane adventure begins , but does not end . Here , the condition of peril is as prominent as that of protection . The act of pilgrimaging itself consists of moving from one urban space , through liminal rural space , to the next urban space with an ever fluctuating series of events and narratives punctuating those spaces . The goal of pilgrimage may well be a religious or spiritual space at its conclusion , and reflect a psychological progression of the spirit , in yet another kind of emotional space . '' Liminality is also evident in the individual tales . An obvious instance of this is the Friar 's Tale in which the yeoman devil is a liminal figure because of his transitory nature and function ; it is his purpose to issue souls from their current existence to hell , an entirely different one . The Franklin 's Tale is a Breton Lai tale , which takes the tale into a liminal space by invoking not only the interaction of the supernatural and the mortal , but also the relation between the present and the imagined past . Influence on literature ( edit ) It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that this work made to English literature was in popularising the literary use of the vernacular English , rather than French or Latin . English had , however , been used as a literary language for centuries before Chaucer 's life , and several of Chaucer 's contemporaries -- John Gower , William Langland , and the Pearl Poet -- also wrote major literary works in English . It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was responsible for starting a trend rather than simply being part of it . It is interesting to note that , although Chaucer had a powerful influence in poetic and artistic terms , which can be seen in the great number of forgeries and mistaken attributions ( such as The Floure and the Leafe , which was translated by John Dryden ) , modern English spelling and orthography owe much more to the innovations made by the Court of Chancery in the decades during and after his lifetime . Reception ( edit ) Chaucer as a Pilgrim from the Ellesmere manuscript . Opening prologue of The Wife of Bath 's Tale from the Ellesmere Manuscript . While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems ( the Book of the Duchess is believed to have been written for John of Gaunt on the occasion of his wife 's death in 1368 ) , the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine . Chaucer was a courtier , leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for the nobility . He is referred to as a noble translator and poet by Eustache Deschamps and by his contemporary John Gower . It has been suggested that the poem was intended to be read aloud , which is probable as this was a common activity at the time . However , it also seems to have been intended for private reading as well , since Chaucer frequently refers to himself as the writer , rather than the speaker , of the work . Determining the intended audience directly from the text is even more difficult , since the audience is part of the story . This makes it difficult to tell when Chaucer is writing to the fictional pilgrim audience or the actual reader . Chaucer 's works may have been distributed in some form during his lifetime in part or in whole . Scholars speculate that manuscripts were circulated among his friends , but likely remained unknown to most people until after his death . However , the speed with which copyists strove to write complete versions of his tale in manuscript form shows that Chaucer was a famous and respected poet in his own day . The Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts are examples of the care taken to distribute the work . More manuscript copies of the poem exist than for any other poem of its day except The Prick of Conscience , causing some scholars to give it the medieval equivalent of bestseller status . Even the most elegant of the illustrated manuscripts , however , is not nearly as highly decorated as the work of authors of more respectable works such as John Lydgate 's religious and historical literature . 15th century ( edit ) John Lydgate and Thomas Occleve were among the first critics of Chaucer 's Tales , praising the poet as the greatest English poet of all time and the first to show what the language was truly capable of poetically . This sentiment was universally agreed upon by later critics into the mid-15th century . Glosses included in The Canterbury Tales manuscripts of the time praised him highly for his skill with `` sentence '' and rhetoric , the two pillars by which medieval critics judged poetry . The most respected of the tales was at this time the Knight 's , as it was full of both . Literary additions and supplements ( edit ) The incompleteness of the Tales led several medieval authors to write additions and supplements to the tales to make them more complete . Some of the oldest existing manuscripts of the tales include new or modified tales , showing that even early on , such additions were being created . These emendations included various expansions of the Cook 's Tale , which Chaucer never finished , The Plowman 's Tale , The Tale of Gamelyn , the Siege of Thebes , and the Tale of Beryn . The Tale of Beryn , written by an anonymous author in the 15th century , is preceded by a lengthy prologue in which the pilgrims arrive at Canterbury and their activities there are described . While the rest of the pilgrims disperse throughout the town , the Pardoner seeks the affections of Kate the barmaid , but faces problems dealing with the man in her life and the innkeeper Harry Bailey . As the pilgrims turn back home , the Merchant restarts the storytelling with Tale of Beryn . In this tale , a young man named Beryn travels from Rome to Egypt to seek his fortune only to be cheated by other businessmen there . He is then aided by a local man in getting his revenge . The tale comes from the French tale Bérinus and exists in a single early manuscript of the tales , although it was printed along with the tales in a 1721 edition by John Urry . John Lydgate wrote The Siege of Thebes in about 1420 . Like the Tale of Beryn , it is preceded by a prologue in which the pilgrims arrive in Canterbury . Lydgate places himself among the pilgrims as one of them and describes how he was a part of Chaucer 's trip and heard the stories . He characterises himself as a monk and tells a long story about the history of Thebes before the events of the Knight 's Tale . John Lydgate 's tale was popular early on and exists in old manuscripts both on its own and as part of the Tales . It was first printed as early as 1561 by John Stow , and several editions for centuries after followed suit . There are actually two versions of The Plowman 's Tale , both of which are influenced by the story Piers Plowman , a work written during Chaucer 's lifetime . Chaucer describes a Plowman in the General Prologue of his tales , but never gives him his own tale . One tale , written by Thomas Occleve , describes the miracle of the Virgin and the Sleeveless Garment . Another tale features a pelican and a griffin debating church corruption , with the pelican taking a position of protest akin to John Wycliffe 's ideas . The Tale of Gamelyn was included in an early manuscript version of the tales , Harley 7334 , which is notorious for being one of the lower - quality early manuscripts in terms of editor error and alteration . It is now widely rejected by scholars as an authentic Chaucerian tale , although some scholars think he may have intended to rewrite the story as a tale for the Yeoman . Dates for its authorship vary from 1340 to 1370 . Literary adaptations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many literary works ( both fiction and non-fiction alike ) have used a similar frame narrative to The Canterbury Tales as an homage . Science - fiction writer Dan Simmons wrote his Hugo Award winning novel Hyperion based on an extra-planetary group of pilgrims . Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins used The Canterbury Tales as a structure for his 2004 non-fiction book about evolution titled The Ancestor 's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution . His animal pilgrims are on their way to find the common ancestor , each telling a tale about evolution . Henry Dudeney 's book The Canterbury Puzzles contains a part reputedly lost from what modern readers know as Chaucer 's tales . Historical - mystery novelist P.C. Doherty wrote a series of novels based on The Canterbury Tales , making use of both the story frame and Chaucer 's characters . Canadian author Angie Abdou translates The Canterbury Tales to a cross section of people , all snow - sports enthusiasts but from different social backgrounds , converging on a remote back - country ski cabin in British Columbia in the 2011 novel The Canterbury Trail . Adaptations and homages ( edit ) The Two Noble Kinsmen , by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher , a retelling of `` The Knight 's Tale '' , was first performed in 1613 or 1614 and published in 1634 . In 1961 , Erik Chisholm completed his opera , The Canterbury Tales . The opera is in three acts : The Wyf of Bath 's Tale , The Pardoner 's Tale and The Nun 's Priest 's Tale . Nevill Coghill 's modern English version formed the basis of a musical version that was first staged in 1964 . A Canterbury Tale , a 1944 film jointly written and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger , is loosely based on the narrative frame of Chaucer 's tales . The movie opens with a group of medieval pilgrims journeying through the Kentish countryside as a narrator speaks the opening lines of the General Prologue . The scene then makes a now - famous transition to the time of World War II . From that point on , the film follows a group of strangers , each with his or her own story and in need of some kind of redemption , who are making their way to Canterbury together . The film 's main story takes place in an imaginary town in Kent and ends with the main characters arriving at Canterbury Cathedral , bells pealing and Chaucer 's words again resounding . A Canterbury Tale is recognised as one of the Powell - Pressburger team 's most poetic and artful films . It was produced as wartime propaganda , using Chaucer 's poetry , referring to the famous pilgrimage , and offering photography of Kent to remind the public of what made Britain worth fighting for . In one scene a local historian lectures an audience of British soldiers about the pilgrims of Chaucer 's time and the vibrant history of England . Pier Paolo Pasolini 's 1972 film The Canterbury Tales features several of the tales , some of which keep close to the original tale and some of which are embellished . The Cook 's Tale , for instance , which is incomplete in the original version , is expanded into a full story , and the Friar 's Tale extends the scene in which the Summoner is dragged down to hell . The film includes these two tales as well as the Miller 's Tale , the Summoner 's Tale , the Wife of Bath 's Tale , and the Merchant 's Tale . On April 26 , 1986 , American radio personality Garrison Keillor opened `` The News from Lake Wobegon '' portion of the first live TV broadcast of his A Prairie Home Companion radio show with a reading of the original Middle English text of the General Prologue . He commented , `` Although those words were written more than 600 years ago , they still describe spring . '' Television adaptations include Alan Plater 's 1975 re-telling of the stories in a series of plays for BBC2 : Trinity Tales . In 2003 , BBC again featured modern re-tellings of selected tales . Ezra Winter , Canterbury tales mural ( 1939 ) , Library of Congress John Adams Building , Washington , D.C. This mural is located on the west wall of the North Reading Room , and features the Miller , Host , Knight , Squire , Yeoman , Doctor , Chaucer , Man of Law , Clerk , Manciple , Sailor , Prioress , Nun and three Priests ; the other pilgrims appear on the east wall mural . The Knight The Squire The Reeve The Miller The Cook The Wife of Bath The Franklin The Shipman The Manciple The Merchant The Clerk of Oxford The Sergeant of Law The Physician The Parson The Monk The Prioress The Second Nun The Nun 's Priest The Friar The Summoner The Pardoner The Canon Yeoman Geoffrey Chaucer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carlson , David . `` The Chronology of Lydgate 's Chaucer References '' . The Chaucer Review , Vol. 38 , No. 3 ( 2004 ) , pp. 246 -- 254 . Accessed 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The name `` Tales of Caunterbury '' appears within the surviving texts of Chaucer 's work . Its modern name first appeared as Canterbury talys in John Lydgate 's 1421 -- 1422 prologue to the Siege of Thebes . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Brittanica Jump up ^ Prestwich , Michael ( 2014 ) . Medieval People : Vivid Lives in a Distant Landscape . London : Thames & Hudson . pp. 4 . An Age of Plague 1300 -- 1400 . ISBN 9780500252031 . Jump up ^ `` Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1342 -- 1400 ) `` The Canterbury Tales '' ( in middle english and modern english ) `` . www.librarius.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Black , Joseph ( 2011 ) . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature . Canada : Broadview Press . pp. 229 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 8 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Pearsall , 10 , 17 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 8 . Jump up ^ Linne R. Mooney ( 2006 ) , `` Chaucer 's Scribe , '' Speculum , 81 : 97 -- 138 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , 7 Jump up ^ Pearsall , 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Text from The Riverside Chaucer , ed. by Larry D. Benson , 3rd edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Based on the information in Norman Davies , `` Language and Versification '' , in The Riverside Chaucer , ed. by Larry D. Benson , 3rd edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 ) , pp. xxv -- xli . Jump up ^ Linne R. Mooney , `` Chaucer 's Scribe '' , Speculum , 81 ( 2006 ) , 97 -- 138 . Jump up ^ e.g. Ian Robinson , Chaucer 's Prosody : A Study of the Middle English Verse Tradition ( London : Cambridge University Press , 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Seminal studies included M.L. Samuels , `` Chaucerian Final ' - e ' '' , Notes and Queries , 19 ( 1972 ) , 445 -- 48 , and D. Burnley , `` Inflection in Chaucer 's Adjectives '' , Neuphilologische Mitteilungen , 83 ( 1982 ) , 169 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Cooper , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Road Trip '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sobecki , Sebastian ( 2017 ) . `` A Southwark Tale : Gower , the 1381 Poll Tax , and Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales '' . Speculum. 92 ( 3 ) : 630 -- 660 . doi : 10.1086 / 692620 . Jump up ^ Cooper , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Frederick M. Chaucer 's Decameron and the Origin of the Canterbury Tales . D.S. Brewer , . Cambridge . ISBN 9781843844754 . OCLC 971521732 . Jump up ^ Cooper , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 227 . Although Chaucer undoubtedly studied the works of these celebrated writers , and particularly of Dante before this fortunate interview ; yet it seems likely , that these excursions gave him a new relish for their compositions , and enlarged his knowledge of the Italian fables . Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 277 ... where he became thoroughly inbued with the spirit and excellence of the great Italian poets and prose - writers : Dante , Petrarch , Boccaccio ; and is said to have had a personal contact interview with one of these , Petrarch . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , pp. 183 -- 192 . Professor G.L. Hendrickson of the University of Chicago gives a detailed analysis as to Chaucer coming in contact with Petrarch . Jump up ^ Rearden , p. 458 . There can be no moral doubt but that Chaucer knew Petrarch personally . They were both in France many times , where they might have met . They were both courtiers . They both had an enthusiasm for scholarship . Whether they met then , or whether Chaucer , when on his visit to Genoa , specially visited the Italian , it does not appear ... but the only reason that such a visit could not have occurred lies in the fact that Petrarch himself does not record it . Still , on the other hand , would he have mentioned the visit of a man who was the servant of a barbarous monarch , and whose only claim to notice , literary-wise , was his cultivation of an unknown and uncouth dialect that was half bastard French ? Jump up ^ Skeat ( 1874 ) , p. xxx . And we know that Petrarch , on his own shewing , was so pleased with the story of Griselda that he learnt it by heart as well as he could , for the express purpose of repeating it to friends , before the idea of turning it into Latin occurred to him . Whence we may conclude that Chaucer and Petrarch met at Padua early in 1373 ; that Petrarch told Chaucer the story by word of mouth , either in Italian or French ; and that Chaucer shortly after obtained a copy of Petrarch 's Latin version , which he kept constantly before him whilst making his own translation . Jump up ^ `` Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales '' , 2002 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 18 . ^ Jump up to : Podgorski , Daniel ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Puppetry and the `` Popet : '' Fiction , Reality , and Empathy in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales `` . The Gemsbok . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Howard , Chaucer and the Medieval World ( London , 1987 ) , pp. 410 -- 417 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 49 -- 51 , 56 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 50 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 73 -- 75 , 81 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 91 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Rubin , 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Prioress 's Tale '' , by Prof. Jane Zatta . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 110 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 123 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 132 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 139 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 138 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 141 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , 19 Jump up ^ Cooper , 21 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Norma J. `` Liminal Space in Travellers ' Tales : Historical and Fictional Passages ( Folklore , Ritual , History ) . '' Order No. 8615152 The Pennsylvania State University , 1986 . Ann Arbor : ProQuest . Web . 30 Sep. 2015 . Jump up ^ Jost , Jean . `` Urban and Liminal Space in Chaucer 's Knight 's Tale : Perilous or Protective ? '' Albrecht Classen , ed . Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture : Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age . Berlin , DEU : Walter de Gruyter , 2009 . Print . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Morton W . `` The ' Friar 's Tale ' as a Liminal Tale . '' The Chaucer Review 17.4 ( 1983 ) : 286 -- 291 . Print . Jump up ^ Nowlin , Steele . `` Between Precedent and Possibility : Liminality , Historicity , and Narrative in Chaucer 's ' The Franklin 's Tale . ' '' Studies in Philology 103.1 ( 2006 ) : 47 -- 67 . Print . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 294 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 295 - 97 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 298 -- 302 . Jump up ^ Trigg , Stephanie , Congenial Souls : Reading Chaucer from Medieval to Postmodern , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2002 , p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3823 - 3 . Jump up ^ Trigg , pp. 86 -- 88 , 97 . Jump up ^ Trigg , pp. 88 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Charlotte , Editing Piers Plowman : The Evolution of the Text , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34250 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ohlgren , Thomas , Medieval Outlaws , Parlor Press , 2005 , pp. 264 -- 265 . ISBN 1 - 932559 - 62 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Steve , Chaucer at Large , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2000 , pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3376 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pencak , William , The Films of Derek Jarman , Jefferson : McFarland & Co , 2002 , pp. 178 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1430 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Drama -- Canterbury Tales '' . BBC Drama article about the series . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On These Walls : Inscriptions and Quotations in the Buildings of the Library of Congress '' . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . References ( edit ) Bisson , Lillian M. ( 1998 ) . Chaucer and the late medieval world . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 10667 - 6 . Cooper , Helen ( 1996 ) . The Canterbury tales . Oxford guides to Chaucer ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 871155 - 1 . Pearsall , Derek Albert ( 1985 ) . The Canterbury tales . Unwin critical library . London : G. Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 800021 - 7 . Scattered among the nations : documents affecting Jewish history , 49 to 1975 . Alexis P. Rubin ( ed . ) . Toronto , ON : Wall & Emerson . 1993 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895131 - 10 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Collette , Carolyn P. ( 2001 ) . Species , phantasms , and images : vision and medieval psychology in The Canterbury tales . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . doi : 10.3998 / mpub. 16499 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11161 - 9 . Kolve , V.A. ; Olson , Glending ( 2005 ) . The Canterbury tales : fifteen tales and the general prologue : authoritative text , sources and backgrounds , criticism . A Norton critical edition ( 2 ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92587 - 6 . Sobecki , Sebastian ( 2017 ) . `` A Southwark Tale : Gower , the 1381 Poll Tax , and Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales '' . Speculum. 92 ( 3 ) : 630 -- 660 . doi : 10.1086 / 692620 . Thompson , N.S. ( 1996 ) . Chaucer , Boccaccio , and the debate of love : a comparative study of the Decameron and the Canterbury tales . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812378 - 1 . Spark Notes : The Canterbury Tales . New York , New York : Spark Publishing . 2014 . No Fair : The Canterbury Tales . New York , New York : Spark Publishing . 2009 . Dogan , Sandeur ( 2013 ) . `` The Three Estates Model : Represented and Satirised in Chaucer 's General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales '' . Journal of History , Culture & Art Research / Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Arastirmalari Dergisi . Jun2013 , Vol. 2 Issue 2 , p49 - 56 . Biggs , Frederick ( 2017 ) . Chaucer 's Decameron and the origin of the Canterbury tales . D.S. Brewer , . * Cambridge . ISBN 9781843844754 . OCLC 971521732 Nicholls , Jonathan . `` Review : Chaucer 's Narrators by David Lawton , '' The Modern Language Review , 2017 . Pugh , Tison . `` Gender , Vulgarity , and the Phantom Debates of Chaucer 's Merchant 's Tale , '' Studies in Philology , Vol. 114 Issue 3 , 473 - 496 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Novels portal Find more aboutThe Canterbury Talesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity General Modern Translation and Other Resources at eChaucer The Canterbury Tales Project : publishing transcripts , images , collations and analysis of all surviving 15th - century copies The Canterbury Tales public domain audiobook at LibriVox Online texts The Canterbury Tales and Other Poems at Project Gutenberg Ecker , Ronald L. ; Crook , Eugene Joseph ( 1993 ) . The Canterbury Tales : A Complete Translation into Modern English . Palatka , FL : Hodge & Braddock . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9636512 - 3 - 5 . Facsimiles The Hengwrt Manuscript : the oldest manuscript copy Ellesmere Chaucer British Library , Harley MS 7334 British Library , Harley MS 1758 Caxton 's Chaucer : scans of William Caxton 's two editions of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer Works The Canterbury Tales General Prologue The Knight 's Tale The Miller 's Tale The Reeve 's Tale The Cook 's Tale The Man of Law 's Tale The Wife of Bath 's Tale The Friar 's Tale The Summoner 's Tale The Clerk 's Tale The Merchant 's Tale The Squire 's Tale The Franklin 's Tale The Physician 's Tale The Pardoner 's Tale The Shipman 's Tale The Prioress 's Tale Sir Thopas The Tale of Melibee The Monk 's Tale The Nun 's Priest 's Tale The Second Nun 's Tale The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale The Manciple 's Tale The Parson 's Tale Chaucer 's Retraction Other works The Romaunt of the Rose The Book of the Duchess The House of Fame Anelida and Arcite The Parliament of Fowls Boece Troilus and Criseyde The Legend of Good Women A Treatise on the Astrolabe Spurious The Cuckoo and the Nightingale The Complaint of the Black Knight The Floure and the Leafe Pierce the Ploughman 's Crede Jack Upland Tales The Tale of Gamelyn Prologue and Tale of Beryn The Plowman 's Tale The Pilgrim 's Tale Language and Texts Rhyme royal Heroic couplet English words first attested in Chaucer MSS Tradition Order of The Canterbury Tales Hengwrt Chaucer Ellesmere Chaucer Harley MS . 7334 Adam Pinkhurst Scribe D Related Chaucer 's influence on fifteenth - century Scottish literature Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Philippa Roet ( wife ) Katherine Swynford ( wife 's sister ) Thomas Chaucer ( son ) Alice de la Pole ( granddaughter ) Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales Order of The Canterbury Tales General Prologue The Knight 's Tale The Miller 's Tale The Reeve 's Tale The Cook 's Tale The Man of Law 's Tale The Wife of Bath 's Tale The Friar 's Tale The Summoner 's Tale The Clerk 's Tale The Merchant 's Tale The Squire 's Tale The Franklin 's Tale The Physician 's Tale The Pardoner 's Tale The Shipman 's Tale The Prioress 's Tale Sir Thopas The Tale of Melibee The Monk 's Tale The Nun 's Priest 's Tale The Second Nun 's Tale The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale The Manciple 's Tale The Parson 's Tale Addenda The Plowman 's Tale The Tale of Gamelyn Siege of Thebes Prologue and Tale of Beryn Films The Canterbury Tales ( 1972 ) Stage The Two Noble Kinsmen ( 1634 play ) The Canterbury Pilgrims ( 1917 opera ) Canterbury Tales ( 1964 musical ) Television Trinity Tales ( 1975 ) The Canterbury Tales ( 2003 ) Literature The Canterbury Puzzles A Commentary on the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales Single tale derivations The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle Chanticleer and the Fox The Book of the Dun Cow Palamon and Arcite God Spede the Plough `` The Pilgrim 's Tale '' Related Chaucer 's Retraction Ellesmere Chaucer Hengwrt Chaucer Descriptive Catalogue `` Have a nice day '' Words first used in Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canterbury_Tales&oldid=815757280 '' Categories : The Canterbury Tales 14th - century books 14th - century poems Adultery in short stories Arthurian literature in Middle English Astrological texts Canterbury Frame stories Middle English poems Narrative poems Novels set in Kent Unfinished poems Hidden categories : Articles containing Middle English - language text EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles that link to foreign - language Wikisources Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 23 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Canterbury%20Tales	644
20th century english writer known for her feminist and magical works	Angela Olive Carter - Pearce ( née Stalker ; 7 May 1940 -- 16 February 1992 ) , who published under the pen name Angela Carter , was an English novelist , short story writer and journalist , known for her feminist , magical realism , and picaresque works . She is best known for her book The Bloody Chamber , which was published in 1979 . In 2008 , The Times ranked Carter tenth in their list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' . In 2012 , Nights at the Circus was selected as the best ever winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize .	Angela Olive Carter - Pearce	Angela Carter	angela carter		Angela Carter Angela Olive Stalker ( 1940 - 05 - 07 ) 7 May 1940 Eastbourne , England 16 February 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 16 ) ( aged 51 ) London , England Occupation Novelist , short story writer , journalist Nationality British Alma mater University of Bristol Spouse Paul Carter ( m . 1960 ; div. 1972 ) Mark Pearce ( m . 1977 ) Children Website www.angelacarter.co.uk Angela Olive Carter - Pearce ( née Stalker ; 7 May 1940 -- 16 February 1992 ) , who published under the pen name Angela Carter , was an English novelist , short story writer and journalist , known for her feminist , magical realism , and picaresque works . She is best known for her book The Bloody Chamber , which was published in 1979 . In 2008 , The Times ranked Carter tenth in their list of `` The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 '' . In 2012 , Nights at the Circus was selected as the best ever winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize . Contents 1 Biography 2 Works 2.1 Novels 2.2 Short fiction collections 2.3 Poetry collections 2.4 Dramatic works 2.5 Children 's books 2.6 Non-fiction 2.7 As editor 2.8 As translator 2.9 Film adaptations 2.10 Radio plays 2.11 Television 3 Works on Angela Carter 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Born Angela Olive Stalker in Eastbourne , in 1940 , to Sophia Olive ( née Farthing ; 1905 -- 1969 ) and Hugh Alexander Stalker ( 1896 -- 1988 ) , Carter was evacuated as a child to live in Yorkshire with her maternal grandmother . As a teenager she battled against anorexia . After attending Streatham and Clapham High School , in south London , she began work as a journalist on The Croydon Advertiser , following in the footsteps of her father . Carter attended the University of Bristol where she studied English literature. . Up until her teenage years she was an obedient and ' chubby ' child until she went on diet , lost weight and changed her style of dress . This was perhaps why she became anorexic . She became a rude child who challenged authorities and was abusive to her mother , at this point she had few friends . She switched between extreme shyness and depression . This change did not however affect her performance in school . She decided against going to Oxford University and chose marriage instead which she felt would allow her to escape her parents . She married twice , first in 1960 to Paul Carter , divorcing in 1972 . In 1969 , she used the proceeds of her Somerset Maugham Award to leave her husband and relocate for two years to Tokyo , where she claims in Nothing Sacred ( 1982 ) that she `` learnt what it is to be a woman and became radicalised '' . She wrote about her experiences there in articles for New Society and a collection of short stories , Fireworks : Nine Profane Pieces ( 1974 ) , and evidence of her experiences in Japan can also be seen in The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman ( 1972 ) . She then explored the United States , Asia and Europe , helped by her fluency in French and German . She spent much of the late 1970s and 1980s as a writer in residence at universities , including the University of Sheffield , Brown University , the University of Adelaide , and the University of East Anglia . In 1977 , Carter married Mark Pearce , with whom she had one son . In 1979 , both The Bloody Chamber , and her influential essay , The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography , appeared . In the essay , according to the writer Marina Warner , Carter `` deconstructs the arguments that underlie The Bloody Chamber . It 's about desire and its destruction , the self - immolation of women , how women collude and connive with their condition of enslavement . She was much more independent - minded than the traditional feminist of her time . '' As well as being a prolific writer of fiction , Carter contributed many articles to The Guardian , The Independent and New Statesman , collected in Shaking a Leg . She adapted a number of her short stories for radio and wrote two original radio dramas on Richard Dadd and Ronald Firbank . Two of her fictions have been adapted for film : The Company of Wolves ( 1984 ) and The Magic Toyshop ( 1987 ) . She was actively involved in both adaptations ; her screenplays are published in the collected dramatic writings , The Curious Room , together with her radio scripts , a libretto for an opera of Virginia Woolf 's Orlando , an unproduced screenplay entitled The Christchurch Murders ( based on the same true story as Peter Jackson 's Heavenly Creatures ) and other works . These neglected works , as well as her controversial television documentary , The Holy Family Album , are discussed in Charlotte Crofts ' book , Anagrams of Desire ( 2003 ) . Her novel Nights at the Circus won the 1984 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for literature . Her last novel , Wise Children , is a surreal wild ride through British theatre and music hall traditions . At the time of her death , Carter had started work on a sequel to Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre based on the later life of Jane 's stepdaughter , Adèle Varens ; only a synopsis survives . Angela Carter died aged 51 in 1992 at her home in London after developing lung cancer . Works ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) Shadow Dance ( 1966 , also known as Honeybuzzard ) The Magic Toyshop ( 1967 ) Several Perceptions ( 1968 ) Heroes and Villains ( 1969 ) Love ( 1971 ) The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman ( 1972 , also known as The War of Dreams ) The Passion of New Eve ( 1977 ) Nights at the Circus ( 1984 ) Wise Children ( 1991 ) Short fiction collections ( edit ) Fireworks : Nine Profane Pieces ( 1974 ; also published as Fireworks : Nine Stories in Various Disguises and Fireworks ) The Bloody Chamber ( 1979 ) The Bridegroom ( 1983 ) ( Uncollected short story ) Black Venus ( 1985 ; published as Saints and Strangers in the United States ) American Ghosts and Old World Wonders ( 1993 ) Burning Your Boats ( 1995 ) Poetry collections ( edit ) Five Quiet Shouters ( 1966 ) Unicorn ( 1966 ) Unicorn : The Poetry of Angela Carter ( 2015 ) Dramatic works ( edit ) Come Unto These Yellow Sands : Four Radio Plays ( 1985 ) The Curious Room : Plays , Film Scripts and an Opera ( 1996 ) ( includes Carter 's screenplays for adaptations of The Company of Wolves and The Magic Toyshop ; also includes the contents of Come Unto These Golden Sands : Four Radio Plays ) Children 's books ( edit ) The Donkey Prince ( 1970 , illustrated by Eros Keith ) Miss Z , the Dark Young Lady ( 1970 , illustrated by Eros Keith ) Comic and Curious Cats ( 1979 , illustrated by Martin Leman ) Moonshadow ( 1982 ) illustrated by Justin Todd Sea - Cat and Dragon King ( 2000 , illustrated by Eva Tatcheva ) Non-fiction ( edit ) The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography ( 1979 ) Nothing Sacred : Selected Writings ( 1982 ) Expletives Deleted : Selected Writings ( 1992 ) Shaking a Leg : Collected Journalism and Writing ( 1997 ) She wrote two entries in `` A Hundred Things Japanese '' published in 1975 by the Japan Culture Institute . ISBN 0 - 87040 - 364 - 8 It says `` She has lived in Japan both from 1969 to 1971 and also during 1974 '' ( p. 202 ) . As editor ( edit ) Wayward Girls and Wicked Women : An Anthology of Subversive Stories ( 1986 ) The Virago Book of Fairy Tales ( 1990 ) a.k.a. The Old Wives ' Fairy Tale Book The Second Virago Book of Fairy Tales ( 1992 ) a.k.a. Strange Things Still Sometimes Happen : Fairy Tales From Around the World ( 1993 ) Angela Carter 's Book of Fairy Tales ( 2005 ) ( collects the two Virago Books above ) As translator ( edit ) The Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault ( 1977 ) Sleeping Beauty and Other Favourite Fairy Tales ( 1982 ) illustrated by Michael Foreman ( Perrault stories with two by Leprince de Beaumont ) Film adaptations ( edit ) The Company of Wolves ( 1984 ) adapted by Carter with Neil Jordan from her short story of the same name , `` Wolf - Alice '' and `` The Werewolf '' The Magic Toyshop ( 1987 ) adapted by Carter from her novel of the same name , and directed by David Wheatley Radio plays ( edit ) Vampirella ( 1976 ) written by Carter and directed by Glyn Dearman for BBC . Formed the basis for the short story `` The Lady of the House of Love '' . Come Unto These Yellow Sands ( 1979 ) The Company of Wolves ( 1980 ) adapted by Carter from her short story of the same name , and directed by Glyn Dearman for BBC Puss - in - Boots ( 1982 ) adapted by Carter from her short story and directed by Glyn Dearman for BBC A Self - Made Man ( 1984 ) Television ( edit ) The Holy Family Album ( 1991 ) Omnibus : Angela Carter 's Curious Room ( 1992 ) Works on Angela Carter ( edit ) Dimovitz , Scott A. Angela Carter : Surrealist , Psychologist , Moral Pornographer . New York : Routledge , 2016 . Dimovitz , Scott A. ' I Was the Subject of the Sentence Written on the Mirror : Angela Carter 's Short Fiction and the Unwriting of the Psychoanalytic Subject . ' Lit : Literature Interpretation Theory 21.1 ( 2010 ) : 1 - 19 . Dimovitz , Scott A. ' Angela Carter 's Narrative Chiasmus : The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman and The Passion of New Eve . ' Genre XVII ( 2009 ) : 83 - 111 . Dimovitz , Scott A. ' Cartesian Nuts : Rewriting the Platonic Androgyne in Angela Carter 's Japanese Surrealism ' . FEMSPEC : An Interdisciplinary Feminist Journal , 6 : 2 ( December 2005 ) : 15 -- 31 . Dmytriieva , Valeriia V. ' Gender Alterations in English and French Modernist `` Bluebeard '' Fairytale ' . ' English Language and literature studies , 6 : 3 . ( 2016 ) : 16 -- 20 . Enright , Anne ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` Diary '' . London Review of Books . 33 ( 4 ) : 38 -- 39 . Retrieved 11 February 2011 . Gordon , Edmund The Invention of Angela Carter : A Biography London : Chatto & Windus , 2016 . Kérchy , Anna ( 2008 ) , Body - Texts in the Novels of Angela Carter . Writing from a Corporeagraphic Perspective . Lampeter : The Edwin Mellen Press Milne , Andrew ( 2006 ) , The Bloody Chamber d'Angela Carter , Paris : Editions Le Manuscrit , Université Milne , Andrew ( 2007 ) , Angela Carter 's The Bloody Chamber : A Reader 's Guide , Paris : Editions Le Manuscrit Université Tonkin , Maggie . Angela Carter and Decadence : Critical Fictions / Fictional Critiques . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , 2012 . Topping , Angela ( 2009 ) , Focus on The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories London : The Greenwich Exchange References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 . 5 January 2008 . The Times . Retrieved on 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Angela Carter named best ever winner of James Tait Black award '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.angelacartersite.co.uk/ Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angela Carter '' . 17 February 1992 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Angela Carter - Biography '' . The Guardian . 22 July 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Angela Carter 's Feminism '' . www.newyorker.com . Jump up ^ Hill , Rosemary ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) . `` The Invention of Angela Carter : A Biography by Edmund Gordon -- review '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/oct/01/angela-carter-far-from-fairytale-edmund-gordon Jump up ^ Marina Warner , speaking on Radio Three 's the Verb , February 2012 Jump up ^ `` Book Of A Lifetime : Shaking a Leg , By Angela Carter '' . The Independent . 2012 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/books/live/2017/feb/21/angela-carter-webchat-with-biographer-edmund-gordon-post-your-questions-now Jump up ^ Clapp , Susannah ( 29 January 2006 ) . `` The greatest swinger in town '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Sarah Waters ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` My hero : Angela Carter '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Dirda , `` The Unconventional Life of Angela Carter - prolific author , reluctant feminist , '' Washington Post , March 8 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Acocella , Joan ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Metamorphoses : how Angela Carter became feminism 's great mythologist '' . The Critics . Books . The New Yorker . 93 ( 4 ) : 71 -- 76 . Wisker , Gina . `` At Home all was Blood and Feathers : The Werewolf in the Kitchen - Angela Carter and Horror '' . In Clive Bloom ( ed ) , Creepers : British Horror and Fantasy in the Twentieth Century . London and Boulder CO : Pluto Press , 1993 , pp. 161 -- 75 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Angela Carter Official website of the Estate of Angela Carter Angela Carter at British Council : Literature BBC interview ( video , 25 June 1991 , 25 mins ) Petri Liukkonen . `` Angela Carter '' . Books and Writers Angela Carter at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Angela Carter on IMDb `` Angela Carter remembered '' Daily Telegraph 3 May 2010 A Conversation with Angela Carter by Anna Katsavos , The Review of Contemporary Fiction , Fall 1994 , Vol . 14.3 Angela Carter talks about her life and work to Elizabeth Jolley , British Library ( audio , 1988 , 53 mins ) Essay on Colette , Vol. 2 No. 19 2 October 1980 , London Review of Books by Angela Carter Angela Carter 's radio work Angela Carter at the British Library Works by Angela Carter Novels Shadow Dance The Magic Toyshop Several Perceptions Heroes and Villains Love The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman The Passion of New Eve Nights at the Circus Wise Children Short fiction Fireworks : Nine Profane Pieces The Bloody Chamber The Bridegroom Black Venus American Ghosts and Old World Wonders Burning Your Boats Dramatic works The Curious Room The Holy Family Album Children 's books The Donkey Prince Comic and Curious Cats Non-fiction The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography Film adaptations The Company of Wolves The Magic Toyshop Related Anagrams of Desire BNE : XX1038650 BNF : cb118953566 ( data ) GND : 119058804 ISNI : 0000 0001 2127 2038 LCCN : n79088989 MusicBrainz : 06fc69eb - 5775 - 40ae - 999a - c1d4106dfc47 NDL : 00435420 NKC : jo2004213804 NLA : 35086688 SELIBR : 180311 SNAC : w61v7cj4 SUDOC : 02676945X VIAF : 34454299 Jump up ^ Online version is titled `` Angela Carter 's feminist mythology '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angela_Carter&oldid=854464504 '' Categories : 1940 births 1992 deaths 20th - century English novelists 20th - century British women writers Academics of the University of East Anglia Academics of the University of Sheffield Alumni of the University of Bristol Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from lung cancer English women novelists English short story writers English socialists English feminist writers Women science fiction and fantasy writers James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients John Llewellyn Rhys Prize winners Magic realism writers People from Eastbourne Socialist feminists British women short story writers 20th - century translators 20th - century British short story writers Hidden categories : Use British English from July 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Carter	645
where does the oil in cheese come from			Cooking oil	cooking oil	Cooking oil is plant , animal , or synthetic fat used in frying , baking , and other types of cooking . It is also used in food preparation and flavouring not involving heat , such as salad dressings and bread dips , and in this sense might be more accurately termed edible oil .	Cooking oil is typically a liquid at room temperature , although some oils that contain saturated fat , such as coconut oil , palm oil and palm kernel oil are solid . There are a wide variety of cooking oils from plant sources such as olive oil , palm oil , soybean oil , canola oil ( rapeseed oil ) , corn oil , peanut oil and other vegetable oils , as well as animal - based oils like butter and lard . Oil can be flavoured with aromatic foodstuffs such as herbs , chillies or garlic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health and nutrition 1.1 Trans fats 1.2 Cooking with oil 1.3 Storing and keeping oil 2 Types and characteristics 2.1 Smoke point 2.2 Comparison to other types of food 3 Cooking oil extraction and refinement 3.1 Extraction 3.2 Refinement 4 Waste cooking oil 4.1 Recycling 4.2 Adulteration 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Health and nutrition ( edit ) Olive oil Sunflower seed oil A guideline for the appropriate amount of fat -- a component of daily food consumption -- is established by regulatory agencies like the Food and Drug Administration . The recommendation is that 10 % or fewer of daily calories should be from saturated fat , and 20 - 35 % of total daily calories should come from polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats . While consumption of small amounts of saturated fats is common in diets , meta - analyses found a significant correlation between high consumption of saturated fats and blood LDL concentration , a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases . Other meta - analyses based on cohort studies and on controlled , randomized trials found a positive , or neutral , effect from consuming polyunsaturated fats instead of saturated fats ( a 10 % lower risk for 5 % replacement ) . Mayo Clinic has highlighted certain oils that are high in saturated fats , including coconut , palm oil and palm kernel oil . Those having lower amounts of saturated fats and higher levels of unsaturated ( preferably monounsaturated ) fats like olive oil , peanut oil , canola oil , soy and cottonseed oils are generally healthier . The US National Heart , Lung and Blood Institute urged saturated fats be replaced with polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats , listing olive and canola oils as sources of healthier monounsaturated oils while soybean and sunflower oils as good sources of polyunsaturated fats . One study showed that consumption of non-hydrogenated unsaturated oils like soybean and sunflower are preferable to the consumption of palm oil for lowering the risk of heart disease . Peanut oil , cashew oil and other nut - based oils may present a hazard to persons with a nut allergy . Trans fats ( edit ) Main article : trans fat Unlike other dietary fats , trans fats are not essential , and they do not promote good health . The consumption of trans fats increases one 's risk of coronary heart disease by raising levels of `` bad '' LDL cholesterol and lowering levels of `` good '' HDL cholesterol . Trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils are more harmful than naturally occurring oils . Several large studies indicate a link between the consumption of high amounts of trans fat and coronary heart disease , and possibly some other diseases . The United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , the National Heart , Lung and Blood Institute and the American Heart Association ( AHA ) all have recommended limiting the intake of trans fats . Cooking with oil ( edit ) Heating an oil changes its characteristics . Oils that are healthy at room temperature can become unhealthy when heated above certain temperatures , so when choosing a cooking oil , it is important to match the oil 's heat tolerance with the temperature which will be used . Deep - fat frying temperatures are commonly in the range of 170 -- 190 ° C ( 338 -- 374 ° F ) , less commonly , lower temperatures ≥ 130 ° C ( 266 ° F ) are used . Palm oil contains more saturated fats than canola oil , corn oil , linseed oil , soybean oil , safflower oil , and sunflower oil . Therefore , palm oil can withstand deep frying at higher temperatures and is resistant to oxidation compared to high - polyunsaturated vegetable oils . Since about 1900 , palm oil has been increasingly incorporated into food by the global commercial food industry because it remains stable in deep frying , or in baking at very high temperatures , and for its high levels of natural antioxidants , though the refined palm oil used in industrial food has lost most of its carotenoid content ( and its orange - red color ) . The following oils are suitable for high - temperature frying due to their high smoke point above 230 ° C ( 446 ° F ) : Avocado oil Mustard oil Palm oil Peanut oil ( marketed as `` groundnut oil '' in the UK and India ) Rice bran oil Safflower oil Semi-refined sesame oil Semi-refined sunflower oil Less aggressive frying temperatures are frequently used . A quality frying oil has a bland flavor , at least 200 ° C ( 392 ° F ) smoke and 315 ° C ( 599 ° F ) flash points , with maximums of 0.1 % free fatty acids and 3 % linolenic acid . Those oils with higher linolenic fractions are avoided due to polymerization or gumming marked by increases in viscosity with age . Olive oil resists thermal degradation and has been used as a frying oil for thousands of years . Olive oil Storing and keeping oil ( edit ) All oils degrade in response to heat , light , and oxygen . To delay the onset of rancidity , a blanket of an inert gas , usually nitrogen , is applied to the vapor space in the storage container immediately after production -- a process called tank blanketing . In a cool , dry place , oils have greater stability , but may thicken , although they will soon return to liquid form if they are left at room temperature . To minimize the degrading effects of heat and light , oils should be removed from cold storage just long enough for use . Refined oils high in monounsaturated fats , such as macadamia oil , keep up to a year , while those high in polyunsaturated fats , such as soybean oil , keep about six months . Rancidity tests have shown that the shelf life of walnut oil is about 3 months , a period considerably shorter than the best before date shown on labels . By contrast , oils high in saturated fats , such as avocado oil , have relatively long shelf lives and can be safely stored at room temperature , as the low polyunsaturated fat content facilitates stability . Types and characteristics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cooking oils are composed of various fractions of fatty acids . For the purpose of frying food , oils high in monounsaturated or saturated fats are generally popular , while oils high in polyunsaturated fats are less desirable . High oleic acid oils include almond , macadamia , olive , pecan , pistachio , and high - oleic cultivars of safflower and sunflower . view talk Oils and fats Saturated fatty acids MUFA PUFA 4 : 0 6 : 0 8 : 0 10 : 0 12 : 0 14 : 0 16 : 0 18 : 0 20 : 0 22 : 0 24 : 0 16 : 1 18 : 1 20 : 1 22 : 1 18 : 2 18 : 3 Almond 6.5 1.7 0.6 69.4 17.4 Almond 5 77 17 Apricot kernel 5.8 0.5 1.5 58.5 29.3 Avocado 10.9 0.7 2.7 67.9 12.5 Basil 8.5 11 24.5 54.5 Brazil nut 0.1 13.5 11.8 0.5 0.3 29.1 0.2 42.8 0.2 Butter 5.3 2.8 1.6 3.1 3.4 10.8 28.1 10.6 1.4 20.8 0.3 Butter , anhydrous 3.2 1.9 1.1 2.5 2.8 10 26.2 12.1 2.2 25 2.2 1.4 Canola 4.3 2.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 61.7 1.3 19 9.1 Canola 3.9 1.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 64.1 18.7 9.2 Cashew 11.5 9 61 17 Cocoa butter 0.1 25.4 33.2 0.2 32.6 2.8 0.1 Coconut 0.4 7.3 6.6 47.8 18.1 8.9 2.7 0.1 6.4 1.6 Corn 10.6 1.8 0.4 0.1 27.3 0.1 53.5 1.2 Cottonseed 0.9 25.5 2.5 0.3 0.2 0.6 17.7 52.2 0.1 Grapeseed 0.1 6.7 2.7 0.3 15.8 69.6 0.1 Hazelnut 0.1 5.8 2.7 0.2 0.3 79.3 0.2 10.4 0.5 Hemp 6.5 11.5 56.5 20 Lard 0.1 0.2 1.4 24.9 14.1 2.8 43.1 10.7 Macadamia nut 8.4 3.2 2.3 17.3 65.1 2.2 2.3 0.1 Mustard 1.4 3.8 1.1 0.2 11.6 6.2 41.2 15.3 5.9 Olive 11.3 0.4 0.1 1.3 71.3 0.3 9.8 0.8 Olive , Virgin 13.8 2.8 0.1 1.9 69 12.2 Palm kernel 0.3 3.6 3.3 48 16.7 8.5 2.1 14.9 2.5 Palm 0.3 1.1 43.5 4.3 0.2 0.2 39.8 10.2 0.3 Palm 0.1 43.5 4.3 0.3 36.6 0.1 9.1 0.2 Peanut 0.1 11.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 46.5 1.4 31.4 Rapeseed 31 23 19 Rapeseed 4.8 1.9 60.5 22.5 9.5 Rice bran 0.4 19.8 1.9 0.9 0.3 0.2 42.3 0.5 31.9 1.2 Safflower , high oleic 0.1 4.9 1.9 0.4 0.3 0.1 74.8 0.3 12.7 0.1 Safflower 7.3 2.5 13.6 75.7 0.5 Sesame 0.1 9.2 5.8 0.7 0.2 0.1 40.6 0.2 42.6 0.3 Soybean 10.5 4.4 0.4 0.4 22.6 0.2 51 6.8 Soybean 0.1 11 0.3 0.1 0.1 23.4 53.2 7.8 Soybean , low linolenic 10.8 4.5 0.4 0.4 26.1 55.4 Soybean , high oleic 7.3 3.4 0.4 0.4 85.1 1.3 Sunflower 0.5 0.2 6.8 4.7 0.4 0.1 18.6 68.2 0.5 Sunflower , high linoleic 5.9 4.5 19.5 65.7 Sunflower , linoleic 5.4 3.5 0.2 45.3 39.8 0.2 Sunflower , mid-oleic 0.1 4.2 3.6 0.3 0.8 0.1 57 0.2 28.9 Sunflower , high oleic 0.1 3.7 4.3 0.1 82.6 3.6 0.2 Sunflower , high oleic I 5 82 9 Sunflower , high oleic II 5 90 Tallow , beef 0.9 3.7 24.9 18.9 4.2 36 0.3 3.1 0.6 Tallow , mutton 3.8 21.5 19.5 2.3 37.6 5.5 2.3 Walnut 0.1 6.7 2.3 0.1 0.2 21 0.2 57.5 11.6 Parts per hundred Jump up ^ Warner and Gupta reported fishy and stale flavors in potato chips fried in this oil and attributed them to the unusual linoleic : linolenic acids ratio . Smoke point ( edit ) The smoke point is marked by `` a continuous wisp of smoke . '' It is the temperature at which an oil starts to burn , leading to a burnt flavor in the foods being prepared and degradation of nutrients and phytochemicals characteristic of the oil . Above the smoke point are flash and fire points . The flash point is the temperature at which oil vapors will ignite but are n't produced in sufficient quantities to stay lit . The flash point generally occurs at about 275 -- 330 ° C ( 527 -- 626 ° F ) . The fire point is the temperature at which hot oil produces sufficient vapors they will catch on fire and burn . As frying hours increase , all these temperature points decrease . They depend more on an oil 's acidity than fatty - acid profile . The smoke point of cooking oils varies generally in association with how an oil is refined : a higher smoke point results from removal of impurities and free fatty acids . Residual solvent remaining from the refining process may decrease the smoke point . It has been reported to increase with the inclusion of antioxidants ( BHA , BHT , and TBHQ ) . For these reasons , the published smoke points of oils may vary . view talk Fat Quality Smoke Point Almond oil 221 ° C 430 ° F Avocado oil Refined 270 ° C 520 ° F Mustard oil 250 ° C 480 ° F Butter 150 ° C 302 ° F Butter Clarified 250 ° C 482 ° F Canola oil 220 - 230 ° C 428 -- 446 ° F Canola oil ( Rapeseed ) Expeller press 190 - 232 ° C 375 - 450 ° F Canola oil ( Rapeseed ) Refined 204 ° C 400 ° F Canola oil ( Rapeseed ) Unrefined 107 ° C 225 ° F Castor oil Refined 200 ° C 392 ° F Coconut oil Refined , dry 204 ° C 400 ° F Coconut oil Unrefined , dry expeller pressed , virgin 177 ° C 350 ° F Corn oil 230 - 238 ° C 446 - 460 ° F Corn oil Unrefined 178 ° C 352 ° F Cottonseed oil Refined , bleached , deodorized 220 - 230 ° C 428 -- 446 ° F Flaxseed oil Unrefined 107 ° C 225 ° F Lard 190 ° C 374 ° F Olive oil Refined 199 - 243 ° C 390 - 470 ° F Olive oil Virgin 210 ° C 410 ° F Olive oil Extra virgin , low acidity , high quality 207 ° C 405 ° F Olive oil Extra virgin 190 ° C 374 ° F Olive oil Extra virgin 160 ° C 320 ° F Palm oil Difractionated 235 ° C 455 ° F Peanut oil Refined 232 ° C 450 ° F Peanut oil 227 - 229 ° C 441 - 445 ° F Peanut oil Unrefined 160 ° C 320 ° F Rice bran oil Refined 213 ° C 415 ° F Sesame oil Unrefined 177 ° C 350 ° F Sesame oil Semirefined 232 ° C 450 ° F Soybean oil 234 ° C 453 ° F Sunflower oil Neutralized , dewaxed , bleached & deodorized 252 - 254 ° C 486 -- 489 ° F Sunflower oil Semirefined 232 ° C 450 ° F Sunflower oil 227 ° C 441 ° F Sunflower oil Unrefined , first cold - pressed , raw 107 ° C 225 ° F Sunflower oil , high oleic Refined 232 ° C 450 ° F Sunflower oil , high oleic Unrefined 160 ° C 320 ° F Vegetable oil blend Refined 220 ° C 428 ° F Oils are extracted from nuts , seeds , olives , grains or legumes by extraction using industrial chemicals or by mechanical processes . Expeller pressing is a chemical - free process that collects oils from a source using a mechanical press with minimal heat . Cold - pressed oils are extracted under a controlled temperature setting usually below 105 ° C ( 221 ° F ) intended to preserve naturally occurring phytochemicals , such as polyphenols , plant sterols and vitamin E which collectively affect color , flavor , aroma and nutrient value . view talk Type of oil or fat SFA MUFA PUFA Omega - Smoke point Uses 6 Almond 8 % 66 % 26 % 0 17 % 221 ° C ( 430 ° F ) Baking , sauces , flavoring Avocado oil 12 % 74 % 14 % 0.95 % 12 % 271 ° C ( 520 ° F ) Frying , sautéing , dipping oil , salad oil Butter 66 % 30 % 4 % 0.3 % 2.7 % 150 ° C ( 302 ° F ) Cooking , baking , condiment , sauces , flavoring Butter , clarified , Ghee 65 % 32 % 3 % 0 0 190 -- 250 ° C ( 374 -- 482 ° F ) Deep frying , cooking , sautéing , condiment , flavoring Canola oil 6 % 62 % 32 % 9.1 % 18 % 225 ° C ( 437 ° F ) Frying , baking , salad dressings Coconut oil ( virgin ) 92 % 6 % 2 % 0 1.8 % 177 ° C ( 351 ° F ) Cooking , tropical cuisine , beauty products Corn oil 13 % 25 % 62 % 1.1 % 53 % 235 ° C ( 455 ° F ) Frying , baking , salad dressings , margarine , shortening Cottonseed oil 24 % 26 % 50 % 0.2 % 50 % 216 ° C ( 421 ° F ) Margarine , shortening , salad dressings , commercially fried products Diacylglycerol ( DAG ) oil 3.05 % 37.95 % 59 % 0 - 215 ° C ( 419 ° F ) Frying , baking , salad oil Flaxseed oil , Linseed oil 11 % 21 % 68 % 53 % 13 % 107 ° C ( 225 ° F ) Salad dressings , nutritional supplement Grapeseed oil 12 % 17 % 71 % 0.1 % 69 % 204 ° C ( 399 ° F ) Cooking , salad dressings , margarine Hemp oil 9 % 12 % 79 % 18 % 55 % 165 ° C ( 329 ° F ) Cooking , salad dressings Lard 41 % 47 % 2 % 1 % 10 % 138 -- 201 ° C ( 280 -- 394 ° F ) Baking , frying Macadamia oil 12.5 % 84 % 3.5 % 0 2.8 % 210 ° C ( 410 ° F ) Cooking , frying , deep frying , salads , dressings . A slightly nutty odour . Margarine ( hard ) 80 % 14 % 6 % 2 % 22 % 150 ° C ( 302 ° F ) Cooking , baking , condiment Margarine ( soft ) 20 % 47 % 33 % 2.4 % 23 % 150 -- 160 ° C ( 302 -- 320 ° F ) Cooking , baking , condiment Mustard oil 13 % 60 % 21 % 5.9 % 15 % 254 ° C ( 489 ° F ) Cooking , frying , deep frying , salads , dressings . Very clean flavoured & palatable . Olive oil ( extra virgin ) 14 % 73 % 11 % 0.7 % 9.8 % 190 ° C ( 374 ° F ) Cooking , salad oils , margarine Olive oil ( virgin ) 14 % 73 % 11 % 0.7 % 9.8 % 215 ° C ( 419 ° F ) Cooking , salad oils , margarine Olive oil ( refined ) 14 % 73 % 11 % 0 0 225 ° C ( 437 ° F ) Sautee , stir frying , deep frying , cooking , salad oils , margarine Olive oil ( extra light ) 14 % 73 % 11 % 0 0 242 ° C ( 468 ° F ) Sautee , stir frying , frying , deep frying , cooking , salad oils , margarine Palm oil 52 % 38 % 10 % 0.2 % 9.1 % 230 ° C ( 446 ° F ) Frying , cooking , flavoring , vegetable oil , shortening Peanut oil ( groundnut ) 18 % 49 % 33 % 0 31 % 231 ° C ( 448 ° F ) Frying , cooking , salad oils , margarine Pumpkin seed oil 8 % 36 % 57 % 0 % 64 % 121 ° C ( 250 ° F ) Salad oils Rice bran oil 20 % 47 % 33 % 1.6 % 33 % 213 ° C ( 415 ° F ) Cooking , frying , deep frying , salads , dressings . Very clean flavoured & palatable . Safflower oil ( high oleic ) 6 % 75 % 13 % 242 ° C ( 468 ° F ) Frying , cooking Safflower oil ( linoleic ) 6 % 14 % 75 % 242 ° C ( 468 ° F ) Cooking , salad dressings , margarine Sesame oil ( unrefined ) 14 % 43 % 43 % 0.3 41 % 177 ° C ( 351 ° F ) Cooking Sesame oil ( semi-refined ) 14 % 43 % 43 % 0.3 41 % 232 ° C ( 450 ° F ) Cooking , deep frying Soybean oil 15 % 24 % 61 % 6.7 % 50 % 240 ° C ( 464 ° F ) Cooking , salad dressings , vegetable oil , margarine , shortening Sunflower oil ( high oleic , refined ) 9 % 82 % 9 % 0.2 % 3.6 % 244 ° C ( 471 ° F ) Frying , cooking Sunflower oil ( linoleic , refined ) 11 % 20 % 69 % 0 % 56 % 240 ° C ( 464 ° F ) Cooking , salad dressings , margarine , shortening Sunflower oil ( mid-oleic , refined , NuSun ) 9 % 65 % 26 % 211 ° C ( 412 ° F ) Commercial food manufacturing Tea seed oil 22 % 60 % 18 % 0.7 % 22 % 252 ° C ( 486 ° F ) Cooking , salad dressings , stir frying , frying , margarine Walnut oil ( semi-refined ) 9 % 23 % 63 % 10 % 53 % 204 ° C ( 399 ° F ) Salad dressings , added to cold dishes to enhance flavor Comparison to other types of food ( edit ) Fat composition in different foods view talk Food Saturated Mono - unsaturated Poly - unsaturated As weight percent ( % ) of total fat Cooking oils Canola oil 08 64 28 Coconut oil 87 13 00 Corn oil 13 24 59 Cottonseed oil 27 19 54 Olive oil 14 73 11 Palm kernel oil 86 12 02 Palm oil 51 39 10 Peanut oil 17 46 32 Rice bran oil 25 38 37 Safflower oil , high oleic 06 75 14 Safflower oil , linoleic 06 14 75 Soybean oil 15 24 58 Sunflower oil 11 20 69 Mustard oil 11 59 21 Dairy products Butterfat 66 30 04 Cheese , regular 64 29 03 Cheese , light 60 30 00 Ice cream , gourmet 62 29 04 Ice cream , light 62 29 04 Milk , whole 62 28 04 Milk , 2 % 62 30 00 * Whipping cream 66 26 05 Meats Beef 33 38 05 Ground sirloin 38 44 04 Pork chop 35 44 08 Ham 35 49 16 Chicken breast 29 34 21 Chicken 34 23 30 Turkey breast 30 20 30 Turkey drumstick 32 22 30 Fish , orange roughy 23 15 46 Salmon 28 33 28 Hot dog , beef 42 48 05 Hot dog , turkey 28 40 22 Burger , fast food 36 44 06 Cheeseburger , fast food 43 40 07 Breaded chicken sandwich 20 39 32 Grilled chicken sandwich 26 42 20 Sausage , Polish 37 46 11 Sausage , turkey 28 40 22 Pizza , sausage 41 32 20 Pizza , cheese 60 28 05 Nuts Almonds dry roasted 09 65 21 Cashews dry roasted 20 59 17 Macadamia dry roasted 15 79 02 Peanut dry roasted 14 50 31 Pecans dry roasted 08 62 25 Flaxseeds , ground 08 23 65 Sesame seeds 14 38 44 Soybeans 14 22 57 Sunflower seeds 11 19 66 Walnuts dry roasted 09 23 63 Sweets and baked goods Candy , chocolate bar 59 33 03 Candy , fruit chews 14 44 38 Cookie , oatmeal raisin 22 47 27 Cookie , chocolate chip 35 42 18 Cake , yellow 60 25 10 Pastry , Danish 50 31 14 Fats added during cooking or at the table Butter , stick 63 29 03 Butter , whipped 62 29 04 Margarine , stick 18 39 39 Margarine , tub 16 33 49 Margarine , light tub 19 46 33 Lard 39 45 11 Shortening 25 45 26 Chicken fat 30 45 21 Beef fat 41 43 03 Dressing , blue cheese 16 54 25 Dressing , light Italian 14 24 58 Other Egg yolk fat 36 44 16 Avocado 16 71 13 Unless else specified in boxes , then reference is : * 3 % is trans fats Cooking oil extraction and refinement ( edit ) Olive oil production in Croatia Cooking oil extraction and refinement are separate processes . Extraction first removes the oil , typically from a seed , nut or fruit . Refinement then alters the appearance , texture , taste , smell , or stability of the oil to meet buyer expectations . Extraction ( edit ) There are three broad types of oil extraction : Chemical solvent extraction , most commonly using hexane . Pressing , using an expeller press or cold press ( pressing at low temperatures to prevent oil heating ) . Decanter centrifuge . In large - scale industrial oil extraction you will often see some combination of pressing , chemical extraction and / or centrifuging in order to extract the maximum amount of oil possible . Refinement ( edit ) Cooking oil can either be unrefined , or refined using one or more of the following refinement processes ( in any combination ) : Distilling , which heats the oil to evaporate off chemical solvents from the extraction process . Degumming , by passing hot water through the oil to precipitate out gums and proteins that are soluble in water but not in oil , then discarding the water along with the impurities . Neutralization , or deacidification , which treats the oil with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to pull out free fatty acids , phospholipids , pigments , and waxes . Bleaching , which removes `` off - colored '' components by treatment with fuller 's earth , activated carbon , or activated clays , followed by heating , filtering , then drying to recoup the oil . Dewaxing , or winterizing , improves clarity of oils intended for refrigeration by dropping them to low temperatures and removing any solids that form . Deodorizing , by treating with high - heat pressurized steam to evaporate less stable compounds that might cause `` unusual '' odors or tastes . Preservative addition , such as BHA and BHT to help preserve oils that have been made less stable due to high - temperature processing . Filtering , a non-chemical process which screens out larger particles , could be considered a step in refinement , although it does n't alter the state of the oil . Most large - scale commercial cooking oil refinement will involve all of these steps in order to achieve a product that 's uniform in taste , smell and appearance , and has a longer shelf life . Cooking oil intended for the health food market will often be unrefined , which can result in a less stable product but minimizes exposure to high temperatures and chemical processing . Waste cooking oil ( edit ) A bin for spent cooking oil in Austin , Texas , USA , managed by a recycling company . Proper disposal of used cooking oil is an important waste - management concern . Oil can congeal on pipes provoking blockages . Because of this , cooking oil should never be dumped in the kitchen sink or in the toilet bowl . The proper way to dispose of oil is to put it in a sealed non-recyclable container and discard it with regular garbage . Placing the container of oil in the refrigerator to harden also makes disposal easier and less messy . Recycling ( edit ) Main article : Vegetable oil recycling Cooking oil can be recycled . It can be used as animal feed , directly as fuel , and to produce biodiesel , soap , and other industrial products . In the recycling industry , used cooking oil recovered from restaurants and food - processing industries ( typically from deep fryers or griddles ) is called recycled vegetable oil ( RVO ) , used vegetable oil ( UVO ) , waste vegetable oil ( WVO ) , or yellow grease . Yellow grease is used to feed livestock , and to make soap , make - up , clothes , rubber , detergents , and biodiesel fuel . Used cooking oil , besides being converted to biodiesel , can be used directly in modified diesel engines and for heating . Grease traps or interceptors collect fats and oils from kitchen sinks and floor drains which would othewise clog sewer lines and interfere with septic systems and sewage treatment . The collected product is called brown grease in the recycling industry . Brown grease is contaminated with rotted food solids and considered unsuitable for re-use in most applications . Adulteration ( edit ) Gutter oil and trench oil are terms used in China to describe recycled oil processed to resemble virgin oil , but containing toxic contaminants and sold illegally for cooking ; its origin is frequently brown grease from garbage . In Kenya , thieves sell transformer oil stolen from electric transformers to operators of roadside food stalls for use in deep frying , suitable for prolonged use longer than regular cooking oil , but a threat to consumer health due to the presence of PCBs . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dietary fats explained '' . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 ; Key Recommendations for the General Population '' . US Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture . 2005 . Jump up ^ Yanai H , Katsuyama H , Hamasaki H , Abe S , Tada N , Sako A ( 2015 ) . `` Effects of Dietary Fat Intake on HDL Metabolism '' . J Clin Med Res. 7 ( 3 ) : 145 -- 9 . doi : 10.14740 / jocmr2030w . PMC 4285059 . PMID 25584098 . Jump up ^ Clarke , R ; Frost , C ; Collins , R ; Appleby , P ; Peto , R ( 1997 ) . `` Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol : quantitative meta - analysis of metabolic ward studies '' . BMJ. 314 ( 7074 ) : 112 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 314.7074. 112 . PMC 2125600 . PMID 9006469 . Jump up ^ Mensink , RP ; Zock , PL ; Kester , AD ; Katan , MB ( 2003 ) . `` Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins : a meta - analysis of 60 controlled trials '' . Am J Clin Nutr. 77 ( 5 ) : 1146 -- 55 . PMID 12716665 . Jump up ^ Jakobsen , M. U ; O'Reilly , E. J ; Heitmann , B. L ; Pereira , M. A ; Balter , K. ; Fraser , G. E ; Goldbourt , U. ; Hallmans , G. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease : a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 ( 5 ) : 1425 -- 32 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2008.27124 . PMC 2676998 . PMID 19211817 . ^ Jump up to : Katan , Martijn B. ; Mozaffarian , Dariush ; Micha , Renata ; Wallace , Sarah ( 2010 ) . Katan , Martijn B. , ed . `` Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat : A Systematic Review and Meta - Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials '' . PLoS Medicine . 7 ( 3 ) : e1000252 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1000252 . PMC 2843598 . PMID 20351774 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary fats : Know which types to choose '' . Mayo Clinic Staff . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Choose foods low in saturated fat '' . National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute ( NHLBI ) , NIH Publication No. 97 - 4064 . 1997 . Jump up ^ Kabagambe , EK ; Baylin , A ; Ascherio , A & Campos , H ( November 2005 ) . `` The Type of Oil Used for Cooking Is Associated with the Risk of Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in Costa Rica '' . Journal of Nutrition ( 135 ed . ) . 135 ( 11 ) : 2674 -- 2679 . PMID 16251629 . Jump up ^ Food and nutrition board , institute of medicine of the national academies ( 2005 ) . Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy , Carbohydrate , Fiber , Fat , Fatty Acids , Cholesterol , Protein , and Amino Acids ( Macronutrients ) . National Academies Press . p. 423 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08537 - 3 . Jump up ^ Food and nutrition board , institute of medicine of the national academies ( 2005 ) . Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy , Carbohydrate , Fiber , Fat , Fatty Acids , Cholesterol , Protein , and Amino Acids ( Macronutrients ) . National Academies Press . p. 504 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08537 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Trans fat : Avoid this cholesterol double whammy '' . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research ( MFMER ) . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mozaffarian , Dariush ; Katan , Martijn B. ; Ascherio , Alberto ; Stampfer , Meir J. ; Willett , Walter C. ( 2006 ) . `` Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 354 ( 15 ) : 1601 -- 113 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra054035 . PMID 16611951 . Jump up ^ Willett , WC ; Stampfer , MJ ; Manson , JE ; Colditz , GA ; Speizer , FE ; Rosner , BA ; Sampson , LA ; Hennekens , CH ( 1993 ) . `` Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women '' . Lancet . 341 ( 8845 ) : 581 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 93 ) 90350 - P. PMID 8094827 . Jump up ^ Hu , Frank B. ; Stampfer , Meir J. ; Manson , Joann E. ; Rimm , Eric ; Colditz , Graham A. ; Rosner , Bernard A. ; Hennekens , Charles H. ; Willett , Walter C. ( 1997 ) . `` Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 337 ( 21 ) : 1491 -- 9 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199711203372102 . PMID 9366580 . Jump up ^ Hayakawa , Kyoko ; Linko , Yu - Yen ; Linko , Pekka ( 2000 ) . `` The role of trans fatty acids in human nutrition '' . Starch - Stärke. 52 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 229 -- 35 . doi : 10.1002 / 1521 - 379X ( 200007 ) 52 : 6 / 7 3.0.CO ; 2 - G . Jump up ^ The Nurses ' Health Study ( NHS ) Jump up ^ Orna Izakson . `` Oil right : choose wisely for heart - healthy cooking - Eating Right '' . E : The Environmental Magazine . ^ Jump up to : Bouchon , Pedro ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 5 - Understanding Oil Absorption During Deep - Fat Frying '' ( PDF ) . Advances in Food and Nutrition Research . 57 : 219 . doi : 10.1016 / S1043 - 4526 ( 09 ) 57005 - 2 . ISSN 1043 - 4526 . Jump up ^ De Marco , Elena ; Savarese , Maria ; Parisini , Cristina ; Battimo , Ilaria ; Falco , Salvatore ; Sacchi , Raffaele ( 2007 ) . `` Frying performance of a sunflower / palm oil blend in comparison with pure palm oil '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology . 109 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 246 . doi : 10.1002 / ejlt. 200600192 . Jump up ^ Che Man , YB ; Liu , J.L. ; Jamilah , B. ; Rahman , R. Abdul ( 1999 ) . `` Quality changes of RBD palm olein , soybean oil and their blends during deep - fat frying '' . Journal of Food Lipids. 6 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 193 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 4522.1999. tb00142. x . Jump up ^ Matthäus , Bertrand ( 2007 ) . `` Use of palm oil for frying in comparison with other high - stability oils '' . European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology . 109 ( 4 ) : 400 -- 409 . doi : 10.1002 / ejlt. 200600294 . Jump up ^ Sundram , K ; Sambanthamurthi , R ; Tan , YA ( 2003 ) . `` Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition '' ( PDF ) . Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition . 12 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 62 . PMID 14506001 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke Points of Various Fats - Kitchen Notes - Cooking For Engineers '' . cookingforengineers.com. 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boskou , Dimitrios ( 2010 ) . `` 21 Frying Fats '' . Chemical and functional properties of food lipids ( PDF ) . p. 429 . Jump up ^ Rossell , J.B. ( 1998 ) . `` Industrial frying process '' . Grasas y Aceites. 49 ( 3 - 4 ) : 282 -- 295 . ^ Jump up to : Kochhar , S. Parkash ; Henry , C. Jeya K. ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oxidative stability and shelf - life evaluation of selected culinary oils '' . International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 60 Suppl 7 : 289 -- 296 . doi : 10.1080 / 09637480903103774 . ISSN 1465 - 3478 . PMID 19634067 . ^ Jump up to : Igoe , Robert S. ( 2011 ) . Dictionary of Food Ingredients . Springer . p. 175 . ISBN 9781441997128 . Table 8 Fats and Oils and Their Principal Component Fatty Acids '' & `` Approximate Percentage of the Principal Fatty Acids Jump up ^ The Lipid Handbook ( 2007 ) , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28 '' . USDA . Jump up ^ R.S. Guad ; S.J. Surana ; G.S. Talele ; S.G. Talele ; S.B. Gokhale ( 2006 ) . Natural Excipients . Pragati Books Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85790 - 60 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Lipid Handbook ( 2007 ) , pp. 71 - 73 . ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 329 . Jump up ^ The Lipid Handbook ( 2007 ) , pp. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Warner , K. ; Gupta , M. ( 2005 ) . `` Potato chip quality and frying oil stability of high oleic acid soybean oil '' . Journal of food science . 70 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ The Lipid Handbook ( 2007 ) , pp. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Sundram , K ; Sambanthamurthi , R ; Tan , YA ( 2003 ) . `` Palm fruit chemistry and nutrition '' ( PDF ) . Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition . 12 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 62 . PMID 14506001 . ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , H. ; Matsuo , T. ; Tokuyama , K. ; Shimomura , Y. ; Suzuki , M. `` Diet - induced thermogenesis is lower in rats fed a lard diet than in those fed a high oleic acid safflower oil diet , a safflower oil diet or a linseed oil diet '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of nutrition . 125 ( 4 ) : 920 . Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Fats and fatty acids '' . ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Leslie ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` ' Smoke point ' matters when cooking with oil '' . Toronto , Canada : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline B. Marcus ( 2013 ) . Culinary Nutrition : The Science and Practice of Healthy Cooking . Academic Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 012 - 391882 - 6 . Table 2 - 3 Smoke Points of Common Fats and Oils Jump up ^ `` Smoking Points of Fats and Oils . '' http://whatscookingamerica.net/Information/CookingOilTypes.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Smoke Point of Oils Baseline of Health '' . Jonbarron.org. 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mustard Oil '' http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/oi_mustz.html ^ Jump up to : The Culinary Institute of America ( 2011 ) . The Professional Chef ( 9th ed . ) . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 42135 - 2 . OCLC 707248142 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Bin '' http://chartsbin.com/view/1962 ^ Jump up to : Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` What is the `` truth '' about canola oil ? `` . Spectrum Organics , Canola Oil Manufacturer . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Detwiler , S.B. ; Markley , K.S. ( 1940 ) . `` Smoke , flash , and fire points of soybean and other vegetable oils '' . Oil & Soap. 17 ( 2 ) : 39 -- 40 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02543003 . ^ Jump up to : Nutiva , Coconut Oil Manufacturer , http://nutiva.com/introducing-nutiva-refined-coconut-oil/ Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ `` Olive Oil Smoke Point '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , S ( June 2015 ) . `` Cooking with extra virgin olive oil '' ( PDF ) . ACNEM Journal . 34 ( 2 ) : 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Scheda tecnica dell'olio di palma bifrazionato PO 64 . Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Organic unrefined sunflower oil '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ F.D. Gunstone ; D. Rousseau ( 2004 ) . Rapeseed and canola oil : production , processing , properties and uses . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2364 - 9 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brown , Amy L. ( 2010 ) . Understanding Food : Principles and Preparation . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing . p. 468 . ISBN 0 - 538 - 73498 - 1 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . The smoke point of an oil depends primarily on its free fatty acid content ( FFA ) and molecular weight . Through repeated use , as in a deep fryer , the oil accumulates food residues or by - products of the cooking process , that lower its smoke point further . The values shown in the table must therefore be taken as approximate , and are not suitable for accurate or scientific use ^ Jump up to : Kodali , D.R. ( ed . ) . Trans Fats Replacement Solutions . AOCS Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9830791 - 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ A.G. Vereshagin and G.V. Novitskaya ( 1965 ) The triglyceride composition of linseed oil . Journal of the American Oil Chemists ' Society 42 , 970 - 974 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rossell , J.B. ( 1998 ) . `` Industrial frying process '' ( PDF ) . Grasas y Aceites ,. 49 ( 3 - 4 ) : 282 -- 295 . Jump up ^ National nutrient database for standard reference release 28 . `` Basic Report : 04511 , Oil , safflower , salad or cooking , high oleic ( primary safflower oil of commerce ) '' . USDA . Jump up ^ `` Smoke point of oils '' . Jonbarron.org . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National nutrient database for standard reference release 28 . `` Basic Report : 04510 , Oil , safflower , salad or cooking , linoleic , ( over 70 % ) '' . USDA . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Abidi , S.L. ; Warner , K. ( 2001 ) . `` Molecular - Weight Distributions of Degradation Products in Selected Frying Oils '' . Jump up ^ `` Triglyceride composition of tea seed oil '' . doi : 10.1002 / jsfa. 2740271206 . Jump up ^ `` Cooking Oil Smoke Points '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of Abbreviations '' . The Journal of Nutrition . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson . `` Fatty acid composition of fats and oils '' ( PDF ) . UCCS . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NDL / FNIC Food Composition Database Home Page '' . Nal.usda.gov . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USDA → Basic Report : 04042 , Oil , peanut , salad or cooking Retrieved on January 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable safflower , oleic Retrieved on April 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable safflower , linoleic Retrieved on April 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable , sunflower Retrieved on September 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ USDA Basic Report Cream , fluid , heavy whipping Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Egg , yolk , raw , fresh Retrieved on August 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` 09038 , Avocados , raw , California '' . National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference , Release 26 . United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Feinberg School > Nutrition > Nutrition Fact Sheet : Lipids '' . Northwestern University . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` How cooking oil is made '' . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` Tips to avoid water waste and to require the preservation of hydro - resources '' . Natureba - Educação Ambiental . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Grease Disposal Tips to Help the City 's Environment '' . NYC Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Production of biodiesel based on waste oils and / or waste fats from biogenic origin for use as fuel '' ( PDF ) . CDM - Executive Board . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Brown Grease Feedstocks for Biodiesel Archived 2012 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... K. Shaine Tyson , National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Retrieved January 31 , 2009 Jump up ^ Murphy , Denis J. Plant lipids : biology , utilisation , and manipulation . Wiley - Blackwell , 2005 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Radich , Anthony Biodiesel Performance , Costs , and Use Jump up ^ Austin Ramzy ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` China Cracks Down on `` Gutter Oil , '' a Substance Even Worse Than its Name `` . Time Inc . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Iraki XN ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` Thieves fry Kenya 's power grid for fast food '' . Al Jazeera Media Network . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . The Lipid Handbook ( 2007 ) . Frank D. Gunstone ; John L. Harwood ; Albert J. Dijkstra , eds . The Lipid Handbook with CD - ROM ( Third ed . ) . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 9688 - 5 . Vegetable Oils in Food Technology ( 2011 ) . Frank D. Gunstone , ed . Vegetable Oils in Food Technology -- Composition , Properties and Uses ( Second ed . ) . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3268 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Warner , K. ( 1999 ) . `` Impact of high - temperature food processing on fats and oils '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 459 : 67 -- 77 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 4853 - 9_5 . PMID 10335369 . Fox , R. ( 2001 ) . Frying oils . In Kaarin Goodburn ( Ed . ) EU Food Law . Woodhead . pp. 195 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85573 - 557 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCooking oilat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Fats and Oils at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Non-timber forest products Animal products Furs Honey Pine honey Wild game Berries Tree fruit Blackberry Blueberry Bilberry Breadfruit Cocoa bean Coconut Durian Gambooge Huckleberry Jackfruit Juniper berry Lingonberry Raspberry Tamarind Woodland strawberry Edible plants / roots Betel Fiddlehead ferns Mahuwa flowers Sago palm queen Sassafras filé powder root beer Saw palmetto Wild ginseng Mushrooms Bare - toothed russula Bay bolete Birch bolete Cep Chanterelle Honey mushroom Lingzhi Matsutake Meadow mushroom Morel Oyster mushroom Parasol mushroom Red cap Saffron milk cap Slippery jack Truffle Yellow knight Nuts Spices Allspice Areca nut Bay leaf Black pepper Brazil nut Cinnamon Clove Hazelnut Malva nut Nutmeg Pine nut Vanilla Oil Waxes Carnauba Chaulmoogra ( Hydnocarpus wightiana ) Cocoa butter Eucalyptol Eucalyptus Japan wax Kokum Kusum Mahuwa Nagkesar Palm ( kernel ) Pongamia Phulwara Pilu Sal - seed ( Shorea robusta ) Sandalwood Shea butter Tea - seed Tea - tree Vateria indica Resins Benzoin Birch tar Camphor Creosote Frankincense Gamboge Kauri Lacquer Mastic Myrrh Pine tar Pitch Rosin Turpentine Varnish Sap / Gum / etc . Birch syrup Chicle chewing gum Coconut sugar Date sugar Fruit syrup Gum arabic Gutta - percha Kino Latex Maple sugar Maple syrup Palm sugar Palm wine akpeteshie ogogoro Rubber Spruce gum Other Bamboo edible musical instruments textiles Birch bark Birch beer Cork Ferns Forage Gambier Moss Natural dyes henna Peat Quinine Rattan Shellac Tanbark tannin Thatching Tendu leaves Vegetable ivory Willow bark Related Dehesa ( Iberian agroforestry ) Forest farming / gardening Honey hunting Indian forest produce Mushroom hunting Naval stores Permaforestry Resin extraction Rubber tapping Wildcrafting Forestry portal Trees portal Category Commons WikiProject Forestry Edible fats and oils Fats Pork fats Bacon fat Fatback Lardo Salo Salt pork Szalonna Lard Lardon Pork belly Pancetta Tocino Speck Beef / mutton fats Dripping Suet Tallow Tail fat Dairy fats Butter Clarified butter Ghee Niter kibbeh Smen Poultry fats Chicken fat Duck fat Schmaltz Other animal fats Blubber Muktuk Vegetable fats Cocoa butter Margarine Shea butter Vegetable shortening Oils Fish oils Cod liver oil Shark liver oil Vegetable oils Major oils Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Palm oil palm kernel oil Peanut oil Rapeseed oil Canola oil and Colza oil ( toxic oil syndrome ) Safflower oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil Nut oils Almond oil Argan oil Cashew oil Hazelnut oil Macadamia oil Marula oil Mongongo nut oil Pecan oil Pine nut oil Pistachio oil Walnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oil Avocado oil Castor oil Grape seed oil Hemp oil Linseed oil ( flaxseed oil ) Mustard oil Olive oil Perilla oil Poppyseed oil Pumpkin seed oil Rice bran oil Sesame oil Tea seed oil Watermelon seed oil See also List of vegetable oils Cooking oil Essential oil Cooking techniques List of cooking techniques Dry Conduction Dry roasting Hot salt frying Searing Convection Baking Roasting ( modern ) Smoking Radiation Grilling ( charbroiling ) Roasting ( traditional ) Rotisserie Toasting Wet High heat Blanching Boiling Decoction Parboiling Shocking Low heat Coddling Creaming Infusion Poaching Simmering Slow cooker Smothering Steeping Stewing Indirect heat Bain - marie ( Double boiling ) Sous - vide Double steaming Steaming Fat - based High heat Blackening Browning Deep frying Pan frying Reduction Shallow frying Stir frying ( bao ) Sautéing Low heat Gentle frying Sweating Mixed medium Barbecuing Braising Flambé Fricassee Indirect grilling / Plank cooking Stir frying ( chao ) Device - based Air frying Microwaving Pressure cooking Pressure frying Thermal cooking Non-heat Curing Fermenting Pickling Souring See also List of cooking appliances List of cooking vessels Outdoor cooking Food preparation Food preservation Food safety Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Cookbook WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooking_oil&oldid=831797906 '' Categories : Cooking oils Food science Non-timber forest products Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Italian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from May 2012 All articles needing expert attention Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Hidden templates using styles Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Eesti Эрзянь Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Lietuvių मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 07 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking%20oil	646
where will you find earth's magnetic north pole	The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth 's core . In 2001 , it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3 ; - 110.8 ( Magnetic North Pole 2001 ) . It was situated at 83 ° 06 ′ N 117 ° 48 ′ W / 83.1 ° N 117.8 ° W / 83.1 ; - 117.8 ( Magnetic North Pole 2005 est ) in 2005 . In 2009 , while still situated within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at 84 ° 54 ′ N 131 ° 00 ′ W / 84.9 ° N 131.0 ° W / 84.9 ; - 131.0 ( Magnetic North Pole 2009 ) , it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 kilometres ( 34 and 37 mi ) per year . As of 2017 , the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to 86 ° 30 ′ N 172 ° 36 ′ W / 86.5 ° N 172.6 ° W / 86.5 ; - 172.6 ( Magnetic North Pole 2017 est ) .	86 ° 30 ′ N 172 ° 36 ′ W / 86.5 ° N 172.6 ° W	North magnetic Pole	north magnetic pole	The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the surface of Earth 's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet 's magnetic field points vertically downwards ( in other words , if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis , it will point straight down ) . There is only one location where this occurs , near ( but distinct from ) the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole .	The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth 's core . In 2001 , it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3 ; - 110.8 ( Magnetic North Pole 2001 ) . It was situated at 83 ° 06 ′ N 117 ° 48 ′ W / 83.1 ° N 117.8 ° W / 83.1 ; - 117.8 ( Magnetic North Pole 2005 est ) in 2005 . In 2009 , while still situated within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at 84 ° 54 ′ N 131 ° 00 ′ W / 84.9 ° N 131.0 ° W / 84.9 ; - 131.0 ( Magnetic North Pole 2009 ) , it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 kilometres ( 34 and 37 mi ) per year . As of 2017 , the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to 86 ° 30 ′ N 172 ° 36 ′ W / 86.5 ° N 172.6 ° W / 86.5 ; - 172.6 ( Magnetic North Pole 2017 est ) . Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole . Since the Earth 's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical , the North and South Magnetic Poles are not antipodal , meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth . The Earth 's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles , with reference to the vertical `` dip '' of the magnetic field lines at those points . Contents ( hide ) 1 Polarity 2 History 3 Expeditions and measurements 3.1 Early 3.2 Project Polaris 3.3 Modern ( post-1996 ) 4 Magnetic north and magnetic declination 5 North Geomagnetic Pole 6 Geomagnetic reversal 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Polarity ( edit ) See also : Magnet § Pole naming conventions All magnets have two poles , where the lines of magnetic flux enter and emerge . By analogy with the Earth 's magnetic field , these are called the magnet 's `` north '' and `` south '' poles . The convention in early compasses was to call the end of the needle pointing to the Earth 's North Magnetic Pole the `` north pole '' ( or `` north - seeking pole '' ) and the other end the `` south pole '' ( the names are often abbreviated to `` N '' and `` S '' ) . Because opposite poles attract , this definition means that the Earth 's North Magnetic Pole is actually a magnetic south pole and the Earth 's South Magnetic Pole is a magnetic north pole . The direction of magnetic field lines is defined such that the lines emerge from the magnet 's north pole and enter into the magnet 's south pole . History ( edit ) Part of the Carta Marina of 1539 by Olaus Magnus , depicting the location of magnetic north vaguely conceived as `` Insula Magnetu ( m ) '' ( Latin for `` Island of Magnets '' ) off modern day Murmansk . The man holding the rune staffs is the Norse hero Starkad . Early European navigators believed that compass needles were attracted to a `` magnetic island '' somewhere in the far north ( see Rupes Nigra ) , or to the Pole Star . The idea that the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600 by the English physician and natural philosopher William Gilbert . He was also the first to define the North Magnetic Pole as the point where the Earth 's magnetic field points vertically downwards . This is the definition used nowadays , though it would be a few hundred years before the nature of the Earth 's magnetic field was understood properly . Expeditions and measurements ( edit ) See also : Arctic exploration , Farthest North , and List of Arctic expeditions Early ( edit ) The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross , who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1 , 1831 . Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903 . The third observation was by Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark , of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory , who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island in 1947 . Project Polaris ( edit ) At the start of the Cold War , the United States Department of War recognized a need for a comprehensive survey of the North American Arctic and asked the United States Army to undertake the task . An assignment was made in 1946 for the newly formed Army 's Air Corps Strategic Air Command to explore the entire Arctic Ocean area . The exploration was conducted by the 46th ( later re-designated the 72nd ) Photo Reconnaissance Squadron and reported on as a classified Top Secret mission named Project Nanook . This project in turn was divided into many separate , but identically classified , projects , one of which was Project Polaris , which was a radar , photographic ( trimetrogon , or three - angle , cameras ) and visual study of the entire Canadian Archipelago . A Canadian officer observer was assigned to accompany each flight . Directing Project Polaris was its navigation leader , 1st Lieutenant Frank O. Klein , a World War II combat veteran . Incidental to the project and taken up at his own initiative was a study of northern terrestrial magnetism . The study was prompted by the surprise that the fluxgate compass did not behave erratically as expected . It oscillated no more than 1 to 2 degrees over much of the region . With the cooperation of many of his squadron teammates in obtaining many hundreds of statistical readings , startling results were revealed : The centre of the north magnetic dip pole was on Prince of Wales Island some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) NNW of the positions determined by Amundsen and Ross , and the dip pole occupied a larger elliptical area , with foci about 400 km ( 250 mi ) apart on Boothia Peninsula and Bathurst Island . Klein called the two foci local poles , for their importance to navigation in emergencies when using a `` homing '' procedure . About 3 months after Klein 's findings were officially reported , a Canadian ground expedition was sent into the Archipelago to locate the position of the magnetic pole . R. Glenn Madill , Chief of Terrestrial Magnetism , Department of Mines and Resources , Canada , wrote to Lt. Klein on 21 July 1948 : ... we agree on one point and that is the presence of what we can call the main magnetic pole on northwestern Prince of Wales Island . I have accepted as a purely preliminary value the position latitude 73 ° N and longitude 100 ° W. Your value of 73 ° 15'N and 99 ° 45'W is in excellent agreement , and I suggest that you use your value by all means . -- R. Glenn Madill ( The positions were less than 30 km ( 20 mi ) apart . ) Modern ( post-1996 ) ( edit ) The movement of Earth 's north magnetic pole across the Canadian arctic . Speed of the north magnetic pole according to the IGRF - 12 model . The Canadian government has made several measurements since , which show that the North Magnetic Pole is moving continually northwestward . In 2001 , an expedition located the pole at 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3 ; - 110.8 ( Magnetic North Pole 2001 location ) . In 2007 , the latest survey found the pole at 83 ° 57 ′ N 120 ° 43 ′ W / 83.95 ° N 120.72 ° W / 83.95 ; - 120.72 ( Magnetic North Pole 2007 location ) . During the 20th century it moved 1100 km , and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 km / year to approximately 52 km / year ( 2001 -- 2007 average ; see also Polar drift ) . Members of the 2007 expedition to locate the magnetic north pole wrote that such expeditions have become logistically difficult , as the pole moves farther away from inhabited locations . They expect that in the future , the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys . This general movement is in addition to a daily or diurnal variation in which the North Magnetic Pole describes a rough ellipse , with a maximum deviation of 80 km from its mean position . This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by charged particles from the Sun . North Magnetic Pole ( 2001 ) 81 ° 18 ′ N 110 ° 48 ′ W / 81.3 ° N 110.8 ° W / 81.3 ; - 110.8 ( 2004 est ) 82 ° 18 ′ N 113 ° 24 ′ W / 82.3 ° N 113.4 ° W / 82.3 ; - 113.4 ( 2007 ) 83 ° 57 ′ N 120 ° 43 ′ W / 83.95 ° N 120.72 ° W / 83.95 ; - 120.72 South Magnetic Pole ( 1998 ) 64 ° 36 ′ S 138 ° 30 ′ E / 64.6 ° S 138.5 ° E / - 64.6 ; 138.5 ( 2004 est ) 63 ° 30 ′ S 138 ° 00 ′ E / 63.5 ° S 138.0 ° E / - 63.5 ; 138.0 ( 2007 ) 64 ° 29 ′ 49 '' S 137 ° 41 ′ 02 '' E / 64.497 ° S 137.684 ° E / - 64.497 ; 137.684 The first team of novices to reach the Magnetic North Pole did so in 1996 , led by David Hempleman - Adams . It included the first British woman Sue Stockdale and first Swedish woman to reach the Pole . The team also successfully tracked the location of the Magnetic North Pole on behalf of the University of Ottawa , and certified its location by magnetometer and theodolite at 78 ° 35.7 ′ N 104 ° 11.9 ′ W / 78.5950 ° N 104.1983 ° W / 78.5950 ; - 104.1983 ( Magnetic North Pole 1996 ) . The biennial Polar Race takes place between Resolute Bay in northern Canada and the 1996 - certified location of the North Magnetic Pole at 78 ° 35.7 ′ N 104 ° 11.9 ′ W / 78.5950 ° N 104.1983 ° W / 78.5950 ; - 104.1983 ( Magnetic North Pole 1996 ) . On 25 July 2007 , the Top Gear Polar Challenge Special was broadcast on BBC Two in the United Kingdom , in which Jeremy Clarkson and James May ( and their support and camera team ) became the first people in history to reach this location in a car . Magnetic North and magnetic declination ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Magnetic declination from true north in 2000 . Main article : Magnetic declination The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north . In general , this is not exactly the direction of the North Magnetic Pole ( or of any other consistent location ) . Instead , the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field , which varies in a complex manner over the Earth 's surface , as well as over time . The local angular difference between magnetic north and true north is called the magnetic declination . Most map coordinate systems are based on true north , and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass . Magnetic declination has been measured in many countries , including the U.S. The line of zero declination ( the agonic line ) in North America runs from the North Magnetic Pole through Lake Superior and southward into the Gulf of Mexico . Along this line , true north is the same as magnetic north . West of the line of zero declination , a compass will give a reading that is east of true north . Conversely , east of the line of zero declination , a compass reading will be west of true north . Magnetic declination is still very important for certain types of navigation that have traditionally made much use of magnetic compasses . North Geomagnetic Pole ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic pole As a first - order approximation , the Earth 's magnetic field can be modelled as a simple dipole ( like a bar magnet ) , tilted about 10 ° with respect to the Earth 's rotation axis ( which defines the Geographic North and Geographic South Poles ) and centred at the Earth 's centre . The North and South Geomagnetic Poles are the antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects the Earth 's surface . If the Earth 's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical at the Geomagnetic Poles , and they would coincide with the Magnetic Poles . However , the approximation is imperfect , and so the Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles lie some distance apart . Like the North Magnetic Pole , the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole . It is the centre of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen . As of 2005 it was located at approximately 79 ° 44 ′ N 71 ° 47 ′ W / 79.74 ° N 71.78 ° W / 79.74 ; - 71.78 ( Geomagnetic North Pole 2005 est ) , off the northwest coast of Greenland , but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia . Geomagnetic reversal ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic reversal Over the life of the Earth , the orientation of Earth 's magnetic field has reversed many times , with magnetic north becoming magnetic south and vice versa -- an event known as a geomagnetic reversal . Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates move apart and the seabed is filled in with magma . As the magma seeps out of the mantle the magnetic particles contained within it are oriented in the direction of the magnetic field at the time the magma cools and solidifies . See also ( edit ) Book : Geomagnetism South Magnetic Pole North Pole Polar alignment Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merrill , Ronald T. ; McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 8 '' . The magnetic field of the earth : paleomagnetism , the core , and the deep mantle . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 491246 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : World Data Center for Geomagnetism , Kyoto . `` Magnetic North , Geomagnetic and Magnetic Poles '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ North Magnetic Pole Moving East Due to Core Flux , National Geographic , December 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Magnetic North Pole '' . Ocean bottom magnetology laboratory . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Serway , Raymond A. ; Chris Vuille ( 2006 ) . Essentials of college physics . USA : Cengage Learning . p. 493 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 10619 - 4 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Russell , Randy . `` Earth 's Magnetic Poles '' . Windows to the Universe . National Earth Science Teachers Association . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Early Concept of the North Magnetic Pole , Natural Resources Canada , retrieved June 2007 Jump up ^ History of Expeditions to the North Magnetic Pole , Natural Resources Canada ^ Jump up to : White , Ken ( 1994 ) . World in Peril : The Origin , Mission & Scientific Findings of the 46th / 72nd Reconnaissance Squadron ( 2nd revised ed . ) . K.W. White & Associates . ISBN 978 - 1883218102 . Jump up ^ Wack , Fred John ( 1992 ) . The Secret Explorers : Saga of the 46th / 72nd Reconnaissance Squadrons . Seeger 's Print . ^ Jump up to : L.R. Newitt , A. Chulliat , and J. - J. Orgeval , Location of the North Magnetic Pole in April 2007 , Earth Planets Space , 61 , 703 -- 710 , 2009 Jump up ^ Geomagnetism -- Daily Movement of the North Magnetic Pole , Natural Resources Canada Jump up ^ `` Geomagnetism , North Magnetic Pole '' . Geological Survey of Canada . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Poles and Directions '' . Australian Antarctic Division . 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ 1996 Certified Position of the Magnetic North Pole , Jock Wishart , Polar Race organiser Jump up ^ `` Polar Challenge '' . Top Gear. 25 July 2007 . 0 : 22 minutes in . BBC Two . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Earth 's Inconstant Magnetic Field -- NASA Science External links ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Wandering of the geomagnetic poles '' . Geomagnetism . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . `` Geomagnetism '' . Natural Resources Canada . April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Map of pole 's wandering `` North Magnetic Pole could be leaving Canada '' . CNN.com. 20 March 2002 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . `` Magnetic pole drifting fast '' . BBC News . 12 December 2005 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 25 November 2002 ) . `` The Earth 's magnetic field '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 19 . Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Magnetic_Pole&oldid=799593426 '' Categories : Polar regions of the Earth Geography of the Arctic Geomagnetism Geology of the Arctic Geography of the Northwest Territories Orientation ( geometry ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Interlingua Íslenska ქართული Қазақша 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 17 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Magnetic%20Pole	647
what is the wave length of green light	Color Wavelength Frequency Photon energy Violet 380 -- 450 nm 668 -- 789 THz 2.75 -- 3.26 eV Blue 450 -- 495 nm 606 -- 668 THz 2.50 -- 2.75 eV Green 495 -- 570 nm 526 -- 606 THz 2.17 -- 2.50 eV Yellow 570 -- 590 nm 508 -- 526 THz 2.10 -- 2.17 eV Orange 590 -- 620 nm 484 -- 508 THz 2.00 -- 2.10 eV Red 620 -- 750 nm 400 -- 484 THz 1.65 -- 2.00 eV	495 -- 570 nm	Visible spectrum	visible spectrum	The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye . Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light . A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm . In terms of frequency , this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430 -- 770 THz .	The spectrum does not , however , contain all the colors that the human eyes and brain can distinguish . Unsaturated colors such as pink , or purple variations such as magenta , are absent , for example , because they can be made only by a mix of multiple wavelengths . Colors containing only one wavelength are also called pure colors or spectral colors . Visible wavelengths pass through the `` optical window '' , the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that allows wavelengths to pass largely unattenuated through the Earth 's atmosphere . An example of this phenomenon is that clean air scatters blue light more than red wavelengths , and so the midday sky appears blue . The optical window is also referred to as the `` visible window '' because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum . The near infrared ( NIR ) window lies just out of the human vision , as well as the Medium Wavelength IR ( MWIR ) window , and the Long Wavelength or Far Infrared ( LWIR or FIR ) window , although other animals may experience them . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Animal color vision 3 Spectral colors 4 Spectroscopy 5 Color display spectrum 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Newton 's color circle , from Opticks of 1704 , showing the colors he associated with musical notes . The spectral colors from red to violet are divided by the notes of the musical scale , starting at D . The circle completes a full octave , from D to D. Newton 's circle places red , at one end of the spectrum , next to violet , at the other . This reflects the fact that non-spectral purple colors are observed when red and violet light are mixed . In the 13th century , Roger Bacon theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal . In the 17th century , Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light , and described the phenomenon in his book Opticks . He was the first to use the word spectrum ( Latin for `` appearance '' or `` apparition '' ) in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his experiments in optics . Newton observed that , when a narrow beam of sunlight strikes the face of a glass prism at an angle , some is reflected and some of the beam passes into and through the glass , emerging as different - colored bands . Newton hypothesized light to be made up of `` corpuscles '' ( particles ) of different colors , with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter , red light moving more quickly than violet in glass . The result is that red light is bent ( refracted ) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism , creating a spectrum of colors . Newton 's observation of prismatic colors ( David Brewster 1855 ) Newton divided the spectrum into seven named colors : red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo , and violet . He chose seven colors out of a belief , derived from the ancient Greek sophists , of there being a connection between the colors , the musical notes , the known objects in the solar system , and the days of the week . The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo 's frequencies , and some people who have otherwise - good vision can not distinguish indigo from blue and violet . For this reason , some later commentators , including Isaac Asimov , have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet . However , the evidence indicates that what Newton meant by `` indigo '' and `` blue '' does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words . Comparing Newton 's observation of prismatic colors to a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that `` indigo '' corresponds to what is today called blue , whereas `` blue '' corresponds to cyan . In the 18th century , Goethe wrote about optical spectra in his Theory of Colours . Goethe used the word spectrum ( Spektrum ) to designate a ghostly optical afterimage , as did Schopenhauer in On Vision and Colors . Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon . Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon , Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish - yellow and blue - cyan edges with white between them . The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap . In the early 19th century , the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite , as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by William Herschel ( infrared ) and Johann Wilhelm Ritter ( ultraviolet ) , Thomas Young , Thomas Johann Seebeck , and others . Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different colors of light , in 1802 . The connection between the visible spectrum and color vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early 19th century . Their theory of color vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color . Animal color vision ( edit ) See also : Color vision § Physiology of color perception Many species can see light within frequencies outside the human `` visible spectrum '' . Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light , which helps them find nectar in flowers . Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans . Birds , too , can see into the ultraviolet ( 300 -- 400 nm ) , and some have sex - dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range . Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range , however , can not see red light or any other reddish wavelengths . Bees ' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm , just before the orange wavelengths start . Birds , however , can see some red wavelengths , although not as far into the light spectrum as humans . The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light is incorrect , because goldfish can not see infrared light . Similarly , dogs are often thought to be color blind but they have been shown to be sensitive to colors , though not as many as humans . Spectral colors ( edit ) Color Wavelength Frequency Photon energy Violet 380 -- 450 nm 668 -- 789 THz 2.75 -- 3.26 eV Blue 450 -- 495 nm 606 -- 668 THz 2.50 -- 2.75 eV Green 495 -- 570 nm 526 -- 606 THz 2.17 -- 2.50 eV Yellow 570 -- 590 nm 508 -- 526 THz 2.10 -- 2.17 eV Orange 590 -- 620 nm 484 -- 508 THz 2.00 -- 2.10 eV Red 620 -- 750 nm 400 -- 484 THz 1.65 -- 2.00 eV Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths ( monochromatic light ) are called pure spectral colors . The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation : The spectrum is continuous , with no clear boundaries between one color and the next . Spectroscopy ( edit ) Rough plot of Earth 's atmospheric opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation , including visible light Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit , absorb or reflect . Spectroscopy is an important investigative tool in astronomy , where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects . Typically , astronomical spectroscopy uses high - dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions . Helium was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the sun . Chemical elements can be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines . The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift ( red shift or blue shift ) of distant objects . Color display spectrum ( edit ) Approximation of spectral colors on a display results in somewhat distorted chromaticity A rendering of the visible spectrum on a gray background produces non-spectral mixtures of pure spectrum with gray , which fit into the sRGB color space . Color displays ( e.g. computer monitors and televisions ) can not reproduce all colors discernible by a human eye . Colors outside the color gamut of the device , such as most spectral colors , can only be approximated . For color - accurate reproduction , a spectrum can be projected onto a uniform gray field . The resulting mixed colors can have all their R , G , B coordinates non-negative , and so can be reproduced without distortion . This accurately simulates looking at a spectrum on a gray background . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Definition of the Color Indigo Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visible spectrum . High - energy visible light Electromagnetic absorption by water # Visible region , why water is blue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cecie Starr ( 2005 ) . Biology : Concepts and Applications . Thomson Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 534 - 46226 - X . Jump up ^ Coffey , Peter ( 1912 ) . The Science of Logic : An Inquiry Into the Principles of Accurate Thought . Longmans . Jump up ^ Isacoff , Stuart ( 16 January 2009 ) . Temperament : How Music Became a Battleground for the Great Minds of Western Civilization . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 56051 - 3 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Isaac ( 1975 ) . Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 20716 - 1 . Jump up ^ Evans , Ralph M. ( 1974 ) . The perception of color ( null ed . ) . New York : Wiley - Interscience . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 24785 - 2 . Jump up ^ McLaren , K. ( March 2007 ) . `` Newton 's indigo '' . Color Research & Application. 10 ( 4 ) : 225 -- 229 . doi : 10.1002 / col. 5080100411 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Gary ( 2002 ) . Introduction to light : the physics of light , vision , and color ( Dover ed . ) . Mineola : Dover Publications . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 42118 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mary Jo Nye ( editor ) ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge History of Science : The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences . 5 . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57199 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ John C.D. Brand ( 1995 ) . Lines of light : the sources of dispersive spectroscopy , 1800 -- 1930 . CRC Press . pp. 30 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 88449 - 163 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cuthill , Innes C ( 1997 ) . `` Ultraviolet vision in birds '' . In Peter J.B. Slater . Advances in the Study of Behavior . 29 . Oxford , England : Academic Press . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 004529 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Barrie G.M. ( 2007 ) . Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds . Charlottesville VA : University of Virginia . p. 128 . ISBN 1 - 57808 - 386 - 9 . Jump up ^ Skorupski , Peter ; Chittka , Lars ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Photoreceptor Spectral Sensitivity in the Bumblebee , Bombus impatiens ( Hymenoptera : Apidae ) '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 8 ) : e12049 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 512049S . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012049 . Jump up ^ Varela , F.J. ; Palacios , A.G. ; Goldsmith T.M. `` Color vision of birds '' in Ziegler & Bischof ( 1993 ) 77 -- 94 Jump up ^ `` True or False ? `` The common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infra - red and ultra-violet light . '' -- Skeptive `` . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neumeyer , Christa ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Color Vision in Goldfish and Other Vertebrates '' . In Lazareva , Olga ; Shimizu , Toru ; Wasserman , Edward . How Animals See the World : Comparative Behavior , Biology , and Evolution of Vision . Oxford Scholarship Online . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533465 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Colour cues proved to be more informative for dogs than brightness '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Bruno , Paris D.N. Svoronos . CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts . CRC Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Reproducing Visible Spectra '' . RepairFAQ.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Electromagnetic spectrum ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio Visible ( optical ) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Microwaves W band V band Q band K band K band K band X band S band C band L band Radio EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave Physiology of vision Gaze Accommodation Intraocular pressure Visual field Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia Opponent process Monochromacy Dichromacy Trichromacy Tetrachromacy Pentachromacy Radiation ( physics and health ) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet Ionizing radiation Alpha particle Background radiation Beta particle Cosmic ray Gamma ray Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Radioactive decay Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray Earth 's radiation balance Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Gravitational Radiation Radiation and health Acute radiation syndrome Health physics Dosimetry Electromagnetic radiation and health Laser safety Lasers and aviation safety Medical radiography Mobile phone radiation and health Radiation poisoning Radiation Protection Radiation therapy Radioactivity in the life sciences Radioactive contamination Radiobiology Biological dose units and quantities Wireless electronic devices and health Radiation Heat - transfer Related articles Half - life Nuclear physics Radioactive source Radiation hardening List of civilian radiation accidents 1996 Costa Rica accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1984 Moroccan accident 1990 Zaragoza accident See also : the categories Radiation effects , Radioactivity , Radiobiology , and Radiation protection . Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history pencil colors marker colors Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visible_spectrum&oldid=825552985 '' Categories : Color Electromagnetic spectrum Optical spectrum Vision Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible%20spectrum	648
baseball teams that have never been to the world series	Seasons Team Last pennant 49 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise started in 1969 ) 41 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise started in 1977 ) 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 35 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 ( never since joining NL in 1998 ) 34 Baltimore Orioles 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 27 Oakland Athletics 1990 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 19 San Diego Padres 1998 18 Atlanta Braves 1999 16 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 15 Los Angeles Angels 2002 14 Miami Marlins 2003 12 Chicago White Sox 2005 10 Colorado Rockies 2007 9 Tampa Bay Rays 2008 8 New York Yankees 2009 8 Philadelphia Phillies 2009 6 Texas Rangers 2011 5 Detroit Tigers 2012 St. Louis Cardinals 2013 Boston Red Sox 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 New York Mets 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 Cleveland Indians 2016 0 Houston Astros 2017 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2017	Washington Nationals\|Seattle Mariners	List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts	list of major league baseball franchise postseason droughts	Throughout the history of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , franchises have had various postseason and World Series droughts .	All 16 of the original Major League franchises ( i.e. , those in place when the first World Series was played in 1903 ) have won the World Series , with the longest wait for a franchise 's first championship being for the Phillies ( 77 years , ending in 1980 ) . Since expansion began in 1961 , seven of the 14 expansion teams have never won the World Series . Further , one franchise ( the Indians ) has a current championship drought that pre-dates the expansion era . The three longest championship droughts in history were ended recently by the Red Sox ( 85 years , ending in 2004 ) , the White Sox ( 87 years , ending in 2005 ) , and the Cubs ( 107 years , ending in 2016 ) . Discounting the 33 years in which there was no MLB franchise in Washington , there have been 60 seasons played in Washington since their last World Series championship ( in 1924 ) . Only two expansion franchises ( the Expos / Nationals and the Mariners ) have never won a pennant ( i.e. , the league championship , the two winners of which meet in the World Series ) . The two longest pennant droughts in history were recently ended by the Rangers ( 49 years , starting with the team 's foundation , ending in 2010 ) and the Cubs ( 70 years , ending in 2016 ) . The Expos / Nationals pennant drought includes 36 years in Montreal , which no longer hosts a team , and 13 years since the move to Washington ; discounting the 33 years in which there was no MLB franchise in Washington , there have been 51 seasons played in Washington since their last pennant ( in 1933 ) . Every MLB franchise has at least been to the postseason , especially since expansion of the playoffs in 1994 made that feat easier . The Mariners have the longest active postseason drought at 16 years . Long postseason droughts were ended recently by the Nationals ( 30 years for the franchise , 45 seasons over 78 years for the city , ending in 2012 ) , the Pirates ( 20 years , ending in 2013 ) , the Royals ( 28 years , ending in 2014 ) , and the Blue Jays ( 21 years , ending in 2015 ) . This list includes only the modern World Series between the American League ( AL ) and the National League ( NL ) , not the various 19th - century championship series . Those teams which have never achieved a particular accomplishment in their franchise history are listed by the date they entered the leagues . Contents 1 World Series championship droughts 1.1 Longest current World Series championship droughts 1.2 Longest World Series championship droughts through history 1.3 World Series championship droughts by city / region 1.4 World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship 1.5 World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20 - plus seasons 1.6 World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30 - plus seasons 2 Major League pennant droughts 2.1 Longest current Major League pennant droughts 2.2 Longest Major League pennant droughts through history 2.3 Major League pennant droughts by city / region 2.4 World Series droughts by division 3 Postseason droughts 3.1 Longest current postseason droughts 3.2 Longest postseason droughts in the expanded - postseason era 4 See also 5 External links World Series championship droughts ( edit ) Longest current World Series championship droughts ( edit ) No World Series was played in 1994 , and counts as a drought season for those franchises . Seasons Team Last World Series championship won Last World Series appearance 69 Cleveland Indians 1948 2016 57 Texas Rangers Never ( franchise began 1961 ) 2011 49 Milwaukee Brewers Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1982 49 San Diego Padres Never ( franchise began 1969 ) 1998 49 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise began 1969 ) Never 41 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise began 1977 ) Never 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 1979 34 Baltimore Orioles 33 Detroit Tigers 1984 2012 31 New York Mets 1986 2015 29 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2017 28 Oakland Athletics 1989 1990 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 1990 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 1991 25 Colorado Rockies Never ( franchise began 1993 ) 2007 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 1993 22 Atlanta Braves 1995 1999 20 Tampa Bay Rays Never ( franchise began 1998 ) 2008 16 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 2001 15 Los Angeles Angels 2002 2002 14 Miami Marlins 2003 2003 12 Chicago White Sox 2005 2005 9 Philadelphia Phillies 2008 2009 8 New York Yankees 2009 2009 6 St. Louis Cardinals 2011 2013 Boston Red Sox 2013 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 2016 * Houston Astros 2017 2017 The asterisk ( * ) represents the current defending World Series Champion Longest World Series championship droughts through history ( edit ) The first World Series was played in 1903 . No World Series was played in 1904 or 1994 . This list only shows droughts of 30 or more seasons . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Previous Title Next Title 107 Chicago Cubs 1908 2016 87 Chicago White Sox 1917 2005 85 Boston Red Sox 1918 77 Philadelphia Phillies 1903 * 1980 69 Cleveland Indians 1948 -- 63 St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1903 * 1966 62 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 1924 57 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1961 * -- 55 Houston Colt . 45s / Astros 1962 * 2017 55 New York / San Francisco Giants 1954 52 Brooklyn Dodgers 1903 * 1955 49 Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers 1969 * -- 49 San Diego Padres 1969 * -- 49 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 * -- 42 Boston / Milwaukee Braves 1914 1957 41 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1930 1972 41 Los Angeles - California - Anaheim Angels 1961 * 2002 41 Seattle Mariners 1977 * -- 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 -- 37 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1957 1995 34 Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 1960 34 Cincinnati Reds 1940 34 Baltimore Orioles -- 33 Detroit Tigers 1984 -- 32 Detroit Tigers 1903 * 1935 31 New York Mets 1986 -- * Year does not indicate a title won , but rather the team 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . World Series championship droughts by city / region ( edit ) This list only includes cities / regions with current Major League Baseball franchises . Years during which a city / region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted . Region Drought ( seasons ) Last World Series title Cleveland 69 Cleveland Indians , 1948 Washington , D.C. 60 * Washington Senators ( original A.L. ) , 1924 Milwaukee 56 * * Milwaukee Braves , 1957 San Diego 49 ‡ None Dallas - Ft . Worth 46 ‡ None Seattle 42 ‡ † None Pittsburgh 38 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1979 Baltimore 34 Baltimore Orioles , 1983 Detroit 33 Detroit Tigers , 1984 Cincinnati 27 Cincinnati Reds , 1990 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 26 Minnesota Twins , 1991 Denver 25 ‡ None Toronto 24 Toronto Blue Jays , 1993 Atlanta 22 Atlanta Braves , 1995 Tampa - St. Petersburg 20 ‡ None Phoenix 16 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2001 Los Angeles 15 Anaheim Angels , 2002 Miami - Ft . Lauderdale 14 Florida Marlins , 2003 Philadelphia 9 Philadelphia Phillies , 2008 New York City 8 New York Yankees , 2009 St. Louis 6 St. Louis Cardinals , 2011 Boston Boston Red Sox , 2013 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Giants , 2014 Kansas City Kansas City Royals , 2015 Chicago Chicago Cubs , 2016 Houston 0 Houston Astros , 2017 * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons ( 1972 -- 2004 ) * * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 4 seasons ( 1966 -- 1969 ) † city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons ( 1970 -- 1976 ) ‡ number does n't indicate a title won , but rather total seasons played . World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship ( edit ) In these instances , the World Series matchup ensured that one team would win the first championship in its history . Season Won Lost 1980 Philadelphia Phillies Kansas City Royals 1920 Cleveland Indians Brooklyn Dodgers 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates Detroit Tigers 1907 Chicago Cubs Detroit Tigers 1906 * Chicago White Sox Chicago Cubs 1905 * New York Giants Philadelphia Athletics 1903 * Boston Americans Pittsburgh Pirates * In these cases , each team was making its first World Series appearance . World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20 - plus seasons ( edit ) Season Won Drought ( seasons ) Lost Drought ( seasons ) 2005 Chicago White Sox 45 Houston Astros 43 1948 Cleveland Indians 27 Boston Braves 33 World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30 - plus seasons ( edit ) Teams that had never won the World Series are included , even if they were less than 30 seasons old at the time . Bold denotes team that won . Season American League Drought ( seasons ) National League Drought ( seasons ) 2016 Cleveland Indians 67 Chicago Cubs 107 Texas Rangers 49 * San Francisco Giants 55 2005 Chicago White Sox 87 Houston Astros 43 * 2002 Anaheim Angels 41 * San Francisco Giants 47 1997 Cleveland Indians 48 Florida Marlins 4 * 1995 Cleveland Indians 46 Atlanta Braves 37 1992 Toronto Blue Jays 15 * Atlanta Braves 34 1980 Kansas City Royals 11 * Philadelphia Phillies 77 * Boston Red Sox 56 Cincinnati Reds 34 1972 Oakland Athletics 40 Cincinnati Reds 31 1920 Cleveland Indians 17 * Brooklyn Dodgers 17 * 1909 Detroit Tigers 6 * Pittsburgh Pirates 6 * 1907 Detroit Tigers 4 * Chicago Cubs 4 * 1906 Chicago White Sox 3 * Chicago Cubs 3 * 1905 Philadelphia Athletics 2 * New York Giants 2 * 1903 Boston Americans 0 * Pittsburgh Pirates 0 * Numbers marked with * indicates that the number is counted from either the franchise 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . Major League pennant droughts ( edit ) Longest current Major League pennant droughts ( edit ) No pennants were won in 1994 due to the players ' strike that year . Seasons Team Last pennant 49 Washington Nationals Never ( franchise started in 1969 ) 41 Seattle Mariners Never ( franchise started in 1977 ) 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 35 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 ( never since joining NL in 1998 ) 34 Baltimore Orioles 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 27 Oakland Athletics 1990 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 19 San Diego Padres 1998 18 Atlanta Braves 1999 16 Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 15 Los Angeles Angels 2002 14 Miami Marlins 2003 12 Chicago White Sox 2005 10 Colorado Rockies 2007 9 Tampa Bay Rays 2008 8 New York Yankees 2009 8 Philadelphia Phillies 2009 6 Texas Rangers 2011 5 Detroit Tigers 2012 St. Louis Cardinals 2013 Boston Red Sox 2013 San Francisco Giants 2014 Kansas City Royals 2015 New York Mets 2015 Chicago Cubs 2016 Cleveland Indians 2016 0 Houston Astros 2017 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2017 Longest Major League pennant droughts through history ( edit ) List begins with 1903 , about the time the current configuration of National League and American League stabilized and also the year of the first World Series . No pennants were won in 1994 due to the players strike that year . This list only shows droughts of 20 or more seasons . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Prev . Pennant Next Pennant 70 Chicago Cubs 1945 2016 49 Washington Senators / Texas Rangers 1961 * 49 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 * -- 45 Chicago White Sox 1959 2005 43 Houston Colt . 45s / Astros 1962 * 2005 41 St. Louis Browns 1903 * 1944 41 Los Angeles - California - Anaheim Angels 1961 * 2002 41 Seattle Mariners 1977 * -- 40 Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics 1931 1972 40 Cleveland Indians 1954 1995 39 Chicago White Sox 1919 1959 38 Pittsburgh Pirates 1979 -- 35 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 -- 34 Philadelphia Phillies 1915 1950 34 Baltimore Orioles -- 33 Boston Braves 1914 1948 32 Pittsburgh Pirates 1927 1960 32 Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves 1958 1991 31 Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins 1933 1965 29 Philadelphia Phillies 1950 1980 28 Kansas City Royals 1985 2014 28 Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 2017 27 Boston Red Sox 1918 1946 27 Cleveland Indians 1920 1948 27 Oakland Athletics 1990 -- 27 Cincinnati Reds 1990 -- 26 San Francisco Giants 1962 1989 26 Minnesota Twins 1991 -- 24 Detroit Tigers 1909 1934 24 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 -- 23 St. Louis Cardinals 1903 * 1926 22 Detroit Tigers 1945 1968 21 St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1944 1966 21 Minnesota Twins 1965 21 Detroit Tigers 1984 2006 21 Washington Senators 1903 * 1924 20 Brooklyn Dodgers 1920 1941 20 Cincinnati Reds 1940 1961 20 Boston Red Sox 1946 1967 * Year does not indicate a pennant , but rather the team 's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series ( 1903 ) . Numbers reflect drought at start of current season . Major League pennant droughts by city / region ( edit ) This list only includes cities / regions with current Major League Baseball franchises . Years during which a city / region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted . Region Drought ( seasons ) Last pennant Washington , D.C. 51 * Washington Senators ( original A.L. ) , 1933 Seattle 42 * * † None Pittsburgh 38 Pittsburgh Pirates , 1979 Milwaukee 35 Milwaukee Brewers , 1982 ( in A.L. ) Baltimore 34 Baltimore Orioles , 1983 Cincinnati 27 Cincinnati Reds , 1990 Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 26 Minnesota Twins , 1991 Toronto 24 Toronto Blue Jays , 1993 San Diego 19 San Diego Padres , 1998 Atlanta 18 Atlanta Braves , 1999 Phoenix 16 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2001 Miami - Ft . Lauderdale 14 Florida Marlins , 2003 Denver 10 Colorado Rockies , 2007 Tampa - St. Petersburg 9 Tampa Bay Rays , 2008 Philadelphia 8 Philadelphia Phillies , 2009 Dallas - Ft . Worth 6 Texas Rangers , 2011 Detroit 5 Detroit Tigers , 2012 St. Louis St. Louis Cardinals , 2013 Boston Boston Red Sox , 2013 San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Giants , 2014 Kansas City Kansas City Royals , 2015 New York City New York Mets , 2015 Cleveland Cleveland Indians , 2016 Chicago Chicago Cubs , 2016 Los Angeles 0 Los Angeles Dodgers , 2017 Houston 0 Houston Astros , 2017 * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons ( 1972 -- 2004 ) * * city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons ( 1970 -- 1976 ) † number does n't indicate a title won , but rather total seasons played . World Series droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last World Series win Seasons NL East 2008 -- Phillies 9 AL East 2013 -- Redsox NL West 2014 -- Giants AL Central 2015 -- Royals NL Central 2016 -- Cubs AL West 2017 -- Astros 0 Postseason droughts ( edit ) Longest current postseason droughts ( edit ) Seasons Team Last appearance 16 Seattle Mariners * 2001 ALCS 14 Miami Marlins 2003 World Series 11 San Diego Padres 2006 NLDS 9 Chicago White Sox 2008 ALDS 6 Philadelphia Phillies 2011 NLDS 6 Milwaukee Brewers 2011 NLCS Cincinnati Reds 2013 NL Wild Card Atlanta Braves 2013 NLDS Tampa Bay Rays 2013 ALDS Oakland Athletics 2014 AL Wild Card Detroit Tigers 2014 ALDS Los Angeles Angels 2014 ALDS Pittsburgh Pirates 2015 NL Wild Card St. Louis Cardinals 2015 NLDS Kansas City Royals 2015 World Series Baltimore Orioles 2016 AL Wild Card New York Mets 2016 NL Wild Card San Francisco Giants 2016 NLDS Texas Rangers 2016 ALDS Toronto Blue Jays 2016 ALCS 0 Colorado Rockies 2017 NL Wild Card 0 Minnesota Twins 2017 AL Wild Card 0 Arizona Diamondbacks 2017 NLDS 0 Boston Red Sox 2017 ALDS 0 Cleveland Indians 2017 ALDS 0 Washington Nationals 2017 NLDS 0 Chicago Cubs 2017 NLCS 0 New York Yankees 2017 ALCS 0 Houston Astros 2017 World Series 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 2017 World Series * Also longest active drought in North American sports Longest postseason droughts in the expanded - postseason era ( edit ) After the postseason was expanded in 1995 to include eight teams ( further expanded in 2012 to ten teams ) , 18 of the 30 teams qualified within the first five years , and few teams went for long droughts without at least participating in the first round of the postseason . This list only shows droughts of 15 or more seasons that occurred primarily in the expanded - postseason era . Active droughts are listed in bold type . Seasons Team Previous Postseason Appearance Next Postseason Appearance 30 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1981 2012 28 Kansas City Royals 1985 2014 25 Milwaukee Brewers 1982 2008 21 Toronto Blue Jays 1993 2015 20 Pittsburgh Pirates 1992 2013 18 Detroit Tigers 2006 16 Seattle Mariners 2001 -- 15 Los Angeles Angels 1986 2002 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks List of Major League Baseball postseason series by franchise List of Major League Baseball postseason teams List of all - time Major League Baseball win - loss records List of National Basketball Association franchise post-season droughts List of National Football League franchise post-season droughts List of National Hockey League franchise post-season droughts List of Major League Soccer franchise post-season droughts External links ( edit ) Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL World Series Series not held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate , or in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Pre-World Series champions Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Book : World Series Category : World Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_franchise_postseason_droughts&oldid=853599769 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions Major League Baseball records Playoff streaks Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 21 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20franchise%20postseason%20droughts	649
when does the tv show rise come on			Rise ( Us TV series )	rise ( us tv series )	Rise is an American musical drama television series created by Jason Katims , starring Josh Radnor in the lead role as Lou Mazzuchelli . The series is inspired by the book Drama High by Michael Sokolove , which focused on real - life teacher Lou Volpe and the famed theater program at Harry S Truman High School in Bucks County , Pennsylvania .	The pilot was ordered to series by NBC on May 4 , 2017 , along with The Brave , making both series the first regular series orders by the network for the 2017 -- 18 United States network television schedule . The first season consisted of 10 episodes , and debuted on March 13 , 2018 . On May 11 , 2018 , NBC canceled the show after one season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Music 3.1 Rise Season 1 : The Album 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Josh Radnor as Lou `` Mr. Mazzu '' Mazzuchelli , an English teacher at Stanton High who wants to reinvent the school 's drama presentations . He takes over the Stanton drama club and pushes to perform Spring Awakening . Marley Shelton as Gail Mazzuchelli , Lou 's wife who supports his plan of taking over the drama department of his school Rosie Perez as Tracey Wolfe , the assistant director who was previously offered the director job before being replaced by Lou , though she stays on and supports Lou Auliʻi Cravalho as Lilette Suarez , a high school student and member of the Stanton drama club cast in the lead role of Wendla , who has problems with her mother at home Damon J. Gillespie as Robbie Thorne , the starting quarterback of the Stanton football team , who is cast in the lead role of Melchior ; he also visits and takes care of his mother at a hospital . Shirley Rumierk as Vanessa Suarez , Lilette 's mother who has an affair with the football coach and keeps secrets from her daughter Joe Tippett as Coach Sam Strickland , the headstrong and strict Stanton football coach who values sports over the arts Ted Sutherland as Simon Saunders , a student born into a very religious conservative family , who is usually cast in the lead roles in the Stanton club theater productions , but later is cast in the role of Hänschen Amy Forsyth as Gwen Strickland , Coach Strickland 's daughter and member of Stanton drama club , who has problems at home due to her father 's affair ; she is usually cast in the lead female roles , but is cast as supporting character Ilse . Rarmian Newton as Maashous Evers , a homeless student who is the lighting designer for the drama club Casey Johnson as Gordy Mazzuchelli , Lou 's son , who is having problems with alcohol Taylor Richardson as Kaitlin Mazzuchelli , Lou 's daughter Recurring ( edit ) Ellie Desautels as Michael Hallowell , a transgender student , previously a member of Stanton 's choir and now a new member of Stanton 's drama club , cast in the role of Moritz . Shannon Purser as Annabelle Bowman , a member of Stanton 's drama club Sean Grandillo as Jeremy Travers , a new member of Stanton 's drama club , cast in the role of Ernst , Simon 's partner in the play Alexis Molnar as Lexi , a student in the drama troupe Tiffany Mann as Cheryl , a student in the drama troupe Caroline Pluta as Violet , a student in the drama troupe Jennifer Ferrin as Denise Strickland , Gwen 's mother who serves as costumer for Spring Awakening Stephanie J. Block as Patricia Saunders , Simon 's mother Stephen Plunkett as Robert Saunders , Simon 's father Mark Tallman as Detrell Thorne , Robbie 's father Diallo Riddle as Andy Kranepool , a teacher at Stanton who is attracted to Tracey Tom Riis Farrell as Mr Baer , the Stanton High Band director Niloy Alam as Sundeep , the Stanton High guitarist Billy Joe Kiessling as the Stanton High violist Sumi Yu as the Stanton High violinist Pance Pony as the Stanton High cellist Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Mike Cahill Jason Katims March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 5.50 Stanton High School 's English teacher Mr. Lou Mazzuchelli always tries to inspire his students , but also wants to inspire them to the art of theater . The principal lets him be the new director of Stanton 's drama club , despite previously offering the role to long time assistant director Tracey Wolfe . Although displeased , Tracey stays as assistant director , persuaded by Lou 's determination to change the drama club . Spring Awakening is chosen as the new play ; Lilette is cast as Wendla , Gwen as Ilse , and Simon as Hänschen . Lou lets Robbie Thorne , Stanton 's football star , retake a test if he auditions for the play ; Coach Strickland opposes but concedes . Robbie is cast as Melchior ( the lead male role ) . Lou urges Robbie to fully commit to the play ; Robbie does so after his mother persuades him to do what he wants . Later , at a meeting , the principal forces Lou to resign as club director due to the content of his play , reinstates Tracey , and assigns a new play . But the drama club -- and Tracey -- support Lou , protesting outside by burning theater costumes ; Robbie threatens to quit football unless Lou and his play stay ; the principal and Coach Strickland concede , as the bonfire continues . `` Most of all to Dream '' Rosemary Rodriguez Jason Katims March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 5.39 After Lou 's district meeting speech , Tracey interrupts the football department 's presentation to appeal for funding -- with some success . Maashous , the homeless lighting student , stays with the Mazzuchellis . Robbie , called to practice football on drama rehearsal day , forgets his lines . Lilette arranges to meet Robbie at night to practice , but he practices football instead . They run lines and bond on her work break . But one day she sees him kiss another girl . Gordy , after a car accident and attitude change , insists he quit drinking -- but liquor is found in his locker . The Mazzuchellis want to send Gordy to rehab , but Coach Strickland offers to work with Gordy . Simon ( `` Hänschen '' ) does not kiss Jeremy ( `` Ernst '' ) per the script at practice . Jeremy arranges to study with Simon on Saturday night , but Simon goes on a date with Annabelle instead . Lilette admits her mother 's affair with Coach Strickland to his daughter Gwen . Gwen ( `` Ilse '' , instead of her usual lead role ) uses her pain to practice `` The Song of Purple Summer '' , as Lou wants . Michael asks to change in the boy 's dressing room . Simon 's parents , disapproving of the play ( although their priest trusts Simon if he trusts the director ) , enroll Simon in a preparatory school . `` What Flowers May Bloom '' Rosemary Rodriguez Kerry Ehrin March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 4.48 Lou 's design vision clashes with Tracey 's budget . Simon announces he is leaving Stanton High . Vanessa terminates her affair with Coach Strickland . Gordy , kept busy by Coach Strickland , can not share a room with Maashous , and isolates from the family . Lou finds Maashous ' foster mother sitting in her car , isolating from her foster children . Lilette and Robbie visit his mother in the hospital . Lou tries talking to Simon 's parents ; the father is adamant , but the mother later meets Lou with questions . `` Victory Party '' Patrick Norris Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 4.42 Andy Kranepool 's brother fixes an overload in the lighting board . Andy asks Lou if he should ask Tracey out . Tracey accepts , but on the date is angry when she thinks Lou set it up , but Andy assures her it was his own idea . Robbie invites Lilette to the post-game `` victory party '' ; Lilette invites Simon . Simon warns Robbie against hurting Lillete . Stanton High loses a big football game ; the party is held after the game anyway . Robbie 's father tells Lilette the importance of Robbie excelling in football . Simon brings the drama club to the party . When some football players hassle Michael , Robbie intervenes , thus alienating the rest of the team . Afterwards he upsets Lilette and she leaves the party , but Robbie later goes to her house to apologise , and they share their first kiss . Gordy , at his cousin 's house , sneaks out to the football party and drinks liquor , and is defiant towards Lou . Simon 's mother thinks they should reconsider Simon 's school transfer , but his father disagrees . 5 `` We 've All Got Our Junk '' Patrick Norris Ian Deitchman & Kristin Robinson April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 4.40 Gordy is found by his parents and a fight ensues ; some ground rules are laid out ; Lou later tells Gordy about Gordy 's alcoholic grandfather . Meanwhile , some relationships are tested . Gwen 's parents are getting divorced . Robbie and Lilette are torn as to whether they should remain friends or get more serious about their relationship , though Robbie 's father disapproves of Lilette . But they decide to be together , which in turn helps with their performance for the musical 's love scene . Musical personalities collide during rehearsals , but both instructors come to an agreement after listening to instrumental versions of `` We 've All Got Our Junk '' . Simon is allowed to return to Stanton High . Lilette 's mother Vanessa violently retaliates against her boss ' continual inappropriate touching . 6 `` Bring Me Stanton '' Allison Liddi - Brown Denise Hahn April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 4.21 Lou and Gail rid their household of alcohol . Since Lilette 's work schedule has changed , play practice is held later . Coach Strickland refuses to let Robbie play unless he quits the show , citing his poor attitude and failure to know the plays . Sasha tells Tracey she is pregnant . Simon continues pursuing Annabelle to avoid Jeremy , who has feelings for Simon . Lou releases the students early from rehearsal after complaints about upcoming midterms . Vanessa , despite limited finances , plans to sue her former boss for sexual harassment . Lou destroys the set model the next day , and instead asks the students to salvage meaningful artifacts from around town . Some students unsuccessfully attempt to steal a sign from the old steel mill . Gwen distracts the police so the others can escape ; her father , Coach Strickland , arranges for Gwen not to be charged . Gwen criticizes him for his affair with Vanessa . Robbie visits Lou , who encourages Robbie in both acting and football . The next day , Coach Strickland notices Vanessa working at his motel . The cast members bring a stained glass church window , signs , boards , and other salvaged items ; Coach Strickland and others bring the steel mill sign . 7 `` This Will God Willing Get Better '' Peter Sollett Jason Katims April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 4.20 Robbie continues to be benched by Coach Strickland . Sasha receives cash from another high schooler , and is confronted by Michael . A run through of the play is chaotic . Coach Strickland and Vanessa resume their affair . Lou and Gail bring Gordy to alcohol addiction treatment . Simon continues talking to Annabelle . Sasha is confronted again during play practice . Maashous ' mother is allowed to meet with Maashous . The ticket sales for Spring Awakening are low ; Lou discovers ticket sales fund the following year 's theater budget . Lou talks to Robbie about his role . Jeremy is rejected by Simon . Maashous attempts to fix the dryer after breaking it , and gets caught . During a play dinner , Michael fights with Sasha 's boyfriend . Maashous tries to run away , but is persuaded to stay home . Gordy 's treatment seems to work . Robbie continually underperforms , and leaves stage after Lou 's criticism . Lou leaves rehearsal , despite Tracey 's attempts to convince him to stay . Gwen fits a nose ring and skips rehearsal to be with Gordy , and they sleep together on the beach . Simon admits to Anabelle that he was befriending , and not really in love . 8 `` The Petition '' Nestor Carbonell Jason Katims May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 3.73 Lou is vilified by a radio show caller for taking Robbie away from football . Lou discovers ticket sales for the play have risen , due to a scandalous video posted on the school website ; the principal demands the person responsible take the video down . Parents sign a petition regarding the play content . Maashous asks Mr. and Mrs. Mazzuchelli to take him to see his mother , who is out of prison . Sasha and Michael go to the doctor and have a sonogram . Lou lets Robbie off rehearsals for a week to focus on football ; Robbie leads a victory . Gwen is still angry with her father . Lilette discovers Vanessa 's affair continues , argues with her about it , and claims she is not responsible to take care of her mother ; Vanessa walks out of their home . Robbie takes Lou to visit Robbie 's mother . Simon 's parents argue after Robert forged Patricia 's name on the petition . The principal asks Tracey to take over and tone down the play , and then offers her the drama department . 9 `` Totally Hosed '' Chris Koch Jon Caren May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 3.75 Vanessa is still out of the apartment when the rent is past due . Robbie defends Lilette when the apartment manager hassles her about the rent . The drama club attempts a toned down version of the play , which the principal approves . Gordy helps the drama club as community service for his recovery program . Simon 's sister fears their parents will divorce . Robbie 's mother 's health deteriorates , and the plan is to make her more comfortable . 10 `` Opening Night '' Michael Weaver Jason Katims May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 4.10 Vanessa returns home , saying she has a job in Philadelphia . Coach Strickland gets a place and tells Gwen he and her mother are splitting custody of Gwen . When the principal wants the beating scene taken out , Lou decides to do the original version anyway , with the students ' support . When the principal orders the lights turned off , Tracey intercedes , saying the students are acting their hearts out . The superintendent likes the show , but plans to cut the drama club to appease angry parents . Robbie 's mother sees the show ; Robbie 's father is the first to stand in a standing ovation . Music ( edit ) The show had cast members perform songs from Spring Awakening , including the new song `` All You Desire '' that Spring Awakening creators Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater wrote specifically for the show . Rise season 1 : the album ( edit ) On May 11 , 2018 , a soundtrack from the series was released . It included all Spring Awakening songs performed by the cast , as well as covers of Ed Sheeran 's `` Perfect , '' Alessia Cara 's `` Scars to Your Beautiful , '' Fun 's `` Carry On '' and Macklemore 's `` Glorious . '' The album consists of 24 tracks . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 58 % based on 36 reviews , with an average rating of 6.04 / 10 . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 59 out of 100 based on 27 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 13 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.50 0.7 2.88 1.9 8.38 `` Most of All to Dream '' March 20 , 2018 1.1 / 4 5.39 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` What Flowers May Bloom '' March 27 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.48 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Victory Party '' April 3 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.42 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` We 've Got All Our Junk '' April 10 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.40 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Bring Me Stanton '' April 17 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.21 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` This Will God Willing Get Better '' April 24 , 2018 0.7 / 3 4.20 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` The Petition '' May 1 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.73 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Totally Hosed '' May 8 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.75 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Opening Night '' May 15 , 2018 0.7 / 3 4.10 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TV Series Based On Levittown High School Theater Program Gets Debut Date - LevittownNow.com '' . LevittownNow.com . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' & Newly Retitled ' The Brave ' Picked Up To Series By NBC -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV Network Presidents Talk Netflix Cancellations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' To Succeed ' This Is Us ' On Tuesday , ' Good Girls ' Gets ' The Braves ' Slot On NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' Canceled After One Season at NBC '' . Variety . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Radnor To Headline ' Drama High ' NBC Pilot ; Damon J. Gillespie Also Cast '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Drama High ' : Marley Shelton & Casey Johnson Join Jason Katims ' NBC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Drama High ' : Rosie Perez & Rarmian Newton To Star In NBC Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moana ' Star Auli'i Cravalho Cast In NBC Pilot ' Drama High ' From Jason Katims & Jeffrey Seller '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Lilette Suarez - NBC.com '' . NBC.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Drama High ' : Jason Katims ' NBC Drama Pilot Casts Four '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Platform & Serge Public Relations Firms Announce Bicoastal Partnership '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Shannon Purser Cast In ' Drama High ' NBC Pilot From Jason Katims '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( November 23 , 2017 ) . `` Check Out the New Trailer for NBC 's Theatre - Focused Drama Rise '' . Play Bill . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' : Stephanie J. Block & Mark Tallman Set To Recur In NBC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rise ' : Diallo Riddle Set To Recur On NBC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2018/05/09/spring-awakening-new-song-rise/ Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/rise-season-1-the-album-music-from-the-tv-series/1382637611 Jump up ^ `` Rise : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rise Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rise on IMDb Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=842660409 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American high school television series American LGBT - related television shows American musical television series English - language television programs NBC network shows Television shows set in Pennsylvania Television programs based on books Television series by Universal Television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise%20%28U.S.%20TV%20series%29	650
how many bins are there in the uk			Recycling in the United Kingdom	recycling in the united kingdom	In 2013 , 43.5 % of the United Kingdom 's municipal waste was recycled , composted or broken down by anaerobic digestion . The majority of recycling undertaken in the United Kingdom is done by statutory authorities , although commercial and industrial waste is chiefly processed by private companies . Local Authorities are responsible for the collection of municipal waste and operate contracts which are usually kerbside collection schemes . The Household Waste Recycling Act 2003 required local authorities in England to provide every household with a separate collection of at least two types of recyclable materials by 2010 . Recycling policy is devolved to the administrations of Scotland , Northern Ireland and Wales who set their own targets , but all statistics are reported to Eurostat .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Incentives 2 Household recycling 3 Industrial recycling 4 The European Union 5 Main aspects of UK recycling policy 5.1 Glass 5.2 Paper 5.3 Plastic 5.4 Metal cans 5.5 Other materials 5.5. 1 Cartons 5.5. 2 Electronics 6 Local councils and recycling 6.1 London 6.2 Birmingham 6.3 Newcastle - under - Lyme 7 Criticisms 7.1 Multiple containers 7.2 Fortnightly collections 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Incentives ( edit ) Local Authorities are given incentives towards meeting recycling targets set by European , national and regional Government by the imposition of financial penalties for failing to recycle . For example , levies are imposed on the proportion of waste material going to landfill under a landfill tax , which currently stands at £ 82.60 per tonne . Unlike other European countries , there are very few deposit - refund schemes in operation . The Defra Packaging Strategy of 2009 supported reward - based programmes , but other than some trials in Scotland , they have received almost no public or political attention . This may be due to the lack of evidence that they improve the recycling rate in a UK context . The establishment of the government body Waste & Resources Action Programme has increased the country 's recycling capacity . It is a registered charity . It works with businesses , individuals and communities to achieve a circular economy through helping them reduce waste , develop sustainable products and use resources in an efficient way . WRAP was established in 2000 as a company limited by guarantee . and receives funding from the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs , the Northern Ireland Executive , Zero Waste Scotland , the Welsh Government and the European Union . Household recycling ( edit ) UK domestic recycling policy is geared towards encouraging more people to take control of recycling in their own homes , and over the last decade a number of new regulations have been introduced to encourage greater amounts of recycling . These include fines for people who do n't cut their household waste and a greater emphasis on separating waste into different recyclable materials , with each council applying different rules . Recently , the focus has shifted from punishing those who do n't recycle enough to encouraging more people to recycle through rewarding the practice . Other ways to improve recycling include taking glass items to bottle banks at supermarkets and composting biodegradable waste which prevents it from being sent to landfill . One of the best ways to recycle is to simply reuse items around the home rather than throwing them out . According to the latest figures from Defra : 37 % of household waste was recycled in 2008 / 09 . There was a 235 % increase in household recycling in England between 2000 / 01 and 2009 / 10 . 23 million tonnes of household waste was generated in 2009 / 10 , of which 9.4 million tonnes was recycled , reused or composted . In 2009 / 10 , compost was the largest component of recycled waste , comprising 40 % of the total . Industrial recycling ( edit ) Commercial and industrial ( C&I ) waste makes up a large proportion of the UK 's waste . According to the latest figures from Defra , 48 million tonnes of C&I waste was generated in England in 2009 , a decrease from 67.9 million tonnes 6 years earlier . Furthermore , 52 % of C&I waste was reused or recycled , compared to just 42 % in 2002 / 03 . This figure is also greater than the household recycling rate . The industrial and service sectors generate roughly equal amounts of waste with similar recycling rates , even though the service sector is economically larger . There reporting of C&I waste statistics has not always met the European Commission 's standards , with local councils using different methodologies for their statistics . There has also been no comprehensive survey of C&I waste since 2003 . The European Union ( edit ) The EU has introduced a number of directives which determine the targets of UK domestic recycling policy : The 1999 Landfill Directive is one of the most important of these , which demands a reduction in the amount of waste being sent to landfill from 11.2 million tonnes in 2010 to 7.46 million tonnes in 2013 In 2010 , Defra claimed that the UK would meet its first landfill diversion target , which was 75 % on 1995 levels , and that it is ' on track ' to meet the next targets in 2013 ( 50 % on 1995 levels ) and 2020 ( 35 % on 1995 levels ) . The EU Waste Framework Directive states that the UK must recycle 50 % of household waste by 2020 , which includes composting and reusing waste . It also demands a 70 % minimum recycling target for construction and demolition waste by 2020 . The British government is highly confident in meeting the 2020 recycling target , but there is a lower level of certainty with the 2020 Landfill Directive target . There may not be enough time to construct the necessary facilities for organic waste . Main aspects of UK recycling policy ( edit ) Public recycling bins for paper , cans , and plastics in Newcastle upon Tyne . UK recycling policy aims to improve recycling methods and levels across the UK . The four main materials that it focuses on are glass , paper , plastic and metal cans . Glass ( edit ) Glass can be recycled in the form of bottles and jars which are crushed down and then melted . Glass can be recycled infinitely because it does not lose any of its quality . It uses a lot less energy , fewer raw materials and produces less CO2 than manufacturing glass from scratch . The main difficulty with recycling glass is the need to remove the unwanted materials that contaminate it and avoiding the mixing of different colours . Glass collection points , known as Bottle Banks are very common near shopping centres , at civic amenity sites and in local neighborhoods in the United Kingdom . Bottle Banks commonly stand beside collection points for other recyclable waste like paper , metals and plastics . Local , municipal waste collectors usually have one central point for all types of waste in which large glass containers are located . There are now over 50,000 bottle banks in the United Kingdom , and 752,000 tons of glass are now recycled annually . The waste recycling industry in the UK can not consume all of the recycled container glass that will become available over the coming years , mainly due to the colour imbalance between that which is manufactured and that which is consumed . The UK imports much more green glass in the form of Wine bottles than it uses , leading to a surplus amount for recycling . The resulting surplus of green glass from imported bottles may be exported to producing countries , or used locally in the growing diversity of secondary end uses for recycled glass . Paper ( edit ) Nearly all types of waste paper are recyclable , and recycled paper requires a lot less energy and fewer raw materials to produce than manufacturing it from scratch . However , paper can not be recycled indefinitely , and the normal amount of times it can be recycled is about six . 12.5 million tonnes of paper and cardboard are used annually in the UK Plastic ( edit ) In the UK , the amount of post-consumer plastic being recycled is relatively low , due in part to a lack of recycling facilities . The main problem with recycling plastic involves sorting the material because there are so many different types of plastic which complicate the process . For this reason plastic often has to be sorted by hand which can be very time consuming . The Plastics 2020 Challenge was founded in 2009 by the plastics industry with the aim of engaging the British public in a nationwide debate about the use , reuse and disposal of plastics , and hosts a series of online debates on its website framed around the waste hierarchy . Metal cans ( edit ) There is a high recycling rate for metal cans in the UK , with aluminium recycling and steel cans being the most common items . Metal can be recycled indefinitely , and aluminium cans use just 5 % of the energy needed to produce them from scratch and only release 5 % of the amount of greenhouse gases . In addition , it is the easiest material to extract and separate from the other reyclables , using magnets for steel cans and special magnets ( eddy currents ) it guarantees recycling of every can . Other materials ( edit ) Cartons ( edit ) In 2013 , the Alliance for Beverage Cartons and the Environment and Sonoco Alcore opened the UK 's first carton recycling facility in Halifax . Prior to this , recycling was limited because of the high shipping costs for export , but the new plant processes 40 percent of the country 's carton waste . Problems also arise because cartons can not use recycled fibre , so they are converted into cardboard instead . Electronics ( edit ) The European Union implemented the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ( WEEE Directive , 2002 / 96 / EC ) in February 2003 . It requires manufacturers to shoulder the burden of recycling by reimbursing the recyclers ' costs . It also set a minimum quota of 4 kg per capita of e-waste per head by 2009 . The United Kingdom was the final member state to pass it into law . The success of the WEEE directive has varied significantly from state to state , with collection rates varying between 13 kilograms per capita per annum to as little as 1 kg per capita per annum . Computers & electronic wastes collected from households within Europe are treated under the WEEE directive via Producer Compliance Schemes ( whereby manufacturers of Electronics pay into a scheme that funds its recovery from household waste recycling centres ( HWRCs ) ) and nominated Waste Treatment Facilities ( known as Obligated WEEE ) . However , recycling of ex corporate Computer Hardware and associated electronic equipment falls outside the Producer Compliance Scheme ( Known as non-obligated ) . In the UK , Waste or obsolete corporate related computer hardware is treated via third party Authorized Treatment Facilities , who normally impose a charge for its collection and treatment . Local councils and recycling ( edit ) Although recycling is required right across the UK , recycling rules differ depending on the local council . Some local councils have implemented a one - box system for separating household waste , whereas others have provided many more boxes , and this recyclable waste is often collected at different times from standard landfill waste collections . There are also different schemes in place across the country to determine where the waste goes and how it is used . In England , the local authorities are given targets by Defra . It is these local targets which help the government to achieve its national targets . However , local authorities are given flexibility in deciding how to best meet these targets , hence the number of different schemes in place . London ( edit ) The issue of waste management and recycling is acute in London - the capital produces 17 million tonnes of waste each year , forecast to rise to 26.5 million tonnes in 2020 . The Mayor 's Greater London Authority sets the framework for dealing with waste within a London - wide Municipal Waste Management Strategy including recycling targets for the London Boroughs to meet , which are made statutory within the London Plan . The existing organisational arrangements however are complex with a number of waste disposal authorities at sub-regional and local levels . Birmingham ( edit ) Birmingham City Council have introduced three kerbside collection schemes . Paper & Card Recycling ( Blue Bag / Box ) . Introduced 2003 . Container emptied every 2 weeks . Plastic Bottles ( PET & HDPE ) , Glass , Aluminium & Tins Recycling ( Green Box ) . Introduced 2005 . Container emptied every 2 weeks . Garden Waste Recycling ( Green Sacks ) . Introduced 2005 . In 2014 , Birmingham City Council introduced a £ 35 a year charge to have a garden waste wheelie bin , which caused huge amounts of complaints These three schemes are now available to most of Birmingham 's home depending on whether they have a garden . The Paper & Garden Waste recycling facility is available to all houses in Birmingham . The Green Box scheme is going to be available to all houses later this year . Every year 3500 tonnes of paper and 8900 tonnes of wood are recycled . There are five household recycling centres and over 400 recycling banks across the whole of Birmingham . Recycling banks normally include : Paper & Card Recycling Glass Recycling Clothes Recycling Shoes Recycling Textiles Recycling Aluminium Cans Recycling Newcastle - under - Lyme ( edit ) Newcastle - under - Lyme Borough Council now has a six bin collection scheme . Food caddy for food waste . Collected weekly . Red box for metal and plastic . Collected weekly . Green box for glass and cardboard . Collected weekly . Blue box for paper , small appliances , batteries , textiles and clothing . Collected weekly . Brown - lid 240ltr wheelie bin for garden waste . Collected fortnightly , alternately with non-recyclables . Black - lid 180ltr wheelie bin for non-recyclables . Collected fortnightly , alternately with garden waste . There has been criticism from residents of Newcastle - under - Lyme after the council spent £ 2.4 million to improve its recycling in the borough , however the fleet of new vehicles are too wide to fit down some narrow roads . This has left some residents going for up to a fortnight without any waste collection service . Criticisms ( edit ) There have been a number of controversies in recent years involving the recycling policies of various local councils : Multiple containers ( edit ) One of the major problems for recycling at home has been the provision of multiple containers to sort the waste . This has been criticised for being too confusing for many residents , with one of the biggest offenders being the Newcastle - under - Lyme council which implemented a nine - bin system in 2010 . Other councils have provided up to seven bins , although some private contractors provide only one , and separate the recyclable material themselves . Fortnightly collections ( edit ) When fortnightly collections were brought in during 2007 , they caused a lot of controversy . Many people were against them because it meant that they had to keep hold of their waste for longer and it was feared that this could be unhygienic , with fears arising in the press about health problems being caused as a result . However research conducted by Cranfield University and Enviros in 2007 , found that there is unlikely to be significantly greater health issues relating to fortnightly collections against weekly . In January 2014 the Secretary Of State for Communities and Local Government outlined guidance for how weekly collections could be achieved by local authorities . This was supported by a £ 250 million scheme made available to participating waste authorities . As of January 2015 no council has elected to fully adopt the scheme under the new system due to budget cuts and a commitment to the European Waste Directive targets . The Chartered Institution of Wastes Management ( CIWM ) questioned `` whether the focus of the £ 250 million fund will deliver the best environmental and economic outcomes '' and suggested that the money could better be spent on alternative options . It went on : ' the additional money could more usefully have been focused on delivering improvements in three key areas : supporting more recycling , either by expanding the range of materials collected or improving participation ; supporting an expansion in food waste collections , which is the main area of householder concern regarding collection frequency ; and supporting waste prevention initiatives ... In economic terms , with so many constraints on council budgets , it is important to ensure that this policy initiative does not lock local councils into significantly higher waste collection costs , for which we will all have to foot the bill long after the Weekly Collections Support Scheme funding has run dry ' . See also ( edit ) British Metals Recycling Association Waste Disposal Authorities in Greater London Recycling in Northern Ireland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Recycling rate of municipal waste - Eurostat '' . ec.europa.eu . Eurostat. 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Friends of the Earth - `` Recycling Bill success ! '' ^ Jump up to : Watson , David ( February 2013 ) . `` Municipal Waste Management in the United Kingdom '' . eea.europa.eu . European Environment Agency . Archived from the original on 1 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Landfill Tax rates - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . HM Revenue & Customs . 6 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Alison ( January 2014 ) . `` Investigating the Impact of Recycling Incentive Schemes Full Report '' ( PDF ) . http://www.serco.com/ . Serco Eunomia . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Company structure and governance WRAP UK '' . Wrap.org.uk . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Household Recycling Rate Defra Jump up ^ Amount of Recycled Materials in 2009 / 10 Defra Jump up ^ Compost Recycling Percentage Defra Jump up ^ `` Commercial and industrial waste generation and management '' . www.defra.gov.uk. 13 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Landfill Waste in 2010 Council Directive 1999 / 31 / EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste Jump up ^ Landfill Waste in 2013 The EU 's new Waste Framework Directive Jump up ^ Defra landfill diversion targets Defra Jump up ^ UK Framework Directive on Household Recycling Defra ^ Jump up to : `` Big British bottle bank birthday '' . reuters.com . Jump up ^ British Standards Institute ( 2005 ) PAS 102 , Specification for processed glass for selected secondary end markets Jump up ^ Paper Recycling Information UK Government Recycling Guideline Jump up ^ Plastics wasteonline.org.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse Gas Targets Daily Mail Online Jump up ^ Smedley , Tim ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` A new carton recycling plant could mean an end to shipping waste overseas '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment '' . Jump up ^ The London Plan , Mayor of London , ( February 2004 ) , p158 . Jump up ^ Elkes , Neil ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) . `` £ 35 ' garden tax ' charge in Brum finally paying off - council '' . birminghammail . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Your Collection Services Newcastle - Under - Lyme Borough Council '' . www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling goes uncollected after council buys bin lorries too wide for streets '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Nine Bin Recycling System BBC News Jump up ^ One Bin Recycling Initiative Waste Concern Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7501433/Fortnightly-collections-make-bins-a-health-hazard.html Telegraph Online Jump up ^ weeklyresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05988/SN05988.pd Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/271435/BinBible-2-NT3.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2908907/Pickles-bins-collection-fund-weekly-rounds-used-zero-councils-authority-considered-decided-expensive.html Jump up ^ CIWM responds to CLG announcement on funding for weekly collections , Chartered Institution of Wastes Management , 30 September 2011 Further reading ( edit ) `` Review of Kerbside Recycling Schemes Operated by Local Authorities '' ( PDF ) . Hampshire : WYG Environment. 10 May 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Recycling in the United Kingdom . Waste and recycling page at DEFRA Recycling Policy Document Recycling Guide Recycling at the Birmingham City Council ( hide ) Recycling Materials Aluminium Asphalt Concrete Copper Cotton Energy Ferrous metals Glass Gypsum Paper Plastic Refrigerant Scrap Timber Vegetable oil Water Products Appliances Automotive oil Batteries Bottles PET bottles Computers Drugs Fluorescent lamps Lumber Mobile phones Paint Ships Textiles Tires Vehicles Apparatus Bins Blue bags Blue boxes Codes Collection Materials recovery facility Waste sorting Countries Brazil Canada Ireland Japan The Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom Northern Ireland United States Concepts Dematerialization Downcycling Eco-industrial park Ecodesign Extended producer responsibility Freecycling Industrial ecology Industrial metabolism Land recycling Material flow analysis Precycling Product stewardship Recursive recycling Recycling ( ecological ) Resource recovery Reuse of excreta Repurposing Reuse Upcycling Urban lumberjacking Waste hierarchy Waste minimisation Waste picking Zero waste See also Cogeneration Composting Container deposit legislation Dumpster diving Ethical consumerism Freeganism Simple living Waste Waste - to - energy Waste collection Waste legislation Waste management Waste management concepts Environment portal by country by material by product organizations Index Commons Recycling in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=786491526 '' Categories : Recycling in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use British English from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 June 2017 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom	651
baker v. canada (minister of citizenship & immigration) 1999 2 scr 817 174 dlr (4th) 193			Baker v Canada ( Minister of Citizenship and immigration )	baker v canada ( minister of citizenship and immigration )	Baker v Canada ( Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ) , ( 1999 ) 2 SCR 817 is a leading Canadian administrative law decision of the Supreme Court of Canada . The Court provided guidance on the standard of judicial review of administrative decisions . The issue was what standard of procedural fairness should be applied when considering the judicial review of the waiver of the requirement that applications for permanent residence be filed from abroad . The case also clarified the need for written reasons in some administrative decisions .	Contents 1 Background 2 Finding and disposition 3 Reasons of the court 3.1 Procedural fairness issues 3.2 Substantive review 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Mavis Baker was a Jamaican woman who lived illegally in Canada for 11 years as a domestic worker . During this time she gave birth to four children in Canada . When the government discovered that she was in Canada illegally she was ordered deported . She brought an application for permanent residence under section 114 ( 2 ) of the Immigration Act , 1976 . The immigration officer rejected her application without giving reasons . Baker was able to make a request for the immigration officer 's notes , and , based on the notes , she applied for judicial review of the decision . Finding and disposition ( edit ) The Federal Court accepted the application . The Federal Court of Appeal agreed and held that the evaluation of the application did not need to be founded on the best interests of the child . On appeal , the Supreme Court of Canada reversed this decision . It held that procedural fairness required the decision - maker to consider the human rights of Baker 's children . Children 's human rights are outlined in the international Convention on the Rights of the Child . The Supreme Court said that decision - makers must be `` reasonable '' . They also found that Ministerial decisions in this case should follow values that are in international human rights law . The disposition in the case was that the matter was returned to the Minister for redetermination by a different immigration officer . Reasons of the Court ( edit ) Justice L'Heureux - Dubé , for the majority , allowed the appeal . On the issue of determining the content of the duty of fairness , she outlined several factors that should be taken into consideration : the nature of the decision being made and process followed in making it ; the nature of the statutory scheme and the term of the statute pursuant to which the body operates ; the importance of the decision to the individual or individuals affected ; the legitimate expectations of the person challenging the decision ; the choices of procedure made by the agency itself . L'Heureux - Dubé also considered the domestic use of international law in Canada . Procedural fairness issues ( edit ) Baker appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada for review of the administrative decision denying her application for permanent residence on humanitarian and compassionate grounds . One of Baker 's arguments was that she was owed a duty of fairness by the administrative decision maker and that this duty of fairness included the right to an oral hearing . The court rejected this argument , ruling that the unrestricted ability to forward written arguments was sufficient to meet the duty of fairness owed to Ms. Baker . Baker also argued that the duty of fairness owed to her by the Minister included a duty to provide reasons for any decision made . The court looked to English jurisprudence , in which a common law right to reasons in certain circumstances has developed in the case law . The court found that it would be unfair for the Minister not to provide written reasons for refusing an application in a case such as this where the decision has such significance for the individual and where there is a statutory right of review or appeal of the decision . The court allowed some flexibility in what constitutes reasons , and in this case allowed the notes given by the subordinate officer to the decision - maker to be treated as the reasons for the decision . Baker further argued that the duty of fairness owed her by the Minister meant that the decision - makers should be free from any `` reasonable apprehension of bias '' . The court concurred and found on the facts that there was a `` reasonable apprehension of bias '' in the case of the immigration officer who wrote the notes on the file that were subsequently considered by the court to be the reason for the decision . Substantive review ( edit ) Baker repudiates the dichotomy which previously existed in the case law between discretionary and non-discretionary decisions . Instead , the court argued that there is great `` difficulty in making rigid classifications between discretionary and non-discretionary decisions '' . See also ( edit ) List of Supreme Court of Canada cases ( Lamer Court ) Pushpanathan v Canada ( Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) 2 SCR 817 at para 7 . Jump up ^ Ibid at para 34 . Jump up ^ Ibid at para 41 . Jump up ^ Ibid at para 43 . Jump up ^ Ibid at para 48 . Jump up ^ Ibid at para 55 . External links ( edit ) Full text of Supreme Court of Canada decision at LexUM and CanLII Federal Court of Appeal decision Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker_v_Canada_(Minister_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration)&oldid=815561943 '' Categories : 1999 in Canadian case law Canadian administrative case law Canadian immigration and refugee case law Canadian judicial review case law Supreme Court of Canada cases Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 16 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%20v%20Canada%20%28Minister%20of%20Citizenship%20and%20Immigration%29	652
when does better call saul come out on netflix	In December 2013 , Netflix announced that the entire first season would be available for streaming in the U.S. after the airing of the first - season finale , and in Latin America and Europe each episode would be available a few days after the episode airs in the U.S. However , the first season was not released on Netflix in the U.S. until February 1 , 2016 .	February 1 , 2016	Better Call Saul	better call saul		Better Call Saul Genre Crime drama Black comedy Legal drama Created by Vince Gilligan Peter Gould Starring Bob Odenkirk Jonathan Banks Rhea Seehorn Patrick Fabian Michael Mando Michael McKean Giancarlo Esposito Theme music composer Little Barrie Composer ( s ) Dave Porter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 30 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Vince Gilligan Peter Gould Mark Johnson Melissa Bernstein Thomas Schnauz Gennifer Hutchison Producer ( s ) Bob Odenkirk Nina Jack Diane Mercer Robin Sweet Gordon Smith Jonathan Glatzer Location ( s ) Albuquerque , New Mexico Cinematography Arthur Albert Running time 42 -- 56 minutes Production company ( s ) High Bridge Productions Crystal Diner Productions Gran Via Productions Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network AMC Original release February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Breaking Bad Related shows Talking Saul External links Website Better Call Saul is an American television crime drama series created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould . It is a spin - off prequel of Gilligan 's prior series Breaking Bad . Set in the early 2000s , Better Call Saul follows the story of con - man turned small - time lawyer , James Morgan `` Jimmy '' McGill ( Bob Odenkirk ) , six years before the events of Breaking Bad , showing his transformation into the persona of Saul Goodman , as well as briefly explore his life some time after the events of Breaking Bad . The series also explores the situations of other Breaking Bad characters in the years prior . The show premiered on AMC on February 8 , 2015 and has since finished airing its third season ; the 10 - episode fourth season is scheduled to air starting August 6 , 2018 . Like its predecessor , Better Call Saul has received critical acclaim , particularly for its acting , writing , and directing , with many critics calling it a worthy successor to Breaking Bad . It has garnered several nominations , including a Peabody Award , 23 Primetime Emmy Awards , seven Writers Guild of America Awards , five Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a Screen Actors Guild Award , and two Golden Globe Awards . The series premiere held the record for the highest - rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history at the time of its airing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Conception 2.2 Casting 2.3 Development history 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.2. 1 Introduced in season 1 3.2. 2 Introduced in season 2 3.2. 3 Introduced in season 3 3.2. 4 Breaking Bad characters 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 5 Talking Saul 5.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 Broadcast 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.1. 1 Season 1 7.1. 2 Season 2 7.1. 3 Season 3 7.2 Awards and accolades 7.3 Ratings 8 Home media 9 Comics 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Better Call Saul follows the life of the character Saul Goodman some years prior to the events of Breaking Bad . Goodman , born as James `` Jimmy '' McGill , is a former con artist now trying to follow a more lawful career as an aspiring lawyer in Albuquerque , New Mexico . He seeks to become a partner in the law firm in which his older brother Charles `` Chuck '' McGill is a senior partner . However , Jimmy 's work is frequently overshadowed by Chuck 's past reputation , and he struggles to find a way to prove himself , even with the help of another associate in the firm , Kim Wexler , with whom he also becomes romantically involved . At the same time , Jimmy frequently takes care of Chuck , who claims to have electromagnetic hypersensitivity , a condition that makes him physically ill in the presence of anything with an electronic component and has caused him to take an extended leave from his firm and regular law work . Interspersed among Jimmy 's activities are the prior histories of other Breaking Bad characters , including Mike Ehrmantraut , a former police officer who becomes involved in illegal drug trafficking schemes , and drug kingpins Hector Salamanca and Gus Fring , who help distribute drugs illegally brought to the area from Mexico . The series also provides brief glimpses of Saul 's fate after the events of Breaking Bad : he has taken on a new identity in Omaha , Nebraska as a Cinnabon manager and goes by the name Gene . Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) In July 2012 , Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan hinted at a possible spin - off about Saul Goodman . In a July 2012 interview , Gilligan said he liked `` the idea of a lawyer show in which the main lawyer will do anything it takes to stay out of a court of law '' , including settling on the courthouse steps . In April 2013 , the series was confirmed to be in development by Gilligan and Gould ; the latter wrote the Breaking Bad episode that introduced the character . Casting ( edit ) Bob Odenkirk stars as lawyer Jimmy McGill ( known as Saul Goodman in Breaking Bad ) . In January 2014 , it was announced that Jonathan Banks would reprise his Breaking Bad role as Mike Ehrmantraut and be a series regular . Among new cast members include Michael McKean as McGill 's elder brother Chuck , having previously guest - starred in an episode of Odenkirk 's Mr. Show and Gilligan 's X-Files episode `` Dreamland '' . The cast also includes Patrick Fabian as Howard Hamlin , Rhea Seehorn as Kimberly `` Kim '' Wexler , and Michael Mando as Ignacio `` Nacho '' Varga . In October 2014 , Kerry Condon was cast as Stacey Ehrmantraut , Mike 's daughter - in - law . In November 2014 , it was announced that Julie Ann Emery and Jeremy Shamos had been cast as Betsy and Craig Kettleman , described as `` the world 's squarest outlaws . '' Going into Season 3 , it was announced that Giancarlo Esposito would return to play Gus Fring . The showrunners have teased that `` familiar faces '' from Breaking Bad will make appearances during Season 4 . They will also cast an actor for the character `` Lalo '' , mentioned only by name in the episode `` Better Call Saul '' episode of Breaking Bad . Both Bryan Cranston and Aaron Paul said , as of Season 3 , they are both open to reappearing on the show as Walter White and Jesse Pinkman , respectively , if asked , believing that Gilligan would have a sufficiently good reason to bring them in . Paul had previously mentioned the possibility of a cameo during Season 1 but this fell through . Anna Gunn also mentioned a `` talk '' with Gilligan over possible guest appearances as Skyler White . Dean Norris , another Breaking Bad alumnus , stated he could not be part of the earlier seasons , partly due to his involvement in the CBS series Under the Dome . Gilligan said that by Season 3 that show had been on long enough that any reuse of Breaking Bad characters would be more than `` just a cameo or an Alfred Hitchcock walkthrough '' , and that their appearances would be necessary for the story . Development history ( edit ) By July 2013 , the series had yet to be green - lighted . Netflix was one of many interested distributors , but ultimately a deal was made between AMC and Breaking Bad production company Sony Pictures Television . Gilligan and Gould serve as co-showrunners and Gilligan directed the pilot . Former Breaking Bad writers Thomas Schnauz and Gennifer Hutchison joined the writing staff , with Schnauz serving as co-executive producer and Hutchison as supervising producer . Also on the writing staff are Bradley Paul , and Gordon Smith , who was a writer 's assistant on Breaking Bad . In developing the series , the producers considered making the show a half - hour comedy , but ultimately chose an hour - long format more typical of a drama . In October 2014 , Odenkirk called the show `` 85 percent drama , 15 percent comedy . '' During his appearance on Talking Bad , Odenkirk noted that Saul was one of the most popular characters on the show , speculating that the audience likes the character because he is the program 's least hypocritical figure , and is good at his job . Better Call Saul also employs Breaking Bad 's signature time jumps . As filming began on June 2 , 2014 , Gilligan expressed some concern regarding the possible disappointment from the series ' turnout , in terms of audience reception . The first teaser trailer debuted on AMC on August 10 , 2014 , and confirmed its premiere date of February 2015 . In November 2014 , AMC announced the series would have a two - night premiere ; the first episode aired on Sunday , February 8 , 2015 , at 10 : 00 pm ( ET ) , and then moved into its regular time slot the following night , airing Mondays at 10 : 00 pm . In May 2015 , Gilligan confirmed that more of the prominent characters from Breaking Bad would be making guest appearances in season 2 , but remained vague on which characters were likely to be seen . In June 2014 , prior to the series ' launch , AMC had renewed the series for a second season of 13 episodes to premiere in early 2016 ; however , it was later reduced to 10 episodes . The second season premiered on February 15 , 2016 . In March 2016 , AMC announced that Better Call Saul was renewed for a 10 - episode third season which premiered April 10 , 2017 . AMC renewed the series for a 10 - episode fourth season in June 2017 , and is scheduled to premiere on August 6 , 2018 . Like its predecessor , Better Call Saul is set and filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Cast and characters ( edit ) Bob Odenkirk ( Jimmy McGill ) Jonathan Banks ( Mike Ehrmantraut ) Rhea Seehorn ( Kim Wexler ) Patrick Fabian ( Howard Hamlin ) Michael Mando ( Nacho Varga ) Michael McKean ( Chuck McGill ) Giancarlo Esposito ( Gus Fring ) Main cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul characters Bob Odenkirk as James Morgan `` Jimmy '' McGill , a lawyer and a former scam artist , who becomes involved with the criminal world Jonathan Banks as Mike Ehrmantraut , a former Philadelphia police officer working independently as a parking lot attendant , and later a private investigator , bodyguard and `` cleaner '' Rhea Seehorn as Kimberly `` Kim '' Wexler , a lawyer formerly working at the Hamlin , Hamlin & McGill ( HHM ) law firm , now running her own law firm , who is Jimmy 's close friend and love interest Patrick Fabian as Howard Hamlin , a name partner at Hamlin , Hamlin & McGill , first appearing as Jimmy 's nemesis , until it becomes clear that he acts under Charles McGill 's orders Michael Mando as Ignacio `` Nacho '' Varga , an upholstery shop worker who is also an intelligent , ambitious member of Tuco Salamanca 's gang Michael McKean as Charles L. `` Chuck '' McGill , Jr. , Jimmy 's elder brother and a named partner at HHM who is confined to his home by electromagnetic hypersensitivity , expressing disdain and hostility toward his brother whom he considers to be a disgrace to the law practice ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Giancarlo Esposito as Gus Fring , a methamphetamine distributor who uses his fast food restaurant chain Los Pollos Hermanos as a front ( seasons 3 -- present ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Kerry Condon as Stacey Ehrmantraut , Mike 's daughter - in - law and the mother of Kaylee Ehrmantraut Faith Healey ( season 1 ) and Abigail Zoe Lewis ( season 2 ) as Kaylee Ehrmantraut , Mike 's granddaughter Eileen Fogarty as Mrs. Nguyen , owner of a nail salon which houses Jimmy 's law office ( and home ) in its back room Peter Diseth as Bill Oakley , a deputy district attorney Joe DeRosa as Dr. Caldera , a veterinarian who serves as Mike Ehrmantraut 's liaison to the criminal underworld Dennis Boutsikaris as Rick Schweikart , the attorney for Sandpiper Crossing Mark Proksch as Daniel `` Pryce '' Wormald , a small - time drug dealer who hires Mike as security Brandon K. Hampton as Ernesto , Chuck 's assistant who works at HHM Josh Fadem and Julian Bonfiglio as Joey Dixon and Sound Guy , film students who help Jimmy film various projects Jeremy Shamos and Julie Ann Emery as Craig and Betsy Kettleman , a county treasurer and his wife , accused of embezzlement Steven Levine and Daniel Spenser Levine as Lars and Cal Lindholm , twin skateboarders and small - time scam artists Míriam Colón as Abuelita , Tuco 's grandmother and Hector 's mother Barry Shabaka Henley as Detective Sanders , a Philadelphia cop who was formerly partnered with Mike on the force Mel Rodriguez as Marco Pasternak , Jimmy 's best friend and partner - in - crime in Cicero , Illinois Clea DuVall as Dr. Cruz , a doctor who treats Chuck and suspects his condition is psychosomatic Jean Effron as Irene Landry , an elderly client of Jimmy McGill overcharged by the Sandpiper Crossing Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Ed Begley , Jr. as Clifford Main , law partner of Davis & Main Omar Maskati as Omar , Jimmy 's assistant at Davis & Main Jessie Ennis as Erin Brill , a lawyer at Davis & Main who is ordered to shadow Jimmy Vincent Fuentes as Arturo , a criminal associate of Hector Salamanca Rex Linn as Kevin Wachtell , chairman of Mesa Verde Bank and Trust and a client of HHM and Kim Cara Pifko as Paige Novick , senior legal counsel for Mesa Verde Bank and Trust and a friend of Kim Ann Cusack as Rebecca Bois , Chuck 's ex-wife Manuel Uriza as Ximenez Lecerda , an associate of Hector Salamanca Hayley Holmes as Drama Girl , a film student who helps Jimmy on various projects Introduced in season 3 ( edit ) Bonnie Bartlett as Helen Kimberly Hebert Gregory as ADA Kyra Hay Tamara Tunie as Anita , a member of Mike and Stacey 's support group Breaking Bad characters ( edit ) Raymond Cruz as Tuco Salamanca , a ruthless , psychotic drug distributor in the South Valley ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Cesar García as No - Doze , Tuco 's henchman ( season 1 ) Jesús Payán Jr. as Gonzo , Tuco 's henchman ( season 1 ) Kyle Bornheimer as Ken ( `` Ken Wins '' ) , an arrogant , self - absorbed stockbroker ( season 2 ) Stoney Westmoreland as Officer Saxton , an Albuquerque Police Department officer ( season 2 ) Jim Beaver as Lawson , a local weapons dealer in Albuquerque ( season 2 ) Maximino Arciniega as Domingo `` Krazy - 8 '' Molina , one of Tuco 's distributors ( seasons 2 -- present ) Mark Margolis as Hector Salamanca , Tuco 's uncle and high - ranking member of the cartel ( seasons 2 -- present ) Debrianna Mansini as Fran , a waitress at Loyola 's Diner ( season 2 ) Daniel and Luis Moncada as Leonel and Marco Salamanca , Tuco 's cousins and Hector 's nephews who are hitmen for the cartel ( season 2 , 4 -- present ) Jennifer Hasty as Stephanie Doswell , a real estate agent ( season 2 ) Tina Parker as Francesca Liddy , Jimmy 's receptionist ( season 3 ) Jeremiah Bitsui as Victor , Gus ' henchman ( season 3 -- present ) Ray Campbell as Tyrus Kitt , a henchman on Gus Fring 's payroll ( season 3 -- present ) JB Blanc as Dr. Barry Goodman , a doctor on Gus Fring 's payroll ( season 3 ) Steven Bauer as Don Eladio Vuente , the head of the Juarez drug cartel ( season 3 ) Javier Grajeda as Juan Bolsa , a high - level member of the Juárez drug cartel ( season 3 ) Lavell Crawford as Huell Babineaux , a professional pickpocket hired by Jimmy ( season 3 ) Laura Fraser as Lydia Rodarte - Quayle , a Madrigal Electromotive executive and associate of Gus Fring ( season 3 -- present ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Better Call Saul episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 10 February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 10 April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 10 August 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) October 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 08 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 1 ) Jimmy , serving as a public defender , inadvertently becomes entangled in an embezzlement case involving the Kettleman family , currently being represented by Chuck 's firm Hamlin Hamlin & McGill . Jimmy schemes to become the Kettleman 's lawyer , which causes Kim , the associate at HHM overseeing the case , to be demoted . Jimmy gains attention from the case , finding himself taking up several elder law cases , and discovers that Sandpiper Retirement Homes have been mishandling their residents ' funds , leading to a potential multi-million class action lawsuit . Jimmy tries to offer this suit to HHM and to hire him , but Chuck secretly blocks this . Jimmy discovers Chuck 's involvement and instead ends up turning the case over to HHM for counsel 's fees and requiring Howard Hamlin to take over caring for Chuck . Later , Jimmy learns that the Sandpiper case has gotten too big and HHM is portioning part of the work to a second firm , Davis & Main , who want to hire Jimmy due to his knowledge of the case . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 2 ) Jimmy is put in charge of outreach for the Sandpiper case , but there are very few responses from potential class members from traditional mailings . Jimmy does improper face - to - face solicitation to draw in class members , but Chuck points out this runs afoul of state law . Instead , Jimmy creates his own ad targeted to seniors and airs it without getting its approval by his senior partners . While the ad draws in many clients , Jimmy is reprimanded , and Kim , who was aware Jimmy was making the ad , is further shunned and demoted down to document review at HHM . To try to regain her position , Kim runs through her old contacts , and eventually is able to arrange a meeting between HHM and Mesa Verde , a large regional bank . Though HHM secures the deal , Howard denies Kim any of the credit . Jimmy , who has quit out of Davis & Main , leads Kim to quit HHM and establish her own firm co-located with his as to share the overhead costs . She nearly resecures the Mesa Verde deal herself but Chuck interjects to block her . In revenge , Jimmy makes falsified copies of all the deal papers with an incorrect address , which , when HHM and Mesa Verde present to the government , are forced to put the deal on hold ; Chuck becomes paranoid and is convinced Jimmy fakes it , while Kim is able to come in and take back Mesa Verde for herself . When Jimmy next visits Chuck , Chuck feigns illness to bring Jimmy to confess falsifying the documents , which he records on tape . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 3 ) Chuck plots for Jimmy to learn of the existence of the taped conversation through Kim . Jimmy breaks open Chuck 's door and breaks the tape , but Chuck has Howard and a private investigator hiding nearby to witness this , allowing him to issue a criminal offence against Jimmy , which can include having his license to practice law pulled . At the hearing , Jimmy creates a situation where Chuck 's electromagnetic hypersensitivity was tested , putting his sanity into question ; Jimmy is only blocked from practicing law for a year . To try to cover his part of the shared office , Jimmy turns to producing commercials for local businesses under the name `` Saul Goodman '' , but Kim still is forced to take on extra clients to fully cover expenses , leading to sleep deprivation and causing her to crash her car and break her arm . HHM 's insurance learns of Chuck 's condition from the trial and threatens to raise their rates as a result , and while Chuck tries to work with a doctor to avoid his hypersensitivity symptoms , Howard ultimately buys Chuck out of his share of HHM , terminating him from the firm . Jimmy tries to make amends , but Chuck refuses to listen , and his hypersensitivity symptoms return . After a fit of tearing out the wiring from his home , Chuck purposely knocks a gas lantern over and starts a fire . Talking Saul ( edit ) Talking Saul is a live aftershow hosted by Chris Hardwick , which features guests discussing episodes of Better Call Saul . The show uses the same format as Talking Dead , Talking Bad , and other similar aftershows also hosted by Hardwick . AMC announced that Talking Saul would air after the second season Better Call Saul premiere on February 15 , 2016 , and again after the second - season finale on April 18 , 2016 . It returned following the season 3 premiere and finale . Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) These episodes discuss season two of Better Call Saul . No . overall No. in season Episode discussed Guests Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Switch '' Vince Gilligan , Peter Gould , Bob Odenkirk and Rhea Seehorn February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 0.744 `` Klick '' Jonathan Banks , Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 0.641 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) These episodes discuss season three of Better Call Saul . No . overall No. in season Episode discussed Guests Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Mabel '' Vince Gilligan , Peter Gould , Jonathan Banks and Rhea Seehorn April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 0.545 `` Lantern '' Peter Gould , Patrick Fabian and Michael Mando ; Michael McKean via satellite June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 0.589 Broadcast ( edit ) In December 2013 , Netflix announced that the entire first season would be available for streaming in the U.S. after the airing of the first - season finale , and in Latin America and Europe each episode would be available a few days after the episode airs in the U.S. However , the first season was not released on Netflix in the U.S. until February 1 , 2016 . Netflix is the exclusive video - on - demand provider for the series and makes the content available in all its territories , except for Australia and New Zealand . In Australia , Better Call Saul premiered on the streaming service Stan on February 9 , 2015 , acting as the service 's flagship program . In New Zealand , the show is exclusive to the New Zealand - based subscription video - on - demand service , Lightbox . The episodes were available for viewing within three days of broadcast in the U.S. In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the series was acquired by Netflix on December 16 , 2013 , and the first episode premiered on February 9 , 2015 , with the second episode released the following day . Every subsequent episode was released each week thereafter . In India , the series is broadcast on Colors Infinity within 24 hours of the U.S. broadcast . The series premiere drew in 4.4 million and 4 million in the 18 -- 49 and 25 -- 54 demographics , respectively , and received an overall viewership of 6.9 million . This was the record for the highest - rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history , until it was surpassed later the same year by another AMC series , Fear the Walking Dead . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Better Call Saul has received a very favorable response from critics . Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 98 % ( 59 reviews ) 78 ( 43 reviews ) 97 % ( 29 reviews ) 85 ( 18 reviews ) 97 % ( 35 reviews ) 87 ( 18 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 1 ) § Reception On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has a rating of 98 % , based on 59 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Better Call Saul is a quirky , dark character study that manages to stand on its own without being overshadowed by the series that spawned it . '' On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the first season has a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 2 ) § Reception On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has a score of 97 % , based on 29 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Better Call Saul continues to tighten its hold on viewers with a batch of episodes that inject a surge of dramatic energy while showcasing the charms of its talented lead . '' On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the second season has a score of 85 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : Better Call Saul ( season 3 ) § Reception On Rotten Tomatoes , the third season has an approval rating of 97 % based on 35 reviews , with an average rating of 8.82 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Better Call Saul shows no signs of slipping in season 3 , as the introduction of more familiar faces causes the inevitable transformation of its lead to pick up exciting speed . '' On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the season has a score of 87 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Category Recipients Result 2015 2015 American Film Institute Awards Television Programs of the Year Better Call Saul Won 5th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jonathan Banks Won 31st TCA Awards Outstanding New Program Better Call Saul Won Individual Achievement in Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kelley Dixon ( `` Five - O '' ) Nominated Kelley Dixon and Chris McCaleb ( `` Marco '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series Phillip W. Palmer , Larry Benjamin , Kevin Valentine ( `` Marco '' ) Nominated 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jonathan Banks Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Gordon Smith ( `` Five - O '' ) Nominated 2016 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated 68th Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated New Series Better Call Saul Nominated Episodic Drama Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould ( `` Uno '' ) Won 20th Satellite Awards Best Drama Series Better Call Saul Won Best Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Jonathan Banks Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Rhea Seehorn Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Better Call Saul Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kelley Dixon ( `` Rebecca '' ) Nominated Kelley Dixon and Chris McCaleb ( `` Nailed '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series Phillip W. Palmer , Larry Benjamin , Kevin Valentine ( `` Klick '' ) Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role For the episode `` Fifi '' Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jonathan Banks Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Best Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Michael McKean Nominated 2016 American Film Institute Awards Television Programs of the Year Better Call Saul Won 2017 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Best Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Jonathan Banks Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Rhea Seehorn Won 53rd Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Phillip W. Palmer , Larry B. Benjamin , Kevin Valentine , Matt Hovland and David Michael Torres ( `` Klick '' ) Nominated 69th Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Episodic Drama Gordon Smith ( `` Gloves - Off '' ) Nominated Heather Marion and Vince Gilligan ( `` Klick '' ) Nominated Thomas Schnauz ( `` Switch '' ) Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Contemporary TV Series Christian Diaz de Bedoya Nominated 33rd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Better Call Saul Nominated 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Supervision Thomas Golubić ( `` Sunk Costs '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Skip Macdonald ( `` Chicanery '' ) Nominated Kelley Dixon and Skip Macdonald ( `` Witness '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Phillip W. Palmer , Larry Benjamin , Kevin Valentine ( `` Witness '' ) Nominated 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jonathan Banks Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Vince Gilligan ( `` Witness '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Gordon Smith ( `` Chicanery '' ) Nominated 2018 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Bob Odenkirk Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Bob Odenkirk Nominated 70th Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Better Call Saul Nominated Episodic Drama Gordon Smith ( `` Chicanery '' ) Won Heather Marion ( `` Slip '' ) Nominated 22nd Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Michael McKean Won 54th Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Phillip W. Palmer , Larry B. Benjamin , Kevin Valentine , Matt Hovland and David Michael Torres ( `` Lantern '' ) Nominated 44th Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Better Call Saul Won Best Supporting Actor on Television Michael McKean Won Best Supporting Actress on Television Rhea Seehorn Won Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 10 : 00 pm 10 February 8 , 2015 6.88 April 6 , 2015 2.53 3.21 10 February 15 , 2016 2.57 April 18 , 2016 2.26 2.16 10 April 10 , 2017 1.81 June 19 , 2017 1.85 1.64 Better Call Saul : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 6.88 3.42 3.23 2.87 2.71 2.57 2.67 2.87 2.38 2.53 2.57 2.23 2.20 2.20 1.99 2.11 2.03 1.93 2.06 2.26 1.81 1.46 1.52 1.56 1.76 1.72 1.65 1.63 1.47 1.85 Source : Nielsen Media Research Home Media ( edit ) The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on November 10 , 2015 . The set contains all 10 episodes , plus audio commentaries for every episode , uncensored episodes , deleted scenes , gag reel , and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . A limited edition Blu - ray set was also released with 3D packaging and a postcard vinyl of the Better Call Saul theme song by Junior Brown . The second season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on November 15 , 2016 . The set contains all 10 episodes , plus audio commentaries for every episode and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . The third season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on January 16 , 2018 . The set contains all 10 episodes , plus audio commentaries for every episode and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . Comics ( edit ) AMC has released two digital comic books for Better Call Saul . The first , titled Better Call Saul : Client Development , released in February 2015 , in advance of the series premiere , details the history of Saul and Mike , acting as a spin - off of the Breaking Bad episode that introduced Saul . In February 2016 , in advance of the second - season premiere , AMC released Better Call Saul : Saul Goodman and the Justice Consortium in the Clutches of the Judgernaut ! References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Better Call Saul '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' Better Call Saul ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' : New photos , details from ' Breaking Bad ' spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con Q&A : Vince Gilligan on ' Breaking Bad ' '' . Deadline.com . July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Saul Goodman Spinoff A Go At AMC , Will Serve As Prequel To Original '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` AMC Eyes ' Breaking Bad ' Spinoff Toplined By Bob Odenkirk '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad Spinoff Series Better Call Saul Confirmed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Prequel ' Better Call Saul ' Enlists Jonathan Banks '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Michael McKean Joins ' Breaking Bad ' Prequel ' Better Call Saul ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silman , Anna ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Michael McKean : `` Better Call Saul '' is about `` the American escape hatch instead of the American dream '' `` . Salon . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' : Cast , Timeline Details and New Photos '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Aoife ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Irish actress Kerry Condon scores role in ' Breaking Bad ' spin - off ' Better Call Saul ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Adds Julie Ann Emery and Jeremy Shamos to Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul Season 3 : Yep , Giancarlo Esposito Will Be Breaking Bad '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Real , Evan ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Breaking Bad ' Overlap to Get `` Bigger and Bigger '' With Season 4 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Breaking Bad creator ' desperately ' wants Walt and Jesse in Better Call Saul '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ryan ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Aaron Paul wants in , Dean Norris out for ' Better Call Saul , ' the ' Breaking Bad ' spinoff '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Aaron Paul Offers Two Different ' Better Call Saul ' Scenarios For Jesse Pinkman '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Anna Gunn Coming to Breaking Bad Spinoff ? Star Reveals There 's Been Talk -- Plus , Why We 're Dying Over Gracepoint ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dekel , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Dean Norris says appearance on Better Call Saul unlikely : CBS , exec Les Moonves ' wo n't let me do it ' '' . The National Post . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking Bad Creator Vince Gilligan : Saul Goodman Spinoff Moving ' Full Speed Ahead ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Melissa ; Rose , Lacey ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` How AMC Almost Lost Breaking Bad Spinoff Better Call Saul to Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Renewed for Second Season by AMC ; First Season Pushed Back to 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Writers Join ' Better Call Saul ' Staff '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Bob Odenkirk on ' Better Call Saul ' : `` It 's Total Drama '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talking Bad . Episode 3 . August 25 , 2013 . AMC . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' creator Vince Gilligan on the finale , ' Better Call Saul ' and his acting debut on ' Community ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . We think , by and large , this show will be a prequel , but the wonderful thing about the fractured chronology we employed on Breaking Bad for many years is the audience will not be thrown by us jumping around in time . So it 's possible that we may indeed do that , and we 'll see the past and perhaps the future . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` It 's time to begin overanalyzing the first Better Call Saul set photos '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomer , Jessica ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Vince Gilligan Admits His ' Breaking Bad ' Spinoff Might Be A Mistake '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Katie ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Vince Gilligan Says ' Better Call Saul ' Might Be a ' Mistake ' '' . Moviefone . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Better Call Saul : First teaser trailer shows younger Saul , confirms release date '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Better Call Saul Gets Two - Night February Premiere on AMC '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernardino , Shiena ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' season 2 air date , spoilers , plot news : More ' Breaking Bad ' appearances , major character to die next season ? '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Season 2 Order Reduced from 13 Episodes '' . ScreenCrush . Townsquare Media , Inc . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' returns to AMC in February '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Better Call Saul renewed for season 3 by AMC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` AMC Sets Premiere Dates for ' Better Call Saul , ' ' Into the Badlands ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul renewed for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Better Call Saul : Here 's your season 4 first look , premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christine ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' prequel ' Better Call Saul ' begins filming in Albuquerque , NM today ! '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Premiere : Meet Jimmy McGill 's Love Interest '' . Variety . Penske Corporation . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul 's Rhea Seehorn on Kim and Jimmy 's Complicated Past : ' She Loves Him ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Corporation . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul renewed for season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Better Call Saul : Here 's your season 4 first look , premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Click the `` Episode Guide '' tab to view all listed episodes . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Talking Saul ' To Follow ' Better Call Saul 's Premiere And Season Finale On AMC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Marissa ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Talking Saul Returns With Special Guests Vince Gilligan , Peter Gould and More '' . AMC . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' stays steady , ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix to Stream ' Better Call Saul ' After AMC Airs ' Breaking Bad ' Spinoff in 2014 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix to Stream Episodes of Better Call Saul Internationally the Day After They Air ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stan launches on Australia Day '' . TV Tonight . January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Video streaming service Stan to launch on Australia Day '' . mUmBRELLA . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Bad spin - off Better Call Saul coming to Lightbox '' . The New Zealand Herald . November 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The court is in session : Better Call Saul on Lightbox '' . Scoop . January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix UK & Ireland Inks SPT Deal For Exclusive Rights To ' Breaking Bad ' Spin - Off ' Better Call Saul ' '' . TV Wise . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix UK Unveils Trailer For ' Breaking Bad ' Spin - Off ' Better Call Saul ' '' . TV Wise . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bansal , Shilpa ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' Season 2 India Premiere : Where to watch Episode 1 ' Switch ' on TV tonight ( Spoilers ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Returns to 15.6 Million Viewers + ' Better Call Saul ' is Biggest Series Premiere in Cable History '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Debut Ratings Draw 10.1 M Viewers , Shatters Cable Records '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2015 OFFICIAL SELECTIONS '' . American Film Institute . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO , Better Call Saul , Taraji P. Henson and Amy Schumer Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` TCA Awards 2015 : Empire , Jon Hamm , Amy Schumer , Americans , Fosters and John Oliver Among Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2015 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : Mr. Robot and Mozart Win Big ; Taraji P. Henson , Lady Gaga , Jon Hamm , Rachel Bloom Grab Gold '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : Game of Thrones , Homeland , House of Cards Lead Noms ; Empire , Inside Amy Schumer Shut Out ; Mr. Robot 's Rami Malek Sneaks In '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` WGA Honors ' Big Short , ' ' Spotlight , ' ' Mad Men ' at 68th Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' Tops 2016 TCA Award Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2016 : Full List of Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2016 '' . American Film Institute . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : ' La La Land ' , ' Moonlight ' Lead Films ; ' People Vs. OJ ' Tops TV '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Atlanta , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Emmy ® Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys 2017 : See the full list of nominees here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Better Call Saul '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , FEUD , Fargo , This Is Us and The Handmaid 's Tale Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Annual CAS Awards Timeline '' . Cinema Audio Society . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Reigns at Saturn Awards , ' Better Call Saul ' and ' Twin Peaks ' Top TV Field '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Raw ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Better Call Saul : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' finale holds steady , NBA Playoffs soar '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Better Call Saul : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low , ' Love & Hip Hop ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' season finale ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Better Call Saul : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Better Call Saul -- Sony 's Official Press Release for ' Season 1 ' on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Better Call Saul - Blu - rays , DVDs for ' Season 2 ' : Date , Cost , Packaging , Extras ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Better Call Saul - ' Season 3 ' DVDs , Blu - rays : Street Date Confirmed , Front and Rear Package Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` AMC unveils ' Better Call Saul ' digital comic book ahead of series premiere '' . Mashable . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` BETTER CALL SAUL Has Its Own Digital Comic Book , With Flying Jimmy '' . Nerdist . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBetter Call Saulat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Better Call Saul on IMDb Better Call Saul Characters Saul Goodman Mike Ehrmantraut Kim Wexler Chuck McGill Howard Hamlin Nacho Varga Gustavo Fring Episodes Season 1 `` Uno '' `` Mijo '' `` Nacho '' `` Hero '' `` Alpine Shepherd Boy '' `` Five - O '' `` Bingo '' `` RICO '' `` Pimento '' `` Marco '' Season 2 `` Switch '' `` Cobbler '' `` Amarillo '' `` Gloves Off '' `` Rebecca '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Inflatable '' `` Fifi '' `` Nailed '' `` Klick '' Season 3 `` Mabel '' `` Witness '' `` Sunk Costs '' `` Sabrosito '' `` Chicanery '' `` Off Brand '' `` Expenses '' `` Slip '' `` Fall '' `` Lantern '' Related shows Talking Saul Breaking Bad Breaking Bad Characters Walter White Skyler White Jesse Pinkman Hank Schrader Saul Goodman Gustavo Fring Mike Ehrmantraut Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related shows Talking Bad Metástasis Better Call Saul Related articles Awards and nominations Category AMC original programming Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Dietland ( since 2018 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) McMafia ( since 2018 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Terror ( since 2018 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Celebrity Charades ( 2005 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Comic Book Men ( 2012 -- 18 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Upcoming Lodge 49 ( 2018 ) NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Drama The X-Files ( 1996 ) NYPD Blue ( 1997 ) Oz ( 1998 ) The West Wing ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) 24 ( 2001 ) CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2002 ) The Shield ( 2003 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2004 ) House ( 2005 ) House ( 2006 ) Dexter ( 2007 ) Dexter ( 2008 ) Breaking Bad ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad ( 2010 ) Justified ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) The Knick ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) The Crown ( 2016 ) Vikings ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding New Program Ally McBeal ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) Boomtown ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) My Name is Earl ( 2006 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) True Blood ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) The Americans ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2014 ) Better Call Saul ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Call_Saul&oldid=850560806 '' Categories : Better Call Saul American legal television series 2010s American crime drama television series 2015 American television series debuts AMC ( TV channel ) network shows American black comedy television programs Breaking Bad English - language television programs Nonlinear narrative television series Television series created by Vince Gilligan Prequel television series Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series set in 2002 Television series set in 2003 Television shows filmed in New Mexico Television shows set in New Mexico American television spin - offs Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Pälzisch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 16 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better%20Call%20Saul	653
what kind of chinese do they speak in beijing	The Beijing dialect ( simplified Chinese : 北京话 ; traditional Chinese : 北京話 ; pinyin : Běijīnghuà ) , also known as Pekingese , is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing , China . It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese , which is the official language in the People 's Republic of China and Republic of China and one of the official languages in Singapore .	Mandarin	Beijing dialect	beijing dialect	The Beijing dialect ( simplified Chinese : 北京话 ; traditional Chinese : 北京話 ; pinyin : Běijīnghuà ) , also known as Pekingese , is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Beijing , China . It is the phonological basis of Standard Chinese , which is the official language in the People 's Republic of China and Republic of China and one of the official languages in Singapore .	Although the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are similar , various differences generally make clear to Chinese speakers whether an individual is a native of Beijing speaking the local Beijing variant or is an individual speaking Standard Chinese . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beijing Mandarin 2 Mutual intelligibility with other Mandarin dialects 3 Phonology 3.1 Influence of Beijing dialect phonology on Manchu 4 Vocabulary 5 Grammar 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Beijing Mandarin ( edit ) In the classification used by the Language Atlas of China , the Beijing dialect is included in a dialect group called Beijing Mandarin ( simplified Chinese : 北京官话 ; traditional Chinese : 北京官話 ; pinyin : Běijīng Guānhuà ) , distinguished from other Mandarin subgroups by the tonal reflexes of syllables that had Middle Chinese stop codas ( the so - called entering tone category ) . In the Atlas , Beijing Mandarin is divided into four subgroups : Jīngshī ( 京师 ) , covering the urban area of the capital . Huái -- Chéng ( 怀承 ) , on the southeast edge of Beijing around Langfang , Huairou District and other northern districts of the municipality , and the northern part of Hebei , including the city of Chengde . Cháo -- Fēng ( 朝峰 ) , spoken in a strip between the Huai -- Cheng dialects and the Northeast Mandarin area , and including the cities of Chaoyang and Chifeng . Shí -- Kè ( 石克 ) or northern Xinjiang , including the cities of Shihezi and Karamay . In the second edition of the Atlas published in 2012 , the Shí -- Kè dialects are re-allocated to the Northern Xinjiang subgroup of Lanyin Mandarin , and the Jīngshī and Huái -- Chéng subgroups are demoted to clusters of a new Jīng -- Chéng ( 京承 ) subgroup . Mutual intelligibility with other Mandarin dialects ( edit ) Dungan language speakers like Iasyr Shivaza and others have reported that Chinese who speak Beijing dialect can understand Dungan , but Dungans could not understand the Beijing Mandarin . Phonology ( edit ) This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . In fundamental structure , the phonology of the Beijing dialect and Standard Chinese are almost identical . In part , this is because the pronunciation of Standard Chinese was based on Beijing pronunciation . ( See Standard Chinese for its phonology charts ; the same basic structure applies to the Beijing dialect . ) However , some striking differences exist . Most prominent is the proliferation of rhotic vowels . All rhotic vowels are the result of the use of the - 儿 / - ɚ / , a noun suffix , except for a few words pronounced ( ɐɚ̯ ) that do not have this suffix . In Standard Chinese , these also occur but much less often than they appear in Beijing dialect . This phenomenon is known as érhuà ( 儿化 ) or rhotacization , as is considered one of the iconic characteristics of Beijing Mandarin . When / w / occurs in syllable - initial position , many speakers use ( ʋ ) before vowels other than ( o ) as in 我 wǒ , and ( u ) as in 五 wu , e.g. 尾巴 wěiba ( ʋei̯ ˨ pa ˦ ) . Moreover , Beijing dialect has a few phonetic reductions that are usually considered too `` colloquial '' for use in Standard Chinese . For example , in fast speech , initial consonants go through lenition if they are in an unstressed syllable : pinyin ⟨ zh ch sh ⟩ / tʂ tʂh ʂ / become ⟨ r ⟩ / ɻ / , so 不知道 bùzhīdào `` do n't know '' can sound like bùrdào ; ⟨ jqx ⟩ / tɕ tɕh ɕ / become ⟨ y ⟩ / j / , so 赶紧去 gǎnjǐnqù `` go quickly '' can sound like gǎnyǐnqù ; pinyin ⟨ bdg ⟩ / ptk / go through voicing to become ( bd ɡ ) ; similar changes also occur on other consonants . Some of these changes yield syllables that violate the syllable structure of Standard Chinese , such as 大柵欄 Dà Zhàlán Street , which locals pronounce as Dàshlàr . The tones of Beijing dialect tend to be more exaggerated than Standard Chinese . In Standard Chinese , the four tones are high flat , high rising , low dipping , and falling ; in Beijing dialect , the first two tones are higher , the third one dips more prominently , and the fourth one falls more . Influence of Beijing dialect phonology on Manchu ( edit ) Many of the Manchu words are now pronounced with some Chinese peculiarities of pronunciation , so k before i and e = ch ' , g before i and e = ch , h and s before i = hs , etc . H before a , o , u , ū , is the guttural Scotch or German ch . A Manchu Grammar : With Analysed Texts , Paul Georg von Möllendorff , p. 1 . The Chinese Northern Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing had a major impact on the phonology of the dialect of Manchu spoken in Beijing , and since Manchu phonology was transcribed into Chinese and European sources based on the sinified pronunciation of Manchus from Beijing , the original authentic Manchu pronunciation is unknown to scholars . The Manchus that lived in Peking ( Beijing ) were influenced by the Chinese dialect spoken in the area to the point where pronouncing Manchu sounds was hard for them , and they pronounced Manchu according to Chinese phonetics , while in contrast , the Manchus of Aigun ( in Heilongjiang ) could both pronounce Manchu sounds properly and mimick the sinified pronunciation of Manchus in Peking ( Beijing ) , since they learned the Pekinese ( Beijing ) pronunciation from either studying in Peking or from officials sent to Aigun from Beijing , and they could tell them apart , using the Chinese influenced Pekinese pronunciation when demonstrating that they were better educated or their superior stature in society . Vocabulary ( edit ) Beijing dialect typically uses many words that are considered slang , and therefore occur much less or not at all in Standard Chinese . Speakers not native to Beijing may have trouble understanding many or most of these . Many of such slang words employ the rhotic suffix `` - r '' , which is known as erhua . Examples include : 倍儿 bèir -- very , especially ( referring to manner or attribute ) 别价 biéjie -- do not ; usually followed by 呀 if used as an imperative ( usually used when rejecting a favor or politeness from close friends ) 搓火儿 cuōhuǒr -- to be angry 颠儿了 diārle -- to leave ; to run away 二把刀 èrbǎdāo -- a person with limited abilities , klutz 撒丫子 sayazi -- to let go on feet , to go , leave . 怂 sóng / 蔫儿 niār -- no backbone , spiritless 消停 xiāoting -- to finally and thankfully become quiet and calm 辙 zhé -- way ( to do something ) ; equivalent to Standard Chinese 办法褶子了 zhezile -- ruined ( especially things to do ) 上 shang - often used in place of 去 , meaning `` to go '' . 搁 ge - often used in place of 放 , meaning `` to place '' . Some Beijing phrases may be somewhat disseminated outside Beijing : 抠门儿 kōumér -- stingy , miserly ( may be used even outside Beijing ) 劳驾 láojia -- `` Excuse me '' ; heard often on public transportation , from Classical Chinese 溜达 liūda -- to stroll about ; equivalent to Standard Chinese 逛街 or 散步 Note that some of the slang are considered to be tuhua ( 土话 ) , or `` base '' or `` uneducated '' language , that are carryovers from an older generation and are no longer used amongst more educated speakers , for example : 起小儿 qíxiǎor -- since a young age , similar to 打小儿 dǎxiǎor , which is more often used by the younger generation 晕菜 yūncài -- to be disoriented , to be confused , to be bewildered Others may be viewed as neologistic expressions used among younger speakers and in `` trendier '' circles : 爽 shuǎng -- cool ( in relation to a matter ) ; cf . 酷 ( kù ) ( describes a person ) 套瓷儿 tàocír -- to toss into the hoop ; used of basketball 小蜜 xiǎomì -- special female friend ( negative connotation ) Grammar ( edit ) The Beijing dialect has been studied by linguists including Joseph Edkins and Robert Morrison . There are important dissimilarities between Standard Mandarin and Beijing dialect Mandarin even as Beijing Mandarin 's phonology is held to be the same as Standard Mandarin 's . 2 Both southern and Mandarin features of syntax were mixed into Standard Mandarin while northern Mandarin is the main basis of Beijing Mandarin and this sets the syntax of Standard Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin apart . The grammar of the Beijing dialect utilizes colloquial expressions differently from Standard Chinese . In general , Standard Chinese is influenced by Classical Chinese , which makes it more condensed and concise ; Beijing dialect can therefore seem more longwinded ( though note the generally faster speaking rate and phonetic reductions of colloquial Beijing speech ) . An example : Standard Chinese : 今天会下雨 , 所以出门的时候要记得带雨伞 . Jīntiān huì xiàyǔ , suǒyǐ chūmén de shíhou yào jìde dài yǔsan . Translation : It is going to rain today , so remember to bring an umbrella when you go out . Beijing dialect : 今儿得下雨 , ( 所以 ) 出门儿时候记着带雨伞 ! Jīnr děi xiàyǔ , ( suǒyǐ ) chūménr shíhòu jìzhe dài yǔsan ! Under the influence of the Beijing dialect 's phonetic reductions : Jīr děi xiàyǔ , ( suǒyǐ ) chūmér ríhòu jìr dài yǔsan ! See also ( edit ) China portal Journalism portal List of Chinese dialects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Beijing Mandarin '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Beijing dialect . WordNet 3.0 , 2006 by Princeton University . Jump up ^ Yan , Margaret Mian ( 2006 ) . Introduction to Chinese Dialectology . LINCOM Europa . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89586 - 629 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kurpaska , Maria ( 2010 ) . Chinese Language ( s ) : A Look Through the Prism of `` The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects '' . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 021914 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wurm , Stephen Adolphe ; Li , Rong ; Baumann , Theo ; Lee , Mei W. ( 1987 ) . Language Atlas of China . Longman . Maps B2 and B5 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 359 - 085 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ( 2012 ) . Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtú jí ( dì 2 bǎn ) : Hànyǔ fāngyán juǎn 中国语言地图集 ( 第 2 版 ) : 汉语方言卷 ( Language Atlas of China ( 2nd edition ) : Chinese dialect volume ) . Beijing : The Commercial Press . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Fu ren da xue ( Beijing , China ) ; S.V.D. Research Institute ; Society of the Divine Word ; Monumenta Serica Institute ( 1977 ) . Monumenta serica , Volume 33 . H. Vetch . p. 351 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Seth Wiener & Ya - ting Shih . `` Divergent places of articulation : ( w ) and ( ʋ ) in modern spoken Mandarin '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Language Log Jump up ^ Möllendorff , Paul Georg von ( 1892 ) . A Manchu Grammar : With Analysed Texts ( reprint ed . ) . Shanghai : Printed at the American Presbyterian mission Press . p. 1 . Archived from the original on Oct 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gorelova , Liliya M. , ed. ( 2002 ) . Manchu Grammar , Part 8 . Volume 7 of Handbook of Oriental Studies . Section 8 Uralic and Central Asian Studies . Brill . p. 77 . ISBN 9004123075 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Cahiers de linguistique : Asie orientale , Volumes 31 - 32 . Contributor Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales . Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale . Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales , Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale. 2002 . p. 208 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Shirokogoroff , S.M. ( 1934 ) ( August 1929 ) . `` Reading and Transliteration of Manchu Lit . '' . Archives polonaises d'etudes orientales , Volumes 8 - 10 . Contributors Polskie Towarzystwo Orientalistyczne , Polska Akademia Nauk . Komitet Nauk Orientalistycznych . Państwowe Wydawn . Naukowe . p. 122 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Missionary recorder : a repository of intelligence from eastern missions , and a medium of general information , Volume 1 . FOOCHOW : American M.E. Mission Press . 1867 . p. 40 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chirkova , Katia ; Chen , Yiya . `` Běijīng Mandarin , the language of Běijīng '' . In Sybesma , Rint . Encyclopedia of Chinese Linguistics ( PDF ) . Leiden : Brill . p. 11 . External links ( edit ) Balfour , Frederic Henry ( 1883 ) . Idiomatic Dialogues in the Peking Colloquial for the Use of Students . SHANGHAI , HANKOW ROAD : Printed at the `` North - China Herald '' office . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . George Carter Stent ; Donald MacGillivray ( 1898 ) . A Chinese and English vocabulary in the Pekinese dialect ( 3rd ed . ) . American Presbyterian Mission Press . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . ( 2 ) Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect . Brill Archive . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect . Brill Archive . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Ireneus László Legeza ( 1968 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect , Volume 1 . E.J. Brill . p. 438 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ( the University of Michigan ) ( Digitized May 14 , 2008 ) Ireneus László Legeza ( 1969 ) . Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect , Volume 2 . E.J. Brill . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . ( the University of Michigan ) ( Digitized May 14 , 2008 ) Chinese language ( s ) Major subdivisions Mandarin Northeastern Harbin Shenyang Beijing Beijing Karamay Ji -- Lu Tianjin Jinan Jiao -- Liao Dalian Qingdao Weihai Central Plains Gangou Guanzhong Luoyang Xuzhou Dungan Dongping Lan -- Yin Southwestern Sichuanese Kunming Minjiang Wuhan Lower Yangtze Nanjing Wu Taihu Shanghainese Suzhou Wuxi Changzhou Hangzhou Shaoxing Ningbo Jinxiang Jiangyin Shadi Taizhou Wu Taizhou Oujiang Wenzhou Wuzhou Jinhua Chu -- Qu Quzhou Jiangshan Qingtian Xuanzhou Gan Chang -- Du Yi -- Liu Ying -- Yi Da -- Tong Xiang New Changsha Old Shuangfeng Ji -- Xu Yong -- Quan Qiyang Min Eastern Fuzhou Fuqing Fu'an Manjiang Southern Hokkien Quanzhou Zhangzhou Amoy Taiwanese Philippine Hokkien Medan Hokkien Penang Hokkien Singaporean Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Zhenan Longyan Teochew Shantou Haifeng Zhongshan Nanlang Sanxiang other Northern Jian'ou Jianyang Central Pu -- Xian Shao -- Jiang Leizhou Zhanjiang Hainan Hakka Meixian Wuhua Tingzhou Changting Taiwanese Hakka Sixian dialect Raoping dialect Yue Yuehai Cantonese Xiguan Jiujiang Shiqi Weitou Dapeng Gao -- Yang Siyi Taishan Goulou Wu -- Hua Yong -- Xun Luo -- Guang Qin -- Lian Proposed Huizhou Jin Hohhot Pinghua Unclassified Danzhou Mai Shaozhou Tuhua Waxiang Description of Mandarin Chinese Chinese grammar Chinese classifier Chinese Idiom Standardized forms Standard Chinese ( Mandarin ) Sichuanese Taiwanese Philippine Malaysian Singaporean Cantonese Taiwanese Hokkien Phonology Historical Old Old National Cantonese Mandarin Literary and colloquial readings History Old Chinese Eastern Han Middle Chinese Old Mandarin Middle Mandarin Proto - Min Ba -- Shu Gan Literary forms Official Classical Adoption in Vietnam Vernacular Other varieties Written Cantonese Written Dungan Written Hokkien Written Sichuanese Scripts Standard Simplified Traditional Historical Oracle bone Bronze Seal Clerical Semi-cursive Cursive Braille Cantonese Braille Mainland Chinese Braille Taiwanese Braille Two - Cell Chinese Braille Other Romanization Pinyin Wade -- Giles Bopomofo Xiao'erjing Nüshu Chinese punctuation Taiwanese kana Dungan Cyrillic List of varieties of Chinese Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing_dialect&oldid=797068237 '' Categories : Mandarin Chinese City colloquials Culture in Beijing Hidden categories : Articles containing Chinese - language text Dialects of languages with ISO 639 - 3 code Dialects with Linguist List code Languages without ISO 639 - 3 code but with Glottolog code Languages without ISO 639 - 3 code but with Linguasphere code Dialect articles with speakers set to ' unknown ' Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%20dialect	654
what does pt stand for in the army	A physical training uniform is a military uniform used during exercise , calisthenics , drills , and in some cases , very casual periods of time ( off - duty time during Initial Entry Training in the U.S. Army , for example ) . The United States Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force , and Coast Guard require use of a physical training ( PT ) uniform during unit exercise ( including formation runs , calisthenics , and conditioning exercises ) . Some military units produce unique T - shirts with their unit insignia and motto , and for special events , this shirt is part of the uniform . Occasionally , exercise will be conducted in that branch 's utility uniforms , normally with the blouse removed and the undershirt exposed ( also known as `` boots and utes '' ) .	physical training	Physical training uniform	physical training uniform	A physical training uniform is a military uniform used during exercise , calisthenics , drills , and in some cases , very casual periods of time ( off - duty time during Initial Entry Training in the U.S. Army , for example ) . The United States Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force , and Coast Guard require use of a physical training ( PT ) uniform during unit exercise ( including formation runs , calisthenics , and conditioning exercises ) . Some military units produce unique T - shirts with their unit insignia and motto , and for special events , this shirt is part of the uniform . Occasionally , exercise will be conducted in that branch 's utility uniforms , normally with the blouse removed and the undershirt exposed ( also known as `` boots and utes '' ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical Training Uniforms of the U.S. Armed Forces 1.1 U.S. Army 1.2 U.S. Marine Corps 1.3 U.S. Navy 1.4 U.S. Air Force 1.5 U.S. Coast Guard 2 References Physical training uniforms of the U.S. armed forces ( edit ) U.S. Army ( edit ) Minnesota Army National Guardsmen wearing the Army 's former `` Improved Physical Fitness Uniform '' ( IPFU ) The Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) consists of : Shirts : Black long - sleeve and short - sleeve shirts with gold ARMY lettering on the front . A Physical Fitness Badge may be worn for soldiers who excel at the A.P.F.T ( 270 or higher , with a 90 in each event ) . Shorts : Black with same gold ARMY lettering on the left leg . multipurpose : can be worn alone for swimming and exercise , worn with shirts or under the black trousers . Pants : Black with Army Star logo on the left thigh . Jacket : Black with gold chevron across chest and back and same Army Star logo on the left chest . The Physical Fitness Badge can be worn on this as well . Socks : Commercial calf - length or ankle - length , plain white or black socks with no logos . Shoes : Approved , well - fitting , comfortable running shoes . No five - toed shoes allowed . Black micro fleece cap and black gloves : optional for inclement weather . Army soldiers wearing special unit T - shirts For unit runs , esprit de corps or special occasions , Commanders may have soldiers wear unique T - shirts with the distinctive unit insignia and unit colors . U.S. Marine Corps ( edit ) Marines from the Wounded Warrior Regiment wearing the Marine Corps PT tracksuit All items worn by Marines conducting PT as a group are subject to uniformity , at the commander 's discretion . The Marine Corps PTUs consist of : Shirt : Plain olive - drab green short - sleeve T - shirt ( logos can be authorized . ) Shorts : Plain OD green shorts ( `` silky '' shorts are not authorized ; however , logos can be , like the shirts . ) Sweats : OD green with black USMC lettering and Marine 's logo on left chest of hoodless sweatshirt , and the same design on the left thigh of sweatpants . Tracksuit : OD green with reflective piping , Marines logo in reflective trim on left chest and MARINES lettering in red with gold trim centered on back of jacket , and same logo on upper right thigh and USMC lettering in the same style on lower right leg of pants . Shoes : appropriate civilian design , excessive bright coloring or designs are prohibited . Socks : commercial calf - length or ankle - length , plain white or black socks with no logos . Watch cap : fleece , coyote brown , black , or OD green ( replaced the black wool knit cap ) Hydration pack : green or coyote brown ( or subdued colors if personally owned packs are authorized ) U.S. Navy ( edit ) Navy sailors wearing the Navy PTU The Navy PTU 's nylon moisture wicking and odor resistant Navy blue shorts come in six and eight inch lengths , providing standard appearance among different height sailors . It also has side pockets with a hidden ID card pocket inside the waistband , which is something that all of the branches ' PTUs have in common . As with the Army uniform , optional compression shorts may be worn under the PTU shorts provided they are black or navy blue in color . The Navy PTUs consist of : Shirts : Gold long - sleeve and short - sleeve shirts with small reflective NAVY lettering on the left chests and same lettering on the backs , only larger . Shorts : Navy blue with same reflective NAVY lettering on the left leg . Tracksuit : Styled similar to the Marines ' except black with same Navy lettering on the same areas as on shirts but in gold on jacket and differently - styled lettering on lower right leg of pants . Sweats : Navy blue with same reflective Navy lettering on the same areas on sweatshirt with optional hood , and differently - styled reflective lettering on the side of left leg of sweatpants . Shoes : Approved , well - fitting , comfortable running shoes . U.S. Air Force ( edit ) Air Force airmen wearing the AFPTU The Air Force Physical Training Uniform ( AFPTU ) consists of : Shirts and Sweatshirt : Light - grey short - sleeve and long - sleeve shirts and hoodless sweatshirts with moisture wicking fabric with reflective Air Force logo and lettering on the left chests and logo centered on the backs . Shorts : Air Force blue with silver reflective stripes on the sides and the same AF logo and lettering on the left leg . Pants : AF blue with silver reflective piping on the lower legs . Jacket : Styled similar to the Army 's except AF blue with silver reflective chevron outlined by white piping across chest and back and same AF logo and lettering on the left chest but embroidered . A latex hood is hidden in the collar and can be pulled out during inclement weather . Shoes Athletic style shoes , with no color restrictions . Socks : White and black socks , small logos are authorized . U.S. Coast Guard ( edit ) The Coast Guard PTUs consist of : Shirt : Grey short - sleeve shirt with Coast Guard logo and lettering in reflective trim and blue lining on the left chest and Coast Guard lettering in the same design centered on the back . Shorts : Mesh - designed coast guard blue shorts with white Coast Guard lettering printed on the left leg . Sweats : CG blue with COAST GUARD lettering in orange with white lining centered on front and 7 reflective stripes on the back of hoodless sweatshirt , and USCG lettering in the same design on both legs of sweatpants . Swimming gear : Plain CG blue gender - standard swimsuits . Shoes : Approved , well - fitting , comfortable running shoes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ AR 600 - 8 - 22 , Army Awards , para. 8 - 51 Jump up ^ AR 670 - 1 , para. 14 - 5 Insignia ( on the Physical Training Uniform ) Jump up ^ http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2015/11/06/army-approves-black-socks-pt-uniforms/75169688/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.military.com/daily-news/2017/05/24/navy-debuts-new-tracksuit-female-dress-coat-for-sailors.html Jump up ^ http://www.navy.mil/viewGallery.asp?id=0&page=9818&r=4 ^ Jump up to : `` AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 36 - 2903 '' ( PDF ) . United States Air Force . 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ https://shopcgx.com/uniforms/pt-gear/ Uniforms of the United States Army Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces Army Marines Navy Air Force Coast Guard Uniforms Combat Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ( 2005 -- present ) Garrison Army Service Uniform ( ASU ) ( 2008 -- present ) Formal Army Mess Uniform Exercise Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform ( IPFU ) ( 2000 -- 2017 ) Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) ( 2014 -- present ) Special Flight MultiCam Band Cadet Insignia Branch insignia I.D. Tag Medals and ribbons Tabs Badges Coat of Arms insignia Shoulder patch ( Left ; Headquarters insignia ) ( Right ; Former wartime headquarters insignia ) Overseas Service Bar Service stripe Beret flash Rank ( Officer ) ( Warrant Officer ) ( Non-Commissioned Officer ) ( Enlisted ) Headgear Berets Boonie hat Patrol cap Cavalry Stetson Garrison cap Campaign hat Peaked cap Footwear Army Combat Boot Mountain Combat Boot Modular Boot System Jungle boot Desert Combat Boot Jump boot Tanker boot Armor Interceptor Body Armor ( OTV IOTV ) MICH Helmet Modular Body Armor Vest ( MBAV ) Enhanced Combat Helmet ( ECH ) ( 2011 - present ) Retired : PASGT Vest ( 1983 - 2003 ) PASGT Helmet ( 1983 - 2004 ) Advanced Combat Helmet ( 2004 - present ) M1 helmet ( 1942 - 1983 ) M1C helmet ( WWII Era ) M1917 Helmet ( 1917 - 1942 ) ( WWI Era ) M - 69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Vietnam War Era ) M - 1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Korean War Era ) Equipment carrier Load - Bearing Vest ( LBV ) Modular Lightweight Load - carrying Equipment ( MOLLE ) Retired : Load - Bearing Equipment ( LBE ) Load - Carrying Equipment ( LCE ) Modern Load - Carrying Equipment ( MLCE ) Retired uniforms Combat OG - 107 ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) ( 1981 -- 2008 ) Desert Battle Dress Uniform ( DBDU ) ( 1981 -- 1992 ) Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Garrison Tan Service Uniform ( 1942 -- 1956 ) Green Service Uniform ( 1954 -- 2015 ) Formal White Service Uniform ( 1902 -- 2014 ) Exercise Physical Fitness Uniform ( PFU ) ( -- 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_training_uniform&oldid=823821405 '' Categories : Military uniforms History of fashion Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20training%20uniform	655
who played the role of snake eyes in gi joe	Raymond `` Ray '' Park ( born 23 August 1974 ) is a Scottish actor , author and martial artist . He is best known for playing Darth Maul in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Toad in X-Men , Snake - Eyes in G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra and G.I. Joe : Retaliation , and Edgar on Heroes .	Raymond `` Ray '' Park	Ray Park	ray park	Raymond `` Ray '' Park ( born 23 August 1974 ) is a Scottish actor , author and martial artist . He is best known for playing Darth Maul in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Toad in X-Men , Snake - Eyes in G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra and G.I. Joe : Retaliation , and Edgar on Heroes .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Ray Park was born in Glasgow , Scotland . At the age of seven , he moved with his family to London , England . Park was introduced to martial arts by his father , who was a fan of Bruce Lee , and began training in the traditional Chinese Northern Shaolin Kung Fu when he was seven years old . He added kickboxing , taekwondo and wushu to his hobbies by age 14 . When he was 16 , Park won Great Britain 's Martial Arts National Championship for his class and then went to Malaysia to try to improve his skills . He went on to compete in martial arts tournaments around the world and won awards before turning his attention to acting in the late 1990s . Career ( edit ) Park began working in films as a stunt double for the film Mortal Kombat : Annihilation , doing the stunts for both Robin Shou and James Remar. Park also did some cameos as monsters , including Baraka . All of these were non-speaking roles . In 1999 , Park appeared in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , as the Sith Lord Darth Maul . While the character had few lines , Park 's voice was dubbed over with that of actor Peter Serafinowicz . From his work on Star Wars , Park was cast in a cameo role in Fanboys as a Skywalker Ranch security guard who says , `` Time for you to get mauled , boy , '' as he pulls out two nightsticks . In addition to this acting work , he has also been Christopher Walken 's fight stunt double for the film Sleepy Hollow. Park appeared in the scene where Walken 's character , the Headless Horseman , murders the Killian family and Brom Bones , among others . Park posing with Vincent Pastore at the 2013 Wizard World New York Experience Park had his first real speaking part in X-Men as Toad . In December 2007 , Park was confirmed for the role of Snake - Eyes in G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra and G.I. Joe : Retaliation involving a variation of the international G.I. Joe force who fought the minions of Cobra in the comics . He worked with comic book creator - turned - filmmaker Kevin VanHook in the film Slayer , starring in the dual roles of acrobatic twin vampires . This film also saw him appearing again with Sleepy Hollow co-star Casper Van Dien . ComiCon 2007 saw the premiere of the teaser trailer for Descendants , another comic book adaptation based on an independent comic by writer Joey Andrade . Park appeared as Edgar in the fourth season of the television series Heroes . Park was also included in the motion capture team of the 2008 James Bond video game adaptation of Quantum of Solace . In the comic book - styled film Hellbinders , he plays a soulless mercenary who , along with an elite assassin ( Johnny Yong Bosch ) and the last remaining member of the long dead Knights Templar , Esteban Cueto , must overcome their innate mistrust of each other and join forces to defeat Legion before it opens the gates of hell itself and overruns the entire world . Park narrated on 26 February 2010 the introduction of The FireBreather , a car from Classic Design Concepts in Detroit Autorama 2010 , which appears in Park 's supernatural thriller Jinn . In 2011 , Park guest starred in the TV series Nikita as the London Guardian , Brendan . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Mortal Kombat : Annihilation Raptor # 3 / Tarkatan ( Baraka ) # 2 Also stunt double for Robin Shou and James Remar 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Darth Maul Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Fight ( shared with Liam Neeson and Ewan McGregor ) Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Sleepy Hollow Headless Horseman ( apart from Christopher Walken scenes ) 2000 X-Men Toad / Mortimer Toynbee 2002 Ballistic : Ecks vs. Sever A.J. Ross 2005 Potheads : The Movie Mr. D 2006 Slayer Acrobatic Vampire Twins 2007 What We Do Is Secret Brendan Mullen The Legend of Bruce Lee Chuck Norris 2009 Fanboys THX Security Guard # 2 G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra Snake - Eyes Heroes Edgar Season four , recurring role Hellbinders Max Lindermann 2009 Spartacus : Motion Comic Arkadios Narrator The King of Fighters Rugal Bernstein 2011 Nikita London Guardian , Brendan Episode : `` Into the Dark '' 2011 Supah Ninjas Harry Episode : `` Kickbutt '' 2013 G.I. Joe : Retaliation Snake - Eyes 2014 Jinn Gabriel 2015 Mortal Kombat X : Generations Erron Black 2016 Mortal Kombat : Legacy Erron Black 2018 Accident Man Mac TBA R.A.M. Damien Maxwell Pre-production TBA Future Fighters Henry `` Hank '' Liddell Pre-production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wetmore , Jr. , Kevin J. ( 10 August 2017 ) . The Empire Triumphant : Race , Religion and Rebellion in the Star Wars Films . McFarland & Company . p. 127 . ISBN 9781476611716 . Jump up ^ `` GI JOE -- YO JOE , The Snake Has Returned '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ray Park on the Set of G.I. Joe '' . IESB . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park : Unmasked on HEROES '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Official Ray Park Website . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Ray Park Picture Pages . Superior Pics . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park and Martial Arts : Part 1 '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park and Martial Arts : Part 2 '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Butler , Blair ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` g4tv. com - video17177 : ' The Descendants ' '' . G4TV . Jump up ^ `` Ray Park to Breathe Fire in Jinn ; Meet Him This Friday in Michigan '' . Dread Central . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ray Park . Star Wars portal Scotland portal Official website Ray Park on IMDb Ray Park at the TCM Movie Database Ray Park at AllMovie VIAF : 107431118 LCCN : no2010025880 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Park&oldid=824838689 '' Categories : 1974 births Male actors from Glasgow Male actors from London British wushu practitioners Living people People from Govan English people of Scottish descent English male film actors English stunt performers 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Scottish male film actors Scottish stunt performers 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 20 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Park	656
who has won the most grand slam singles tennis titles	Rank Player Total Years Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Roger Federer 20 2003 -- 2018 6 8 5 Rafael Nadal 16 2005 -- 2017 10 Pete Sampras 14 1990 -- 2002 0 7 5 Roy Emerson 12 1961 -- 1967 6 Novak Djokovic 12 2008 -- 2016 6 6 Rod Laver 11 1960 -- 1969 Björn Borg 11 1974 -- 1981 0 6 5 0 8 Bill Tilden 10 1920 -- 1930 0 0 7 9 Fred Perry 8 1933 -- 1936 Ken Rosewall 8 1953 -- 1972 0 Jimmy Connors 8 1974 -- 1983 0 5 Ivan Lendl 8 1984 -- 1990 0 Andre Agassi 8 1992 -- 2003 14 Richard Sears 7 1881 -- 1887 0 0 0 7 William Renshaw 7 1881 -- 1889 0 0 7 0 William Larned 7 1901 -- 1911 0 0 0 7 René Lacoste 7 1925 -- 1929 0 Henri Cochet 7 1926 -- 1932 0 John Newcombe 7 1967 -- 1975 0 John McEnroe 7 1979 -- 1984 0 0 Mats Wilander 7 1982 -- 1988 0 22 Laurence Doherty 6 1902 -- 1906 0 0 5 Tony Wilding 6 1906 -- 1913 0 0 Jack Crawford 6 1931 -- 1935 0 Don Budge 6 1937 -- 1938 Stefan Edberg 6 1985 -- 1992 0 Boris Becker 6 1985 -- 1996 0 28 Frank Sedgman 5 1949 -- 1952 0 Tony Trabert 5 1953 -- 1955 0	Roger Federer	List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions	list of grand slam men's singles champions	This article details the list of men 's singles Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions . Some major changes have taken place in history and have affected the number of titles that have been won by various players . These have included the opening of the French national championships to international players in 1925 , the elimination of the challenge round in 1922 , and the admission of professional players in 1968 ( the start of the Open era ) .	Note : All of these tournaments have been listed since they began , rather than when they officially became majors . The Australian and US tournaments have only been officially regarded as majors by the ILTF ( now the ITF ) since 1924 ( though many regarded the US Championships as a major before then ) . The French Championships have only been a major since 1925 ( when it became open to all amateurs internationally ) . Before 1924 ( since 1912 / 1913 to 1923 ) there were 3 official majors : Wimbledon , the World Hard Court Championships ( played on clay ) and the World Covered Court Championships ( played on an indoor wood surface ) . Roger Federer has won 20 Major singles titles -- the most by any man in history , including a record eight Wimbledon titles . Rod Laver is the only man in history to win all four Majors in the same calendar year `` The Grand Slam '' twice ( 1962 and 1969 ) Don Budge is the only male player in tennis history to have won six consecutive Grand Slam singles titles , from Wimbledon 1937 to U.S. Championships 1938 . Rafael Nadal has won 16 Major titles , including 10 French Open titles at Roland Garros , making him the only male player with ten titles at one particular Grand Slam event . Pete Sampras won 14 Major titles , 7 of them at Wimbledon. 14 Major titles was the world record at the time of his retirement in 2002 . Bill Tilden won 10 Major titles in the 1920s , becoming the first male player to achieve this feat . Ken Rosewall holds a record 15 Pro Slam titles , and a record 23 overall Major titles , counting both Amateur and Pro circuits . Roy Emerson was the first male player in history to win each Major title twice , and the only player to have won a career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles . Novak Djokovic is the first player to hold all four major titles on three different surfaces simultaneously . He is tied with Roy Emerson for 12 major titles and he shares the all - time record of 6 Australian titles . Andre Agassi was the first male player to complete the Career Grand Slam on three different surfaces , and the first male player in history to win the Career Golden Slam ( winning the four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold Medal in singles ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Champions by year 2 Statistics 2.1 Grand Slam singles titles by decade 2.1. 1 1920s 2.1. 2 1930s 2.1. 3 1940s 2.1. 4 1950s 2.1. 5 1960s 2.1. 6 1970s 2.1. 7 1980s 2.1. 8 1990s 2.1. 9 2000s 2.1. 10 2010s 2.2 Most Grand Slam singles titles ( 5 or more ) 2.3 Most singles titles by Grand Slam tournament 2.4 Grand Slam singles titles by country ( Open Era ) 2.5 Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title 2.6 Achieved a Career Grand Slam 2.7 Completed the Grand Slam 2.8 Winners of three Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year 2.9 Winners of two Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year 2.10 Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Slam singles titles 2.11 Winners of five or more singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament 2.12 Winners of four or more consecutive singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament 2.13 Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set 2.13. 1 Chronological timeline ( by player ) 2.13. 2 Occurrences by Grand Slam tournament 3 See also 4 Notes Champions by year Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 1877 started in 1905 started in 1891 GBR : Spencer Gore started in 1881 1878 tournament not created tournament not created Frank Hadow tournament not created 1879 tournament not created tournament not created John Hartley ( 1 / 2 ) tournament not created 1880 tournament not created tournament not created John Hartley ( 2 / 2 ) tournament not created 1881 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 1 / 7 ) USA : Richard Sears ( 1 / 7 ) 1882 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 2 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 2 / 7 ) 1883 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 3 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 3 / 7 ) 1884 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 4 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 4 / 7 ) 1885 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 5 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 5 / 7 ) 1886 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 6 / 7 ) Richard Sears ( 6 / 7 ) 1887 tournament not created tournament not created Herbert Lawford Richard Sears ( 7 / 7 ) 1888 tournament not created tournament not created Ernest Renshaw Henry Slocum ( 1 / 2 ) 1889 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw ( 7 / 7 ) Henry Slocum ( 2 / 2 ) 1890 tournament not created tournament not created Willoughby Hamilton Oliver Campbell ( 1 / 3 ) 1891 tournament not created Briggs , H. H. Briggs * Wilfred Baddeley ( 1 / 3 ) Oliver Campbell ( 2 / 3 ) 1892 tournament not created FRA : Schopfer , Jean Jean Schopfer * Wilfred Baddeley ( 2 / 3 ) Oliver Campbell ( 3 / 3 ) 1893 tournament not created Riboulet , Laurent Laurent Riboulet * Joshua Pim ( 1 / 2 ) Robert Wrenn ( 1 / 4 ) 1894 tournament not created Vacherot , André André Vacherot * Joshua Pim ( 2 / 2 ) Robert Wrenn ( 2 / 4 ) 1895 tournament not created Vacherot , André André Vacherot * Wilfred Baddeley ( 3 / 3 ) Fred Hovey 1896 tournament not created Vacherot , André André Vacherot * Harold Mahony Robert Wrenn ( 3 / 4 ) 1897 tournament not created Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé * Reginald Doherty ( 1 / 4 ) Robert Wrenn ( 4 / 4 ) 1898 tournament not created Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé * Reginald Doherty ( 2 / 4 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 1 / 3 ) 1899 tournament not created Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé * Reginald Doherty ( 3 / 4 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 2 / 3 ) 1900 tournament not created Aymé , Paul Paul Aymé * Reginald Doherty ( 4 / 4 ) Malcolm Whitman ( 3 / 3 ) 1901 tournament not created Vacherot , André André Vacherot * Arthur Gore ( 1 / 3 ) William Larned ( 1 / 7 ) 1902 tournament not created Vacherot , Michel Michel Vacherot * Laurence Doherty ( 1 / 6 ) William Larned ( 2 / 7 ) 1903 tournament not created Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Laurence Doherty ( 2 / 6 ) Laurence Doherty ( 3 / 6 ) 1904 tournament not created Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Laurence Doherty ( 4 / 6 ) Holcombe Ward 1905 AUS : Rodney Heath ( 1 / 2 ) Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot * Laurence Doherty ( 5 / 6 ) Beals Wright 1906 NZL : Anthony Wilding ( 1 / 6 ) Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot * Laurence Doherty ( 6 / 6 ) William Clothier 1907 Horace Rice Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Norman Brookes ( 1 / 3 ) William Larned ( 3 / 7 ) 1908 Fred Alexander Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Arthur Gore ( 2 / 3 ) William Larned ( 4 / 7 ) 1909 Anthony Wilding ( 2 / 6 ) Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Arthur Gore ( 3 / 3 ) William Larned ( 5 / 7 ) 1910 Rodney Heath ( 2 / 2 ) Germot , Maurice Maurice Germot * Anthony Wilding ( 3 / 6 ) William Larned ( 6 / 7 ) 1911 Norman Brookes ( 2 / 3 ) Gobert , André André Gobert * Anthony Wilding ( 4 / 6 ) William Larned ( 7 / 7 ) 1912 James Cecil Parke Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Anthony Wilding ( 5 / 6 ) Maurice McLoughlin ( 1 / 2 ) 1913 Ernie Parker Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Anthony Wilding ( 6 / 6 ) Maurice McLoughlin ( 2 / 2 ) 1914 Arthur O'Hara Wood Decugis , Max Max Decugis * Norman Brookes ( 3 / 3 ) Richard Williams ( 1 / 2 ) 1915 Francis Lowe no competition no competition William Johnston ( 1 / 3 ) 1916 no competition no competition no competition Richard Williams ( 2 / 2 ) 1917 no competition no competition no competition Robert Lindley Murray ( 1 / 2 ) 1918 no competition no competition no competition Robert Lindley Murray ( 2 / 2 ) 1919 Algernon Kingscote no competition Gerald Patterson ( 1 / 3 ) William Johnston ( 2 / 3 ) 1920 Pat O'Hara Wood ( 1 / 2 ) Gobert , André André Gobert * Bill Tilden ( 1 / 10 ) Bill Tilden ( 2 / 10 ) 1921 Rhys Gemmell Samazeuilh , Jean Jean Samazeuilh * Bill Tilden ( 3 / 10 ) Bill Tilden ( 4 / 10 ) 1922 James Anderson ( 1 / 3 ) Cochet , Henri Henri Cochet * Gerald Patterson ( 2 / 3 ) Bill Tilden ( 5 / 10 ) 1923 Pat O'Hara Wood ( 2 / 2 ) Blanchy , François François Blanchy * William Johnston ( 3 / 3 ) Bill Tilden ( 6 / 10 ) 1924 James Anderson ( 2 / 3 ) Borotra , Jean Jean Borotra * Jean Borotra ( 1 / 4 ) Bill Tilden ( 7 / 10 ) 1925 James Anderson ( 3 / 3 ) René Lacoste ( 1 / 7 ) * * René Lacoste ( 2 / 7 ) Bill Tilden ( 8 / 10 ) 1926 John Hawkes Henri Cochet ( 1 / 7 ) Jean Borotra ( 2 / 4 ) René Lacoste ( 3 / 7 ) 1927 Gerald Patterson ( 3 / 3 ) René Lacoste ( 4 / 7 ) Henri Cochet ( 2 / 7 ) René Lacoste ( 5 / 7 ) 1928 Jean Borotra ( 3 / 4 ) Henri Cochet ( 3 / 7 ) René Lacoste ( 6 / 7 ) Henri Cochet ( 4 / 7 ) 1929 John Gregory René Lacoste ( 7 / 7 ) Henri Cochet ( 5 / 7 ) Bill Tilden ( 9 / 10 ) 1930 Edgar Moon Henri Cochet ( 6 / 7 ) Bill Tilden ( 10 / 10 ) John Doeg 1931 Jack Crawford ( 1 / 6 ) Jean Borotra ( 4 / 4 ) Sidney Wood Ellsworth Vines ( 1 / 3 ) 1932 Jack Crawford ( 2 / 6 ) Henri Cochet ( 7 / 7 ) Ellsworth Vines ( 2 / 3 ) Ellsworth Vines ( 3 / 3 ) 1933 Jack Crawford ( 3 / 6 ) Jack Crawford ( 4 / 6 ) Jack Crawford ( 5 / 6 ) Fred Perry ( 1 / 8 ) 1934 Fred Perry ( 2 / 8 ) GER : Gottfried von Cramm ( 1 / 2 ) Fred Perry ( 3 / 8 ) Fred Perry ( 4 / 8 ) 1935 Jack Crawford ( 6 / 6 ) Fred Perry ( 5 / 8 ) Fred Perry ( 6 / 8 ) Wilmer Allison 1936 Adrian Quist ( 1 / 3 ) GER : Gottfried von Cramm ( 2 / 2 ) Fred Perry ( 7 / 8 ) Fred Perry ( 8 / 8 ) 1937 Vivian McGrath Henner Henkel Don Budge ( 1 / 6 ) Don Budge ( 2 / 6 ) 1938 Don Budge ( 3 / 6 ) Don Budge ( 4 / 6 ) Don Budge ( 5 / 6 ) Don Budge ( 6 / 6 ) 1939 John Bromwich ( 1 / 2 ) Don McNeill ( 1 / 2 ) Bobby Riggs ( 1 / 3 ) Bobby Riggs ( 2 / 3 ) 1940 Adrian Quist ( 2 / 3 ) no competition no competition Don McNeill ( 2 / 2 ) 1941 no competition held under German occupation no competition Bobby Riggs ( 3 / 3 ) 1942 no competition held under German occupation no competition Ted Schroeder ( 1 / 2 ) 1943 no competition held under German occupation no competition Joseph Hunt 1944 no competition held under German occupation no competition Frank Parker ( 1 / 4 ) 1945 no competition Yvon Petra -- unrecognized winner no competition Frank Parker ( 2 / 4 ) 1946 John Bromwich ( 2 / 2 ) Marcel Bernard Yvon Petra Jack Kramer ( 1 / 3 ) 1947 Dinny Pails HUN : József Asbóth Jack Kramer ( 2 / 3 ) Jack Kramer ( 3 / 3 ) 1948 Adrian Quist ( 3 / 3 ) Frank Parker ( 3 / 4 ) Bob Falkenburg Pancho Gonzales ( 1 / 2 ) 1949 Frank Sedgman ( 1 / 5 ) Frank Parker ( 4 / 4 ) Ted Schroeder ( 2 / 2 ) Pancho Gonzales ( 2 / 2 ) 1950 Frank Sedgman ( 2 / 5 ) Budge Patty ( 1 / 2 ) Budge Patty ( 2 / 2 ) Arthur Larsen 1951 Richard Savitt ( 1 / 2 ) EGY : Jaroslav Drobný ( 1 / 3 ) Richard Savitt ( 2 / 2 ) Frank Sedgman ( 3 / 5 ) 1952 Ken McGregor Jaroslav Drobný ( 2 / 3 ) Frank Sedgman ( 4 / 5 ) Frank Sedgman ( 5 / 5 ) 1953 Ken Rosewall ( 1 / 8 ) Ken Rosewall ( 2 / 8 ) Vic Seixas ( 1 / 2 ) Tony Trabert ( 1 / 5 ) 1954 Mervyn Rose ( 1 / 2 ) Tony Trabert ( 2 / 5 ) EGY : Jaroslav Drobný ( 3 / 3 ) Vic Seixas ( 2 / 2 ) 1955 Ken Rosewall ( 3 / 8 ) Tony Trabert ( 3 / 5 ) Tony Trabert ( 4 / 5 ) Tony Trabert ( 5 / 5 ) 1956 Lew Hoad ( 1 / 4 ) Lew Hoad ( 2 / 4 ) Lew Hoad ( 3 / 4 ) Ken Rosewall ( 4 / 8 ) 1957 Ashley Cooper ( 1 / 4 ) SWE : Sven Davidson Lew Hoad ( 4 / 4 ) Malcolm Anderson 1958 Ashley Cooper ( 2 / 4 ) Mervyn Rose ( 2 / 2 ) Ashley Cooper ( 3 / 4 ) Ashley Cooper ( 4 / 4 ) 1959 Alex Olmedo ( 1 / 2 ) ITA : Nicola Pietrangeli ( 1 / 2 ) Alex Olmedo ( 2 / 2 ) Neale Fraser ( 1 / 3 ) 1960 Rod Laver ( 1 / 11 ) Nicola Pietrangeli ( 2 / 2 ) Neale Fraser ( 2 / 3 ) Neale Fraser ( 3 / 3 ) 1961 Roy Emerson ( 1 / 12 ) ESP : Manuel Santana ( 1 / 4 ) Rod Laver ( 2 / 11 ) Roy Emerson ( 2 / 12 ) 1962 Rod Laver ( 3 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 4 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 5 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 6 / 11 ) 1963 Roy Emerson ( 3 / 12 ) Roy Emerson ( 4 / 12 ) Chuck McKinley MEX : Rafael Osuna 1964 Roy Emerson ( 5 / 12 ) Manuel Santana ( 2 / 4 ) Roy Emerson ( 6 / 12 ) Roy Emerson ( 7 / 12 ) 1965 Roy Emerson ( 8 / 12 ) Fred Stolle ( 1 / 2 ) Roy Emerson ( 9 / 12 ) Manuel Santana ( 3 / 4 ) 1966 Roy Emerson ( 10 / 12 ) Tony Roche Manuel Santana ( 4 / 4 ) Fred Stolle ( 2 / 2 ) 1967 Roy Emerson ( 11 / 12 ) Roy Emerson ( 12 / 12 ) John Newcombe ( 1 / 7 ) John Newcombe ( 2 / 7 ) 1968 William Bowrey Amateur era tennis ends Open era tennis begins Ken Rosewall ( 5 / 8 ) Rod Laver ( 7 / 11 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1 / 3 ) 1969 Rod Laver ( 8 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 9 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 10 / 11 ) Rod Laver ( 11 / 11 ) 1970 Arthur Ashe ( 2 / 3 ) TCH : Jan Kodeš ( 1 / 3 ) John Newcombe ( 3 / 7 ) Ken Rosewall ( 6 / 8 ) 1971 Ken Rosewall ( 7 / 8 ) Jan Kodeš ( 2 / 3 ) John Newcombe ( 4 / 7 ) Stan Smith ( 1 / 2 ) 1972 Ken Rosewall ( 8 / 8 ) Andrés Gimeno Stan Smith ( 2 / 2 ) ROU : Ilie Năstase ( 1 / 2 ) 1973 John Newcombe ( 5 / 7 ) Ilie Năstase ( 2 / 2 ) Jan Kodeš ( 3 / 3 ) John Newcombe ( 6 / 7 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1 / 8 ) Björn Borg ( 1 / 11 ) Jimmy Connors ( 2 / 8 ) Jimmy Connors ( 3 / 8 ) John Newcombe ( 7 / 7 ) Björn Borg ( 2 / 11 ) Arthur Ashe ( 3 / 3 ) Manuel Orantes 1976 Mark Edmondson Adriano Panatta Björn Borg ( 3 / 11 ) Jimmy Connors ( 4 / 8 ) 1977 Roscoe Tanner ARG : Guillermo Vilas ( 1 / 4 ) Björn Borg ( 4 / 11 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 2 / 4 ) Vitas Gerulaitis 1978 Guillermo Vilas ( 3 / 4 ) Björn Borg ( 5 / 11 ) Björn Borg ( 6 / 11 ) Jimmy Connors ( 5 / 8 ) 1979 Guillermo Vilas ( 4 / 4 ) Björn Borg ( 7 / 11 ) Björn Borg ( 8 / 11 ) John McEnroe ( 1 / 7 ) 1980 Brian Teacher Björn Borg ( 9 / 11 ) Björn Borg ( 10 / 11 ) John McEnroe ( 2 / 7 ) 1981 RSA : Johan Kriek ( 1 / 2 ) Björn Borg ( 11 / 11 ) John McEnroe ( 3 / 7 ) John McEnroe ( 4 / 7 ) 1982 Johan Kriek ( 2 / 2 ) Mats Wilander ( 1 / 7 ) Jimmy Connors ( 6 / 8 ) Jimmy Connors ( 7 / 8 ) Mats Wilander ( 2 / 7 ) Yannick Noah John McEnroe ( 5 / 7 ) Jimmy Connors ( 8 / 8 ) 1984 Mats Wilander ( 3 / 7 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1 / 8 ) John McEnroe ( 6 / 7 ) John McEnroe ( 7 / 7 ) 1985 Stefan Edberg ( 1 / 6 ) Mats Wilander ( 4 / 7 ) FRG : Boris Becker ( 1 / 6 ) Ivan Lendl ( 2 / 8 ) 1986 no competition Ivan Lendl ( 3 / 8 ) Boris Becker ( 2 / 6 ) Ivan Lendl ( 4 / 8 ) Stefan Edberg ( 2 / 6 ) Ivan Lendl ( 5 / 8 ) Pat Cash Ivan Lendl ( 6 / 8 ) 1988 Mats Wilander ( 5 / 7 ) Mats Wilander ( 6 / 7 ) Stefan Edberg ( 3 / 6 ) Mats Wilander ( 7 / 7 ) 1989 Ivan Lendl ( 7 / 8 ) Michael Chang Boris Becker ( 3 / 6 ) Boris Becker ( 4 / 6 ) Ivan Lendl ( 8 / 8 ) ECU : Andrés Gómez Stefan Edberg ( 4 / 6 ) Pete Sampras ( 1 / 14 ) 1991 GER : Boris Becker ( 5 / 6 ) Jim Courier ( 1 / 4 ) Michael Stich Stefan Edberg ( 5 / 6 ) 1992 Jim Courier ( 2 / 4 ) Jim Courier ( 3 / 4 ) Andre Agassi ( 1 / 8 ) Stefan Edberg ( 6 / 6 ) 1993 Jim Courier ( 4 / 4 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 1 / 2 ) Pete Sampras ( 2 / 14 ) Pete Sampras ( 3 / 14 ) 1994 Pete Sampras ( 4 / 14 ) Sergi Bruguera ( 2 / 2 ) Pete Sampras ( 5 / 14 ) Andre Agassi ( 2 / 8 ) 1995 Andre Agassi ( 3 / 8 ) AUT : Thomas Muster Pete Sampras ( 6 / 14 ) Pete Sampras ( 7 / 14 ) Boris Becker ( 6 / 6 ) RUS : Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1 / 2 ) NED : Richard Krajicek Pete Sampras ( 8 / 14 ) 1997 Pete Sampras ( 9 / 14 ) BRA : Gustavo Kuerten ( 1 / 3 ) Pete Sampras ( 10 / 14 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1 / 2 ) 1998 CZE : Petr Korda Carlos Moyá Pete Sampras ( 11 / 14 ) Patrick Rafter ( 2 / 2 ) 1999 Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 2 / 2 ) Andre Agassi ( 4 / 8 ) Pete Sampras ( 12 / 14 ) Andre Agassi ( 5 / 8 ) 2000 Andre Agassi ( 6 / 8 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2 / 3 ) Pete Sampras ( 13 / 14 ) Marat Safin ( 1 / 2 ) Andre Agassi ( 7 / 8 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 3 / 3 ) CRO : Goran Ivanišević Lleyton Hewitt ( 1 / 2 ) 2002 Thomas Johansson Albert Costa Lleyton Hewitt ( 2 / 2 ) Pete Sampras ( 14 / 14 ) 2003 Andre Agassi ( 8 / 8 ) Juan Carlos Ferrero SUI : Roger Federer ( 1 / 20 ) Andy Roddick Roger Federer ( 2 / 20 ) Gastón Gaudio Roger Federer ( 3 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 4 / 20 ) 2005 Marat Safin ( 2 / 2 ) Rafael Nadal ( 1 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 5 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 6 / 20 ) 2006 Roger Federer ( 7 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 8 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 9 / 20 ) 2007 Roger Federer ( 10 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 3 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 11 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 12 / 20 ) 2008 SRB : Novak Djokovic ( 1 / 12 ) Rafael Nadal ( 4 / 16 ) Rafael Nadal ( 5 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 13 / 20 ) 2009 Rafael Nadal ( 6 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 14 / 20 ) Roger Federer ( 15 / 20 ) Juan Martín del Potro Roger Federer ( 16 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 7 / 16 ) Rafael Nadal ( 8 / 16 ) Rafael Nadal ( 9 / 16 ) 2011 Novak Djokovic ( 2 / 12 ) Rafael Nadal ( 10 / 16 ) Novak Djokovic ( 3 / 12 ) Novak Djokovic ( 4 / 12 ) 2012 Novak Djokovic ( 5 / 12 ) Rafael Nadal ( 11 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 17 / 20 ) Andy Murray ( 1 / 3 ) 2013 Novak Djokovic ( 6 / 12 ) Rafael Nadal ( 12 / 16 ) Andy Murray ( 2 / 3 ) Rafael Nadal ( 13 / 16 ) 2014 Stan Wawrinka ( 1 / 3 ) Rafael Nadal ( 14 / 16 ) Novak Djokovic ( 7 / 12 ) Marin Čilić 2015 Novak Djokovic ( 8 / 12 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2 / 3 ) Novak Djokovic ( 9 / 12 ) Novak Djokovic ( 10 / 12 ) 2016 Novak Djokovic ( 11 / 12 ) Novak Djokovic ( 12 / 12 ) Andy Murray ( 3 / 3 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 3 / 3 ) 2017 Roger Federer ( 18 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 15 / 16 ) Roger Federer ( 19 / 20 ) Rafael Nadal ( 16 / 16 ) 2018 Roger Federer ( 20 / 20 ) Legend Player won all 4 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year Player won 3 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year Player won 2 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year Italics -- open only to specific club members of the host country * authorities differ on whether these events should count toward grand slam totals * * The French Championships opened itself to international competitors and renamed as Championnats Internationaux de France ( de tennis ) . * * * French Championships held between 1941 and 1945 are not recognized by the tournament organizer . See Tournoi de France † Held in January 1920 , before the 1920 Australasian Championships † † Held in August 1923 , after Wimbledon and before the US National Championships † † † Renamed from Australasian Championships to Australian Championships † † † † Australian Open held in December of the year it is listed under , after the US Open Statistics Grand Slam singles titles by decade 1920s 9 Tilden 7 Lacoste 5 Cochet 3 Anderson , Borotra 2 Patterson , Wood 1 Gemmell , Gregory , Hawkes , Johnston 1930s 8 Perry 6 Budge , Crawford 3 Vines 2 Cochet , von Cramm , Riggs 1 Allison , Borotra , Bromwich , Doeg , Henkel , McGrath , McNeill , Moon , Quist , Tilden , Wood 1940s 4 Parker 3 Kramer 2 Gonzales , Quist , Schroeder 1 Asbóth , Bernard , Bromwich , Falkenburg , Hunt , McNeill , Pails , Petra , Riggs , Sedgman 1950s 5 Trabert 4 Cooper , Hoad , Rosewall , Sedgman 3 Drobný 2 Olmedo , Patty , Rose , Savitt , Seixas 1 Anderson , Davidson , Fraser , Larsen , McGregor , Pietrangeli 1960s 12 Emerson 11 Laver 4 Santana 2 Fraser , Newcombe , Stolle 1 Ashe , Bowrey , McKinley , Osuna , Pietrangeli , Roche , Rosewall 1970s 8 Borg 5 Newcombe , Connors 4 Vilas 3 Rosewall , Kodeš 2 Smith , Năstase , Ashe 1 Edmondson , Gerulaitis , Gimeno , McEnroe , Orantes , Panatta , Tanner 1980s 7 Lendl , Wilander 6 McEnroe 4 Becker 3 Borg , Connors , Edberg 2 Kriek 1 Cash , Chang , Noah , Teacher 1990s 12 Sampras 5 Agassi 4 Courier 3 Edberg 2 Becker , Bruguera , Kafelnikov , Rafter 1 Gómez , Korda , Krajicek , Kuerten , Lendl , Moyá , Muster , Stich 2000s 15 Federer 6 Nadal 3 Agassi 2 Hewitt , Kuerten , Safin , Sampras 1 Costa , Djokovic , Ferrero , Gaudio , Ivanišević , Johansson , del Potro , Roddick 2010s 11 Djokovic 10 Nadal 5 Federer 3 Murray , Wawrinka 1 Čilić Most Grand Slam singles titles ( 5 or more ) All - time Rank Player Total Years Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Roger Federer 20 2003 -- 2018 6 8 5 Rafael Nadal 16 2005 -- 2017 10 Pete Sampras 14 1990 -- 2002 0 7 5 Roy Emerson 12 1961 -- 1967 6 Novak Djokovic 12 2008 -- 2016 6 6 Rod Laver 11 1960 -- 1969 Björn Borg 11 1974 -- 1981 0 6 5 0 8 Bill Tilden 10 1920 -- 1930 0 0 7 9 Fred Perry 8 1933 -- 1936 Ken Rosewall 8 1953 -- 1972 0 Jimmy Connors 8 1974 -- 1983 0 5 Ivan Lendl 8 1984 -- 1990 0 Andre Agassi 8 1992 -- 2003 14 Richard Sears 7 1881 -- 1887 0 0 0 7 William Renshaw 7 1881 -- 1889 0 0 7 0 William Larned 7 1901 -- 1911 0 0 0 7 René Lacoste 7 1925 -- 1929 0 Henri Cochet 7 1926 -- 1932 0 John Newcombe 7 1967 -- 1975 0 John McEnroe 7 1979 -- 1984 0 0 Mats Wilander 7 1982 -- 1988 0 22 Laurence Doherty 6 1902 -- 1906 0 0 5 Tony Wilding 6 1906 -- 1913 0 0 Jack Crawford 6 1931 -- 1935 0 Don Budge 6 1937 -- 1938 Stefan Edberg 6 1985 -- 1992 0 Boris Becker 6 1985 -- 1996 0 28 Frank Sedgman 5 1949 -- 1952 0 Tony Trabert 5 1953 -- 1955 0 Open Era Rank Player Total Years Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Roger Federer 20 2003 -- 2018 6 8 5 Rafael Nadal 16 2005 -- 2017 10 Pete Sampras 14 1990 -- 2002 0 7 5 Novak Djokovic 12 2008 -- 2016 6 5 Björn Borg 11 1974 -- 1981 0 6 5 0 6 Jimmy Connors 8 1974 -- 1983 0 5 Ivan Lendl 8 1984 -- 1990 0 Andre Agassi 8 1992 -- 2003 9 John McEnroe 7 1979 -- 1984 0 0 Mats Wilander 7 1982 -- 1988 0 11 Stefan Edberg 6 1985 -- 1992 0 Boris Becker 6 1985 -- 1996 0 13 Rod Laver 5 1968 -- 1969 John Newcombe 5 1970 -- 1975 0 Most singles titles by Grand Slam tournament All - time Grand Slam Wins Player ( s ) Australian Open 6 Roy Emerson Novak Djokovic Roger Federer French Open 10 Rafael Nadal Wimbledon 8 Roger Federer US Open 7 Richard Sears William Larned Bill Tilden Open Era Grand Slam Wins Player ( s ) Australian Open 6 Novak Djokovic Roger Federer French Open 10 Rafael Nadal Wimbledon 8 Roger Federer US Open 5 Jimmy Connors Pete Sampras Roger Federer Note : Bold indicates player still active . Grand Slam singles titles by country ( Open Era ) 51 United States 25 Sweden 23 Spain 23 Switzerland 20 Australia 12 Czechoslovakia ( one as Czech Republic ) 12 Serbia 7 Germany ( also West Germany ) 6 Argentina 4 Russia 3 Brazil , United Kingdom 2 Croatia , Romania , South Africa 1 Austria , Ecuador , France , Italy , Netherlands Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title Years Span Player ( s ) 10 2005 -- 2014 Rafael Nadal 8 1974 -- 1981 Björn Borg 8 1993 -- 2000 Pete Sampras 8 2003 -- 2010 Roger Federer 7 1881 -- 1887 Richard Sears Note : * indicates ongoing streak , bold indicates player still active . Achieved a Career Grand Slam These players won all four majors . The year listed is the year the player first won each tournament ; the last one is marked in bold . The age listed is the age at the end of that last tournament , i.e. , the age at which the player completed his Career Grand Slam . Player Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Age Fred Perry 1934 1935 1934 1933 26 years , 15 days Don Budge 1938 1938 1937 1937 22 years , 357 days Rod Laver 1960 1962 1961 1962 24 years , 32 days Roy Emerson 1961 1963 1964 1961 27 years , 244 days Andre Agassi 1995 1999 1992 1994 29 years , 38 days Roger Federer 2009 2003 27 years , 203 days Rafael Nadal 2009 2005 2008 24 years , 101 days Novak Djokovic 2008 2016 2011 2011 29 years , 14 days Completed the Grand Slam ( Winners of all four Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year ) Australian -- French -- Wimbledon -- U.S. : 1938 Don Budge 1962 Rod Laver 1969 Rod Laver ( 2 ) Winners of three Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year Note : players with four titles are not included here . Australian -- French -- Wimbledon : 1933 Jack Crawford 1956 Lew Hoad Australian -- French -- U.S. : 1988 Mats Wilander Australian -- Wimbledon -- U.S. : 1934 Fred Perry 1958 Ashley Cooper 1964 Roy Emerson 1974 Jimmy Connors 2004 Roger Federer 2006 Roger Federer ( 2 ) 2007 Roger Federer ( 3 ) 2011 Novak Djokovic 2015 Novak Djokovic ( 2 ) French -- Wimbledon -- U.S. : 1955 Tony Trabert 2010 Rafael Nadal Winners of two Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year Note : players with more than two titles are not included here . Australian -- French : 1953 Ken Rosewall 1963 Roy Emerson 1967 Roy Emerson ( 2 ) 1992 Jim Courier 2016 Novak Djokovic Australian -- Wimbledon : 1951 Dick Savitt 1959 Alex Olmedo 1965 Roy Emerson 1994 Pete Sampras 1997 Pete Sampras ( 2 ) 2017 Roger Federer Australian -- U.S. : 1961 Roy Emerson 1973 John Newcombe French -- Wimbledon : 1925 René Lacoste 1935 Fred Perry 1950 Budge Patty 1978 Björn Borg 1979 Björn Borg ( 2 ) 1980 Björn Borg ( 3 ) 2008 Rafael Nadal 2009 Roger Federer French -- U.S. : 1927 René Lacoste 1928 Henri Cochet 1977 Guillermo Vilas 1986 Ivan Lendl 1987 Ivan Lendl ( 2 ) 1999 Andre Agassi 2013 Rafael Nadal 2017 Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) Wimbledon -- U.S. : 1903 Laurence Doherty 1920 Bill Tilden 1921 Bill Tilden ( 2 ) 1932 Ellsworth Vines 1936 Fred Perry 1937 Don Budge 1939 Bobby Riggs 1947 Jack Kramer 1952 Frank Sedgman 1960 Neale Fraser 1967 John Newcombe 1981 John McEnroe 1982 Jimmy Connors 1984 John McEnroe ( 2 ) 1989 Boris Becker 1993 Pete Sampras 1995 Pete Sampras ( 2 ) 2005 Roger Federer Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Slam singles titles Titles Players Years 6 Don Budge 1937 -- 38 Rod Laver 1962 Rod Laver 1969 Novak Djokovic 2015 -- 16 Jack Crawford 1933 Tony Trabert 1955 Lew Hoad 1956 Roy Emerson 1964 -- 65 Pete Sampras 1993 -- 94 Roger Federer 2005 -- 06 Roger Federer 2006 -- 07 Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2011 -- 12 Winners of five or more singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament All - time Titles Player Grand Slam 10 Rafael Nadal French Open 8 Roger Federer Wimbledon 7 Richard Sears U.S. Championships William Renshaw Wimbledon Championships William Larned U.S. Championships Bill Tilden U.S. Championships Pete Sampras Wimbledon 6 Roy Emerson Australian Championships Björn Borg French Open Novak Djokovic Australian Open Roger Federer Australian Open 5 Laurence Doherty Wimbledon Björn Borg Wimbledon Jimmy Connors US Open Pete Sampras US Open Roger Federer US Open Open Era Titles Player Grand Slam 10 Rafael Nadal French Open 8 Roger Federer Wimbledon 7 Pete Sampras Wimbledon 6 Björn Borg French Open Novak Djokovic Australian Open Roger Federer Australian Open 5 Björn Borg Wimbledon Jimmy Connors US Open Pete Sampras US Open Roger Federer US Open Winners of four or more consecutive singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament All - time Titles Player Grand Slam Years 7 Richard Sears U.S. Championships 1881 -- 87 6 William Renshaw Wimbledon 1881 -- 86 Bill Tilden U.S. Championships 1920 -- 25 5 Laurence Doherty Wimbledon 1902 -- 06 William Larned U.S. Championships 1907 -- 11 Roy Emerson Australian Championships 1963 -- 67 Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976 -- 80 Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003 -- 07 Roger Federer US Open 2004 -- 08 Rafael Nadal French Open 2010 -- 14 Reginald Doherty Wimbledon 1897 -- 1900 Tony Wilding Wimbledon 1910 -- 13 Björn Borg French Open 1978 -- 81 Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1997 -- 2000 Rafael Nadal French Open 2005 -- 08 Open Era Titles Player Grand Slam Years 5 Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976 -- 80 Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003 -- 07 Roger Federer US Open 2004 -- 08 Rafael Nadal French Open 2010 -- 14 Björn Borg French Open 1978 -- 81 Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1997 -- 2000 Rafael Nadal French Open 2005 -- 08 Bold = Active Streaks Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set Chronological timeline ( by player ) Most in category * Player Times Grand Slam Tournaments Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Richard Sears 3 * -- -- -- 1881 , 1882 , 1883 * Laurence Doherty -- -- -- 1903 Holcombe Ward -- -- -- 1904 William Larned -- -- -- 1907 Tony Wilding 1909 * -- -- -- Rodney Heath 1910 * -- -- -- Pat O'Hara Wood 1923 * -- -- -- Don Budge 1938 * -- 1938 * -- John Bromwich 1939 * -- -- -- Frank Parker -- -- -- 1945 Frank Sedgman -- -- -- 1952 Tony Trabert 3 * -- -- 1955 * 1953 , 1955 Neale Fraser -- -- -- 1960 Chuck McKinley -- -- 1963 * -- Roy Emerson 1964 * -- -- -- Ken Rosewall 1971 * -- -- -- Ilie Năstase -- 1973 -- -- Björn Borg 3 * -- 1978 , 1980 1976 * -- Roger Federer 2007 * -- 2017 * -- Rafael Nadal 3 * -- 2008 , 2010 , 2017 * -- -- Occurrences by Grand Slam tournament Grand Slam Tournament Times Number of Players Player ( s ) Australian Open 8 8 Tony Wilding Rodney Heath Pat O'Hara Wood Don Budge John Bromwich Roy Emerson Ken Rosewall Roger Federer French Open 6 Ilie Năstase Björn Borg ( twice ) Rafael Nadal ( 3 times ) Wimbledon 5 5 Don Budge Tony Trabert Chuck McKinley Björn Borg Roger Federer US Open 11 8 Richard Sears ( 3 times ) Laurence Doherty Holcombe Ward William Larned Frank Parker Frank Sedgman Tony Trabert ( twice ) Neale Fraser See also Tennis statistics Chronological list of men 's major tennis champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam women 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' singles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' singles champions List of men 's Grand Slam , Olympic and ATP Tour Finals and Masters Series singles champions Notes Jump up ^ ESPN Sports Almanac 2006 , page 814 Jump up ^ World Book Encyclopedia 2008 T p166a Jump up ^ Compton Encyclopedia 1975 ST p301 Jump up ^ Concord Encyclopedia Jump up ^ CBS Sports `` ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Top End Sports `` ( 2 ) '' Jump up ^ USA Today Tennis `` ( 3 ) '' Jump up ^ Tennis 28 Slams `` ( 4 ) '' Jump up ^ USOpen.org Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WTA Tour '' . wtatour.com . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROGER FEDERER `` CERTAINLY HAS THE CHANCE '' AT THE GRAND SLAM , SAYS LAVER `` . worldtennismagazine.com . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stats - All Grand Slam Winners - Grand Slam History '' . www.grandslamhistory.com . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ CROWE , JERRY ( 22 May 1994 ) . `` Return to Grand Slam Glory : Rod Laver Was the Last Man to Sweep Four Major Titles and Thinks It Can Be Done Again '' . Retrieved 5 September 2017 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Neale Fraser wins 1960 US Open without dropping set '' . ATP World Tour . Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Ranking per country Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grand_Slam_men%27s_singles_champions&oldid=835218846 '' Categories : Lists of Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions in men 's singles Lists of male tennis players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Hrvatski مصرى 日本語 Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 09 : 14 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Grand%20Slam%20men%2527s%20singles%20champions	657
who played young michael myers in halloween 1978	Nick Castle as Michael Myers / The Shape Tony Moran as Michael Myers ( unmasked ) Will Sandin as Michael Myers ( age 6 )	Will Sandin	Halloween ( 1978 film )	halloween ( 1978 film )		Halloween Theatrical release poster Directed by John Carpenter Produced by Debra Hill Written by John Carpenter Debra Hill Starring Donald Pleasence Jamie Lee Curtis P.J. Soles Nancy Loomis Music by John Carpenter Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Tommy Wallace Charles Bornstein Production company Falcon International Productions Distributed by Compass International Pictures Release date October 25 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 25 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $300,000 -- 325,000 Box office $70 million Halloween is a 1978 American slasher film directed and scored by John Carpenter , co-written with producer Debra Hill , and starring Donald Pleasence and Jamie Lee Curtis in her film debut . The film tells the story of Michael Myers , who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his older sister Judith Myers . Fifteen years later , he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois while being chased by his former psychiatrist , Samuel Loomis . Halloween was produced on a budget of $300,000 and grossed $47 million at the box office in the United States and $23 million internationally for a total of $70 million worldwide , selling almost 30 million tickets in 1978 . It became one of the most profitable independent films . Primarily praised for its direction and musical score , many critics credit the film as the first in a long line of slasher films inspired by Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) . In 2006 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Some critics have suggested that Halloween may encourage sadism and misogyny by audiences identifying with its villain . Others have suggested the film is a social critique of the immorality of youth and teenagers in 1970s America , with many of Myers ' victims being sexually promiscuous substance abusers , while the lone heroine is depicted as innocent and pure , hence her survival . Carpenter dismisses such analyses . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Direction 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 4.2 Television rights 4.3 Home video releases 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Themes and analysis 5.3 Awards 6 Influence 7 Sequels and remake 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 , on Halloween night in the Midwestern United States town of Haddonfield , Illinois , Michael Myers , dressed in a clown costume and mask , inexplicably stabs his older sister Judith to death with a kitchen knife in their home . He is subsequently hospitalized at Warren County 's Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . Fifteen years later , on October 30 , 1978 , Michael 's child psychiatrist , Dr. Sam Loomis , and his colleague , Marion Chambers , arrive at Smith 's Grove Sanitarium to take Michael to court . Michael escapes from the sanitarium , stealing Loomis ' car . Returning home to Haddonfield , Michael kills a mechanic for his uniform and steals a white mask , a couple of knives , and some rope from a local store . The next day , on Halloween , Michael stalks high school student Laurie Strode after she and Tommy Doyle drop off a key at his former house , so her father can sell it . Throughout the day , Laurie notices Michael following her , but her friends Annie Brackett and Lynda Van der Klok dismiss her concerns . Loomis arrives in Haddonfield in search of Michael , knowing his intentions . After discovering that Judith Myers ' headstone has been stolen from the local cemetery , Loomis meets with Annie 's father , Sheriff Leigh Brackett . The two begin their search at Michael 's house , where Loomis tries to warn the skeptical sheriff about the danger Michael poses , explaining that Michael is pure evil and capable of further violence , despite years of catatonia . Sheriff Brackett patrols the streets while Loomis waits and watches the house , expecting Michael to return there . Later that night , Laurie goes over to babysit Tommy , while Annie babysits Lindsey Wallace just across the street , unaware that Michael is watching them . When Annie 's boyfriend , Paul , calls her to come and pick him up , she takes Lindsey over to the Doyle house to spend the night with Laurie and Tommy . Annie is just about to leave in her car when Michael , who stowed away in the back seat , strangles her before slitting her throat , killing her . Soon after , Lynda and her boyfriend Bob Simms arrive at the Wallace house . After having sex , Bob goes downstairs to get a beer for Lynda , but Michael stabs him with a knife which pins him to the wall , killing him . Michael then poses as Bob in a ghost costume and confronts Lynda , who teases him , having no effect . Lynda calls Laurie ; just as Laurie picks up , Michael strangles Lynda to death with the telephone cord . Meanwhile , Loomis discovers the stolen car and begins combing the streets . Suspicious , Laurie goes over to the Wallace house . There , she finds the corpses of Annie , Bob , and Lynda in an upstairs bedroom , as well as Judith Myers ' headstone . Horrified , Laurie cowers in the hallway , when Michael suddenly appears and attacks her , slashing her arm . Barely escaping , Laurie races back to the Doyle house . Michael gets in and attacks her again , but Laurie manages to fend him off long enough for Tommy and Lindsey to escape . Laurie defends herself by stabbing him with a knitting needle , a metal hanger , and his own knife , but Michael re-animates and attacks Laurie . Loomis sees the two children fleeing the house , and goes to investigate , finding Michael and Laurie fighting upstairs . Loomis shoots Michael six times , knocking him off the balcony ; when Loomis goes to check Michael 's body , he finds it missing . Unsurprised , Loomis stares off into the night , while Laurie begins sobbing in terror . Places where Michael had previously been are shown as his breathing is heard , indicating he could be anywhere . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Halloween characters Donald Pleasence as Dr. Sam Loomis Jamie Lee Curtis as Laurie Strode Nick Castle as Michael Myers / The Shape Tony Moran as Michael Myers ( unmasked ) Will Sandin as Michael Myers ( age 6 ) P.J. Soles as Lynda Van Der Klok Nancy Kyes as Annie Brackett Charles Cyphers as Sheriff Leigh Brackett Kyle Richards as Lindsey Wallace Brian Andrews as Tommy Doyle John Michael Graham as Bob Simms Nancy Stephens as Marion Chambers Arthur Malet as Graveyard Keeper Mickey Yablans as Richie Brent Le Page as Lonnie Adam Hollander as Keith Sandy Johnson as Judith Margaret Myers David Kyle as Judith 's Boyfriend Peter Griffith as Laurie 's Father Robert Phalen as Dr. Terence Wynn Production ( edit ) After viewing Carpenter 's film Assault on Precinct 13 ( 1976 ) at the Milan Film Festival , independent film producer Irwin Yablans and financier Moustapha Akkad sought out Carpenter to direct a film for them about a psychotic killer that stalked babysitters . In an interview with Fangoria magazine , Yablans stated , `` I was thinking what would make sense in the horror genre , and what I wanted to do was make a picture that had the same impact as The Exorcist . '' Carpenter and his then - girlfriend Debra Hill began drafting a story originally titled The Babysitter Murders , but , as Carpenter told Entertainment Weekly , Yablans suggested setting the movie on Halloween night and naming it Halloween instead . Akkad agreed to put up $300,000 for the film 's budget , which was considered low at the time ( Carpenter 's previous film , Assault on Precinct 13 , had an estimated budget of $100,000 ) . Akkad worried over the tight , four - week schedule , low budget , and Carpenter 's limited experience as a filmmaker , but told Fangoria , `` Two things made me decide . One , Carpenter told me the story verbally and in a suspenseful way , almost frame for frame . Second , he told me he did n't want to take any fees , and that showed he had confidence in the project '' . Carpenter received $10,000 for directing , writing , and composing the music , retaining rights to 10 percent of the film 's profits . Because of the low budget , wardrobe and props were often crafted from items on hand or that could be purchased inexpensively . Carpenter hired Tommy Lee Wallace as production designer , art director , location scout and co-editor . Wallace created the trademark mask worn by Michael Myers throughout the film from a Captain Kirk mask purchased for $1.98 . Carpenter recalled how Wallace `` widened the eye holes and spray - painted the flesh a bluish white . In the script it said Michael Myers 's mask had ' the pale features of a human face ' and it truly was spooky looking . I can only imagine the result if they had n't painted the mask white . Children would be checking their closet for William Shatner after Tommy got through with it . '' Hill adds that the `` idea was to make him almost humorless , faceless -- this sort of pale visage that could resemble a human or not . '' Many of the actors wore their own clothes , and Curtis ' wardrobe was purchased at J.C. Penney for around a hundred dollars . The limited budget also dictated the filming location and time schedule . Halloween was filmed in 20 days in the spring of 1978 in South Pasadena , California , Garfield Elementary School in Alhambra , and the cemetery at Sierra Madre , California . An abandoned house owned by a church stood in as the Myers house . Two homes on Orange Grove Avenue ( near Sunset Boulevard ) in Hollywood were used for the film 's climax . The crew had difficulty finding pumpkins in the spring , and artificial fall leaves had to be reused for multiple scenes . Local families dressed their children in Halloween costumes for trick - or - treat scenes . In August 2006 , Fangoria reported that Synapse Films had discovered boxes of negatives containing footage cut from the film . One was labeled `` 1981 '' suggesting that it was additional footage for the television version of the film . Synapse owner Don May , Jr. said , `` What we 've got is pretty much all the unused original camera negative from Carpenter 's original Halloween . Luckily , Billy ( Kirkus ) was able to find this material before it was destroyed . The story on how we got the negative is a long one , but we 'll save it for when we 're able to showcase the materials in some way . Kirkus should be commended for pretty much saving the Holy Grail of horror films . '' It was later reported , `` We just learned from Sean Clark , long time Halloween genius , that the footage found is just that : footage . There is no sound in any of the reels so far , since none of it was used in the final edit . '' Writing ( edit ) It took approximately 10 days to write the script . Yablans and Akkad ceded most of the creative control to writers Carpenter and Hill ( whom Carpenter wanted as producer ) , but Yablans did offer several suggestions . According to a Fangoria interview with Hill , `` Yablans wanted the script written like a radio show , with ' boos ' every 10 minutes . '' Hill explained that the script took three weeks to write and much of the inspiration behind the plot came from Celtic traditions of Halloween such as the festival of Samhain . Although Samhain is not mentioned in the plot of the first film , Hill asserts that : ... the idea was that you could n't kill evil , and that was how we came about the story . We went back to the old idea of Samhain , that Halloween was the night where all the souls are let out to wreak havoc on the living , and then came up with the story about the most evil kid who ever lived . And when John came up with this fable of a town with a dark secret of someone who once lived there , and now that evil has come back , that 's what made Halloween work . Hill wrote most of the female characters ' dialogue , while Carpenter drafted Loomis ' speeches on the soullessness of Michael Myers . Many script details were drawn from Carpenter 's and Hill 's adolescence and early careers . The fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois was derived from Haddonfield , New Jersey , where Hill grew up , and most of the street names were taken from Carpenter 's hometown of Bowling Green , Kentucky . Laurie Strode was the name of one of Carpenter 's old girlfriends and Michael Myers was the name of an English producer who had previously entered , with Yablans , Assault on Precinct 13 in various European film festivals . In Halloween , Carpenter pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock with two characters ' names : Tommy Doyle is named after Lt. Det . Thomas J. Doyle ( Wendell Corey ) from Rear Window ( 1954 ) , and Dr. Loomis ' name was taken from Sam Loomis ( John Gavin ) from Psycho , the boyfriend of Marion Crane ( Janet Leigh , who is the real - life mother of Jamie Lee Curtis ) . Sheriff Leigh Brackett shared the name of a Hollywood screenwriter . `` I met this six year old child with this blank , pale , emotionless face , and the blackest eyes ; the devil 's eyes ( ... ) I realized what was living behind that boy 's eyes was purely and simply ... evil . '' -- Loomis ' description of a young Michael was inspired by John Carpenter 's experience with a real life mental patient . Carpenter 's inspiration for the `` evil '' that Michael would embody came when he was in college . While on a class trip at a mental institution in Kentucky , Carpenter visited `` the most serious , mentally ill patients '' . Among those patients was a young boy around twelve to thirteen years - old . The boy gave this `` schizophrenic stare '' , `` a real evil stare '' , which Carpenter found `` unsettling '' , `` creepy '' , and `` completely insane '' . Carpenter 's experience would inspire the characterization that Loomis would give of Michael to Sheriff Brackett in the film . Casting ( edit ) Jamie Lee Curtis , in her feature film debut , plays Laurie Strode , the heroine of the film . The cast of Halloween included veteran actor Donald Pleasence and then - unknown actress Jamie Lee Curtis . The low budget limited the number of big names that Carpenter could attract , and most of the actors received very little compensation for their roles . Pleasence was paid the highest amount at $20,000 , Curtis received $8,000 , and Nick Castle earned $25 a day . The role of Dr. Loomis was originally intended for Peter Cushing , who had recently appeared as Grand Moff Tarkin in Star Wars ( 1977 ) ; Cushing 's agent rejected Carpenter 's offer due to the low salary . Christopher Lee was also approached for the role ; he too turned it down , although the actor would later tell Carpenter and Hill that declining the role was the biggest mistake he made during his career . Yablans then suggested Pleasence , who agreed to star because his daughter Lucy , a guitarist , had enjoyed Assault on Precinct 13 for Carpenter 's score . American audiences were primarily acquainted with Pleasence due to his portrayal of the villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the James Bond film You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) . In an interview , Carpenter admits that `` Jamie Lee was n't the first choice for Laurie . I had no idea who she was . She was 19 and in a TV show at the time , but I did n't watch TV . '' He originally wanted to cast Anne Lockhart , the daughter of June Lockhart from Lassie , as Laurie Strode . However , Lockhart had commitments to several other film and television projects . Hill says of learning that Jamie Lee was the daughter of Psycho actress Janet Leigh , `` I knew casting Jamie Lee would be great publicity for the film because her mother was in Psycho . '' Halloween was Curtis ' feature film debut and launched her career as a `` scream queen '' horror star . Another relatively unknown actress , Nancy Kyes ( credited in the film as Nancy Loomis ) , was cast as Laurie 's friend Annie Brackett , daughter of Haddonfield sheriff Leigh Brackett ( Charles Cyphers ) . Kyes had previously starred in Assault on Precinct 13 ( as had Cyphers ) and happened to be dating Halloween 's art director Tommy Lee Wallace when filming began . Carpenter chose P.J. Soles to play Lynda Van Der Klok , another friend of Laurie 's , best remembered in the film for dialogue peppered with the word `` totally . '' Soles was an actress known for her supporting role in Carrie ( 1976 ) and her minor part in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) . According to one source , `` Carpenter realized she had captured the aura of a happy go lucky teenage girl in the 70s . '' The role of `` The Shape '' -- as the masked Michael Myers character was billed in the end credits -- was played by Nick Castle , who befriended Carpenter while they attended the University of Southern California . After Halloween , Castle became a director , taking the helm of films such as The Last Starfighter ( 1984 ) , The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) , Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) , and Major Payne ( 1995 ) . Direction ( edit ) Historian Nicholas Rogers notes that film critics contend that Carpenter 's direction and camera work made Halloween a `` resounding success '' . Roger Ebert remarks , `` It 's easy to create violence on the screen , but it 's hard to do it well . Carpenter is uncannily skilled , for example , at the use of foregrounds in his compositions , and everyone who likes thrillers knows that foregrounds are crucial ... '' The opening title , featuring a jack - o ' - lantern placed against a black backdrop , sets the mood for the entire film . The camera slowly moves toward the jack - o ' - lantern 's left eye as the main title theme plays . After the camera fully closes in , the jack - o ' - lantern 's light dims and goes out . Film historian J.P. Telotte says that this scene `` clearly announces that ( the film 's ) primary concern will be with the way in which we see ourselves and others and the consequences that often attend our usual manner of perception '' . During the conception of the plot , Yablans instructed `` that the audience should n't see anything . It should be what they thought they saw that frightens them '' . Carpenter seemingly took Yablans ' advice literally , filming many of the scenes from Michael Myers 's point - of - view that allowed audience participation . Carpenter is not the first director to employ this method or use of a steadicam ; for instance , the first scene of Psycho offers a voyeuristic look at lovers in a seedy hotel . Telotte argues , `` As a result of this shift in perspective from a disembodied , narrative camera to an actual character 's eye ... we are forced into a deeper sense of participation in the ensuing action '' . Along with the 1974 Canadian horror film Black Christmas , Halloween made use of seeing events through the killer 's eyes . This scene features Michael ( right ) , who pins Bob ( left ) to the door and observes his dying motions . Remaining relatively un-graphic , this scene displays the use of lighting to create its atmosphere rather than graphic blood and violence . The first scene of the young Michael 's voyeurism is followed by the murder of Judith seen through the eye holes of Michael 's clown costume mask . According to one commentator , Carpenter 's `` frequent use of the unmounted first - person camera to represent the killer 's point of view ... invited ( viewers ) to adopt the murderer 's assaultive gaze and to hear his heavy breathing and plodding footsteps as he stalked his prey '' . Another technique that Carpenter adapted from Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho ( 1960 ) was suspense with minimal blood and gore . Hill comments , `` We did n't want it to be gory . We wanted it to be like a jack - in - the box . '' Film analysts refer to this as the `` false startle '' or `` the old tap - on - the - shoulder routine '' in which the stalkers , murderers , or monsters `` lunge into our field of vision or creep up on a person . '' Carpenter worked with the cast to create the desired effect of terror and suspense . According to Curtis , Carpenter created a `` fear meter '' because the film was shot out - of - sequence and she was not sure what her character 's level of terror should be in certain scenes . `` Here 's about a 7 , here 's about a 6 , and the scene we 're going to shoot tonight is about a 91⁄2 '' , remembered Curtis . She had different facial expressions and scream volumes for each level on the meter . Carpenter 's direction for Castle in his role as Myers was minimal . For example , when Castle asked what Myers ' motivation was for a particular scene , Carpenter replied that his motivation was to walk from one set marker to another . The documentary titled Halloween Un-masked , featured in the 22nd anniversary DVD of Halloween , John Carpenter states he also instructed Castle to tilt his head a couple of times as if he was observing the corpse , particularly in the scene when Myers impaled one of his victims against a wall . Music ( edit ) Main article : Halloween ( soundtrack ) Another major reason for the success of Halloween is the moody musical score , particularly the main theme . Lacking a symphonic soundtrack , the film 's score consists of a piano melody played in a 10 / 8 or `` complex 5 / 4 '' meter composed and performed by director John Carpenter . It took Carpenter three days to compose the entire score for the film . Critic James Berardinelli calls the score `` relatively simple and unsophisticated '' , but admits that `` Halloween 's music is one of its strongest assets '' . Carpenter stated in an interview , `` I can play just about any keyboard , but I ca n't read or write a note . '' In the end credits , Carpenter bills himself as the `` Bowling Green Philharmonic Orchestra '' for performing the film 's score , but he did receive assistance from composer Dan Wyman , a music professor at San José State University . Some songs can be heard in the film , one being an untitled song performed by Carpenter and a group of his friends who formed a band called The Coupe De Villes . The song is heard as Laurie steps into Annie 's car on her way to babysit Tommy Doyle . Another song , `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' by classic rock band Blue Öyster Cult , appears in the film . The soundtrack was first released in the United States in October 1983 , by Varèse Sarabande / MCA . It was subsequently released on Compact Disc in 1985 , re-released in 1990 , and again in 2000 . On the film 's 40th anniversary , coinciding with the release of Anthology : Movie Themes 1974 -- 1998 , a remix of the theme by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross was released . Release ( edit ) Ad , The Village Voice , Nov. 6 , 1978 : only known , published window for date of film 's New York City premiere ( `` Held over ... 2nd week '' ) Theatrical run ( edit ) Halloween premiered on October 25 , 1978 in Kansas City , Missouri ( at the AMC Midland / Empire ) and sometime afterward in Chicago , Illinois , and in New York City . It had its Los Angeles debut October 27 , 1978 . It opened in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , on November 22 , 1978 . The film grossed $47 million in the United States and an additional $23 million internationally , making the theatrical total $70 million . On September 7 , 2012 , the official Halloween Movies Facebook page announced that the original Halloween would be theatrically re-released starting October 25 , 2013 in celebration of the film 's 35th anniversary in 2013 . A new documentary was screened before the film at all locations , entitled , You Ca n't Kill the Boogeyman : 35 Years of Halloween , written and directed by HalloweenMovies.com webmaster Justin Beahm . Television rights ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1980 , the television rights to Halloween were sold to the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) for $4 million . After a debate among Carpenter , Hill and NBC 's Standards and Practices over censoring of certain scenes , Halloween appeared on television for the first time in October 1981 . To fill the two - hour time slot , Carpenter filmed twelve minutes of additional material during the production of Halloween II . The newly filmed scenes include Dr. Loomis at a hospital board review of Michael Myers and Dr. Loomis talking to a then - 6 - year - old Michael at Smith 's Grove , telling him , `` You 've fooled them , have n't you , Michael ? But not me . '' Another extra scene features Dr. Loomis at Smith 's Grove examining Michael 's abandoned cell after his escape and seeing the word `` Sister '' scratched into the door . Finally , a scene was added in which Lynda comes over to Laurie 's house to borrow a silk blouse before Laurie leaves to babysit , just as Annie telephones asking to borrow the same blouse . The new scene had Laurie 's hair hidden by a towel , since Curtis was by then wearing a much shorter hairstyle than she had worn in 1978 . Home Video Releases ( edit ) Since Halloween 's premiere , it has been released in several home video formats , including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD , UMD and Blu - ray . Early VHS versions were released by Media Home Entertainment and Blockbuster Video issued a commemorative edition in August 3 , 1995 . Anchor Bay Entertainment ( succeder in - interest to Media Home Entertainment and Video Treasures ) has released several restored editions of Halloween on VHS and DVD , including `` Halloween : Unmasked '' ; a documentary produced and directed by Mark Cerulli which featured an array of interviews with original Halloween cast and crew including Jamie Lee Curtis , Debra Hill , John Carpenter , Nick Castle and others . The most recent release of the film is the 2007 single - disc restored version , with improved picture and sound quality . Anchor Bay has also released an `` extended edition '' of Halloween that features the original theatrical release with the scenes that were shot for the broadcast TV version edited in at their proper places . In 2003 , the film was released on a two - disc `` 25th Anniversary edition '' with improved DiviMax picture and audio , along with an audio commentary by John Carpenter , Jamie Lee Curtis and Debra Hill , the A Cut Above The Rest documentary , On Location : 25 Years Later featurette , the trailer , TV spots , radio spots , poster and still gallery , and DVD - ROM content . In 2007 , the movie was released on Blu - ray as well , marking the film 's first ever Blu - ray release . The Blu - ray features a commentary track by Carpenter , Hill and Curtis , the trailer , TV spots , radio spots , fast film facts and the documentary Halloween : A Cut Above the Rest . In 2008 , a `` 30th Anniversary commemorative set '' was released , containing the film on DVD and Blu - ray along with the `` extended edition '' , disc one of the 25 Years of Terror documentary DVD and the sequels : Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers and Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers , including a replica Michael Myers mask . The DVD release was THX certified . The film has made $18,500,000 in home video rentals . On June 6 , 2013 , it was announced that a second , 35th anniversary , Blu - ray release for Halloween is in the works and that John Carpenter and Jamie Lee Curtis have recorded a new commentary . On June 11 , it was announced that Dean Cundey is supervising a new high - definition transfer . On July 22 , the official cover art for the 35th anniversary Blu - ray release was revealed including the new special features such as the all - new high definition transfer by Cundey , the new commentary track by Carpenter and Curtis as well as a new 7.1 audio mix , the original mono audio mix , a new featurette with Curtis titled `` The Night She Came Home '' , an `` On - Location '' featurette , the trailer , television and radio spots and the additional scenes from the extended television version . The 35th - anniversary release earned a Saturn Award for Best Classic Film Release . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its initial release , Halloween performed well with little advertising -- relying mostly on word - of - mouth , but many critics seemed uninterested or dismissive of the film . Pauline Kael wrote a scathing review in The New Yorker suggesting that `` Carpenter does n't seem to have had any life outside the movies : one can trace almost every idea on the screen to directors such as Hitchcock and Brian De Palma and to the Val Lewton productions '' and claiming that `` Maybe when a horror film is stripped of everything but dumb scariness -- when it is n't ashamed to revive the stalest device of the genre ( the escaped lunatic ) -- it satisfies part of the audience in a more basic , childish way than sophisticated horror pictures do . '' The first glowing review by a prominent film critic came from Tom Allen of The Village Voice in November 1978 . Allen noted that the film was sociologically irrelevant but ceded that the Hitchcock - like technique was effective and `` the most honest way to make a good schlock film '' . Allen pointed out the stylistic similarities to Psycho and George A. Romero 's Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) . The following month , Voice lead critic Andrew Sarris wrote a follow - up feature on cult films , citing Allen 's appraisal of Halloween and saying in the lead sentence that the film `` bids fair to become the cult discovery of 1978 . Audiences have been heard screaming at its horrifying climaxes '' . Roger Ebert gave the film similar praise in his 1979 review in the Chicago Sun - Times and selected it as one of his top ten films of 1978 . Once - dismissive critics were impressed by Carpenter 's choice of camera angles and simple music , and surprised by the lack of blood and graphic violence . On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93 % based on 54 reviews , with an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Scary , suspenseful , and viscerally thrilling , Halloween set the standard for modern horror films . '' Many compared the film with the work of Alfred Hitchcock , although TV Guide calls comparisons made to Psycho `` silly and groundless '' and critics in the late 1980s and early 1990s blame the film for spawning the slasher subgenre , which they felt had rapidly descended into sadism and misogyny . Almost a decade after its premiere , Mick Martin and Marsha Porter critiqued the first - person camera shots that earlier film reviewers had praised and later slasher - film directors utilized for their own films ( for example , 1980 's Friday the 13th ) . Claiming it encouraged audience identification with the killer , Martin and Porter pointed to the way `` the camera moves in on the screaming , pleading , victim , ' looks down ' at the knife , and then plunges it into chest , ear , or eyeball . Now that 's sick . '' Years after its debut , Halloween enjoys a reputation as a classic and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978 . Themes and analysis ( edit ) Many criticisms of Halloween and other slasher films come from postmodern academia . Some feminist critics , according to historian Nicholas Rogers , `` have seen the slasher movies since Halloween as debasing women in as decisive a manner as hard - core pornography . '' Critics such as John Kenneth Muir state that female characters such as Laurie Strode survive not because of `` any good planning '' or their own resourcefulness , but sheer luck . Although she manages to repel the killer several times , in the end , Strode is rescued in Halloween and Halloween II only when Dr. Loomis arrives to shoot Myers . On the other hand , other feminist scholars such as Carol J. Clover argue that despite the violence against women , slasher films turned women into heroines . In many pre-Halloween horror films , women are depicted as helpless victims and are not safe until they are rescued by a strong masculine hero . Despite the fact that Loomis saves Strode , Clover asserts that Halloween initiates the role of the `` final girl '' who ultimately triumphs in the end . Strode fights back against Myers and severely wounds him . Had Myers been a normal man , Strode 's attacks would have killed him ; even Loomis , the male hero of the story , who shoots Michael repeatedly at near point blank range with a large caliber handgun , can not kill him . Aviva Briefel argued that moments such as when Michael 's face was temporarily revealed are meant to give pleasure to the male viewer . Briefel further argues that these moments are masochistic in nature and give pleasure to men because they are willingly submitting themselves to the women of the film ; they submit themselves temporarily because it will make their return to authority even more powerful . Critics , such as Pat Gill , see Halloween as a critique of American social values . She remarks that parental figures are almost entirely absent throughout the film , noting that when Laurie is attacked by Michael while babysitting , `` No parents , either of the teenagers or of the children left in their charge , call to check on their children or arrive to keen over them . '' Another major theme found in the film is the dangers of pre-marital sex . Clover believes that killers in slasher films are fueled by a `` psychosexual fury '' and that all the killings are sexual in nature . She reinforces this idea by saying that `` guns have no place in slasher films '' and when examining the film I Spit on Your Grave she notes that `` a hands - on killing answers a hands - on rape in a way that a shooting , even a shooting preceded by a humiliation , does not . '' Equating sex with violence is important in Halloween and the slasher genre according to Pat Gill , who made a note of this in her essay `` The Monstrous Years : Teens , Slasher Films , and the Family '' . She remarks that Laurie 's friends `` think of their babysitting jobs as opportunities to share drinks and beds with their boyfriends . One by one they are killed ... by Michael Myers an asylum escapee who years ago at the age of six murdered his sister for preferring sex to taking care of him . '' The danger of suburbia is another major theme that runs throughout the movie and the slasher genre itself , Pat Gill states that slasher films `` seem to mock white flight to gated communities , in particular the attempts of parents to shield their children from the dangerous influences represented by the city '' . Halloween and slasher films , generally , are supposed to represent the underside of suburbia . Michael Myers was raised in a suburban household and after he escapes the mental hospital he returns to his hometown to kill again ; Myers is a product of the suburban environment . Carpenter himself dismisses the notion that Halloween is a morality play , regarding it as merely a horror movie . According to Carpenter , critics `` completely missed the point there '' . He explains , `` The one girl who is the most sexually uptight just keeps stabbing this guy with a long knife . She 's the most sexually frustrated . She 's the one that 's killed him . Not because she 's a virgin but because all that sexually repressed energy starts coming out . She uses all those phallic symbols on the guy . '' Awards ( edit ) Halloween was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Horror Film by the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films in 1979 , but lost to The Wicker Man ( 1973 ) . In 2001 , Halloween ranked # 68 on the American Film Institute TV program 100 Years ... 100 Thrills . The film was # 14 on Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ( 2004 ) . Similarly , the Chicago Film Critics Association named it the 3rd scariest film ever made . In 2006 , Halloween was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2007 , the AOL 31 Days of Horror countdown named Halloween the greatest horror movie . In 2008 , the film was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . In 2010 , Total Film selected the film as one of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 68 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Michael Myers -- Nominated Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Influence ( edit ) Halloween is a widely influential film within the horror genre ; it was largely responsible for the popularization of slasher films in the 1980s . Halloween popularized many tropes that have become completely synonymous with the slasher genre . Halloween helped to popularize the final girl trope , the killing off of characters who are substance abusers or sexually promiscuous , and the use of a theme song for the killer . Carpenter also shot many scenes from the perspective of the killer in order to build tension . These elements have become so established that many historians argue that Halloween is responsible for the new wave of horror that emerged during the 1980s . Due to its popularity , Halloween became a blueprint for success that many other horror films , such as Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street , would follow , and that others like Scream would satirise . The major themes present in Halloween would also become common in the slasher films it inspired . Film scholar Pat Gill notes that in Halloween , there is a theme of absentee parents but films such as A Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th feature the parents becoming directly responsible for the creation of the killer . There are slasher films that predated Halloween , such as The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and Black Christmas which contained prominent elements of the slasher genre ; both involving a group of teenagers being murdered by a stranger as well having the final girl trope . Halloween , however , is seen by historians as being responsible for the new wave of horror films because it not only used these tropes but also pioneered many others . A mass market paperback novelization of the same name , written by Curtis Richards ( a pseudonym that was used by author Richard Curtis ) , was published by Bantam Books in 1979 . It was reissued in 1982 ; it later went out of print . The novelization adds aspects not featured in the film , such as the origins of the curse of Samhain and Michael Myers ' life in Smith 's Grove Sanatorium , which contradict its source material . For example , the novel 's version of Michael speaks during his time at the sanitarium ; in the film , Dr. Loomis states , `` He has n't spoken a word in fifteen years . '' In 1983 , Halloween was adapted as a video game for the Atari 2600 by Wizard Video . None of the main characters in the game were named . Players take on the role of a teenage babysitter who tries to save as many children from an unnamed , knife - wielding killer as possible . The game was not popular with parents or players and the graphics were simple , as was typical in Atari 2600 games . In another effort to save money , most versions of the game did not even have a label on the cartridge . It was simply a piece of tape with `` Halloween '' written in marker . The game contained more gore than the film , however . When the babysitter is killed , her head disappears and is replaced by blood pulsating from the neck as she runs around exaggeratedly . The game 's primary similarity to the film is the theme music that plays when the killer appears onscreen . Sequels and remake ( edit ) Main article : Halloween ( franchise ) Halloween spawned seven sequels , a 2007 remake directed by Rob Zombie , and a 2009 sequel to the remake , which is unrelated to the sequel of the original . Of these films , only the first sequel was written by Carpenter and Hill . It begins exactly where Halloween ends and was intended to finish the story of Michael Myers and Laurie Strode . Halloween II was a box office success , becoming the second - highest grossing horror film of 1981 behind An American Werewolf in London . Carpenter did not direct any of the subsequent films in the Halloween series , although he did produce Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) , the plot of which is unrelated to the other films in the series due to the absence of Michael Myers . He , along with Alan Howarth , also composed the music for the second and third films . After the negative critical and commercial reception for Season of the Witch , the filmmakers brought back Michael Myers in Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) , which was successful enough to warrant its own direct sequel with Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) , as well as Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) . The sequels feature more explicit violence and blood and are generally dismissed by mainstream film critics , excluding Halloween II ( 1981 ) and Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) , which did receive better reviews than most of the other sequels in the franchise , yet still paled in comparison to the original film . They were filmed on larger budgets than the original : in contrast to Halloween 's modest budget of $300,000 , Halloween II 's budget was around $2.5 million , while the final sequel to the original , Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) , boasted a budget of $15 million . Financier Moustapha Akkad continued to work closely with the Halloween franchise , acting as executive producer of every sequel until his death in the 2005 Amman bombings . With the exception of Halloween III , the sequels further develop the character of Michael Myers and the Samhain theme . Even without considering the third film , the Halloween series contains continuity issues , which some sources attribute to the different writers and directors involved in each film . The 10 Halloween films , including the 2007 remake and its sequel , have had eight directors . Only Rick Rosenthal and Rob Zombie directed more than one : Rosenthal directed the first sequel as well as Halloween : Resurrection , while Zombie directed the remake of the original film and its sequel . On February 9 , 2017 , Carpenter announced that a new Halloween film was going to be written by David Gordon Green and Danny McBride and will be directed by Green . It will be a direct sequel to the original film and will ignore all the sequels . In September 2017 , Jamie Lee Curtis confirmed that she would reprise her role as Laurie Strode . In October , Judy Greer entered negotiations to play Laurie 's daughter Karen Strode . In December 2017 , it was announced Andi Matichak had signed on to play Karen Strode 's daughter and Laurie 's granddaughter . The film will be distributed by Universal Pictures , their first involvement in the franchise since distributing 1982 's Halloween III : Season of the Witch . On October 17 , 2017 , Carpenter announced that he would be returning to score the upcoming film , saying `` I 'll be consulting with the director to see what he feels . I could create a new score , we could update the old score and amplify it , or we could combine those two things . I 'll have to see the movie to see what it requires . '' On December 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Nick Castle would be reprising his role as Michael Myers . Filming began on January 13 , 2018 , concluding on February 19 , 2018 . The film will be released on October 19 , 2018 . An independent documentary titled The Shape Lives : 40 Years of Halloween was announced on April 4 , 2018 , which plans to look at Halloween and its many sequels in - depth . A teaser trailer was released on the same day . See also ( edit ) Film portal Horror portal 1970s portal List of Halloween characters Coulrophobia Evil clowns References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Associated Press ( March 8 , 2005 ) . `` Debra Hill , 54 , Film Producer Who Helped Create ' Halloween , ' Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween ( 1978 ) - Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` John Carpenter On Why You Should See ' Halloween ' in Theaters ( Video ) '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Films Selected to The National Film Registry , 1989 - 2010 '' . National Film Registry . Library of Congress . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mick Martin and Marsha Porter ( 1986 ) . Video Movie Guide 1987 . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 33872 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tony Williams , `` Trying to Survive on the Darker Side : 1980s Family Horror '' , in Barry K. Grant , ed. , The Dread of Difference : Gender and the Horror Film ( Austin : University of Texas Press , 1996 ) , pp. 164 -- 165 , ISBN 0 - 292 - 72794 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Debra Hill , Nick Castle , Jamie Lee Curtis , and Tommy Lee Wallace ( 2003 ) . A Cut Above the Rest ( Halloween : 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Anchor Bay . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , quoted in Alan Jones , The Rough Guide to Horror Movies ( New York : Rough Guides , 2005 ) , p. 102 , ISBN 1 - 84353 - 521 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , John ( Writer / Director ) and Debra Hill ( Writer ) ( 1978 ) . Halloween ( DVD ) . United States : Compass International Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Behind the Scenes at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Irwin Yablans , Fangoria interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Entertainment Weekly interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Moustapha Akkad , Fangoria interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Fangoria interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Filming Locations '' . Seeing-stars.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Synapse Finds Complete Halloween Negatives , '' August 29 , 2006 , at Fangoria ; last accessed September 3 , 2006 . Archived February 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Holy Grail of Halloween Footage Found '' at Dread Central ; last accessed on September 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pleasence casting information at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nancy Loomis casting information at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ P.J. Soles casting information at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ Nick Castle casting information at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Rogers , Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , p. 111 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , review of Halloween , Chicago Sun - Times , October 31 , 1979 , at RogerEbert.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ J.P. Telotte , `` Through a Pumpkin 's Eye : The Reflexive Nature of Horror , '' in Gregory Waller , ed. , American Horrors : Essays on the Modern American Horror Film ( Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1992 ) , p. 116 , ISBN 0 - 252 - 01448 - 0 . Jump up ^ Telotte , `` Through a Pumpkin 's Eye , '' pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Halloween , p. 111 . Jump up ^ David Scott Diffrient , `` A Film is Being Beaten : Notes on the Shock Cut and the Material Violence of Horror , '' in Steffen Hantke , Horror Film : Creating and Marketing Fear ( Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2004 ) , p. 61 , ISBN 1 - 57806 - 692 - 1 . Jump up ^ Curtis interview , quoted at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Berardinelli , James . `` review of Halloween '' . ReelViews.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Wyman 's faculty website at Dr. Daniel Wyman -- San José State University Archived July 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Halloween Soundtrack information from HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross ' Chilling Take on ' Halloween ' Theme '' . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Tom , `` The Sleeper That 's Here to Stay '' , The Village Voice , November 6 , 1978 , pp. 67 , 70 . While the review gives no New York City premiere date or specific theater , a display advertisement on page 72 reads : `` Held over ! 2nd week of horror ! At a Flagship Theatre near you '' . Per the movie listings on pages 82 , 84 and 85 , respectively , it played at four since - defunct theaters : the Essex , located at 375 Grand Street in Chinatown , per Cinema Treasures : Essex Theatre ; the RKO 86th Street Twin , on East 86th Street near Lexington Avenue ; the Rivoli , located at 1620 Broadway , in the Times Square area , per Cinema Treasures : Rivoli Theatre ; and the Times Square Theater , located at 217 West 42nd Street , per Treasures : Times Square Theater ^ Jump up to : Distribution at HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Anderson , George . `` Low - Budget ' Halloween ' on Thanksgiving : More in the Way of a Trick Than a Treat '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , November 23 , 1978 . `` Opening yesterday at the Gateway , Downtown , the Cinemette East in Monroeville and the Showcase West in Robinson Township ... '' Jump up ^ `` Here 's the Poster for Halloween Re-Release '' . Shock Till You Drop. 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Carpenter 's Halloween Returning to Theaters This Fall '' . Shock Till You Drop. 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 1978 ) - > Releases '' . allrovi.com . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Naugle , Patrick ( August 24 , 2001 ) . `` Halloween : Extended Version '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on 2004 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Anchor Bay working on Halloween 35th anniversary Blu - ray ; Carpenter and Curtis record new commentary '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Serafini , Matt ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Dean Cundey will supervise Halloween 35th anniversary Blu - ray '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The 40th Saturn Awards Winners Archived February 29 , 2012 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Pauline Kael , review of Halloween , The New Yorker , 1978 , at TheManWiththeHypnoticEye.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Allen , Tom . `` Halloween '' ( November 1978 review ) , reprinted at Criterion.com , `` The Criterion Collection , Online Cinematheque '' Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew . `` Those Wild and Crazy Cult Movies '' , The Village Voice , December 18 , 1978 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 31 , 1979 ) . `` Halloween Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1979 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Ebert 's 10 Best Lists : 1967 -- present '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2005 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Halloween at Rotten Tomatoes ; last accessed October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halloween ( review ) , TVGuide.com Movie Database ; last accessed May 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Halloween , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Siskel 's 10 Best Lists : 1969 -- 1998 '' . Caltech.edu . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Films of 1978 '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Movies of 1978 '' . Film.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1978 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Kenneth Muir , Wes Craven : The Art of Horror ( Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company , 1998 ) , p. 104 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1923 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carol J. Clover , Men , Women , and Chainsaws : Gender in the Modern Horror Film ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1992 ) , p. 189 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 00620 - 2 . Jump up ^ Aviva Briefel , `` Monster Pains : Masochism , Menstruation , and Identification in the Horror Film '' , Film Quarterly , 58 : 3 , ( Spring 2005 ) , 17 - 18 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/fq.2005.58.3.16 . ^ Jump up to : Pat Gill , `` The Monstrous Years : Teens , Slasher Films , and the Family '' , Journal of Film and Video , 54 : 4 , ( Winter 2002 ) , 22 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/20688391 . Jump up ^ Carol Clover , `` Her Body , Himself : Gender in the Slasher Film '' , Representations 20 , ( Autumn , 1987 ) , 194 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928507 . Jump up ^ Carol Clover , `` Her Body , Himself : Gender in the Slasher Film '' , Representations 20 , ( Autumn , 1987 ) , 198 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928507 . ^ Jump up to : Pat Gill , `` The Monstrous Years : Teens , Slasher Films , and the Family '' , Journal of Film and Video , 54 : 4 , ( Winter 2002 ) , 16 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/20688391 . Jump up ^ Saturn Award Nominees and Winners , 1979 at Internet Movie Database ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Critics ' Scariest Films '' . AltFilmGuide.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Added to the National Film Registry '' . Horror Movies . CA . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 31 Days of Horror Countdown ; accessed February 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Total Film . `` Film features : 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . TotalFilm.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carol Clover , Men , Women , and Chainsaws : Gender in the Modern Horror Film ( Princetom : Princeton University Press , 1993 ) , 24 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Conrich , `` Killing Time and Time Again : The Popular Appeal of Carpenters Horror 's and the Impact of the Thing and Halloween '' , in The Cinema of John Carpenter : The Technique of Terror , ed . Ian Conrich , and David Woods ( Wallflower Press , 2005 ) , 92 . Jump up ^ Pat Gill , Journal of Film and Video , 54 : 4 , ( Winter 2002 ) , 26 . `` The Monstrous Years : Teens , Slasher Films , and the Family '' . Jump up ^ Curtis Richards , Halloween ( Bantam Books , 1979 ) , ISBN 0 - 553 - 13226 - 1 ; 1982 reissue ISBN 0 - 553 - 26296 - 3 . Jump up ^ Review of Halloween video game at X-Entertainment.com ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gregory D. George , `` History of Horror : A Primer of Horror Games for Your Atari '' at The Atari Times ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Archived April 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ HalloweenMovies.com ; last accessed May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of Halloween III : Season of the Witch at HalloweenMovies.com Archived September 6 , 2012 , at Archive.is ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Business statistics for Halloween II at Internet Movie Database ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Business statistics for Halloween : Resurrection at Internet Movie Database ; last accessed April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Moustapha Akkad ( obituary ) '' . The Daily Telegraph ( London ) . November 12 , 2005 . Retrieved April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Zombie interview '' . HalloweenMovies.com . June 16 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Halloween & Down ? David Gordon Green To Direct New Franchise Take , Pen Script With Danny McBride '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Q&A : John Carpenter Talks New Album Anthology & The Upcoming Halloween Sequel '' . Stereogum . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Danny McBride on ' Halloween ' : ' I just hope that we do n't f * * * it up and p * * * people off ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Jamie Lee ( @ jamieleecurtis ) ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` '' Same porch . Same clothes . Same issues . 40 years later . Headed back to Haddonfield one last time for Halloween . Release date 10 / 19 / 18. `` '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Judy Greer Joins Halloween Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andi Matichak Cast in the 2018 HALLOWEEN Film Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Carpenter Discusses Movie Themes Anthology , Directorial Career & Overcoming Stage Fright '' . Billboard . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Halloween ' Reboot Will Bring Back the Original Michael Myers Actor '' . Collider . Jump up ^ `` ( SPOILER ALERT ! ) First Behind - The - Scenes Photos of New HALLOWEEN Movie Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . January 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Turek on Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SquabbleBox.co.uk - Entertainment Under Attack ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) , The Shape Lives : 40 Years of Halloween - TEASER TRAILER , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 20 Bibliography Badley , Linda ( 1995 ) . Film , Horror , and the Body Fantastic . Westport , Connecticut , United States : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27523 - 8 . Baird , Robert ( Spring 2000 ) . `` The Startle Effect : Implications for Spectator Cognition and Media Theory '' . Film Quarterly . 3 ( 53 ) : 12 -- 24 . Noël , Carroll ( Autumn 1987 ) . `` The Nature of Horror '' . Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 1 ( 46 ) : 51 -- 59 . Cumbow , Robert C. ( 2000 ) . Order in the Universe : The Films of John Carpenter ( 2nd ed . ) . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3719 - 6 . Johnson , Kenneth . `` The Point of View of the Wandering Camera '' . Cinema Journal . 2 ( 32 , Winter 1993 ) : 49 -- 56 . King , Stephen ( 1981 ) . Danse Macabre . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 10433 - 8 . Prince , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Horror Film . New Brunswick , New Jersey , United States : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3363 - 5 . Schneider , Steven Jay ( 2004 ) . Horror Film and Psychoanalysis : Freud 's Worst Nightmare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82521 - 0 . Williams , Tony ( 1996 ) . Hearths of Darkness : The Family in the American Horror Film . Rutherford , New Jersey , United States : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3564 - 4 . Clover , Carol ( 1993 ) . Men , Women , and Chainsaws : Gender in the Modern Horror Film . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . Conrich , Ian ( 2005 ) . `` Killing Time and Time Again : The Popular Appeal of Carpenters Horror 's and the Impact of the Thing and Halloween '' . In Conrich , Ian ; Woods , David . The Cinema of John Carpenter : The Technique of Terror . Wallflower Press . pp. 91 -- 106 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Halloween ( 1978 film ) Official website of the Halloween series Halloween on IMDb Halloween at Rotten Tomatoes Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett John Carpenter Filmography Directed Captain Voyeur ( 1969 , short ) Dark Star ( 1974 ) Assault on Precinct 13 ( 1976 ) Halloween ( 1978 ) Someone 's Watching Me ! ( 1978 ) Elvis ( 1979 ) The Fog ( 1980 ) Escape from New York ( 1981 ) The Thing ( 1982 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Starman ( 1984 ) Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) Prince of Darkness ( 1987 ) They Live ( 1988 ) Memoirs of an Invisible Man ( 1992 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) In the Mouth of Madness ( 1995 ) Village of the Damned ( 1995 ) Escape from L.A. ( 1996 ) Vampires ( 1998 ) Ghosts of Mars ( 2001 ) John Carpenter 's Cigarette Burns ( TV , 2005 ) Pro-Life ( TV , 2006 ) The Ward ( 2010 ) Written The Resurrection of Broncho Billy ( 1970 , short ) Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Black Moon Rising ( 1986 ) Produced only Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) Vampires : Los Muertos ( 2002 ) Discography Studio albums Lost Themes ( 2015 ) Lost Themes II ( 2016 ) Anthology : Movie Themes 1974 -- 1998 ( 2017 ) Remix albums Lost Themes Remixed ( 2015 ) EPs Classic Themes Redux EP ( 2016 ) Scores and soundtracks Halloween ( 1979 ) Dark Star ( 1980 ) Escape from New York ( 1981 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) The Fog ( 1984 ) Big Trouble in Little China ( 1986 ) Prince of Darkness ( 1987 ) They Live ( 1988 ) Christine ( 1989 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) In the Mouth of Madness ( 1995 ) Village of the Damned ( 1995 ) Escape from L.A. ( 1996 ) Vampires ( 1998 ) Ghosts of Mars ( 2001 ) Assault on Precinct 13 ( 2003 ) GND : 7671785 - 9 LCCN : no98046857 VIAF : 183290594 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween_(1978_film)&oldid=856852242 '' Categories : 1978 films English - language films Halloween ( franchise ) films Teen thriller films 1978 horror films 1970s serial killer films 1970s slasher films American films American teen horror films American teen films Films directed by John Carpenter Screenplays by John Carpenter Films set in 1963 Films set in 1978 Films set in Illinois Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles American independent films American serial killer films American slasher films United States National Film Registry films Films scored by John Carpenter Sororicide in fiction 1970s horror thriller films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template archiveis links Use mdy dates from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 22 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween%20%281978%20film%29	658
feel like im rocking after being on a boat			Illusions of self - motion	illusions of self - motion	Illusions of self - motion refers to a phenomenon that occurs when someone feels like their body is moving when no movement is taking place . One can experience illusory movements of the whole body or of individual body parts , such as arms or legs .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Vestibular illusions 2 Vection 3 Sea legs , dock rock , or stillness illness 4 See also 5 References Vestibular illusions ( edit ) The vestibular system is one of the major sources of information about one 's own motion . Disorders of the visual system can lead to dizziness , vertigo , and feelings of instability . Vertigo is not associated with illusory self - motion as it does not typically make you feel as though you are moving ; however , in a subclass of vertigo known as subjective vertigo one does experience their own motion . People experience themselves being pulled heavily in one direction There are also specific self - motion illusions that can occur through abnormal stimulation of various parts of the vestibular system , often encountered in aviation . This includes an illusion of inversion , in which one feels like they 're tumbling backwards . Through various stimuli , people can be made to feel as if they are moving when they are not , not moving when they are , tilted when they are not , or not tilted when they are . Vection ( edit ) See also : Sensory illusions in aviation § Vection illusion When a large part of the visual field moves , a viewer feels like he has moved and that the world is stationary . For example , when one is in a train at a station , and a nearby train moves , one can have the illusion that one 's own train has moved in the opposite direction . Common sorts of vection include circular vection , where an observer is placed at the center of rotation of a large vertically - oriented rotating drum , usually painted with vertical stripes ; linear vection , where an observer views a field that either approaches or recedes ; and roll vection , where an observer views a patterned disk rotating around his or her line of sight . During circular vection , the observer feels like he is rotating and the drum is stationary . During linear vection , the observer feels like he has moved forwards or backwards and the stimulus has stayed stationary . During roll vection , the observer feels like he has rotated around the line of sight and the disk has stayed stationary . Inducing vection can also induce motion sickness in susceptible individuals . Sea legs , dock rock , or stillness illness ( edit ) After being on a small boat for a few hours and then going back onto land , it may feel like there is still rising and falling , as if one is still on the boat . It can also occur on other situations , such as after a long train journey . It is not clear whether sea legs is a form of aftereffect to the predominant frequency of the stimulation ( e.g. , the waves or the rocking of the train ) , whether it is a form of learning to adjust one 's gait and posture , or whether it is a form of the Tetris effect . Sea legs needs to be distinguished from mal de debarquement , which is much more disturbing and long - lasting . See also ( edit ) Balance disorder Broken escalator phenomenon Chronic subjective dizziness Dizziness Equilibrioception Ideomotor phenomenon Proprioception Seasickness Spatial disorientation Vertigo Mal de debarquement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Symptoms '' . 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawson , B.D. , & Riecke , B.E. ( 2014 ) . The Perception of Body Motion . Handbook of Virtual Environments , CRC Press , 163 - 196 . Jump up ^ `` Vection Measures '' . Jump up ^ `` Sea legs - 22 January 2005 - New Scientist '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illusions_of_self-motion&oldid=798291006 '' Categories : Illusions Motor control Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2009 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusions%20of%20self-motion	659
during the first fifty years of its existence how did congress raise money			Federalism in the United states	federalism in the united states	Federalism in the United States is the constitutional relationship between U.S. state governments and the Federal government of the United States . Since the founding of the country , and particularly with the end of the American Civil War , power shifted away from the states and towards the national government . The progression of federalism includes dual , state - centered , and new federalism .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Federalism in the early Republic 1.1 Federalist Party 2 Federalism under the Marshall Court 3 Dual Federalism 4 Between Dual Federalism and the New Deal 4.1 State government policies 4.2 Local government policies 5 Cooperative Federalism 6 New Federalism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading and references Federalism in the early republic ( edit ) Federalism was a political solution for the problems with the Articles of Confederation which gave little practical authority to the federal government . For example , the Articles allowed the Continental Congress the power to sign treaties and declare war , but it could not raise taxes to pay for an army and all major decisions required a unanimous vote . The movement was greatly strengthened by the reaction to Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 -- 1787 , which was an armed uprising of yeoman farmers in western Massachusetts . The rebellion was fueled by a poor economy that was created , in part , by the inability of the federal government to deal effectively with the debt from the American Revolutionary War . Moreover , the federal government had proven incapable of raising an army to quell the rebellion , so that Massachusetts had been forced to raise its own . In 1787 , fifty - five delegates met at a Constitutional convention in Philadelphia and generated ideas of a bicameral legislature ( United States Congress ) , balanced representation of small and large states ( Great Compromise ) , and checks and balances . James Madison stated in a long pre-convention memorandum to delegates that because `` one could hardly expect the state legislatures to take enlightened views on national affairs '' , stronger central government was necessary . This convention almost immediately dropped its original mandate and instead set about constructing a new Constitution of the United States . Once the convention concluded and released the Constitution for public consumption , the Federalist movement became focused on getting the Constitution ratified . The most forceful defense of the new Constitution was The Federalist Papers , a compilation of 85 anonymous essays published in New York City to convince the people of the state to vote for ratification . These articles , written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison , with some contributed by John Jay , examined the benefits of the new , proposed Constitution , and analyzed the political theory and function behind the various articles of the Constitution . The Federalist Papers remain one of the most important sets of documents in American history and political science . Those opposed to the new Constitution became known as the Anti-Federalists . They generally were local rather than cosmopolitan in perspective , oriented to plantations and farms rather than commerce or finance , and wanted strong state governments and a weak national government . The Anti-Federalist critique soon centered on the absence of a bill of rights , which Federalists promised to provide . Because George Washington lent his prestige to the Constitution and because of the ingenuity and organizational skills of its proponents , the Constitution was ratified by all the states . The outgoing Congress of the Confederation scheduled elections for the new government , and set March 4 , 1789 as the date that the new government would take power . In 1789 , Congress submitted twelve articles of amendment to the states . Ten of these articles , written by congressional committees , achieved passage on December 15 , 1791 and became the United States Bill of Rights . The Tenth Amendment set the guidelines for federalism in the United States . Federalist Party ( edit ) Main article : Federalist Party As soon as the first Federalist movement dissipated , a second one sprang up to take its place . This one was based on the policies of Alexander Hamilton and his allies for a stronger national government , a loose construction of the Constitution , and a mercantile ( rather than agricultural ) economy . As time progressed , the factions which adhered to these policies organized themselves into the nation 's first political party , the Federalist Party , and the movement 's focus and fortunes began to track those of the party it spawned . While the Federalist movement of the 1780s and the Federalist Party were distinct entities , they were related in more than just a common name . The Democratic - Republican Party , the opposition to the Federalist Party , emphasized the fear that a strong national government was a threat to the liberties of the people . They stressed that the national debt created by the new government would bankrupt the country , and that federal bondholders were paid from taxes paid by honest farmers and workingmen . These themes resonated with the Anti-Federalists , the opposition to the Federalist movement of the 1780s . As Norman Risjord has documented for Virginia , of the supporters of the Constitution in 1788 , 69 % joined the Federalist party , while nearly all ( 94 % ) of the opponents joined the Republicans . 71 % of Thomas Jefferson 's supporters in Virginia were former anti-federalists who continued to fear centralized government , while only 29 % had been proponents of the Constitution a few years before . In short , nearly all of the opponents of the Federalist movement became opponents of the Federalist Party . The movement reached its zenith with the election of John Adams , an overtly Federalist President . However , with the defeat of Adams in the election of 1800 and the death of Hamilton , the Federalist Party began a long decline from which it never recovered . What finally finished off the Federalist party was the Hartford Convention of 1814 , in which five New England states gathered to discuss several constitutional amendments necessary to protect New England 's interests in regard to the blockade of their ports by the British during the War of 1812 . The threat of secession also was proposed during these secret meetings . Three delegates were sent to Washington , DC to negotiate New England 's terms only to discover the signing of the Treaty of Ghent , ending the war with the British . The Federalists were then seen by many as traitors to the union . Federalism under the Marshall Court ( edit ) See also : John Marshall The United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall played an important role in defining the power of the federal and state governments during the early 19th century . As the U.S. Constitution does not specifically define many dividing lines between the layers of government , the Supreme Court settled the issue in New York . The question was answered particularly in the cases , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden , which broadly expanded the power of the national government . Dual federalism ( edit ) Main article : Dual federalism Despite Chief Justice Marshall 's strong push for the federal government , the court of his successor , Roger B. Taney ( 1835 -- 1864 ) , decided cases that favored equally strong national and state governments . The basic philosophy during this time was that the U.S. Government ought to be limited to its enumerated powers and that all others belonged to the states . Both the sixteenth and the seventeenth amendment bolstered the power of the national government , and divided state and federal power . Between dual federalism and the New Deal ( edit ) Following the Taney court and the rise of Dual federalism , the division of labor between federal , state , and local governments was relatively unchanged for over a century . Political scientist Theodore J. Lowi summarized the system in place during those years in The End of the Republican Era Nevertheless , the modern federal apparatus owes its origins to changes that occurred during the period between 1861 and 1933 . While banks had long been incorporated and regulated by the states , the National Bank Acts of 1863 and 1864 saw Congress establish a network of national banks that had their reserve requirements set by officials in Washington . During World War I , a system of federal banks devoted to aiding farmers was established , and a network of federal banks designed to promote home ownership came into existence in the last year of Herbert Hoover 's administration . Congress used its power over interstate commerce to regulate the rates of interstate ( and eventually intrastate ) railroads and even regulated their stock issues and labor relations , going so far as to enact a law regulating pay rates for railroad workers on the eve of World War I. During the 1920s , Congress enacted laws bestowing collective bargaining rights on employees of interstate railroads and some observers dared to predict it would eventually bestow collective bargaining rights on persons working in all industries . Congress also used the commerce power to enact morals legislation , such as the Mann Act of 1907 barring the transfer of women across state lines for immoral purposes , even as the commerce power remained limited to interstate transportation -- it did not extend to what were viewed as intrastate activities such as manufacturing and mining . As early as 1913 , there was talk of regulating stock exchanges , and the Capital Issues Committee formed to control access to credit during World War I recommended federal regulation of all stock issues and exchanges shortly before it ceased operating in 1921 . With the Morrill Land - Grant Acts Congress used land sale revenues to make grants to the states for colleges during the Civil War on the theory that land sale revenues could be devoted to subjects beyond those listed in Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution . On several occasions during the 1880s , one house of Congress or the other passed bills providing land sale revenues to the states for the purpose of aiding primary schools . During the first years of twentieth century , the endeavors funded with federal grants multiplied , and Congress began using general revenues to fund them -- thus utilizing the general welfare clause 's broad spending power , even though it had been discredited for almost a century ( Hamilton 's view that a broad spending power could be derived from the clause had been all but abandoned by 1840 ) . During Herbert Hoover 's administration , grants went to the states for the purpose of funding poor relief . The Supreme Court began applying the Bill of Rights to the states during the 1920s even though the Fourteenth Amendment had not been represented as subjecting the states to its provisions during the debates that preceded ratification of it . The 1920s also saw Washington expand its role in domestic law enforcement . Disaster relief for areas affected by floods or crop failures dated from 1874 , and these appropriations began to multiply during the administration of Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 21 ) . By 1933 , the precedents necessary for the federal government to exercise broad regulatory power over all economic activity and spend for any purpose it saw fit were almost all in place . Virtually all that remained was for the will to be mustered in Congress and for the Supreme Court to acquiesce . State government policies ( edit ) Property law Education Estate and inheritance law Commerce laws of ownership and exchange Banking and credit laws Labor law and professional licensure Insurance laws Family laws Morals laws Public health and quarantine laws Public works laws , including eminent domain Building codes Corporations law Land use laws Water and mineral resource laws Judiciary and criminal procedure laws Electoral laws , including parties Civil service laws Local government policies ( edit ) Variances ( adaptation of state law to local conditions ) Public works Contracts for public works Licensing of public accommodations Assessable improvements Basic public services Cooperative federalism ( edit ) Main article : Cooperative federalism Although Cooperative Federalism has roots in the civil war , the Great Depression marked an abrupt end to Dual Federalism and a dramatic shift to a strong national government . President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal policies reached into the lives of U.S. citizens like no other federal measure had . As the Supreme Court had rejected nearly all of Roosevelt 's economic proposals , the president proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 to add more members . The expansion of the Court along with a Democrat - controlled Congress would tilt Court rulings in favor of Roosevelt 's policies . Lowi notes three Supreme Court cases that validated the shift in power : National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation , Helvering v. Davis , and Steward Machine Company v. Davis . The national government was forced to cooperate with all levels of government to implement the New Deal policies ; local government earned an equal standing with the other layers , as the federal government relied on political machines at a city level to bypass state legislatures . The formerly distinct division of responsibilities between state and national government had been described as a `` layer cake , '' but , with the lines of duty blurred , cooperative federalism was likened to a `` marble cake '' or a `` picket fence . '' In cooperative federalism , federal funds are distributed through grants in aid or categorical grants which gave the federal government more control over the use of the money . New federalism ( edit ) Main article : New Federalism Another movement calling itself `` New Federalism '' appeared in the late 20th century and early 21st century . New Federalism , which is characterized by a gradual return of power to the states , was initiated by President Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 89 ) with his `` devolution revolution '' in the early 1980s and lasted until 2001 . Previously , the federal government had granted money to the states categorically , limiting the states to use this funding for specific programs . Reagan 's administration , however , introduced a practice of giving block grants , freeing state governments to spend the money at their own discretion . New Federalism is sometimes called `` states ' rights '' , although its proponents usually eschew the latter term because of its associations with Jim Crow and segregation . Unlike the states ' rights movement of the mid-20th century which centered on the civil rights movement , the modern federalist movement is concerned far more with expansive interpretations of the Commerce Clause , as in the areas of medical marijuana ( Gonzales v. Raich ) , partial - birth abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , gun possession ( United States v. Lopez ) , federal police powers ( United States v. Morrison , which struck down portions of the Violence Against Women Act ) , or agriculture ( Wickard v. Filburn ) . See also ( edit ) Anti-Federalists Federalism Great Law of Peace : Influence on the United States Constitution Laboratories of democracy Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gerston 2007 , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Gerston 2007 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T . The Encyclopedia of New York City : The New York Historical Society ; Yale University Press ; 1995 . p. 194 . Jump up ^ War of 1812 Sparknotes.com Jump up ^ Lowi , T . The End of the Republican Era ( ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2887 - 9 ) , University of Oklahoma Press , 1995 -- 2006 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Zavodnyik , Peter ( 2011 ) . The Rise of the Federal Colossus : The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . pp. 21 -- 30 , 186 -- 93 , 213 -- 19 , 291 -- 93 , 313 -- 27 , 363 -- 64 , 380 -- 93 , 416 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39293 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lowi , T . The End of the Republican Era , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gerston 2007 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Lowi 1995 , p. 17 Further reading and references ( edit ) Gerston , Larry N. ( 2007 ) , American Federalism : A Concise Introduction , Armonk , New York , United States : M.E. Sharp , ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1671 - 8 Hafer , Catherine ; Landa , Dimitri ( August 2007 ) . `` Public goods in Federal systems '' . Quarterly Journal of Political Science . Now Publishing Inc. 2 ( 3 ) : 253 -- 275 . doi : 10.1561 / 100.00006001 . Pdf . LaCroix , Alison L. ( 2010 ) , The Ideological Origins of American Federalism , Cambridge , Massachusetts , United States : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 04886 - 5 Lowi , Theodore ( 1995 ) , The End of the Republican Era , Norman , Oklahoma , United States : University of Oklahoma , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2887 - 9 Taylor , Jeff ( 2013 ) , Politics on a Human Scale : The American Tradition of Decentralism , Lanham , Maryland , United States : Lexington Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 8674 - 9 U.S. Constitution Zavodnyik , Peter ( 2011 ) , The Rise of the Federal Colossus : The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R. , Santa Barbara , California , United States : ABC - CLIO United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_the_United_States&oldid=817949704 '' Categories : Federalism in the United States Federalism by country Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism%20in%20the%20United%20States	660
when did the bali volcano erupt in 2017			2017 -- 2018 eruptions of Mount Agung	2017 - - 2018 eruptions of mount agung	Mount Agung , a volcano on the island of Bali in Indonesia , erupted multiple times in late November 2017 , causing thousands to evacuate and disrupting air travel . As of 27 November 2017 , the alert level was at its highest and evacuation orders were in place .	Tectonic earthquakes from the volcano had been detected since early August , and volcanic activity intensified for several weeks before decreasing significantly in late October . A second , more violent period of major activity began in late November . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 1843 eruption 1.2 1963 eruption 2 Major activity in 2017 2.1 August 2.2 September 2.3 October 2.4 November 2.4. 1 21 November 2.4. 2 25 November 2.4. 3 26 November 2.4. 4 27 November 2.4. 5 29 November 3 Activity in 2018 3.1 January 4 Impact 5 References Background ( edit ) 1843 eruption ( edit ) Agung erupted in 1843 as reported by Heinrich Zollinger : After having been dormant for a long time , this year the mountain began to be alive again . In the first days of the activity earthquake shocks were felt after which followed the emission of ash , sand and stones . 1963 eruption ( edit ) Mount Agung 's 1963 eruption was among the most catastrophic volcanic events in Indonesian history . After initial explosions in the crater on 18 February of that year , lava began flowing down the mountain on 24 February , eventually traveling 7 km over the next three weeks . On 17 March , a highly explosive eruption occurred , reaching a VEI ( Volcanic Explosivity Index ) of 5 and sending lethal pyroclastic flows at high speeds down the mountain 's slopes , killing at least 1,500 people . Heavy rainfall mixed with ash from the eruption in the following days caused extensive lahars which killed about 200 more people . A smaller eruption occurred on 16 May , sending pyroclastic flows down the mountain once more , killing about 200 more people . By the time the eruptions ceased in early 1964 , they had claimed about 1,900 lives , marking the event as the 8th deadliest volcanic eruption of the 20th century . Since 1963 , the population of Bali has nearly doubled . Mount Agung is therefore considered highly dangerous by Indonesian authorities . This concern was the primary reason behind their decision to evacuate more than 100,000 people in response to the surge in local tectonic activity in the latter half of 2017 . Major activity in 2017 ( edit ) August ( edit ) Volcanic earthquakes were observed from 10 August 2017 and the intensity increased in the following weeks . September ( edit ) In September 2017 , an increase of rumbling and seismic activity around the volcano made people raise the alert to the highest level and about 122,500 people were evacuated from their homes around the volcano . The Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority declared a 12 - kilometer exclusion zone around the volcano on 24 September . A plume was observed on 13 September . Evacuees gathered in sports halls and other community buildings around Klungkung , Karangasem , Buleleng , and other areas . The monitoring station is in Tembuku , Rendang , Karangasem Regency , where intensity and frequency of tremors were monitored for signs of the imminent large eruption . The area experienced 844 volcanic earthquakes on 25 September , and 300 to 400 earthquakes by midday on 26 September . Seismologists have been alarmed at the force and frequency of the incidents as it has taken much less for similar volcanoes to erupt . October ( edit ) In late October 2017 , the activity of the volcano decreased significantly , leading to lowering of the alert status on 29 October . The alert level remained at 3 ( out of 4 ) until the start of the second major activity period , and plumes were observed during this time . November ( edit ) 21 November ( edit ) There was a small phreatic eruption reported at 09 : 05 ( UTC ) , with the ash cloud top reaching 3,842 metres ( 12,605 ft ) above sea level . Thousands of people immediately fled the area , and over 29,000 temporary refugees were reported to be housed in over 270 locations nearby . 25 November ( edit ) A magmatic eruption began early on Saturday morning . The resulting eruption plume was reported to rise about 1.5 -- 4 km above the summit crater , drifting towards the south and dusting the surroundings with a thin layer of dark ash , leading some airlines to cancel flights bound for Australia and New Zealand . An orange glow was later observed around the crater at night , confirming that fresh magma had indeed reached the surface . 26 November ( edit ) At 23 : 37 ( UTC ) , another eruption occurred . Ngurah Rai International Airport was closed next day , leaving many tourists stranded . More than 100,000 people in a 10 - kilometre ( 6.2 mi ) radius of the volcano were ordered to evacuate . 27 November ( edit ) Ash plume from Mount Agung on 27 November Sunday 26 November 's eruption continued at a constant rate , and lahars were reported in the Selat district south of the volcano . The Australian Government 's Bureau of Meteorology reported that the top of the eruption column had reached an altitude of 9,144 m ( 5.7 miles ) . Ash continued to spread in a southeasterly direction , and estimates by the Pacific Disaster Center predicted that the resulting atmospheric ash exposure will affect up to 5.6 million people within the densely populated region surrounding the volcano . 29 November ( edit ) NASA MODIS aerial view of ash from Terra satellite . Reductions in eruption intensity and wind dispersal of the ash cloud led authorities to reopen Ngurah Rai International Airport at 07 : 00 ( UTC ) . Authorities also warned that the eruption volume could increase again at any time , potentially shutting down air traffic once more . Activity in 2018 ( edit ) January ( edit ) The volcano erupted once again on January 11 , sending plumes of smoke and ash , while Indonesia 's Bali international airport was declared safe , operating normally . The eruption column was reported to rise 2.5 km above the mountain . Impact ( edit ) The 2017 eruption caused some 40,000 people to be evacuated from 22 villages around Mount Agung . It also caused surrounding airports to be closed . Lombok International Airport , on the neighboring island of Lombok , closed on 26 November , but was reopened the next morning , only to be closed again on 30 November . Lombok 's airport reopened on 1 December . Ngurah Rai International Airport , located at the southern tip of the island and southwest of the volcano , closed on 27 November . More than 400 flights were canceled and about 59,000 passengers remained grounded . The airport was reopened on 29 November . This eruption also caused a decline in tourism on Bali by about 30 % . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Agung '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ MT AGUNG ACTIVITY REPORT `` Current indicators point to a relatively small eruption of VEI 2 ( volcanic eruptive index 2 ) '' Jump up ^ Anwari Dilmy . `` Pioneer Plants Found One Year After the 1963 Eruption of Agung in Bali '' / Pacific Science , Volume 19 , Number 4 , 1965 , p. 498 - 501 Jump up ^ Heinrich Zollinger . Eein uirsrapje naar her eiland Bali / Tijdschr . Neer . Ind . 74 : 43 , 1845 . ^ Jump up to : Zen , M.T. ; Hadikusumo , Djajadi ( December 1964 ) . `` Preliminary report on the 1963 eruption of Mt. Agung in Bali ( Indonesia ) '' . Bulletin of Volcanology. 27 : 269 -- 299 -- via Springer . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Agung : Bali volcano alert raised to highest level '' . BBC News . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Indonesia by Province 1971 , 1980 , 1990 , 1995 , 2000 and 2010 '' . Badan Pusat Statistik ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Global Volcanism Program . Sennert , Sally Kuhn , ed . `` Report on Agung ( Indonesia ) '' . Weekly Volcanic Activity Report , 13 -- 19 September 2017 . Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian official : More than 120,000 flee Bali volcano '' . Fox News . 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands evacuated as Bali volcano sparks fear '' . The Australian . 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Agung : facts about Bali 's imminent volcano eruption '' . UbudHood. 23 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How do experts know Mount Agung is about to erupt ? '' . ABC News Australia . 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Once tremors detected , Bali volcano can erupt within hours : Volcanologist CNA , 3 October 2017 Jump up ^ Lamb , Kate ( 26 September 2017 ) . `` Bali volcano eruption could be hours away after unprecedented seismic activity '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Topsfield , Jewel ; Rosa , Amilia ( 30 October 2017 ) . `` Mount Agung volcano alert in Bali downgraded '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Global Volcanism Program . Sennert , Sally Kuhn , ed . `` Report on Agung ( Indonesia ) '' . Weekly Volcanic Activity Report , 1 -- 7 November 2017 . Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Global Volcanism Program . Sennert , Sally Kuhn , ed . `` Report on Agung ( Indonesia ) '' . Weekly Volcanic Activity Report , 8 -- 14 November 2017 . Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VONA '' . Jump up ^ `` Bali 's Mount Agung volcano erupts '' . BBC News . 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Regular bulletins are posted on the website of the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency . ^ Jump up to : `` Gunung Agung volcano ( Bali , Indonesia ) : eruption has begun '' . Volcano Discovery . 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Get out now ' 100,000 people told as Bali volcano continues to spew ash '' . Metro. 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A volcanologist explains Bali eruption photos '' . BBC News . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Saifulbahri Ismail ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Mount Agung eruption : Bali airport closed , flights cancelled '' . CNA . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Locals Watch As Lahars From Mount Agung Sweep Away Rice Fields '' . VIVA Indonesia ( in Indonesian ) . 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Agung : Bali volcano alert raised to highest level '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life - saving technology provides alert as Bali 's Mount Agung spews ash , raises alarm '' . www.pdc.org . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanic ash update for Mount Agung '' . Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia reopens Bali airport as wind clears volcanic ash '' . Reuters.com. 2017 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bali volcano : live updates on Mount Agung eruptions as airport reopens '' . Evening Standard . 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Volcano erupts in Indonesia 's Bali , airport remains safe Jump up ^ `` Lombok International Airport closed due to volcanic ash from Mount Agung '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bali volcano : State of emergency EXTENDED as Lombok airport closed over dangerous ash '' . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bali airport remains closed for a third day '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Agung : Bali Airport Closed And 59,000 Passengers Affected By Cancelled Flights '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 2018_eruptions_of_Mount_Agung&oldid = 823261215 '' Categories : 2017 in Indonesia 2017 natural disasters 2018 in Indonesia 2018 natural disasters 21st century in Bali 21st - century volcanic events Volcanism of Indonesia November 2017 events in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Use dmy dates from November 2017 Coordinates not on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu ଓଡ଼ିଆ Русский Simple English தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 05 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%25E2%2580%25932018%20eruptions%20of%20Mount%20Agung	661
hyderabad (sind) national collegiate board's kishinchand chellaram law college			Hyderabad ( Sind ) National Collegiate Board	hyderabad ( sind ) national collegiate board	The Hyderabad ( Sind ) National Collegiate Board ( Sindhi : حيدرآباد ( سنڌ ) نيشنل ڪاليجيئيٽ بورڊ HSNCB ‎ ) is an Indian non-profit organisation founded by Principal K.M. Kundnani in 1922 in the British India province of Sind which was later carved out as part of the Partition of British India in 1947 . After Partition , he re-founded it in Bandra , Mumbai in 1949 . It is one of the oldest educational trusts of India and currently administers 27 institutes under its umbrella including the Thadomal Shahani Engineering College , Mumbai .	The first college established by this Board was the Rishi Dayaram National College or R.D. National College , more commonly known as the `` National College '' , located on Linking Road in Bandra , a suburb of Mumbai ( then Bombay ) . R.D. National College was founded in 1922 in the city of Hyderabad in the then Sind Division of the Bombay Presidency ( i.e. province ) of British India by the Sindhi speaking Hindu community , under the inspiration of Dr. Annie Besant and Rishi Dayaram Gidumal , a Sindhi Hindu religious leader . After Partition , Mr. K.M. Kundnani , who had been its principal , re-founded it in Bandra , Mumbai in 1949 , with critical assistance from Advocate H.G. Advani . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Colleges 3 Schools 4 Board members ( as on July 23 , 2013 ) 5 Famous alumni 6 Related activities / institutions 7 Sources History ( edit ) The Hyderabad ( Sind ) National Collegiate Board , well known as HSNC board , is a charitable trust established by the Sindhi Community in 1922 . It currently manages and administers 27 institutes under its umbrella and is presided by Mr Niranjan Hirandani , one of India 's most respected entrepreneurs . The HSNC Board has roots going back over 60 years . The board was managing the National College in Hyderabad ( Sind ) long before the partition of India , In true spirit of their times , the members of the Board worked to ensure the nations integrity and honour during the National Movement of Indian Independence . After the Partition of the country in 1947 , the members of Sindhi Hindu Community migrated to India . Principal K.M. Kundnani , with the vision and mission to promote participation in education , initiated the efforts for starting a college in Mumbai . With active support and encouragement from Late Barrister Hotchand G. Advani , the Hyderabad ( Sind ) National Collegiate Board came into existence in India in 1949 at Bandra , Mumbai . Late Barrister H.G. Advani was the Founder President and Late Principal K.M. Kundnani was the Founder Secretary and Founder Principal of the first college started by the board known as the Rishi Dayaram National College , Bandra , Mumbai . Since then the Board has been offering unique pre-degree study , undergraduate and post graduate degrees in a wide range of programmes . It has produced professionals ' par excellence in the fields of Arts , Science , Commerce , Management , Education , Law , Engineering , Technology and Para-Medical . All the Colleges under the Board are affiliated to University of Mumbai , are approved by the State Government and recognised by AICTE . Colleges ( edit ) The HSNCB has founded and operates several other educational institutions in the Indian Union : Colaba Campus , Mumbai : The Bombay Teachers ' Training College - offering Diplomas and Baccalaureates in Education ( B. Ed . & D. Ed . ) Cuffe Parade Campus , Mumbai : The Bombay School of Business - offering Masters in e-Business Churchgate Campus , Mumbai : The Seth Kishinchand Chellaram College ( i.e. , `` K.C. College '' ) - with Arts , Science , Commerce , Law , Media , Management and Information Technology faculties The Kishinchand Chellaram Law College ( i.e. , `` K.C. Law College '' ) The Hassaram Rijhamal College of Commerce & Economics ( `` H.R. College '' ) , also offering Management Studies Bandra Campus , Mumbai : The Rishi Dayaram National College - Arts , Commerce , Media , Information Technology faculties The Wassiamul Assomul Science College The Mithibai Motiram Kundnani College of Commerce & Economic Studies - Commerce , Management faculties The G.J. Advani College of Law The Thadomal Shahani Engineering College - Computer Science , Chemical , Electronics , Information Technology , Biotech and Bio-medical engineering Worli Campus , Mumbai : The Principal K.M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy The Watumull Institute of Electronic Engineering , Computer Technology and Instrumentation The Bombay Institute of Technology - Digital Electronics , Computer Technology , Chemical Engineering Ulhasnagar Campus : The Smt Chandibai Himathmal Mansukhani College - Arts , Science , Commerce The Principal K.M. Kundnani Pharmacy Polytechnic The Institute of Technology - Digital Electronics , Computer Technology , Information Technology Shri Hashmatrai and Gangaram Himmatmal Mansukhani Institute of Management Dr. L.H. Hiranandani College Of Pharmacy Nari Gurshahani Law College Schools ( edit ) The HSNC Board also operates the following schools : The R.K. Academy in Colaba , Bombay The Valiram Bherumal Melwani Model High School in Grant Road , Bombay The Master Sitaldas Chanshyamdas Punwani Tutorial High School in Grant Road , Bombay. ( Formerly Known as Master Tutorial High School . The Master Tutorial English Primary School in Grant Road , Bombay The Sind Model English Primary School in Grant Road , Bombay The Sri Gangaram Sind National Higher Secondary School in Ulhasnagar The Jai Hind Academy Higher Secondary School in Ulhasnagar The Little Angel 's Academy in Grant Road , Bombay Board members ( as on July 23 , 2013 ) ( edit ) The Board presently consists of the following persons : President : Mr. Niranjan Lakhumal Hiranandani , founder & CEO of the Hiranandani Group of Companies , principally Hiranandani Constructions . He is the son of the renowned Dr. Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani . Past President : Mr. Anil Harish , renowned High Court Advocate specialising in Income Tax , Real Estate and Cooperative Housing matte Vice-President : Mr. Kishu Mansukhani , a trustee of the J. Kundnani Trust and patron of the Board . Secretary & Rector : Prof. J.K. Bhambhani Director - Academics : Dr Indu Shahani , Sheriff of Mumbai and visiting lecturer at University of California , Berkeley & New York University Stern School of Business Famous alumni ( edit ) L.K. Advani , currently senor leader of the Bharatiya Janta Party and former Deputy Prime Minister of India Dr. Mrs. Indira Hinduja , Gynaecologist and pioneer in In - Vitro fertilisation in South Asia Dr. Pahlajani , Cardiologist Mr. Majid Memon , Bombay High Court Advocate specialising in Criminal Law Mr. Ramnath Kini , Bombay High Court Advocate and one - time Additional Public Prosecutor , Maharashtra State Mr. Amin Khandwani , Chairperson of the Maharashtra State Minority Commission Mr. Nanik Rupani , Chairperson of the FICCI Mr. Ajay Chandwani , Managing Director of iconic Bombay advertisement agency Lintas Mr. Hari Mehra , President of the Khar Gymkhana Club Brij Narayan , sarod player Mr. Suresh Wadkar , Famous playback singer Shaan , pop and playback singer Late Mr. Amjad Khan , Stage and film actor noted for his comedian and villain roles ( e.g. as `` Gabbar Singh '' in the iconic Hindi movie `` Sholay '' ) Mr. Javed Jaffrey , film actor and comedian Mrs. Nirmala Samant - Prabhavalkar , Chairperson , Maharashtra State Women 's Commission Mr. Anil Ambani , 15th Richest man in the World ; 3rd Richest Man in India Rajesh Khanna , Famous Actor and Member of Parliament Related activities / institutions ( edit ) Although not operated by the HSNC Board , the following institutions have been founded by and are operated by frequently the same set of persons belonging to the Sindhi Hindu community in Bombay : The P.D. Hinduja National Hospital , Mahim , Bombay The K.P.B. Hinduja College , Charni Road , Bombay Sources ( edit ) The Nationalite , Prospectus of the R.D. National College , Bandra for the Academic year 2005 - 2006 Diwan Bherumal Meharchand . `` Amilan Jo Ahwal '' - 24 March 1919 Amilan Jo Ahwal ( 1919 ) - Translated into English ( `` A History of the Amils '' ) at www.saibaba-fund.org/sindhis.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad_(Sind)_National_Collegiate_Board&oldid=790994999 '' Categories : 1922 establishments in India Education in Maharashtra Educational organisations in India History of education in India Defunct educational institutions Defunct organisations based in India History of education in Pakistan Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from July 2009 All articles with a promotional tone Use Indian English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Sindhi - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 July 2017 , at 12 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad%20%28Sind%29%20National%20Collegiate%20Board	662
which of the following statements best describe the puritan colony of massachusetts			Massachusetts Bay colony	massachusetts bay colony	The Massachusetts Bay Colony ( 1628 -- 1691 ) was an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century around the Massachusetts Bay , the northernmost of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay . The lands of the settlement were located in central New England in what is now Massachusetts , with initial settlements situated on two natural harbors and surrounding land , about 15.4 miles ( 24.8 km ) apart -- the areas around the present - day cities of Salem and Boston .	The territory nominally administered by the colony included much of present - day central New England , including portions of the U.S. states of Massachusetts , Maine , New Hampshire , and Connecticut . Territory claimed but never administered by the colonial government extended as far west as the Pacific Ocean . The earlier Dutch colony of New Netherlands disputed many of these claims , arguing that they held rights to lands beyond Rhode Island up to the western side of Cape Cod and the Plymouth Bay Colony . The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by the owners of the Massachusetts Bay Company , which included investors in the failed Dorchester Company that had established a short - lived settlement on Cape Ann in 1623 . The colony began in 1628 and was the company 's second attempt at colonization . It was successful , with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s . The population was strongly Puritan , and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders . Its governors were elected , and the electorate were limited to freemen who had been examined for their religious views and formally admitted to the local church . As a consequence , the colonial leadership exhibited intolerance to other religious views , including Anglican , Quaker , and Baptist theologies . The colonists initially had good relationships with the local Indian populations , but frictions developed that ultimately led to the Pequot War ( 1636 -- 38 ) and then to King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 78 ) , after which most of the Indians in southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists ( apart from the Pequot tribe , whose survivors largely merged with the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes after the Pequot War ) . The colony was economically successful , engaging in trade with England and the West Indies . A shortage of hard currency in the colony prompted it to establish a mint in 1652 . Political differences with England after the English Restoration led to the revocation of the colonial charter in 1684 . King James II established the Dominion of New England in 1686 to bring all of the New England colonies under firmer crown control . The dominion collapsed after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 deposed James , and the colony reverted to rule under the revoked charter until the charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay was issued in 1691 , which combined the Massachusetts Bay territories with those of the Plymouth Colony and proprietary holdings on Nantucket and Martha 's Vineyard . Sir William Phips arrived in 1692 bearing the charter and formally took charge of the new province . The political and economic dominance of New England by the modern state of Massachusetts was made possible in part by the early dominance in these spheres by the Massachusetts Bay colonists . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.1. 1 Early settlements 1.1. 2 Plymouth Colony 1.1. 3 Cape Ann settlement 1.2 Legal formation of the colony 1.3 Colonial history 1.4 Revocation of charter 1.5 Unifications and restoration 2 Life 2.1 Marriage and family life 3 Government 3.1 Laws and judiciary 3.2 Notable criminal prosecutions 3.3 New England Confederation 4 Economy and trade 5 Demographics 6 Geography 6.1 Boundaries 6.2 Timeline of settlement 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Online primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Early settlements ( edit ) Map depicting tribal distribution in southern New England , circa 1600 ; the political boundaries shown are modern . Prior to the arrival of Europeans on the eastern shore of New England , the area around Massachusetts Bay was the territory of several Algonquian - speaking tribes , including the Massachusett , Nauset , and Wampanoag . The Pennacooks occupied the Merrimack River valley to the north , and the Nipmuc , Pocumtuc , and Mahican occupied the western lands of present - day Massachusetts , although some of those tribes were under tribute to the Mohawks , who were expanding aggressively from present - day upstate New York . The total Indian population in 1620 has been estimated to be 7,000 with the population of New England at 15 -- 18,000 . This number was significantly larger as late as 1616 ; in later years , contemporary chroniclers interviewed Indians who described a major pestilence that killed between one - and two - thirds of the population . The land - use patterns of the natives included plots cleared for agricultural purposes , and woodland territories for the hunting of game . Land divisions between the tribes were well understood . During the early 17th century , several European explorers charted the area , including Samuel de Champlain and John Smith . Plans began in 1606 for the first permanent British settlements on the east coast of North America . On April 10 , 1606 , King James I of England ( James VI of Scotland ) granted a charter forming two joint - stock companies . Neither of these corporations was given a name by this charter , but the territories were named as the `` first Colony '' ( fourth paragraph of charter ) and `` second Colony '' ( fifth paragraph of charter ) , over which they were respectively authorized to settle and to govern . Under this charter , the `` first Colony '' and the `` second Colony '' were to be ruled by a `` Council '' composed of 13 individuals in each colony . The charter provided for an additional council of 13 persons to have overarching responsibility for the combined enterprise . No name was given to either the company or council governing the respective colonies ; the council governing the whole was named `` Council of Virginia . '' The `` first Colony '' ranged from the 34th - to 41st - degree latitude north ; the `` second Colony '' ranged from the 38th - to 45th - degree latitude . ( Note that the `` first Colony '' and the `` second Colony '' overlapped . The 1629 charter of Charles I asserted that the second Colony ranged from 40th to 48th degrees north latitude , which reduces the overlap . ) The investors appointed to govern over any settlements in the `` first Colony '' were from London ; the investors appointed to govern over any settlements in the `` second Colony '' were from the `` Town of Plimouth in the County of Devon . '' The London Company proceeded to establish Jamestown . The Plymouth Company under the guidance of Sir Ferdinando Gorges covered the more northern area , including present - day New England , and established the Sagadahoc Colony in 1607 in present - day Maine . The experience proved exceptionally difficult for the 120 settlers , however , and the surviving colonists abandoned the colony after only one year . Gorges noted that `` there was no more speech of settling plantations in those parts '' for a number of years . English ships continued to come to the New England area for fishing and trade with the Indians . Plymouth colony ( edit ) In December 1620 , a group of Pilgrims established Plymouth Colony just to the south of Massachusetts Bay , seeking to preserve their cultural identity and attain religious independence . Plymouth 's colonists faced great hardships and earned few profits for their investors , who sold their interests to the settlers in 1627 . Edward Winslow and William Bradford , two of its leaders , were likely authors of a work published in England in 1622 called Mourt 's Relation . This book in some ways resembles a promotional tract intended to encourage further migration . There were other short - lived colonial settlements in 1623 and 1624 at present - day Weymouth , Massachusetts ; the Wessagusset Colony of Thomas Weston and an effort by Robert Gorges to establish an overarching colonial structure both failed . Cape Ann settlement ( edit ) In 1623 , the Plymouth Council for New England ( successor to the Plymouth Company ) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company , with Thomas Gardner as its overseer . This company was originally organized through the efforts of Puritan minister John White ( 1575 -- 1648 ) of Dorchester , in the English county of Dorset . White has been called `` the father of the Massachusetts Colony '' because of his influence in establishing this settlement and despite the fact that he never emigrated . The Cape Ann settlement was not profitable , and the financial backers of the Dorchester Company terminated their support by the end of 1625 . Their settlement was abandoned at present - day Gloucester , but a few settlers remained in the area , including Roger Conant , establishing a settlement a little further south , near the village of the Naumkeag tribe . Legal formation of the colony ( edit ) Archbishop William Laud was a favorite advisor of King Charles I and a dedicated Anglican , and he sought to suppress the religious practices of Puritans and other nonconforming beliefs in England . The persecution of many Puritans in the 1620s led them to believe that religious reform would not be possible while Charles was king , and many decided to seek a new life in the New World . John White continued to seek funding for a colony . On 19 March 1627 / 8 , the Council for New England issued a land grant to a new group of investors that included a few holdovers from the Dorchester Company . The land grant was for territory between the Charles and Merrimack Rivers , including a three - mile ( 4.8 km ) buffer to the north of the Merrimack and to the south of the Charles , that extended from `` the Atlantick and westerne sea and ocean on the east parte , to the South sea on the west parte . '' The company to whom the grant was sold was styled `` The New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts Bay '' . The company elected Matthew Cradock as its first governor , and immediately began organizing provisions and recruiting settlers . The company sent approximately 100 new settlers with provisions to join Conant in 1628 , led by Governor 's Assistant John Endecott , one of the grantees . The next year , Naumkeag was renamed Salem and fortified by another 300 settlers , led by Rev. Francis Higginson , one of the first ministers of the settlement . The first winters were difficult , with colonists struggling against starvation and disease , resulting in numerous deaths . The company leaders sought a Royal Charter for the colony because they were concerned about the legality of conflicting land claims given to several companies ( including the New England Company ) for the little - known territories of the New World , and because of the increasing number of Puritans who wanted to join the company . Charles granted the new charter on 4 March 1628 / 9 , superseding the land grant and establishing a legal basis for the new English colony at Massachusetts . It was not apparent whether Charles knew that the Company was meant to support the Puritan emigration , and he was likely left to assume that it was purely for business purposes , as was the custom . The charter omitted a significant clause : the location for the annual stockholders ' meeting . Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629 , whereupon the company 's directors met to consider the possibility of moving the company 's seat of governance to the colony . This was followed by the Cambridge Agreement later that year , in which a group of investors agreed to emigrate and work to buy out others who would not emigrate . The Massachusetts Bay Colony became the first English chartered colony whose board of governors did not reside in England . This independence helped the settlers to maintain their Puritan religious practices without interference from the king , Archbishop Laud , or the Anglican Church . The charter remained in force for 55 years ; Charles II revoked it in 1684 . Parliament had passed legislation collectively called the Navigation Acts which attempted to prevent the colonists from trading with any nation other than England . Colonial resistance to those acts led King Charles to revoke the Massachusetts charter and consolidate all the colonies in New England , New York , and New Jersey into the Dominion of New England . Colonial History ( edit ) A flotilla of ships sailed from England beginning in April 1630 , sometimes known as the Winthrop Fleet . The fleet began arriving at Salem in June and carried more than 700 colonists , Governor John Winthrop , and the colonial charter . Winthrop delivered his famous `` City upon a Hill '' sermon either before or during the voyage . Detail of sounding board , Old Ship Church ( 1681 ) , Hingham , Massachusetts , the oldest Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts For the next ten years , there was a steady exodus of Puritans from England , with about 20,000 people emigrating to Massachusetts and the neighboring colonies during the Great Migration . Many ministers reacted to the repressive religious policies of England , making the trip with their congregations , among whom were John Cotton , Roger Williams , Thomas Hooker , and others . Religious divisions and the need for additional land prompted a number of new settlements that resulted in Connecticut Colony ( by Hooker ) and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations ( by Williams and others ) . Minister John Wheelwright was banished in the wake of the Antinomian Controversy ( like Anne Hutchinson ) , and he moved north to found Exeter , New Hampshire . The advent of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in 1639 brought a halt to major migration , and a significant number of men returned to England to fight in the war . Massachusetts authorities were sympathetic to the Parliamentary cause and had generally positive relationships with the governments of the English Commonwealth and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell . The colony 's economy began to diversify in the 1640s , as the fur trading , lumber , and fishing industries found markets in Europe and the West Indies , and the colony 's shipbuilding industry developed . The growth of a generation of people who were born in the colony and the rise of a merchant class began to slowly change the political and cultural landscape of the colony , even though its governance continued to be dominated by relatively conservative Puritans . Colonial support for the Commonwealth created tension after the throne was restored to Charles II in 1660 . Charles sought to extend royal influence over the colonies , which Massachusetts resisted along with the other colonies . For example , the Massachusetts Bay colony repeatedly refused requests by Charles and his agents to allow the Church of England to become established , and the New England colonies in general resisted the Navigation Acts , laws that restricted colonial trade to England alone . All of the New England colonies were ravaged by King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 76 ) , when the Indians of southern New England rose up against the colonists and were decisively defeated , although at great cost in life to all concerned . The Massachusetts frontier was particularly hard hit , with several communities being abandoned in the Connecticut and Swift River valleys . By the end of the war , most of the Indian population of southern New England made peace treaties with the colonists . Revocation of charter ( edit ) Following the English Restoration in 1660 , matters of colonial administration drew the king 's attention . Massachusetts in particular was reluctant to agree that the king had any sort of authority to control its governance . This led to crises in the 1660s and late 1670s in which steps were first planned , and then executed in England to vacate the colonial charter . The Lords of Trade had decided for a variety of reasons to consolidate the New England colonies ; they issued quo warranto writs in 1681 for the charters of several North American colonies , including Massachusetts . The Massachusetts writ was never served for technical reasons , and the charter was not formally vacated until the chancery court issued a scire facias writ formally annulling the charter on June 18 , 1684 . The proceedings were arranged so that the time had expired for the colonial authorities to defend the charter , before they even learned of the event . Unifications and Restoration ( edit ) From 1686 , the colony 's territory was administratively unified by James II of England with the other New England colonies in the Dominion of New England . The dominion was governed by Sir Edmund Andros without any local representation beyond hand - picked councillors , and was extremely unpopular in New England . Massachusetts authorities conspired to have Andros arrested in April 1689 after the 1688 Glorious Revolution in England , and they reestablished government under the forms of the vacated charter . However , dissenters from the Puritan rule argued that the government lacked a proper constitutional foundation , and some of its actions were resisted on that basis . The years from 1689 to 1692 were also difficult ones , since the colony was at the forefront of King William 's War , and its frontier communities were ravaged by attacks organized in New France and conducted by French and Indian raiding parties . King William III issued a charter in 1691 , despite efforts by Massachusetts agents to revive the old colonial charter . It was chiefly negotiated by Increase Mather in his role as the colony 's ambassador - extraordinary , unifying Massachusetts Bay with Plymouth Colony , Martha 's Vineyard , Nantucket , and territories that roughly encompass present - day Maine , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay . This new charter additionally extended voting rights to non-Puritans , an outcome that Mather had tried to avoid . Life ( edit ) Part of a series on Puritans Background ( show ) Christianity Protestantism Reformation English Reformation Calvinism Anglicanism Arminianism Arminianism in the Church of England English Dissenters Independents Nonconformism English Presbyterianism Ecclesiastical separatism 17th - century denominations in England Crucial themes ( show ) Definitions of Puritanism Impropriation Puritan Sabbatarianism Millennialism Puritan choir Puritan work ethic Merton thesis History ( show ) under Queen Elizabeth I under King James I under King Charles I Cromwellian era and after in North America England ( show ) Scrooby Congregation Trial of Archbishop Laud Marian exiles Vestments controversy Martin Marprelate Millenary Petition Grand Remonstrance English Civil War English Restoration Act of Uniformity 1662 Great Ejection Westminster Confession of Faith Elizabethan Religious Settlement America ( show ) Providence Island Company Massachusetts Bay Colony Salem witch trials immigration to New England culture in New England Christmas prohibition American exceptionalism Elsewhere ( show ) Troubles at Frankfurt Notable individuals ( show ) Peter Bulkley John Bunyan William Bradford Anne Bradstreet John Cotton Oliver Cromwell John Endecott Jonathan Edwards Anne Hutchinson Cotton Mather Increase Mather James Noyes Thomas Parker Roger Williams John Winthrop Robert Woodford Works ( show ) The Godly Man 's Picture The Pilgrim 's Progress Paradise Lost Foxe 's Book of Martyrs Continuing movements ( show ) Congregational churches ( U.S. ) other Reformed churches Reformed Baptists Nondenominational Protestants Unitarian Universalism Life could be quite difficult in the early years of the colony . Many colonists lived in fairly crude structures , including dugouts , wigwams , and dirt - floor huts made using wattle and daub construction . Construction improved in later years , and houses began to be sheathed in clapboard , with thatch or plank roofs and wooden chimneys . Wealthier individuals would extend their house by adding a leanto on the back , which allowed a larger kitchen ( possibly with a brick or stone chimney including an oven ) , additional rooms , and a sleeping loft . These houses were the precursors to what is now called the saltbox style of architecture . Interiors became more elaborate in later years , with plaster walls , wainscoting , and potentially expensive turned woodwork in the most expensive homes . Colonists arriving after the first wave found that the early towns did not have room for them . Seeking land of their own , groups of families would petition the government for land on which to establish a new town ; the government would typically allow the group 's leaders to select the land . These grants were typically about 40 square miles ( 10,000 ha ) , and were located sufficiently near other towns to facilitate defense and social support . The group leaders would also be responsible for acquiring native title to the lands that they selected . By this means , the colony expanded into the interior , spawning settlements in adjacent territories as well . The land within a town would be divided by communal agreement , usually allocating by methods that originated in England . Outside a town center , land would be allocated for farming , some of which might be held communally . Farmers with large plots of land might build a house near their properties on the outskirts of the town . A town center that was well laid out would be fairly compact , with a tavern , school , possibly some small shops , and a meeting house that was used for civic and religious functions . The meeting house would be the center of the town 's political and religious life . Church services might be held for several hours on Wednesday and all day Sunday . Puritans did not observe annual holidays , especially Christmas , which they said had pagan roots . Annual town meetings would be held at the meeting house , generally in May , to elect the town 's representatives to the general court and to transact other community business . Towns often had a village green , used for outdoor celebrations and activities such as military exercises of the town 's trainband or militia . Marriage and family life ( edit ) Many of the early colonists who migrated from England came with some or all of their family . It was expected that individuals would marry fairly young and begin producing offspring . Infant mortality rates were comparatively low , as were instances of childhood death . Men who lost their wives often remarried fairly quickly , especially if they had children needing care . Older widows would also sometimes marry for financial security . It was also normal for older widowed parents to live with one of their children . Due to the Puritan perception of marriage as a civil union , divorce did sometimes occur and could be pursued by both genders . Sexual activity was expected to be confined to marriage . Sex outside of marriage was considered fornication if neither partner was married , and adultery if one or both were married to someone else . Fornication was generally punished by fines and pressure to marry ; a woman who gave birth to an illegitimate child could also be fined . Adultery and rape were more serious crimes , and both were punishable by death . Rape , however , required more than one witness , and was therefore rarely prosecuted . Sexual activity between men was called sodomy , and was also punishable by death . Within the marriage , the husband was typically responsible for supplying the family 's financial needs , although it was not uncommon for women to work in the fields and to perform some sort of home labor ( for example , spinning thread or weaving cloth ) to supplement the family income . Women were almost exclusively responsible for seeing to the welfare of the children . Children were baptized at the local meeting house within a week of being born . The mother was usually not present because she was still recovering from the birth , and the child 's name was usually chosen by the father . Names were propagated within the family , and names would be reused when infants died . If an adult died without issue , his ( or her ) name could be carried on when the siblings of the deceased named children in his memory . Most children received some form of schooling , something which the colony 's founders believed to be important for forming a proper relationship with God . Towns were obligated to provide education for their children , which was usually satisfied by hiring a teacher of some sort . The quality of these instructors varied , from minimally educated local people to Harvard - educated ministers . Government ( edit ) The structure of the colonial government changed over the lifetime of the charter . The colonial charter was designed for the management of a corporation , and the needs of the colonial government did not always fit well into this model . The result was that the government began with a corporate organization that included a governor and deputy governor , a general court of its shareholders ( known as `` freemen '' ) , and a council of assistants similar to a board of directors . It ended with a governor and deputy governor , a bicameral legislature that included a representative lower house , and a body of freemen , a subset of the colony 's adult inhabitants who were authorized to vote in elections . The council of assistants sat as the upper house of the legislature and served as the judicial court of last appeal . Massachusetts Bay Colony , 300th Anniversary Issue of 1930 The charter granted the general court the authority to elect officers and to make laws for the colony . Its first meeting in America was held in October 1630 , but it was attended by only eight freemen . They formed the first council of assistants , and voted ( contrary to the terms of the charter ) that the governor and deputy should be elected by them , from their number . This was modified in the next session of the general court , in which the governor and deputy were to be elected by the general court . An additional 116 settlers were admitted to the general court as freemen in 1631 , but most of the governing power , as well as the judicial power , remained with the council of assistants . They also enacted a law specifying that only those men who `` are members of some of the churches '' in the colony were eligible to become freemen and gain the vote . This restriction on the franchise was not liberalized until after the English Restoration . The process by which individuals became members of one of the colony 's churches involved a detailed questioning by the church elders of their beliefs and religious experiences ; as a result , only individuals whose religious views accorded with those of the church leadership were likely to become members and gain the ability to vote in the colony . After a protest over the imposition of taxes by a meeting of the council of assistants , the general court ordered each town to send two representatives , known as deputies , to meet with the court to discuss matters of taxation . Questions of governance and representation arose again in 1634 , when several deputies demanded to see the charter , which the assistants had kept hidden from public view . The deputies learned of the provisions that the general court should make all laws , and that all freemen should be members of the general court . They then demanded that the charter be enforced to the letter , which Governor Winthrop pointed out was impractical given the growing number of freemen . The parties reached a compromise , and agreed that the general court would be made up of two deputies elected by each town . The 1634 election resulted in the election of Dudley as governor , and the general court proceeded to reserve for itself a large number of powers , including those of taxation , distribution of land , and the admission of freemen . The transformation was complete : a trading company had become a ( somewhat ) representative democracy . A legal case in 1642 brought about the separation of the council of assistants into an upper house of the general court . The case involved a widow 's lost pig and had been overturned by the general court ; but the assistants had sat in judicial decision on the case and voted as a body to veto the general court 's act . The consequence of the ensuing debate was that the general court voted in 1644 that the council of assistants would sit and deliberate separately from the general court ( they had sat together until then ) , the concurrence of both bodies being required for the passage of legislation . Judicial appeals were to be decided by a joint session , since otherwise the assistants would be in the position to veto attempts to overturn their own decisions . A group of emigrants had bought all the Massachusetts Bay Company 's stock and brought the Charter to America in 1630 ; neither the English king nor Parliament nor an English company exerted any influence in Massachusetts Bay Colony . So it was in effect a self - ruling republic for some decades , also practicing separation of powers . Laws and judiciary ( edit ) In 1641 , the colony formally adopted the Massachusetts Body of Liberties , written or compiled as its first code of laws by Nathaniel Ward . This document consisted of 100 civil and criminal laws based upon the social sanctions recorded in the Bible . These laws formed the nucleus of colonial legislation until independence , and contained some provisions that were later incorporated into the United States Constitution , such as the ideas of equal protection and double jeopardy . On the other hand , Massachusetts Bay was the first colony to legalize slavery with provision 91 of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties , which developed protections for people who were unable to perform public service . Another law was developed to protect married women , children , and people with mental disabilities from making financial decisions . Colonial law differentiated among types of mental disabilities , classifying them as `` distracted persons , '' `` idiots , '' and `` lunaticks '' . In 1693 , `` poor laws '' enabled communities to use the estates of people with disabilities to defer the cost of community support of those individuals . Many of these laws remained until the American Revolution . Many behaviors were frowned upon culturally which modern sensibilities might consider relatively trivial actions , and some led to criminal prosecution . These included sleeping during church services , playing cards , and engaging in any number of activities on the Sabbath . Conversely , there were laws which reflected attitudes that are still endorsed by popular sensibilities in 21st century America , against things such as smoking tobacco , abusing one 's mother - in - law , profane dancing , and pulling hair . Children , newcomers , and people with disabilities were exempt from punishment for such infractions . The colony 's council of assistants sat as the final court of appeal and as the principal court for criminal issues of `` life , limb , or banishment '' and civil issues where the damages exceeded £ 100 . Lesser offenses were heard in county courts or by commissioners appointed for hearing minor disputes . The lower courts were also responsible for issuing licenses and for matters such as probate . Juries were authorized to decide questions of both fact and law , although the court was able to decide in the event that a jury failed to reach a decision . Sentences for offenses included fines and corporal punishments such as whipping and sitting in the stocks , with the punishments of banishment from the colony and death by hanging being reserved for the most serious offenses . Evidence was sometimes based on hearsay and superstition . For example , the `` ordeal of touch '' was used in 1646 , in which someone accused of murder is forced to touch the dead body ; if blood appears , the accused is deemed guilty . This was used to convict and execute a woman accused of murdering her newborn child . Bodies of individuals hanged for piracy were sometimes gibbeted ( publicly displayed ) on harbor islands visible to seagoing vessels . Notable criminal prosecutions ( edit ) Quaker Mary Dyer led to execution on Boston Common , June 1 , 1660 ; by an unknown 19th century artist One of the first people to be executed in the colony was Dorothy Talbye , who was apparently delusional . She was hanged in 1638 for murdering her daughter , as the common law of Massachusetts made no distinction at the time between insanity ( or mental illness ) and criminal behavior . Midwife Margaret Jones was convicted of being a witch and hanged in 1648 after the condition of patients allegedly worsened in her care . The colonial leadership was the most active in New England in the persecution of Quakers . In 1660 , one of the most notable instances was English Quaker Mary Dyer who was hanged in Boston for repeatedly defying a law banning Quakers from the colony . Dyer was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs . Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism . New England Confederation ( edit ) In 1643 , Massachusetts Bay joined Plymouth Colony , Connecticut Colony , and New Haven Colony in the New England Confederation , a loose coalition organized primarily to coordinate military and administrative matters among the Puritan colonies . It was most active in the 1670s during King Philip 's War . ( New Hampshire had not yet been organized as a separate province , and both it and Rhode Island were excluded because they were not Puritan . ) Economy and trade ( edit ) In the early years , the colony was highly dependent on the import of staples from England and was supported by the investments of a number of wealthy immigrants . Certain businesses were quick to thrive , notably shipbuilding , fisheries , and the fur and lumber trades . As early as 1632 , ships built in the colony began trading with other colonies , England , and foreign ports in Europe . By 1660 , the colony 's merchant fleet was estimated at 200 ships and , by the end of the century , its shipyards were estimated to turn out several hundred ships annually . In the early years , the fleet principally carried fish to destinations from the West Indies to Europe . It was common for a merchant to ship dried fish to Portugal or Spain , pick up wine and oil for transport to England , and then carry finished goods from England or elsewhere back to the colony . This and other patterns of trade became illegal following the introduction of the Navigation Acts in 1651 , turning colonial merchants who continued these trading patterns into de facto smugglers . Many colonial authorities were merchants or were politically dependent on them , and they opposed being required by the crown to collect duties imposed by those acts . The fur trade only played a modest role in the colony 's economy because its rivers did not connect its centers well with the Indians who engaged in fur trapping . Timber began to take on an increasingly important role in the economy , especially for naval purposes , after conflicts between England and the Dutch depleted England 's supplies of ship masts . The colony 's economy depended on the success of its trade , in part because its land was not as suitable for agriculture as that of other colonies such as Virginia , where large plantations could be established . The fishery was important enough that those involved in it were exempted from taxation and military service . Larger communities supported craftsmen skilled in providing many of the necessities of 17th century life . Some income - producing activities took place in the home , such as carding , spinning , and weaving of wool and other fibers . Goods were transported to local markets over roads that were sometimes little more than widened Indian trails . Towns were required to maintain their roads , on penalty of fines , and the colony required special town commissions to lay out roads in a more sensible manner in 1639 . Bridges were fairly uncommon , since they were expensive to maintain , and fines were imposed on their owners for the loss of life or goods if they failed . Consequently , most river crossings were made by ferry . Notable exceptions were a bridge across the Mystic River constructed in 1638 , and another over the Saugus River , whose upkeep costs were subsidized by the colony . The colonial government attempted to regulate the economy in a number of ways . On several occasions , it passed laws regulating wages and prices of economically important goods and services , but most of these initiatives did not last very long . The trades of shoe - making and coopering ( barrel - making ) were authorized to form guilds , making it possible to set price , quality , and expertise levels for their work . The colony set standards governing the use of weights and measures . For example , mill operators were required to weigh grain before and after milling , to ensure that the customer received back what he delivered ( minus the miller 's percentage ) . The Puritan dislike of ostentation led the colony to also regulate expenditures on what it perceived as luxury items . Items of personal adornment were frowned upon , such as lace and costly silk outerwear in particular . Attempts to ban these items failed , and the colony resorted to laws restricting their display to those who could demonstrate £ 200 in assets . Demographics ( edit ) Most of the people who arrived during the first 12 years emigrated from two regions of England . Many of the colonists came from the county of Lincolnshire and East Anglia , northeast of London , and a large group also came from Devon , Somerset , and Dorset in the southwest of England . These areas provided the bulk of the migration , although colonists also came from other regions of England . The pattern of migration often centered around specific Nonconformist clergy who sought to leave England under threat from Archbishop Laud , who encouraged their flock to accompany them . One characteristic unique to the New England colonies ( as distinguished from some of the other English colonies ) was that most of the immigrants were emigrating for religious and political reasons , rather than economic ones . The preponderance of the immigrants were well - to - do gentry and skilled craftsmen . They brought with them apprentices and servants , the latter of whom were sometimes in indentured servitude . Few titled nobility emigrated , even though some supported the emigration politically and financially and also acquired land holdings in Massachusetts and other colonies . Merchants also represented a significant proportion of the migrants , often the children of the gentry , and they played an important role in establishing the economy of the colony . With the start of the English Civil War in 1642 , emigration came to a comparative standstill , and some colonists even returned to England to fight for the Parliamentary cause . In the following years , most of the immigrants came for economic reasons ; they were merchants , seamen , and skilled craftsmen . Following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 , the colony also saw in an influx of French Protestant Huguenots . During the period of the charter colony , small numbers of Scots immigrated , but these were assimilated into the colony . The population of Massachusetts remained largely English in character until the 1840s . Slavery existed but was not widespread within the colony . Some Indians captured in the Pequot War were enslaved , with those posing the greatest threat being transported to the West Indies and exchanged for goods and slaves . Governor John Winthrop owned a few Indian slaves , and Governor Simon Bradstreet owned two black slaves . The Body of Liberties enacted in 1641 included rules governing the treatment and handling of slaves . Bradstreet reported in 1680 that the colony had 100 to 120 slaves , but historian Hugh Thomas documents evidence suggesting that there may have been a somewhat larger number . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Massachusetts The Massachusetts colony was dominated by its rivers and coastline . Major rivers included the Charles and Merrimack , as well as a portion of the Connecticut River , which has been used to transport furs and timbers to Long Island Sound . Cape Ann juts into the Gulf of Maine , providing harbors for fishermen plying the fishing banks to the east , and Boston 's harbor provided secure anchorage for seagoing commercial vessels . Development in Maine was restricted to coastal areas , and large inland areas remained under native control until after King Philip 's War , particularly the uplands in what is now Worcester County . Boundaries ( edit ) See also : Northern boundary of Massachusetts The colonial charter specified that the boundaries were to be from three miles ( 4.8 km ) north of the Merrimack River to three miles south of the southernmost point of the Charles River and thence westward to the `` South Sea '' ( i.e. , the Pacific Ocean ) . At the time , the course of neither of the rivers was known for any significant length , which eventually led to boundary disputes with the colony 's neighbors . The colony 's claims were large , but the practicalities of the time meant that they never actually controlled any land further west than the Connecticut River valley . The colony also claimed additional lands by conquest and purchase , further extending the territory that it administered . The southeastern boundary with the Plymouth Colony was first surveyed in 1639 and accepted by both colonies in 1640 . It is known in Massachusetts as the `` Old Colony Line '' , and is still visible as the boundary between Norfolk County to the north and Bristol and Plymouth Counties to the south . The northern boundary was originally thought to be roughly parallel to the latitude of the mouth of the Merrimack River , since the river was assumed to flow primarily west . This was found not to be the case and , in 1652 , Governor Endicott sent a survey party to locate the northernmost point on the Merrimack . At the point where the Pemigewasset River , the Merrimack 's principal tributary , meets the Winnipesaukee River local Indians guided the party to the outlet of Lake Winnipesaukee , incorrectly claiming that as the Merrimack 's source . The survey party carved lettering into a rock there ( now called Endicott Rock ) , and its latitude was taken to be the colony 's northern boundary . When extended eastward , this line was found to meet the Atlantic near Casco Bay in present - day Maine . Following this discovery , the colonial magistrates began proceedings to bring existing settlements under their authority in southern New Hampshire and Maine . This extension of the colonial claim conflicted with several proprietary grants owned by the heirs of John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges . The Mason heirs pursued their claims in England , and the result was the formation of the Province of New Hampshire in 1679 . The current boundary between Massachusetts and New Hampshire was not fixed until 1741 . In 1678 , the colony purchased the claims of the Gorges heirs , gaining control over the territory between the Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers . The colony and later the province and state retained control of Maine until it was granted statehood in 1820 . The colony performed a survey in 1642 to determine its southern boundary west to the Connecticut River . This line , south of the present boundary , was protested by Connecticut , but stood until the 1690s , when Connecticut performed its own survey . Most of today 's Massachusetts boundaries with its neighbors were fixed in the 18th century . The most significant exception was the eastern boundary with Rhode Island , which required extensive litigation , including Supreme Court rulings , before it was finally resolved in 1862 . Lands which had previously belonged to the Pequots to the southwest were divided after the Pequot War in present - day Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut . Claims were disputed in this area for many years , particularly between Connecticut and Rhode Island . Massachusetts administered Block Island and the area around present - day Stonington , Connecticut as part of these spoils of war , and was one of several claimants to land in what was known as Narragansett Country ( roughly Washington County , Rhode Island ) . Massachusetts lost all of these territories in the 1660s , when Connecticut and Rhode Island received their royal charters . Timeline of settlement ( edit ) See also : List of municipalities in Massachusetts This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Weymouth ( Wessagusset ) -- 1622 as part of Plymouth Colony ; part of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 Gloucester -- 1623 ( Dorchester Company ) Chelsea -- 1624 Quincy -- 1625 Naumkeag ( later Salem ) -- 1626 ( Dorchester Company ) Beverly -- 1626 ( originally a part of Salem , incorporated separately in 1668 ) Charlestown -- 1628 ( first capital , now part of Boston ) Lynn -- 1629 Saugus -- 1629 Manchester - by - the - Sea ( Jeffery 's Creek ) -- 1629 Marblehead -- 1629 ( Settled as a plantation of Salem , incorporated separately in 1639 ) Boston -- 1630 ( from Shawmut and Trimountaine ) Medford -- 1630 Mystic ( now part of Malden ) -- 1630 Everett -- 1630 ( settlement ) Watertown -- 1630 ( on land now part of Cambridge ) Newtowne ( now Cambridge ) -- 1630 ( near Harvard Square ) Roxbury -- 1630 ( now part of Boston ) Dorchester -- 1630 ( now part of Boston ) Newton -- 1630 Chelmsford -- 1633 Ipswich -- 1633 Milton -- 1634 Attleboro -- 1634 Braintree -- 1634 Agawam -- 1635 ( Settled as Agawam Plantation and originally administered by the Connecticut Colony ; defected to Massachusetts with Springfield in 1640 ) Concord -- 1635 Hingham -- 1635 Newbury -- 1635 Dedham -- 1635 ( Settled as Contentment , renamed Dedham and incorporated in 1636 ) Winthrop -- 1635 Menotomy ( now Arlington , then part of Newtowne ) -- 1635 Scituate -- 1636 ( Founded by the Men of Kent ) Andover -- 1636 ( Split into Andover and North Andover in 1856 ) Springfield -- 1636 ( Settled as Agawam Plantation and originally administered by the Connecticut Colony ; defected to Massachusetts and renamed Springfield in 1640 ) Brookline -- 1638 ( Settled as Muddy River , considered part of Boston until it was renamed Brookline and incorporated in 1705 ) Rowley -- 1638 Salisbury -- 1638 Reading -- 1639 ( Lynn Village , renamed and incorporated as Reading in 1644 ) Sandwich -- 1639 ( First settled in 1637 ) Sudbury -- 1639 Winchester -- 1640 ( Founded as part of Charlestown , incorporated as Waterfield in 1640 , incorporated 1850 ) Chicopee -- 1640 ( Settled as Nayasett ) Haverhill -- 1640 Braintree -- 1640 Malden -- 1640 ( Founded as part of Charlestown , incorporated separately in 1649 ) Woburn -- 1640 Methuen -- 1642 ( founded as part of Haverhill , incorporated separately in 1725 ) Longmeadow -- 1644 Andover -- 1646 ( original settlement is now in North Andover ) Framingham -- 1647 Natick -- 1651 Eastham -- 1651 Medfield -- 1651 Billerica -- 1653 ( Founded as Shawshin ) Lancaster -- 1653 Lowell -- 1653 ( Founded as East Chelmsford , was formally incorporated in 1826 ) Northampton - 1654 ( Incorporated in 1653 ) Groton -- 1655 Dunstable -- 1656 Hadley -- 1659 Middleton -- 1659 Holliston -- 1659 Marlborough -- 1660 Westfield -- 1660 West Springfield -- 1660 Milford -- 1662 Mendon -- 1667 Middleborough -- 1669 Worcester -- 1673 See also ( edit ) History of Massachusetts List of colonial governors of Massachusetts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google phrase : distance Salem , MA to Boston , MA Results : 38 min ( 22.2 mi ) via US - 1 S / 37 min ( 15.2 mi ) via MA - 107 and MA - 1A S / 38 min ( 26.2 mi ) via I - 95 S and I - 93 S Jump up ^ Hart , pp. 1 : 129 -- 131 ^ Jump up to : Hart , p. 1 : 129 Jump up ^ Vaughan , p. 28 Jump up ^ Hart , pp. 1 : 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The 1606 charter did not assign names to the regional companies or councils , but the April 4 , 1629 charter granted by King Charles I erroneously asserted that the 1606 charter had given the name `` Council established at Plymouth in the county of Devon '' to the council governing the `` second Colony . '' Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 5 Jump up ^ Hart , pp. 1 : 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Thayer , pp. 13 -- 216 Jump up ^ Vaughan , p. 14 Jump up ^ Vaughan , p. 15 Jump up ^ Hart , pp. 1 : 67 -- 70 Jump up ^ Stratton , p. 27 Jump up ^ Heath , pp. xiii -- xv Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 26 Jump up ^ Adams and Nash , pp. 29 -- 34 Jump up ^ Young , Alexander ( 1846 ) . Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay , 1623 -- 1636 . Boston : C.C. Little and J. Brown . p. 26 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Moore , p. 238 Jump up ^ Labaree , pp. 17 -- 19 Jump up ^ Dates in this article are in the Julian calendar , which was then in use in England . The new year in that calendar fell on March 25 , so dates between January 1 and March 25 are written with both years to avoid confusion . ^ Jump up to : Morison ( 1981 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Morison ( 1981 ) , p. 31 Jump up ^ Moore , pp. 347 -- 348 Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 1848 ) , p. 112 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 39 Jump up ^ Winthrop et al , p. 35 Jump up ^ MacDonald , p. 22 Jump up ^ Francis , Richard . Judge Sewall 's Apology . p. 41 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 30 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2003 ) , p. 175 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 85 Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 564 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 212 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 565 Jump up ^ Starkey , pp. 129 -- 131 Jump up ^ Starkey , p. 131 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 56 Jump up ^ Labaree , pp. 56 -- 58 ^ Jump up to : Labaree , p. 59 Jump up ^ Labaree , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Labaree , pp. 84 -- 90 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 51 Jump up ^ Main , p. 29 Jump up ^ Hawke , David ( 2003 ) . Everyday Life in Early America . New York : Harper . p. 66 . ISBN 0060912510 . Jump up ^ Foster , Thomas ( October 1999 ) . `` Deficient Husbands : Manhood , Sexual Incapacity , and Male Marital Sexuality in Seventeenth - Century New England '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 56 : 723 -- 744 . doi : 10.2307 / 2674233 . Jump up ^ Main , pp. 64 -- 65 ^ Jump up to : Hart , p. 1 : 103 ^ Jump up to : Hart , p. 1 : 105 ^ Jump up to : Hart , p. 1 : 106 Jump up ^ Hart , pp. 1 : 104 -- 105 Jump up ^ Main , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Hart , p. 1 : 107 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 108 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 113 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 112 Jump up ^ Clifton E. Olmstead ( 1960 ) , History of Religion in the United States , Prentice - Hall , Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , p. 71 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2003 ) , p. 305 ^ Jump up to : `` Massachusetts Body of Liberties '' . Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Dow , p. 200 ^ Jump up to : Nielsen , K.E. ( 2012 ) . A Disability History of the United States . Beacon Press . ISBN 9780807022047 . Jump up ^ Wickham , Parnel ( 2001 ) . `` Images of Idiocy in Puritan New England '' . Mental Retardation. 39 ( 2 ) : 147 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wickham , Parnel ( April 2001 ) . `` Idiocy and the Law in Colonial New England '' . Mental Retardation. 39 ( 2 ) : 104 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ All of these crimes were drawn from the records of Essex County during the colonial period . Dow , pp. 224 -- 225 Jump up ^ Dow , p. 201 Jump up ^ Dow , pp. 200 -- 204 Jump up ^ Dow , p. 202 Jump up ^ Dow , p. 224 Jump up ^ Addison , p. 131 Jump up ^ Guiley , p. 186 Jump up ^ Rogers , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2006 ) , p. 1 : xli Jump up ^ Labaree , pp. 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ Labaree , pp. 100 -- 105 Jump up ^ West , p. 104 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 448 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 90 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 93 Jump up ^ Labaree , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 92 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 424 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 425 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 431 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 432 Jump up ^ Hart , pp. 1 : 426 -- 427 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 427 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 429 Jump up ^ Hart , pp. 1 : 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 55 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 52 ^ Jump up to : Hart , p. 1 : 54 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 53 Jump up ^ Hart , pp. 1 : 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Hart , p. 1 : 63 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2003 ) , p. 273 Jump up ^ Bremer ( 2003 ) , p. 314 Jump up ^ Anderson , p. 1 : 211 Jump up ^ Thomas , p. 453 Jump up ^ Thomas , p. 207 Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 2009 ) , pp. 14 -- 17 Jump up ^ Winthrop et al , p. 339 Jump up ^ Morison ( 1956 ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ Mayo , pp. 221 -- 226 Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 2009 ) , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Fry , pp. 54 -- 65 Jump up ^ Fry , pp. 19 -- 22 , 65 Jump up ^ Labaree , p. 87 Jump up ^ Bowen , p. 15 Jump up ^ Bowen , p. 54 Jump up ^ Field , p. 171 Jump up ^ Field , p. 374 Jump up ^ Wheeler , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Field , pp. 98 -- 101 Jump up ^ Wheeler , p. 11 Jump up ^ Field , p. 107 Jump up ^ Wheeler , p. 15 Jump up ^ Field , pp. 100,107 Jump up ^ 1630 : Information and Much More from Answers.com Archived 2007 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Charles Francis ; Nash , Gilbert ( 1905 ) . Wessagusset and Weymouth . Weymouth , MA : Weymouth Historical Society . OCLC 1066255 . Adams , Brooks . The Emancipation of Massachusetts . Adams , Charles ; Nash , Gilbert ( 1905 ) . Wessagusset and Weymouth . Weymouth , MA : Weymouth Historical Society . OCLC 1066255 . Addison , Albert Christopher ( 1912 ) . The Romantic Story of the Puritan Fathers : And Their Founding of New Boston . L.C. Page & Co . Anderson , Robert Charles ( 1995 ) . The Great Migration Begins : Immigrants to New England , 1620 -- 1633 . Boston , MA : New England Historic Genealogical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88082 - 120 - 9 . OCLC 42469253 . Bowen , Clarence Winthrop ( 1882 ) . The Boundary Disputes of Connecticut . Boston : James R. Osgood . OCLC 1994357 . Bremer , Francis ( 2003 ) . John Winthrop : America 's Forgotten Founder . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514913 - 5 . OCLC 237802295 . Bremer , Francis ; Webster , Tom ( 2006 ) . Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America : a Comprehensive Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 678 - 1 . Dow , George Francis ( 1967 ) ( 1935 ) . Everyday Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony . New York : Benjamin Blom . Field , Edward ( ed ) ( 1902 ) . State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the End of the Century : a History . Boston , MA : Mason Publishing . OCLC 14245880 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Fry , William Henry ( 1908 ) . New Hampshire as a Royal Province . New York : Columbia University . OCLC 1981065 . Guiley , Rosemary ( 2008 ) ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of Witches , Witchcraft , and Wicca . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 9781438126845 . OCLC 435912011 . Hart , Albert Bushnell ( ed ) ( 1927 ) . Commonwealth History of Massachusetts . New York : The States History Company . OCLC 1543273 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ( five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century ) Hayes , Kevin ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Early American Literature . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195187274 . OCLC 132584511 . Heath , Dwight ( ed ) ( 1986 ) ( 1963 ) . Mourt 's Relation : A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth . Cambridge , MA : Applewood Books . ISBN 9780918222848 . OCLC 20838253 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hubbard , Bill ( 2009 ) . American Boundaries : the Nation , the States , the Rectangular Survey . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35591 - 7 . OCLC 163625212 . Hubbard , William ( 1848 ) . A General History of New England . Boston : C.C. Little and J. Brown . Labaree , Benjamin ( 1979 ) . Colonial Massachusetts : a History . Millwood , NY : KTO Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 527 - 18714 - 9 . OCLC 248194957 . MacDonald , William ( 1908 ) . Documentary Source Book of American History : 1606 -- 1898 . New York : The Macmillan Company . Main , Gloria ( 2001 ) . Peoples of a Spacious Land . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674006283 . Mayo , Lawrence Shaw ( 1936 ) . John Endecott . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . OCLC 1601746 . Moore , Jacob Bailey ( 1851 ) . Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay . Boston : C.D. Strong . OCLC 11362972 . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1956 ) . The story of the `` Old Colony '' of New Plymouth , 1620 -- 1692 . New York : Knopf . OCLC 174859473 . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1981 ) ( 1930 ) . Builders of the Bay Colony . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 0 - 930350 - 22 - 7 . Nagl , Dominik ( 2013 ) . No Part of the Mother Country , but Distinct Dominions - Law , State Formation and Governance in England , Massachusetts and South Carolina , 1630 - 1769 . Berlin : LIT . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 11817 - 2 . Rogers , Horatio ( 2009 ) . Mary Dyer of Rhode Island : The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 103 - 80124 - 4 . Starkey , Marion L. ( 1961 ) ( 1949 ) . The Devil in Massachusetts : A Modern Inquiry into the Salem Witch Trials . Garden City , NY : Dolphin . Stratton , Eugene ( 1986 ) . Plymouth Colony : Its History & People , 1620 -- 1691 . Salt Lake City , UT : Ancestry Publications . ISBN 9780916489137 . OCLC 15349442 . Thayer , Henry Otis ( 1892 ) . The Sagadahoc Colony . Portland : Printed for the Gorges Society . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Thomas , Hugh ( 1997 ) . The Slave Trade : the Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade , 1440 -- 1870 . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81063 - 8 . OCLC 36884041 . Vaughan , Alden T ( 1995 ) . New England Frontier : Puritans and Indians , 1620 -- 1675 . Norman , OK : Oklahoma University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2718 - 7 . OCLC 299797876 . West , Willis ( 1922 ) . The Story of American Democracy , Political and Industrial . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . OCLC 2564556 . Wheeler , Richard ( 2009 ) ( 1900 ) . History of the Town of Stonington , Connecticut . Baltimore , MD : Genealogical Publishing Company . OCLC 30055748 . Winthrop , John ; Dunn , Richard ; Savage , James ; Yeandle , Laetitia ( 1996 ) . The Journal of John Winthrop , 1630 -- 1649 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 48425 - 2 . OCLC 185405449 . Online primary sources ( edit ) 500 + volumes of colonial records The Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay . Boston : Commonwealth of Massachusetts . 1814 . OCLC 19448862 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Massachusetts Bay Company . Massachusetts Secretary of State : The History of the Arms and Great Seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Quaqua Society : Massachusetts Bay Colony Buffalo , NY and the Massachusetts Bay colony British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_Bay_Colony&oldid=825879172 '' Categories : Colonial Massachusetts Colonial United States ( British ) Dominion of New England English colonization of the Americas Former English colonies History of the Thirteen Colonies Colonial settlements in North America Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts States and territories established in 1628 1628 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies 1691 disestablishments in the Thirteen Colonies States and territories disestablished in 1691 1628 establishments in Massachusetts Politically motivated migrations Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former subdivision with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Massachusetts articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Deutsch Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 23 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%20Bay%20Colony	663
what is the movie the taking of pelham 123 about			The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 film )	the taking of pelham 123 ( 2009 film )	The Taking of Pelham 123 is a 2009 American thriller film directed by Tony Scott , and starring Denzel Washington and John Travolta . It is a film adaptation of the novel by Morton Freedgood ( writing under the pseudonym John Godey ) , and is a remake of the original 1974 film adaptation , which was also remade in 1998 as a TV film . Production began in March 2008 , and it was released on June 12 , 2009 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences 4 Production 5 Release and marketing 6 Critical reception 7 Box office 8 Home video 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A man calling himself Ryder hijacks Pelham 123 , a New York City Subway 6 train that departed from Pelham Bay Park station at 1 : 23 p.m. Ryder is accompanied by three other heavily armed men : Bashkin , Emri and former train operator Phil Ramos . They uncouple the front car from the rest of the train and take the passengers hostage . MTA employee Walter Garber is working the Rail Control Center as a train dispatcher and receives a ransom call from Ryder , who demands $10 million in cash be paid within 60 minutes . Ryder warns that every minute past the deadline they force him to wait , he will execute a hostage . Bashkin kills a plainclothes Transit Police officer who approaches him after recognizing that something is amiss . He and Ramos then allow all the passengers not in the front car to be released except for the motorman . Garber reluctantly negotiates with Ryder and develops a rapport , while Ramos and Emri set up Internet access in the tunnel . Ryder uses his laptop to watch the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunge nearly 1,000 points during the next hour in response to the hostage - taking . One of the passenger 's laptops also connects to the Internet , and the computer 's webcam is activated . The webcam allows the people in the control center to observe Ryder and Ramos . Lieutenant Camonetti of the NYPD Emergency Service Unit enters the RCC to take over negotiations and Garber is ordered to leave the premises . The change infuriates Ryder , who shoots and kills the train 's motorman in order to force Camonetti to bring Garber back . Garber blames Camonetti for the motorman 's death . Camonetti learns that Garber is being investigated for allegedly accepting a $35,000 bribe over a contract for new subway cars . Ryder also discovers the allegations through online news reports after Ramos told Ryder that Garber was a `` big - shot '' at the MTA and should not be dispatching trains and forces Garber to confess by threatening to kill a passenger . Garber explains that he was offered the bribe while deciding between two companies for a train contract , but also tells Ryder that he used the money to pay for his child 's college tuition and insists that he would have made the same decision without the financial offer . Ryder expresses his admiration for Garber 's willingness to risk himself to save a stranger . Meanwhile , the Mayor agrees to deliver the ransom money to Ryder and orders the NYPD to deliver it . On the way to the delivery point , the police are involved in an accident and fail to get the money there in time . Garber attempts to bluff Ryder by telling him the money has been dropped off , unaware that Ryder has been monitoring events on his laptop and knows he 's being lied to . An enraged Ryder threatens to execute one of the children hostages and the child 's mother . Another hostage , a former soldier , sacrifices himself to save the mother and child and is killed . A short gunfight erupts after an NYPD ESU sniper is bitten by a rat and accidentally discharges his weapon , killing Ramos . Based on clues that Garber receives during his conversations with Ryder , the NYPD discover that Ryder 's real name is Dennis Ford . He was a manager at a private equity firm before being sentenced to prison for investment fraud . Ford had agreed to a plea bargain for a three - year sentence , but was instead sentenced to ten years by the judge . One of the Mayor 's aides mentions the extreme drop in the major stock indexes in response to the train hijacking , and the Mayor deduces that Ryder is actually attempting to manipulate the market via put options . Ryder demands that Garber himself deliver the ransom money , and Garber is given a pistol and flown to the terminal to make the drop . Ryder brings Garber aboard and orders him to operate the train to the next station , where he and the hijackers exit the train during a brief stop . Ryder then uses a device to rig the train to go on without them . Garber manages to separate himself from Ryder at a railway crossing and then follows him as he escapes to the Waldorf Astoria hotel . Ryder parts from Bashkin and Emri , who are later shot dead after being surrounded by police and provoking the NYPD to use deadly force on the two in an apparent suicide - by - cop . The train comes to a halt safely , and police learn that Ryder is no longer on board . Ryder hails a taxi while Garber follows him in a truck . Ryder checks his laptop and finds that his scheme has amassed a $307 million profit . He leaves the cab on the Manhattan Bridge and takes the bridge 's pedestrian walkway but Garber catches up to him . Garber holds Ryder at gunpoint , and Ryder gives him a 10 - second ultimatum to pull the trigger . In the final seconds of the countdown , Ryder pulls out his gun and forces Garber to shoot him . As he lies dying , Ryder tells Garber that he considers him a hero . Afterward , the mayor thanks Garber for saving the hostages and reassures him about his bribery charges . The film concludes with Garber walking into his home carrying a bag of groceries , including a half - gallon of milk he promised his wife , Theresa , he 'd bring home earlier in the film . Cast ( edit ) Denzel Washington as Walter Garber , the New York City Subway dispatcher , who is negotiating with the hijackers . The negotiator in the 1974 film was a transit policeman named Lt. Zachary Garber ( portrayed by Walter Matthau ) ; Edward James Olmos played Detective Anthony Piscotti , the negotiator in the 1998 television movie . John Travolta as Ryder / Dennis Ford , the leader of the hijackers . Instead of playing a mercenary , he plays a former Wall Street `` high roller '' named Dennis Ford , who blames the city of New York and the mayor for causing him to stay in prison for 10 years , longer than the guilty plea of three years . Scott courted Travolta heavily for the actor 's first action role in years . Travolta earned $20 million for his work in the film . The role was originally portrayed by Robert Shaw in the 1974 film . Vincent D'Onofrio played Ryder in the 1998 TV movie . In the first two movies , Ryder used the alias `` Mr. Blue . '' James Gandolfini as the Mayor of New York City , who is under heavy pressure to address the hostage crisis . The character was originally portrayed by Lee Wallace in the 1974 film . Victor Gojcaj as Bashkin , the most aggressive of the hijackers . The character , originally named `` Joe Welcome '' , alias `` Mr. Grey , '' was portrayed by Hector Elizondo in the 1974 film . Donnie Wahlberg played him in the 1998 TV movie . John Turturro as Lt. Camonetti , a hostage negotiator with the NYPD 's Emergency Service Unit . Luis Guzmán as Phil Ramos , one of the hijackers . The role , originally named `` Harold Longman , '' alias `` Mr. Green , '' was portrayed by Martin Balsam in the 1974 film . Richard Schiff played him in the 1998 film . Ramón Rodríguez as Delgado , an MTA train dispatcher . Robert Vataj as Emri , the stammering young gun who helps hijack the train under the command of Ryder . The character , originally named `` Steever , '' alias `` Mr. Brown , '' was portrayed by Earl Hindman in the 1974 film . Gbenga Akinnagbe as Wallace , one of the hostages on the train . Alex Kaluzhsky as George / Geo , one of the hostages on the train . Michael Rispoli as John Johnson , Garber 's boss and head of the MTA NYC Transit 's Rail Control Center . John Benjamin Hickey as Deputy Mayor LaSalle Jason Butler Harner as Mr. Thomas Frank Wood as Police Commissioner Sterman Aunjanue Ellis as Garber 's Wife , Theresa Brian Haley as Police Captain Hill Adrian Martinez as Cabbie Differences ( edit ) The first drafts of the script faced the challenge of updating the novel with contemporary technology , including cell phones , GPS , laptops , thermal imaging , and a post-9 / 11 world in New York City . In December 2007 , David Koepp , who adapted the novel for Scott and Washington said : I wrote many drafts to try and put it in the present day and keep all the great execution that was there from the first one . It 's thirty years later so you have to take certain things into account . Hopefully we came up with a clever way to move it to the present . Koepp 's drafts were meant to be `` essentially familiar '' to those who read the novel , preserving the `` great hero vs. villain thing '' of the original . Brian Helgeland , the only one receiving credit for the screenplay , took the script a different direction , making the remake more like the 1974 film than the novel and , as Helgeland put it , making it about `` two guys who were n't necessarily all that different from each other . '' As writer Michael Ordoña describes it : Whereas the novel is told from more than 30 perspectives -- keeping readers off balance because it is unknown which characters the writer might suddenly discard -- the two films focus on the lead hijacker and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority employee with whom he communicates by phone . The new version sharpens that focus until it 's almost exclusively a duel between disgraced MTA dispatcher Walter Garber and manic gunman Ryder . In the book and original film , Ryder is `` cold - blooded and calculating '' , but in the 2009 film he is a `` loose cannon willing to kill innocents not out of necessity but out of spite . '' Also Ryder in the original film and book is portrayed as a normal - looking businessman while in the 2009 film he looks as if he has adopted prison life , sporting very visible prison tattoos and the laid - back style of a biker . In the 1974 film , the main character ( played by Walter Matthau ) is named Zachary Garber and is a lieutenant in the transit police ; in the 2009 film , the main character ( played by Denzel Washington ) is named Walter Garber and works as a subway train dispatcher . Ryder also demands $10 million instead of $1 million as in the original film and book or $5 million in the made - for TV film . Ryder does not use the `` Mr. Blue '' nickname as in the original film . Instead , Ryder is a nickname adopted by Dennis Ford . In the 1974 film , the train - operating hostage - taker is the only member of the group to live long enough to see himself behind bars , while all of the hostage takers die in the 2009 film . Production ( edit ) Production began in March 2008 with all cast and crew being required to attend a track safety course taught by MTA personnel , as much of the filming would take place in the subway on active tracks . For the initial hijack sequence at Grand Central on the Flushing Line , the crew used the westbound track during late night hours while regular 7 train service operated in both directions on the eastbound track . An actual R142A train ( the model used on the Pelham Line ) at the time was used for the Grand Central sequence . Many locations in Brooklyn were used during filming . A large portion was filmed on the unused local track between the Hoyt -- Schermerhorn Streets station and the New York Transit Museum on the Fulton Street Line . For exterior filming only , a retrofitted R62A car was used during filming to give the appearance of an R142A car . Interior car scenes were filmed at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens on a set that more closely resembles the newer and larger R160B ( which were still being delivered at the time of filming ) used on the Astoria Line , which runs in the Astoria neighborhood where Kaufman is based . Outdoor street filming locations were the lower level of the Manhattan Bridge ; Tudor City , including the First Avenue tunnel near the Headquarters of the United Nations ; the Upper East Side ; Times Square and the Theater District area ; the Whitlock Avenue station in the Bronx ; and Turtle Bay . Some scenes were also shot in Lower Manhattan . The scene with the police leaving the Brooklyn Federal Reserve , which does not exist , was actually the rear of the USPS Office of the Inspector General , located next to the World Trade Center , in front of the PATH station entrance . Release and marketing ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to release on July 31 , 2009 , but the release was moved earlier to June 12 . The first theatrical poster was released on February 10 , 2009 , while the first trailer for the film debuted at the screenings of The International on February 13 , 2009 . John Travolta decided against promoting the film , as it was released just five months after the death of his 16 - year -- old son , Jett . He stated that he still was not ready to step back into the spotlight . Travolta released the following statement : `` Tony , Denzel , Luis , John , James and Sony Pictures stepped up without hesitation to help promote this wonderful film , and their unselfish efforts have allowed my family the additional time to reconcile our loss . `` I am very proud of the efforts we have all made in making this movie , and I want each and every one of you to enjoy it , '' he added . `` So , set your calendars for the weekend of June 12th . I promise you wo n't be disappointed . Thank you all from the bottom of my heart . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 51 % of 206 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 5.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus says : `` Despite a strong cast , The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3 suffers under the excesses of Tony Scott 's frantic direction , and fails to measure up to the 1974 original . '' Metacritic gave the film a metascore of 55 % based on 33 reviews , which indicates `` mixed or average reviews '' . Jim Ridley of the Village Voice noted that the new Pelham film was not as good as the original : `` Scott 's redo comes up short in almost every regard against the ' 74 model ... If it 's somehow unfair to compare the two , why was The Taking of Pelham 123 even remade ? '' `` As expected , Tony Scott 's hyperkinetic , entirely unnecessary revamp attempts to update Pelham by cranking the volume and inflating the Noo Yawk attitude to a cartoonish level of macho posturing , '' wrote Sean Burns in Philadelphia Weekly . Writing in New York Press , Armond White was critical of Tony Scott 's direction : `` Tony Scott 's craft can not create suspense , it substitutes noise , cursing and brutality . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter noted : `` Even with the plot 's built - in ticking clock , the film relinquishes the tautly calibrated pace in the third act , never to get completely back on track . '' David Edelstein 's review for New York Magazine carried the headline `` The Taking of Pelham 123 is not worth running down a flight of subway - station stairs for . '' `` There 's not much wrong with Tony Scott 's `` The Taking of Pelham 123 , '' except that there 's not much really right about it . '' -- Roger Ebert Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars , and began his review with `` There 's not much wrong with Tony Scott 's `` The Taking of Pelham 123 , '' except that there 's not much really right about it . '' Ebert commented that the lead actors lacked passion in their performances : `` Oh , John Travolta is angry and Denzel Washington is determined , but you do n't sense passion in the performances . They 're about behaving , not evoking . '' He also compared it unfavorably with the 1974 original , calling it `` less juicy '' and opining that the special effects are `` not an improvement ''. `` The only performance notable is by newcomer Victor Gojcaj , silent but deadly . '' Christy Lemire of the Associated Press gave the film two out of four stars , and called it `` another overcaffeinated thriller '' . Writing for the Orlando Sentinel , Roger Moore gave the film three out of five stars , and commented `` Pelham , for its crowd - pleasing heart - racing virtues ... plays out like a Tony - Denzel pairing that Denzel , at least , should have taken a pass on . '' In a review for MSNBC , Alonso Duralde was critical of John Travolta 's performance in the film , comparing it to his roles in Swordfish and Battlefield Earth : `` Travolta remains singularly unbelievable as a villain . In movies like this and ' Swordfish ' and , let 's not forget , ' Battlefield Earth , ' the actor strives for malice but generally ca n't get much darker than playground - bully meanness . '' Peter Travers , writing for Rolling Stone , gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 , stating `` This movie hits you like 600 volts from a sparking third rail . Damn straight it 's electrifying ( ... ) The only letdown comes in Scott 's handling of the passengers , who remain frustratingly generic . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky , writing in his blog , commented that he loved the film , and thought it was one of three of Scott 's great movies of the 2000s , saying : `` ... the coherence in his films is not between the pages of a script ; it 's between shots , and his greatest asset ( both to himself and to cinema as a whole ) is his ability to construct scenes out of shots that take place across great distances of space or time , as in his two best movies : Déjà Vu ( much of whose running time consists of characters watching a past event through a sort of time machine ) and his remake of The Taking of Pelham 123 ( where the two main characters develop a complex relationship despite not meeting until the end of the movie ) . '' Box office ( edit ) The film debuted in the number three spot with approximately US $25 million at the box office in the United States in its opening weekend , in what The New York Times called `` an unusually quiet weekend at the box office because of soft ticket sales for The Taking of Pelham 123 '' . The film was beaten out by The Hangover and Up for the number one and number two spots . The Taking of Pelham 123 had a production budget of $100 million , and was co -- financed with Relativity Media and Sony Pictures . Ben Fritz of the Los Angeles Times commented on the box office results of the film 's opening weekend ( $23,373,102 ) : `` Although far from disastrous , that 's a soft start for a film budgeted at more than $100 million . '' As of September 2011 , the film has managed to earn $150,166,126 worldwide . Home video ( edit ) Film portal DVD and Blu - ray versions of the movie with bonus features were released on November 3 , 2009 . The film opened up at # 3 at the DVD sales chart , making $14.1 m off 919,000 DVD units in the first week of release . These features included commentaries and behind - the - scenes featurettes . In South Korea , DVD , and Blu - ray were released on October 23 , 2009 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2009/TP123-DVD.php ^ Jump up to : `` Taking of Pelham 123 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` The Taking of Pelham One , Two , Three '' . ComingSoon.net . Coming Soon Media , L.P . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Ordoña , Michael ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` ' Taking of Pelham 123 ' stars Travolta , Denzel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Michael Fleming ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Denzel Washington set for ' Pelham ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Tatiana Siegel ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Travolta boards ' Pelham ' remake '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` Gandolfini plays mayor in ' Pelham ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` Ramon Rodriguez joins ' Pelham 123 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Perry , Bryon ( May 4 , 2008 ) . `` Gbenga Akinnagbe '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Perry , Byron ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Jason Butler Harner '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Shawn ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` ' Taking Of Pelham ' Not As Easy As ' 123 , ' Says Screenwriter '' . MTV Movies Blog . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Leslie ; Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Escape Artists ramp up for pics , Sony deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Randy ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` ' Manhattan Transfer : Remaking ' Pelham ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` John Travolta Thanks His `` Pelham 123 '' Colleagues for Giving Him Time to Heal `` . Radar Online . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3 ( 2009 ) ( T - Meter Critics ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Jump up ^ `` Taking of Pelham 1 2 3 , The '' . Metacritic . CBS . Jump up ^ Ridley , Jim ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Blood on Tracks in Taking of Pelham 123 : In this subway series , the original Pelham wins '' . Village Voice . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Burns , Sean ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` The Taking of Pelham 123 : This warmed - over version of the 1970s subway - hijack thriller is typical Tony Scott bombast '' . Philadelphia Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Armond ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` The Taking of Pelham 123 '' . New York Press . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Film Review : The Taking of Pelham 123 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Stalled Trains : The Taking of Pelham 123 is not worth running down a flight of subway - station stairs for . '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` The Taking of Pelham 123 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy . `` Tony Scott 's ' Pelham 123 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Review : The Taking of Pelham 123 : 3 of 5 stars '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Pelham 123'remake goes down for the count : Extraneous car chases distract from what could have been '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2009 ) . `` Taking of Pelham 123 '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy . `` Addendum to Supercoherence , Revisited '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brook ; Patricia Cohen ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` A Sluggish Showing at the Box Office '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . C2 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` ' Taking of Pelham 123 ' and ' Imagine That ' fizzle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` First look : ' Hangover ' down only 26 % , ' Pelham ' so - so , ' Imagine That ' DOA '' . Company Town . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Taking of Pelham 123 on IMDb The Taking of Pelham 123 at AllMovie The Taking of Pelham 123 at Rotten Tomatoes The Taking of Pelham 123 at Metacritic The Taking of Pelham 123 at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Tony Scott One of the Missing ( 1968 ) Loving Memory ( 1971 ) The Hunger ( 1983 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Revenge ( 1990 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) The Last Boy Scout ( 1991 ) True Romance ( 1993 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) The Fan ( 1996 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Spy Game ( 2001 ) Man on Fire ( 2004 ) Agent Orange ( 2004 ) Domino ( 2005 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) The Taking of Pelham 123 ( 2009 ) Unstoppable ( 2010 ) Films directed by Brian Helgeland Payback ( 1999 ) A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) The Order ( 2003 ) 42 ( 2013 ) Legend ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Taking_of_Pelham_123_(2009_film)&oldid=800505046 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s thriller films 2000s action films American crime thriller films American films American film remakes Films based on American novels Films based on crime novels Films about hijackings Heist films Relativity Media films Scott Free Productions films Escape Artists films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Columbia Pictures films Films directed by Tony Scott Films set on the New York City Subway Film scores by Harry Gregson - Williams Films based on works by Morton Freedgood Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use American English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 23 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Taking%20of%20Pelham%20123%20%282009%20film%29	664
what is the purpose of the 12 tables			Twelve Tables	twelve tables	According to Roman tradition , the Law of the Twelve Tables ( Latin : Leges Duodecim Tabularum or Duodecim Tabulae ) was the legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law . The Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws .	The Twelve Tables are sufficiently comprehensive that their substance has been described as a ' code ' , although modern scholars consider this characterisation exaggerated . The Tables were a sequence of definitions of various private rights and procedures . They generally took for granted such things as the institutions of the family and various rituals for formal transactions . The provisions were often highly specific and diverse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Drafting and development 2 Laws of the Twelve Tables 3 Table III : Debt 4 Women 5 Influence and significance 6 Sources 7 Footnotes 8 Works cited 9 External links Drafting and Development ( edit ) The Twelve Tables of Roman society were said by the Romans to have come about as a result of the long social struggle between patricians and plebeians . After the expulsion of the last king of Rome , Tarquinius Superbus , the Republic was governed by a hierarchy of magistrates . Initially , only patricians were eligible to become magistrates and this , among other plebeian complaints , was a source of discontent for plebeians . In the context of this unequal status , plebeians would take action to secure concessions for themselves using the threat of secession . They would threaten to leave the city with the consequence that it would grind to a halt , as the plebeians were Rome 's labor force . Tradition held that one of the most important concessions won in this class struggle was the establishment of the Twelve Tables , establishing basic procedural rights for all Roman citizens in relation to each other . The drafting of the Twelve Tables may have been fomented by a desire for self - regulation by the patricians , or for other reasons . Around 450 BC , the first decemviri ( decemvirate , board of `` Ten Men '' ) were appointed to draw up the first ten tables . According to Livy , they sent an embassy to Greece to study the legislative system of Athens , known as the Solonian Constitution , but also to find out about the legislation of other Greek cities . Some scholars dispute the veracity of any claim that the Romans imitated the Greeks in this respect or suggest that they visited the Greek cities of Southern Italy , and did not travel all the way to Greece . In 450 BC , the second decemviri started to work on the last two tables . The first decemvirate completed the first ten codes in 450 BC . Here is how Livy describes their creation , `` ... every citizen should quietly consider each point , then talk it over with his friends , and , finally , bring forward for public discussion any additions or subtractions which seemed desirable . '' ( cf . Liv . III. 34 ) In 449 BC , the second decemvirate completed the last two codes , and after a secessio plebis to force the Senate to consider them , the Law of the Twelve Tables was formally promulgated . According to Livy ( AUC 3.57. 10 ) the Twelve Tables were inscribed on bronze ( Pomponius ( Dig. 1 tit. 2 s2 § 4 ) alone says on ivory ) , and posted publicly , so all Romans could read and know them . Some of the provisions are procedural to ensure fairness amongst all Romans in the courts , while other established legal terms dictating the legality of capital crimes , intentional homicide , treason , perjury , judicial corruption , and writing slanderous poems . The Romans valued keeping peace in the city and the Twelve Tables were a mechanism of establishing and continuing peace and equality . Laws of the Twelve Tables ( edit ) Following are excerpts from this very important table of laws : TABLE I Procedure : for courts and trials TABLE II Trials continued & Theft TABLE III Debt TABLE IV Rights of fathers ( paterfamilias ) over the family TABLE V Legal guardianship and inheritance laws TABLE VI Acquisition and possession TABLE VII Land rights & crimes TABLE VIII Torts and delicts ( Laws of injury ) TABLE IX Public law TABLE X Sacred law TABLE XI Supplement I TABLE XII Supplement II Table I . `` If he ( plaintiff ) summon him ( defendant ) into court , he shall go . If he does not go , ( plaintiff ) shall call witnesses . Then only he shall take him by force . If he refuses or flees , he ( plaintiff ) shall lay hands on him . If disease or age is an impediment , he shall grant him a team ( of oxen ) . He shall not spread with cushions the covered carriage if he does not wish to . Table II . `` Whoever is in need of evidence , he shall go on every third day to call out loud before the doorway of the witness . '' `` Where anyone commits a theft by night , and caught in the act is killed , he is legally killed . If anyone commits a theft during the day , and is caught in the act , he shall be scourged , and given up as a slave to the person against whom the theft was committed . Stolen property shall always be his to whom it formerly belonged ; nor can the lawful owner ever be deprived of it by long possession ; nor can it ever be acquired by another , no matter in what way this may take place . He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day . '' Table III . `` When a debt has been acknowledged or a judgment has been pronounced in court , 30 days must be the legitimate grace period . Thereafter , arrest of the debtor may be made by the laying on of hands . Bring him into court . If he does not satisfy the judgment ( or no one in court offers himself as surety on his behalf ) the creditor may take the debtor with him . He may bind him either in stocks or fetters , with a weight of no less than 15 lbs. ( or more if he desires ) . '' ( After 60 days in custody , the case is returned to the court , and if the debt is not then paid , the debtor can be sold abroad as a slave , or put to death . ) Table IV . `` A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed . If a father sell his son three times , the son shall be free from his father . A child born after ten months since the father 's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance . '' Table V. `` Our ancestors saw fit that `` females , by reason of levity of disposition , shall remain in guardianship , even when they have attained their majority . '' A spendthrift is forbidden to exercise administration over his own goods . The inheritance of a Roman citizen - freedman is made over to his patron , if the freedman has died intestate ( without a will ) and has no natural successor . Table VI . When a party shall make bond or conveyance , what he has named by word - of - mouth that shall hold good . Marriage by ' usage ' ( usus ) : Where a woman , who has not been united to a man in marriage , lives with him for an entire year without the possession of her being interrupted for three nights , she shall pass into his power as his legal wife . Table VII . Anyone who , by means of incantations and magic arts , prevents grain or crops of any kind belonging to another from growing , shall be sacrificed to Ceres . `` If any person has sung or composed against another person a SONG ( carmen ' ) such as was causing slander or insult ... he shall be clubbed to death . '' `` If a person has maimed another 's limb , let there be retaliation in kind , unless he agrees to make compensation with him . '' ( Lex talionis ) `` If a patron shall defraud his client , he must be solemnly forfeited ( ' killed ' ) . `` Whoever is convicted of speaking false witness shall be flung from the Tarpeian Rock . '' Anyone who annoys another by means of magic incantations or diabolical arts , and renders him inactive , or ill ; or who prepares or administers poison to him , is guilty of a capital crime , and shall be punished with death . Table VIII . A space of two feet and a half must be left between neighboring buildings . Where a road runs in a straight line , it shall be eight feet , and where it curves , it shall be sixteen feet in width . When the fruit of a tree falls upon the premises of a neighbor , the owner of the tree shall have a right to gather and remove it When a man 's land lies adjacent to the highway , he can enclose it in any way that he chooses ; but if he neglects to do so , any other person can drive an animal over the land wherever he pleases . Table IX . `` No person shall hold meetings in the City at night . '' `` The penalty shall be capital punishment for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision . '' `` The penalty shall be capital for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision . Treason : he who shall have roused up a public enemy or handed over a citizen to a public enemy must suffer capital punishment . '' `` Putting to death ... of any man who has not been convicted , whosoever he might be , is forbidden . '' Table X . Women shall not during a funeral lacerate their faces , or tear their cheeks with their nails ; nor shall they utter loud cries bewailing the dead . The body of no dead slave shall be anointed ; nor shall any drinking take place at his funeral , nor a banquet of any kind be instituted in his honor . Table XI . `` Marriage shall not take place between a patrician and a plebeian . '' Affairs of great importance shall not be transacted without the vote of the people , with whom rests the power to appoint magistrates , to condemn citizens , and to enact laws . Laws subsequently passed always take preference over former ones . Table XII . If a slave , with the knowledge of his master , should commit a theft , or cause damage to anyone , his master shall be given up to the other party by way of reparation for the theft , injury , or damage committed by the slave . Table III : debt ( edit ) The laws the Twelve Tables covered were a way to publicly display rights that each citizen had in the public and private sphere . These Twelve Tables displayed what was previously understood in Roman society as the unwritten laws . The public display of the copper tablets allowed for a more balanced playing field between the Roman patricians who were educated and understood the laws of legal transactions , and the Roman plebeians who had little education or experience in understanding law . By revealing the unwritten rules of society to the public , the Twelve Tables provided a means of safeguard for Plebeians allowing them the opportunity to avoid financial exploitation and added balance to the Roman economy . Featured within the Twelve Tables are five rules about how to handle debtors and creditors . These rules show how the ancient Romans maintained peace with financial policy . In his article Development of the Roman Law of Debt Security , Donald E. Phillipson states the Twelve Tables were , `` A set of statues known as the Twelve Tables that was passed by an early assembly served as the foundation of the Roman private law . The Twelve Tables were enacted in the mid-fifth century B.C. as the result of a conflict among social classes in ancient Rome . '' ( page 1231 - 1232 ) . Phillipson also describes the leniency of the relationship between debtor and creditor on how it was changed and arranged in the 5th century B.C. and how Roman law surrounding it was tweaked within the Twelve Tables that initially drew out the legal boundaries surrounding debt . Specially discussing the influence of creditors rights , Phillipson states , `` In the fifth century B.C. only movables were pledged under pignus , although any res in which bonitary ownership was held was capable of being pledged . However , by the late Republic , land and buildings were increasingly pledged in pignus arrangements . This increased usage paralleled the expansion of creditors ' rights with respect to the pledged property . The right of possession and seizure ( jus possidendi ) and the right of foreclosure and sale ( jus distrahendi ) were probably the most important of the developing creditors ' rights . These increased creditors ' rights also encouraged and contributed to the expansion of the types of res in which bonitary ownership , and thus pignus arrangements , were possible . For example , the use of pignus expanded to include usufructs , rustic servitudes , rights of way , and even pledges themselves by the second century A.D. '' ( page 1239 ) . In the book , The Twelve Tables , written by an anonymous source due to its origins being collaborated through a series of translations of tablets and ancient references , P.R. Coleman - Norton arranged and translated many of the significant features of debt that the Twelve Tables enacted into law during the 5th century . The translation of the legal features surrounding debt and derived from the known sources of the Twelve Tables are stated as such `` 1 . Of debt acknowledged and for matters judged in court ( in iure ) thirty days shall be allowed by law ( for payment or for satisfaction ) . 2 . After that ( elapse of thirty days without payment ) hand shall be laid on ( manus iniectio ) ( the debtor ) . He shall be brought into court ( in ius ) . 3 . Unless he ( the debtor ) discharge the debt or unless some one appear in court ( in iure ) to guarantee payment for him , he ( the creditor ) shall take ( the debtor ) with him . He shall bind ( him ) either with thong or with fetters , of which the weight shall be not less than fifteen pounds or shall be more , if he ( the creditor ) choose . 4 . If he ( the debtor ) choose , he shall live on his own ( means ) . If he live not on his own ( means ) , ( the creditor , ) who shall hold him in bonds , shall give ( him ) a pound of bread daily ; if he ( the creditor ) shall so desire , he shall give ( him ) more . 5 . Unless they ( the debtors ) make a compromise , they ( the debtors ) shall be held in bonds for sixty days . During those days they shall be brought to ( the magistrate ) into the comitium ( meeting - place ) on three successive market ( ... ) '' The five mandates of the Twelve Tables encompassing debt created a new understanding within social classes in ancient Rome that insured financial exploitation would be limited within legal business transactions . Women ( edit ) The Twelve Tables have three sections that pertain to women as they concern estates and guardianship , ownership and possession , and religion , which give a basic understanding as to the legal rights of females . Table V ( Estates and Guardianship ) : `` Female heirs should remain under guardianship even when they have attained the age of majority , but exception is made for the Vestal Virgins . '' Table VI ( Ownership and Possession ) : `` Where a woman , who has not been united to a man in marriage , lives with him for an entire year without an interruption of three nights , she shall pass into his power as his legal wife . '' Table X ( Religion ) : `` Women shall not during a funeral lacerate their faces , or tear their cheeks with their nails ; nor shall they utter loud cries bewailing the dead . '' One of the aspects highlighted in the Twelve Tables is a woman 's legal status and standing in society . Women were considered to be a form of guardianship similar to that of minors , and sections on ownership and possession give off the impression that women were considered to be akin to a piece of real estate or property due to the use of terms such as `` ownership '' and `` possession '' . Influence and significance ( edit ) Roman civilians examining the Twelve Tables after they were first implemented . The Twelve Tables are often cited as the foundation for ancient Roman law . Although faced with many issues , the Twelve Tables provided a premature understanding of some key concepts such as justice , equality , and punishment . While these ideas were not fully understood , the Twelve Tables play a significant role in the basis of the early American legal system . Political theorists , such as James Madison have highlighted the importance of the Twelve Tables in crafting the United States Bill of Rights . The idea of property was also perpetuated in the Twelve Tables , including the different forms of money , land , and slaves . Although legal reform occurred soon after the implementation of the Twelve Tables , these ancient laws provided social protection and civil rights for both the patricians and plebeians . At this time , there was extreme tension between the privileged class and the common people resulting in the need for some form of social order . While the existing laws had major flaws that were in need of reform , the Twelve Tables eased the civil tension and violence between the plebeians and patricians . The influence of the Twelve Tables is still evident in the modern day . For example , the Twelve Tables are tied into the notion of Jus Commune , also known as `` common law . '' Some countries including South Africa and San Marino still base their current legal system on aspects of common law . In addition , law school students throughout the world are still required to study the Twelve Tables as well as other facets of Roman Law in order to better understand the current legal system in place . Sources ( edit ) The Twelve Tables are no longer extant : although they remained an important source through the Republic , they gradually became obsolete , eventually being only of historical interest . The original tablets may have been destroyed when the Gauls under Brennus burned Rome in 387 BC . Cicero claimed that he learned them by heart as a boy in school , but that no one did so any longer . What we have of them today are brief excerpts and quotations from these laws in other authors , often in clearly updated language . They are written in an archaic , laconic Latin ( described as Saturnian verse ) . As such , though it can not be determined whether the quoted fragments accurately preserve the original form , what is present gives some insight into the grammar of early Latin . Some claim that the text was written as such so plebeians could more easily memorise the laws , as literacy was not commonplace during early Rome . Roman Republican scholars wrote commentaries upon the Twelve Tables , such as L. Aelius Stilo , teacher of both Varro and Cicero . Like most other early codes of law , they were largely procedural , combining strict and rigorous penalties with equally strict and rigorous procedural forms . In most of the surviving quotations from these texts , the original table that held them is not given . Scholars have guessed at where surviving fragments belong by comparing them with the few known attributions and records , many of which do not include the original lines , but paraphrases . It can not be known with any certainty from what survives that the originals ever were organised this way , or even if they ever were organised by subject at all . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jolowicz , H.F. Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law ( Cambridge , 1952 ) , 108 ^ Jump up to : Crawford , M.H. ' Twelve Tables ' in Simon Hornblower , Antony Spawforth , and Esther Eidinow ( eds . ) Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 4th ed . ) Jump up ^ Mommsen , T . The History of Rome trans . W.P. Dickson ( London , 1864 ) 290 Jump up ^ Steinberg , S . ' The Twelve Tables and Their Origins : An Eighteenth - Century Debate ' Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 43 , No. 3 ( 1982 ) 379 - 396 , 381 Jump up ^ du Plessis , Paul ( 2010 ) . Borkowski 's Textbook on Roman Law ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford . pp. 5 -- 6 , 29 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957488 - 9 . Jump up ^ Livy , 2002 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Durant , 1942 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Steinberg , S . ' The Twelve Tables and Their Origins : An Eighteenth - Century Debate ' Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 43 , No. 3 ( 1982 ) 379 - 396 Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( 1978 ) . History of Rome ( 1st ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 345610 - 8 . Jump up ^ McCarty , Nick `` Rome The Greatest Empire of the Ancient World '' , The Rosen Publishing Group , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Ronald. , Mellor , ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . The historians of ancient Rome : an anthology of the major writings . Routledge . ISBN 9780415527163 . OCLC 819515201 . ^ Jump up to : Phillipson , D.E. ( 1968 ) . Development of the Roman Law of Debt Security . Stanford Law Review , 20 ( 6 ) , 1230 . doi : 10.2307 / 1227498 Jump up ^ Coleman - Norton , P.R. ( 1960 ) . The twelve tables . Princeton : Princeton University , Dept. of Classics . ^ Jump up to : Hurri , Samuli ( November 2005 ) . `` THE TWELVE TABLES '' ( PDF ) . NoFo. 1 : 13 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Gary , Forsythe . A Critical History of Early Rome : From Prehistory to the First Punic War . 1st ed. , University of California Press , 2005 , www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppxrv . Jump up ^ Denis , Fustel De Coulanges Numa . The Ancient City a Study on the Religion , Laws , and Institutions of Greece and Rome . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins UP , 2010 . Print . ^ Jump up to : `` Law in Ancient Rome , The Twelve Tables - Crystalinks '' . www.crystalinks.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Baker , Keir ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Studying Roman law : Juno it 's more useful than you 'd think '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cic . Leg . 2.59 Jump up ^ cf . Funaioli GRF p57 Jump up ^ Cicero , Brutus 205 ; Aulus Gellius , Attic Nights 16.8. 2 . Works cited ( edit ) Durant , W. ( 1942 ) . The Story of Civilization . Simon and Schuster . Livy ; De Sélincourt , A. ; Ogilvie , R.M. ; Oakley , S.P. ( 2002 ) . The Early History of Rome : Books I -- V of The History of Rome from its Foundations . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044809 - 8 . Goodwin , Dr Frederick ( 1886 ) . The XII Tables . Stevens & Sons , London . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Twelve Tables . Entry by George Long in William Smith , A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films VIAF : 178266150 LCCN : n87848524 GND : 4079590 - 1 SUDOC : 034285660 BNF : cb12505601h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Tables&oldid=817378144 '' Categories : Constitutions of Ancient Rome Roman law Latin inscriptions Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 文言粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve%20Tables	665
power rangers ninja storm and wild force episodes			List of power Rangers Ninja Storm episodes	list of power rangers ninja storm episodes	Power Rangers Ninja Storm is an American television series , the tenth series and eleventh season of the Power Rangers franchise , began airing on February 15 , 2003 on both ABC Family and ABC Kids . Power Rangers Ninja Storm comprises 38 episodes and concluded its initial airing on November 15 , 2003 . Ninja Storm uses footage and elements from the Super Sentai series Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger . Regular cast members during Ninja Storm include Pua Magasiva , Sally Martin , Glenn McMillan , Adam Tuominen , Jorgito Vargas , Jr. , Jason Katrina Browne , Katrina Devine and Grant McFarland .	This was the first season to be filmed in New Zealand . It was also the first season produced totally by BVS Entertainment and not produced by MMPR Productions . Episodes ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 459 `` Prelude to a Storm '' Koichi Sakamoto Douglas Sloan February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) Three young extreme sports fans and friends , surfer Tori , skateboarder Shane , and motocrosser Dustin , spend their afternoons together at the Wind Ninja Academy , where the future stealth protectors of the Earth are trained in secret . Though , they 're considered to be the three least dedicated students , the trio 's potential and good nature comes to an advantage , when they run late for class one afternoon . It just so happens , that day , Lothor , a banished evil ninja , comes back to the planet , and conquers every Ninja Academy with his hoard of Evil Alien Ninjas ! and makes their Sensei trapped in the form of a Guinea Pig , and his grumpy and embittered tech - wizard son Cam designing the weaponry to combat the villains , the three become the Wind Ninja Rangers . Can they manage to defeat the Blue Face monster in their first battle ? 460 `` There 's No `` I '' in Team '' Koichi Sakamoto Ann Knapp February 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) Virtual training missions between the three Rangers highlights a major fault in their teamwork , focused directly upon team leader Shane . Despite Sensei 's reminding that he must learn to trust in his teammates , the Red Ranger strikes out on his own against the Mad Magnet monster . Will he learn his lesson the hard way ? Meanwhile , Lothor 's evil nieces , Kapri and Marah , are also suffering from a lack of teamwork , and are forced to work out their problems by being stuck together , literally , by the monster 's magnetic ray ! This is the first time that the zords are introduced in this season . 461 `` Beauty and the Beach '' Koichi Sakamoto Mark Hoffmeier February 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 22 ) Tori is upset at being considered one of the guys and wishes to appear more feminine rather than tom boyish . She turns to Sensei for advice but is disappointed . Lothor 's nieces use this to trick her into going to a `` fashion shoot '' . She is trapped while an impostor goes to find Shane and Dustin and the headquarters . This is the first time the Rangers use the `` Lightning Mode '' of the Megazord . 462 `` Looming Thunder '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand March 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) The Rangers encounter a new enemy named Terra Mole , who causes sismic disturbances in the city as he burrows underground ; Dustin isolates himself . Blake and Hunter , the two warriors from the Thunder Ninja Academy show up . 463 `` Thunder Strangers , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Ann Knapp March 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 08 ) Cam is in need of the data disc for the Tsunami Cycles , which Dustin had last , all unaware that it 's not only landed in the hands of the evil Thunder Rangers , but has been used to give them their own Cycles ! This leads to the first confrontation between the Wind and Thunder Rangers , and as if our heroes did n't have it bad enough , they also face Zurgane ! When the Thunder Rangers unveil their own Zords , can our heroes ' own Zords withstand their awesome power ? 464 6 `` Thunder Strangers , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen March 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 15 ) The Thunder Rangers finally strike , defeating the Wind Rangers with their own Tsunami Cycles and Zords . When Blake is injured protecting Tori , she takes him to Ninja headquarters . With their location discovered , the Thunder Rangers infiltrate their headquarters and kidnap Sensei , blaming him for the death of their parents , not realizing just how wrong they are . 465 7 `` Thunder Strangers , Part III '' Andrew Merrifield Ann Austen March 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 22 ) After Sensei seals himself inside a protective sphere , the Thunder Rangers head for a cave that contains what they need to break it . Hot on their trail , the Ninja Storm Rangers catch up with and briefly aid them . When they finally reach the cave , all is revealed . Lothor was the one responsible for the deaths of Hunter and Blake 's parents . The Thunder Rangers finally come to their senses , team up with the Wind Rangers and battle Lothor . 466 8 `` Nowhere To Grow '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin March 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 29 ) The Rangers have reason to believe that Lothor is up to something when they find weird , smelly seeds that were planted in the ground . Sensei sends them to Dr. Belrab , a botanist to find out more information , much to the chagrin of Cam . Frustrated with having to stay at Ninja Ops , he takes it upon himself to speak to Dr. Belrab , much to the surprise of the Rangers . Shane decides to follow Cam to make sure that he does n't get into trouble , while Tori and Dustin go to talk to the botanist . Shane is stunned to discover that Cam can defend himself very well . Sensei expresses his disapproval and explains his concern to his son , adding that he will never let Cam be a Ranger because of a promise he made long ago to his Mother Miko . As Tori and Dustin work to free themselves and Dr. Belrab , they discover a lot more than they expected . Things take a turn for the worse when their Ninja powers are no match for the malevolent vines that are threatening to take over the city ! It 's all up to Cam to save the day when all seems lost . 467 9 `` Snip It , Snip It Good '' Andrew Merrifield Mark Hoffmeier September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) Tori is sent on a ninja training mission to find a turtle which holds a scroll to unlock a power disk . While Tori is on this mission Dustin and Shane go to an environmental conference . A monster named the Sinpster shows up who cuts of the bonds between Shane and Dustin while Tori is encounters Marah and Kapri . After the fight the big guns come out and a new power disk is in action the turtle mace . Note : This episode aired in Canada on September 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 14 ) , before the United States ' broadcast . 468 10 `` Return Of Thunder , Part I '' Wayne Rose Douglas Sloan April 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 12 ) Tori misses Blake so much that she decides to go for a ride and ends up running into Blake , and he has something to tell her . She later talks to Shane and Dustin about what she 's learned , but they are hesitant . Meanwhile , Hunter and Blake make their way on to Lothor 's ship , and things go awry . When the Rangers battle another of Lothor 's creations , they are in for the surprise of their lives ... and then they disappear without a trace . 469 11 `` Return Of Thunder , Part II '' Wayne Rose Douglas Sloan April 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 19 ) Temperatures across the globe are dropping at an alarming rate , while the confused Rangers find themselves on an island . Lothor looks on gleefully as the Thunder Rangers battle the Wind Rangers until Blake and Hunter begin to come to their senses . A creature is sent down that is more formidable than ever ; and the Rangers find that they have to get off the island before it sinks ! Things take a turn for the worse when Hunter falls under a powerful spell that sends him on a murderous rampage for his brother , who is barely saved in time by the Wind Rangers . Note : Dustin tells Tori maybe the two of them could give up Shane for a Green Ranger ; Cam receives said color and powers later on in the series . 470 12 `` Return Of Thunder , Part III '' Wayne Rose Ann Austen April 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 26 ) Blake is much more eager to save his brother than the Wind Rangers are , but they help anyway especially when they realize that the island is sinking . They find Hunter who struggles to find himself in his rage , forcing Blake to take matters into his own hands . Cam discovers where the Rangers are and contacts them ; the Rangers find that there 's only one way to make it off the island , but it 's very risky . The Wind and Thunder Rangers have to work together but they 're running out of time ! 471 13 `` Return Of Thunder , Part IV '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen & Douglas Sloan May 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 03 ) Choobo blames the Thunder Rangers for his punishment and will stop at nothing to seek revenge , capturing them when they go out for a ride to decide if they will accept Tori , Shane , and Dustin 's tempting offer . They are freed thanks to their new friends , but things take a turn for the worse when Choobo reveals just how powerful he truly is by casting a spell to control the Wind Rangers so that they will destroy the Thunder Rangers against their will ! Will the Wind Rangers be able to break free from his grip ? 472 14 `` Boxing Bopp - A-Roo '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier May 10 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 10 ) The Rangers have agreed to work together to defeat Lothor . But there 's still some conflicts . Shane and Hunter are finding it hard to work with each other . And with a competition coming up , they 're both trying to out do the other . Sensei teaches them to work together . 473 15 `` Pork Chopped '' Charlie Haskell Steve Slavkin May 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 17 ) Tori wants to hang out with Blake and Hunter but already has plans with Shane and Dustin . Rather than break plans with either group , she decides to do both with no one being any the wiser . It gets harder than expected between rushing back and forth and trying to explain her sudden disappearances . It turns out to be a good thing though , especially when a monster appears and traps Blake and Hunter . 474 16 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part I '' Paul Grinder Jackie Marchand May 24 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 24 ) Cam resents not being a Ranger and wishes to prove himself worthy of joining them , hating how his father is too overprotective to allow him that chance . It 's up to Cam to save the day though when the Rangers are stripped of their powers by the mighty Metropilis , forcing Cam to go on a dangerous quest to the past to find the only thing that can save the world and that is the Samurai amulet 475 17 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part II '' Paul Grinder Mark Hoffmeier May 31 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 31 ) Cam finds himself at least thirty years in the past . There are many more surprises in store for the young warrior when he meets his mom and dad as teenagers , and discovers that his father has a brother , Kiya ! Kiya is determined to take a mesmerizing emerald amulet from Miko , Cam 's mother . Cam interferes with his attempt and is later accused when it appears that Cam has stolen the amulet . His father , Kanoi , uncovers the truth which leads to a face - off between Cam and Kiya . It is revealed that Kiya was the banished ninja who is now reborn as Lothor . Later , time runs out and Cam reluctantly leaves to save the other Rangers , armed with a special gift from his mother which is the Samurai Amulet . Meanwhile , the spell that froze time so that Cam could time travel to the past is wearing off , leaving the powerless Rangers to face a gigantic monster . Cam becomes the Green Ranger & help the other Rangers . Note : Dustin said something about the Green Ranger in episode `` Return Of Thunder , Part II '' 476 18 `` The Samurai 's Journey , Part III '' Paul Grinder Mark Hoffmeier June 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 07 ) The Rangers are reeling from the latest surprise when they are ambushed by Lothor . They barely manage to escape and retrieve their powers when each of them is forced to fight a monster alone . Cam is stung and almost turned into a bug . Sensei reveals to him how to undo the spell , which seems impossible . In the end , it takes all the Rangers split into two groups to save the city . 477 19 `` Scent of a Ranger '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand June 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 14 ) Cam 's personality has turned around completely to the point that he 's more like Dustin than , say , himself . He 's better than all the other Rangers at everything . However , he does n't seem remotely interested in being a Ranger anymore . Meanwhile , there 's a new monster in town that is turning people into perfumes and trapping them in bottles . The Rangers get frustrated when Dustin and Tori are captured , and Cam does nothing to help . Imagine their surprise when another Cam shows up . 478 20 `` I Love Lothor '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin June 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 21 ) Marah and Kapri convince Lothor to make a television show that will make him more likable . A new monster , Mr. Ratwell , assures Lothor that he can create a show to make him well - liked and offers to use love potions as a backup plan . Lothor , disgusted with the idea of using love potions , refuses and tosses them aside . Marah and Kapri decide to use them on the Rangers to prove their usefulness to their uncle as well as for fun . They accidentally make two of the Rangers fall in love with Tori , and they begin to fight over her for her affections . Even more problems arise when Tori is captured and bound to a cactus on Lothor 's TV set and a strong love spell cast through the television puts all the viewers of Lothor 's new show into a frenzy and they go after Dustin , Shane , and Hunter . It 's up to Tori to help Cam and Blake come to their senses . 479 21 `` Good Will Hunter '' Andrew Merrifield Steve Slavkin June 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 28 ) Hunter is disappointed when he becomes a mentor to a boy , Charlie , who resents him after losing his dad . He feels a kinship with this young boy when he discovers that they have something in common but is frustrated that he ca n't get though to him . Meanwhile , everyone 's in trouble when Marah and Kapri lose Lothor 's P.A.M. . Confusion arises when strange things begin to happen during the Rangers ' battles . Finally , Marah and Kapri find Lothor 's P.A.M. when it falls into the hands of Charlie who , naturally , does n't recognize it for what it is . Fortunately , he 's a lot smarter than the two of them . 480 22 `` All About Beevil '' Wayne Rose Jackie Marchand July 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 05 ) Dustin feels like everyone thinks he 's stupid when he apparently loses his bike . Meanwhile , Marah feels left out when her new friend Beevil joins the crowd and leaves only to run into Dustin who gives her a suggestion to make her consider her options . In return , she gives him something that is supposed to help the Rangers defeat her uncle . Can Dustin trust Marah or is it all a trick ? 481 23 `` Sensei Switcheroo '' Wayne Rose Mark Hoffmeier July 12 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 12 ) Cam is overwhelmed by the desire to have a human father so much so that he decides to try to bring his father back to his normal human self . After Shane and Sensei accidentally switch bodies , Sensei must go into battle as the Red Ranger while Shane must stay and watch . Cam attempts to fix it but another setback makes Sensei and Dustin switch bodies . Meanwhile , Marah and Kapri try to destroy the power rangers all on their own and are completely confused by the rangers newfound skills . 482 24 `` Tongue and Cheek '' Wayne Rose Art Brown August 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 02 ) Dustin uses his Yellow Ranger powers to protect Storm Chargers from a big sports company . Kelli tells a newspaper about it and Dustin becomes famous . Shane becomes jealous of Dustin 's newfound fame and Dustin begins to grows a big head . When Hunter , Tori , and Blake get captured by a stamp monster , Dustin and Shane are forced to work together in order to defeat the monster and save their friends . 483 25 `` Brothers in Arms '' Charlie Haskell Jackie Marchand August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) Motodrone is born via a real mechanical genius , Perry , who comes into the scenario when Hunter 's bike gets trashed during a race . Motodrone takes Hunter . Cam matches the DNA of Motodrone and finds out that he is Perry . Blake and Cam save Hunter who destroys Motodrone and saves Perry . Zurgane finds Motordrones pieces and takes them to Lothor 's ship , where he is reassembled and brought back to life . 484 26 `` Shane 's Karma , Part I '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier & John Tellegen August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) It 's a special day for Tori , and the Rangers get a day off when Sensei decides to take a little trip . Shane , plagued by nightmares , comes to Tori for advice and heeds it to her chagrin . There 's only one person who can help Shane , and that person is someone from the past . 485 27 `` Shane 's Karma , Part II '' Charlie Haskell Mark Hoffmeier & John Tellegen August 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 09 ) Shane is confused and overwhelmed when he learns the truth about his nightmares and their link to the past . Meanwhile , Lothor discovers that there 's an old acquaintance that may be trouble and is curious as to why this person has shown up . Only when Skyla leaves Shane does he understand everything that he 's been shown and has to rely on her gift to defeat the one that is searching for her . 486 28 `` Shimazu Returns , Part I '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan August 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 16 ) Motodrone accidentally brings to life an ancient statue , releasing an ancient evil known as Shimazu . The Rangers are forced to contend with ferocious wolf - like monsters unleashed by this new threat , but is their strength enough ? 487 29 `` Shimazu Returns , Part II '' Andrew Merrifield Douglas Sloan August 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 16 ) Cameron uses the Ranger 's power discs to enter a mysterious realm where he discovers a weapon that could turn the tide in the battle against the Wolfblades , the Lighting Riff Blaster . When the Wolfblades attack again , the Rangers are forced to contend with them in their Zords with no additional discs , can Cameron activate the Blaster 's powers in time ? 488 30 `` The Wild Wipeout '' Andrew Merrifield Jackie Marchand September 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) Tori is transported to another dimension where the Rangers are evil . She must join forces with Lothor and his forces to defeat the Rangers and restore peace to the city . After she returns to her own dimension , Blake confesses his feelings for Tori . 489 31 `` Double - Edged Blake '' Wayne Rose Jackie Marchand September 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 27 ) Tori is puzzled when Blake disappears a lot for no real reason . No one else seems to know where he is or what he 's doing when he 's gone . When asked where he has been , he tells them very little . A new monster shows up , and finally the Rangers can see what he 's been up to . 490 32 `` Eye of the Storm '' Charlie Haskell Ann Austen September 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 27 ) Shane 's intimidating big brother comes to town , and accidentally catches him morphing and Motodrone calls a new monster named eyezak who forces people to face their worst fears . The Wind Rangers are forced to face their fears , and the Thunder Rangers are captured . 491 33 `` General Deception , Part I '' Wayne Rose Ann Austen October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) Tori gives the guys a ride when they decide to go out camping . On the way , they are ambushed , but ultimately choose not to cancel their trip anyway . Meanwhile , Zurgane is ridiculed and his rank is threatened by even Lothor himself so he hatches an interesting plan to eliminate the Rangers , not knowing that Vexacus has plans of his own . Nearly everyone is stunned at how things begin to unfold for Zurgane . 492 34 `` General Deception , Part II '' Wayne Rose Ann Knapp & Douglas Sloan October 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 04 ) Zurgane 's Zord is obliterated by the Rangers , but the General manages to get the data from the Rangers ' attacks , and uses it when creating a new Zord , the HyperZurgane Zord ! It cripples the Hurricane Megazord , so can the Rangers stall Zurgane long enough for the Zords to be repaired ? Even if Zurgane survives the battle , one of his fellow Generals has his own plans about his fate ... 493 35 `` A Gem of a Day '' Charlie Haskell Ann Knapp October 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 18 ) Hunter 's secret , that he 's kept a few of the Gem of Souls fragments , comes out when Vexacus ambushes him for them . Though his teammates are upset over his hiding this from them , the artifact instead aids Cam in his plans to sneak aboard Lothor 's spaceship to free the trapped ninjas ! Speaking of which , Lothor has Motodrone spy on Vexacus , leading to a showdown between the two Generals . All of this , plus the Condortron monster ! 494 36 `` Down and Dirty '' Charlie Haskell Douglas Sloan October 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 18 ) The Bradley brothers get into a huge fight when Blake beats Hunter in a motocross race . Kapri and Marah ask Shimazu to help them take over the ship . Dustin decides to switch from motocross racing to motocross freestyle . 495 37 `` Storm Before the Calm , Part I '' Paul Grinder Douglas Sloan November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) The Rangers are selected to showcase their respective talents in the US Action Games . Meanwhile , Lothor prepares the final stages of a scheme set in motion by destiny itself , as he seeks to unleash the evils within The Abyss of Evil , hidden beneath the site of the Action Games . The Rangers face their greatest challenge . 496 38 `` Storm Before the Calm , Part II '' Paul Grinder Ann Austen November 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) Lothor discovers and destroys Ninja Ops , but leaves behind a radically changed Sensei . With renewed confidence , the shattered Rangers unite to take on Lothor 's new Zord and the forces of the Abyss of Evil as it opens , releasing every evil they have faced and more . When it 's all over , the Rangers will face Lothor himself , but will their powers be able to withstand the villain 's final trump card ? Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) Season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) Episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) Episodes in Space ( 1998 ) Episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) Episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) Episodes Wild Force ( 2002 ) Episodes Disney Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) Episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) Episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) Episodes RPM ( 2009 ) Episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Episodes Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Saban 's Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Justice League / Power Rangers Home video Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related articles Cast members Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Power Rangers Hyperforce Corporate Haim Saban Saban Entertainment Saban Brands Shuki Levy Tony Oliver Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Related Saban series VR Troopers Masked Rider Big Bad Beetleborgs Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Related DIC series Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills Related Adness series Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Power_Rangers_Ninja_Storm_episodes&oldid=812712570 '' Categories : Power Rangers episodes Lists of science fiction television series episodes Power Rangers Ninja Storm Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 12 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Power%20Rangers%20Ninja%20Storm%20episodes	666
who sang lead vocals on sunshine of your love	`` Sunshine of Your Love '' is a 1967 song by the British rock band Cream . With elements of hard rock , psychedelia , and pop , it is one of Cream 's best known and most popular songs . Cream bassist and vocalist Jack Bruce based it on a distinctive bass riff , or repeated musical phrase , he developed after attending a Jimi Hendrix concert . Guitarist Eric Clapton and lyricist Pete Brown later contributed to the song . Recording engineer Tom Dowd suggested the rhythm arrangement in which drummer Ginger Baker plays a distinctive tom - tom drum rhythm , although Baker has claimed it was his idea .	Jack Bruce	Sunshine of Your Love	sunshine of your love	`` Sunshine of Your Love '' is a 1967 song by the British rock band Cream . With elements of hard rock , psychedelia , and pop , it is one of Cream 's best known and most popular songs . Cream bassist and vocalist Jack Bruce based it on a distinctive bass riff , or repeated musical phrase , he developed after attending a Jimi Hendrix concert . Guitarist Eric Clapton and lyricist Pete Brown later contributed to the song . Recording engineer Tom Dowd suggested the rhythm arrangement in which drummer Ginger Baker plays a distinctive tom - tom drum rhythm , although Baker has claimed it was his idea .	The song was included on Cream 's second album Disraeli Gears in November 1967 , which was a best seller . Atco Records , the group 's American label , was initially unsure of the song 's potential . After recommendations by other label - affiliated artists , it released an edited single version in December 1967 . The song became Cream 's first and highest charting American single and one of the most popular singles of 1968 . In September 1968 , it became a modest chart hit after being released in the UK . Cream performed `` Sunshine of Your Love '' regularly in concert and several live recordings have been issued , including on the Royal Albert Hall London May 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 , 2005 reunion album and video . Hendrix performed faster instrumental versions of the song , which he often dedicated to Cream . Several rock journals have placed the song on their greatest song lists , such as Rolling Stone , Q magazine , and VH1 . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included it on its list of the `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Releases and charts 4 Recognition and influence 5 Other recordings 6 Notes 7 External links Composition ( edit ) Cream 's `` Sunshine of Your Love '' First 20 seconds of intro Problems playing this file ? See media help . In early 1967 , Cream were writing and rehearsing songs for their second album . Their December 1966 debut album , Fresh Cream , was a mix of updated blues numbers and pop - oriented rock songs . Inspired by recent developments in rock music , they began pursuing a more overtly psychedelic direction . `` Sunshine of Your Love '' began as a bass phrase or riff developed by Cream bassist Jack Bruce . Cream attended a concert on 29 January 1967 by the Jimi Hendrix Experience at the Saville Theatre in London . Cream guitarist Eric Clapton elaborated in a 1988 Rolling Stone magazine interview : He ( Hendrix ) played this gig that was blinding . I do n't think Jack ( Bruce ) had really taken him in before ... and when he did see it that night , after the gig he went home and came up with the riff . It was strictly a dedication to Jimi . And then we wrote a song on top of it . Music writers Covach and Boone describe the riff as blues - derived , which uses a minor blues pentatonic scale with an added flattened fifth note ( or common blues scale ) . The song follows a blues chord progression ( I -- IV -- I ) during the first eight bars . Brown had a difficult time writing lyrics that fit the riff . After an all - night session , Bruce played it on a standup bass while lyricist Pete Brown was staring out the window . Slowly , he started to write `` It 's getting near dawn and lights close their tired eyes '' , which is used in the first verse . Later , to break up the rhythm , Clapton wrote a refrain which also yielded the song 's title . It consists of eight - bar sections using three chords , when the key shifts to the V chord ( I = V ) : I ♭ III -- ♭ VII ♭ III -- ♭ VII ♭ III -- ♭ VII A bootleg recording from the Ricky - Tick club in London before Cream recorded the song in the studio , shows `` Sunshine of Your Love '' with a beat common to rock for the period . Cream drummer Ginger Baker compared it to the uptempo `` Hey Now , Princess '' , another Bruce / Brown composition Cream recorded in March . He has said that he advised Bruce to slow it down and came up with the distinctive drum pattern which emphasises beats one and three ( typical rock drumming favours beats two and four and is known as the backbeat ) . However , Bruce and recording engineer Tom Dowd dispute Baker 's claim , which they say he only made much later . Dowd later explained Where all the other songs that they ( Cream ) played were prepared , ( but ) this one song , they never found a pocket , they were never comfortable ... I said , ' You know , have you ever seen any American Westerns ( films that have ) the Indian beat , where the downbeat is the beat ? ' ... And when he ( Ginger ) started playing it that way , all of the parts came together and right away they were elated . Recording ( edit ) Cream performed their first American concerts in New York City in 1967 . Robert Stigwood , the group 's manager , booked them for a Murray the K package show at the RKO Manhattan Theatre from 25 March to 2 April 1967 . When it was finished , Stigwood arranged for a recording session with Ahmet Ertegun at Atlantic Studios . Bruce and Brown had a number of new songs in various stages of development and entered the studio on 3 April . Initially , Ertegun assigned Dowd to work with the trio . Dowd had worked with many of the biggest jazz and rhythm and blues musicians in the 1950s and 1960s . However , Cream was his first exposure to extreme volume levels . The group arrived at Atlantic with their concert setup of multiple Marshall amplifiers ( each 100 watts ) . Dowd was surprised by the amount of equipment accompanying the trio : `` They recorded at ear - shattering level ... Everyone I 'd worked with before was using Fender Deluxes ( about 20 watts ) or Twins ( about 80 watts ) -- six - and seven - piece bands that did n't play as loud as this three piece did . '' Ertegun brought in producer Felix Pappalardi , who he believed could work as a go - between with the group and Dowd . They began with `` Strange Brew '' , `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' , and `` Sunshine of Your Love '' . Ertegun previewed the demos and was unhappy , expecting more blues - based material that was found on Fresh Cream . Jerry Wexler , Ertegun 's Atlantic Records partner , reportedly went as far as to call it `` psychedelic hogwash '' . However , Booker T. Jones ( producer and keyboardist of Booker T. & the M.G. 's ) and Otis Redding ( both whose Stax recordings at the time were distributed by Atco parent Atlantic ) gave `` Sunshine of Your Love '' their wholehearted approval . Differences were smoothed over by the time Cream returned in May 1967 to finish recording the songs for Disraeli Gears . With Pappalardi and Dowd , work continued on `` Sunshine of Your Love '' . For his guitar solo , Clapton used a sound known as the `` woman tone '' on his 1964 Gibson SG Standard . Author Mitch Gallagher describes it as a `` smooth , dark , singing , sustaining sound '' . It is one of the best - known examples of the woman tone and quotes the melody from the perennial pop standard `` Blue Moon '' . By using the song 's major pentatonic scale , Clapton provides a contrast with the riff 's blues scale . A writer for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes this as `` creating a balance between the sun and the moon '' . Baker plays much of the song on the tom - toms , described as sounding African ( Schumacher ) and Native American ( Shapiro ) . Covach and Boone note he `` concentrates on the lower tom sounds and uses an articulation and sound reminiscent of the jazz drumming in the Woody Herman or Benny Goodman bands '' . Releases and charts ( edit ) `` Sunshine of Your Love '' was included as the second track on Disraeli Gears , which was released in November 1967 by Reaction Records in the UK and Atco Records in the US . At first , Atco did not see the song as a single ( `` Strange Brew '' , backed with `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' had been released as a single in June 1967 ) . However , in December 1967 , the label issued an edited version of the song as the second single from the album , backed with `` SWLABR '' ( the running time was trimmed from 4 : 08 to 3 : 03 ) . It entered Billboard magazine 's Hot 100 chart on 13 January 1968 , reaching number 36 during its initial 14 - week run . The record re-entered the chart on 6 July 1968 and reached number five on 31 August 1968 . In the UK , the single was not released until September 1968 , after Cream had announced their impending breakup . Polydor Records issued the UK single , which reached number 25 in the charts . Top singles charts 1968 Peak position Weeks on chart Australia Go - Set Top 40 22 8 Canada RPM 100 11 Dutch Charts 17 UK Singles Chart 25 7 US Billboard Hot 100 5 26 US Cash Box Top Singles 6 24 The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the single gold on 26 September 1968 , signifying sales in excess of 1,000,000 copies . In the US , it became one of the best selling singles of 1968 and one of the best - selling at the time for the Atlantic group of labels . 1968 Year - end Charts Position Canada RPM Top Singles 21 US Billboard Top 10 Singles 6 As one of Cream 's most popular songs , several of the group 's compilation albums include the full - length studio recording , such as Best of Cream , Heavy Cream , The Very Best of Cream , and the boxed set Those Were the Days . Recognition and influence ( edit ) In 2004 , the song ranked number 65 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . In March 2005 , Q magazine placed `` Sunshine of Your Love '' at number 19 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever ! '' In 2009 , VH1 included it at number 44 on its list of the `` Top 100 Hard Rock Songs '' . The song is on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of the `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Ertegun later admitted that , while his tastes ran more to Robert Johnson ( Clapton had recorded Johnson 's `` Ramblin ' on My Mind '' with John Mayall , `` Crossroads '' with the Powerhouse , and `` Four Until Late '' with Cream ) , Cream 's and Pappalardi 's vision resulted in songs which had a much larger impact on the rock audiences of the time . Covach and Boone have identified `` Sunshine of Your Love '' as foreshadowing future trends in rock : ' Sunshine of Your Love ' , Cream 's best - known song , is a culmination of the British adaptation of blues into rock and also the direct precursor of Led Zeppelin and heavy metal , where this type of blues - based motivic riff and harmonic motions like A -- C -- G or E -- G -- A ( as in `` Whole Lotta Love '' ) serve as the basis for a seemingly endless number of songs . Other recordings ( edit ) Several live recordings of `` Sunshine of Your Love '' have been issued on Cream albums . These include a 24 October 1967 recording by the BBC ( BBC Sessions ) , 9 March 1968 at the Winterland Ballroom ( Live Cream Volume II ) , and 26 November 1968 at the Royal Albert Hall ( Cream 's Farewell Concert ) . A recording from Cream 's reunion show on 3 May 2005 is included on Royal Albert Hall London May 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 , 2005 . During their post-Cream careers , Clapton and Bruce have recorded several live performances of the song . A variety of musicians have recorded `` Sunshine of Your Love '' . After Cream announced their breakup , Hendrix often performed it in concert as a tribute to the group , apparently unaware that they had dedicated the song to him . He played it as an instrumental and sometimes as part of a medley . A performance by the Experience on 4 January 1969 is one of the best - known . During the live broadcast of A Happening for Lulu , a music variety show hosted by pop singer Lulu on BBC Television , the Experience suddenly broke with the programme . Hendrix announced , `` We 'd like to stop playing this rubbish ( '' Hey Joe `` ) and dedicate a song to the Cream , regardless of what kind of group they may be in -- dedicate this to Eric Clapton , Ginger Baker , and Jack Bruce '' . As their performance of `` Sunshine of Your Love '' ran into the time allotted for Lulu 's closing number , the show 's producer and staff were frantically signalling for the Experience to stop . However , they continued playing and the show ended on a fade . Hendrix later apologised to Lulu , who thought the performance made for a great television moment . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Although several music writers indicate a January 1968 or 1968 release , including Bobby Owsinski , Riley Haas , Chris Welch , and Bob Leszczak , the single entered the Cash Box Looking Ahead chart dated 30 December 1967 , precluding the possibility of a January 1968 release . ^ Jump up to : Several Polydor Records singles issued outside of the US show running times close to the album track . Jump up ^ Cream 's equipment was painted in psychedelic designs and colours by the Dutch design collective the Fool and was first used at the Murray the K shows . Clapton 's 1964 Gibson SG Standard ( also called `` the Fool '' ) , Bruce 's Fender Bass VI , and Baker 's drums were painted to match . Jump up ^ Pappalardi was so upset with Atlantic 's reaction to Cream 's early recordings , when he joined Leslie West to form Mountain , he chose to work with another record label . Citations Jump up ^ Russo , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . ' Feels like we only go backwards ' : nostalgia and contemporary retro rock music ( Doctor of Philosophy thesis ) . School of the Arts , English and Media , University of Wollongong . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bambarger , Bradley ( 6 September 1997 ) . `` Polydor Gears Up for Its Cream Retrospective '' . Billboard . Vol. 109 no . 36 . p. 116 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 Top 100 Hard Rock Songs '' . 1 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Cash Box ( 30 December 1967 ) . `` Looking Ahead '' . Cash Box . 29 ( 23 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . Cream : Fresh Cream -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2003 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . Cream : Disraeli Gears -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro & Glebbeek 1990 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Covach & Boone 1997 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2003 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro 2009 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Covach & Boone 1997 , pp. 84 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer 2005 , DVD . Jump up ^ Birnbaum 2012 , pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Roberty 1993 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro 2009 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2003 , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Schumacher 2003 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Oxman 2011 , pp. 62 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2003 , pp. 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2012 , eBook . Jump up ^ Shapiro 2009 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher 2012 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Adelt 2007 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Munro 2005 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Shelby ( 1993 ) . `` Rare Performances : Cream in 1993 -- `` Sunshine of Your Love '' `` . The Story of Rock . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Welch 2011 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Roberty 1993 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Sunshine of Your Love ( Single label ) . The Cream ( sic ) . Atco Records . 1968 . OCLC 642983575 . 45 - 6544 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2015 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cream -- Singles '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine of Your Love '' at Discogs ( list of releases ) Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts -- 27 March 1968 '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 -- Week of August 26 , 1968 '' . Libraries and Archives Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cream -- Sunshine of Your Love '' . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . Cream : `` Sunshine of Your Love '' -- Review at AllMusic . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann 1983 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Search -- Cream '' . RIAA . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumacher 2003 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles of 1968 '' . Libraries and Archives Canada . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( 15 December 1984 ) . `` Top 10 Singles 1946 -- 1983 '' . Billboard. 96 ( 50 ) : 90TH - 45 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( December 9 , 2004 ) . `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone ( 963 ) . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever ! '' . Q. March 2005 . Archived from the original on 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 1995 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Covach & Boone 1997 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1990 , pp. 137 , 300 . Jump up ^ Belmo & Loveless 1998 , pp. 461 -- 465 . ^ Jump up to : McDermott , Kramer & Cox 2009 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Shapiro & Glebbeek 1990 , pp. 326 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Black 1999 , p. 173 . References Adelt , Ulrich ( 2007 ) . Black , White and Blue : Racial Politics of Blues Music in the 1960s . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0549341963 . Belmo ; Loveless , Steve ( 1998 ) . Jimi Hendrix : Experience the Music . Burlington , Ontario : Collector 's Guide Publishing . ISBN 1 - 896522 - 45 - 9 . Birnbaum , Larry ( 2012 ) . Before Elvis : The Prehistory of Rock ' n ' Roll . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8629 - 2 . Black , Johnny ( 1999 ) . Jimi Hendrix : The Ultimate Experience . New York City : Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 240 - 5 . Brewer , Jon ( Director ) ( 2005 ) . Cream : Their Fully Authorized Story ( DVD documentary ) . Chatsworth , California : Image Entertainment . OCLC 78626813 . ID324715DVD . Covach , John ; Boone , Graeme M. ( 1997 ) . Understanding Rock : Essays in Musical Analysis : Essays in Musical Analysis . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195356625 . Denisoff , R. Serge ( 1975 ) . Solid Gold : The Popular Record Industry . Piscataway , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0878555864 . Gallagher , Mitch ( 2012 ) . Guitar Tone : Pursuing the Ultimate Guitar Sound . Boston , Massachusetts : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1435456211 . Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 -- 1981 . Lanham , Maryland : The Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0810815957 . McDermott , John ; Kramer , Eddie ; Cox , Billy ( 2009 ) . Ultimate Hendrix . New York City : Backbeat Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 938 - 5 . Munro , Doug ( 2005 ) . Jazz Guitar : Organ Trio Blues. Van Nuys , California : Alfred Music . ISBN 978 - 0757937279 . Oxman , J. Craig ( December 2011 ) . `` Clapton 's Fool : History 's Greatest Guitar ? '' . Vintage Guitar . Alan Greenwood . ISSN 1067 - 2605 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Roberty , Mark ( 1993 ) . Slowhand : The Complete Life and Times of Eric Clapton . New York City : Crown Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 517 - 88118 - 7 . Schumacher , Michael ( 2003 ) . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . New York City : Citadel Press . ISBN 978 - 0806524665 . Shapiro , Harry ; Glebbeek , Cesar ( 1990 ) . Jimi Hendrix : Electric Gypsy . New York City : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 05861 - 6 . Shapiro , Harry ( 2009 ) . Jack Bruce : Composing Himself : The Authorised Biography . Jawbone Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1906002268 . Thompson , Dave ( 2012 ) . Cream : How Eric Clapton Took the World by Storm . New York City : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1448133710 . Welch , Chris ( 2000 ) . Cream : The Legendary Sixties Supergroup . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1476851501 . Welch , Chris ( 2011 ) . Clapton . Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 1610597715 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 1996 . Menomomee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 123 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cream Ginger Baker Jack Bruce Eric Clapton Studio albums Fresh Cream Disraeli Gears Wheels of Fire Goodbye Live albums Live Cream Live Cream Volume II BBC Sessions Royal Albert Hall London May 2 - 3 - 5 - 6 , 2005 Compilations Best of Cream Heavy Cream Strange Brew : The Very Best of Cream The Very Best of Cream Those Were the Days Gold Singles `` Wrapping Paper '' `` I Feel Free '' `` Strange Brew '' / `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' `` Spoonful '' `` Sunshine of Your Love '' / `` SWLABR '' `` Anyone for Tennis '' `` White Room '' `` Crossroads '' `` Badge '' `` Lawdy Mama '' Other songs `` Four Until Late '' `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' `` I 'm So Glad '' `` Toad '' `` We 're Going Wrong '' `` Outside Woman Blues '' `` Sitting on Top of the World '' `` Born Under a Bad Sign '' `` Steppin ' Out '' `` Doing That Scrapyard Thing '' Film Cream 's Farewell Concert Collaborators Pete Brown Felix Pappalardi Martin Sharp Gail Collins Janet Godfrey George Harrison Mike Taylor Robert Stigwood Related articles Discography Songs The Graham Bond Organisation John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse Blind Faith BBM Book Category Jimi Hendrix Original 1966 -- 1970 releases are marked in bold . Studio albums Are You Experienced Axis : Bold as Love Electric Ladyland The Cry of Love Rainbow Bridge War Heroes Loose Ends Crash Landing Midnight Lightning Nine to the Universe Voodoo Soup First Rays of the New Rising Sun Valleys of Neptune People , Hell and Angels Both Sides of the Sky Live albums Band of Gypsys Historic Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival Experience Isle of Wight Hendrix in the West More Experience The Jimi Hendrix Concerts Jimi Plays Monterey Johnny B. Goode Band of Gypsys 2 Live at Winterland Radio One Stages Live Isle of Wight ' 70 Woodstock BBC Sessions Live at the Fillmore East Live at Woodstock Blue Wild Angel : Live at the Isle of Wight Live at Berkeley Live at Monterey Winterland Miami Pop Festival Freedom : Atlanta Pop Festival Machine Gun : The Fillmore East First Show Compilations Smash Hits Soundtrack Recordings from the Film Jimi Hendrix Musique Originale du Film Jimi Plays Berkeley Re-Experienced The Essential Jimi Hendrix The Essential Jimi Hendrix Volume Two Stone Free The Singles Album Kiss the Sky Live & Unreleased : The Radio Show Cornerstones : 1967 -- 1970 Lifelines : The Jimi Hendrix Story Stages The Ultimate Experience Blues South Saturn Delta Experience Hendrix : The Best of Jimi Hendrix The Jimi Hendrix Experience Voodoo Child : The Jimi Hendrix Collection The Singles Collection Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues : Jimi Hendrix West Coast Seattle Boy : The Jimi Hendrix Anthology Fire : The Jimi Hendrix Collection Official bootlegs Live at the Oakland Coliseum Live at Clark University Morning Symphony Ideas Live in Ottawa Baggy 's Rehearsal Sessions Paris 1967 / San Francisco 1968 Hear My Music Live at the Isle of Fehmarn Burning Desire Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968 Live at Woburn Live in Cologne Concert tours The Jimi Hendrix Experience French Tour The Cry of Love Tour Films , books , tributes Rainbow Bridge Jimi Hendrix Stone Free : A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Hendrix Power of Soul : A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Room Full of Mirrors An Illustrated Experience Becoming Jimi Hendrix Jimi : All Is by My Side Related people and acts Curtis Knight Lonnie Youngblood Jimmy James and the Blue Flames The Jimi Hendrix Experience Noel Redding Mitch Mitchell Chas Chandler Eddie Kramer Roger Mayer Michael Jeffery Billy Cox Buddy Miles Alan Douglas Leon Hendrix Kathy Etchingham Monika Dannemann Related articles Original discography Posthumous discography List of songs Videography Canadian drug charges and trial Electric Lady Studios Black Gold Death of Jimi Hendrix Book Category Rob Thomas Discography Studio albums ... Something to Be Cradlesong The Great Unknown Singles `` Lonely No More '' `` This Is How a Heart Breaks '' `` Ever the Same '' `` ... Something to Be '' `` Streetcorner Symphony '' `` Her Diamonds '' `` Give Me the Meltdown '' `` Someday '' `` Mockingbird '' Featured singles `` Smooth '' `` Sunshine of Your Love '' Soundtrack singles `` Little Wonders '' Tours Something to Be Tour Cradlesong Tour The Great Unknown Tour Related articles Matchbox Twenty Tabitha 's Secret Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunshine_of_Your_Love&oldid=835842498 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles Cream ( band ) songs Songs written by Eric Clapton Songs written by Jack Bruce Song recordings produced by Felix Pappalardi Atco Records singles Polydor Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Good articles Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 03 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine%20of%20Your%20Love	667
when was i love a sunburnt country written			My Country	my country	`` My Country '' is an iconic patriotic poem about Australia , written by Dorothea Mackellar ( 1885 -- 1968 ) at the age of 19 while homesick in the United Kingdom . After travelling through Europe extensively with her father during her teenage years , she started writing the poem in London in 1904 and re-wrote it several times before her return to Sydney . The poem was first published in The Spectator in London on 5 September 1908 under the title `` Core of My Heart '' . It was reprinted in many Australian newspapers , quickly becoming well known and establishing Mackellar as a poet .	Mackellar 's family owned substantial properties in the Gunnedah district of New South Wales and a property ( Torryburn ) in the Paterson district of the Hunter Region . The inspiration for her poems undoubtedly came from the time she spent on the rural properties as a child . The poem is believed to have been directly inspired by witnessing the breaking of a drought when she was at Torryburn ; `` My Country '' uses imagery to describe the land after the breaking of a long drought . Of ragged mountain ranges possibly refers to the Mount Royal Ranges , and the Barrington Tops . To many the poem is an overtly romanticised version of `` The Australian condition '' , as Mackellar 's family were of considerable fortune and social favour . The poem reflects the romanticised and somewhat idealised reflection of a writer yearning to be taken back to Gunnedah . The first stanza , lesser - known , refers to England , and the fact that the vast majority of Australians of that era were of British birth or ancestry . The second stanza describes Australia and is amongst the best - known pieces of Australian poetry . In an interview in 1967 , Mackellar described her reasons for writing the poem . Not really a special reason . But a friend was speaking to me about England . We had both recently come back from England . And she was talking about Australia and what it did n't have , compared to England . And I began talking about what it did have that England had n't , that you could n't expect to know the country to have . ' Cause , of course , there are lots of wonderful things , especially in the older parts , but they 're not the same , and , of course , the people who came here first ... I 'm not blaming them for it . But it was so different to anything they 'd known , they did n't understand . MacKellar 's first anthology of poems , The Closed Door , published in Australia in 1911 , included the poem . The last line of the third stanza , `` And ferns the warm dark soil '' was originally `` And ferns the crimson soil '' . Her second anthology , The Witch Maid & Other Verses , published in 1914 , included the original version . A recording of `` My Country '' made by the radio and TV actor Leonard Teale became so popular in the 1970s that his reading of the first lines of the second stanza were often used to parody him . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heritage Collection - Nelson Meers Foundation 2004 '' ( PDF ) . State Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Spectator ( London ) , 5 September 1908 , p. 329 ( 17th page of that day 's issue ) Jump up ^ `` Discover Collections - My Country Dorothea Mackellar '' . Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Dorothea Mackellar 's ' My country ' as a song '' . `` This Day Tonight '' , ABC . 1968 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Dorothea Mackeller '' . Poemhunter.com . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 08 . References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : My Country `` Mackellar , Isobel Marion Dorothea ( 1885 -- 1968 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . http://www.dorotheamackellar.com.au http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/people_places/caergwrle/mycountry/index.html External links ( edit ) ' My Country ' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia registry in 2009 Listen to ' My Country ' read by Dorothea Mackellar and read more about it on australianscreen online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Country&oldid=747872862 '' Categories : Australian poems 1908 poems Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2011 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikisource This page was last edited on 4 November 2016 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Country	668
who did the term robber barons refer to and who used this term			Robber baron ( industrialist )	robber baron ( industrialist )	`` Robber baron '' is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th - century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 Criticism 2.1 1860s -- 1920s 2.2 1930s -- 1970s 3 Recent approaches 4 List of businessmen labelled as robber barons 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Usage ( edit ) The term robber baron derives from the Raubritter ( robber knights ) , the medieval German lords who charged nominally illegal tolls ( unauthorized by the Holy Roman Emperor ) on the primitive roads crossing their lands or larger tolls along the Rhine river -- all without adding anything of value , but instead lining their pockets at the cost of the common good ( rent seeking ) . The metaphor appeared as early as February 9 , 1859 , when The New York Times used it to characterize the unethical business practices by Cornelius Vanderbilt . Historian T.J. Stiles says the metaphor , `` conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors , rigged markets , and corrupted government . In their greed and power , legend has it , they held sway over a helpless democracy . '' Charles R. Geisst says , `` in a Darwinist age , Vanderbilt developed a reputation as a plunderer who took no prisoners . '' Hal Bridges said that the term represented the idea that `` business leaders in the United States from about 1865 to 1900 were , on the whole , a set of avaricious rascals who habitually cheated and robbed investors and consumers , corrupted government , fought ruthlessly among themselves , and in general carried on predatory activities comparable to those of the robber barons of medieval Europe . '' The term combines the pejorative senses of criminal ( `` robber '' ) and aristocrat ( `` barons '' having no legitimate role in a republic ) . Hostile cartoonists might dress the offenders in royal garb to underscore the offense against democracy . Criticism ( edit ) 1860s -- 1920s ( edit ) Historian John Tipple has examined the writings of the 50 most influential analysts who used the robber baron model in the 1865 - 1914 period . He argues : The originators of the Robber Baron concept were not the injured , the poor , the faddists , the jealous , or a dispossessed elite , but rather a frustrated group of observers led at last by protracted years of harsh depression to believe that the American dream of abundant prosperity for all was a hopeless myth ... Thus the creation of the Robber Baron stereotype seems to have been the product of an impulsive popular attempt to explain the shift in the structure of American society in terms of the obvious . Rather than make the effort to understand the intricate processes of change , most critics appeared to slip into the easy vulgarizations of the `` devil - view '' of history which ingenuously assumes that all human misfortunes can be traced to the machinations of an easily located set of villains - in this case , the big businessmen of America . This assumption was clearly implicit in almost all of the criticism of the period . 1930s -- 1970s ( edit ) American historian Matthew Josephson further popularized the term during the Great Depression in a 1934 book . Josephson alleged that , like the German princes , American big businessmen amassed huge fortunes immorally , unethically , and unjustly . The theme was popular during the 1930s amid public scorn for big business . Historian Steve Fraser says the mood was sharply hostile toward big business : Biographies of Mellon , Carnegie and Rockefeller were often laced with moral censure , warning that `` tories of industry '' were a threat to democracy and that parasitism , aristocratic pretension and tyranny have always trailed in the wake of concentrated wealth , whether accumulated dynastically or more impersonally by the faceless corporation . This scholarship , and the cultural persuasion of which it was an expression , drew on a deeply rooted sensibility -- partly religious , partly egalitarian and democratic -- that stretched back to William Jennings Bryan , Andrew Jackson and Tom Paine . However a counterattack by academic historians began as the Depression ended . Business historian Allan Nevins challenged this view of American big businessmen by advocating the `` Industrial Statesman '' thesis . Nevins , in his John D. Rockefeller : The Heroic Age of American Enterprise ( 2 vols. , 1940 ) , took on Josephson . He argued that while Rockefeller may have engaged in some unethical and illegal business practices , this should not overshadow his bringing order to the industrial chaos of the day . Gilded Age capitalists , according to Nevins , sought to impose order and stability on competitive business , and that their work made the United States the foremost economy by the 20th century . In 1958 Bridges reported that , `` The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the `` robber baron '' concept of the American businessman . '' Richard White , historian of the transcontinental railroads , stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept , which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and Alfred Chandler . He notes that , `` Much of the modern history of corporations is a reaction against the Robber Barons and fictions . '' Recent approaches ( edit ) In the popular culture the metaphor continues . In 1975 the student body of Stanford University voted to use `` Robber Barons '' as the nickname for their sports teams . However , school administrators disallowed it , saying it was disrespectful to the school 's founder , Leland Stanford . In academe , the education division of the National Endowment for the Humanities has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether `` robber baron '' or `` captain of industry '' is the better terminology . They state : In this lesson , you and your students will attempt to establish a distinction between robber barons and captains of industry . Students will uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers . It has been argued that only because such people were able to amass great amounts of capital could our country become the world 's greatest industrial power . Some of the actions of these men , which could only happen in a period of economic laissez faire , resulted in poor conditions for workers , but in the end , may also have enabled our present day standard of living . This debate about the morality of certain business practices has continued in the popular culture , as in the performances in Europe in 2012 by Bruce Springsteen , who sang about bankers as `` greedy thieves '' and `` robber barons . '' During the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011 , the term was used by Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in his attacks on Wall Street . He said `` We believe in this country ; we love this country ; and we will be damned if we 're going to see a handful of robber barons control the future of this country . '' The business practices and political power of the billionaires of Silicon Valley has also led to their identification as robber barons . The metaphor has also been used to characterize Russian businessmen allied to Vladimir Putin . List of businessmen labelled as robber Barons ( edit ) 1901 US cartoon from Puck depicting John D. Rockefeller as a powerful monarch . The people here are listed in Josephson , Robber Barons or in the cited source , John Jacob Astor ( real estate , fur ) -- New York Andrew Carnegie ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York William A. Clark ( copper ) -- Butte , Montana Jay Cooke ( finance ) -- Philadelphia Charles Crocker ( railroads ) -- California Daniel Drew ( finance ) -- New York James Buchanan Duke ( tobacco ) -- Durham , North Carolina James Dunsmuir ( coal , lumber ) - Victoria , BC Canada Marshall Field ( retail ) -- Chicago James Fisk ( finance ) -- New York Henry Morrison Flagler ( Standard Oil , railroads ) -- New York and Florida Henry Clay Frick ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York John Warne Gates ( barbed wire , oil ) -- Texas Jay Gould ( railroads ) -- New York Edward Henry Harriman ( railroads ) -- New York James J. Hill ( fuel , coal , steamboats , railroads ) - St Paul , Minnesota Charles T. Hinde ( railroads , water transport , shipping , hotels ) -- Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , California Mark Hopkins ( railroads ) -- California Collis Potter Huntington ( railroads ) -- California Lars Kovala ( land speculator , railroads ) -- California , Wisconsin , Michigan Andrew W. Mellon ( finance , oil ) -- Pittsburgh J.P. Morgan ( finance , industrial consolidation ) -- New York John Cleveland Osgood ( coal mining , iron ) -- Colorado Henry B. Plant ( railroads ) -- Florida John D. Rockefeller ( Standard Oil ) -- Cleveland , New York Henry Huttleston Rogers ( Standard Oil ; copper ) , New York . Charles M. Schwab ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York Joseph Seligman ( banking ) -- New York John D. Spreckels ( water transport , railroads , sugar ) -- California Leland Stanford ( railroads ) -- California Cornelius Vanderbilt ( water transport , railroads ) -- New York Charles Tyson Yerkes ( street railroads ) -- Chicago See also ( edit ) Business magnate Captain of industry Raubritter Burton W. Folsom Jr . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Romance of the New Era '' . Harper 's New Monthly Magazine . LXXXIX ( DXXXIV ) . November 1894 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ T.J. Stiles , `` Robber Barons or Captains of Industry ? '' History Now Jump up ^ Charles R. Geisst ( 1997 ) . Wall Street : A History . Oxford UP . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Hal Bridges , `` The robber baron concept in American history . '' Business History Review 32 # 1 ( 1958 ) : 1 - 13 , page 1 . Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , Populist cartoons : an illustrated history of the third - party movement in the 1890s ( 2011 ) p. 13 Jump up ^ John Tipple , `` The anatomy of prejudice : Origins of the robber baron legend . '' Business History Review 33 # 4 ( 1959 ) : 510 - 523 , quoting pp 510 , 521 . Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The Robber Barons : The Great American Capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 , New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company , 1934 . Jump up ^ Steve Fraser , `` The Misunderstood Robber Baron : On Cornelius Vanderbilt : T.J. Stiles 's The First Tycoon is a gilded portrait of the robber baron Cornelius Vanderbilt , '' The Nation Nov. 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , John D. Rockefeller : The Heroic Age of American Enterprise , 2 vols. , New York , C. Scribner 's sons , 1940 . Jump up ^ Bridges , `` The robber baron concept in American history . '' p 1 Jump up ^ Richard White , Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2011 ) pp xxxi , 234 , 508 Jump up ^ John R. Thelin , `` California and the Colleges , '' California Historical Quarterly ( 1977 ) 56 # 2 pp 140 -- 63 at p 149 . Jump up ^ `` The Industrial Age in America : Robber Barons and Captains of Industry '' EDSITEment ! The Best of the humanities on the web . '' Jump up ^ Erik Kirschbaum , `` Bruce Springsteen : Bankers Are ' Greedy Thieves ' '' Reuters May 31 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders ( 2015 ) . Outsider in the White House . Verso Books . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Victor Davis ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` Silicon Valley Billionaires Are the New Robber Barons '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Motley , Seton ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Silicon Valley Robber Barons Are Using Government As A Weapon Against Us '' . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ David O. Whitten , `` Russian robber barons : Moscow business , American style . '' European Journal of Law and Economics 13 # 3 ( 2002 ) : 193 - 201 . Jump up ^ Charles O'Brien ( 2013 ) . Death of a Robber Baron . Kensington . p. 289 . Jump up ^ Jepson , Tim ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . The Rough Guide to Vancouver . Rough Guides . ISBN 9781843532453 . Jump up ^ Theodore Dreiser ; Roark Mulligan , editor . ( 2010 ) . The Financier : The Critical Edition . U. of Illinois Press . p. 559 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ David Leon Chandler , Henry Flagler : The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ George C. Kohn ( 2001 ) . The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal . Infobase Publishing . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Edward Renehan , Dark Genius of Wall Street : The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould , King of the Robber Barons ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Keys , C.M. ( January 1906 ) . `` The Overlords of Railroad Traffic : The Seven Men Who Reign Supreme '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XIII : 8437 -- 8445 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Redstone Story re-lives the industrialization of the West '' Redstone , Colorado website , history Jump up ^ Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. eds. ( 1993 ) . Encyclopedia of American social history . Scribner . pp. 1064 vol 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin Naparsteck ; Michele Cardulla ( 2013 ) . Mrs. Mark Twain : The Life of Olivia Langdon Clemens , 1845 - 1904 . McFarland . p. 109 . Jump up ^ T.J. Stiles , The First Tycoon : The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt ( 2010 ) p 328 Jump up ^ John Franch , Robber Baron : The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes ( 2008 ) Further reading ( edit ) Beatty , Jack . ( 2008 ) . Age of Betrayal : The Triumph of Money in America , 1865 - 1900 Vintage Books . ISBN 1400032423 Bridges , Hal . ( 1958 ) `` The Robber Baron Concept in American History '' Business History Review ( 1958 ) 32 # 1 pp. 1 -- 13 in JSTOR Cochran , Thomas C. ( 1949 ) `` The Legend of the Robber Barons . '' Explorations in Economic History 1 # 5 ( 1949 ) online . Folsom , Burton W. ( 1991 ) The Myth of the Robber Barons : A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America Fraser , Steve . ( 2015 ) . The Age of Acquiescence : The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0316185434 Jones , Peter d'A . ed. ( 1968 ) . The Robber Barons Revisited ( 1968 ) excerpts from primary and secondary sources . Josephson , Matthew . ( 1934 ) . The Robber Barons : The Great American Capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 Zinn , Howard . ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 11 : Robber Barons and Rebels '' from A People 's History of the United States Harper Perennial . ISBN 0060838655 External links ( edit ) Look up robber baron in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Full Show : The New Robber Barons . Moyers & Company . December 19 , 2014 . Interview with historian Steve Fraser Industrial Age in America : Robber Barons or Captains of Industry EDSITEment lesson from National Endowment for the Humanities college - level lectures on Robber Barons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robber_baron_(industrialist)&oldid=810168959 '' Categories : Business terms American businesspeople American industrialists History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Industrial history of the United States Social classes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 18 : 47 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robber%20baron%20%28industrialist%29	669
when does the nba regular season start in 2017	The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of `` back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play , with the 2017 runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio . Christmas games will be played on December 25 . The 2018 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14 , 2018 .	October 17 , 2017	2017 -- 18 NBA season	2017 - - 18 nba season	The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of `` back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play , with the 2017 runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio . Christmas games will be played on December 25 . The 2018 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14 , 2018 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.2 International games 4 Statistics 4.1 Individual statistic leaders 4.2 Individual game highs 4.3 Team statistic leaders 5 Awards 5.1 Players of the Week 5.2 Players of the Month 5.3 Rookies of the Month 5.4 Coaches of the Month 6 Arenas 7 Media 8 Uniforms 8.1 Uniform sponsorships 9 Notable occurrences 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 -- 18 NBA season transactions Retirement ( edit ) On July 17 , 2017 , Paul Pierce signed a ceremonial contract with the Boston Celtics and officially retired as a Celtic after playing 19 seasons and winning one championship with the Celtics . On July 19 , 2017 , James Jones was announced to be the vice president of basketball operations for the Phoenix Suns , which signified his retirement after playing 14 seasons and winning two championships with the Miami Heat and one championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers . On August 4 , 2017 , Jason Maxiell signed a ceremonial contract with the Detroit Pistons and officially retired after playing 14 seasons . On August 15 , 2017 , Tayshaun Prince was announced to be assistant general manager for the Memphis Grizzlies , which signified his retirement after playing 15 seasons and winning one championship with the Detroit Pistons . On September 2 , 2017 , Primož Brezec announced his retirement after 21 professional seasons . Brezec had played in Russia , Cyprus , Kuwait and his native country Slovenia since last playing in the NBA during the 2009 -- 10 NBA season . On October 23 , 2017 Ron Artest was hired as player development coach for the South Bay Lakers , the Los Angeles Lakers ' NBA G League affiliate , thus ending his 18 - year playing career with the NBA . During his carer , he won one championship with the L.A. Lakers . Free agency ( edit ) Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 , after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes ( edit ) Coaching changes In - season Team Outgoing coach Incoming coach Phoenix Suns Earl Watson Jay Triano ( interim ) Off - season ( edit ) For the first time since the inauguration of the BAA , there would be no coaching changes entering the regular season . In fact , the 536 days from Dave Joerger being fired as coach of the Memphis Grizzlies to the day the Phoenix Suns fired Earl Watson as head coach would be the longest period in NBA history without any coaching changes occur . In - season ( edit ) On October 22 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns fired head coach Earl Watson and replaced him with the team 's associate coach Jay Triano as interim head coach for the rest of the season . Preseason ( edit ) The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 13 . International games ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China , at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8 . Minnesota won the first game 111 -- 97 , while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one , 142 -- 110 . Regular season ( edit ) The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 . Christmas Day games will be played on December 25 , 2017 . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Boston Celtics 12 . 857 0.0 6 -- 1 6 -- 1 3 -- 0 14 New York Knicks 7 5 . 583 4.0 6 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 12 Toronto Raptors 7 5 . 583 4.0 4 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 12 Philadelphia 76ers 6 6 . 500 5.0 2 -- 2 4 -- 4 0 -- 2 12 Brooklyn Nets 5 8 . 385 6.5 3 -- 2 2 -- 6 0 -- 1 13 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Detroit Pistons 10 . 769 0.0 7 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 13 Milwaukee Bucks 6 6 . 500 3.5 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 0 -- 3 12 Cleveland Cavaliers 6 7 . 462 4.0 3 -- 4 3 -- 3 3 -- 1 13 Indiana Pacers 6 8 . 429 4.5 3 -- 3 3 -- 5 2 -- 1 14 Chicago Bulls 9 . 182 7.0 1 -- 4 1 -- 5 0 -- 2 11 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Orlando Magic 8 5 . 615 0.0 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 1 -- 1 13 Washington Wizards 7 5 . 583 0.5 4 -- 3 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 12 Miami Heat 6 7 . 462 2.0 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 13 Charlotte Hornets 5 7 . 417 2.5 4 -- 1 1 -- 6 2 -- 0 12 Atlanta Hawks 11 . 154 6.0 0 -- 4 2 -- 7 0 -- 3 13 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Denver Nuggets 8 5 . 615 0.0 6 -- 2 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 7 5 . 583 0.5 4 -- 1 3 -- 4 3 -- 0 12 Portland Trail Blazers 6 6 . 500 1.5 4 -- 4 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 12 Oklahoma City Thunder 6 7 . 462 2.0 4 -- 2 2 -- 5 0 -- 5 13 Utah Jazz 6 7 . 462 2.0 6 -- 3 0 -- 4 3 -- 1 13 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Golden State Warriors 10 . 769 0.0 5 -- 2 5 -- 1 1 -- 0 13 Los Angeles Clippers 5 7 . 417 4.5 3 -- 4 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 12 Los Angeles Lakers 5 8 . 385 5.0 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 1 -- 1 13 Phoenix Suns 5 9 . 357 5.5 3 -- 5 2 -- 4 1 -- 2 14 Sacramento Kings 9 . 250 6.5 2 -- 3 1 -- 6 0 -- 1 12 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Houston Rockets 11 . 786 0.0 4 -- 2 7 -- 1 2 -- 2 14 San Antonio Spurs 8 5 . 615 2.5 6 -- 2 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 13 Memphis Grizzlies 7 5 . 583 3.0 4 -- 2 3 -- 3 4 -- 2 12 New Orleans Pelicans 7 6 . 538 3.5 2 -- 3 5 -- 3 1 -- 1 13 Dallas Mavericks 12 . 143 9.0 1 -- 6 1 -- 6 1 -- 3 14 By conference ( edit ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Boston Celtics * 12 . 857 -- 14 Detroit Pistons * 10 . 769 1.5 13 Orlando Magic * 8 5 . 615 3.5 13 New York Knicks 7 5 . 583 4.0 12 5 Toronto Raptors 7 5 . 583 4.0 12 6 Washington Wizards 7 5 . 583 4.0 12 7 Philadelphia 76ers 6 6 . 500 5.0 12 8 Milwaukee Bucks 6 6 . 500 5.0 12 9 Cleveland Cavaliers 6 7 . 462 5.5 13 10 Miami Heat 6 7 . 462 5.5 13 11 Indiana Pacers 6 8 . 429 6.0 14 12 Charlotte Hornets 5 7 . 417 6.0 12 13 Brooklyn Nets 5 8 . 385 6.5 13 14 Chicago Bulls 9 . 182 8.5 11 15 Atlanta Hawks 11 . 154 9.5 13 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP Houston Rockets * 11 . 786 -- 14 Golden State Warriors * 10 . 769 0.5 13 Denver Nuggets * 8 5 . 615 2.5 13 San Antonio Spurs 8 5 . 615 2.5 13 5 Memphis Grizzlies 7 5 . 583 3.0 12 6 Minnesota Timberwolves 7 5 . 583 3.0 12 7 New Orleans Pelicans 7 6 . 538 3.5 13 8 Portland Trail Blazers 6 6 . 500 4.0 12 9 Oklahoma City Thunder 6 7 . 462 4.5 13 10 Utah Jazz 6 7 . 462 4.5 13 11 Los Angeles Clippers 5 7 . 417 5.0 12 12 Los Angeles Lakers 5 8 . 385 5.5 13 13 Phoenix Suns 5 9 . 357 6.0 14 14 Sacramento Kings 9 . 250 7.0 12 15 Dallas Mavericks 12 . 143 9.0 14 Notes * -- division leader International games ( edit ) On August 9 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City , Mexico . On December 7 , 2017 , the Nets would play against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9 , 2017 , they would match up against the Miami Heat . On August 10 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 11 , 2018 . Statistics ( edit ) Individual statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points per game Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks 31.7 Rebounds per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 15.6 Assists per game James Harden Houston Rockets 10.2 Steals per game Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder 2.54 Blocks per game Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz 2.50 Turnovers per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 5.2 Fouls per game Ersan İlyasova Atlanta Hawks 4.3 Minutes per game LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 38.3 FG % Clint Capela Houston Rockets 69.6 % FT % Rodney Hood Utah Jazz 97.0 % 3FG % Aaron Gordon Orlando Magic 55.3 % Efficiency per game Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks 32.75 Double - doubles DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 12 Triple - doubles Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder Individual game highs ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 57 Rebounds DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers 24 Assists Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 16 Darren Collison Indiana Pacers Steals 5 players 6 Blocks DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 7 Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors Three Pointers J.J. Redick Philadelphia 76ers 8 Team statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Team Statistic Points per game Golden State Warriors 120.3 Rebounds per game Portland Trail Blazers 48.3 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 31.0 Steals per game Oklahoma City Thunder 10.7 Blocks per game Golden State Warriors 9.0 Turnovers per game Philadelphia 76ers 17.8 Los Angeles Lakers FG % Golden State Warriors 52.1 % FT % Utah Jazz 83.0 % 3FG % Golden State Warriors 41.5 % + / − Golden State Warriors + 12.0 Awards ( edit ) Players of the Week ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October 17 -- 22 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 2 ) 02 October 23 -- 29 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 October 30 -- November 5 Porziņģis , Kristaps Kristaps Porziņģis ( New York Knicks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 2 ) 04 November 6 -- 12 Harris , Tobias Tobias Harris ( Detroit Pistons ) ( 1 / 1 ) Jokić , Nikola Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 November 13 -- 19 Players of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Rookies of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Coaches of the Month ( edit ) The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October Arenas ( edit ) This is the Detroit Pistons ' first season at Little Caesars Arena after playing at The Palace of Auburn Hills from 1988 to 2017 . The team played their first game there against the Charlotte Hornets on October 18 , 2017 . This also marks the first time the Pistons have regularly played in the city of Detroit since 1978 . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' final season at the BMO Harris Bradley Center , their home since 1988 . The team will play its final game there on April 9 against the Orlando Magic . The team is scheduled to move into the new Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center prior to the start of the 2018 -- 19 NBA season . The team played a `` Return to the MECCA '' game at the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena ( the former Milwaukee or `` MECCA '' Arena , their home from 1969 until 1989 ) on October 26 against the Boston Celtics as part of the team 's 50th season celebration . The Washington Wizards home arena , the Verizon Center , was renamed Capital One Arena . The Toronto Raptors owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announce that their Air Canada Centre arena will be renamed Scotiabank Arena at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Media ( edit ) This is the second season of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms ( edit ) Nike will be the official on - court apparel provider beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . During this time , each team will be provided with four different jersey apparel that will be displayed throughout the seasons : the `` Association Edition '' , `` Icon Edition '' , `` Statement Edition '' ( tentatively called the Athlete 's Mindset ) , and `` Community Edition '' jerseys will replace the more typical home and road jersey ideas with alternatives also being included as well . In addition to those jerseys , eight teams will also be provided a `` Classic Edition '' jersey to commemorate some of their past designs throughout the season . The Charlotte Hornets will use an Air Jordan - branded apparel , which is endorsed by their owner Michael Jordan and is owned by Nike . The Cleveland Cavaliers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 31 , 2017 . The Detroit Pistons debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 17 , 2017 . The Indiana Pacers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling new alternate logos and home floor along with their uniforms on July 28 , 2017 . The Minnesota Timberwolves debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on April 11 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on August 10 , 2017 . The Portland Trail Blazers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 8 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on July 29 , 2017 . Uniform sponsorships ( edit ) Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season . As of November 13 , 2017 , nineteen teams have confirmed to sign uniform sponsorship deals : Atlanta Hawks -- Sharecare Boston Celtics -- General Electric Brooklyn Nets -- Infor Charlotte Hornets -- LendingTree Cleveland Cavaliers -- Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Denver Nuggets -- Western Union Detroit Pistons -- Flagstar Bank Golden State Warriors -- Rakuten Los Angeles Lakers -- Wish Miami Heat -- Ultimate Software Milwaukee Bucks -- Harley - Davidson Minnesota Timberwolves -- Fitbit New Orleans Pelicans -- Zatarain 's New York Knicks -- Squarespace Orlando Magic -- The Walt Disney Company Philadelphia 76ers -- StubHub Sacramento Kings -- Blue Diamond Growers Toronto Raptors -- Sun Life Financial Utah Jazz -- Qualtrics Notable occurrences ( edit ) On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an update to its logo , featuring new typography and a modified color scheme . The regular season started eight days earlier than the previous season . This move by the NBA aims for fewer `` back - to - back '' games , even fewer than the previous season which had already reached an all - time low to help address teams that are `` resting '' their superstars . The NBA decreased the maximum number of timeouts in a regulation game from 18 to 14 . The three team timeouts during the last two minutes of the game were also decreased to two per team in the last three minutes to improve the flow and pace of the game . The trade deadline was moved from four days after the NBA All - Star Game to ten days before it , so teams can settle their rosters before the All - Star break . Free - throw shooters will be assessed a delay - of - game violation if they venture outside of the three - point line in between attempts . The NBA also added two - way contracted players , signifying an increasing partnership between the NBA and the newly branded NBA G League . Referees can now assess dangerous closeouts of defenders to jump shooters with little space to land for a technical or a flagrant foul . Informally dubbed as the `` Zaza rule '' . Also , officials can now assess if a player is in a shooting motion when determining if a perimeter foul is a shooting or a common foul . The type of foul will be determined on the sequencing of the player 's movement if the foul happened before or after the player starts a shooting motion . Additionally , they can also assess an offensive foul if an offensive player intentionally lunged into the defender or locked arms to create contact , a rule informally dubbed as the `` Harden rule '' . On September 28 , 2017 , the NBA board of governors approved the changes to draft lottery system to discourage teams from losing on purpose . Starting with the 2018 -- 19 NBA season , the teams with three worst records will have equal odds at the # 1 pick . In addition , the revised draft lottery will consist of selecting the top four teams instead of the usual three that occurred for over two decades . The approval for the change was nearly unanimous , with only the Oklahoma City Thunder voting against and the Dallas Mavericks abstaining from voting . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Selection process will remain the same . On October 17 , 2017 , during the season opener with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics , Gordon Hayward landed awkwardly on his ankle with his behind after attempting an alley - oop off a pass from Kyrie Irving . He suffered a dislocated ankle and a fractured tibia five minutes into the game in his debut as a Celtic . On October 18 , 2017 , Brooklyn Nets point guard Jeremy Lin fell to the ground hard after making a layup when playing the Indiana Pacers , causing him to miss the entire season . He suffered a ruptured patellar tendon of his right knee . That same day , in the season opening game for the Portland Trail Blazers and Phoenix Suns , the Trail Blazers would defeat the Suns 124 - 76 in what would be the greatest deficit for a season - opening game in league history . On October 19 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook recorded his 80th career triple - double . On October 25 , 2017 , the Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , normally a frontcourt player , recorded his 56th career triple - double and 1st career triple - double as starting point guard . That same day , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook recorded his 81st career triple - double . On October 28 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook recorded his 82nd career triple - double , becoming the first player in NBA history to record a triple double against all 29 opposing teams . On November 3 , 2017 , LeBron James scored 57 points for the night and his 29,000 th career point , becoming the youngest player , and just the seventh overall , to reach that mark ( 32 years , 309 days ) . LeBron James also passed both Kevin Garnett for 12th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list ( with 10,506 career field goals to his name ) and passed John Havlicek for 11th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list with 10,514 career field goals . On November 7 , 2017 , Ben Simmons became the only player in NBA history with at least 170 points , 100 rebounds and 80 assists in his team 's first 10 games . On November 7 , 2017 , the Sacramento Kings set a record for most points scored before a starter scored . The King 's bench scored the team 's first 29 points before Willie Cauley - Stein scored a free throw at 4 : 08 of the second quarter . The previous record was held by the Milwaukee Bucks at 23 points set on April 5 , 2011 against the Orlando Magic . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , Adam . `` Adam Silver Says 2017 - 18 NBA Season Will Start on Oct. 17 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Unveils Schedule For 2017 - 18 KIA Tip - Off And Christmas Day Games '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle . `` Paul Pierce signs with Boston Celtics , then retires '' . NBA.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baum , Bob ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Suns Extend Ryan McDonough as General Manager , Name James Jones Vice President of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Maxiell officially retires from NBA as a Detroit Piston '' . freep.com . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery , Ronald ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Grizzlies hiring Tayshaun Prince for front office job '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brezec retired and become a scout for the Cavs '' . Eurohoops . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An NBA first : Every coach who started last season is back '' . nbcsports.com. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors , Minnesota Timberwolves get preseason games in China '' . NBA.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA To Play Two Regular - Season Games In Mexico City '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics To Play Regular - Season NBA Game in London '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo , James Harden Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Oladipo , DeMarcus Cousins Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kristaps Porzingis , James Harden Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Engine for future growth : '' Milwaukee Bucks , Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena `` . WITI . Milwaukee . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velasquez , Matt ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks ' Return to the MECCA ' game set for Oct. 26 vs. Celtics '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena , starting now '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Air Canada Centre changing name to Scotiabank Arena next summer '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nike to become uniform , apparel provider for NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Sports & Entertainment Announces Plans to Switch Locations of Spectrum Center Box Office and Hornets Fan Shop '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . The re-opening of the Hornets Fan Shop will coincide with the launch of the team 's new Jordan Brand uniforms as Nike becomes the NBA 's uniform provider beginning this season . The Hornets will be the only team in the NBA wearing Jordan Brand uniforms , and with the agreement taking effect , the Hornets Fan Shop will have even more of the popular Jordan Brand Hornets merchandise than it has had previously . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look '' . NBA.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PISTONS NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVELIED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After a day of teasing , the Pacers delivered a full redesign and fans are underwhelmed '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Previews of the Indiana Pacers ' New Uniforms , Court , and Logos '' . Indiana Sports Coverage . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` Nike 's new NBA looks keep on coming '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trail Blazers Update Pinwheel , Prepare For Jersey Changes '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Uniforms '' . NBA.com . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharecare and Hawks Launch Jersey Patch Partnership And Innovative Health Movement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and GE announce multi-year partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nets Form Wide - Ranging Partnership With Global Software Leader Infor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/hornets/press-releases/hornets-lendingtree-announce-new-multi-year-founding-level-partnership-highlighted Jump up ^ `` Goodyear , Cavaliers Relationship Built on Shared Principles of Drive , Determination and Commitment to the Community '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets and Western Union Announce Multi-Year Sponsorship in the Mile High City '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership Detroit Pistons '' . Detroit Pistons . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohrbach , Ben . `` Warriors , tech company reach NBA 's richest jersey advertising deal -- by far '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers sign jersey - patch deal with Wish '' . theScore.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winderman , Ira . `` Weston - based Ultimate Software to sponsor Heat uniform patches '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILWAUKEE BUCKS AND HARLEY - DAVIDSON ROLL FULL THROTTLE INTO NBA SEASON WITH JERSEY PATCH SPONSORSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES AND FITBIT ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP NAMING COMPANY `` OFFICIAL WEARABLE , '' `` OFFICIAL SLEEP TRACKER '' AND JERSEY PATCH SPONSOR `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans name Zatarain 's as jersey patch sponsor '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Squarespace X Knicks Announce Signature Partnership '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic , Disney Expanded Partnership Exciting for Both Brands '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sixers become first NBA team to get sponsor on jersey '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings , Blue Diamond Partner to Showcase California Growers and Inspire Health and Wellness '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground - Breaking , Expanded Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . NBA.com. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` NBA moves up trade deadline , reduces timeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` NBA moves trade deadline to before All - Star Game , reduces amount of timeouts '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` NBA Makes Sweeping Pace - Of - Play Changes ; MLB Likely Next '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` D - League salaries , two - way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries '' . CollegeBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . `` NBA referees can rule closeouts as flagrants or technical fouls '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry . `` The NBA is cracking down on dangerous Zaza-esque closeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Kyle ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` The NBA is finally cracking down on James Harden 's foul - drawing antics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA implementing ' Zaza Pachulia , ' ' James Harden ' rules '' . NBCSports.com . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board Of Governors Approves Changes To Draft Lottery System '' . NBA.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners pass lottery reform , new rules on resting players '' . ProBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Gordon Hayward suffers fractured ankle in season opener '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons did something even LeBron ( or anyone else in NBA history ) has n't matched '' . Newsweek.com. 8 November 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings set record for most points scored before a starter scores vs. Thunder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website NBA seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Category Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_NBA_season&oldid = 810196130 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NBA season National Basketball Association seasons Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Русский Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 21 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%25E2%2580%259318%20NBA%20season	670
who has made the most touchdowns in nfl history			List of National Football League records ( individual )	list of national football league records ( individual )	This is a list of records in the National Football League ( NFL ) set by individual players .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Service 2 Scoring 2.1 Touchdowns 2.2 Points after touchdown 2.3 Field goals 2.4 Safeties 3 Rushing 3.1 Rushing attempts 3.2 Rushing yards 3.3 Rushing touchdowns 4 Passing 4.1 Passer rating 4.2 Passing attempts 4.3 Pass completions 4.4 Pass completion percentage 4.5 Passing yards 4.6 Average passing yards 4.7 Passing touchdowns 4.8 Interceptions thrown 4.9 Passing interception differential / ratio 4.10 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted 4.11 Sacked 5 Receiving 5.1 Receptions 5.2 Yards receiving 5.3 Average yards / reception 5.4 Receiving touchdowns 6 Yards from scrimmage 7 All - purpose 7.1 All - purpose attempts 7.2 All - purpose yards 8 Interceptions 8.1 Interception return yards 8.2 Interception return touchdowns 9 Punting 9.1 Punts 9.2 Punting yards 9.3 Average punting yards 9.4 Average net punting yards 9.5 Punts had blocked 9.6 Punts inside the 20 10 Punt returns 10.1 Punt return attempts 10.2 Fair catches 10.3 Punt return yards 10.4 Average punt return yards 10.5 Punt return touchdowns 11 Kickoff returns 11.1 Kickoff return attempts 11.2 Kickoff return yards 11.3 Average kickoff return yards 11.4 Kickoff return touchdowns 12 Combined kick / punt returns 12.1 Kick / punt return yards 12.2 Kick / punt return touchdowns 13 Fumbles 13.1 Fumbles recovered 13.2 Opponent fumbles recovered 13.3 Fumble return yards 13.4 Fumble return touchdowns 13.5 Fumbles forced 14 Tackles 15 Sacks 16 Records in a single decade 17 Records in a single month 18 Overtime records 19 Miscellaneous 20 Other 21 Oldest Firsts 22 Age 23 Starts / games played 24 QB Wins 25 QB Losses 26 Professional football firsts 26.1 Rushing 26.2 Passing 26.3 Receiving 26.4 Scrimmage 26.5 Combined yards 26.6 Touchdowns 26.7 Scoring 26.8 Starts 26.9 Wins 27 Longest play 28 Milestones 28.1 Passing Yards 28.2 Rushing Yards 28.3 Receiving Yards 29 Note 30 See also 31 References 32 External links Service ( edit ) Most seasons : 26 , George Blanda 1949 -- 1958 , 1960 -- 1975 Most seasons , one team : 21 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen 1982 -- 2007 Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson 1992 -- 2012 Most consecutive games played , career : 352 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 Most consecutive games played , one team : 270 , Jim Marshall 1961 -- 1979 Scoring ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 ; Gino Cappelletti , 1961 , 1963 -- 1966 ; Stephen Gostkowski , 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 Most points scored , career : 2,544 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most points scored , season : 186 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most points scored , season , home : 102 , Shaun Alexander , 2005 Most points scored , season , away : 100 , Gino Cappelletti , 1964 Highest average points per game scored , career : 8.77 , Stephen Gostkowski ( 1,613 Points / 184 Games ) , 2006 -- 2017 Highest average points per game scored , season : 14.67 , Paul Hornung ( 176 Points / 12 Games ) , 1960 Most points scored , season , no touchdowns : 166 , David Akers , 2011 Most points scored , game , no touchdowns : 26 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most seasons , 100 + points : 20 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2008 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2017 Most consecutive seasons , 100 + points : 16 , Jason Elam , 1993 -- 2008 Most points , season , rookie : 150 , Cody Parkey , 2014 Most points , game : 40 , Ernie Nevers , November 28 , 1929 Most consecutive quarters scoring : 38 , Stephen Gostkowski Sep 10 , 2015 - Nov 23 , 2015 Touchdowns ( edit ) Note : this section applies to touchdowns scored running , receiving , or returning . Passing touchdowns are listed separately . Most seasons leading league touchdowns : 8 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 Most consecutive seasons leading league touchdowns : 4 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1938 , 1941 -- 1944 Most touchdowns , career : 208 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most touchdowns , season : 31 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 22 , Gale Sayers , 1965 Most touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers November 28 , 1929 ; Dub Jones November 25 , 1951 ; Gale Sayers December 12 , 1965 Most touchdowns , half : 5 , Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 Most touchdowns , quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 Most consecutive games touchdown : 18 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 05 ; Lenny Moore , 1963 -- 65 Most consecutive games 2 + touchdown : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games 3 + touchdown : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games 4 + touchdown : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 ; Marshall Faulk 2000 ; LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most non consecutive seasons 1 + touchdowns : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive seasons 2 + touchdowns : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons 3 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 4 + touchdowns : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 5 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Frank Gore , 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 6 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 7 + touchdowns : 11 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 8 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 9 + touchdowns : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 10 + touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons 11 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 12 + touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 13 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons 14 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons 15 + touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 Points after touchdown ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , George Blanda , 1956 , 1961 -- 62 , 1967 -- 69 , 1972 , 1974 Most kicking attempts , career : 959 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most kicking attempts , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks attempted , game : 10 , Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 Most kicks made , career : 943 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most kicks made , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks made , rookie season : 60 , Doug Brien , 1994 Most kicks made , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 , Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 and Charlie Gogolak on November 27 , 1966 Most kicks made no misses , season : 75 , Matt Prater , 2013 Most kicks made no misses , rookie season : 54 , Cody Parkey , 2014 Most kicks made no misses , game : 9 , Pat Harder on October 17 , 1948 and Bob Waterfield on October 22 , 1950 Most kicks made , half : 7 , Jan Stenerud ; October 2 , 1983 Most kicks made , quarter ( including playoffs ) : 5 , Stephen Gostkowski November 22 , 2012 , October 18 , 2009 ; Ali Haji - Sheikh January 31 , 1988 ; Jan Stenerud October 2 , 1983 ; Don Chandler November 12 , 1967 ; Pat Harder October 24 , 1948 ; Don Hutson October 7 , 1945 Most consecutive kicks made : 479 , Stephen Gostkowski ; 2006 -- 2016 Most consecutive kicks made ( including playoffs ) : 523 , Stephen Gostkowski ; December 31 , 2006 -- January 16 , 2016 Most consecutive kicks made to start a career : 321 , Rian Lindell ; October 5 , 2000 -- November 7 , 2010 Highest percentage kicks made career ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 100.0 , Justin Tucker , ( 205 / 205 ) 2012 - 2017 Most two point conversions , career : 7 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most two point conversions , season : 4 , Todd Heap , 2003 Most two point conversions , rookie season : 3 , Gino Cappelletti , 1960 Most two point conversions game : 2 , by 11 players , most recently Ladarius Green on October 25 , 2015 Field goals ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 5 , Lou Groza , 1950 , 1952 -- 1954 , 1957 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 3 , Lou Groza , 1952 -- 1954 Most field goals attempted , career : 709 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most field goals attempted , season : 52 , David Akers , 2011 Most field goals attempted , rookie season : 48 , Chester Marcol , 1972 Most field goals missed , season : 26 , Paul Hornung , 1964 Most field goals missed , career : 304 , George Blanda , 1949 -- 1976 Most field goals attempted , game : 9 , Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 Most field goals made , career : 565 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 ; 2006 -- 2007 Most field goals made , season : 44 , David Akers , 2011 Most field goals made per game , season : 2.79 , Greg Zuerlein ( 39 field goals / 14 games ) , 2017 Most field goals made , season , no misses : 37 , Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 Most field goals made , rookie season : 38 , Harrison Butker , 2017 Most field goals made , game : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most field goals made , game , no misses : 8 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 Most field goals made , postseason game : 6 , Chris Boswell on January 15 , 2017 Most field goals made , one half : 5 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 , Morten Andersen on September 3 , 2000 , Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 , and Mike Nugent on September 7 , 2014 Most field goals made , one quarter : 4 ; by 8 players , most recently Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 Most consecutive games with field goal made : 38 , Matt Stover , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive games with field goal made of 40 + yards : 10 , Rob Bironas , 2011 -- 2012 Most consecutive games with 2 + field goals made : 19 , Stephen Gostkowski 2013 -- 2014 Most consecutive games with 3 + field goals made : 6 , Olindo Mare 1999 ; Gary Anderson 1985 Most consecutive games with 4 + field goals made : 4 , Olindo Mare 1999 Most consecutive games with 5 + field goals made : 2 , Dan Carpenter 2010 ; Richie Cunningham , 1997 ; John Kasay , 1996 ; John Carney , 1994 Most consecutive field goals made : 44 , Adam Vinatieri ; October 4 , 2015 -- October 20 , 2016 Most consecutive field goals made ( postseason ) : 23 , Mason Crosby ; January 15 , 2011 -- January 22 , 2017 Most consecutive field goals made to start a career : 18 , Travis Coons , 2015 Most consecutive field goals made ( regular season and postseason combined ) : 46 , Gary Anderson ; December 15 , 1997 -- Jan. 17 , 1999 Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards : 122 , John Kasay November 30 , 1997 -- January 1 , 2012 ( end of career ) Most consecutive field goals made from under 30 yards to start a career : 93 , Robbie Gould 2005 -- 2017 Most consecutive field goals made from under 40 yards : 53 , Rian Lindell Dec. 17 , 2005 - Nov. 30 , 2008 Most consecutive field goals made from under 50 yards : 56 , Ryan Succop Dec. 14 , 2014 - Nov. 12 , 2017 Most consecutive field goals made from 40 + yards : 24 , Jason Hanson , 2007 -- 2009 Most consecutive field goals made from 50 + yards : 12 , Blair Walsh , 2012 -- 2013 ; Robbie Gould , 2010 -- 2013 , Justin Tucker 2015 -- 2017 , Matt Prater 2015 -- 2017 Most consecutive field goals made from 50 + yards , including postseason : 14 , Matt Prater 2015 -- 2017 Longest field goal : 64 yards , Matt Prater ( vs. Tennessee ) , December 8 , 2013 Longest field goal , rookie : 61 yards , Jake Elliott ( vs. NY Giants ) on September 24 , 2017 Longest field goal in 1st quarter : 58 yards , Nick Lowery on September 18 , 1983 and Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 Longest field goal in 3rd quarter : 60 yards , Greg Zuerlein on September 30 , 2012 Longest field goal in 4th quarter : 63 yards , Tom Dempsey on November 8 , 1970 Longest field goal in overtime : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski on October 19 , 2008 Highest field goal percentage , career ( minimum 100 FG made ) : 90.1 % ( 202 / 224 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2017 Highest field goal percentage , 50 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 77.1 % ( 27 / 35 ) , Robbie Gould , 2005 - 2017 Highest field goal percentage , 40 + yards , career ( minimum 30 FG made ) : 82.1 % ( 92 / 112 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 - 2017 Highest field goal percentage , under 50 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 95.4 % ( 169 / 177 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2017 Highest field goal percentage , under 40 yards , career ( minimum 50 FG made ) : 98.2 % ( 110 / 112 ) , Justin Tucker , 2012 -- 2017 Highest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 100.0 ; Gary Anderson , 1998 ( 35 / 35 ) ; Mike Vanderjagt , 2003 ( 37 / 37 ) in 2003 Highest field goal percentage season rookie ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 100.0 , Garrett Hartley ( 13 / 13 ) , 2008 Highest field goal percentage , season rookie ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.1 , Blair Walsh , Minnesota Vikings ( 35 / 38 ) , 2012 Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) : 0.0 , Boris Shlapak ( 0 / 8 ) , 1972 Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 6.67 , Bob Timberlake ( 1 / 15 ) , 1965 Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career : 188 , Jason Hanson , 1992 -- 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career : 55 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career : 2 , Sebastian Janikowski , December 27 , 2009 , September 12 , 2011 ; Greg Zuerlein , September 30 , 2012 , November 8 , 2015 Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , career : 98 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2000 -- 2016 Most field goals attempted 60 + yards , career : 9 , Sebastian Janikowski , 2005 -- 2015 Most field goals attempted 50 + yards , season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 Most field goals attempted 50 + more , rookie season : 13 , Greg Zuerlein , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 ; Justin Tucker , 2016 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , rookie season : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , season no misses : 10 , Blair Walsh , 2012 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , game : 3 , by 9 players , most recently Justin Tucker on November 27 , 2016 Most field goals made , 58 + yards , game : 2 , Greg Zuerlein ; September 30 , 2012 Most field goals made , 54 + yards , game : 3 , Kris Brown , October 7 , 2007 Most field goals made , 46 + yards , game : 4 , John Kasay , September 24 , 2006 Most field goals made , 40 + yards , game : 5 , Mason Crosby , November 22 , 2015 ; Chris Boswell , December 18 , 2016 Most field goals made , 35 + yards , game : 6 , Chris Boniol , November 18 , 1996 Most field goals made , 50 + yards , half : 3 , Phil Dawson September 27 , 2012 , Justin Tucker November 27 , 2016 Most field goals made , 55 + yards , quarter : 2 , Neil Rackers , October 24 , 2004 , Brandon McManus , on September 13 , 2015 , Steven Hauschka , on October 1 , 2017 Most games , 1 + field goals made , career : 299 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games , 2 + field goals made , career : 178 , Morten Andersen , 1983 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games , 3 + field goals made , career : 84 , Adam Vinatieri , 1996 -- 2017 Most games , 4 + field goals made , career : 29 , John Carney , 1990 -- 2008 Most games , 5 + field goals made , career : 11 , John Carney , 1992 -- 2004 Most games , 6 + field goals made , career : 2 , John Carney , 1993 ; Gary Anderson 1988 -- 1998 ; Jeff Wilkins , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jim Bakken , 1967 -- 1973 Most games , 7 + field goals made , career : 1 ; Jim Bakken on September 24 , 1967 ; Rich Karlis on November 5 , 1989 ; Chris Boniol on November 18 , 1996 ; Billy Cundiff on September 15 , 2003 ; Rob Bironas on October 21 , 2007 ; Shayne Graham on November 11 , 2007 ; Cairo Santos on October 4 , 2015 Greg Zuerlein on October 1 , 2017 Most games , 2 + field goals made , season : 16 , Stephen Gostkowski , New England Patriots , 2013 Most games , 3 + field goals made , season : 9 , Al Del Greco , Tennessee Oilers , 1998 Most games , 4 + field goals made , season : 6 , David Akers , San Francisco 49ers 2011 Most games , 5 + field goals made , season : 3 , Rich Karlis , Minnesota Vikings , 1989 ; Robbie Gould , San Francisco 49ers 2017 Most games , 6 + field goals made , season : 2 , John Carney , San Diego Chargers , 1993 Most overtime field goals made , career : 11 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2015 Safeties ( edit ) Most safeties , career : 4 , Ted Hendricks 1969 -- 1983 , Doug English 1975 -- 1985 , Jared Allen 2004 -- 2015 Most safeties , season : 2 ; by 18 players , most recently Junior Galette 2014 Most safeties , rookie season : 2 , Jameel McClain 2008 , Jim Young 1977 Most safeties , game : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 Most safeties , one quarter : 2 , Fred Dryer October 21 , 1973 Most consecutive games , safety : 2 , Doug English September 4 , 1983 -- September 11 , 1983 Most consecutive seasons , safety : 3 , Charlie Krueger 1959 -- 1961 , Ted Hendricks 1974 -- 1976 , Eric Swann 1992 -- 1994 Rushing ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing yards leaders . Rushing attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 6 , Jim Brown ; 1958 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league , rushing attempts : 4 ; Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1950 and Walter Payton 1976 -- 1979 Most rushing attempts per game average , career : 21.2 , Terrell Davis , 1995 -- 2001 Most rushing attempts , career : 4,409 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most rushing attempts , season : 416 , Larry Johnson , 2006 Most rushing attempts , rookie , season : 390 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most rushing attempts , game : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) Most rushing attempts , game , rookie : 45 , Jamie Morris ; Dec 17 , 1988 ( OT ) Most rushing attempts , first game : 36 , LaDainian Tomlinson ; Sep 9 , 2001 Most rushing attempts , no fumbles , season : 397 , Gerald Riggs , 1985 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles , to start a career : 559 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis , 2008 -- 2012 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no fumbles : 1,001 , LaDainian Tomlinson , Oct 22 , 2006 - Nov 29 , 2009 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , season : 240 , Joe Washington , 1978 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career : 247 , Emmett Mortell , 1937 -- 1939 Most rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns , career ( since AFL -- NFL merger ) : 221 , Brian Leonard , 2007 -- 2014 Most consecutive rushing attempts , no rushing touchdowns : 507 - 524 , Archie Griffin , Dec 6 , 1976 - Sep 6 , 1981 Most seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 Most seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 200 rushing attempts : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 250 rushing attempts : 12 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 300 rushing attempts : 8 , Eddie George 1996 -- 2003 Most games , 20 rushing attempts , career : 121 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 25 rushing attempts , career : 56 , Emmitt Smith 1991 -- 2004 Most games , 30 rushing attempts , career : 21 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1991 Most games , 35 rushing attempts , career : 7 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1984 Most games , 40 rushing attempts , career : 2 , James Wilder 1983 -- 1984 , Ricky Williams 1999 -- 2003 Most games , 20 rushing attempts , season : 14 , by 8 players , most recently Shaun Alexander 2005 Most games , 25 rushing attempts , season : 10 , Larry Johnson 2006 , Jamal Anderson 1998 , Emmitt Smith 1994 Most games , 30 rushing attempts , season : 7 , Earl Campbell 1979 Most games , 35 rushing attempts , season : 3 , Earl Campbell 1980 , Eddie George 2000 Rushing yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1961 Most rushing yards per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1965 Most yards gained , career : 18,355 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 14 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 Most seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 5 , Barry Sanders , 1991 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 500 + yards rushing : 13 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , Frank Gore 2005 -- 2017 Most consecutive seasons , 1,000 + yards rushing : 11 , Emmitt Smith , 1991 -- 2001 Most consecutive seasons , 1,500 + yards rushing : 4 , Barry Sanders , 1994 -- 1997 Most yards gained , season : 2,105 , Eric Dickerson 1984 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,883 , Barry Sanders , 1994 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,808 Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards , no touchdowns , season : 956 , Joe Washington , 1978 Most yards gained , no rushing touchdowns , game : 237 , Barry Sanders , November 13 , 1994 Most yards gained , season , at Home : 1,125 Walter Payton , 1977 Most yards gained , season , Away : 1,087 Eric Dickerson , 1984 Most yards gained , back - to - back games : 476 , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 - Dec 5 , 1976 Most yards gained , back - to - back games , 7 days apart : 467 , Walter Payton Nov 13 , 1977 - Nov 20 , 1977 Most yards gained , back - to - back games , 4 days apart : 412 , Walter Payton Nov 20 , 1977 - Nov 24 , 1977 Most yards gained , game : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , outdoor game : 295 , Jamal Lewis Sep 14 , 2003 Most yards gained , away game : 286 , Jerome Harrison Dec 20 , 2009 Most yards gained , one half : 253 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , first game : 194 , Alan Ameche Sep 25 , 1955 Most yards gained , game , rookie : 296 , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Most yards gained , one quarter : 165 , Jamaal Charles Dec 23 , 2012 Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yard ( touchdown ) , Tony Dorsett , January 3 , 1983 Highest yards gained per game average , career : 104.3 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1965 Highest yards gained per game average , season : 143.1 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 Highest average gain , game ( minimum 100 yards ) : 52.50 ( 2 carries , 105 yards ) , Brian Mitchell Oct 1 , 2000 Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career : 173 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career : 78 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career : 25 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career : 6 , O.J. Simpson , 1969 -- 1979 ; Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 -- 1976 Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season : 7 , Earl Campbell , 1980 , Adrian Peterson 2012 Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 Most consecutive games , 50 + yards rushing : 38 , Priest Holmes , 2001 -- 2003 Most consecutive games , 100 + yards rushing : 14 , Barry Sanders , 1997 Most consecutive games , 150 + yards rushing : 4 , Earl Campbell , 1980 Most consecutive games , 200 + yards rushing : 2 , O.J. Simpson , 1973 , 1976 ; Earl Campbell 1980 ; Ricky Williams 2002 ; Jay Ajayi 2016 Most consecutive games to start a season , 100 + yards rushing : 8 , DeMarco Murray 2014 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career : 6,109 , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season : 1,039 , Michael Vick , 2006 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game : 181 , Colin Kaepernick , Jan 12 , 2013 ( playoffs ) Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 750 attempts ) : 7.0 yards ( 6,109 yards / 873 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2001 -- 2015 Highest average gain per attempt , career ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) : 5.45 yards ( 7,260 yards / 1,332 attempts ) , Jamaal Charles , 2008 -- present Highest average gain per attempt , season ( qualifiers ) : 8.45 yards ( 1,039 yards / 123 attempts ) , Michael Vick , 2006 Highest average gain per attempt , rookie season ( qualifiers ) : 8.44 yards ( 1,004 yards / 119 attempts ) , Beattie Feathers , 1934 Highest average gain per attempt , game ( minimum 10 attempts ) : 17.3 yards , Michael Vick December 1 , 2002 vs. Minnesota Vikings Fewest games to reach 1,000 career rushing yards : 8 , Adrian Peterson 2007 Fewest games to reach 2,000 career rushing yards : 18 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 3,000 career rushing yards : 27 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 4,000 career rushing yards : 33 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 5,000 career rushing yards : 45 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 6,000 career rushing yards : 53 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 7,000 career rushing yards : 63 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 8,000 career rushing yards : 73 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 Fewest games to reach 9,000 career rushing yards : 82 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1988 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career rushing yards : 91 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 11,000 career rushing yards : 103 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 12,000 career rushing yards : 115 , Jim Brown 1957 - 1965 Fewest games to reach 13,000 career rushing yards : 133 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1997 Rushing touchdowns ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing touchdowns leaders . Most seasons leading league , touchdowns : 5 , Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 , 1963 , 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading league , touchdowns : 3 , Steve Van Buren , 1947 -- 1949 ; Jim Brown , 1957 -- 1959 ; Abner Haynes ( American Football League ) , 1960 -- 1962 ; Cookie Gilchrist ( American Football League ) , 1962 -- 1964 ; Jim Brown , 1966 -- 1968 Most touchdowns , career : 164 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2004 Most rushing touchdowns , season : 28 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season : 18 Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most rushing touchdowns , season , at Home : 16 , Terry Allen , 1996 ; Priest Holmes , 2003 ; Shaun Alexander , 2005 Most rushing touchdowns , season , Away : 16 , John Riggins , 1983 Most rushing touchdowns , game : 6 , Ernie Nevers ; Nov 28 , 1929 Most rushing touchdowns , one half : 4 , Jim Brown , Nov 18 , 1962 ; Roland Hooks , Sep 9 , 1979 ; Chuck Muncie , Nov 29 , 1981 ; Eric Dickerson , Oct 31 , 1988 ; Shaun Alexander , Sep 29 , 2002 ; Priest Holmes , Oct 24 , 2004 ; Doug Martin , Nov 4 , 2012 Most seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most seasons , 10 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most seasons , 11 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Most seasons , 12 + rushing touchdowns : 7 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2009 Most seasons , 13 + rushing touchdowns : 6 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 Most seasons , 14 + rushing touchdowns : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2002 -- 2007 , Shaun Alexander 2001 -- 2005 Most seasons , 15 + rushing touchdowns : 4 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2007 Most seasons , 16 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Shaun Alexander 2002 -- 2005 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 17 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2004 -- 2006 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 18 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , Emmitt Smith 1992 -- 1995 Most seasons , 19 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 Most seasons , 20 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Priest Holmes 2002 -- 2003 , Emmitt Smith 1994 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 16 , Marcus Allen 1982 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 13 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , Jerome Bettis 1993 -- 2005 , Frank Gore 2005 - 2017 Most consecutive seasons , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 11 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2000 , Steven Jackson 2004 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 5 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 6 + rushing touchdowns : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 7 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons , 8 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons , 9 + rushing touchdowns : 9 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2009 Most consecutive games , 1 + rushing touchdown : 14 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2004 -- 2005 Most consecutive games , 2 + rushing touchdowns : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games , 3 + rushing touchdowns : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2006 Most consecutive games , 4 + rushing touchdowns : 2 , Jim Taylor , 1962 Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , career : 117 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2004 Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , career : 38 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2010 Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , career : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , career : 5 , Jim Brown 1957 -- 1962 Most games , 5 + rushing touchdowns , career : 1 , Jimmy Conzelman 10 - 15 - 1922 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 , Jim Brown 11 - 1 - 1959 , Cookie Gilchrist 12 - 8 - 1963 , Ricky Watters 1 - 15 - 1994 , James Stewart ( American football ) 10 - 12 - 1997 , Clinton Portis 12 - 7 - 2003 Most games , rushing 6 + touchdowns , career : 1 , Ernie Nevers 11 - 28 - 1929 Most games , 1 + rushing touchdowns , season : 15 , Emmitt Smith 1995 Most games , 2 + rushing touchdowns , season : 10 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , Priest Holmes 2003 Most games , 3 + rushing touchdowns , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 Most games , 4 + rushing touchdowns , season : 2 , Jim Taylor 1962 , Shaun Alexander 2005 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2006 , DeAngelo Williams 2008 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career : 54 , Cam Newton , 2011 -- 2017 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season : 14 , Cam Newton 2011 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game : 4 , many players Passing ( edit ) For passing records that include other professional football leagues , see List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics . Passer Rating ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 6 , Sammy Baugh , 1937 , 1940 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 1949 ; Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Steve Young , 1991 -- 1994 Highest passer rating , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 103.8 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 Highest passer rating , season ( minimum 100 attempts ) : 122.5 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Highest passer rating , rookie , season : 104.9 , Dak Prescott 2016 Youngest player , 158.3 perfect passer rating , game : Marcus Mariota ( 21 years , 318 days ) Sep 13 , 2015 Most games , 100 + passer rating , career : 118 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games , 105 + passer rating , career : 98 , Drew Brees , 2002 - 2017 . Most games , 110 + passer rating , career : 84 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 Most games , 115 + passer rating , career : 68 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 Most games , 120 + passer rating , career : 57 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 125 + passer rating , career : 50 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most games , 130 + passer rating , career : 37 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2014 Most games , 135 + passer rating , career : 27 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 Most games , 140 + passer rating , career : 21 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 Most games , 145 + passer rating , career : 14 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games , 150 + passer rating , career : 8 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games , 155 + passer rating , career : 5 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2014 ; Most games , 158.3 perfect passer rating , career ( including playoffs ) : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2003 Highest minimum passer rating , season ( minimum 16 games ) : 84.5 , Philip Rivers , 2009 Most games , 90 + passer rating , season : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 Most games , 95 + passer rating , season : 14 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 100 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 105 + passer rating , season : 13 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 110 + passer rating , season : 12 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 115 + passer rating , season : 10 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Steve Young , 1994 . Most games , 120 + passer rating , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 , Philip Rivers , 2008 , Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games , 125 + passer rating , season : 7 , Tony Romo , 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games , 130 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 , Aaron Rodgers , 2011 Most games , 135 + passer rating , season : 6 , Tony Romo , 2014 Most games , 140 + passer rating , season : 4 , Jacky Lee , 1961 ; Roger Staubach , 1973 ; Tom Brady , 2007 & 2010 ; Aaron Rodgers 2011 . Most games , 145 + passer rating , season : 4 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Roger Staubach , 1973 Most games , 150 + passer rating , season : 2 , Steve Young 1993 , Kurt Warner 1999 , Tom Brady 2007 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 , Drew Brees 2009 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games , 158.3 passer rating , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2007 Most seasons , 95 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 10 , Peyton Manning 2003 -- 2014 Most seasons , 100 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 7 , Drew Brees 2004 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 -- 2017 Most seasons , 105 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 4 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons , 110 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 , 2010 , 2016 Most seasons , 115 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 2 , Peyton Manning 2004 , 2013 Most seasons , 120 + passer rating ( minimum 10 games started ) : 1 , Aaron Rodgers 2011 , Peyton Manning 2004 Passing attempts ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 5 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , Johnny Unitas 1959 -- 1961 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Drew Bledsoe 1994 -- 1996 Most pass attempts , career : 10,169 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most pass attempts , season : 727 , Matthew Stafford , 2012 Most pass attempts , rookie , season : 627 , Andrew Luck 2012 Most pass attempts per game , career : 38.8 , Matthew Stafford , ( 4,850 Attempts / 125 Games ) , 2009 -- 2017 . Most pass attempts per game , season : 45.44 , Matthew Stafford , ( 727 Attempts / 16 Games ) , 2012 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes to start a career : 228 , Ryan Lindley , 2012 -- 2014 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes : 231 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 -- 2000 Most consecutive pass attempts , no touchdown passes , season : 224 , Bobby Hoying , 1998 Most pass attempts , game : 70 , Drew Bledsoe ; Nov 13 , 1994 ( OT ) Most pass attempts , non-overtime game : 69 , Vinny Testaverde Dec 24 , 2000 Most pass attempts , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 32 , Ken O'Brien Nov 2 , 1986 Most seasons , 500 + pass attempts : 16 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 Most seasons , 550 + pass attempts : 11 , Peyton Manning , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Pass completions ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 6 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1997 Drew Brees 2007 - 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 - 2017 Most consecutive seasons led league : 3 , George Blanda 1963 -- 1965 , Dan Marino 1984 -- 1986 Most pass completions , career : 6,300 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most pass completions , season : 471 , Drew Brees , 2016 Most pass completions per game , career : 24.99 , Drew Brees , ( 6,222 Completions / 249 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 Most pass completions per game , season : 29.44 , Drew Brees , 2016 Most pass completions , rookie , season : 379 , Carson Wentz , 2016 Most seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most seasons 350 + completions : 12 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 Most seasons 400 + completions : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 300 + completions : 18 , Brett Favre 1992 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 350 + completions : 12 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 Most consecutive seasons 400 + completions : 7 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2016 Most pass completions , game : 45 , Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 ( OT ) Most pass completions , regulation game : 44 , Ben Roethlisberger on 12 - 10 - 2017 . Most pass completions , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 26 , Ken O'Brien on November 2 , 1986 Most consecutive pass completions : 25 , Ryan Tannehill , October 18 -- 25 , 2015 ( last 7 completions on October 18 , 2015 ; first 18 completions on October 25 , 2015 ) Most games , pass completions : 299 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive games , pass completions : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive games 20 pass completions : 57 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2013 Most games 20 pass completions , career : 203 , Drew Brees , 2001 - 2017 Most games 25 pass completions , career : 140 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 Most games 30 pass completions , career : 57 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 Most games 35 pass completions , career : 19 , Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 Most games 40 pass completions , career : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 -- 2017 Most games 20 pass completions , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 Most games 25 pass completions , season : 14 , Drew Brees 2011 Most games 30 pass completions , season : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 Most games 35 pass completions , season : 4 , Drew Brees 2016 Pass completion percentage ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 8 , Len Dawson , 1962 , 1964 -- 1969 , 1975 Most consecutive seasons led league : 6 , Len Dawson , 1964 -- 1969 Highest completion percentage , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 66.95 , Drew Brees ( 6,222 Passing completions / 9,294 Attempts ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Highest completion percentage , season ( among qualified players ) : 72.01 Drew Brees , 2017 ( 386 / 536 ) Highest completion percentage , rookie , season : 67.76 , Dak Prescott , 2016 ( 311 / 459 ) Highest completion percentage , regular season game ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.3 , Kurt Warner ; Sep 20 , 2009 ( 24 / 26 ) Highest completion percentage , post season game ( minimum 20 attempts ) : 92.9 , Tom Brady ; Jan 12 , 2008 ( 26 / 28 ) Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 20 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2007 ; Brett Favre , 2009 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2014 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 18 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 80 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 passes per game ) : 3 , Brett Favre , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2015 ; Drew Brees , 2014 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 54 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 41 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 75 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 97 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate , season ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 10 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 Most games with at least 70 % pass completion rate and no interceptions , career ( minimum 20 attempts per game ) : 62 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most seasons with at least 70 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 4 , Drew Brees , 2009 , 2011 , 2016 - 2017 Most seasons with at least 60 % pass completion rate ( minimum 100 attempts per season ) : 15 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 500 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; Oct. 26 , 2014 Highest completion percentage , postseason game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.82 , Peyton Manning ; Jan 9 , 2005 Highest completion percentage , regular season game ( minimum 450 passing yards ) : 81.63 , Ben Roethlisberger ; 10 - 26 - 2014 . Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 400 passing yards ) : 83.3 , Philip Rivers ; Sep 29 , 2013 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 350 passing yards ) : 89.5 , Rich Gannon ; Nov 11 , 2002 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 300 passing yards ) : 94.4 , Craig Morton ; Sep 27 , 1981 Highest completion percentage , game ( 7 TD passes ) : 78.57 , Nick Foles on Nov. 3 , 2013 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 6 TD passes ) : 85.3 , Tom Brady on Oct 18 , 2009 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 5 TD passes ) : 92.3 , Frank Ryan on Dec 12 , 1964 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 4 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 Highest completion percentage , game ( minimum 3 TD passes ) : 94.7 , Alex Smith on Oct 29 , 2012 ; Ryan Tannehill on Oct 25 , 2015 Passing yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 7 , Drew Brees 2006 , 2008 , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Dan Fouts 1979 -- 1982 Most passing yards , career : 71,940 , Peyton Manning 1998 -- 2015 Highest yards per game , career : 282.91 , Drew Brees , ( 70,445 yards / 249 Games ) , 2001 -- 2017 . Highest yards per game , season : 342.31 , Peyton Manning , ( 5,477 yards / 16 Games ) 2013 Most seasons , 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most seasons , 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most seasons , 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most seasons 3,500 + yards : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons 4,000 + yards : 14 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons 4,500 + yards : 8 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2010 -- 2016 . Most seasons 5,000 + yards : 5 , Drew Brees , 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards : 19 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards : 18 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 ; Drew Brees , 2005 -- 2017 . Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards : 12 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards : 7 , Drew Brees 2010 -- 2016 Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards : 3 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2013 Most passing yards , season : 5,477 , Peyton Manning 2013 Most passing yards , rookie , season : 4,374 , Andrew Luck 2012 Most passing yards , combined , game : 1,000 , Matthew Stafford , ( 520 ) and Matt Flynn , ( 480 ) on January 1 , 2012 Most passing yards , season , home : 2,853 , Drew Brees 2015 Most passing yards , season , away : 2,852 , Drew Brees 2011 Most passing yards , game : 554 , Norm Van Brocklin on September 28 , 1951 Most passing yards , 1st half : 361 , Peyton Manning on January 9 , 2005 Most passing yards , 2nd half : 373 , Kurt Warner on September 28 , 2008 Most passing yards , 1st quarter : 247 , Peyton Manning on September 26 , 2004 Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , NFL : 267 , Matthew Stafford on November 17 , 2013 Most passing yards , 2nd quarter , AFL : 277 , Tom Flores on December 22 , 1963 Most passing yards , 3rd quarter : 256 , Kurt Warner on October 31 , 1999 Most passing yards , 4th quarter : 264 , Ben Roethlisberger on November 14 , 2010 Most passing yards , overtime : 219 , Derek Carr on October 30 , 2016 Most passing yards , game , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) : 431 , Ken O'Brien on November 11 , 1986 Most passing yards , game , rookie : 433 , Andrew Luck on November 4 , 2012 Most passing yards , game , first NFL game : 422 , Cam Newton , Sep 11 , 2011 Most games , 150 + yards passing , career : 269 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games , 200 + yards passing , career : 222 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + yards passing , career : 168 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games , 300 + yards passing , career : 109 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games , 350 + yards passing , career : 57 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 . Most games , 400 + yards passing , career : 15 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games , 450 + yards passing , career : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 -- 1995 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games , 500 + yards passing , career : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games , 250 + yards passing , season : 16 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most games , 300 + yards passing , season : 13 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most games , 350 + yards passing , season : 8 , Drew Brees , 2011 ; Peyton Manning 2013 Most games , 400 + yards passing , season : 4 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning 2013 Most straight 200 + yards passing games : 64 , Matt Ryan , 2013 -- 2017 . Most straight 250 + yards passing games : 18 , Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2012 Most straight 300 + yards passing games : 9 , Drew Brees 2011 -- 2012 , 2012 -- 2013 Most straight 350 + yards passing games : 4 , Drew Brees 2011 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 -- 2012 Most straight 400 + yards passing games : 2 ; Dan Fouts , 1982 ; Dan Marino , 1984 ; Phil Simms , 1985 ; Billy Volek , 2004 ; Matt Cassel , 2008 ; Cam Newton , 2011 , Tom Brady , 2011 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 Longest pass completion : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning on December 24 , 2011 Youngest player , 3,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 342 days ) Dec 13 , 2015 Youngest player , 4,000 yards passing : Jameis Winston ( 21 years , 363 days ) Jan 3 , 2016 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career passing yards : 36 , Kurt Warner , 1998 -- 2001 Fewest games to reach 20,000 career passing yards : 71 , Matthew Stafford , 2009 -- 2014 Fewest attempts to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 3,652 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 30,000 career passing yards : 109 , Matthew Stafford , 2009 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 40,000 career passing yards : 151 , Matt Ryan , 2008 -- 2017 Fewest games to reach 50,000 career passing yards : 183 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2013 Fewest games to reach 60,000 career passing yards : 215 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 70,000 career passing yards : 248 , Drew Brees , 2001 - 2017 . Average passing yards ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 7 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 , 1946 -- 47 Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Sid Luckman , 1939 -- 43 Highest yards per attempt , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 8.63 ( 13,499 yards on 1,565 attempts ) , Otto Graham , 1950 -- 1955 Highest yards per attempt , season ( among qualified players ) : 11.17 ( 1,229 on 110 attempts ) , Tommy O'Connell , 1957 Highest yards per attempt , rookie , season : 9.41 ( 1,854 yards on 197 attempts ) , Greg Cook , 1969 Highest yards per attempt , game : 18.58 ( 446 yards on 24 attempts ) Sammy Baugh on October 31 , 1948 Passing touchdowns ( edit ) Career Most passing touchdowns , career : 539 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 1 + TD passes , career : 249 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games 2 + TD passes , career : 165 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 3 + TD passes , career : 93 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 Most games 4 + TD passes , career : 35 , Peyton Manning , 2000 -- 2015 Most games 5 + TD passes , career : 10 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games 6 + TD passes , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 2003 -- 2015 Most games 7 + TD passes , career : 1 ; Sid Luckman , 1943 ; Adrian Burk , 1954 ; George Blanda , 1961 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 ; Joe Kapp , 1969 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 ; Nick Foles , 2013 ; Drew Brees , 2015 Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , career ( 120 touchdown passes minimum ) : 7.856 , Sid Luckman , ( 137 TD Passes / 1,744 Attempts ) 1939 -- 1950 Most 95 + yard touchdown passes : 2 , Joe Montana , Ben Roethlisberger Most 90 + yard touchdown passes : 3 , Bill Wade , Joe Montana , & Ben Roethlisberger < Most 85 + yard touchdown passes : 4 , Norm Snead , Ed Brown , Craig Morton , & Jim Plunkett Most 80 + yard touchdown passes : 9 , Brett Favre Most 75 + yard touchdown passes : 14 , Brett Favre Most 70 + yard touchdown passes : 16 , Peyton Manning & Aaron Rodgers Most 65 + yard touchdown passes : 24 , Brett Favre Most 60 + yard touchdown passes : 29 , Johnny Unitas Most 55 + yard touchdown passes : 37 , Johnny Unitas Most 50 + yard touchdown passes : 51 , Johnny Unitas Most 45 + yard touchdown passes : 56 , Johnny Unitas Most 40 + yard touchdown passes : 70 , Johnny Unitas Most 35 + yard touchdown passes : 91 , Peyton Manning Most 30 + yard touchdown passes : 120 , Peyton Manning Most 25 + yard touchdown passes : 156 , Peyton Manning Most 20 + yard touchdown passes : 193 , Peyton Manning Most 15 + yard touchdown passes : 246 , Peyton Manning Most 10 + yard touchdown passes : 323 , Peyton Manning Most 5 + yard touchdown passes : 420 , Peyton Manning Most 1 -- 4 yard touchdown passes : 118 , Peyton Manning Most red zone touchdown passes : 348 , Peyton Manning Most 1 yard touchdown passes : 37 , Brett Favre Largest touchdown pass differential , twenty - year period : 136 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 278 , 2nd : Dan Marino ; 1987 -- 2006 ) , ( 442 -- 306 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2007 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nineteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1988 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eighteen - year period : 139 , Brett Favre ( 414 -- 275 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1989 -- 2006 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seventeen - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 251 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1989 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , sixteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1990 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fifteen - year period : 152 , Brett Favre ( 396 -- 244 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe / Peyton Manning ; 1991 -- 2005 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , fourteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1991 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , thirteen - year period : 155 , Brett Favre ( 376 -- 221 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2004 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , twelve - year period : 145 , Brett Favre ( 346 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1992 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eleven - year period : 127 , Brett Favre ( 328 -- 201 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1993 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period : 123 , Brett Favre ( 309 -- 186 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , ten - year period from first start as a quarterback : 106 , Brett Favre ( 287 -- 181 , 2nd : Steve Young ; 1992 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , nine - year period : 109 , Brett Favre ( 276 -- 167 , 2nd : Peyton Manning ; 1995 -- 2003 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , eight - year period : 99 , Brett Favre ( 250 -- 151 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , seven - year period : 83 , Brett Favre ( 217 -- 134 , 2nd : Vinny Testeverde ; 1995 -- 2001 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , six - year period : 66 , Brett Favre ( 198 -- 132 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1994 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , five - year period : 58 , Brett Favre ( 168 -- 107 , 2nd : Drew Bledsoe ; 1995 -- 1999 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , four - year period : 50 , Brett Favre ( 145 -- 95 , 2nd : John Elway ; 1994 -- 1997 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , three - year period : 42 , Dan Marino ( 122 -- 80 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1984 -- 1986 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , two - year period : 26 , Dan Marino ( 70 -- 44 , 2nd : Dave Krieg ; 1986 -- 1987 ) Largest touchdown pass differential , one - year period : 19 , Dan Marino ( 44 -- 25 , 2nd : Ken O'Brien ; 1986 ) Regular season Most seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 1960 ; Steve Young , 1992 -- 1994 , 1998 ; Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 , 2003 ; Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2013 ; Tom Brady , 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 Most consecutive seasons led league : 4 , Johnny Unitas , 1957 -- 60 Most passing touchdowns , Season : 55 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most passing touchdowns , Rookie , Season : 26 , Peyton Manning , 1998 and Russell Wilson , 2012 Most passing touchdowns , season , home : 29 , Drew Brees , 2011 Most passing touchdowns , season , road : 29 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games 1 + passing touchdowns , season : 16 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Dave Krieg , 1984 ; Kurt Warner , 1999 ; Brett Favre , 2003 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2004 ; Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2012 ; Drew Brees , 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 ; Matthew Stafford , 2011 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2013 ; Philip Rivers , 2013 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2013 ; Kirk Cousins , 2015 ; Russell Wilson , 2015 ; Matt Ryan , 2016 Most games 2 + passing touchdowns , season : 15 , Dan Marino , 1984 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games 3 + passing touchdowns , season : 12 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games 4 + passing touchdowns , season : 9 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games 5 + passing touchdowns , season : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 Most games 6 + passing touchdowns , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 ; Daryle Lamonica , 1969 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 Highest percentage of passing touchdowns out of pass attempts , season : 13.9 , Sid Luckman , 1943 Most consecutive seasons , passing touchdowns : 21 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 . Most consecutive seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 3 , Brett Favre , 1995 -- 1997 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 ; Peyton Manning , 2012 -- 2014 Most consecutive seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2012 Most seasons , 20 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons , 25 + passing touchdowns : 16 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Most seasons , 30 + passing touchdowns : 9 , Drew Brees , 2008 -- 2016 ; Brett Favre , 1994 -- 1998 , 2001 , 2003 -- 2004 , 2009 ; Peyton Manning , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 . Most seasons , 35 + passing touchdowns : 4 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2012 -- 2014 ; Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 -- 2011 , 2015 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 -- 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ; Drew Brees , 2011 -- 2013 , 2016 . Most seasons , 40 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Dan Marino , 1984 , 1986 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 ; Aaron Rodgers , 2011 , 2016 Most seasons , 45 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Peyton Manning , 2004 , 2013 Most seasons , 50 + passing touchdowns : 1 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most consecutive road games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 41 , Tony Romo , 2009 -- 2014 Most consecutive home games with 1 + passing touchdowns : 60 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2016 Most consecutive games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 54 , Drew Brees , 2009 -- 2012 Most consecutive uninterrupted games , 1 + passing touchdowns : 52 , Tom Brady , 2010 -- 2013 Most consecutive games , 2 + passing touchdowns : 15 , Peyton Manning , 2013 -- 2014 Most consecutive games , 3 + passing touchdowns : 10 , Tom Brady 2007 Most consecutive games , 4 + passing touchdowns : 5 , Peyton Manning 2004 Most consecutive games , 5 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 , Tom Brady 2007 , Daunte Culpepper 2004 , Tom Flores ( AFL ) 1963 Most consecutive games , 6 + passing touchdowns : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 Most consecutive passing touchdowns , no interceptions , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers Game Most passing touchdowns , game : 7 , Sid Luckman on 11 - 14 - 1943 , Adrian Burk on 10 - 17 - 1954 , George Blanda on 11 - 19 - 1961 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Joe Kapp on 9 - 28 - 1969 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 3 - 2013 ; Drew Brees on 11 - 1 - 2015 Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game : 5 , DeShaun Watson on October 8 , 2017 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 , Matthew Stafford on November 22 , 2009 , Ray Buivid on December 5 , 1937 Most passing touchdowns , one half : 6 , Daryle Lamonica on October 19 , 1969 , Aaron Rodgers on November 9 , 2014 Most passing touchdowns , rookie , one half : 4 , Marcus Mariota on September 13 , 2015 , Jameis Winston on November 22 , 2015 Most passing touchdowns , one quarter : 5 , Tom Brady on 10 - 18 - 2009 Most passing touchdowns , no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle on 10 - 28 - 1962 , Peyton Manning on 9 - 5 - 2013 , Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 Most passing touchdowns , perfect passer rating ( 158.3 ) , game : 7 Nick Foles on 11 - 03 - 2013 Most touchdown passes per games started average , regular season : 2.2 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 313 TD passes / 142 games started ) , 2008 -- 2017 . Most touchdown passes per game average , regular season : 2.1 , Aaron Rodgers , ( 313 TD passes / 149 games ) , 2008 -- 2017 . Highest percentage of touchdown passes out of pass attempts , game : 35.3 , Daryle Lamonica , ( 6 TD Passes / 17 Attempts ) 12 - 21 - 1969 Fewest games to reach 100 touchdown passes : 44 , Dan Marino , 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 200 touchdown passes : 89 , Dan Marino , 1983 -- 1989 Fewest games to reach 250 touchdown passes : 121 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 300 touchdown passes : 144 , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 Fewest games to reach 400 touchdown passes : 205 , Drew Brees , 2001 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 500 touchdown passes : 244 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2014 Interceptions thrown ( edit ) Most seasons led league : 4 , Vinny Testaverde , 1988 -- 1989 , 2000 , 2004 Most passes intercepted , career : 336 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most passes intercepted , season : 42 , George Blanda , 1962 Most passes intercepted , rookie season : 28 , Peyton Manning , 1998 Most passes intercepted , game : 8 , Jim Hardy on 9 - 24 - 1950 Most passes intercepted , half : 5 , Nathan Peterman on November 20 , 2017 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted : 358 , Tom Brady 2010 -- 2011 Most consecutive passes attempted , no pick 6 : 3,908 , Aaron Rodgers , 11 - 08 - 2009 to 9 - 24 - 2017 . Most pick 6s , quarter : 3 , Ed Baker , Dec 17 , 1972 ; Paul Christman Nov 5 , 1950 Most pick 6s , game : 3 , many times , most recently : Eli Manning , Nov 25 , 2007 Most pick 6s , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2001 ; Rudy Bukich , 1966 Most consecutive games with pick 6 : 4 , Matt Schaub , 2013 Most pick 6s , career : 31 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , home : 587 , Aaron Rodgers , 2012 -- 2015 Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , away : 336 , Tom Brady , 12 - 27 - 2015 to 10 - 05 - 2017 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , single season : 335 , Tom Brady , 2010 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted , rookie season : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a career : 176 , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Most consecutive passes attempted , none intercepted to start a season : 287 , Alex Smith , 2017 Most attempts with no interceptions , game : 70 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 Most completions with no interceptions , game : 45 Drew Bledsoe on November 13 , 1994 Most passing yards with no interceptions , game : 527 , Warren Moon on December 16 , 1990 Most touchdown passes with no interceptions , game : 7 , Y.A. Tittle , October 28 , 1962 ; Peyton Manning , September 5 , 2013 ; Nick Foles , November 3 , 2013 Most games 1 + interceptions , career : 196 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 Most games 2 + interceptions , career : 94 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most games 3 + interceptions , career : 39 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most games 4 + interceptions , career : 18 , George Blanda , 1960 -- 1966 Most games 5 + interceptions , career : 8 , George Blanda 1962 -- 1966 , Joe Namath 1966 -- 1976 Most games 1 + interceptions , season : 15 , Richard Todd , 1980 Most games 2 + interceptions , season : 12 , Frank Tripucka , 1960 Most games 3 + interceptions , season : 8 , George Blanda , 1962 ; Al Dorow , 1961 Most games 4 + interceptions , season : 6 , George Blanda , 1962 Most games 5 + interceptions , season : 3 , George Blanda 1962 Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 110 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 82 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 46 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 23 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 9 , Drew Brees , 2007 -- 2017 . Most games with 450 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , career : 3 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 -- 2017 . Most games with 200 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady , 2012 ; Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 250 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with 300 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 350 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 6 , Tom Brady , 2007 Most games with 400 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 2 , Drew Brees , 2011 , 2012 ; Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 500 + yards passing and no interceptions , season : 1 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2009 , 2014 , 2017 ; Derek Carr , 2016 ; Philip Rivers , 2015 ; Warren Moon , 1990 ; Y.A. Tittle , 1962 Most consecutive games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 11 , Tom Brady , 2010 Most consecutive games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions : 9 , Tom Brady , 2010 Most consecutive games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 5 , Russell Wilson , 2015 Most consecutive games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , many players , most recent , Ben Roethlisberger , 2016 . Most consecutive games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions ; 2 , Tom Brady , 2007 ; Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 Most consecutive games with 6 touchdown passes and no interceptions : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger , 2014 Most consecutive touchdowns , none intercepted , home : 49 , Aaron Rodgers Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 124 Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 97 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 55 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 22 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 7 , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2017 . Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 3 , Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2015 . Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , career : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Most games with 1 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 14 , Tom Brady 2010 Most games with 2 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 11 , Tom Brady 2010 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 3 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 8 , Tom Brady 2007 , Aaron Rodgers 2014 Most games with 4 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 6 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Most games with 5 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 3 , Tom Brady 2007 Most games with 6 + touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 2 , Ben Roethlisberger 2014 Most games with 7 touchdown passes and no interceptions , season : 1 , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , career : 92 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , career : 26 , Drew Brees , 2006 -- 2017 . Most games with 20 + completions and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2007 , 2010 Most games with 30 + completions and no interceptions , season : 5 , Tom Brady 2007 ; Drew Brees , 2011 , 2015 Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 95 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 29 , Drew Brees , 2002 -- 2017 ; Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 50 + pass attempts and no interceptions , career : 8 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most games with 30 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 10 , Tom Brady , 2012 Most games with 40 + pass attempts and no interceptions , season : 5 , Peyton Manning , 2013 Passing interception differential / ratio ( edit ) Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , game : + 7 ( 7 TDs , 0 INTs ) , Y.A. Tittle , 10 - 28 - 1962 ; Peyton Manning , 9 - 5 - 2013 ; Nick Foles , 11 - 3 - 2013 Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , season : + 45 ( 55 TDs , 10 INTs ) , Peyton Manning , 2013 Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season : + 19 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , rookie season : 5.75 : 1 ( 23 TDs , 4 INTs ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 . Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , career : + 328 ( 488 TDs , 160 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2001 - 2017 . Best touchdown pass - interception differential , playoffs , career : + 40 ( 71 TDs , 31 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2002 -- 2018 . Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , career : 4.01 : 1 ( 313 TDs , 78 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Best touchdown pass - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 3.6 : 1 ( 36 TDs , 10 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2008 - 2017 . Best touchdown pass -- interception ratio , season : 14 : 1 ( 28 TDs , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 14 TD passes ) . Best passing yards -- interception ratio , career : 493.62 : 1 ( 38,502 yards , 78 INTs ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Best passing yards - interception ratio , playoffs , career : 467.67 : 1 ( 4,209 yards , 9 INTs ) , Drew Brees , 2004 -- 2018 . Best passing yards -- interception ratio , season : 1,777 : 1 ( 3,554 yards , 2 INTs ) , Tom Brady , 2016 ( minimum 2,000 passing yards ) . Lowest percentage passes had intercepted ( edit ) Most seasons led league , lowest percentage intercepted : 5 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 , 1942 , 1944 -- 45 , 1947 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 1.59 ( 78 INTs , 4,895 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Lowest percentage pick 6s , career ( minimum 1,500 attempts ) : 0.000409 ( 2 pick 6s , 4,895 attempts ) , Aaron Rodgers , 2005 -- 2017 . Lowest percentage passes had intercepted season ( minimum 200 attempts ) : 0.0 ( 0 INTs , 200 attempts ) , Brian Hoyer , 2016 Lowest percentage passes had intercepted rookie season : 0.87 ( 4 INTs , 459 attempts ) , Dak Prescott , 2016 Sacked ( edit ) Most times sacked , career : 525 , Brett Favre 1991 -- 2010 Most times sacked , season : 76 , David Carr 2002 Most times sacked , game : 12 , Bert Jones on October 26 , 1980 ; Warren Moon on September 29 , 1985 ; Donovan McNabb on September 30 , 2007 Most sack yards lost , career : 3,794 , Dave Krieg Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , season : 1.2 % ( 3 times sacked , 255 passing plays ) , Steve Walsh , 1991 Lowest sacked percentage ( times sacked per passing play attempted ) , career : 2.95 % , Steve Walsh Receiving ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League season receiving touchdown leaders . Receptions ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 8 , Don Hutson , 1936 -- 37 , 1939 , 1941 -- 45 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 45 Most pass receptions , career : 1,549 Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive pass receptions , no fumbles , career : 609 , Tony Gonzalez , December 23 , 2006 -- December 28 , 2013 ( end of career ) Most consecutive pass receptions , no touchdown receptions : 242 , Thomas Jones , 2000 -- 2007 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , career : 201 , Gerald Riggs , 1983 -- 1991 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , season : 85 , James Wilder , 1984 Most pass receptions , no touchdown receptions , game : 18 , Jason Witten , Oct. 28 , 2012 Most pass receptions , game , rookie : 14 , Roy Helu , Nov 6 , 2011 Most pass receptions , first game : 13 , Sid Blanks , Sep 12 , 1964 Highest reception average per game , career : 6.4 , Antonio Brown , ( 733 Receptions / 115 Games ) , 2011 -- 2017 Highest reception average per game , season : 8.94 , Marvin Harrison , ( 143 Receptions / 16 Games ) , 2002 Most pass receptions , season : 143 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 Most pass receptions , season , away : 74 , Julio Jones , 2015 Most pass receptions , season , home : 82 , Marvin Harrison , 2002 Most pass receptions , season , tight end : 110 , Jason Witten , 2012 Most pass receptions , season , running back : 102 , Matt Forte , 2014 Most pass receptions , rookie , season : 101 , Anquan Boldin , 2003 Most pass receptions , game : 21 , Brandon Marshall on December 13 , 2009 Most pass receptions , one half : 13 , Jason Witten on October 28 , 2012 Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions : 274 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive games , 1 + pass receptions to start a career : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Most consecutive games , 2 + pass receptions : 147 , Tim Brown 1993 -- 2002 Most consecutive games , 3 + pass receptions : 82 , Reggie Wayne 2009 -- 2014 Most consecutive games , 4 + pass receptions : 39 , Julio Jones , 2013 -- 2016 Most consecutive games , 5 + pass receptions : 36 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 6 + pass receptions : 16 , Marvin Harrison 2002 -- 2003 Most consecutive games , 7 + pass receptions : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 8 + pass receptions : 8 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most consecutive games , 9 + pass receptions : 6 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most consecutive games , 10 + pass receptions : 4 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most consecutive games , 11 + pass receptions : 2 , by 18 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 Most consecutive games , 12 + pass receptions : 2 , by 8 players , most recently by Julio Jones 2015 Most consecutive seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 15 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 11 , Tony Gonzalez 2003 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 6 , Torry Holt 2002 -- 2007 Most consecutive seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 5 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2017 Most seasons , 5 + pass receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 10 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 15 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 20 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 25 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 30 + pass receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most seasons , 35 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 40 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 45 + pass receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 50 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 55 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 60 + pass receptions : 17 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2003 Most seasons , 65 + pass receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 70 + pass receptions : 14 , Tony Gonzalez 1999 -- 2013 Most seasons , 75 + pass receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 80 + pass receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons , 85 + pass receptions : 8 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2017 Most seasons , 90 + pass receptions : 8 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2017 Most seasons , 95 + pass receptions : 7 , Larry Fitzgerald 2005 -- 2017 Most seasons , 100 + pass receptions : 6 , Brandon Marshall 2007 -- 2015 Most seasons , 105 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 Most seasons , 110 + pass receptions : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2012 Most seasons , 115 + pass receptions : 3 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2012 Most seasons , 120 + pass receptions : 2 , Cris Carter 1994 -- 1995 , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2011 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most seasons , 125 + pass receptions : 2 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 Most games , 5 + pass receptions , season : 16 , Jimmy Smith 2001 , Pierre Garçon 2013 , and Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 , Jarvis Landry 2017 Most games , 6 + pass receptions , season : 15 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 7 + pass receptions , season : 14 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most games , 8 + pass receptions , season : 12 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 9 + pass receptions , season : 10 , Marvin Harrison 2002 , Julio Jones 2015 Most games , 10 + pass receptions , season : 7 , Wes Welker 2009 , Andre Johnson 2008 Most games , 11 + pass receptions , season : 5 , Marvin Harrison 2002 Most games , 12 + pass receptions , season : 4 , Cris Carter 1995 Most games , 13 + pass receptions , season : 3 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 14 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 , Keenan Allen 2015 , Reggie Wayne 2010 Most games , 15 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 16 + pass receptions , season : 2 , Antonio Brown 2015 Most games , 1 + reception , career : 296 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 2 + receptions , career : 284 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 3 + receptions , career : 256 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 4 + receptions , career : 213 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 5 + receptions , career : 166 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 6 + receptions , career : 128 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 7 + receptions , career : 86 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 8 + receptions , career : 51 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Most games , 9 + receptions , career : 39 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 Most games , 10 + receptions , career : 22 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2014 Most games , 11 + receptions , career : 13 , Andre Johnson 2004 -- 2013 Most games , 12 + receptions , career : 9 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 Most games , 13 + receptions , career : 5 , Wes Welker 2007 -- 2014 Most games , 14 + receptions , career : 3 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present , Antonio Brown 2015 - 2016 Most games , 15 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Wes Welker 2009 -- 2014 , Jason Witten 2007 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 Most games , 16 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2015 Most games , 17 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present Most games , 18 + receptions , career : 2 , Brandon Marshall 2008 -- present Most games , 19 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 Most games , 20 + receptions , career : 1 , Brandon Marshall 2009 , Terrell Owens 2000 Fewest games to record 100 career receptions : 14 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2015 Fewest games to record 200 career receptions : 30 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 Fewest games to record 300 career receptions : 45 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2017 Fewest games to record 400 career receptions : 67 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2007 Fewest games to record 500 career receptions : 80 , Anquan Boldin 2003 -- 2008 , Julio Jones 2011 -- 2017 Fewest games to record 600 career receptions : 96 , Antonio Brown 2010 -- 2016 Fewest games to record 700 career receptions : 114 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2003 Fewest games to record 800 career receptions : 131 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2004 Fewest games to record 900 career receptions : 149 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2005 Fewest games to record 1,000 career receptions : 167 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2006 Fewest games to record 1,100 career receptions : 190 , Marvin Harrison 1996 -- 2008 Fewest games to record 1,200 career receptions : 214 , Larry Fitzgerald 2004 -- 2017 Yards receiving ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving yards leaders . Most seasons leading league : 7 , Don Hutson , 1936 , 1938 -- 39 , 1941 -- 44 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Don Hutson , 1941 -- 44 Most receiving yards , career : 22,895 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most receiving yards per game average , career : 96.3 , Julio Jones , ( 7,610 yards / 79 Games ) , 2011 -- present Most receiving yards per game average , season : 129.0 , Wes Chandler , ( 1,032 yards / 8 Games ) , 1982 Most receiving yards per game average , rookie season : 108.8 , Odell Beckham Jr. , ( 1,305 yards / 12 Games ) , 2014 Most seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 18 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 14 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 Most seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 4 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons 500 or more yards receiving : 16 , Tony Gonzalez 1998 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons 1,000 or more yards receiving : 11 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons 1,500 or more yards receiving : 2 , Marvin Harrison 2001 -- 2002 , Andre Johnson 2008 -- 2009 , Calvin Johnson 2011 -- 2012 , Antonio Brown 2014 -- 2015 , Julio Jones 2014 -- 2015 Most receiving yards , season : 1,964 , Calvin Johnson , 2012 Most receiving yards , two seasons , to start a career : 2,755 , Odell Beckham Jr. , 2014 -- 2015 Most receiving yards , rookie , season : 1,473 , Bill Groman ( AFL ) , 1960 Most receiving yards , no fumbles , season : 1,746 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , career : 1,516 , Gerald Riggs , 1982 -- 1991 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , season : 963 , Al Toon , 1991 Most receiving yards , no touchdown receptions , game : 284 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 Most receiving yards , season , at home : 1,089 , Andre Johnson , 2008 Most receiving yards , season , away : 1,025 , Calvin Johnson , 2011 Most receiving yards , season , TE : 1,327 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 Most receiving yards , season , RB : 1,048 , Marshall Faulk , 1999 Most receiving yards , game : 336 , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) Most receiving yards , non-overtime game : 329 , Calvin Johnson , October 27 , 2013 Most receiving yards , outdoor game : 309 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 Most receiving yards , outdoor away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 Most receiving yards , non-overtime away game : 303 , Jim Benton , Nov 22 , 1945 Most receiving yards , game , rookie : 255 , Jerry Butler , September 23 , 1979 Most receiving yards , first game : 217 , Anquan Boldin , September 7 , 2003 Most receiving yards , game , TE : 214 , Shannon Sharpe , Oct 20 , 2002 Most receiving yards , one half : 258 , Stephone Paige , Dec 22 , 1985 Most receiving yards , one quarter : 210 , Qadry Ismail , Dec 12 , 1999 Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career : 198 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career : 76 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career : 30 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2003 Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career : 5 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 67 ; Calvin Johnson , 2007 -- 2015 Most games , 250 + receiving yards , career : 3 ; Julio Jones , 2014 -- 17 Most games , 50 + receiving yards , season : 16 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 14 Most games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 13 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Antonio Brown 2014 Most games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 Most games , 100 + receiving yards , season : 11 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most games , 150 + receiving yards , season : 5 ; Tim Brown , 1997 ; Jerry Rice , 1995 ; Roy Green , 1984 ; Antonio Brown , 2017 ; Most games , 200 + receiving yards , season : 3 , Charley Hennigan ( AFL ) , 1961 Most consecutive games , 50 + receiving yards : 35 , Antonio Brown 2013 -- 2015 Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , season : 9 , Michael Irvin 1995 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 Most consecutive games , 90 + receiving yards , rookie , season : 9 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 Most consecutive games , 100 + receiving yards : 8 , Calvin Johnson 2012 Most consecutive games , 125 + receiving yards : 5 , Calvin Johnson 2012 , Pat Studstill 1966 Most consecutive games , 150 + receiving yards : 3 , Josh Gordon 2013 , Isaac Bruce 1995 , Andre Rison 1990 , Roy Green 1984 , James Lofton 1984 , Don Maynard 1968 Most consecutive games , 200 + receiving yards : 2 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 2 consecutive games : 498 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 2 consecutive games 4 days apart : 461 , Andre Johnson 2012 Most receiving yards , 3 consecutive games : 649 , Josh Gordon 2013 Most receiving yards , 4 consecutive games : 774 , Josh Gordon 2013 Longest pass reception ( see also 99 -- yard pass play ) : 99 , by 12 players , most recently Victor Cruz on December 24 , 2011 Fewest games to reach 1,000 career receiving yards : 10 , Lionel Taylor 1960 , Bill Groman 1960 Fewest games to reach 2,000 career receiving yards : 20 , Bill Groman 1960 -- 1961 , Charley Hennigan 1960 -- 1961 Fewest games to reach 3,000 career receiving yards : 29 , Charley Hennigan 1960 -- 1962 Fewest games to reach 4,000 career receiving yards : 42 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1965 , Odell Beckham Jr. 2014 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 5,000 career receiving yards : 52 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1966 Fewest games to reach 6,000 career receiving yards : 62 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1967 Fewest games to reach 7,000 career receiving yards : 72 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1968 , Julio Jones 2011 -- 2016 Fewest games to reach 8,000 career receiving yards : 83 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 9,000 career receiving yards : 93 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 10,000 career receiving yards : 115 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2014 Fewest games to reach 11,000 career receiving yards : 127 , Calvin Johnson 2007 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 12,000 career receiving yards : 142 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1994 Fewest games to reach 13,000 career receiving yards : 160 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 1995 Average yards / reception ( edit ) Highest average gain , career ( minimum 200 receptions ) : 22.26 ( 4,996 yards / 224 receptions ) , Homer Jones , 1964 -- 70 Highest average gain , season ( minimum 24 receptions ) : 32.58 ( 782 yards / 24 receptions ) , Don Currivan , 1947 Highest average gain , game ( minimum 3 receptions ) : 63.00 ( 189 yards / 3 receptions ) , Torry Holt on September 24 , 2000 Receiving touchdowns ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving touchdowns leaders . Most seasons led league : 9 , Don Hutson , 1935 -- 38 , 1940 -- 1944 Most consecutive seasons led league : 5 , Don Hutson , 1940 -- 1944 Most touchdowns , career : 197 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most touchdowns , season : 23 , Randy Moss , 2007 Most touchdowns for a TE , season ; 17 , Rob Gronkowski , 2011 Most touchdowns for a RB , season ; 9 , Billy Cannon , 1961 ; Bill Brown , 1964 ; Chuck Foreman , 1975 ; Leroy Hoard , 1991 ; Marshall Faulk , 2001 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 17 , Randy Moss , 1998 Most touchdowns , season , home : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2001 ; Jordy Nelson , 2011 Most touchdowns , season , away : 14 , Randy Moss , 2007 Highest average touchdown receptions per game , season : 1.83 , Jerry Rice , ( 22 TDs / 12 Games ) , 1987 Highest average touchdown receptions per game , career : 0.853 , Don Hutson , ( 99 TDs / 116 Games ) , 1935 -- 1945 Most touchdowns , back - to - back games : 7 , Cloyce Box , Nov 23 , 1950 - Dec 3 , 1950 Most touchdowns , back - to - back games 4 days apart : 6 , Sterling Sharpe , Nov 20 , 1994 - Nov 24 , 1994 Most touchdowns , game : 5 , Bob Shaw on October 2 , 1950 , Jerry Rice on October 14 , 1990 ; Kellen Winslow on November 22 , 1981 Most touchdowns , one half : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 ; Dante Lavelli , Oct 14 , 1949 ; Bob Shaw , Oct 2 , 1950 ; Harold Jackson , Oct 14 , 1973 ; Paul Warfield Dec 15 , 1973 ; Ahmad Rashād , Sep 2 , 1979 ; Roy Green , Nov 13 , 1983 ; Mark Ingram , Nov 27 , 1994 ; Marcus Robinson , Nov 23 , 2003 ; Randy Moss , Nov 18 , 2007 Most touchdowns , one quarter : 4 , Don Hutson , Oct 7 , 1945 Most consecutive games , 1 + TD receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 Most consecutive games , 2 + TD receptions : 4 , Cris Carter , 1995 ; Calvin Johnson , 2011 ; Doug Baldwin , 2015 Most consecutive games , 3 + TD receptions : 3 , Cloyce Box , 1952 Most games 1 + TD receptions , career : 139 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most games 2 + TD receptions , career : 44 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2002 Most games 3 + TD receptions , career : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 2001 Most games 4 + TD receptions , career : 2 , Bob Shaw , 1949 -- 1950 ; Jerry Rice , 1990 -- 1993 ; Sterling Sharpe , 1993 -- 1994 Most games 1 + TD receptions , season : 13 , Mark Clayton , 1984 ; Jerry Rice , 1989 ; Carl Pickens , 1995 ; Randy Moss , 2007 Most games 2 + TD receptions , season : 8 , Randy Moss , 2007 Most games 3 + TD receptions , season : 4 , Sonny Randle , 1960 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + TD receptions : 20 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + TD receptions : 17 , Tony Gonzalez , 1997 -- 2013 Most consecutive seasons , 3 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 4 + TD receptions : 15 , Terrell Owens , 1996 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 5 + TD receptions : 11 , Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2010 ; Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Cris Carter , 1991 -- 2001 ; Tim Brown , 1991 -- 2001 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 Most consecutive seasons , 6 + TD receptions : 11 , Marvin Harrison , 1996 -- 2006 ; Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 ; Don Hutson , 1935 -- 1945 Most consecutive seasons , 7 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons , 8 + TD receptions : 11 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1996 Most consecutive seasons , 9 + TD receptions : 10 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + TD receptions : 8 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2006 Most consecutive seasons , 11 + TD receptions : 4 , Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1966 ; Art Powell , 1963 -- 1966 Most consecutive seasons , 12 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Marvin Harrison , 1999 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 ; Cris Carter , 1997 -- 1999 Most consecutive seasons , 13 + TD receptions : 3 , Jerry Rice , 1989 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 ; Terrell Owens , 2000 -- 2002 ; Lance Alworth , 1964 -- 1966 Most consecutive seasons , 14 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 ; Marvin Harrison , 2000 -- 2001 Most consecutive seasons , 15 + TD receptions : 2 , Jerry Rice , 1986 -- 1987 Most seasons with at least 1 touchdown reception : 20 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 2 touchdown receptions : 19 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 3 touchdown receptions : 18 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 4 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 5 touchdown receptions : 16 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 6 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 7 touchdown receptions : 15 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 8 touchdown receptions : 13 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 9 touchdown receptions : 12 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 10 touchdown receptions : 9 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 11 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice ; Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 12 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 13 touchdown receptions : 8 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 14 touchdown receptions : 6 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 15 touchdown receptions : 5 , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 16 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 17 touchdown receptions : 3 , Randy Moss Most seasons with at least 18 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice , Sterling Sharpe , Mark Clayton Most seasons with at least 19 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice Most seasons with at least 20 touchdown receptions : 1 , Randy Moss , Jerry Rice Most touchdown receptions , 20 + yards , game 4 , Cloyce Box , 12 - 03 - 1950 ; Art Powell , 12 - 22 - 1963 ; Wesley Walker , 9 - 21 - 1986 Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , career : 12 , Lance Alworth , 1963 -- 1970 Most touchdown receptions , 70 + yards , season : 6 , Elroy Hirsch , 1951 Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , career : 3 , John Taylor , 1989 -- 1991 Most touchdown receptions , 90 + yards , game : 2 , John Taylor , Dec 11 , 1989 Fewest games to reach 50 career touchdown receptions : 54 , Lance Alworth 1962 -- 1966 Yards from scrimmage ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . Most seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 6 Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1959 , 1961 , 1963 -- 1965 Most consecutive seasons leading the league in yards from scrimmage , 4 Thurman Thomas , 1989 -- 1992 Most yards from scrimmage , career : 23,540 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most yards from scrimmage , season : 2,509 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most yards from scrimmage , no fumbles , season : 2,189 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , season : 1,124 , Clark Gaines , 1979 Most yards from scrimmage , rookie , season : 2,212 , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards from scrimmage , season , away : 1,289 , O.J. Simpson , 1976 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 100 games ) : 125.52 , Jim Brown ( 14,811 yards / 118 games ) , 1957 -- 1965 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , career ( 40 games ) : 128.97 , Le'Veon Bell ( 7,996 yards / 62 games ) , 2014 -- 2017 Highest average yards from scrimmage per game , season : 163.36 , Priest Holmes ( 2,237 yards / 14 games ) , 2002 Most attempts , season : 492 , ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions ) , James Wilder , 1984 Most attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , Gerald Riggs , 1985 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , Marcel Shipp , 2003 Most attempts , rookie , season : 441 , ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions ) , Eric Dickerson , 1983 Most yards from scrimmage , game : 336 , ( all receiving yards ) , Flipper Anderson , Nov. 26 , 1989 ( OT ) Most yards from scrimmage , non-overtime game : 330 , Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Most yards from scrimmage , no touchdowns , game : 307 , Antonio Brown , November 8 , 2015 Most yards from scrimmage , first game : 246 , Kareem Hunt , September 7 , 2017 Most yards from scrimmage , back - to - back games : 525 , Walter Payton , Nov 20 , 1977 - Nov 24 , 1977 Most games , 50 yards from scrimmage , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , career : 108 , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , career : 46 , Barry Sanders , 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , career : 14 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , career : 5 , Marshall Faulk , 1994 -- 2005 Most games , 100 yards from scrimmage , season : 15 , Marcus Allen , 1985 ; Barry Sanders , 1997 ; Edgerrin James , 2000 ; David Johnson 2016 Most games , 150 yards from scrimmage , season : 10 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most games , 200 yards from scrimmage , season : 5 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2003 Most games , 250 yards from scrimmage , season : 2 , Marshall Faulk , 2000 Most games , 90 yards from scrimmage , season : 16 , William Andrews , 1981 Most consecutive games , 100 yards from scrimmage : 17 , Marcus Allen , 1985 -- 1986 Most consecutive games , 200 yards from scrimmage : 3 , Le'Veon Bell , Nov 17 , 2014 , Nov 30 , 2014 , Dec 7 , 2014 . Walter Payton , Nov 13 , 1977 , Nov 20 , 1977 , Nov 24 , 1977 Most consecutive seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 16 , Tony Gonzalez , 1998 -- 2013 Most seasons , 500 or more yards from scrimmage : 18 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2003 Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1000 or more yards from scrimmage : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 8 , LaDainian Tomlinson , 2001 -- 2008 Most seasons , 1500 or more yards from scrimmage : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 Most seasons , 2000 or more yards from scrimmage : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 84 , 1986 , 1988 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 85 Fewest games to reach 1,000 yards from scrimmage : 7 , Eric Dickerson 1983 , Kareem Hunt 2017 Fewest games to reach 2,000 yards from scrimmage : 14 , Eric Dickerson 1983 Fewest games to reach 3,000 yards from scrimmage : 22 , Edgerrin James 1983 -- 1984 Fewest games to reach 4,000 yards from scrimmage : 30 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2000 Fewest games to reach 5,000 yards from scrimmage : 36 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2001 Fewest games to reach 6,000 yards from scrimmage : 44 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2002 Fewest games to reach 7,000 yards from scrimmage : 55 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 8,000 yards from scrimmage : 64 , Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1987 Fewest games to reach 9,000 yards from scrimmage : 72 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2005 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 Fewest games to reach 10,000 yards from scrimmage : 78 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2004 Fewest games to reach 11,000 yards from scrimmage : 87 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 Fewest games to reach 12,000 yards from scrimmage : 95 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2006 , Edgerrin James 1999 -- 2005 Fewest games to reach 13,000 yards from scrimmage : 104 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 Fewest games to reach 14,000 yards from scrimmage : 111 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2007 Fewest games to reach 15,000 yards from scrimmage : 121 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2008 Fewest games to reach 16,000 yards from scrimmage : 129 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2002 Fewest games to reach 17,000 yards from scrimmage : 142 , Marshall Faulk 1994 -- 2003 Fewest games to reach 18,000 yards from scrimmage : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 Fewest games to reach 19,000 yards from scrimmage : 164 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 Fewest games to reach 20,000 yards from scrimmage : 174 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 All - purpose ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . All - purpose yardage ( or combined net yards gained ) encompasses rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns and fumble returns . Most seasons leading league , combined net yards : 5 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 61 , 1964 Most consecutive seasons leading league , combined net yards : 4 , Jim Brown , 1958 -- 1961 All - purpose attempts ( edit ) Most combined attempts , career : 4,939 , Emmitt Smith ( 4,409 rushes , 515 receptions , 15 fumble returns ) , 1990 -- 2004 Most combined attempts , season : 492 , James Wilder ( 407 rushes , 85 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1984 Most combined attempts , no fumbles , season : 430 , Gerald Riggs ( 397 rushes , 33 receptions ) , 1985 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , season : 258 , Marcel Shipp ( 228 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2003 Most combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 300 , Larry Marshall ( 162 punt returns , 138 kickoff returns ) , 1972 -- 1978 Most consecutive combined attempts , no touchdowns , career : 512 , Marcel Shipp ( 438 rushes , 74 receptions ) , December 15 , 2002 -- December 3 , 2006 Most combined attempts , rookie , season : 441 , Eric Dickerson ( 390 rushes , 51 receptions , 0 returns ) , 1983 Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 2,000 attempts : 138.0 , Curtis Martin , 1995 -- 2005 Most combined attempts per fumble , career , minimum 1,000 attempts : 199.88 , Ray Rice , 2008 -- 2013 Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles : 870 , Steven Jackson ( 755 rushes , 115 receptions ) , Nov 3 , 2011 - January 3 , 2016 ( end of career ) Most combined attempts , no fumbles , career : 446 , Darnay Scott ( 408 receptions , 22 rushes , 15 kickoff returns , 1 fumble return ) , 1994 -- 2002 Most consecutive combined attempts , no fumbles to start a career : 589 , BenJarvus Green - Ellis ( 559 rushes , 30 receptions ) , 2008 -- 2012 Most combined attempts , game : 48 , James Wilder ( 42 rushes , 6 receptions ) , on October 30 , 1983 and LaDainian Tomlinson ( 37 rushes , 11 receptions ) , on December 1 , 2002 ( OT ) All - purpose yards ( edit ) Most yards gained , career : 23,546 , Jerry Rice , 1985 -- 2004 Most yards gained , total , season : 2,696 , Darren Sproles , 2011 Highest average yards per game , season : 175.9 , Terry Metcalf ( 2,462 yards / 13 games ) , 1975 Highest average yards per game , career : 138.8 , Gale Sayers ( 9,435 yards / 68 games ) , 1965 -- 1971 Most yards gained , total , season , home : 1,508 , Chris Johnson , 2009 Most yards gained , total , season , away : 1,455 , Timmy Brown , 1962 Most yards gained , total , rookie , season : 2,317 , Tim Brown , 1988 Most yards gained , no touchdowns , season : 2,208 , Wes Welker , 2005 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 2,215 , Le'veon Bell , 2014 Most yards gained , total , game : 404 , Glyn Milburn ; Dec 10 , 1995 Most games , 50 yards gained , career : 202 , Jerry Rice 1985 -- 2004 Most games , 100 yards gained , career : 118 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 2003 Most games , 150 yards gained , career : 46 , Walter Payton 1975 -- 1986 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 Most games , 200 yards gained , career : 17 , Darren Sproles 2007 -- present Most games , 250 yards gained , career : 7 , Terry Metcalf 1974 -- 1977 Most games , 300 yards gained , career : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Josh Cribbs 2007 -- 2009 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 Most games , 1 yard gained , season : 17 , Dexter Carter 1995 Most games , 93 yard gained , season : 16 , Brian Mitchell 1994 Most games , 100 yards gained , season : 15 , David Johnson 2016 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Edgerrin James 2000 , MarTay Jenkins 2000 , Derrick Mason 2000 , Barry Sanders 1997 , Marcus Allen 1985 Most games , 150 yards gained , season : 11 , Michael Lewis 2002 , Terry Metcalf 1975 , Darren Sproles 2011 Most games , 200 yards gained , season : 5 , Fred Jackson 2009 , Josh Cribbs 2009 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2003 , Walter Payton 1977 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Terry Metcalf 1975 Most games , 250 yards gained , season : 3 , Timmy Brown 1962 , Lionel James 1985 , Terry Metcalf 1977 Most games , 300 yards gained , season : 2 , Jacoby Ford 2010 , Adrian Peterson 2007 , Lionel James 1985 Most consecutive games , 100 or more yards : 23 , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 1967 Most consecutive games , 200 or more yards : 4 , Darren Sproles , 2008 -- 2009 Most consecutive seasons , 1000 or more yards : 13 , Emmitt Smith , 1990 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1000 or more yards : 14 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , Jerry Rice 1986 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 Most consecutive seasons , 1500 or more yards : 9 , Brian Mitchell , 1994 -- 2002 Most seasons , 1500 or more yards : 10 , Walter Payton 1976 -- 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 Most consecutive seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 Most seasons , 2000 or more yards : 4 , Walter Payton 1977 , 1983 -- 1985 ; Eric Dickerson 1983 -- 1984 , 1986 , 1988 ; Brian Mitchell 1994 -- 1995 , 1997 -- 1998 ; Marshall Faulk 1998 -- 2001 ; Dante Hall 2002 -- 2005 ; Tiki Barber 2000 , 2004 -- 2006 ; Darren Sproles 2008 -- 2011 Fewest games to reach 1,000 all purpose yards : 5 , Adrian Peterson 2007 Fewest games to reach 2,000 all purpose yards : 13 , Gale Sayers 1965 , James Brooks 1981 , Danny Amendola 2009 Fewest games to reach 3,000 all purpose yards : 20 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 Fewest games to reach 4,000 all purpose yards : 25 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1966 Fewest games to reach 5,000 all purpose yards : 31 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1967 Fewest games to reach 6,000 all purpose yards : 39 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1967 Fewest games to reach 7,000 all purpose yards : 44 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1968 Fewest games to reach 8,000 all purpose yards : 53 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 9,000 all purpose yards : 61 , Gale Sayers 1965 -- 1969 Fewest games to reach 10,000 all purpose yards : 76 , Timmy Brown 1960 -- 1966 Fewest games to reach 11,000 all purpose yards : 83 , Timmy Brown 1960 -- 1966 Fewest games to reach 12,000 all purpose yards : 91 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2011 Fewest games to reach 13,000 all purpose yards : 96 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2012 Fewest games to reach 14,000 all purpose yards : 106 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2012 Fewest games to reach 15,000 all purpose yards : 114 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2013 Fewest games to reach 16,000 all purpose yards : 126 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2014 Fewest games to reach 17,000 all purpose yards : 140 , Darren Sproles 2005 -- 2015 Fewest games to reach 18,000 all purpose yards : 149 , Barry Sanders 1989 -- 1998 Fewest games to reach 19,000 all purpose yards : 160 , Walter Payton 1977 -- 1985 Fewest games to reach 20,000 all purpose yards : 168 , Walter Payton 1977 -- 1986 Interceptions ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Everson Walls , 1981 -- 82 , 1985 ; Ed Reed , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 Most interceptions , career : 81 , Paul Krause , 1964 -- 79 Most interceptions , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 Most interceptions , rookie , season : 14 , Dick `` Night Train '' Lane , 1952 Most interceptions by , game : 4 , by 19 players , most recently DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 Most interceptions , one half : 4 , DeAngelo Hall on October 24 , 2010 Most consecutive games with an interception : 8 , Tom Morrow , 1962 -- 63 Most consecutive seasons with an interception : 19 , Darrell Green , Washington Redskins , 1983 -- 2001 Most interceptions without scoring a touchdown , career : 50 , Don Burroughs , 1955 -- 1964 Interception return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Darren Sharper , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 Most interception return yards , career : 1,590 , Ed Reed , 2002 -- 2013 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 30 interceptions ) : 25.1 ( 1,331 yards / 53 INTS ) , Deion Sanders , 1989 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 2005 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 20 interceptions ) : 27.6 ( 608 yards / 22 INTS ) , Erik McMillan , 1989 -- 1993 Most yards per interception return , career ( minimum 10 interceptions ) : 33.8 ( 473 yards / 14 INTS ) , Malcolm Jenkins , 2009 -- present Most interception return yards without scoring a touchdown , career : 736 , Jack Tatum , 1971 -- 1980 Most interception return yards , season : 376 , Darren Sharper , New Orleans Saints , 2009 Most interception return yards , rookie , season : 301 , Don Doll , Detroit Lions , 1949 Most interception return yards , game : 177 , Charlie McNeil on September 24 , 1961 Longest interception return : 108 , Ed Reed on November 23 , 2008 Interception return touchdowns ( edit ) Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , career : 12 , Rod Woodson , 1987 -- 2003 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , season : 4 ; Ken Houston , 1971 ; Jim Kearney , 1972 ; Eric Allen 1993 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , rookie , season : 3 ; Lem Barney , 1967 ; Ronnie Lott , 1981 ; Janoris Jenkins 2012 Most interceptions returned for touchdowns , game : 2 , by 30 players , most recently Zach Brown on December 30 , 2012 Most consecutive seasons with an interception returned for a touchdown : 6 , Charles Woodson , Green Bay Packers , 2006 -- 2011 Punting ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 ; Jerrel Wilson , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 -- 73 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 4 , Sammy Baugh , 1940 -- 43 Punts ( edit ) Most punts , career : 1,713 , Jeff Feagles 1988 -- 2009 Most punts , season : 114 , Bob Parsons , 1981 and Chad Stanley , 2002 Most punts , rookie , season : 111 , Brad Maynard 1997 Most punts , game : 16 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 Longest punt : 98 yards , Steve O'Neal on September 21 , 1969 Punting yards ( edit ) Most punting yardage , career : 71,211 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most punting yardage , season : 5,209 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 Most punting yardage , rookie , season : 4,531 , Brad Maynard , 1997 Most punting yardage , game : 709 , Leo Araguz on October 11 , 1998 Average punting yards ( edit ) Highest average , punting , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 47.47 ( 1,192 punts for 56,580 yards ) , Shane Lechler , 2000 -- present Highest average , punting , season ( among qualified players ) : 51.40 ( 35 punts for 1,799 yards ) , Sammy Baugh , 1940 Highest average , punting , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 47.84 ( 91 punts for 4,353 yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 Highest average , punting , game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 61.75 ( 4 punts for 247 yards ) , Bob Cifers on November 24 , 1946 Average net punting yards ( edit ) Net average has been compiled since 1976 . Highest net average , career ( minimum 250 punts ) : 41.1 ( 488 punts for 22,497 net yards ) , Pat McAfee , 2009 -- present Highest net average , season ( among qualified players ) : 44.23 ( 78 punts for 3,450 net yards ) , John Hekker , 2013 Highest net average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 40.85 ( 92 punts for 3,758 net yards ) , Bryan Anger , 2012 Highest net average game ( minimum 4 punts ) : 59.50 ( 4 punts for 238 net yards ) , Rohn Stark on September 13 , 1992 Punts had blocked ( edit ) Most consecutive punts , none blocked : 1,177 , Chris Gardocki , 1992 -- 2006 Most punts had blocked , career : 14 ; Herman Weaver , 1970 -- 80 ; Harry Newsome , 1985 -- 93 Most punts had blocked , season : 6 , Harry Newsome , 1988 Punts inside the 20 ( edit ) Punts inside the 20 have been compiled since 1976 . Most punts inside the 20 , career : 554 , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most punts inside the 20 , season : 46 , Dave Zastudil , 2012 Most punts inside the 20 , game : 8 ; Mark Royals on November 6 , 1994 ; Bryan Barker on November 14 , 1999 Punt returns ( edit ) Punt return attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league in number of punt returns : 3 , Les `` Speedy '' Duncan , 1965 -- 66 , 1971 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 , 1978 , 1982 Most punt returns , career : 463 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most punt returns without a touchdown , career : 264 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 Most punt returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 273 , Wes Welker , 2004 -- 2015 Most punt returns , season : 70 , Danny Reece , 1979 Most punt returns , rookie , season : 57 , Lew Barnes , 1986 Most punt returns , game : 11 , Eddie Brown on October 9 , 1977 Fair catches ( edit ) Most fair catches , career : 231 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most fair catches , season : 36 , Jeremy Kerley , 2012 Most fair catches , game : 7 ; Bake Turner on November 20 , 1966 , Lem Barney on November 21 , 1976 , Bobby Morse on December 27 , 1967 and Chris Carr on November 16 , 2008 Punt return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Alvin Haymond , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 Most yards gained , career : 4,999 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards gained , season : 875 , Desmond Howard , 1996 Most yards gained with zero fumbles , season : 578 , Jermaine Lewis , 2000 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 699 , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals , 2011 Most yards gained , game : 207 , LeRoy Irvin on October 11 , 1981 Longest Punt return : 103 , Robert Bailey on October 23 , 1994 Average punt return yards ( edit ) Highest average yardage , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 12.78 ( 112 returns for 1,431 yards ) , George McAfee , 1940 -- 1950 Highest average yardage , season ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 Highest average yardage , highest average , season , rookie ( among qualified players ) : 23.00 , Herb Rich , 1950 Highest average yardage , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 53.33 , Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 Punt return touchdowns ( edit ) Most punts returned for touchdown , career : 14 Devin Hester , Chicago Bears , 2006 -- 2013 , Atlanta Falcons , 2014 -- 2015 Most punts returned for touchdown , season : 4 ; Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Rick Upchurch , 1976 ; Devin Hester , 2007 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 Most punts returned for touchdown , rookie , season : 4 , Jack Christiansen , 1951 ; Patrick Peterson , 2011 Most punts returned for touchdown , game : 2 , 16 times by 13 players , most recently Darius Reynaud on December 30 , 2012 Most games with two or more punts returned for touchdowns : 2 ; Jack Christiansen October 14 , 1951 and November 22 , 1951 ; Eric Metcalf October 24 , 1993 and November 2 , 1997 ; Jermaine Lewis December 7 , 1997 and December 24 , 2000 Kickoff returns ( edit ) Kickoff return attempts ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 , Abe Woodson , 1959 , 1962 -- 63 Most kickoff returns , career : 607 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season , career : 359 , Desmond Howard , 1992 -- 2002 Most consecutive kickoff returns without a touchdown , regular season and post season , career : 285 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 1997 Most kickoff returns , season : 82 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 Most kickoff returns , rookie , season : 73 ; Josh Scobey 2003 ; Chris Carr , 2005 Most kickoff returns , game : 10 , Desmond Howard on October 26 , 1997 and Richard Alston on November 28 , 2004 Kickoff return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading league : 3 ; Bruce Harper , 1977 -- 79 ; Tyrone Hughes , 1994 -- 96 Most yards gained , career : 14,014 , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards gained , season : 2,186 , MarTay Jenkins , 2000 Most yards gained , no fumbles , season : 1,684 , Josh Scobey , 2003 Most yards gained , rookie , season : 1,752 , Chris Carr , 2005 Most yards gained , game : 304 , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 Longest kickoff return : 109 yards , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 Average kickoff return yards ( edit ) Highest average , career ( minimum 75 returns ) : 30.56 ( 91 returns for 2,781 yards ) , Gale Sayers , 1965 -- 71 Highest average , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 Highest average , rookie , season ( among qualified players ) : 41.06 ( 18 returns for 739 yards ) , Travis Williams , 1967 Highest average , game ( minimum 3 returns ) : 73.50 ( 4 returns for 294 yards ) , Wally Triplett on October 29 , 1950 Kickoff return touchdowns ( edit ) Most touchdowns , career : 8 , Josh Cribbs , 2005 -- 2014 , Leon Washington , 2006 -- 2014 Most touchdowns , season : 4 ; Travis Williams , 1967 ; Cecil Turner , 1970 Most touchdowns , rookie season : 4 , Travis Williams , 1967 Kickoff returns , most touchdowns , game : 2 ; by 10 players , most recently Leon Washington on September 26 , 2010 . Combined kick / punt returns ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in combined returns : 3 , Vai Sikahema , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 Most combined kick returns , career : 1,070 ( 463 punt , 607 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career : 404 ( 148 punt , 256 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , season : 107 ( 34 punt , 73 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 Most combined kick returns without a touchdown , career , including postseason : 412 ( 153 punt , 259 kickoff ) , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most combined kick returns , season : 114 ; Michael Lewis , 2002 ( 44 punt , 70 kickoff ) ; B.J. Sams , 2004 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) Most combined kick returns , rookie , season : 114 ( 55 punt , 59 kickoff ) , B.J. Sams , 2004 Most combined kick returns , game : 13 ; Stump Mitchell on October 18 , 1981 ( 6 punt , 7 kickoff ) and Ronnie Harris on December 5 , 1993 ( 10 punt , 3 kickoff ) Kick / punt return yards ( edit ) Most seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Tyrone Hughes 1993 , 1995 , 1996 ; Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 , Vai Sikahema , 1986 -- 1987 , 1989 Most consecutive seasons leading the league in combined return yards : 3 , Mel Gray 1990 -- 1992 Most yards returned , career : 19,013 ( 4,999 punt , 14,014 kickoff ) , Brian Mitchell , 1990 -- 2003 Most yards returned , season : 2,432 ( 625 punt , 1,807 kickoff ) , Michael Lewis , 2002 Most yards returned , no fumbles , season : 1,911 , Glyn Milburn , 1996 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdown , season : 1,978 , Danny Amendola , 2009 ; Chris Carr , 2006 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career : 7,349 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most yards returned , no kickoffs or punt returns for a touchdowns , career , including postseason : 7,470 , Chris Carr , 2005 -- 2013 Most yards returned , rookie , season : 1,938 , Chris Carr , 2005 Most yards returned , game : 347 ( 43 punt , 304 kickoff ) , Tyrone Hughes on October 23 , 1994 Kick / punt return touchdowns ( edit ) Most touchdowns , career : 19 ( 14 punt , 5 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 -- 2014 Most touchdowns , season : 6 ( 4 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2007 Most touchdowns , rookie , season : 5 ( 3 punt , 2 kickoff ) , Devin Hester , 2006 Most touchdowns , game ( any combination of kickoff and punt returns ) : 2 ; 39 times by 33 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 ( 1 punt , 1 kickoff ) Most touchdowns , game ( with both a kickoff and a punt for a TD ) : 2 ; by 13 players , most recently Jeremy Ross on December 8 , 2013 Fumbles ( edit ) Most fumbles , career : 166 , Brett Favre , 1991 -- 2010 Most fumbles , season : 23 ; Kerry Collins , 2001 ; Daunte Culpepper , 2002 Most fumbles , game : 7 , Len Dawson , November 15 , 1964 Fumbles recovered ( edit ) Most fumbles recovered , career , own and opponents ' : 56 ( all own ) , Warren Moon , 1984 -- 2000 Most fumbles recovered , season , own and opponents ' : 12 ( all own ) , David Carr , 2002 Most fumbles recovered , game , own and opponents ' : 4 , Otto Graham on October 25 , 1953 ( all own ) Sam Etcheverry on September 17 , 1961 ( all own ) Roman Gabriel on October 12 , 1969 ( all own ) Joe Ferguson on September 18 , 1977 ( all own ) Randall Cunningham on November 30 , 1986 ( all own ) Tony Romo on September 26 , 2011 ( all own ) Patrick Peterson on September 30 , 2012 ( 3 own , 1 opponent 's ) Matthew Stafford on 2013 ( all own ) Opponent fumbles recovered ( edit ) Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , career : 30 ; Jim Marshall , 1960 -- 1979 Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , season : 9 , Don Hultz , 1963 Most opponents ' fumbles recovered , game : 3 , by 15 players , most recently Brian Young on November 9 , 2003 Fumble return yards ( edit ) Longest fumble return : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 Fumble return yards , career : 328 , DeAngelo Hall 2004 -- present Fumble return yards , season : 157 , Dwayne Rudd , 1998 Fumble return yards , rookie season : 98 , Toby Wright , 1994 Fumble return yards , game : 104 ; Jack Tatum on September 24 , 1972 ; Aeneas Williams on November 5 , 2000 Fumble return touchdowns ( edit ) Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( total ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( total ) : 2 ; by 41 players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( total ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( own recovered ) : 2 ; by 9 players , most recently Kevin Curtis 2003 -- 2010 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( own recovered ) : 2 ; Ahmad Rashād , 1974 ; Del Rodgers , 1982 , Kevin Curtis 2007 Most fumble return touchdowns , career ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 6 , Jason Taylor ; 1997 -- 2011 Most fumble return touchdowns , season ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 ; by 38 Players , most recently Bobby Wagner 2015 Most fumble return touchdowns , game ( Opponents ' recovered ) : 2 , Fred `` Dippy '' Evans , November 28 , 1948 ; Al Nesser , Oct 3 , 1920 Fumbles forced ( edit ) Note : Forced fumbles are not an official NFL statistic and even unofficial numbers prior to 1991 are not available . Most fumbles forced , career : 54 ; Robert Mathis , 2003 -- 2016 Most fumbles forced , season : 10 ; Osi Umenyiora , 2010 ; Charles Tillman , 2012 Tackles ( edit ) Most solo tackles , career : 1,640 , Jessie Tuggle , 1987 -- 2000 Most solo tackles , game : 16 , most recently Chris Borland , 2014 Sacks ( edit ) Quarterback sack statistics have been compiled only since 1982 Most seasons leading league : 2 ; Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 Kevin Greene , 1994 , 96 Michael Strahan , 2001 , 2003 DeMarcus Ware , 2008 , 2010 Jared Allen , 2007 , 2011 J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2015 Most consecutive seasons leading league : 2 ; Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84 Reggie White , 1987 -- 88 Most sacks , career : 200 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 Most sacks , season : 22.5 , Michael Strahan , 2001 Most sacks , rookie , season : 14.5 , Jevon Kearse , 1999 Most sacks , game : 7.0 , Derrick Thomas on November 11 , 1990 Most seasons , 1 + sacks : 19 , Bruce Smith , 1985 -- 2003 Most seasons , 10 + sacks : 13 , Bruce Smith , 1986 -- 90 , 1992 -- 98 , 2000 Most consecutive seasons , 10 + sacks : 9 , Reggie White , 1985 -- 93 Most consecutive games , sack : 11 , Jared Allen , 2011 -- 2012 Most seasons , 20 + sacks : 2 , J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2014 Records in a single decade ( edit ) All - purpose yards : 16,900 , Brian Mitchell 1990 -- 1999 Yards from scrimmage : 16,691 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Rushing yards : 13,963 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Rushing touchdowns : 138 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2000 -- 2009 Rushing attempts : 3,243 , Emmitt Smith 1990 -- 1999 Receptions : 868 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 Receiving yards : 12,594 , Torry Holt 2000 -- 2009 Touchdown receptions : 120 , Randy Moss 2000 -- 2009 Touchdown passes : 314 , Peyton Manning 2000 -- 2009 Pass interceptions : 176 , Brett Favre 2000 -- 2009 Points : 1,169 , David Akers 2000 -- 2009 Interceptions : 59 , Emlen Tunnell 1950 -- 1959 Interception yards : 1,330 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 Fumble return yards : 242 , Jason Taylor 2000 -- 2009 Interception returns for touchdowns : 9 , Darren Sharper 2000 -- 2009 Records in a single month ( edit ) Rushing yards : 861 , Adrian Peterson December 2012 Rushing attempts : 141 , Ernest Byner December 1990 Rushing touchdowns : 12 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Receiving yards : 822 , Charley Hennigan October 1961 Games with 90 + Receiving yards , rookie : 5 , Odell Beckham Jr . November 2014 Receptions : 49 , Calvin Johnson December 2012 Receiving touchdowns : 10 , Jerry Rice November 1987 , Don Hutson November 1942 All - purpose yards : 970 or 993 , Terry Metcalf November 1975 Yards from scrimmage : 968 , Chris Johnson November 2009 Combined Touches : 161 , Edgerrin James ( 130 rushes , 31 receptions ) November 2003 Passing yards : 1,755 , Peyton Manning December 2013 Passing touchdowns : 20 , Tom Brady , October 2007 Completion percentage ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 81.8 , Peyton Manning December 2008 Passer rating ( minimum 75 attempts ) : 150.3 , Steve Young November 1993 Touchdowns : 13 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Field Goals : 20 , Olindo Mare October 1999 PATs : 28 , Stephen Gostkowski October 2007 Points : 78 , LaDainian Tomlinson November 2006 Points by a kicker : 77 , Paul Hornung October 1961 Sacks : 9.5 , Chris Doleman November 1987 , Michael Strahan December 2001 Fumble return yards : 128 , Tyrone Hughes November 1994 Interceptions : 8 , Tom Morrow September 1963 Interception return yards : 197 , Charles McNeil September 1961 , Marcus Peters December 2015 Interceptions returned for touchdowns : 3 , Ken Houston December 1971 , Eric Allen December 2000 Punt return yards : 350 , Desmond Howard December 1996 Punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Eric Metcalf November 1997 Kickoff return yards : 759 , Jerome Mathis October 2005 Kickoffs returned for touchdowns : 3 , André Davis December 2007 Combined punt and kickoff return yards : 786 , Michael Lewis October 2002 Overtime records ( edit ) Most overtime field goals , career : 11 , Adam Vinatieri 1996 -- 2017 Longest overtime field goal : 57 yards , Sebastian Janikowski , Oakland Raiders vs. New York Jets Oct 19 , 2008 Most overtime touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 Most overtime rushing touchdowns , career : 3 , LaDainian Tomlinson 2001 -- 2011 Most overtime touchdown passes , career : 4 , Drew Bledsoe 1993 -- 2006 Longest overtime touchdown pass / reception : 99 yards , Ron Jaworski to Mike Quick , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Atlanta Falcons Nov 10 , 1985 Longest overtime rushing touchdown : 96 yards , Garrison Hearst , San Francisco 49ers vs. New York Jets Sep 6 , 1998 Longest overtime interception returned for a touchdown : 72 yards , Lorenzo Lynch , Arizona Cardinals vs. Seattle Seahawks Oct 29 , 1995 Longest overtime kickoff returned for a touchdown : 96 yards , Chad Morton , New York Jets vs. Buffalo Bills Sep 8 , 2002 Longest overtime fumble returned for a touchdown : 52 yards , Johnie Cooks , Baltimore Colts vs. New England Patriots Sep 4 , 1983 Longest overtime punt returned for a touchdown : 99 yards , Patrick Peterson , Arizona Cardinals vs. St. Louis Rams Nov 6 , 2011 Most passing yards : 219 , Derek Carr on October 30 , 2016 Miscellaneous ( edit ) Most return ( of a punt , kickoff , interception , fumble , missed field goal , blocked punt / field goal ) touchdowns : 20 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present Most return ( of a punt , kick , interception or fumble ) touchdowns , including postseason : 21 , Devin Hester 2006 -- present Longest play : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 ( return of a missed field goal ) , Cordarrelle Patterson on October 27 , 2013 ( kickoff return ) Most blocked kicks ( field goals / PATs / punts ) : 25 , Ted Hendricks , 1969 -- 1983 Longest return of a missed field goal : 109 yards , Antonio Cromartie on November 4 , 2007 Most missed field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Al Nelson 1965 -- 1973 , Carl Taseff 1951 -- 1962 Longest return of a blocked field goal : 94 yards , Bobby Smith Oct 25 , 1964 Most blocked field goal returns for touchdowns : 2 , Kyle Arrington 2010 -- 2014 , Nate Clements 2008 -- 2009 , Kevin Ross 1987 -- 1995 Longest return of a blocked punt : 67 yards , Frank Filchock Sep 28 , 1941 Most blocked punt returns for touchdowns : 3 , Ed Reed 2002 -- 2013 , Tom Flynn 1984 -- 1988 Oldest player : 48 , George Blanda , 1975 Only players to throw and catch a pass for a touchdown in the same play : 3 yards , Brad Johnson on October 12th , 1997 ; 37 yards , Frank Ryan on October 30th , 1960 ; 6 yards , Marcus Mariota on January 6 , 2018 ( playoff game ) Other ( edit ) Only player with 200 yards receiving and 50 yards rushing in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Ollie Matson Nov. 28 , 1954 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 Only players with 120 yards receiving and 120 yards rushing in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Herschel Walker , Dec. 14 , 1986 Only player with 120 yards receiving and 150 yards rushing in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 Only players with 100 yards receiving and 200 yards rushing in the same game : Keith Lincoln Jan. 5 , 1964 ; Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Only player with 60 yards receiving and 230 yards rushing in the same game : Le'veon Bell , Dec. 11 , 2016 Only players with 100 yards receiving and 1 interception in the same game : Roy Green Sep. 20 , 1981 ; Keyshawn Johnson , Jan. 10 , 1999 Only player with 200 yards receiving and 10 rushing attempts in the same game : Marshall Faulk , Dec. 26 , 1999 Only player with 150 yards receiving and 25 rushing attempts in the same game : Floyd Little , Nov. 24 , 1968 Only player with 100 yards receiving and 30 rushing attempts in the same game : Steven Jackson , Dec. 24 , 2006 Only player with 200 yards receiving and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Curtis McClinton , Dec. 19 , 1965 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Herschel Walker , Oct. 12 , 1986 ; Jahvid Best , Sep. 19 , 2010 Only player with 130 yards receiving and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Reggie Bush , Dec. 3 , 2006 Only player with 90 yards receiving and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Shaun Alexander , Sep. 29 , 2002 Only player with 100 yards receiving and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 Only player with 170 yards receiving and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Louis Lipps , Nov. 13 , 1988 Only player with 230 yards rushing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Fred Taylor , Nov. 19 , 2000 Only player with 200 yards rushing and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Billy Cannon , Dec. 10 , 1961 Only player with 150 yards rushing and 3 touchdown receptions in the same game : Larry Brown , Dec. 16 , 1973 Only player with 250 yards rushing and 4 receptions in the same game : Doug Martin , Nov. 4 , 2012 Only player with 200 yards rushing and 10 receptions in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Dec. 1 , 2002 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 13 receptions in the same game : Doug Wilder , Sep. 15 , 1985 Only player with 190 yards rushing and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 Only player with 150 yards rushing and 2 touchdown passes in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 Only player with 120 yards rushing and 4 touchdown passes in the same game : Randall Cunningham , Nov 4 , 1990 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 5 touchdown passes in the same game : Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 Only player with 190 yards rushing and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 Only player with 100 yards rushing and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 150 yards receiving and 1 kick off return for touchdown in the same game : Gary Ballman , Nov. 17 , 1963 Only players with 150 yards receiving and 1 punt return for touchdown in the same game : Tim Dwight , Jan. 3 , 2000 ; Desean Jackson , Dec. 13 , 2009 Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 kick off return for a touchdown in the same game : Gale Sayers , Dec. 18 , 1968 Only players with 200 yards from scrimmage and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : LaDainian Tomlinson , Sep. 25 , 2005 , Sep. 25 , 2003 ; Greg Pruitt , Sep. 26 , 1977 Only player with 100 yards from scrimmage and 2 punt returns for a touchdown in the same game : Steve Smith , Dec. 8 , 2002 Only player with 80 yards from scrimmage and 2 kick off returns for a touchdown in the same game : Ron Brown , Nov. 24 , 1985 Only players with 250 all purpose yards and 1 touchdown pass in the same game : Terry Metcalf , Oct. 23 , 1977 ; Fred Jackson , Nov. 15 , 2009 Only player with 4 touchdown receptions and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Jamaal Charles , Dec. 15 , 2013 Only player with 3 touchdown receptions and 1 punt return for a touchdown in the same game : Az - Zahir Hakim , Oct. 3 , 1999 Only player with 4 rushing touchdowns and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Ronnie Brown , Sep. 21 , 2008 Only player with 6 touchdown passes and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Mark Rypien , Nov 10 , 1991 Only players with 3 touchdown passes and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Frank Ryan , Oct. 30 , 1960 ; Jim McMahon , Sep. 29 , 1985 ; Nick Foles , Feb. 4 , 2018 Only player with 2 touchdown passes and 20 rushing attempts in the same game : Walter Payton , Sep. 18 , 1983 Only player with 15 receptions and 15 rushing attempts in the same game : Rickey Young , Dec. 16 , 1979 Only players with 500 yards passing and 1 rushing touchdown in the same game : Norm Van Brocklin , Sep. 29 , 1951 ; Elvis Grbac , Nov. 5 , 2000 Only player with 400 yards passing and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Aaron Rodgers , Oct. 2 , 2011 Only player with 300 yards passing and 3 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Jack Kemp , Oct. 26 , 1963 Only player with 100 yards passing and 4 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Bobby Douglass , Nov. 4 , 1973 Only player with 400 yards passing and 75 yards rushing in the same game : Michael Vick , Oct. 2 , 2011 Only players with 300 yards passing and 100 yards rushing in the same game : Russell Wilson Oct. 19 , 2014 ; Cam Newton , Dec. 20 , 2015 Only player with 250 yards passing and 150 rushing yards in the same game ; Colin Kaepernick , Jan. 12 , 2013 Only player with 350 yards passing and 1 touchdown reception in the same game : Nick Foles , Feb. 4 , 2018 Only player with 50 yards receiving and 50 interception return yards in the same game : Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 Only player with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Tom Watkins , Oct. 4 , 1964 Only player with 2 touchdown receptions and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Don Hutson , Nov. 14 , 1943 Only players with 1 punt return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Butch Byrd , Sep. 18 , 1966 ; Deion Sanders , Sep. 21 , 1998 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 passing touchdown in the same game : Keith Lincoln , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Joe Washington , Sep. 18 , 1978 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 rushing touchdowns in the same game : Maurice Jones - Drew , Dec. 10 , 2006 ; David Wilson , Dec. 9 , 2012 Only players with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 2 touchdown receptions in the same game : Bobby Mitchell , Sep. 16 , 1962 ; Gale Sayers , Dec. 12 , 1965 Only player with 1 kick off return for a touchdown and 1 interception return for a touchdown in the same game : Terrence McGee , Dec. 24 , 2005 Only player with 2 kick off returns for a touchdown and 1 interception in the same game : Tyrone Hughes , Oct. 23 , 1994 Only player with 1 rushing touchdown and 2 interceptions in the same game : Terry Hoage , Sep. 4 , 1988 Only player with 120 yards receiving and 1 interception in the same game : Keyshawn Johnson , Jan. 10 , 1999 Only player with 9 receptions and 1 interception in the same game : Keyshawn Johnson , Jan. 10 , 1999 Only player with 11 receptions and 1 punt return for touchdown in the same game : Reggie Bush , Oct. 8 , 2006 Only player with 5 receptions and 2 kick off returns for touchdown in the same game : Tyreek Hill , Nov. 27 , 2016 Oldest Firsts ( edit ) Oldest player to kick first PAT : Doug Flutie , 43 years , 70 days Oldest player to kick first field goal : Mose Kelsch , 36 years , 253 days Oldest player to score first touchdown : Whitey Woodin , 36 years , 295 days Oldest player to record first reception : Sonny Jurgensen , 39 years , 66 days Oldest player to record first receiving yard : Charlie Cowan , 37 years , 143 days Oldest player to record first interception : Trace Armstrong , 37 years , 78 days Oldest player to throw first completion : Lou Groza , 42 years , 256 days Oldest player to throw first touchdown pass : Mike Horan , 39 years , 301 days Oldest player to attempt first pass : Mike Horan , 39 years , 301 days Oldest player to catch first touchdown reception : Jim Turner , 36 years , 202 days Oldest player to record first rushing touchdown : Butch Songin , 36 years , 158 days ( AFL ) ; Bobby Hebert , 36 years , 62 days ( NFL ) Oldest player to record first rushing attempt : Charles Woodson , 39 years , 78 days Oldest player to record first rushing yard : Jeff Gossett , 39 years , 304 days Oldest player to score first point : Bill Irgens , 39 Oldest player to record first interception return for a touchdown : Albert Lewis , 38 years , 26 days Oldest player to record first punt return for a touchdown : Rod Smith , 33 years , 185 days Oldest player to record first kick off return for a touchdown : Johnny Blood , 33 Years , 282 days Age ( edit ) Oldest player to score a touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 Oldest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 Oldest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 Oldest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar , Oct 20 , 1996 Oldest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 29 years , 354 days , Paul Hornung Dec 12 , 1965 Oldest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 140 days , Tim Brown Dec. 9 , 2001 Oldest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 283 days , Eric Metcalf Nov 2 , 1997 Oldest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 33 Years , 282 days , Johnny Blood , Sep 5 , 1937 Oldest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 29 years , 166 days , Timmy Brown Nov 6 , 1966 Oldest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 30 years , 333 days , Michael Lewis Oct. 13 , 2002 Oldest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 38 years , 26 days , Albert Lewis Nov. 1 , 1998 Oldest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in a game : 33 years , 113 days , David Bowens Oct 24 , 2010 Oldest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 37 years , 174 days , Sam Mills Nov 24 , 1996 Oldest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 35 years , 124 days , Fritz Loven Oct. 13 , 1929 Oldest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 33 years , 323 days , Todd Lyght Dec 29 , 2002 Oldest player to have a 150 yard receiving game : 41 years , 70 days , Jerry Rice Dec 22 , 2003 Oldest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 36 years , 300 days , Terrell Owens Oct 3 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 33 years , 66 days , Jerry Rice Dec 18 , 1995 Oldest player to have a 100 yard rushing game : 36 years , 199 days , MacArthur Lane Oct 1 , 1978 Oldest player to have a 150 yard rushing game : 35 years , 71 days , John Riggins Oct 14 , 1984 Oldest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 34 years , 321 days , John Henry Johnson Oct 10 , 1964 Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game : 29 years , 271 days , Spec Sanders Oct 24 1947 ( AAFC ) Oldest player to have a 250 yard rushing game : 29 years , 139 days , O.J. Simpson Nov 25 , 1976 ( NFL ) Oldest player to have a 200 yards from scrimmage game : 36 years , 300 days , Terrell Owens Oct 3 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 29 years , 58 days , Jim Benton Nov 22 , 1945 Oldest player to have a rushing touchdown : 42 years , 71 days , Doug Flutie Jan 2 , 2005 Oldest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 41 years , 17 days , Doug Flutie Nov 9 , 2003 Oldest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 36 years , 70 days , John Riggins Oct 13 , 1985 Oldest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 31 years , 17 days , Priest Holmes Oct 24 , 2004 Oldest player to have 5 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 28 years , 197 days , Cookie Gilchrist Dec 8 , 1963 Oldest player to have 1 + touchdown reception : 42 years , 67 days , Jerry Rice Dec 19 , 2004 Oldest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 40 years , 29 days , Jerry Rice Nov 11 , 2002 Oldest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 39 years , 36 days , Jerry Rice Nov 18 , 2001 Oldest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 34 years , 22 days , Irving Fryar Oct 20 , 1996 Oldest player to have a 20 rushing attempts in a game : 36 years , 271 days , Marcus Allen Dec 22 , 1996 Oldest player to have a 30 rushing attempts in a game : 36 years , 84 days , John Riggins Oct 27 , 1985 Oldest player to have a sack : 40 years , 282 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Dec 22 , 1996 Oldest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 Oldest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 40 years , 233 days , Clay Matthews , Jr . Nov 3 , 1996 Oldest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 36 years , 360 days , Chris Doleman Oct 11 , 1998 Oldest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 33 years , 238 days , Gary Jeter Sep 18 , 1988 Oldest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 31 years , 262 days , Fred Dean Nov 13 , 1983 Oldest player to have an interception : 41 years , 304 days , Darrell Green Dec 16 , 2001 Oldest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 39 years , 25 days , Charles Woodson Oct 11 , 2015 Oldest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 37 years , 203 days , Rod Woodson Sep 29 , 2002 Oldest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 30 years , 193 days , Jerry Norton Nov 26 , 1961 Oldest player to have a safety : 36 years , 199 days , Ronde Barber Oct 23 , 2011 Oldest player to throw a touchdown pass : 47 years , 88 days , George Blanda Dec 14 , 1974 Oldest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 44 years , 72 days , George Blanda Nov 28 , 1971 Oldest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 43 years , 38 days , George Blanda Oct 25 , 1970 Oldest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 41 years , 54 days , George Blanda Nov 10 , 1968 Oldest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 40 years , 342 days , Warren Moon Oct 26 , 1997 Oldest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 38 years , 354 days , Brett Favre Sep 28 , 2008 Oldest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 37 years , 165 days , Peyton Manning Sep 5 , 2013 Oldest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 41 years , 28 days , Brett Favre Nov 7 , 2010 Oldest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 40 years , 185 days , Tom Brady , Feb 4 , 2018 Oldest player to start in a Super Bowl : 40 years , 185 days , Tom Brady , Feb 4 , 2018 . Youngest player to score a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 Youngest player to score 2 + touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 Youngest player to score 3 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 Youngest player to score 4 + touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 105 days , Clinton Portis Dec 15 , 2002 Youngest player to score 5 + touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 Youngest player to return a punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 19 days , Dexter McCluster Sep 13 , 2010 Youngest player to return 2 punts for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 52 days , Jermaine Lewis Dec 7 , 1997 Youngest player to return a kickoff for a touchdown : 20 years , 53 days , Andy Livingston Dec 13 , 1964 Youngest player to return 2 kickoffs for a touchdown in a game : 21 years , 302 days , Travis Williams Nov 12 , 1967 Youngest player to return a punt and a kickoff for a touchdown in a game : 23 years , 151 days , Eddie Royal Oct 19 , 2009 Youngest player to return an interception for a touchdown : 21 years , 44 days , DeAngelo Hall Jan 2 , 2005 Youngest player to return 2 interceptions for a touchdown in game : 21 years , 235 days , Dan Sandifer Oct 31 1948 Youngest player to return fumble for a touchdown : 21 years , 117 days , Ahmad Carroll Nov 29 , 2004 Youngest player to return a blocked punt for a touchdown : 21 years , 63 days , Geno Hayes Oct 12 , 2008 Youngest player to return a blocked field goal for a touchdown : 22 years , 43 days , Willie Buchanon Dec 17 , 1972 Youngest player to have a 200 yard receiving game : 21 years , 87 days , Mike Evans Nov 16 , 2014 Youngest player to have a 250 yard receiving game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 Youngest player to have a 200 yard rushing game : 21 years , 119 days , Clinton Portis Dec 29 , 2002 Youngest player to have a 250 yard rushing game : 22 years , 228 days , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Youngest player to have a 200 yards from scrimmage game : 21 years , 82 days , Jamal Lewis Sep 19 , 2000 Youngest player to have a 300 yards from scrimmage game : 22 years , 228 days , Adrian Peterson Nov 4 , 2007 Youngest player to have a rushing touchdown : 20 years , 225 days , Bill Gompers Oct 31 , 1948 Youngest player to have 2 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 20 years , 338 days , Rashaan Salaam Sep 11 , 1995 Youngest player to have 3 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 70 days , Rashaan Salaam Dec 17 , 1998 Youngest player to have 4 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 21 years , 215 days , Emmitt Smith Dec 16 , 1990 Youngest player to have 5 + rushing touchdowns in a game : 22 years , 97 days , Clinton Portis Dec 7 , 2003 Youngest player to have a touchdown reception : 20 years , 239 days , Arnie Herber Nov 27 , 1930 Youngest player to have a touchdown reception since 1930 : 20 years , 334 days , Juju Smith - Schuster Oct 22 , 2017 Youngest player to have 2 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 1 day , Aaron Hernandez Nov 7 , 2010 Youngest player to have 3 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 184 days , Rob Gronkowski Nov 14 , 2010 Youngest player to have 4 + touchdowns receptions in a game : 21 years , 346 days , Jerry Butler Sep 23 , 1979 Youngest player to have a sack : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 Youngest player to have 2 + sacks in a game : 20 years , 98 days , Amobi Okoye Sep 16 , 2007 Youngest player to have 3 + sacks in a game : 21 years , 321 days , Vernon Maxwell Sep 11 , 1983 Youngest player to have 4 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 124 days , Cornelius Bennett Dec 27 , 1987 Youngest player to have 5 + sacks in a game : 22 years , 193 days , Leslie O'Neal Nov 16 , 1986 Youngest player to have 6 + sacks in a game : 23 years , 314 days , Derrick Thomas Nov 11 , 1990 Youngest player to have an interception : 20 years , 345 days , Terrell Suggs Sep 21 , 2003 Youngest player to have 2 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 Youngest player to have 3 + interceptions in a game : 21 years , 117 days , Champ Bailey Oct 17 , 1999 Youngest player to have 4 + interceptions in a game : 22 years , 103 days , Goose Gonsoulin Sep 18 , 1960 Youngest player to have a safety : 21 years , 328 days , Corey Lemonier Oct 13 , 2013 Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass : 20 years , 172 days , Arnie Herber Sep 21 , 1930 Youngest player to throw a touchdown pass since 1950 : 21 years , 89 days , Tommy Maddox Nov 30 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 292 days , George Ratterman Aug 31 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 2 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 3 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 95 days , Tommy Maddox Dec 6 , 1992 Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game : 20 years , 311 days , George Ratterman Sep 19 , 1947 Youngest player to throw 4 + touchdown passes in a game since 1950 : 21 years , 226 days , Fran Tarkenton Sep 17 , 1961 Youngest player to throw 5 + touchdown passes in a game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 Youngest player to throw 6 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 Youngest player to throw 7 + touchdown passes in a game : 24 years , 287 days , Nick Foles Nov 3 , 2013 Youngest player to have a 400 + yard passing game : 21 years , 288 days , Matthew Stafford Nov 22 , 2009 Youngest player to have a 500 + yard passing game : 23 years , 328 days , Matthew Stafford Jan 1 , 2012 Youngest player to start in a Super Bowl : 21 years , 322 days , Bryan Bulaga Feb 6 , 2011 Starts / games played ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in the NFL Record and Fact Book . For a more detailed list of consecutive starts and games played , see List of most consecutive starts and games played by National Football League players . Most games played , career : 382 , Morten Andersen , 1982 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 Most games played , one team : 327 , Jason Hanson , Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2012 Most starts , career : 298 , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most starts , career , one team : 292 , Bruce Matthews , 1983 -- 2001 Most consecutive games played : 352 ( 363 including playoffs ) , Jeff Feagles , 1988 -- 2009 Most consecutive starts : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive starts to begin a career : 208 ( 227 including playoffs ) Peyton Manning , 1998 -- 2011 Most consecutive starts to begin a career , including playoffs : 231 ( 207 regular season ; 24 playoffs ) Gene Upshaw , 1967 -- 1981 Most consecutive starts by a quarterback : 297 ( 321 including playoffs ) , Brett Favre , 1992 -- 2010 Most consecutive starts by a receiver : 176 ( 185 including playoffs ) , Tim Brown , 1992 -- 2003 Most consecutive starts by a running back : 170 ( 178 including playoffs ) , Walter Payton , 1975 -- 1987 Most consecutive starts by an offensive lineman : 240 ( 259 including playoffs ) , Mick Tingelhoff , 1962 -- 1979 Most consecutive starts by a defensive lineman : 270 ( 289 including playoffs ) , Jim Marshall , 1961 -- 1978 Most consecutive starts by a linebacker : 215 ( 221 including playoffs ) , London Fletcher , 2000 -- 2013 Most consecutive starts by a defensive back : 215 ( 224 including playoffs ) , Ronde Barber , 1999 -- 2012 QB wins ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book Most career wins , regular season plus post season , by a starting quarterback : 223 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2018 . Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 196 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most career wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback , single team : 196 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2000 -- 2017 Most career wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 27 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2018 . Most consecutive wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 23 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts , 2008 -- 2009 Most consecutive wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins , regular season , to start a career for a starting quarterback : 15 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 Most consecutive wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 25 , Jim McMahon , Chicago Bears , 1984 -- 1987 Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 29 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1995 -- 1998 Most consecutive home wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 31 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2006 -- 2011 Most consecutive home wins , regular season , to start a career for a quarterback : 15 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive home wins , regular season and post-season to start a career for a quarterback : 17 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 1999 -- 2001 Most consecutive road wins , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 ; Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 Most consecutive road wins , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1988 -- 1990 , Kansas City Chiefs , 1993 Most road wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Joe Montana , San Francisco 49ers , 1990 ; Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams , 2001 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 ; Tony Romo , Dallas Cowboys , 2014 Most consecutive road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 Most road wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2007 Most road wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie quarterback : 6 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 Most home wins in a season , regular season , for a starting rookie quarterback : 8 , Russell Wilson , Seattle Seahawks , 2012 Most road wins in a season , regular season and postseason , for a starting rookie quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 18 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 Most wins in a season , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 16 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2007 Most wins , regular season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 13 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 ; Dak Prescott , Dallas Cowboys , 2016 Most wins in a season , regular season and post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 14 , Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh Steelers , 2004 Most wins in a season , post-season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 2 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 ; Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 Most career home victories , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2018 . Most career home wins with no losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Kurt Warner , St. Louis Rams / Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2009 Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2007 , 2013 - 2017 ; Jim Kelly , Buffalo Bills 1988 - 1995 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2012 -- 2018 . Most career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 , 2012 , 2014 Most consecutive career road wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 5 , Eli Manning , New York Giants 2007 , 2011 Most consecutive seasons , 1 + postseason win on the road , by a starting quarterback : 3 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2010 Most consecutive seasons , 2 + postseason wins on the road , by a starting quarterback : 2 , Mark Sanchez , New York Jets , 2009 -- 2010 Most regular season and postseason overall victories by a starting quarterback in one stadium : 119 , Tom Brady , Gillette Stadium , 2002 -- 2018 . Most regular season and post season home overall victories with one team by a starting quarterback : 125 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2018 . Most regular season home wins with one team by a starting quarterback : 107 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 Most road wins by a starting quarterback : 89 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 Most wins in different NFL stadiums : 37 , Tom Brady , 2001 -- 2017 . Most NFL teams defeated at least once , career : 32 , Brett Favre and Peyton Manning Most wins against a single opponent , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 28 , Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 vs. Buffalo Bills Most wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 28 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots , 2001 -- 2017 vs. Buffalo Bills Most home wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers , 1992 -- 2007 Minnesota Vikings , 2009 -- 2010 vs. Detroit Lions Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Steve Young , San Francisco 49ers , vs. Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams , 1987 , 1991 -- 1998 ; Tom Brady , New England Patriots vs. Buffalo Bills , 2003 -- 2010 Most consecutive wins to start a career against a single opponent , regular season and post-season , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Joe Flacco , Baltimore Ravens , 2008 -- 2013 vs. Cleveland Browns Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season and post season , at home , by a starting quarterback : 19 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings vs. Detroit Lions , 1992 -- 2010 Most wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 14 , Tom Brady , vs. Buffalo Bills , 2001 -- 2017 Most consecutive wins against a single opponent , regular season ( and post season ) , on the road , by a starting quarterback : 11 , Brett Favre , Green Bay Packers vs. Chicago Bears , 1994 -- Jan. 2 , 2005 Fewest wins in a regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 0 , Doug Williams , Washington Redskins 1987 Oldest starting quarterback to win a playoff game : Tom Brady ( Jacksonville in the 2017 AFC Finals ; 40 years 171 days ) . QB losses ( edit ) Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book Most career losses , regular season , by a starting quarterback : 123 , Vinny Testaverde , 1987 -- 2007 Most career losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 13 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . Most career road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 7 , Brett Favre , 1993 -- 2009 Most career home losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Peyton Manning , 1999 -- 2016 . Most consecutive losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 4 , Y.A. Tittle , 1957 , 1961 -- 1963 ; Warren Moon 1991 -- 1994 ; Andy Dalton 2011 -- 2014 Most consecutive road losses , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 6 , Dave Krieg , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1992 -- 1994 Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback : 14 , Steve DeBerg , 1978 -- 1979 Most consecutive home losses by a starting quarterback : 10 , Archie Manning , 1979 -- 1980 ; Chris Weinke , 2001 -- 2002 , 2006 Most road losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 8 , Peyton Manning , Indianapolis Colts 1998 ; Derek Carr , Oakland Raiders , 2014 Most losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Archie Manning , New Orleans Saints , 1980 ; Jeff George , Indianapolis Colts , 1991 ; Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 Most consecutive losses , by a rookie starting quarterback : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 Most losses in a season , by a rookie starting quarterback : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 Most consecutive losses in a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 Most consecutive losses to start a season , by a starting quarterback : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback : 21 , Dan Pastorini , Houston Oilers , 1972 -- 1974 Most consecutive losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 15 , Deshone Kizer , Cleveland Browns , 2017 Most consecutive road losses by a starting quarterback , regular season , to start a career : 13 , Joey Harrington , Detroit Lions , 2002 -- 2003 ; David Klingler , Cincinnati Bengals , 1992 -- 1994 Most losses during the regular season by a starting quarterback who won the Super Bowl : 7 , Eli Manning , New York Giants , 2012 Professional football firsts ( edit ) Rushing ( edit ) First 1,000 yard rushing season : Beattie Feathers , 1,004 rushing yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 yard rushing season : Jim Brown , 1,527 rushing yards , Cleveland Browns , 1958 First 2,000 yard rushing season : O.J. Simpson , 2,003 rushing yards , Buffalo Bills , 1973 First 15 rushing touchdown season : Steve Van Buren , 15 rushing touchdowns , Philadelphia , 1945 First 20 rushing touchdown season : John Riggins , 24 rushing touchdowns , Washington Redskins , 1983 First 25 rushing touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 rushing touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 First 200 rush attempt season : Tuffy Leemans , 206 rush attempts , New York Giants , 1936 First 300 rush attempt season : Jim Brown , 305 rush attempts , Cleveland Browns , 1961 First 400 rush attempt season : James Wilder , 407 rush attempts , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 1984 First 200 yard rushing game : Cliff Battles , 215 rushing yards , Boston Braves vs. New York Giants ; Oct 8 , 1933 First 250 yard rushing game : Spec Sanders , 250 rushing yards , New York Yankees vs. Chicago Rockets ; Oct 24 , 1947 First 5 rushing touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 rushing touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 First 6 rushing touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 rushing touchdowns , Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 First 40 rushing attempt game : Lydell Mitchell , 40 rushing attempts , Baltimore Colts vs. New York Jets ; October 20 , 1974 Passing ( edit ) First 1,000 yard passing season : Curly Lambeau , 1,094 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1924 First 1,500 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 2,000 yard passing season : Cecil Isbell , 2,021 passing yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 2,500 yard passing season : Sammy Baugh , 2,938 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1947 First 3,000 yard passing season : Johnny Unitas , 3,099 passing yards , Baltimore Colts , 1960 First 3,500 yard passing season : Sonny Jurgensen , 3,723 passing yards , Washington Redskins , 1961 First 4,000 yard passing season : Joe Namath , 4,007 passing yards , New York Jets , 1967 First 4,500 yard passing season : Dan Fouts , 4,715 passing yards , San Diego Chargers , 1981 First 5,000 yard passing season : Dan Marino , 5,084 passing yards , Miami Dolphins , 1984 First 300 completion season : Fran Tarkenton , 345 completions , Minnesota Vikings , 1978 First 350 completion season : Dan Fouts , 360 completions , San Diego Chargers , 1981 First 400 completion season : Warren Moon , 404 completions , Houston Oilers , 1991 First 450 completion season : Peyton Manning , 450 completions , Indianapolis Colts , 2010 First 20 touchdown pass season : Benny Friedman , 20 touchdown passes , New York Giants , 1929 First 30 touchdown pass season : Johnny Unitas , 32 touchdown passes , Baltimore Colts , 1959 First 40 touchdown pass season : Dan Marino , 48 touchdown passes , Miami Dolphins , 1984 First 50 touchdown pass season : Tom Brady , 50 touchdown passes , New England Patriots , 2007 First 400 yard passing game : Sid Luckman , 433 passing yards , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 First 500 yard passing game : Norm Van Brocklin , 554 passing yards , Los Angeles Rams vs. New York Yanks ; Sep 28 , 1951 First 40 completion game : Richard Todd , 42 completions , New York Jets vs. San Francisco 49ers ; Sep 21 , 1980 First 4 touchdown pass game : Benny Friedman First 5 touchdown pass game : Ray Buivid , Chicago Bears vs. Chicago Cardinals ; December 5 , 1937 First 6 touchdown pass game : Sammy Baugh , Washington Redskins vs. Brooklyn Dodgers ; Oct 31 , 1943 First 7 touchdown pass game : Sid Luckman , Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants ; Nov 14 , 1943 First player with 100 career touchdown passes : Sammy Baugh First player with 200 career touchdown passes : Y.A. Tittle First player with 300 career touchdown passes : Fran Tarkenton First player with 400 career touchdown passes : Dan Marino First player with 500 career touchdown passes : Brett Favre First player with 10,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh First player with 20,000 career passing yards : Sammy Baugh First player with 30,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas First player with 40,000 career passing yards : Johnny Unitas First player with 50,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino First player with 60,000 career passing yards : Dan Marino First player with 70,000 career passing yards : Brett Favre First player with 1,000 career pass completions : Bobby Layne First player with 2,000 career pass completions : Y.A. Tittle First player with 3,000 career pass completions : Fran Tarkenton First player with 4,000 career pass completions : Dan Marino First player with 5,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre First player with 6,000 career pass completions : Brett Favre First player with 1,000 career pass attempts : Arnie Herber First player with 2,000 career pass attempts : Sammy Baugh First player with 3,000 career pass attempts : Bobby Layne First player with 4,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas First player with 5,000 career pass attempts : Johnny Unitas First player with 6,000 career pass attempts : Fran Tarkenton First player with 7,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino First player with 8,000 career pass attempts : Dan Marino First player with 9,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre First player with 10,000 career pass attempts : Brett Favre First player with 100 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh First player with 200 career passing interceptions : Sammy Baugh First player with 300 career passing interceptions : Brett Favre Receiving ( edit ) First 50 reception season : Don Looney , 58 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles , 1940 First 100 reception season : Lionel Taylor , 100 receptions , Denver Broncos ( American Football League ) , 1961 First 100 reception , season by an NFL Player : 106 , Art Monk , 1984 First 14 reception game : Don Looney , 14 receptions , Philadelphia Eagles vs. Washington Redskins , December 1 , 1940 First 15 reception game : Tom Fears , 18 receptions , Los Angeles Rams vs. Green Bay Packers ; Dec 3 , 1950 First 20 reception game : Terrell Owens , 20 receptions , San Francisco 49ers vs. Chicago Bears ; Dec 17 , 2000 First 10 touchdown reception season : Johnny McNally , 11 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1931 First 15 touchdown reception season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 20 touchdown reception season : Jerry Rice , 22 touchdown receptions , San Francisco , 1987 First 1,000 yard receiving season : Don Hutson , 1,211 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 1,500 yard receiving season : Charley Hennigan , 1,746 receiving yards , Houston Oilers ( American Football League ) , 1961 First 200 yard receiving game : Don Hutson , 209 receiving yards , Green Bay Packers ; Oct 18 , 1942 First 250 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 300 yard receiving game : Jim Benton , 303 receiving yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 4 touchdown reception game : Don Hutson , 4 touchdown receptions , Green Bay Packers vs. Detroit Lions ; Oct 7 , 1945 First 5 touchdown reception game : Bob Shaw , 5 touchdown receptions , Chicago Cardinals vs. Baltimore Colts ; Oct 2 , 1950 Scrimmage ( edit ) First 1,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 yards from scrimmage , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chet Mutryn , 1,617 yards from scrimmage , Buffalo Bills ( AAFC ) , 1948 ( not recognized as an NFL record ) First 2,000 yards from Scrimmage season : Jim Brown , 2,131 yards from scrimmage yards , Cleveland Browns , 1963 First 2,500 yards from Scrimmage season : Chris Johnson , 2,509 from scrimmage yards , Tennessee Titans , 2009 -- only 2,500 yard season First 300 yards from Scrimmage game : Jim Benton , 303 yards from scrimmage ( all receiving ) , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 Combined yards ( edit ) First 1,000 combined yards season : Beattie Feathers , 1,178 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1934 First 1,500 combined yards season : Harry Clarke , 1,575 combined yards , Chicago Bears , 1943 First 2,000 combined yards season : Spec Sanders , 2,202 combined yards , New York Yanks , 1960 First 2,500 combined yards season : Lionel James , 2,535 combined yards , San Diego Chargers , 1985 First 300 combined yards game : Jim Benton , 303 combined yards , Cleveland Browns vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 22 , 1945 First 350 combined yards game : Billy Cannon , 373 combined yards , Houston Oilers vs. New York Titans ( American Football League ) ; Dec 10 , 1961 First 400 combined yards game : Glyn Milburn , 404 combined yards , Denver Broncos vs. Seattle Seahawks ; Dec 10 , 1995 -- only 400 combined yard game Touchdowns ( edit ) First 15 touchdown season : Don Hutson , 17 touchdowns , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 20 touchdown season : Lenny Moore , 20 touchdowns , Baltimore Colts , 1964 First 25 touchdown season : Emmitt Smith , 25 touchdowns , Dallas Cowboys , 1995 First 30 touchdown season : LaDainian Tomlinson , 31 touchdowns , San Diego Chargers , 2006 First 5 touchdown game : Jimmy Conzelman , 5 touchdowns , Rock Island vs. Evansville ; Oct 15 , 1922 First 6 touchdown game : Ernie Nevers , 6 touchdowns Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears ; Nov 28 , 1929 Scoring ( edit ) First 100 point season : Don Hutson , 138 points , Green Bay Packers , 1942 First 150 point season : Paul Hornung , 176 points , Green Bay Packers , 1960 First 50 yard field goal , estimated : Paddy Driscoll , 50 to 55 yards , Chicago Cardinals vs. Milwaukee Badgers ; Sep 28 , 1924 ( drop kick ) First 50 yard field goal , confirmed : Glenn Presnell , 54 yards , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 7 , 1934 First 55 yard field goal , confirmed : Bert Rechichar , 56 yards , Baltimore Colts vs. Chicago Bears ; Sep 27 , 1953 First 60 yard field goal : Tom Dempsey , 63 yards , New Orleans Saints vs. Detroit Lions ; Nov 8 , 1970 First 5 field goal game : Bob Waterfield , 5 field goals , Los Angeles Rams vs Detroit Lions ; Dec 9 , 1951 First 6 field goal game : Gino Cappelletti , 6 field goals , Boston Patriots vs. Denver Broncos ; October 4 , 1964 First 7 field goal game : Jim Bakken , 7 field goals , St. Louis Cardinals vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; September 24 , 1967 Starts ( edit ) First quarterback with 200 consecutive starts : Brett Favre Nov 29 , 2004 Wins ( edit ) First NFL quarterback to defeat 32 franchises : Brett Favre vs. Green Bay Packers ; Oct 5 , 2009 First NFL quarterback to defeat 31 franchises : Peyton Manning @ Carolina Panthers ; Oct 28 , 2007 First NFL quarterback to defeat 30 franchises ( Browns and Ravens counted separately ) : John Elway vs. Miami Dolphins ; Jan 9 , 1999 First NFL quarterback to defeat 28 franchises : Fran Tarkenton vs. Cincinnati Bengals ; Nov 13 , 1977 First NFL quarterback to reach 200 career wins ( regular season and postseason combined ) : Peyton Manning vs. Carolina Panthers ; February 7 , 2016 Longest play ( edit ) Longest non-scoring play : 104 yards , Percy Harvin , Minnesota Vikings vs. Atlanta Falcons ; Nov 27 , 2011 and Ameer Abdullah , Detroit Lions vs. Green Bay Packers ; Nov 15 , 2015 Longest run by a quarterback : 93 yards , Terrelle Pryor , Oakland Raiders vs. Pittsburgh Steelers ; October 27 , 2013 Longest field goal return : 109 yards Antonio Cromartie , San Diego Chargers vs. Minnesota Vikings ; November 4 , 2007 Longest run from scrimmage : 99 yards Tony Dorsett , Dallas Cowboys vs. Minnesota Vikings ; January 3 , 1983 Longest pass : 99 yards , by 13 players , most recently Eli Manning , New York Giants vs. New York Jets ; December 24 , 2011 ( Victor Cruz ) Longest kickoff return : 109 yards Cordarrelle Patterson , Minnesota Vikings vs. Green Bay Packers ; October 27 , 2013 Milestones ( edit ) NOTE : following records are compiled from Pro Football Reference 's Game Finder . Game - by - game info is available only since 1950 . Passing Yards ( edit ) Yards # of Players Youngest Fewest Games First 70,000 Peyton Manning 39y 177d Drew Brees 248 Brett Favre 2010 - 10 - 11 65,000 Drew Brees 37y 331d Drew Brees 231 Brett Favre 2008 - 12 - 28 60,000 5 Drew Brees 36y 340d Drew Brees 216 Dan Marino 1999 - 10 - 17 55,000 5 Drew Brees 35y 326d Drew Brees 200 Dan Marino 1997 - 12 - 07 50,000 7 Peyton Manning 33y 278d Drew Brees 184 Dan Marino 1996 - 11 - 10 45,000 13 Peyton Manning 32y 265d Drew Brees 169 Fran Tarkenton 1978 - 10 - 22 40,000 19 Peyton Manning 31y 239d Matt Ryan 151 Johnny Unitas 1973 - 09 - 30 35,000 25 Dan Marino 30y 91d Matt Ryan 133 Johnny Unitas 1969 - 11 - 30 30,000 45 Matthew Stafford 28y 329d Matthew Stafford 109 Y.A. Tittle 1963 - 11 - 10 25,000 71 Drew Bledsoe 27y 294d Matthew Stafford 90 Bobby Layne 1961 - 12 - 17 20,000 107 Drew Bledsoe 26y 253d Matthew Stafford 71 Sammy Baugh 1950 - 11 - 05 15,000 143 Dan Marino 25y 76d Matthew Stafford 53 Sammy Baugh 1948 10,000 187 Drew Bledsoe 23y 299d Kurt Warner 36 Sammy Baugh 1945 9,000 196 Drew Bledsoe 23y 264d Kurt Warner 32 Sammy Baugh 1944 8,000 210 Jameis Winston 22y 361d Kurt Warner 29 Sammy Baugh 1943 7,000 226 Drew Bledsoe 22y 313d Kurt Warner 25 Sammy Baugh 1943 6,000 > 250 Drew Bledsoe 22y 286d Kurt Warner 22 Arnie Herber 1939 5,000 > 250 Drew Bledsoe 22y 265d Andrew Luck Marc Bulger Kurt Warner 19 Arnie Herber 1938 4,000 > 250 Jameis Winston 21y 362d Andrew Luck Marc Bulger 15 Arnie Herber 1936 3,000 > 250 Jameis Winston 21y 341d Cam Newton Andrew Luck 11 Arnie Herber 1936 2,000 > 250 Matthew Stafford 21y 292d Cam Newton 7 Arnie Herber 1934 1,000 > 250 Drew Bledsoe 21y 266d Cam Newton - - Rushing Yards ( edit ) Yards # of Players Youngest Fewest Games First 18,000 Emmitt Smith 35y 183d Emmitt Smith 220 Emmitt Smith 2004 - 11 - 14 17,000 Emmitt Smith 33y 197d Emmitt Smith 197 Emmitt Smith 2002 - 11 - 28 16,000 Walter Payton 32y 135d Walter Payton 176 Walter Payton 1986 - 12 - 07 15,000 Barry Sanders 30y 133d Barry Sanders 149 Walter Payton 1986 - 09 - 14 14,000 Barry Sanders 30y 59d Barry Sanders 139 Walter Payton 1985 - 11 - 03 13,000 8 Barry Sanders 29y 130d Barry Sanders 133 Walter Payton 1984 - 12 - 03 12,000 16 Barry Sanders 29y 67d Jim Brown 115 Jim Brown 1965 - 11 - 28 11,000 21 Barry Sanders 28y 118d Eric Dickerson 103 Jim Brown 1965 - 10 - 03 10,000 29 Barry Sanders 27y 147d Eric Dickerson 91 Jim Brown 1964 - 11 - 01 9,000 38 Barry Sanders 27y 84d Eric Dickerson 82 Joe Perry 1961 - 11 - 12 8,000 51 Barry Sanders 26y 120d Eric Dickerson 73 Joe Perry 1960 - 10 - 04 7,000 62 Emmitt Smith 25y 209d Eric Dickerson 63 Joe Perry 1957 - 12 - 08 6,000 88 Clinton Portis 25y 23d Eric Dickerson 53 Joe Perry 1955 - 11 - 13 5,000 133 Clinton Portis 24y 66d Eric Dickerson 45 Steve Van Buren 1950 - 10 - 15 4,000 203 Clinton Portis 23y 81d Eric Dickerson 33 Steve Van Buren 1949 3,000 > 250 Clinton Portis 22y 104d Eric Dickerson 27 Cliff Battles 1937 2,000 > 250 Clinton Portis 22y 48d Eric Dickerson 18 Cliff Battles 1935 1,000 > 250 Rashaan Salaam 21y 77d Adrian Peterson 8 Cliff Battles Bronko Nagurski Jim Musick 1933 Receiving Yards ( edit ) Yards # of Players Youngest Fewest Games First 22,000 Jerry Rice 41y 7d Jerry Rice 277 Jerry Rice 2003 - 10 - 20 21,000 Jerry Rice 40y 21d Jerry Rice 262 Jerry Rice 2002 - 11 - 03 20,000 Jerry Rice 39y 57d Jerry Rice 250 Jerry Rice 2001 - 12 - 09 19,000 Jerry Rice 38y 37d Jerry Rice 234 Jerry Rice 2000 - 11 - 19 18,000 Jerry Rice 37y 47d Jerry Rice 217 Jerry Rice 1999 - 11 - 29 17,000 Jerry Rice 36y 12d Jerry Rice 197 Jerry Rice 1998 - 10 - 25 16,000 Jerry Rice 34y 42d Jerry Rice 184 Jerry Rice 1996 - 11 - 24 15,000 6 Jerry Rice 33y 72d Jerry Rice 172 Jerry Rice 1995 - 12 - 24 14,000 12 Randy Moss 32y 275d Jerry Rice 164 James Lofton 1994 - 01 - 03 13,000 18 Randy Moss 31y 298d Jerry Rice 154 Steve Largent 1989 - 12 - 10 12,000 26 Randy Moss 30y 306d Jerry Rice 142 Charlie Joiner 1986 - 11 - 16 11,000 34 Calvin Johnson 30y 37d Calvin Johnson 127 Don Maynard 1971 - 10 - 17 10,000 45 Randy Moss 28y 314d Calvin Johnson 115 Don Maynard 1969 - 11 - 02 9,000 59 Randy Moss 27y 310d Lance Alworth 98 Raymond Berry 1966 - 12 - 10 8,000 93 Randy Moss 26y 297d Lance Alworth 83 Billy Howton 1963 - 09 - 29 7,000 132 Larry Fitzgerald 26y 111d Lance Alworth 72 Don Hutson 1944 6,000 190 Randy Moss 25y 270d Lance Alworth 62 Don Hutson 1943 5,000 > 250 Randy Moss 24y 292d Lance Alworth 52 Don Hutson 1942 4,000 > 250 Randy Moss 23y 308d Odell Beckham Lance Alworth 42 Don Hutson 1941 3,000 > 250 Mike Evans 23y 74d Charley Hennigan 29 Don Hutson 1940 2,000 > 250 Larry Fitzgerald 22y 109d Charley Hennigan Bill Groman 20 Don Hutson 1938 1,000 > 250 Mike Evans 21y 129d Harlon Hill Lionel Taylor Bill Groman 10 ( Five players confirmed ) by 1937 Note ( edit ) See also ( edit ) List of National Football League records ( team ) List of Super Bowl records List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Brenden ; Gellerman , Jacob ; King , Robert , eds. ( 2015 ) . Official 2015 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hanson sets NFL Record for Most Games Played with One Team '' . Detroit Lions . September 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings -- Ring of Honor '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single - Season Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Titans narrowly hold off Texans ' rally with Bironas ' record 8th FG '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most season 100 + points '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most points , season rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws three touchdown passes as Patriots beat Bengals '' . reuters.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship Live Blog : Jackson Rushes In 1 - Yard Score , But Gostkowski Misses Extra Point '' . boston.cbslocal.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals attempted , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , no misses , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most FG made by a rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The San Diego Union - Tribune -- San Diego , California & National News '' . www.sandiegouniontribune.com . Jump up ^ Meyer , Max ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Vinatieri misses FG , ends historic streak '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consistent Crosby '' . Jump up ^ `` Mason Crosby Stats -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Stats and Facts : Browns vs. Ravens '' . clevelandbrowns.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Kasay Stats -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bears kicker Robbie Gould : Loss to Viking falls on me '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 50 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 40 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 50 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 40 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 10 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 20 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Zuerlein makes 61 - yard field goal '' . espn.go.com . November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peterson 's yardage total and salary grow with each carry '' . nfl.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson explodes for sixth - career 200 - yard game in Vikings ' win '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys ' Murray again tops 100 to set mark '' . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 750 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FL Single - Season Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 10 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 11 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 12 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 13 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 14 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 15 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 16 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 17 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 18 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 19 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 1 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 2 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 3 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns by QB , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Young Hall of Fame bio '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` 11 titanic facts about Marcus Mariota 's magical NFL debut '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 155 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 158.3 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 90 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 95 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 95 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 300 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 350 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 400 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins ' Ryan Tannehill sets NFL record with 25 straight completions '' . cbssports.com . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 40 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Completion % Leaders '' . www.pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Bradford sets record for highest completion percentage in a season '' . SBNation.com. 2018 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , season '' . Pfref.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 70 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 60 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Yowell , Keith ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Today in Pro Football History : 1963 : Records Fall as Raiders Beat Oilers in High - Scoring Thriller '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday - Week 9 ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . November 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cash , Rana L. ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Roethlisberger becomes first NFL player with two 500 - yard passing games '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kacsmar , Scott ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Brees , Marino and the Passing Onslaught of 2011 '' . ColdHardFootballFacts.com . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 300 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 350 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 400 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Which NFL Records Can Never Be Broken ? '' . lifeslittlemysteries.com . Jump up ^ `` Jameis Winston Youngest Ever to 3,000 Yards '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Games 1 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 2 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 3 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 4 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 5 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 6 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games 7 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 95 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 90 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 85 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 80 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 75 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 70 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 65 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 60 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 55 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 50 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 45 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 40 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 35 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 30 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 25 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 20 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 15 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 10 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 5 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 4 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 20 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most 1 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - DM '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - PM '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 19 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 18 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 17 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 16 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 15 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 14 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 13 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 12 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 11 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 10 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Seven stats that put Brett Favre in a class of his own '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1st Start 10 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 9 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 8 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 7 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 6 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 5 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 4 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 3 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 2 Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1 Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Most Passing TDs , Rookie , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 45 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 50 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Streak 's end shows Aaron Rodgers is ' human ' '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton : First with 7 TDs since 69 '' . ESPN.com . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers tosses 6 TDs in half '' . ESPN.com . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texans ' Matt Schaub sets record for consecutive games with a pick - six '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dak Prescott breaks Tom Brady 's record for most passes without a pick to start a career '' . cbssports.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 1 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 2 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 3 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 4 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 5 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 6 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Individual Records : passing '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2010 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single season Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 2010 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single game Jump up ^ `` Lowest Sack Percentage NFL Quarterbacks '' . SportingCharts.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Receptions Seasons Leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1950&year_max=2016&season_start=1&season_end=1&age_min=0&age_max=0&pos=0&game_type=R&career_game_num_min=0&career_game_num_max=499&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&c1stat=choose&c1comp=gt&c2stat=choose&c2comp=gt&c3stat=choose&c3comp=gt&c4stat=choose&c4comp=gt&c5comp=choose&c5gtlt=lt&c6mult=1.0&c6comp=choose&order_by=rec Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 1 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 2 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 3 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 4 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 6 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 7 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 8 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 9 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 11 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 12 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 15 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 20 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 25 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 30 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 35 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 40 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 45 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 55 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 65 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 75 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 80 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 85 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 105 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 110 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 115 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 120 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seasons 125 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr. breaks Randy Moss ' receiving record '' . Foxsports.com . January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Not the San Diego secondary , nor bruised ribs , nor ... '' Jump up ^ `` Late TD Lifts Bills Over Texans 24 - 21 '' . 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 8 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . October 27 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 50 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 90 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 90 + receiving yards , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 150 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 200 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 125 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Long Reception Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Forte , Bradshaw flirting with running back receiving records '' . Pro Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most yards from scrimmage , season leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeShazier , John ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints situation too attractive for Darren Sharper to leave '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pat McAfee '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Hekker '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Bears ' Hester ties Deion Sanders ' NFL mark with 19 return TDs by taking back punt vs. Skins '' . WashingtonPost.com . October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : burke , chris ( October 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cordarrelle Patterson ties NFL record with 109 - yard kickoff return '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` B.J. Sams career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Fumbles '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Which NFL records will fall in 2012 '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Gene ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Charles Tillman best - kept secret on loaded Bears ' defense '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Fumbles Forced Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` In setting forced fumble record , Giants defensive lineman Osi Umenyiora completes revitalized season '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . After a 10 - 6 season in which Umenyiora finished with 111⁄2 sacks and an NFL - record 10 forced fumbles , the questions posed to Umenyiora related to his brilliance -- not his discontent . Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WK9 Ca n't - Miss Play : Peterson 's walk - off winner '' . NFL Videos. 2011 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 7 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . October 20 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers cornerback 's return longest play in NFL history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History : Players Who 've Played In NFL At Age 40 Or Older '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Los Angeles Rams - October 30th , 1960 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans at Kansas City Chiefs -- January 6 , 2018 -- Playoffs ( Wild Card Round ) '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Started Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Branch , John ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Jeff Feagles Retires After 1,713 Punts '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Feagles retires as the league 's career leader in punts ( 1,713 ) , punting yards ( 71,211 , or more than 40 miles ) and balls downed inside the 20 - yard line ( 554 ) . He also played in 352 consecutive regular - season games , a league record . ^ Jump up to : `` Favre 's consecutive start streak comes to an end at 297 '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning bio '' . Colts.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . with 208 consecutive starts , owns the longest career - opening streak of any QB in NFL history and the longest streak in Colts history ... also marked the longest career - opening streak of any player in NFL history ( 207 , OG - Gene Upshaw , Oakland , 1967 -- 81 Jump up ^ `` Brady Ties NFL Consecutive Home Wins Record '' . NBC Connecticut . 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons 20 at Green Bay Packers 37 '' . Profootballreference.com. 31 December 1995 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers 14 at Green Bay Packers 35 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers 13 at Green Bay Packers 30 '' . Profootballreference.com. 12 January 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 at Green Bay Packers 21 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Doug ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Green Bay improves to 7 -- 1 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Campbell ( 2009 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Favre takes it to the Packers : Vikings win 30 -- 23 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Favre Career Splits -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Green Bay Packers at Detroit Lions - January 8th , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Wild Card - Detroit Lions at Green Bay Packers - December 31st , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Moments in Rivalry : Chicago Bears Part 2 -- Inside The Huddle '' . www.insidethehuddle.tv . Jump up ^ `` FavreWatch : Doubling back on legacy '' . ESPN.com. 2010 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Career Game Log -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Beattie Feathers was the First Thousand Yard Rusher in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2006 - 10 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ 1000 + rushing yard seasons , 1920 -- 1950 , PFR . Jump up ^ `` Players who have had 2,000 yard single rushing seasons in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2012 - 08 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ 2000 + rushing yard seasons since 1920 , PFR . Jump up ^ `` Steve Van Buren : A Runner Like No Other '' . FootballGeography.com. 2012 - 08 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Number Crunching : # 20 '' . FootballDiner.com. 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Maxymuk , John ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` Strong Arm Tactics : A History and Statistical Analysis of the Professional Quarterback '' . McFarland -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Passing Yards Year - by - Year Leaders -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Benny Friedman -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Favre first to throw 500 TDs with pass to Moss '' . ESPN.com. 12 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football History -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Elias Says ... Experience the difference for Favre '' . ESPN.com. 22 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Favre gets completion No. 6,000 , touchdown pass No. 492 '' . 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News -- Around the NFL '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ AOL . `` News , Sports , Weather , Entertainment , Local & Lifestyle -- AOL '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Rams at Detroit Lions - November 22nd , 1945 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` The other Mr. Durability : Peyton Manning has 200 straight starts -- USATODAY.com '' . www.usatoday.com . Jump up ^ NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book , Edited by Randall Liu , pp. 436 -- 443 , Workman Publishing , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2480 - 2 External links ( edit ) NFL.com -- NFL History -- Record and Factbook Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_records_(individual)&oldid=837109002 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20National%20Football%20League%20records%20%28individual%29	671
how many wheel of fortune's are there around the world	Region or Country Local name Hosts Hostesses Network Dates Argentina Tiempo Límite ATP Gerardo Sofovich América TV 2001 Australia Wheel of Fortune Ernie Sigley ( 1981 -- 84 ) John Burgess ( 1984 -- 96 ) Tony Barber ( 1996 ) Rob Elliott ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Steve Oemcke ( 2004 -- 05 ) Larry Emdur ( 2006 ) Adriana Xenides ( 1981 -- 96 , 1997 -- 99 ) Kerrie Friend ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sophie Falkiner ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Laura Csortan ( 2006 ) Seven Network July 21 , 1981 -- 2004 November 2005 -- July 28 , 2006 Million Dollar Wheel of Fortune Tim Campbell Kelly Landry Nine Network May 26 , 2008 -- June 27 , 2008 Belgium ( Flanders ) Rad van Fortuin ( nl ) Mike Verdrengh ( nl ) Walter Capiau ( nl ) Bart Kaëll Walter Grootaers ( nl ; fr ) Koen Wauters Luc Appermont Bart van den Bossche Aurore Be Els Deborah Valerie & Zoe BRT VTM Canvas 1989 -- 97 2004 -- 06 Brazil Roletrando ( pt ) Roda a Roda ( pt ) Silvio Santos Patricia Abravanel Patricia Salvador Cláudia Barone SBT August 23 , 1981 -- September 26 , 1993 October 13 , 2003 -- present Bulgaria Колелото на късмета ( bg ) Koleloto na kasmeta Rumen Lukanov Jasmina Toshkova Nova TV January 18 , 2010 Canada ( Quebec ) La Roue chanceuse ( fr ) Donald Lautrec Lyne Sarrazin TQS May 1 , 1989 -- 1992 Chile La Rueda de la Fortuna ( es ) Rodolfo Torrealba Canal 13 1978 -- 79 Colombia La Rueda de La Fortuna Mauro Urquijo Gonzalo Vivanco Laura Tobon Caracól TV RCN 1998 -- 99 2012 -- 13 Croatia Kolo sreće Oliver Mlakar ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Boris Mirković ( 2015 -- ) Maja Vracaric ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Iva Jerković ( 2015 -- ) HRT1 ( 1993 -- 2002 ) RTL Televizija ( 2015 -- ) 1993 -- 2002 May 18 , 2015 -- present Czech Republic Kolotoč Pavel Poulicek Dalibor Gondik Honza Musil Adela Gondikova Radka Ruster TV Nova 1997 -- 2002 Denmark Lykkehjulet Michael Meyer Heim ( 1988 ) Bengt Burg ( 1989 -- 96 , 1997 -- 2000 ) Keld Heick ( 1996 -- 97 ) Lars Herlow ( 2000 -- 01 ) Pia Dresner ( 1988 ) Carina Jensen ( 1989 -- 94 ) Maria Millet ( 1995 -- 2001 ) TV2 October 1 , 1988 -- 2001 Ecuador La Rueda de la Fortuna Pancho Cabanilla Ecuavisa 2004 -- present Egypt دايرة الحياة Dayret Al Hayat Kareem Kojak Heba Sameer Goudah Hayat 2 August 19 , 2012 -- 2013 Estonia Õnneratas Suur lotokolmapäev Emil Rutiku ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mart Sander ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kristjan Jõekalda ( 2012 -- 13 ) TV3 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Kanal 2 ( 2011 -- 13 ) 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 13 Finland Onnenpyörä ( fi ) Jethro Rosted ( fi ) ( 2018 ) Kim Floor ( fi ; de ) ( 1993 ) Janne Porkka ( fi ) ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Tiina Vierto ( 1993 - 1995 ) Susan Sirén ( 1995 - 1998 ) Kati Jalojärvi ( 1998 - 1999 ) Saija Palin ( 1999 - 2001 ) MTV3 1993 -- 2001 France La Roue de la fortune Michel Robbe ( 1987 ) Christian Morin ( 1987 -- 92 ) Alexandre Debanne ( 1993 -- 94 ) Olivier Chiabodo ( 1995 -- 97 ) Christophe Dechavanne ( 2006 -- 12 ) Benjamin Castaldi ( January -- March 2012 ) Annie Pujol ( 1987 -- 94 ) Sandra Rossi ( 1995 ) Frederique Calvez ( 1995 -- 97 ) Victoria Silvstedt ( 2006 -- 12 ) Valerie Begue ( January -- March 2012 ) TF1 January 5 , 1987 -- April 1997 August 7 , 2006 -- March 23 , 2012 Georgia იღბლიანი ბორბალი Igbliani Borbali Duta Skhirtladze Vaniko Tarkhnishvili Shorena Begashvili Rustavi 2 March 3 , 2011 -- present Germany Glücksrad ( de ) Frederic Meisner ( de ) Peter Bond ( de ) Maren Gilzer ( de ) Sat. 1 November 7 , 1988 -- May 15 , 1998 Frederic Meisner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Thomas Ohrner ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sonya Kraus ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Katrin Wrobel ( de ) ( 2002 ) kabel eins May 18 , 1998 -- October 31 , 2002 Frederic Meisner Ramona Drews 9 Live March 1 , 2004 -- March 5 , 2005 Jan Hahn ( de ) Isabel Edvardsson RTLplus October 17 , 2016 -- present Kinder - Glücksrad Petra Hausberg no hostess Sat. 1 May 10 , 1992 -- 1993 Glücksrad - Gala Peter Bond and Frederic Meisner Maren Gilzer and Gundis Zambo 1993 -- 96 Greece Cyprus Ο τροχός της τύχης O trokós tis túkis George Polychroniou Paul Chaikalis Danis Katranidis Yiannis Koutrakis Peter Polychronidis Krista Niki Kartsona Julia Nova ANT1 MEGA Star Channel 1990 -- 96 1997 -- 98 2015 -- present Hungary Szerencsekerék ( hu ) Tamás Gajdos ( hu ) Viktor Klausmann ( hu ) Vizy András Dóra Prokopp ( hu ) Andrea Szulák ( hu ; de ) Rácz Zsuzsi MTV1 TV2 Story4TV 1993 -- 97 1997 -- 2001 2011 -- 12 India Surf Wheel of Fortune Mohan Kapoor Zee TV 1995 -- 97 Indonesia Roda Impian ( id ) Pilih atau Dia Charles Bonar Sirait Vicki ( 2001 -- 02 ) Ike ( 2002 ) SCTV antv Indosiar August 6 , 2001 -- August 2 , 2002 2003 -- July 29 , 2005 January 2 , 2006 -- March 3 , 2006 Israel גלגל המזל Galgal HaMazal ( he ) Erez Tal Gil Sassover ( he ) Efrat Rotem Meirav Levin Galit Burg ( he ) Ruth Gonzales ( he ) Ingrid Feldman ( he ) Tal Man ( he ) Sigal Shachmon Anat Elimelech Channel 2 1994 -- 2000 Italy La Ruota Della Fortuna Mike Bongiorno ( 1985 , 1989 -- 2003 ) Casti ( 1987 -- 88 ) Enrico Papi ( 2007 -- 09 ) Raffaella De Riso ( 1987 -- 88 ) Michelle Klippenstein ( 1988 ) Ylenia Carrisi ( 1989 , 1992 ) Paola Barale ( 1989 -- 95 ) Roberta Capua ( 1995 ) Antonella Elia ( 1995 -- 96 ) Claudia Grego ( 1996 -- 97 ) Ana Laura Ribas ( 1997 ) Miriana Trevisan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Nancy Comelli ( 2002 -- 03 ) Victoria Silvstedt ( 2007 -- 09 ) Canale 5 ( 1985 ) Odeon TV ( 1987 -- 88 ) Rete 4 ( 1989 -- 2003 ) Italia 1 ( 2007 -- 09 ) 1985 September 1987 -- 1988 1989 -- 2003 2007 -- 09 Lithuania Laimės Ratas 1990s Macedonia Тркало На Среќата Trkalo Na Srekata Igor Dzambazov Natali Grubovic A1 Channel 2009 -- 11 Malaysia Roda Impian Halim Othman ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Hani Mohsin ( 2002 -- 06 ) Kieran ( 2009 ) Zalda Zainal Abby Abadi Spell Liza AF1 Irma Hasmie Fauziah Gous Astro Ria TV3 1996 -- 2006 2009 Mexico La rueda de la fortuna Laura Flores Anastasia Canal de las Estrellas 1995 -- 97 Netherlands Rad van Fortuin ( nl ) Hans van der Togt ( nl ) Carlo Boszhard Andre Hazes jr. ( 2016 ) Leontine Borsato ( nl ) Patricia Rietveld Cindy Pielstroom Stephanie Tency ( fy ; nl ) ( 2016 ) RTL 4 SBS 6 1989 -- 98 2009 August 22 , 2016 -- July 27 , 2017 New Zealand Wheel of Fortune Phillip Leishman Jason Gunn Lana Coc - Kroft Sonia Gray TV2 TV One February 1991 -- 1996 April 14 , 2008 -- May 2 , 2009 Norway Lykkehjulet ( no ; sv ) Ragnar Otnes ( no ) Knut Bjørnsen Vendela Kirsebom Ulrika Nilsson Lise Nilsen TV3 1990 -- 93 February 26 , 2007 Panama La Rueda de la Fortuna Rassiel Rodriguez Jorge Ortega Nadage Herrera Telemetro 2001 2011 Peru La Ruleta de la Suerte Christian Rivero Gisela Valcarcel Frecuencia Latina 2011 -- 12 Philippines Wheel of Fortune Rustom Padilla Kris Aquino Victoria London Zara Aldana & Jasmine Fitzgerald ABC 5 ABS -- CBN November 19 , 2001 -- October 2002 January 14 , 2008 -- July 25 , 2008 Poland Koło Fortuny Wojciech Pijanowski ( 1992 -- 95 ) Paweł Wawrzecki ( 1995 ) Stanisław Mikulski ( 1995 -- 98 ) Krzysztof Tyniec ( 2007 -- 09 ) Rafał Brzozowski ( 2017 -- present ) Magda Masny ( 1992 -- 98 ) Marta Lewandowska ( 2007 -- 09 ) Izabella Krzan ( 2017 -- present ) TVP2 October 2 , 1992 -- September 1 , 1998 October 29 , 2007 -- October 27 , 2009 September 11 , 2017 -- present Portugal A Roda da Sorte ( pt ) Herman José Ruth & Rita Candido Mota Vanessa Palma ( pt ) RTP1 SIC 1990 -- 94 2008 Romania Roata Norocului Doru Dumitrescu Mihai Calin ( 1997 -- 99 ) Liviu Varciu ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( Adrian Cristea ) Bursucu ( 2015 -- present ) Cristiana Ruduta Ana Maria Barnoschi TVR1 Pro TV Kanal D March 1997 December 1997 -- May 1999 June 20 , 2012 -- present Russia Поле чудес Pole Chudes Vladislav Listyev ( 1990 -- 91 ) Leonid Yakubovich ( 1991 -- present ) Valdis Pelsh ( 25 December 2002 ) Rimma Agafoshina ( 1991 -- present ) VID 1TV October 25 , 1990 -- present Serbia Kolo sreće Milorad Mandić Soraja Vučelić Happy TV December 2015 -- present Singapore Wheel of Fortune Singapore Bernard Lim Eunice Olsen MediaCorp Channel 5 May 8 , 2002 Slovakia Koleso šťastia Jozef Pročko Tibor Hlista Roman Feder Laco Híveš Roman Pomajbo Peter Marcin Lukáš Adamec Alžbeta Ferencová STV VTV Markíza 1994 -- 97 July 25 , 2016 -- January 23 , 2017 Slovenia Kolo sreče Mito Trefalt Damjana Golavšek TV SLO1 1990s Spain La ruleta de la fortuna La ruleta de la suerte Mayra Gómez Kemp Ramón García Irma Soriano Bigote Arrocet Mabel Lozano Belén Rueda Fernando Esteso Jesús Vázquez Andoni Ferreño Goyo González Carlos Lozano Jorge Hernandez Diana Fernandez ( 1991 -- 97 ) Paloma Lopez ( 2006 -- 15 ) Laura Moure ( 2015 -- present ) Antena 3 Telecinco Antena 3 1990 -- 92 1993 -- 97 2006 -- present Sweden Lykkehjulet ( sv ; no ) Miljonlotteriet Lyckohjulet Ragnar Otnes Hans Wiklund Ulrika Nilsson Hannah Graaf TV3 TV8 1990s Turkey Çarkıfelek Ümit Güner Tarık Tarcan Halit Kıvanç Yıldo Mehmet Ali Erbil Ata Demirer Muazzez Ersoy Tuğba Özay Deniz Seki and Emel Müftüoğlu Arto Hamdi Alkan Petek Dinçöz İlker Ayrık TRT TRT 2 Show Tv Cine5 Kanal D Eko Tv Super Kanal TGRT atv Kanal 1 FOX Türkiye Star TV TNT Türkiye Kanal D 1975 -- 92 1986 -- 92 1992 -- 96 , 2005 -- 06 1993 -- 96 1997 -- 2003 1997 -- 2000 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2011 -- 12 2014 -- present Çark 2000 Ataman Erkul Kanal D 2000 United Kingdom Wheel of Fortune Nicky Campbell ( 1988 -- 96 ) Bradley Walsh ( 1997 ) John Leslie ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Paul Hendy ( 2001 ) Angela Ekaette ( 1988 ) Carol Smillie ( 1989 -- 94 ) Jenny Powell ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Terri Seymour ( 2001 ) ITV July 19 , 1988 -- December 21 , 2001 United States Canada ( English ) Wheel of Fortune Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 81 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 89 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 91 ) Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 82 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 91 ) NBC ( 1975 -- 89 , 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 91 ) January 6 , 1975 -- June 30 , 1989 July 17 , 1989 -- September 20 , 1991 Pat Sajak Vanna White syndication September 19 , 1983 -- present Wheel 2000 David Sidoni Tanika Ray ( as `` Cyber Lucy '' ) CBS September 13 , 1997 -- February 7 , 1998 Venezuela La Estrella de la Fortuna Orlando Urdaneta Corina Azopardo Luis Velazco Juan Manuel Montesinos Maru Winklemann Venevisión 1984 -- 89 Vietnam Chiếc nón kỳ diệu ( vi ) Lại Văn Sâm ( first show in 2001 ) Trịnh Long Vũ ( 2001 -- 06 ) Tuấn Tú ( 2006 -- 13 ) Danh Tùng ( 2014 - 15 ) Bùi Đức Bảo ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Phạm Thu Hằng ( 2001 -- 03 ) Hương Giang ( 2003 -- 06 ) MaiKa ( 2007 -- 09 , similar to Wheel 2000 in the U.S. ) Hồng Nhung ( 2009 -- 2016 ) VTV3 March 31 , 2001 -- December 24 , 2016		International versions of Wheel of Fortune	international versions of wheel of fortune	Wheel of Fortune is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin and first aired in 1975 , with a syndicated version airing since 1983 . Since its premiere , the program has been adapted into several international versions . The 1975 version premiered on Australian TV in 1981 and premiered in the UK in 1988 . It has also been adapted to numerous countries around the world .	Contents ( hide ) 1 International versions 2 See also 3 References 4 External links International versions ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Legend : Currently airing No longer airing Region or Country Local name Hosts Hostesses Network Dates Argentina Tiempo Límite ATP Gerardo Sofovich América TV 2001 Australia Wheel of Fortune Ernie Sigley ( 1981 -- 84 ) John Burgess ( 1984 -- 96 ) Tony Barber ( 1996 ) Rob Elliott ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Steve Oemcke ( 2004 -- 05 ) Larry Emdur ( 2006 ) Adriana Xenides ( 1981 -- 96 , 1997 -- 99 ) Kerrie Friend ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sophie Falkiner ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Laura Csortan ( 2006 ) Seven Network July 21 , 1981 -- 2004 November 2005 -- July 28 , 2006 Million Dollar Wheel of Fortune Tim Campbell Kelly Landry Nine Network May 26 , 2008 -- June 27 , 2008 Belgium ( Flanders ) Rad van Fortuin ( nl ) Mike Verdrengh ( nl ) Walter Capiau ( nl ) Bart Kaëll Walter Grootaers ( nl ; fr ) Koen Wauters Luc Appermont Bart van den Bossche Aurore Be Els Deborah Valerie & Zoe BRT VTM Canvas 1989 -- 97 2004 -- 06 Brazil Roletrando ( pt ) Roda a Roda ( pt ) Silvio Santos Patricia Abravanel Patricia Salvador Cláudia Barone SBT August 23 , 1981 -- September 26 , 1993 October 13 , 2003 -- present Bulgaria Колелото на късмета ( bg ) Koleloto na kasmeta Rumen Lukanov Jasmina Toshkova Nova TV January 18 , 2010 Canada ( Quebec ) La Roue chanceuse ( fr ) Donald Lautrec Lyne Sarrazin TQS May 1 , 1989 -- 1992 Chile La Rueda de la Fortuna ( es ) Rodolfo Torrealba Canal 13 1978 -- 79 Colombia La Rueda de La Fortuna Mauro Urquijo Gonzalo Vivanco Laura Tobon Caracól TV RCN 1998 -- 99 2012 -- 13 Croatia Kolo sreće Oliver Mlakar ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Boris Mirković ( 2015 -- ) Maja Vracaric ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Iva Jerković ( 2015 -- ) HRT1 ( 1993 -- 2002 ) RTL Televizija ( 2015 -- ) 1993 -- 2002 May 18 , 2015 -- present Czech Republic Kolotoč Pavel Poulicek Dalibor Gondik Honza Musil Adela Gondikova Radka Ruster TV Nova 1997 -- 2002 Denmark Lykkehjulet Michael Meyer Heim ( 1988 ) Bengt Burg ( 1989 -- 96 , 1997 -- 2000 ) Keld Heick ( 1996 -- 97 ) Lars Herlow ( 2000 -- 01 ) Pia Dresner ( 1988 ) Carina Jensen ( 1989 -- 94 ) Maria Millet ( 1995 -- 2001 ) TV2 October 1 , 1988 -- 2001 Ecuador La Rueda de la Fortuna Pancho Cabanilla Ecuavisa 2004 -- present Egypt دايرة الحياة Dayret Al Hayat Kareem Kojak Heba Sameer Goudah Hayat 2 August 19 , 2012 -- 2013 Estonia Õnneratas Suur lotokolmapäev Emil Rutiku ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mart Sander ( 2011 -- 12 ) Kristjan Jõekalda ( 2012 -- 13 ) TV3 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Kanal 2 ( 2011 -- 13 ) 1999 -- 2000 2011 -- 13 Finland Onnenpyörä ( fi ) Jethro Rosted ( fi ) ( 2018 ) Kim Floor ( fi ; de ) ( 1993 ) Janne Porkka ( fi ) ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Tiina Vierto ( 1993 - 1995 ) Susan Sirén ( 1995 - 1998 ) Kati Jalojärvi ( 1998 - 1999 ) Saija Palin ( 1999 - 2001 ) MTV3 1993 -- 2001 France La Roue de la fortune Michel Robbe ( 1987 ) Christian Morin ( 1987 -- 92 ) Alexandre Debanne ( 1993 -- 94 ) Olivier Chiabodo ( 1995 -- 97 ) Christophe Dechavanne ( 2006 -- 12 ) Benjamin Castaldi ( January -- March 2012 ) Annie Pujol ( 1987 -- 94 ) Sandra Rossi ( 1995 ) Frederique Calvez ( 1995 -- 97 ) Victoria Silvstedt ( 2006 -- 12 ) Valerie Begue ( January -- March 2012 ) TF1 January 5 , 1987 -- April 1997 August 7 , 2006 -- March 23 , 2012 Georgia იღბლიანი ბორბალი Igbliani Borbali Duta Skhirtladze Vaniko Tarkhnishvili Shorena Begashvili Rustavi 2 March 3 , 2011 -- present Germany Glücksrad ( de ) Frederic Meisner ( de ) Peter Bond ( de ) Maren Gilzer ( de ) Sat. 1 November 7 , 1988 -- May 15 , 1998 Frederic Meisner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Thomas Ohrner ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sonya Kraus ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Katrin Wrobel ( de ) ( 2002 ) kabel eins May 18 , 1998 -- October 31 , 2002 Frederic Meisner Ramona Drews 9 Live March 1 , 2004 -- March 5 , 2005 Jan Hahn ( de ) Isabel Edvardsson RTLplus October 17 , 2016 -- present Kinder - Glücksrad Petra Hausberg no hostess Sat. 1 May 10 , 1992 -- 1993 Glücksrad - Gala Peter Bond and Frederic Meisner Maren Gilzer and Gundis Zambo 1993 -- 96 Greece Cyprus Ο τροχός της τύχης O trokós tis túkis George Polychroniou Paul Chaikalis Danis Katranidis Yiannis Koutrakis Peter Polychronidis Krista Niki Kartsona Julia Nova ANT1 MEGA Star Channel 1990 -- 96 1997 -- 98 2015 -- present Hungary Szerencsekerék ( hu ) Tamás Gajdos ( hu ) Viktor Klausmann ( hu ) Vizy András Dóra Prokopp ( hu ) Andrea Szulák ( hu ; de ) Rácz Zsuzsi MTV1 TV2 Story4TV 1993 -- 97 1997 -- 2001 2011 -- 12 India Surf Wheel of Fortune Mohan Kapoor Zee TV 1995 -- 97 Indonesia Roda Impian ( id ) Pilih atau Dia Charles Bonar Sirait Vicki ( 2001 -- 02 ) Ike ( 2002 ) SCTV antv Indosiar August 6 , 2001 -- August 2 , 2002 2003 -- July 29 , 2005 January 2 , 2006 -- March 3 , 2006 Israel גלגל המזל Galgal HaMazal ( he ) Erez Tal Gil Sassover ( he ) Efrat Rotem Meirav Levin Galit Burg ( he ) Ruth Gonzales ( he ) Ingrid Feldman ( he ) Tal Man ( he ) Sigal Shachmon Anat Elimelech Channel 2 1994 -- 2000 Italy La Ruota Della Fortuna Mike Bongiorno ( 1985 , 1989 -- 2003 ) Casti ( 1987 -- 88 ) Enrico Papi ( 2007 -- 09 ) Raffaella De Riso ( 1987 -- 88 ) Michelle Klippenstein ( 1988 ) Ylenia Carrisi ( 1989 , 1992 ) Paola Barale ( 1989 -- 95 ) Roberta Capua ( 1995 ) Antonella Elia ( 1995 -- 96 ) Claudia Grego ( 1996 -- 97 ) Ana Laura Ribas ( 1997 ) Miriana Trevisan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Nancy Comelli ( 2002 -- 03 ) Victoria Silvstedt ( 2007 -- 09 ) Canale 5 ( 1985 ) Odeon TV ( 1987 -- 88 ) Rete 4 ( 1989 -- 2003 ) Italia 1 ( 2007 -- 09 ) 1985 September 1987 -- 1988 1989 -- 2003 2007 -- 09 Lithuania Laimės Ratas 1990s Macedonia Тркало На Среќата Trkalo Na Srekata Igor Dzambazov Natali Grubovic A1 Channel 2009 -- 11 Malaysia Roda Impian Halim Othman ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Hani Mohsin ( 2002 -- 06 ) Kieran ( 2009 ) Zalda Zainal Abby Abadi Spell Liza AF1 Irma Hasmie Fauziah Gous Astro Ria TV3 1996 -- 2006 2009 Mexico La rueda de la fortuna Laura Flores Anastasia Canal de las Estrellas 1995 -- 97 Netherlands Rad van Fortuin ( nl ) Hans van der Togt ( nl ) Carlo Boszhard Andre Hazes jr. ( 2016 ) Leontine Borsato ( nl ) Patricia Rietveld Cindy Pielstroom Stephanie Tency ( fy ; nl ) ( 2016 ) RTL 4 SBS 6 1989 -- 98 2009 August 22 , 2016 -- July 27 , 2017 New Zealand Wheel of Fortune Phillip Leishman Jason Gunn Lana Coc - Kroft Sonia Gray TV2 TV One February 1991 -- 1996 April 14 , 2008 -- May 2 , 2009 Norway Lykkehjulet ( no ; sv ) Ragnar Otnes ( no ) Knut Bjørnsen Vendela Kirsebom Ulrika Nilsson Lise Nilsen TV3 1990 -- 93 February 26 , 2007 Panama La Rueda de la Fortuna Rassiel Rodriguez Jorge Ortega Nadage Herrera Telemetro 2001 2011 Peru La Ruleta de la Suerte Christian Rivero Gisela Valcarcel Frecuencia Latina 2011 -- 12 Philippines Wheel of Fortune Rustom Padilla Kris Aquino Victoria London Zara Aldana & Jasmine Fitzgerald ABC 5 ABS -- CBN November 19 , 2001 -- October 2002 January 14 , 2008 -- July 25 , 2008 Poland Koło Fortuny Wojciech Pijanowski ( 1992 -- 95 ) Paweł Wawrzecki ( 1995 ) Stanisław Mikulski ( 1995 -- 98 ) Krzysztof Tyniec ( 2007 -- 09 ) Rafał Brzozowski ( 2017 -- present ) Magda Masny ( 1992 -- 98 ) Marta Lewandowska ( 2007 -- 09 ) Izabella Krzan ( 2017 -- present ) TVP2 October 2 , 1992 -- September 1 , 1998 October 29 , 2007 -- October 27 , 2009 September 11 , 2017 -- present Portugal A Roda da Sorte ( pt ) Herman José Ruth & Rita Candido Mota Vanessa Palma ( pt ) RTP1 SIC 1990 -- 94 2008 Romania Roata Norocului Doru Dumitrescu Mihai Calin ( 1997 -- 99 ) Liviu Varciu ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( Adrian Cristea ) Bursucu ( 2015 -- present ) Cristiana Ruduta Ana Maria Barnoschi TVR1 Pro TV Kanal D March 1997 December 1997 -- May 1999 June 20 , 2012 -- present Russia Поле чудес Pole Chudes Vladislav Listyev ( 1990 -- 91 ) Leonid Yakubovich ( 1991 -- present ) Valdis Pelsh ( 25 December 2002 ) Rimma Agafoshina ( 1991 -- present ) VID 1TV October 25 , 1990 -- present Serbia Kolo sreće Milorad Mandić Soraja Vučelić Happy TV December 2015 -- present Singapore Wheel of Fortune Singapore Bernard Lim Eunice Olsen MediaCorp Channel 5 May 8 , 2002 Slovakia Koleso šťastia Jozef Pročko Tibor Hlista Roman Feder Laco Híveš Roman Pomajbo Peter Marcin Lukáš Adamec Alžbeta Ferencová STV VTV Markíza 1994 -- 97 July 25 , 2016 -- January 23 , 2017 Slovenia Kolo sreče Mito Trefalt Damjana Golavšek TV SLO1 1990s Spain La ruleta de la fortuna La ruleta de la suerte Mayra Gómez Kemp Ramón García Irma Soriano Bigote Arrocet Mabel Lozano Belén Rueda Fernando Esteso Jesús Vázquez Andoni Ferreño Goyo González Carlos Lozano Jorge Hernandez Diana Fernandez ( 1991 -- 97 ) Paloma Lopez ( 2006 -- 15 ) Laura Moure ( 2015 -- present ) Antena 3 Telecinco Antena 3 1990 -- 92 1993 -- 97 2006 -- present Sweden Lykkehjulet ( sv ; no ) Miljonlotteriet Lyckohjulet Ragnar Otnes Hans Wiklund Ulrika Nilsson Hannah Graaf TV3 TV8 1990s Turkey Çarkıfelek Ümit Güner Tarık Tarcan Halit Kıvanç Yıldo Mehmet Ali Erbil Ata Demirer Muazzez Ersoy Tuğba Özay Deniz Seki and Emel Müftüoğlu Arto Hamdi Alkan Petek Dinçöz İlker Ayrık TRT TRT 2 Show Tv Cine5 Kanal D Eko Tv Super Kanal TGRT atv Kanal 1 FOX Türkiye Star TV TNT Türkiye Kanal D 1975 -- 92 1986 -- 92 1992 -- 96 , 2005 -- 06 1993 -- 96 1997 -- 2003 1997 -- 2000 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2011 -- 12 2014 -- present Çark 2000 Ataman Erkul Kanal D 2000 United Kingdom Wheel of Fortune Nicky Campbell ( 1988 -- 96 ) Bradley Walsh ( 1997 ) John Leslie ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Paul Hendy ( 2001 ) Angela Ekaette ( 1988 ) Carol Smillie ( 1989 -- 94 ) Jenny Powell ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Terri Seymour ( 2001 ) ITV July 19 , 1988 -- December 21 , 2001 United States Canada ( English ) Wheel of Fortune Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 81 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 89 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 91 ) Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 82 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 91 ) NBC ( 1975 -- 89 , 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 91 ) January 6 , 1975 -- June 30 , 1989 July 17 , 1989 -- September 20 , 1991 Pat Sajak Vanna White syndication September 19 , 1983 -- present Wheel 2000 David Sidoni Tanika Ray ( as `` Cyber Lucy '' ) CBS September 13 , 1997 -- February 7 , 1998 Venezuela La Estrella de la Fortuna Orlando Urdaneta Corina Azopardo Luis Velazco Juan Manuel Montesinos Maru Winklemann Venevisión 1984 -- 89 Vietnam Chiếc nón kỳ diệu ( vi ) Lại Văn Sâm ( first show in 2001 ) Trịnh Long Vũ ( 2001 -- 06 ) Tuấn Tú ( 2006 -- 13 ) Danh Tùng ( 2014 - 15 ) Bùi Đức Bảo ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Phạm Thu Hằng ( 2001 -- 03 ) Hương Giang ( 2003 -- 06 ) MaiKa ( 2007 -- 09 , similar to Wheel 2000 in the U.S. ) Hồng Nhung ( 2009 -- 2016 ) VTV3 March 31 , 2001 -- December 24 , 2016 See also ( edit ) List of television show franchises References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/truyen-hinh/chiec-non-ky-dieu-chia-tay-khan-gia-sau-16-nam-phat-song-348335.html External links ( edit ) Official site of the Singapore edition ( via internet Archive ) ( hide ) Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_versions_of_Wheel_of_Fortune&oldid=829584746 '' Categories : Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television franchises Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Incomplete lists from February 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20versions%20of%20Wheel%20of%20Fortune	672
role of spores in the development of c. difficile disease	C. difficile is transmitted from person to person by the fecal - oral route . The organism forms heat - resistant spores that are not killed by alcohol - based hand cleansers or routine surface cleaning . Thus , these spores survive in clinical environments for long periods . Because of this , the bacteria may be cultured from almost any surface . Once spores are ingested , their acid - resistance allows them to pass through the stomach unscathed . Upon exposure to bile acids , they germinate and multiply into vegetative cells in the colon .		Clostridium difficile infection	clostridium difficile infection		Clostridium difficile infection Synonyms C. difficile associated diarrhea ( CDAD ) , Clostridium difficile colitis Pathological specimen showing pseudomembranous colitis Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Diarrhea , fever , nausea , abdominal pain Complications Pseudomembranous colitis , toxic megacolon , perforation of the colon , sepsis Causes Clostridium difficile spread by the fecal - oral route Risk factors Antibiotics , proton pump inhibitors , hospitalization , other health problems , older age Diagnostic method Stool culture , testing for the bacteria 's DNA or toxins Prevention Hand washing , terminal room cleaning in hospital Treatment Metronidazole , vancomycin , fidaxomicin , fecal microbiota transplantation Frequency 453,000 ( US 2011 ) Deaths 29,000 ( US ) Clostridium difficile infection ( CDI or C - dif ) is a symptomatic infection due to the spore - forming bacterium , Clostridium difficile . Symptoms include watery diarrhea , fever , nausea , and abdominal pain . It makes up about 20 % of cases of antibiotic - associated diarrhea . Complications may include pseudomembranous colitis , toxic megacolon , perforation of the colon , and sepsis . Clostridium difficile infection is spread by bacterial spores found within feces . Surfaces may become contaminated with the spores with further spread occurring via the hands of healthcare workers . Risk factors for infection include antibiotic or proton pump inhibitors use , hospitalization , other health problems , and older age . Diagnosis is by stool culture or testing for the bacteria 's DNA or toxins . If a person tests positive but has no symptoms , the condition is known as C. difficile colonization rather than an infection . Prevention is by hand washing , terminal room cleaning in hospital , and limiting antibiotic use . Discontinuation of antibiotics may result in resolution of symptoms within three days in about 20 % of those infected . Often the antibiotics metronidazole , vancomycin or fidaxomicin will cure the infection . Retesting after treatment , as long as the symptoms have resolved , is not recommended , as the person may remain colonized . Recurrences have been reported in up to 25 % of people . Some tentative evidence indicates fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics may decrease the risk of recurrence . C. difficile infections occur in all areas of the world . About 453,000 cases occurred in the United States in 2011 , resulting in 29,000 deaths . Rates of disease globally have increased between 2001 and 2016 . Women are more often affected than men . The bacterium was discovered in 1935 and found to be disease - causing in 1978 . In the United States , healthcare - associated infections increase the cost of care by US $1.5 billion each year . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 2.1 C. difficile 2.2 Risk factors 2.2. 1 Antibiotics 2.2. 2 Healthcare environment 2.2. 3 Acid suppression medication 2.2. 4 Elemental diet 3 Pathophysiology 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Cytotoxicity assay 4.2 Toxin ELISA 4.3 Other stool tests 4.4 PCR 5 Prevention 5.1 Antibiotics 5.2 Probiotics 5.3 Infection control 6 Treatment 6.1 Medications 6.2 Probiotics 6.3 Stool transplant 6.4 Surgery 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 9.1 Notable outbreaks 10 Pronunciation 11 Research 12 Other animals 13 References 14 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Signs and symptoms of CDI range from mild diarrhea to severe life - threatening inflammation of the colon . In adults , a clinical prediction rule found the best signs to be significant diarrhea ( `` new onset of more than three partially formed or watery stools per 24 - hour period '' ) , recent antibiotic exposure , abdominal pain , fever ( up to 40.5 ° C or 105 ° F ) , and a distinctive foul odor to the stool resembling horse manure . In a population of hospitalized patients , prior antibiotic treatment plus diarrhea or abdominal pain had a sensitivity of 86 % and a specificity of 45 % . In this study with a prevalence of positive cytotoxin assays of 14 % , the positive predictive value was 18 % and the negative predictive value was 94 % . In children , the most prevalent symptom of a CDI is watery diarrhea with at least three bowel movements a day for two or more days , which may be accompanied by fever , loss of appetite , nausea , and / or abdominal pain . Those with a severe infection also may develop serious inflammation of the colon and have little or no diarrhea . Cause ( edit ) Main article : Clostridium difficile ( bacteria ) How C. difficile spreads Infection with C. difficile bacteria are responsible for C. difficile diarrhea . C. difficile ( edit ) Individual , drumstick - shaped C. difficile bacilli seen through scanning electron microscopy C. difficile colonies on a blood agar plate Clostridia are anaerobic motile bacteria , ubiquitous in nature , and especially prevalent in soil . Under the microscope , they appear as long , irregular ( often drumstick - or spindle - shaped ) cells with a bulge at their terminal ends . Under Gram staining , C. difficile cells are Gram - positive and show optimum growth on blood agar at human body temperatures in the absence of oxygen . When stressed , the bacteria produce spores that are able to tolerate extreme conditions that the active bacteria can not tolerate . C. difficile may become established in the human colon ; it is present in 2 -- 5 % of the adult population . Pathogenic C. difficile strains produce multiple toxins . The most well - characterized are enterotoxin ( Clostridium difficile toxin A ) and cytotoxin ( Clostridium difficile toxin B ) , both of which may produce diarrhea and inflammation in infected patients , although their relative contributions have been debated . Toxins A and B are glucosyltransferases that target and inactivate the Rho family of GTPases . Toxin B ( cytotoxin ) induces actin depolymerization by a mechanism correlated with a decrease in the ADP - ribosylation of the low molecular mass GTP - binding Rho proteins . Another toxin , binary toxin , also has been described , but its role in disease is not fully understood . Antibiotic treatment of CDIs may be difficult , due both to antibiotic resistance and physiological factors of the bacteria ( spore formation , protective effects of the pseudomembrane ) . The emergence of a new and highly toxic strain of C. difficile that is resistant to fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin , said to be causing geographically dispersed outbreaks in North America , was reported in 2005 . The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta warned of the emergence of an epidemic strain with increased virulence , antibiotic resistance , or both . C. difficile is transmitted from person to person by the fecal - oral route . The organism forms heat - resistant spores that are not killed by alcohol - based hand cleansers or routine surface cleaning . Thus , these spores survive in clinical environments for long periods . Because of this , the bacteria may be cultured from almost any surface . Once spores are ingested , their acid - resistance allows them to pass through the stomach unscathed . Upon exposure to bile acids , they germinate and multiply into vegetative cells in the colon . In 2005 , molecular analysis led to the identification of the C. difficile strain type characterized as group BI by restriction endonuclease analysis , as North American pulse - field - type NAP1 by pulsed - field gel electrophoresis and as ribotype 027 ; the differing terminology reflects the predominant techniques used for epidemiological typing . This strain is referred to as C. difficile BI / NAP1 / 027 . Risk factors ( edit ) Antibiotics ( edit ) C. difficile colitis is associated most strongly with the use of these antibiotics : fluoroquinolones , cephalosporins , and clindamycin . Some research suggests the routine use of antibiotics in the raising of livestock is contributing to outbreaks of bacterial infections such as C. difficile . Healthcare environment ( edit ) People are most often infected in hospitals , nursing homes , or other medical institutions , although infection outside medical settings is increasing . Individuals can develop the infection if they touch objects or surfaces that are contaminated with feces and then touch their mouth or mucous membranes . Healthcare workers could possibly spread the bacteria to patients or contaminate surfaces through hand contact . The rate of C. difficile acquisition is estimated to be 13 % in patients with hospital stays of up to two weeks , and 50 % with stays longer than four weeks . Long - term hospitalization or residence in a nursing home within the previous year are independent risk factors for increased colonization . Acid suppression medication ( edit ) Increasing rates of community - acquired CDI are associated with the use of medication to suppress gastric acid production : H2 - receptor antagonists increased the risk 1.5-fold , and proton pump inhibitors by 1.7 with once - daily use and 2.4 with more than once - daily use . Elemental diet ( edit ) As a result of suppression of healthy bacteria , via a loss of bacterial food source , prolonged use of an elemental diet elevates the risk of developing C. difficile infection . Pathophysiology ( edit ) The use of systemic antibiotics , including any penicillin - based antibiotic such as ampicillin , cephalosporins , and clindamycin , causes the normal microbiota of the bowel to be altered . In particular , when the antibiotic kills off other competing bacteria in the intestine , any bacteria remaining will have less competition for space and nutrients . The net effect is to permit more extensive growth than normal of certain bacteria . C. difficile is one such type of bacterium . In addition to proliferating in the bowel , C. difficile also produces toxins . Without either toxin A or toxin B , C. difficile may colonize the gut , but is unlikely to cause pseudomembranous colitis . The colitis associated with severe infection is part of an inflammatory reaction , with the `` pseudomembrane '' formed by a viscous collection of inflammatory cells , fibrin , and necrotic cells . Diagnosis ( edit ) Micrograph of a colonic pseudomembrane in C. difficile colitis , a type of pseudomembranous colitis , H&E stain Endoscopic image of pseudomembranous colitis , with yellow pseudomembranes seen on the wall of the sigmoid colon Pseudomembranous colitis on computed tomography Prior to the advent of tests to detect C. difficile toxins , the diagnosis most often was made by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy . The appearance of `` pseudomembranes '' on the mucosa of the colon or rectum is highly suggestive , but not diagnostic of the condition . The pseudomembranes are composed of an exudate made of inflammatory debris , white blood cells . Although colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy are still employed , now stool testing for the presence of C. difficile toxins is frequently the first - line diagnostic approach . Usually , only two toxins are tested for -- toxin A and toxin B -- but the organism produces several others . This test is not 100 % accurate , with a considerable false - negative rate even with repeat testing . Cytotoxicity assay ( edit ) C. difficile toxins have a cytopathic effect in cell culture , and neutralization of any effect observed with specific antisera is the practical gold standard for studies investigating new CDI diagnostic techniques . Toxigenic culture , in which organisms are cultured on selective media and tested for toxin production , remains the gold standard and is the most sensitive and specific test , although it is slow and labor - intensive . Toxin ELISA ( edit ) Assessment of the A and B toxins by enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) for toxin A or B ( or both ) has a sensitivity of 63 -- 99 % and a specificity of 93 -- 100 % . Previously , experts recommended sending as many as three stool samples to rule out disease if initial tests are negative , but evidence suggests repeated testing during the same episode of diarrhea is of limited value and should be discouraged . C. difficile toxin should clear from the stool of previously infected patients if treatment is effective . Many hospitals only test for the prevalent toxin A. Strains that express only the B toxin are now present in many hospitals , however , so testing for both toxins should occur . Not testing for both may contribute to a delay in obtaining laboratory results , which is often the cause of prolonged illness and poor outcomes . Other stool tests ( edit ) Stool leukocyte measurements and stool lactoferrin levels also have been proposed as diagnostic tests , but may have limited diagnostic accuracy . Pcr ( edit ) Testing of stool samples by real - time polymerase chain reaction is able to detect C. difficile about 93 % of the time and when positive is incorrectly positive about 3 % of the time . This is more accurate than cytotoxigenic culture or cell cytotoxicity assay . Other benefits are that the result can be achieved within three hours . Drawbacks include a higher cost and the fact that the test only looks for the gene for the toxin and not the toxin itself . The later means that if the test is used without confirmation , overdiagnosis may occur . Repeat testing may be misleading , and testing specimens more than once every seven days in people without new symptoms is highly unlikely to yield useful information . Prevention ( edit ) Self containment by housing people in private rooms is important to prevent the spread of C. difficile between patients . Contact precautions are an important part of preventing the spread of C. difficile. C. difficile does not often occur in people who are not taking antibiotics so limiting use of antibiotics decreases the risk . Antibiotics ( edit ) The most effective method for preventing CDI is proper antimicrobial prescribing . In the hospital setting , where CDI is most common , nearly all patients who develop CDI are exposed to antimicrobials . Although proper antimicrobial prescribing is highly recommended , about 50 % of antimicrobial use is considered inappropriate . This is consistent whether in the hospital , clinic , community , or academic setting . A decrease in CDI by limiting antibiotics or by limiting unnecessary antimicrobial prescriptions in general , both in an outbreak and nonoutbreak setting has been demonstrated to be most strongly associated with reduced CDI . Further , reactions to medication may be severe : CDI infections were the most common contributor to adverse drug events seen in U.S. hospitals in 2011 . In some regions of the UK , reduced used of fluoroquinolone antibiotics seems to lead to reduced rates of CDI . Probiotics ( edit ) Some evidence indicates probiotics may be useful to prevent infection and recurrence . Treatment with Saccharomyces boulardii in those who are not immunocompromised with C. difficile also may be useful . Initially , in 2010 , the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommended against their use due to the risk of complications . Subsequent reviews , however , did not find an increase in adverse effects with treatment , and overall treatment appears safe . Infection Control ( edit ) Rigorous infection protocols are required to minimize this risk of transmission . Infection control measures , such as wearing gloves and noncritical medical devices used for a single person with CDI , are effective at prevention . This works by limiting the spread of C. difficile in the hospital setting . In addition , washing with soap and water will eliminate the spores from contaminated hands , but alcohol - based hand rubs are ineffective . These precautions should remain in place among those in hospital for at least 2 days after the diarrhea has stopped . Bleach wipes containing 0.55 % sodium hypochlorite have been shown to kill the spores and prevent transmission between patients . Installing lidded toilets and closing the lid prior to flushing also reduces the risk of contamination . Those who have CDIs should be in rooms with other people with CDIs or by themselves when in hospital . Common hospital disinfectants are ineffective against C. difficile spores , and may promote spore formation , but disinfectants containing a 10 : 1 ratio of water to bleach effectively kill the spores . Hydrogen peroxide vapor ( HPV ) systems used to sterilize a patient room after discharge have been shown to reduce infection rates and to reduce risk of infection to subsequent patients . The incidence of CDI was reduced by 53 % or 42 % through use of HPV . Ultraviolet cleaning devices and housekeeping staff especially dedicated to disinfecting the rooms of patients infected with C. difficile after discharge may be effective . Treatment ( edit ) Carrying C. difficile without symptoms is common . Treatment in those without symptoms is controversial . In general , mild cases do not require specific treatment . Oral rehydration therapy is useful in treating dehydration associated with the diarrhea . Medications ( edit ) Several different antibiotics are used for C. difficile , with the available agents being more or less equally effective . Vancomycin or fidaxomicin are the typically recommended for mild , moderate , and severe infections . They are also the first - line treatment for pregnant women , especially since metronidazole may cause birth defects . Typical vancomycin is taken four times a day by mouth for 10 days . It may also be given rectally if the person develops an ileus . Fidaxomicin has been found to be as effective as vancomycin in those with mild to moderate disease , and may be better in those with severe disease . It is tolerated as well as vancomycin , and may have a lower risk of recurrence . It may be used in those who have recurrent infections and have not responded to other antibiotics . Metronidazole is an alternative treatment for non severe C. difficile infections . It may also be used intravenously together with vancomycin in those with very severe disease . Medications used to slow or stop diarrhea , such as loperamide , have been thought to have the potential to worsen C. difficile disease , so are not generally recommended . Evidence to support worse outcomes with use however is poor . Cholestyramine , an ion exchange resin , is effective in binding both toxin A and B , slowing bowel motility , and helping prevent dehydration . Cholestyramine is recommended with vancomycin . A last - resort treatment in those who are immunosuppressed is intravenous immunoglobulin . Probiotics ( edit ) Evidence to support the use of probiotics in the treatment of active disease is insufficient . Thus in this situation , they are recommended neither as an add - on to standard therapy nor for use alone . Stool transplant ( edit ) Fecal bacteriotherapy , also known as a stool transplant , is roughly 85 % to 90 % effective in those for whom antibiotics have not worked . It involves infusion of the microbiota acquired from the feces of a healthy donor to reverse the bacterial imbalance responsible for the recurring nature of the infection . The procedure replenishes the normal colonic microbiota that had been wiped out by antibiotics , and re-establishes resistance to colonization by Clostridium difficile . Side effects , at least initially , are few . Some evidence looks hopeful that fecal transplant can be delivered in the form of a pill . They are available in the United States , but are not FDA - approved as of 2015 . Surgery ( edit ) In those with severe C. difficile colitis , colectomy may improve the outcomes . Specific criteria may be used to determine who will benefit most from surgery . Prognosis ( edit ) After a first treatment with metronidazole or vancomycin , C. difficile recurs in about 20 % of people . This increases to 40 % and 60 % with subsequent recurrences . Epidemiology ( edit ) C. difficile diarrhea is estimated to occur in eight of 100,000 people each year . Among those who are admitted to hospital , it occurs in between four and eight people per 1,000 . In 2011 , it resulted in about half a million infections and 29,000 deaths in the United States . Due in part to the emergence of a fluoroquinolone - resistant strain , C. difficile - related deaths increased 400 % between 2000 and 2007 in the United States . According to the CDC , `` C. difficile has become the most common microbial cause of healthcare - associated infections in U.S. hospitals and costs up to $4.8 billion each year in excess health care costs for acute care facilities alone . '' History ( edit ) Initially named Bacillus difficilis by Hall and O'Toole in 1935 because it was resistant to early attempts at isolation and grew very slowly in culture , it was renamed in 1970 . Pseudomembranous colitis first was described as a complication of C. difficile infection in 1978 , when a toxin was isolated from patients suffering from pseudomembranous colitis and Koch 's postulates were met . Notable outbreaks ( edit ) On 4 June 2003 , two outbreaks of a highly virulent strain of this bacterium were reported in Montreal , Quebec , and Calgary , Alberta . Sources put the death count to as low as 36 and as high as 89 , with around 1,400 cases in 2003 and within the first few months of 2004 . CDIs continued to be a problem in the Quebec healthcare system in late 2004 . As of March 2005 , it had spread into the Toronto area , hospitalizing 10 people . One died while the others were being discharged . A similar outbreak took place at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in the United Kingdom between 2003 and 2005 . The local epidemiology of C. difficile may offer clues on how its spread may relate to the time a patient spends in hospital and / or a rehabilitation center . It also samples the ability of institutions to detect increased rates , and their capacity to respond with more aggressive hand - washing campaigns , quarantine methods , and the availability of yogurt containing live cultures to patients at risk for infection . Both the Canadian and English outbreaks possibly were related to the seemingly more virulent strain NAP1 / 027 of the bacterium . Known as Quebec strain , it has been implicated in an epidemic at two Dutch hospitals ( Harderwijk and Amersfoort , both 2005 ) . A theory for explaining the increased virulence of 027 is that it is a hyperproducer of both toxins A and B and that certain antibiotics may stimulate the bacteria to hyperproduce . On 1 October 2006 , C. difficile was said to have killed at least 49 people at hospitals in Leicester , England , over eight months , according to a National Health Service investigation . Another 29 similar cases were investigated by coroners . A UK Department of Health memo leaked shortly afterward revealed significant concern in government about the bacterium , described as being `` endemic throughout the health service '' On 27 October 2006 , nine deaths were attributed to the bacterium in Quebec . On 18 November 2006 , the bacterium was reported to have been responsible for 12 deaths in Quebec . This 12th reported death was only two days after the St. Hyacinthe 's Honoré Mercier announced the outbreak was under control . Thirty - one patients were diagnosed with CDIs . Cleaning crews took measures in an attempt to clear the outbreak . C. difficile was mentioned on 6,480 death certificates in 2006 in UK . On 27 February 2007 , a new outbreak was identified at Trillium Health Centre in Mississauga , Ontario , where 14 people were diagnosed with CDIs . The bacteria were of the same strain as the one in Quebec . Officials have not been able to determine whether C. difficile was responsible for deaths of four patients over the prior two months . Between February and June 2007 , three patients at Loughlinstown Hospital in Dublin , Ireland , were found by the coroner to have died as a result of C. difficile infection . In an inquest , the Coroner 's Court found the hospital had no designated infection control team or consultant microbiologist on staff . Between June 2007 and August 2008 , Northern Health and Social Care Trust Northern Ireland , Antrim Area , Braid Valley , Mid Ulster Hospitals were the subject of inquiry . During the inquiry , expert reviewers concluded that C. difficile was implicated in 31 of these deaths , as the underlying cause in 15 , and as a contributory cause in 16 . During that time , the review also noted 375 instances of CDIs in patients . In October 2007 , Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust was heavily criticized by the Healthcare Commission regarding its handling of a major outbreak of C. difficile in its hospitals in Kent from April 2004 to September 2006 . In its report , the Commission estimated approximately 90 patients `` definitely or probably '' died as a result of the infection . In November 2007 , the 027 strain spread into several hospitals in southern Finland , with 10 deaths out of 115 infected patients reported on 2007 - 12 - 14 . In November 2009 , four deaths at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Ireland have possible links to CDI . A further 12 patients tested positive for infection , and another 20 showed signs of infection . From February 2009 to February 2010 , 199 patients at Herlev hospital in Denmark were suspected of being infected with the 027 strain . In the first half of 2009 , 29 died in hospitals in Copenhagen after they were infected with the bacterium . In May 2010 , a total of 138 patients at four different hospitals in Denmark were infected with the 027 strain plus there were some isolated occurrences at other hospitals . In May 2010 , 14 fatalities were related to the bacterium in the Australian state of Victoria . Two years later , the same strain of the bacterium was detected in New Zealand . On 28 May 2011 , an outbreak in Ontario had been reported , with 26 fatalities as of 24 July 2011 . In 2012 / 2013 , a total of 27 people at one hospital in the south of Sweden ( Ystad ) were infected with 10 deaths . Five died of the strain 017 . Pronunciation ( edit ) The anglicized pronunciation / klɒsˈtrɪdiəm dɪˈfɪsɪliː / is common , though a restored pronunciation / dɪˈfɪkɪleɪ / is also used . The classical Latin pronunciation is reconstructed as ( klōsˈtrɪdiũ dɪfˈfɪkɪlɛ ) . Difficile commonly is mispronounced / diːfiˈsiːl / , as though it were French . The word is from the Greek kloster ( κλωστήρ ) , `` spindle '' , and Latin difficile , `` difficult , obstinate '' . Research ( edit ) Efforts to generate a vaccine are ongoing as of 2015 , with promising initial results . CDA - 1 and CDB - 1 ( also known as MDX - 066 / MDX - 1388 and MBL - CDA1 / MBL - CDB1 ) is an investigational , monoclonal antibody combination co-developed by Medarex and Massachusetts Biologic Laboratories ( MBL ) to target and neutralize C. difficile toxins A and B , for the treatment of CDI . Merck & Co. , Inc. gained worldwide rights to develop and commercialize CDA - 1 and CDB - 1 through an exclusive license agreement signed in April 2009 . It is intended as an add - on therapy to one of the existing antibiotics to treat CDI . Nitazoxanide is a synthetic nitrothiazolyl - salicylamide derivative indicated as an antiprotozoal agent ( FDA - approved for the treatment of infectious diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia ) and also is currently being studied in C. difficile infections vs. vancomycin . Rifaximin , is a clinical - stage semisynthetic , rifamycin - based , nonsystemic antibiotic for CDI . It is FDA - approved for the treatment of infectious diarrhea and is being developed by Salix Pharmaceuticals . Other drugs for the treatment of CDI are under development and include rifalazil , tigecycline , ramoplanin , ridinilazole , and SQ641 . Research has studied whether the vermiform appendix has any importance in , C. difficile . The appendix is thought to have a function of housing good gut flora . In a study conducted in 2011 , it was shown that when C. difficile bacteria were introduced into the gut , the appendix housed cells that increased the antibody response of the body . The B cells of the appendix migrate , mature , and increase the production of toxin A-specific IgA and IgG antibodies , leading to an increased probability of good gut flora surviving against the C. difficile bacteria . Taking non-toxic types of C. difficile after an infection has promising results with respect to preventing future infections . Bezlotoxumab , a human monoclonal antibody , was approved for the treatment of C. difficile by the FDA in 2016 . It is given by injection . The medication hopefully will become available in the first quarter of 2017 . A study in 2017 linked severe disease to trehalose in the diet . Other animals ( edit ) Colitis - X ( in horses ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about Clostridium difficile for Healthcare Providers '' . CDC. 6 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , M ; Olson , A ; Drekonja , D ; Shaukat , A ; Schwehr , N ; Shippee , N ; Wilt , TJ ( March 2016 ) . `` Early Diagnosis , Prevention , and Treatment of Clostridium difficile : Update '' . AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. : vi , 1 . PMID 27148613 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , RL ; Suda , KJ ; Evans , CT ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhoea in adults '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 3 : CD004610 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004610. pub5 . PMID 28257555 . ^ Jump up to : Lessa , Fernanda C. ; Mu , Yi ; Bamberg , Wendy M. ; Beldavs , Zintars G. ; Dumyati , Ghinwa K. ; Dunn , John R. ; Farley , Monica M. ; Holzbauer , Stacy M. ; Meek , James I. ; Phipps , Erin C. ; Wilson , Lucy E. ; Winston , Lisa G. ; Cohen , Jessica A. ; Limbago , Brandi M. ; Fridkin , Scott K. ; Gerding , Dale N. ; McDonald , L. Clifford ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` Burden of Infection in the United States '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 372 ( 9 ) : 825 -- 834 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1408913 . PMID 25714160 . Jump up ^ Long , Sarah S. ; Pickering , Larry K. ; Prober , Charles G. ( 2012 ) . Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases ( 4 ed . ) . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 979 . ISBN 1455739855 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lessa , FC ; Gould , CV ; McDonald , LC ( August 2012 ) . `` Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 55 Suppl 2 : S65 -- 70 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / cis319 . PMC 3388017 . PMID 22752867 . Jump up ^ Leffler , DA ; Lamont , JT ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Clostridium difficile infection '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 372 ( 16 ) : 1539 -- 48 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1403772 . PMID 25875259 . Jump up ^ Joshi NM , Macken L , Rampton D ( 2012 ) . `` Inpatient diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile infection '' . Clinical Medicine . 12 ( 6 ) : 583 -- 588 . doi : 10.7861 / clinmedicine. 12 - 6 - 583 . Jump up ^ Bomers , Marije ( April 2015 ) . `` Rapid , Accurate , and On - Site Detection of C. difficile in Stool Samples '' . The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 110 ( 4 ) : 588 -- 594 . doi : 10.1038 / ajg. 2015.90 . PMID 25823766 . Jump up ^ Katz DA , Lynch ME , Littenberg B ( May 1996 ) . `` Clinical prediction rules to optimize cytotoxin testing for Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients with diarrhea '' . The American Journal of Medicine . 100 ( 5 ) : 487 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / S0002 - 9343 ( 95 ) 00016 - X . PMID 8644759 . Jump up ^ Moreno MA , Furtner F , Rivara FP ( June 2013 ) . `` Clostridium difficile : A Cause of Diarrhea in Children '' . JAMA Pediatrics. 167 ( 6 ) : 592 . doi : 10.1001 / jamapediatrics. 2013.2551 . PMID 23733223 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan KJ , Ray CG ( editors ) ( 2004 ) . Sherris Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . pp. 322 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 8529 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Di Bella , Stefano ; Ascenzi , Paolo ; Siarakas , Steven ; Petrosillo , Nicola ; di Masi , Alessandra ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B : Insights into Pathogenic Properties and Extraintestinal Effects '' . Toxins. 8 ( 5 ) : 134 . doi : 10.3390 / toxins8050134 . ISSN 2072 - 6651 . PMC 4885049 . PMID 27153087 . Jump up ^ Just I , Selzer J , von Eichel - Streiber C , Aktories K ( 1995 ) . `` The low molecular mass GTP - binding protein Rh is affected by toxin a from Clostridium difficile '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 95 ( 3 ) : 1026 -- 31 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI117747 . PMC 441436 . PMID 7883950 . Jump up ^ Barth H , Aktories K , Popoff MR , Stiles BG ( 2004 ) . `` Binary Bacterial Toxins : Biochemistry , Biology , and Applications of Common Clostridium and Bacillus Proteins '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR. 68 ( 3 ) : 373 -- 402 , table of contents . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 68.3. 373 - 402.2004 . PMC 515256 . PMID 15353562 . Jump up ^ Loo VG , Poirier L , Miller MA , Oughton M , Libman MD , Michaud S , Bourgault AM , Nguyen T , Frenette C , Kelly M , Vibien A , Brassard P , Fenn S , Dewar K , Hudson TJ , Horn R , René P , Monczak Y , Dascal A ( December 2005 ) . `` A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 353 ( 23 ) : 2442 -- 9 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa051639 . PMID 16322602 . Jump up ^ McDonald LC ( August 2005 ) . `` Clostridium difficile : responding to a new threat from an old enemy '' ( PDF ) . Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 26 ( 8 ) : 672 -- 5 . doi : 10.1086 / 502600 . PMID 16156321 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Rupnik M , Wilcox MH , Gerding DN ( July 2009 ) . `` Clostridium difficile infection : New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 7 ( 7 ) : 526 -- 36 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2164 . PMID 19528959 . Jump up ^ Luciano , JA ; Zuckerbraun , BS ( December 2014 ) . `` Clostridium difficile infection : prevention , treatment , and surgical management '' . The Surgical clinics of North America . 94 ( 6 ) : 1335 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. suc. 2014.08. 006 . PMID 25440127 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists probe whether C. difficile is linked to eating meat '' . CBC News . 2006 - 10 - 04 . Archived from the original on 24 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Dumyati , Ghinwa ; Stone , Nimalie D. ; Nace , David A. ; Crnich , Christopher J. ; Jump , Robin L.P. ( 2017 ) . `` Challenges and Strategies for Prevention of Multidrug - Resistant Organism Transmission in Nursing Homes '' . Current Infectious Disease Reports . 19 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s11908 - 017 - 0576 - 7 . ISSN 1523 - 3847 . Jump up ^ `` Clostridium difficile Infection Information for Patients HAI CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Clabots CR , Johnson S , Olson MM , Peterson LR , Gerding DN ( September 1992 ) . `` Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients : evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection '' . The Journal of Infectious Diseases . 166 ( 3 ) : 561 -- 7 . doi : 10.1093 / infdis / 166.3. 561 . PMID 1323621 . Jump up ^ Halsey J ( 2008 ) . `` Current and future treatment modalities for Clostridium difficile - associated disease '' . American Journal of Health - System Pharmacy. 65 ( 8 ) : 705 -- 15 . doi : 10.2146 / ajhp070077 . PMID 18387898 . Jump up ^ Howell MD , Novack V , Grgurich P , Soulliard D , Novack L , Pencina M , Talmor D ( May 2010 ) . `` Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 170 ( 9 ) : 784 -- 90 . doi : 10.1001 / archinternmed. 2010.89 . PMID 20458086 . Jump up ^ Deshpande A , Pant C , Pasupuleti V , Rolston DD , Jain A , Deshpande N , Thota P , Sferra TJ , Hernandez AV ( March 2012 ) . `` Association between proton pump inhibitor therapy and Clostridium difficile infection in a meta - analysis '' . Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 10 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cgh. 2011.09. 030 . PMID 22019794 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe SJ ( January 2010 ) . `` Tube feeding , the microbiota , and Clostridium difficile infection '' . World J. Gastroenterol. 16 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 42 . PMC 2806551 . PMID 20066732 . Jump up ^ Sarah A. Kuehne ; Stephen T. Cartman ; John T. Heap ; Michelle L. Kelly ; Alan Cockayne ; Nigel P. Minton ( 2010 ) . `` The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection '' . Nature . 467 ( 7316 ) : 711 -- 3 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09397 . PMID 20844489 . Jump up ^ `` Surgical Pathology Criteria : Pseudomembranous Colitis '' . Stanford School of Medicine . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray PR , Baron EJ , Pfaller EA , Tenover F , Yolken RH , eds. ( 2003 ) . Manual of Clinical Microbiology ( 8th ed . ) . Washington DC : ASM Press . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 255 - 4 . Jump up ^ Deshpande A , Pasupuleti V , Patel P , Ajani G , Hall G , Hu B , Jain A , Rolston DD ( 2011 ) . `` Repeat Stool Testing to Diagnose Clostridium difficile Infection Using Enzyme Immunoassay Does Not Increase Diagnostic Yield '' . Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 9 ( 8 ) : 665 -- 669. e1 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cgh. 2011.04. 030 . PMID 21635969 . Jump up ^ Anna Salleh ( 2 March 2009 ) . `` Researchers knock down gastro bug myths '' . ABC Science Online . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyras D , O'Connor JR , Howarth PM , Sambol SP , Carter GP , Phumoonna T , Poon R , Adams V , Vedantam G , Johnson S , Gerding DN , Rood JI ( 2009 ) . `` Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile '' . Nature . 458 ( 7242 ) : 1176 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nature07822 . PMC 2679968 . PMID 19252482 . Jump up ^ Vaishnavi C , Bhasin D , Kochhar R , Singh K ( 2000 ) . `` Clostridium difficile toxin and faecal lactoferrin assays in adult patients '' . Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2 ( 15 ) : 1827 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / S1286 - 4579 ( 00 ) 01343 - 5 . PMID 11165926 . ^ Jump up to : Chen , S ; Gu , H ; Sun , C ; Wang , H ; Wang , J ( June 2017 ) . `` Rapid detection of Clostridium difficile toxins and laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections '' . Infection . 45 ( 3 ) : 255 -- 262 . doi : 10.1007 / s15010 - 016 - 0940 - 9 . PMID 27601055 . Jump up ^ JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY , Oct. 2010 , p. 3738 -- 3741 Jump up ^ `` FAQs ( frequently asked questions ) `` Clostridium Difficile '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clostridium difficile Infection Information for Patients HAI CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Archived from the original on 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss AJ , Elixhauser A. Origin of Adverse Drug Events in U.S. Hospitals , 2011 . HCUP Statistical Brief # 158 . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Rockville , MD . July 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Curbing Antibiotics Tied to Britain 's Drop in C. diff . Jan 2017 Archived 6 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Heineman J , Bubenik S , McClave S , Martindale R ( August 2012 ) . `` Fighting fire with fire : is it time to use probiotics to manage pathogenic bacterial diseases ? '' . Current Gastroenterology Reports . 14 ( 4 ) : 343 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s11894 - 012 - 0274 - 4 . PMID 22763792 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston BC , Ma SS , Goldenberg JZ , Thorlund K , Vandvik PO , Loeb M , Guyatt GH ( 18 December 2012 ) . `` Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 157 ( 12 ) : 878 -- 88 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 157 - 12 - 201212180 - 00563 . PMID 23362517 . ^ Jump up to : Na X , Kelly C ( November 2011 ) . `` Probiotics in Clostridium difficile Infection '' . Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 45 ( Suppl ) : S154 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / MCG. 0b013e31822ec787 . PMC 5322762 . PMID 21992956 . Jump up ^ McFarland LV ( April 2006 ) . `` Meta - analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease '' . The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 101 ( 4 ) : 812 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1572 - 0241.2006. 00465. x . PMID 16635227 . Jump up ^ Goldenberg JZ , Ma SS , Saxton JD , Martzen MR , Vandvik PO , Thorlund K , Guyatt GH , Johnston BC ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea in adults and children '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 5 : CD006095 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006095. pub3 . PMID 23728658 . Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic C. diff prevention Archived 8 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Dubberke ER , Carling P , Carrico R , Donskey CJ , Loo VG , McDonald LC , Maragakis LL , Sandora TJ , Weber DJ , Yokoe DS , Gerding DN ( Jun 2014 ) . `` Strategies to Prevent Clostridium difficile Infections in Acute Care Hospitals : 2014 Update '' . Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 35 ( 6 ) : 628 -- 45 . doi : 10.1086 / 676023 . PMID 24799639 . Jump up ^ Roehr B ( 21 September 2007 ) . `` Alcohol Rub , Antiseptic Wipes Inferior at Removing Clostridium difficile '' . Medscape . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Banach , David B. ; Bearman , Gonzalo ; Barnden , Marsha ; Hanrahan , Jennifer A. ; Leekha , Surbhi ; Morgan , Daniel J. ; Murthy , Rekha ; Munoz - Price , L. Silvia ; Sullivan , Kaede V. ; Popovich , Kyle J. ; Wiemken , Timothy L. ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute - Care Settings '' . Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 39 : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1017 / ice. 2017.245 . Jump up ^ Savidge TC , Urvil P , Oezguen N , Ali K , Choudhury A , Acharya V , Pinchuk I , Torres AG , English RD , Wiktorowicz JE , Loeffelholz M , Kumar R , Shi L , Nie W , Braun W , Herman B , Hausladen A , Feng H , Stamler JS , Pothoulakis C ( 2011 ) . `` Host S - nitrosylation inhibits clostridial small molecule -- activated glucosylating toxins '' . Nature Medicine . 17 ( 9 ) : 1136 -- 41 . doi : 10.1038 / nm. 2405 . PMC 3277400 . PMID 21857653 . Lay summary -- ScienceDaily ( 21 August 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Laidman J ( 29 December 2011 ) . `` Flush With Germs : Lidless Toilets Spread C. difficile '' . Medscape . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleaning agents ' make bug strong ' '' . BBC News Online . 3 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Boyce et al. 2008 Jump up ^ Manian et al. 2010 Jump up ^ `` Performance Feedback , Ultraviolet Cleaning Device , and Dedicated Housekeeping Team Significantly Improve Room Cleaning , Reduce Potential for Spread of Common , Dangerous Infection '' . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . 2014 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Drekonja DM , Butler M , MacDonald R , Bliss D , Filice GA , Rector TS , Wilt TJ ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium difficile treatments : a systematic review '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 155 ( 12 ) : 839 -- 47 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 155 - 12 - 201112200 - 00007 . PMID 22184691 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald , LC ; Gerding , DN ; Johnson , S ; Bakken , JS ; Carroll , KC ; Coffin , SE ; Dubberke , ER ; Garey , KW ; Gould , CV ; Kelly , C ; Loo , V ; Shaklee Sammons , J ; Sandora , TJ ; Wilcox , MH ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children : 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America ( IDSA ) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America ( SHEA ) '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 66 ( 7 ) : 987 -- 994 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / ciy149 . PMID 29562266 . ^ Jump up to : Surawicz , Christina M ; Brandt , Lawrence J ; Binion , David G ; Ananthakrishnan , Ashwin N ; Curry , Scott R ; Gilligan , Peter H ; McFarland , Lynne V ; Mellow , Mark ; et al. ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Guidelines for Diagnosis , Treatment , and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infections '' . The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 108 ( 4 ) : 478 -- 498 . doi : 10.1038 / ajg. 2013.4 . PMID 23439232 . ^ Jump up to : Crawford T , Huesgen E , Danziger L ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Fidaxomicin : a novel macrocyclic antibiotic for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection '' . American Journal of Health - System Pharmacy. 69 ( 11 ) : 933 -- 43 . doi : 10.2146 / ajhp110371 . PMID 22610025 . Jump up ^ Cornely OA ( December 2012 ) . `` Current and emerging management options for Clostridium difficile infection : what is the role of fidaxomicin ? '' . Clinical Microbiology and Infection . 18 Suppl 6 : 28 -- 35 . doi : 10.1111 / 1469 - 0691.12012 . PMID 23121552 . Jump up ^ Cunha , Burke A. ( 2013 ) . Antibiotic Essentials 2013 ( 12 ed . ) . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 284 - 03678 - 7 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Koo , HL ; Koo , DC ; Musher , DM ; DuPont , HL ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Antimotility agents for the treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 48 ( 5 ) : 598 -- 605 . doi : 10.1086 / 596711 . PMID 19191646 . ^ Jump up to : Stroehlein JR ( 2004 ) . `` Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection '' . Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology. 7 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s11938 - 004 - 0044 - y . PMID 15149585 . Jump up ^ Bauer MP , van Dissel JT , Kuijper EJ ( December 2009 ) . `` Clostridium difficile : controversies and approaches to management '' . Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases . 22 ( 6 ) : 517 -- 24 . doi : 10.1097 / QCO. 0b013e32833229ce . PMID 19738464 . Jump up ^ Pillai A , Nelson R ( 23 January 2008 ) . Pillai , Anjana , ed . `` Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile - associated colitis in adults '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 1 ) : CD004611 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004611. pub2 . PMID 18254055 . Jump up ^ Burke KE , Lamont JT ( August 2013 ) . `` Fecal Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in Older Adults : A Review '' . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 61 ( 8 ) : 1394 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / jgs. 12378 . PMID 23869970 . ^ Jump up to : Drekonja , D ; Reich , J ; Gezahegn , S ; Greer , N ; Shaukat , A ; MacDonald , R ; Rutks , I ; Wilt , TJ ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection : A Systematic Review '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 162 ( 9 ) : 630 -- 8 . doi : 10.7326 / m14 - 2693 . PMID 25938992 . Jump up ^ van Nood E , Vrieze A , Nieuwdorp M , Fuentes S , Zoetendal EG , de Vos WM , Visser CE , Kuijper EJ , Bartelsman JF , Tijssen JG , Speelman P , Dijkgraaf MG , Keller JJ ( January 2013 ) . `` Duodenal Infusion of Donor Feces for Recurrent Clostridium difficile '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 368 ( 5 ) : 407 -- 15 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1205037 . PMID 23323867 . Jump up ^ Jop De Vrieze ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` The Promise of Poop '' . Science . 341 : 954 -- 957 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 341.6149. 954 . Jump up ^ Keller , JJ ; Kuijper , EJ ( 2015 ) . `` Treatment of recurrent and severe Clostridium difficile infection '' . Annual Review of Medicine . 66 : 373 -- 86 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - med - 070813 - 114317 . PMID 25587656 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter Andrey ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Fecal Transplants Made ( Somewhat ) More Palatable '' . The New York Times . p . D5 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhangu A , Nepogodiev D , Gupta A , Torrance A , Singh P ( November 2012 ) . `` Systematic review and meta - analysis of outcomes following emergency surgery for Clostridium difficile colitis '' . The British Journal of Surgery . 99 ( 11 ) : 1501 -- 13 . doi : 10.1002 / bjs. 8868 . PMID 22972525 . Jump up ^ Osman KA , Ahmed MH , Hamad MA , Mathur D ( October 2011 ) . `` Emergency colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis : Striking the right balance '' . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 46 ( 10 ) : 1222 -- 7 . doi : 10.3109 / 00365521.2011. 605469 . PMID 21843039 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly CP , LaMont JT ( October 2008 ) . `` Clostridium difficile -- more difficult than ever '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 359 ( 18 ) : 1932 -- 40 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra0707500 . PMID 18971494 . ^ Jump up to : others ) , editor - in - chief , Frank J. Domino ; associate editors , Robert A. Baldor ( 2014 ) . The 5 - minute clinical consult 2014 ( 22nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 8850 - 9 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hospital Acquired Infections Are a Serious Risk - Consumer Reports '' . www.consumerreports.org . Archived from the original on 10 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall IC , O'Toole E ( 1935 ) . `` Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe , Bacillus difficilis '' . American Journal of Diseases of Children . 49 ( 2 ) : 390 -- 402 . doi : 10.1001 / archpedi. 1935.01970020105010 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Larson HE , Price AB , Honour P , Borriello SP ( May 1978 ) . `` Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis '' . Lancet . 311 ( 8073 ) : 1063 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 78 ) 90912 - 1 . PMID 77366 . Jump up ^ `` Trust confirms 49 superbug deaths '' . BBC News Online . 1 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Nigel ( 2007 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Leaked memo reveals that targets to beat MRSA will not be met '' ( snippet ) . The Times . London . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 11 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` C. difficile blamed for 9 death in hospital near Montreal '' . Canoe.ca. 27 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 12th person dies of C. difficile at Quebec hospital '' . CBC News . 18 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Hospitals struck by new killer bug Archived 20 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . An article by Manchester free newspaper ' Metro ' , 7 May 2008 Jump up ^ `` C. difficile outbreak linked to fatal strain '' Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... CTV News . 28 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Superbug in hospitals linked to four deaths '' . Irish Independent . 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Public Inquiry into the Outbreak of Clostridium difficile in Northern Trust Hospitals '' Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Healthcare watchdog finds significant failings in infection control at Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust ( press release ) , United Kingdom : Healthcare Commission , 11 October 2007 , archived from the original on 21 December 2007 Jump up ^ Smith , Rebecca ; Rayner , Gordon ; Adams , Stephen ( 11 October 2007 ) . `` Health Secretary intervenes in superbug row '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Ärhäkkä suolistobakteeri on tappanut jo kymmenen potilasta -- HS.fi -- Kotimaa Archived 15 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Possible C Diff link to Drogheda deaths '' . RTÉ News . 10 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ 199 hit by the killer diarrhea at Herlev Hospital Archived 6 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , BT 3 March 2010 Jump up ^ ( Herlev , Amager , Gentofte and Hvidovre ) Jump up ^ Four hospitals affected by the dangerous bacterium Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , TV2 News 7 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Deadly superbug reaches NZ '' . 3 News NZ. 30 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` C. difficile linked to 26th death in Ontario '' . CBC News . 25 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 punkter för att förhindra smittspridning i Region Skåne '' ( 10 points to prevent the spread of infection in Region Skåne ) ( in Swedish ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Liddell - Scott . `` κλωστήρ '' . Greek - English Lexicon . Oxford ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ Cawley , Kevin . `` Difficilis '' . Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid . University of Notre Dame . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ Ghose , C ; Kelly , CP ( March 2015 ) . `` The prospect for vaccines to prevent Clostridium difficile infection '' . Infectious disease clinics of North America . 29 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. idc. 2014.11. 013 . PMID 25677708 . Jump up ^ Campus , University of Massachusetts Worcester . `` op - line data from randomized , double - blind , placebo controlled Phase 2 clinical trial indicate statistically significant reduction in recurrences of CDAD '' . Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 Jump up ^ CenterWatch . `` Clostridium Difficile - Associated Diarrhea '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Business , Highbeam . `` MDX 066 , MDX 1388 Medarex , University of Massachusetts Medical School clinical data ( phase II ) ( diarrhea ) '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shah D , Dang MD , Hasbun R , Koo HL , Jiang ZD , DuPont HL , Garey KW ( May 2010 ) . `` Clostridium difficile infection : update on emerging antibiotic treatment options and antibiotic resistance '' . Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy . 8 ( 5 ) : 555 -- 64 . doi : 10.1586 / eri. 10.28 . PMC 3138198 . PMID 20455684 . Jump up ^ Moore , John H. ; van Opstal , Edward ; Kolling , Glynis L. ; Shin , Jae Hyun ; Bogatcheva , Elena ; Nikonenko , Boris ; Einck , Leo ; Phipps , Andrew J. ; Guerrant , Richard L. ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection using SQ641 , a capuramycin analogue , increases post-treatment survival and improves clinical measures of disease in a murine model '' . The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 71 ( 5 ) : 1300 -- 1306 . doi : 10.1093 / jac / dkv479 . ISSN 1460 - 2091 . PMC 4830414 . PMID 26832756 . Jump up ^ Barlow , Andrew ; Muhleman , Mitchel ; Gielecki , Jerzy ; Matusz , Petru ; Tubbs , R. Shane ; Loukas , Marios ( 2013 ) . `` The Vermiform Appendix : A Review '' . Clinical Anatomy. 26 ( 7 ) : 833 -- 842 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22269 . PMID 23716128 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Dale N. ; Meyer , Thomas ; Lee , Christine ; Cohen , Stuart H. ; Murthy , Uma K. ; Poirier , Andre ; Van Schooneveld , Trevor C. ; Pardi , Darrell S. ; Ramos , Antonio ; Barron , Michelle A. ; Chen , Hongzi ; Villano , Stephen ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Administration of Spores of Nontoxigenic Strain M3 for Prevention of Recurrent Infection '' . JAMA. 313 ( 17 ) : 1719 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2015.3725 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 November 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) , FDA Approves Merck 's ZINPLAVA TM ( bezlotoxumab ) to Reduce Recurrence of Clostridium difficile Infection ( CDI ) in Adult Patients Receiving Antibacterial Drug Treatment for CDI Who Are at High Risk of CDI Recurrence Jump up ^ Collins , J ( 2018 ) . `` Dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile '' . Nature . 553 : 291 -- 294 . doi : 10.1038 / nature25178 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : A04. 7 ICD - 9 - CM : 008.45 External resources MedlinePlus : 000259 eMedicine : med / 1942 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clostridium difficile . Pseudomembranous colitis at Curlie Updated guidance on the management and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection Firmicutes ( low - G + C ) Infectious diseases Bacterial diseases : G+ primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 Bacilli Lactobacillales ( Cat - ) Streptococcus α optochin susceptible S. pneumoniae Pneumococcal infection optochin resistant Viridans streptococci : S. mitis S. mutans S. oralis S. sanguinis S. sobrinus milleri group β bacitracin susceptible : S. pyogenes Group A streptococcal infection Streptococcal pharyngitis Scarlet fever Erysipelas Rheumatic fever bacitracin resistant , CAMP test + : S. agalactiae Group B streptococcal infection ungrouped Streptococcus iniae Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection γ BEA + : Streptococcus bovis Enterococcus BEA + : Enterococcus faecalis Urinary tract infection Enterococcus faecium Bacillales ( Cat+ ) Staphylococcus Cg+ S. aureus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Toxic shock syndrome MRSA Cg - novobiocin susceptible S. epidermidis novobiocin resistant S. saprophyticus Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Bacillus cereus Food poisoning Listeria Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis Clostridia Clostridium ( spore - forming ) motile : Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis Clostridium botulinum Botulism Clostridium tetani Tetanus nonmotile : Clostridium perfringens Gas gangrene Clostridial necrotizing enteritis Peptostreptococcus ( non-spore forming ) Peptostreptococcus magnus Mollicutes Mycoplasmataceae Ureaplasma urealyticum Ureaplasma infection Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumonia Anaeroplasmatales Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erysipeloid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clostridium_difficile_infection&oldid=866118213 '' Categories : Conditions diagnosed by stool test Diarrhea Gut flora bacteria Healthcare - associated infections Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2012 CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from February 2016 Infobox medical condition ( new ) Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Commons category without a link on Wikidata Articles with Curlie links RTT RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 10 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium%20difficile%20infection	673
mass moment of inertia vs second moment of area			Second moment of area	second moment of area	The 2nd moment of area , also known as moment of inertia of plane area , area moment of inertia , or second area moment , is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis . The second moment of area is typically denoted with either an I ( \ displaystyle I ) for an axis that lies in the plane or with a J ( \ displaystyle J ) for an axis perpendicular to the plane . In both cases , it is calculated with a multiple integral over the object in question . Its dimension is L ( length ) to the fourth power . Its unit of dimension when working with the International System of Units is meters to the fourth power , m , or inches to the fourth power , in , when working in the Imperial System of Units .	In structural engineering , the second moment of area of a beam is an important property used in the calculation of the beam 's deflection and the calculation of stress caused by a moment applied to the beam . The planar second moment of area provides insight into a beam 's resistance to bending due to an applied moment , force , or distributed load perpendicular to its neutral axis , as a function of its shape . The polar second moment of area provides insight into a beam 's resistance to torsional deflection , due to an applied moment parallel to its cross-section , as a function of its shape . Note : Different disciplines use the term moment of inertia ( MOI ) to refer to either the x , y , or both of the planar second moments of area , I = ∫∫ R x 2 d A ( \ displaystyle I = \ textstyle \ iint _ ( R ) x ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A ) , where x is the distance to some reference plane , or the polar second moment of area , I = ∫∫ R r 2 d A ( \ displaystyle I = \ textstyle \ iint _ ( R ) r ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A ) , where r is the distance to some reference axis . In each case the integral is over all the infinitesimal elements of area , dA , in some two - dimensional cross-section . In math and physics , moment of inertia is strictly the second moment of mass with respect to distance from an axis : I = ∫ Q r 2 d m ( \ displaystyle I = \ textstyle \ int _ ( Q ) r ^ ( 2 ) \ mathrm ( d ) m ) , where r is the distance to some potential rotation axis , and the integral is over all the infinitesimal elements of mass , dm , in a three - dimensional space occupied by an object Q. The MOI , in this sense , is the analog of mass for rotational problems . In engineering ( especially mechanical and civil ) , moment of inertia commonly refers to the second moment of the area . Contents 1 Definition 1.1 Product moment of area 2 Parallel axis theorem 3 Perpendicular axis theorem 4 Composite shapes 5 Examples 5.1 Rectangle with centroid at the origin 5.2 Annulus centered at origin 5.3 Any polygon 6 See also 7 References Definition ( edit ) An arbitrary shape . ρ is the radial distance to the element dA , with projections x and y on the axes . The second moment of area for an arbitrary shape R with respect to an arbitrary axis B B ′ ( \ displaystyle BB ' ) is defined as J B B ′ = ∫∫ R ρ 2 d A ( \ displaystyle J_ ( BB ' ) = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) ( \ rho ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A ) where d A ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) A ) is the differential area of the arbitrary shape , and ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) is the distance from the axis B B ′ ( \ displaystyle BB ' ) to d A ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) A ) . For example , when the desired reference axis is the x-axis , the second moment of area I x x ( \ displaystyle I_ ( xx ) ) ( often denoted as I x ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) ) ) can be computed in Cartesian coordinates as I x = ∫∫ R y 2 d x d y ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) y ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) x \ , \ mathrm ( d ) y ) The second moment of the area is crucial in Euler -- Bernoulli theory of slender beams . Product moment of area ( edit ) More generally , the product moment of area is defined as I x y = ∫∫ R y x d x d y ( \ displaystyle I_ ( xy ) = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) yx \ , \ mathrm ( d ) x \ , \ mathrm ( d ) y ) Parallel axis theorem ( edit ) A shape with centroidal axis x . The parallel axis theorem can be used to obtain the second moment of area with respect to the x ' axis . Main article : Parallel axis theorem It is sometimes necessary to calculate the second moment of area of a shape with respect to an x ′ ( \ displaystyle x ' ) axis different to the centroidal axis of the shape . However , it is often easier to derive the second moment of area with respect to its centroidal axis , x ( \ displaystyle x ) , and use the parallel axis theorem to derive the second moment of area with respect to the x ′ ( \ displaystyle x ' ) axis . The parallel axis theorem states I x ′ = I x + A d 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ' ) = I_ ( x ) + Ad ^ ( 2 ) ) where A ( \ displaystyle A ) is the area of the shape , and d ( \ displaystyle d ) is the perpendicular distance between the x ( \ displaystyle x ) and x ′ ( \ displaystyle x ' ) axes . A similar statement can be made about a y ′ ( \ displaystyle y ' ) axis and the parallel centroidal y ( \ displaystyle y ) axis . Or , in general , any centroidal B ( \ displaystyle B ) axis and a parallel B ′ ( \ displaystyle B ' ) axis . Perpendicular axis theorem ( edit ) Main article : Perpendicular axis theorem For the simplicity of calculation , it is often desired to define the polar moment of area ( with respect to a perpendicular axis ) in terms of two area moments of inertia ( both with respect to in - plane axes ) . The simplest case relates J z ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) ) to I x ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) ) and I y ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) ) . J z = ∫∫ R ρ 2 d A = ∫∫ R ( x 2 + y 2 ) d A = ∫∫ R x 2 d A + ∫∫ R y 2 d A = I x + I y ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) \ rho ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) \ left ( x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) x ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A+ \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) y ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A = I_ ( x ) + I_ ( y ) ) This relationship relies on the Pythagorean theorem which relates x ( \ displaystyle x ) and y ( \ displaystyle y ) to ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) and on the linearity of integration . Composite shapes ( edit ) For more complex areas , it is often easier to divide the area into a series of `` simpler '' shapes . The second moment of area for the entire shape is the sum of the second moment of areas of all of its parts about a common axis . This can include shapes that are `` missing '' ( i.e. holes , hollow shapes , etc . ) , in which case the second moment of area of the `` missing '' areas are subtracted , rather than added . In other words , the second moment of area of `` missing '' parts are considered negative for the method of composite shapes . Examples ( edit ) See list of second moments of area for other shapes . Rectangle with centroid at the origin ( edit ) Rectangle with base b and height h Consider a rectangle with base b ( \ displaystyle b ) and height h ( \ displaystyle h ) whose centroid is located at the origin . I x ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) ) represents the second moment of area with respect to the x-axis ; I y ( \ displaystyle I_ ( y ) ) represents the second moment of area with respect to the y - axis ; J z ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) ) represents the polar moment of inertia with respect to the z - axis . I x = ∫∫ R y 2 d A = ∫ − b 2 b 2 ∫ − h 2 h 2 y 2 d y d x = ∫ − b 2 b 2 1 3 h 3 4 d x = b h 3 12 I y = ∫∫ R x 2 d A = ∫ − b 2 b 2 ∫ − h 2 h 2 x 2 d y d x = ∫ − b 2 b 2 h x 2 d x = b 3 h 12 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) I_ ( x ) & = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) y ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A = \ int _ ( - ( \ frac ( b ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( b ) ( 2 ) ) \ int _ ( - ( \ frac ( h ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( h ) ( 2 ) ) y ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) y \ , \ mathrm ( d ) x = \ int _ ( - ( \ frac ( b ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( b ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ( \ frac ( h ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) x = ( \ frac ( bh ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 12 ) ) \ \ I_ ( y ) & = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) x ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A = \ int _ ( - ( \ frac ( b ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( b ) ( 2 ) ) \ int _ ( - ( \ frac ( h ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( h ) ( 2 ) ) x ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) y \ , \ mathrm ( d ) x = \ int _ ( - ( \ frac ( b ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( b ) ( 2 ) ) hx ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) x = ( \ frac ( b ^ ( 3 ) h ) ( 12 ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Using the perpendicular axis theorem we get the value of J z ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) ) . J z = I x + I y = b h 3 12 + h b 3 12 = b h 12 ( b 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) = I_ ( x ) + I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( bh ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 12 ) ) + ( \ frac ( hb ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 12 ) ) = ( \ frac ( bh ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( b ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Annulus centered at origin ( edit ) Annulus with inner radius r and outer radius r Consider an annulus whose center is at the origin , outside radius is r 2 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 2 ) ) , and inside radius is r 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 1 ) ) . Because of the symmetry of the annulus , the centroid also lies at the origin . We can determine the polar moment of inertia , J z ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) ) , about the z ( \ displaystyle z ) axis by the method of composite shapes . This polar moment of inertia is equivalent to the polar moment of inertia of a circle with radius r 2 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 2 ) ) minus the polar moment of inertia of a circle with radius r 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 1 ) ) , both centered at the origin . First , let us derive the polar moment of inertia of a circle with radius r ( \ displaystyle r ) with respect to the origin . In this case , it is easier to directly calculate J z ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) ) as we already have r 2 ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( 2 ) ) , which has both an x ( \ displaystyle x ) and y ( \ displaystyle y ) component . Instead of obtaining the second moment of area from Cartesian coordinates as done in the previous section , we shall calculate I x ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) ) and J z ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) ) directly using polar coordinates . I x , c i r c l e = ∫∫ R y 2 d A = ∫∫ R ( r sin ⁡ θ ) 2 d A = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 r ( r sin ⁡ θ ) 2 ( r d r d θ ) = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 r r 3 sin 2 ⁡ θ d r d θ = ∫ 0 2 π r 4 sin 2 ⁡ θ 4 d θ = π 4 r 4 J z , c i r c l e = ∫∫ R r 2 d A = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 r r 2 ( r d r d θ ) = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 r r 3 d r d θ = ∫ 0 2 π r 4 4 d θ = π 2 r 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) I_ ( x , circle ) & = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) y ^ ( 2 ) \ , dA = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) ( r \ sin ( \ theta ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( r ) ( r \ sin ( \ theta ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta \ right ) \ \ & = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( r ) r ^ ( 3 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) ( \ theta ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) ( \ frac ( r ^ ( 4 ) \ sin ^ ( 2 ) ( \ theta ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) r ^ ( 4 ) \ \ J_ ( z , circle ) & = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) r ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( r ) r ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta \ right ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( r ) r ^ ( 3 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta \ \ & = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) ( \ frac ( r ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) r ^ ( 4 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Now , the polar moment of inertia about the z ( \ displaystyle z ) axis for an annulus is simply , as stated above , the difference of the second moments of area of a circle with radius r 2 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 2 ) ) and a circle with radius r 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( 1 ) ) . J z = J z , r 2 − J z , r 1 = π 2 r 2 4 − π 2 r 1 4 = π 2 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle J_ ( z ) = J_ ( z , r_ ( 2 ) ) - J_ ( z , r_ ( 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) r_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) r_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( r_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 4 ) - r_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) Alternatively , we could change the limits on the d r ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) r ) integral the first time around to reflect the fact that there is a hole . This would be done like this . J z = ∫∫ R r 2 d A = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ r 1 r 2 r 2 ( r d r d θ ) = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ r 1 r 2 r 3 d r d θ = ∫ 0 2 π ( r 2 4 4 − r 1 4 4 ) d θ = π 2 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) J_ ( z ) & = \ iint \ limits _ ( R ) r ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) A = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) \ int _ ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( r_ ( 2 ) ) r ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta \ right ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) \ int _ ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( r_ ( 2 ) ) r ^ ( 3 ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) r \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta \ \ & = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 \ pi ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( r_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( r_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) \ theta = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( r_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 4 ) - r_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Any polygon ( edit ) A simple polygon The second moment of area for any simple polygon on the XY - plane can be computed in general by summing contributions from each segment of the polygon . A polygon is assumed to have n ( \ displaystyle n ) vertices , numbered in counter-clockwise fashion . If polygon vertices are numbered clockwise , returned values will be negative , but absolute values will be correct . I x = 1 12 ∑ i = 1 n ( y i 2 + y i y i + 1 + y i + 1 2 ) ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) I y = 1 12 ∑ i = 1 n ( x i 2 + x i x i + 1 + x i + 1 2 ) ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) I x y = 1 24 ∑ i = 1 n ( x i y i + 1 + 2 x i y i + 2 x i + 1 y i + 1 + x i + 1 y i ) ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) I_ ( x ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ left ( y_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) + y_ ( i ) y_ ( i + 1 ) + y_ ( i + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ left ( x_ ( i ) y_ ( i + 1 ) - x_ ( i + 1 ) y_ ( i ) \ right ) \ \ I_ ( y ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ left ( x_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) + x_ ( i ) x_ ( i + 1 ) + x_ ( i + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ left ( x_ ( i ) y_ ( i + 1 ) - x_ ( i + 1 ) y_ ( i ) \ right ) \ \ I_ ( xy ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 24 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ left ( x_ ( i ) y_ ( i + 1 ) + 2x_ ( i ) y_ ( i ) + 2x_ ( i + 1 ) y_ ( i + 1 ) + x_ ( i + 1 ) y_ ( i ) \ right ) \ left ( x_ ( i ) y_ ( i + 1 ) - x_ ( i + 1 ) y_ ( i ) \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where x i , y i ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) , y_ ( i ) ) are the coordinates of the i ( \ displaystyle i ) - th polygon vertex , for 1 ≤ i ≤ n ( \ displaystyle 1 \ leq i \ leq n ) . Also , x n + 1 , y n + 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( n + 1 ) , y_ ( n + 1 ) ) are assumed to be equal to the coordinates of the first vertex , i.e. , x n + 1 = x 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( n + 1 ) = x_ ( 1 ) ) and y n + 1 = y 1 ( \ displaystyle y_ ( n + 1 ) = y_ ( 1 ) ) . See also ( edit ) List of second moments of area List of moments of inertia Moment of inertia Parallel axis theorem Perpendicular axis theorem Radius of gyration References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beer , Ferdinand P. ( 2013 ) . Vector Mechanics for Engineers ( 10th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 471 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 339813 - 6 . The term second moment is more proper than the term moment of inertia , since , logically , the latter should be used only to denote integrals of mass ( see Sec . 9.11 ) . In engineering practice , however , moment of inertia is used in connection with areas as well as masses . Jump up ^ Pilkey , Walter D. ( 2002 ) . Analysis and Design of Elastic Beams . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 38152 - 5 . Jump up ^ Beer , Ferdinand P. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 9.8 : Product of inertia '' . Vector Mechanics for Engineers ( 10th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 495 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 339813 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hibbeler , R.C. ( 2004 ) . Statics and Mechanics of Materials ( Second ed . ) . Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 028127 - 1 . Jump up ^ Beer , Ferdinand P. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 9.6 : Parallel - axis theorem '' . Vector Mechanics for Engineers ( 10th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 339813 - 6 . Jump up ^ Joaquin Obregon ( 2012 ) . `` Mechanical Symmetry '' . Jump up ^ Bourke , Paul ( 1997 ) . `` Polygons & Meshes '' . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second moments of area . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_moment_of_area&oldid=846126944 '' Categories : Geometry Structural analysis Physical quantities Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Boarisch Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 14 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20moment%20of%20area	674
who was the winner of super dancer chapter 1	Super Dancer is an Indian Hindi kids dance reality television series , which airs on Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia. The winner of season 1 of this series is Ditya Bhande. The series is produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell for their production house Frames Productions . The show was won By Ditya Bhande and choreographer Ruel Dausan .		Super Dancer	super dancer	Super Dancer is an Indian Hindi kids dance reality television series , which airs on Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia. The winner of season 1 of this series is Ditya Bhande. The series is produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell for their production house Frames Productions . The show was won By Ditya Bhande and choreographer Ruel Dausan .	SUPER DANCER CHAPTER 2 Super dancer chapter 2 was officially aired on Sony entertainment television on September 30th , 2017 . Auditions were aired on September 30th and mega auditions were aired on 14 October 2017 . Super 12 contestants were selected on the 14th : 1 . Muskan Sharma 2 . Mishti Sinha 3 . Arushi Saxena 4 . Shagun Singh 5 . Ritik Diwaker 6 . Sayed Yassir Abbir Rehman 7 . Bishal Sharma 8 . Vivek Jogdande 9 . Chandresh Delwar 10 . Kunal Jyoti Rabha 11 . Akash Thapa 12 . Jyoti Ranjan CHOREOGRAPHERS 1. Muskan Sharma & Paul Marshal 2 . Mishti Sinha & Omkar 3 . Arushi Saxena & Nishant Bhat 4 . Shagun Singh & Aishwarya 5 . Ritik Diwaker & Pratik Utekar 6 . Sayed Yassir Abbir Rehman & Sonali Kar 7 . Bishal Sharma & Vaibhav Ghughe 8 . Vivek Jogdande & Ruel Dausan 9 . Chandresh Delwar & Khushboo 10 . Kunal Jyoti Rabha & Palden Lama Mawroh 11 . Akash Thapa & Vivek Chachere 12 . Jyoti Ranjan Sahoo & Anuradha Iyengar Super Dancer 2 Top 12 Contestants Akash Thapa Jyoti Ranjan Sahoo Vivek Vilas Kunal Jyoti Misti Sinha Muskan Sharma Ritwik Diwakar Shagun Singh Bishal Sharma Abir Rahaman Arushi Saxena Chandresh Delwar Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Season 1 2.1 Participants 2.2 Power Card Entry 3 Season 2 3.1 Participants 4 References Concept ( edit ) The show Super Dancer - Dance Ka Kal aims to find a kid prodigy who has the potential to be the future of dance . The kids are aged between 4 and 13 years of age . They are not only required to have 3Ds of dancing - Desire , Discipline and Determination - but also should be a keen learner , adaptable to all dance styles and circumstances and should be a passionate dancer with a unique personality . This show is an ideal opportunity for every kid to hone their talent and dancing skills . After the initial auditions and mega auditions , 12 Super Dancers are selected to be competing for the title of Dance Ka Kal ( future of dance ) . They are each paired with one choreographer ( Super Guru ) who has a unique style similar to theirs . These Super Gurus train them , choreograph acts for them and also perform with them . The Super Dancers perform on Saturdays and along with their choreographers on Sunday . The performances are voted by the audience every week on the website or the SonyLiv App . On the basis of the number of votes , one kid is being eliminated every week . Season 1 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Ananya Choksi Raipur Amrita Maitra Eliminated on 12 November 2016 Ashis Das Guwahati Lipsa Acharya Eliminated on 19 November 2016 Dipali Borkar Pune Sonali Kar Finalist Ditya Sagar Bhande Mumbai Ruel Dausan WINNER Harsh Prajapati Jaipur Anuja Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Lakshay Sinha Malda Biki Das Eliminated Laxman Kumbhar Raipur Paul Marshal Eliminated on 23 October 2016 ; Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Finalist Mahi Soni Chattarpur Sneha Kapoor Eliminated on 9 October 2016 Masoom Narzary Guwahati Palden Lama Mawroh Finalist Siddhanth Damedhar Aurangabad Shyam Yadav Eliminated on 23 October 2016 ; Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 ; Eliminated on 26th November , 2016 Varsha Mishra Agra Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Yogesh Sharma Mathura Vaibhav Finalist Power Card Entry ( edit ) Five contestants - Laxman Kumbhar , Siddhanth Damedhar ( both of whom were eliminated from the show earlier ) , Lakshay Sinha ( who could n't perform earlier in the competition due to his injury ) , Tiyash Saha & Harsh Dhara ( both standby contestants ) were called back on 30 October 2016 to gain a Power Card Entry into the competition . The judges chose Laxman Kumbhar & Siddhanth Damedhar and they Re-entered the competition . Winner Ditya Sagar Bhande from Mumbai won the first season of Super dancer . Her choreographer was Ruel Dausan . Season 2 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Bishal Sharma Jorhat , Assam Vaibhav Ghughe Muskaan Sharma Indore , Madhya Pradesh Paul Marshal Vivek Jogande Ruel Dausan Varindani Eliminated on 19th November 2017 Kunal Jyoti Rabha Guwahati , Assam Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 29th October 2017 Akash Thapa Dehradun , Uttarakhand Vivek Chachere Abir Rahman Kolkata , West Bengal Sonali Kar Eliminated on 12th November 2017 Shagun Singh Bhilai , Chhattisgarh Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Arushi Saxena Ludhiana , Punjab Nishant Bhat Jyoti Ranjan Sahu Bhubaneswar , Odisha Anuradha Iyengar Eliminated on 19th November 2017 Misti Sinha Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Omkar Shinde Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 12th November 2017 Returned on 26th November 2017 Chandresh Delwar Indore , Madhya Pradesh Khushboo Gupta Eliminated on 29th October 2017 Ritik Diwakar Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh Pratik Ramesh Utekar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sony 's four new shows from different genres '' . Indian Television . 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Super Dancer 2 Top 12 Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Official Site '' . superdancer.sonyliv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Dial 100 Crime Patrol Satark Reality and comedy The Drama Company Super Dancer ( Season 2 ) Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Haasil Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Mythology Mere Sai Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Dancer&oldid=812375340 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2016 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian dance television shows Indian reality television series Television shows set in Mumbai Sony Entertainment Television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Dancer	675
who sang desert on a horse with no name	`` A Horse with No Name '' is a song written by Dewey Bunnell , and originally recorded by the folk rock band America . It was the band 's first and most successful single , released in late - 1971 in Europe and early - 1972 in the US , and topped the charts in several countries . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America .	America	A Horse with No Name	a horse with no name	`` A Horse with No Name '' is a song written by Dewey Bunnell , and originally recorded by the folk rock band America . It was the band 's first and most successful single , released in late - 1971 in Europe and early - 1972 in the US , and topped the charts in several countries . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Personnel 5 In popular culture 5.1 Soundtrack appearances 5.2 Musical references 5.3 Other references to the song 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) America 's self - titled debut album was released initially in Europe , without `` A Horse with No Name , '' and achieved only moderate success . Originally called `` Desert Song '' , `` Horse '' was written while the band was staying at the home studio of musician Arthur Brown , near Puddletown , Dorset . The first two demos were recorded there , by Jeff Dexter and Dennis Elliott , and were intended to capture the feel of the hot , dry desert that had been depicted at the studio from a Salvador Dalí painting , and the strange horse that had ridden out of an M.C. Escher picture . Writer Dewey Bunnell also says he remembered his childhood travels through the Arizona and New Mexico desert when his family lived at Vandenberg Air Force Base . Trying to find a song that would be popular in both the United States and Europe , Warner Brothers was reluctant to release Beckley 's `` I Need You '' ballad as the first single from America . The label asked the band if it had any other material , then arranged for America to record four more songs at Morgan Studios , Willesden in London . `` A Horse with No Name '' was released as the featured song on a three - track single in the UK , Ireland , France , Italy and the Netherlands in late 1971 . On the release `` A Horse with No Name '' shared the A-side with `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' ; `` Sandman '' featured on the B - side . However , its early - 1972 two - track US release did not include `` Sandman '' , with `` Everyone I Meet Is from California '' appearing on the B - side . Composition ( edit ) `` A Horse with No Name '' was recorded in the key of E Dorian with acoustic guitars , bass guitar , drum kit , and bongo drums . The only other chord is a D , fretted on the low E and G strings , second fret . A 12 - string guitar plays an added F ♯ ( second fret , high E string ) on the back beat of the Em . A noted feature of the song is the driving bass line with a hammer - hook in each chorus . A `` waterfall '' - type solo completes the arrangement . Produced by Ian Samwell on the day of final recording at Morgan Studios , when at first the group thought it was too corny and took some convincing to actually play it . Gerry Beckley has explained in Acoustic Guitar magazine ( March 2007 ) that the correct tuning for the guitar is DEDGBD , low to high . The chord pattern that repeats throughout the entire song is : 202002 ( Em ) , then 020202 and 000202 . The tuning is unique to this song ; they did not use it on any other America song . Reception ( edit ) Despite the song being banned by some U.S. radio stations because of supposed drug references to heroin use , the song ascended to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and the album quickly reached platinum status . The song charted earlier in the Netherlands ( reaching number 11 ) and the UK ( reaching number 3 , the band 's only Top 40 hit in the country ) than it did in the United States . The interpretation of the song as a drug reference comes from the fact that the word `` horse '' is a common slang term for heroin . The song 's resemblance to some of Neil Young 's work aroused some controversy . `` I know that virtually everyone , on first hearing , assumed it was Neil '' , Bunnell says . `` I never fully shied away from the fact that I was inspired by him . I think it 's in the structure of the song as much as in the tone of his voice . It did hurt a little , because we got some pretty bad backlash . I 've always attributed it more to people protecting their own heroes more than attacking me . '' By coincidence , it was `` A Horse with No Name '' that replaced Young 's `` Heart of Gold '' at the number 1 spot on the U.S. pop chart . The song has received criticism for its banal , oddly phrased lyrics , including `` The heat was hot '' ; `` There were plants , and birds , and rocks , and things '' ; and `` ' Cause there ai n't no one for to give you no pain . '' Penn Jillette asked the band about their lyrics , `` there were plants , and birds , and rocks , and things '' after a show in Atlantic City , where America opened for Penn & Teller . According to Jillette , their explanation for the lyrics was that they were intoxicated with cannabis while writing it . In a 2012 interview , Beckley disputed Jillette 's story , saying , `` I do n't think Dew was stoned . '' Personnel ( edit ) ( Per back cover of 1972 vinyl issue of America . ) America Dewey Bunnell -- lead vocal , acoustic guitar Gerry Beckley -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocal Dan Peek -- bass , backing vocal Session musicians Ray Cooper -- percussion Kim Haworth -- drums In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( May 2017 ) Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The song was featured in Hideous Kinky , a British -- French 1998 film , during a trip on the Moroccan desert . In 2008 , it was used in a Kohls TV commercial for Vera Wang . It can also be heard in Season 2 of Millennium , in the episode `` Owls '' . It can be heard on an episode of The Simpsons , `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' . In another episode , `` A Star Is Born Again '' . Ned Flanders can be heard singing it , with alternative lyrics . The song is heard in the background of season 3 episode 16 of `` Parks and Recreation '' . It was featured in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas on the fictional classic rock radio station K - DST . The song bookends the second episode of the third season of Breaking Bad , `` Caballo sin Nombre '' ( Spanish for `` Horse without Name '' ) , where the song plays on a car radio as Walter White drives through the desert in the beginning , before being pulled over for driving with a cracked windshield . At the end of the episode the song is sung by Walter in the shower . The song was also featured in the show Friends in Season 5 , Episode 22 , `` The One With Joey 's Big Break '' . The song is also featured in the movies The Devil 's Daughter , The Trip , and Air America . The song is also featured on the soundtrack of the 2013 motion picture American Hustle directed by David O. Russell and 2016 movie The Nice Guys . In 2014 , the song was featured in an advertisement for the Toyota Auris Hybrid . In the season 4 episode of BoJack Horseman `` The Old Sugarman Place '' , the title character drives through the desert to Patrick Carney and Michelle Branch 's interpretation of the song . This version also appears on the soundtrack album of the series . Musical references ( edit ) The song was one of many popular songs quoted and parodied on the album The Third Reich ' n Roll by The Residents . The song `` Face '' by American rock band Aerosmith released in 2001 bears a strong resemblance towards `` A Horse With No Name '' . Michael Jackson 's song `` A Place with No Name '' was released posthumously by TMZ as a 25 - second snippet on July 16 , 2009 . The snippet closely resembles `` A Horse with No Name '' . Jim Morey , both Jackson 's and America 's former band manager , has stated that `` America was honored that Michael chose to do their song and they hope it becomes available for all Michael 's fans to hear . '' The song was remastered and released in its entirety along with the original Michael Jackson recording on Jackson 's 2014 album , Xscape . The manner in which American band Drive - by Truckers ' song `` The Fourth Night of My Drinking '' begins , nods to `` A Horse with No Name '' . Other references to the song ( edit ) The song was covered by a band in the bar Robin Williams ' character hangs out at in the 1987 movie Good Morning Vietnam . Also appeared in Air America from 1990 . Plants and Birds and Rocks and Things was the title of the 1993 debut album by The Loud Family , and was quoted by songwriter Scott Miller in the first track , `` He Do the Police in Different Voices '' ( `` Maybe plants and birds and rocks and things can justify my day '' ) . It also appeared sung by members of a hippie group , `` The People '' , in Series 3 of HBO 's Six Feet Under , in the episode : `` Tears , Bones and Desire '' as the women make mops . In the episode `` Bill 's Autobiography '' on NewsRadio , Dave Foley 's character was found singing the song on an audiotape on which he records his thoughts . In 1999 , the literary magazine Lamia Ink published a short play by American playwright Meron Langsner entitled The Name of the Horse , in which the problem of the horse 's name is explored . The play is also included in a collection of parodies entitled The Sacred Cow Slaughterhouse published by Indie Theatre Now . In The Simpsons episode `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' , Homer and Marge trick Bart and Lisa into thinking they 're busy arguing so they can have their time alone . They accidentally throw a piece of clothing at the tape recorder and `` A Horse With No Name '' plays . In computer game NetHack , when the player character dismounts an unnamed horse , the game issues the message `` You 've been through the dungeon on a horse with no name '' , or , when hallucinating , `` It felt good to get out of the rain . '' In the October 7 , 2015 episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , Colbert , wearing a big and furry hat , proclaims that the titular horse 's name is `` Gary the horse '' . In the Reno 911 season five episode `` Junior Runs for Office '' , after consuming an entire pan of hashish brownies , Junior panics upon learning that `` A Horse With No Name '' is not available in the jukebox of the bar that they are in . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM ) Finland ( Finnish Singles Chart ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Easy Listening US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Singles Chart US Record World Singles Chart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Horse with No Name '' USA chart history , Billboard.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA . `` RIAA Gold & Platinum Database '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2015/06/decadence-and-depravity-with-added-cheese/ Jump up ^ `` Highway Highlight ( from the box set booklet ) '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( September 30 , 1996 ) . The Billboard book of number one albums : the inside story behind pop music 's blockbuster records . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ Guitar Noise ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Guitar Coach Mag ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Liner notes , Highway Highlight '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved June 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` America singles charts history '' . Official Charts . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ America biography at Billboard Jump up ^ John Mendelsohn ( 1972 ) . `` Rolling Stone Review '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jillette , Penn . ( 2012 ) . Gilbert Gottfried Again ! ( Episode 14 , 2012 / 05 / 21 ) . Penn 's Sunday School . Ace Broadcasting Network . Jump up ^ `` Q&A With America Singer Gerry Beckley '' . Patch.com . Dec 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ splendAd - Kohl 's - Simply Vera Spring 2008 commercial Jump up ^ AMCTV ( 2010 ) . `` Walt Gets Arrested '' . Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ IMDB ( 1999 ) . `` The One with Joey 's Big Break '' . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Place with No Name sounds like Horse with No Name '' . news.com.au . July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NetHack source code Jump up ^ Billboard : 53 . October 7 , 1972 . CS1 maint : Untitled periodical ( link ) Jump up ^ Search for Irish peaks Jump up ^ `` America -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for America . External links ( edit ) Official America Homepage Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Heart Of Gold '' by Neil Young Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 25 , 1972 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( hide ) America Gerry Beckley Dewey Bunnell Dan Peek Studio albums America Homecoming Hat Trick Holiday Hearts Hideaway Harbor Silent Letter Alibi View from the Ground Your Move Perspective Hourglass Human Nature Holiday Harmony Here & Now Back Pages Lost & Found Compilations History : America 's Greatest Hits Encore : More Greatest Hits Highway The Complete Greatest Hits Hits : 40th Anniversary Edition Live albums America Live In Concert ( 1985 ) In Concert ( 1995 ) Horse with No Name The Grand Cayman Concert Live In Concert : Wildwood Springs Soundtracks The Last Unicorn Singles `` A Horse with No Name '' `` I Need You '' `` Ventura Highway '' `` Muskrat Love '' `` Tin Man '' `` Lonely People '' `` Sister Golden Hair '' `` Daisy Jane '' `` Woman Tonight '' `` Today 's the Day '' `` Amber Cascades '' `` You Can Do Magic '' `` Right Before Your Eyes '' `` The Border '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Horse_with_No_Name&oldid=806620034 '' Categories : Songs about horses 1971 songs 1971 singles 1972 singles Songs written by Dewey Bunnell America ( band ) songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Debut singles Warner Bros. Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Untitled periodical Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 All articles with trivia sections Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Sicilianu Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Horse%20with%20No%20Name	676
he introduced movable type to europe in the 15th century			Movable type	movable type	Movable type ( US English ; moveable type in British English ) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document ( usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuation marks ) usually on the medium of paper .	Contents 1 History 2 Precursors to movable type 2.1 Letter punch and coins 2.2 Seals and stamps 2.3 Woodblock printing 3 History 3.1 Ceramic movable type 3.2 Wooden movable type 3.3 Metal movable type in China 3.4 Metal movable type in Korea 3.5 Metal movable type in Europe 4 Type - founding 5 Typesetting 6 Metal type combined with other methods 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The world 's first movable type printing press technology for printing paper books was made of porcelain materials and was invented around AD 1040 in China during the Northern Song Dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) . Subsequently in 1377 , the world 's oldest extant movable metal print book , Jikji , was printed in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty . Because of this , the diffusion of both movable - type systems was , to some degree , limited to primarily East Asia , although various sporadic reports of movable type technology were brought back to Europe by Christian missionaries , traders and business people who were returning to Europe after having worked in China for several years ; and influenced the development of printing technology in Europe . Some of these medieval European accounts are still preserved in the library archives of the Vatican and Oxford University among many others . Around 1450 , Johannes Gutenberg introduced the metal movable - type printing press in Europe , along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould . The small number of alphabetic characters needed for European languages was an important factor . Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony -- and these materials remained standard for 550 years . For alphabetic scripts , movable - type page setting was quicker than woodblock printing . The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform , leading to typography and fonts . The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) established the superiority of movable type in Europe and the use of printing presses spread rapidly . The printing press may be regarded as one of the key factors fostering the Renaissance and due to its effectiveness , its use spread around the globe . The 19th - century invention of hot metal typesetting and its successors caused movable type to decline in the 20th century . Precursors to movable type ( edit ) Letter punch and coins ( edit ) Movable type traces its origins to the punches used to make coins : the reverse face of a Tetradrachm Greek coin from Athens , 5th century BC , featuring various letters and the owl symbol of Athena . The technique of imprinting multiple copies of symbols or glyphs with a master type punch made of hard metal first developed around 3000 BC in ancient Sumer . These metal punch types can be seen as precursors of the letter punches adapted in later millennia to printing with movable metal type . Cylinder seals were used in Mesopotamia to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay . They were used to `` sign '' documents and mark objects as the owner 's property . Cylinder seals were a related form of early typography capable of printing small page designs in relief ( cameo ) on wax or clay -- a miniature forerunner of rotogravure printing used by wealthy individuals to seal and certify documents . By 650 BC the ancient Greeks were using larger diameter punches to imprint small page images onto coins and tokens . The designs of the artists who made the first coin punches were stylized with a degree of skill that could not be mistaken for common handiwork -- salient and very specific types designed to be reproduced ad infinitum . Unlike the first typefaces used to print books in the 13th century , coin types were neither combined nor printed with ink on paper , but `` published '' in metal -- a more durable medium -- and survived in substantial numbers . As the portable face of ruling authority , coins were a compact form of standardized knowledge issued in large editions , an early mass medium that stabilized trade and civilization throughout the Mediterranean world of antiquity . Seals and stamps ( edit ) Main articles : Mudbrick stamp , Cylinder seal , and Phaistos Disc Brick `` stamp mold '' for the King of Larsa , Sin - Iddinam . ( for Sun God , Utu , foundation deposit of temple ) A replica of the Phaistos Disc Seals and stamps may have been precursors to movable type . The uneven spacing of the impressions on brick stamps found in the Mesopotamian cities of Uruk and Larsa , dating from the 2nd millennium BC , has been conjectured by some archaeologists as evidence that the stamps were made using movable type . The enigmatic Minoan Phaistos Disc of 1800 -- 1600 BC has been considered by one scholar as an early example of a body of text being reproduced with reusable characters : it may have been produced by pressing pre-formed hieroglyphic `` seals '' into the soft clay . A few authors even view the disc as technically meeting all definitional criteria to represent an early incidence of movable - type printing . Recently it has been alleged by Jerome Eisenberg that the disk is a forgery . The Prüfening dedicatory inscription is medieval example of movable type stamps being used . Woodblock printing ( edit ) Main article : Woodblock printing The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China , an early woodblock - printed book , AD 868 ( British Museum ) Following the invention of paper in the 2nd century AD during the Chinese Han Dynasty , writing materials became more portable and economical than the bones , shells , bamboo slips , metal or stone tablets , silk , etc. previously used . Yet copying books by hand was still labour - consuming . Not until the Xiping Era ( 172 -- 178 AD ) , towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty did sealing print and monotype appear . It was soon used for printing designs on fabrics , and later for printing texts . Woodblock printing , invented by about the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty , worked as follows . First , the neat hand - copied script was stuck on a relatively thick and smooth board , with the front of the paper , which was so thin that it was nearly transparent , sticking to the board , and characters showing in reverse , but distinctly , so that every stroke could be easily recognized . Then carvers cut away the parts of the board that were not part of the character , so that the characters were cut in relief , completely differently from those cut intaglio . When printing , the bulging characters would have some ink spread on them and be covered by paper . With workers ' hands moving on the back of paper gently , characters would be printed on the paper . By the Song Dynasty , woodblock printing came to its heyday . Although woodblock printing played an influential role in spreading culture , there remained some apparent drawbacks . Firstly , carving the printing plate required considerable time , labour and materials ; secondly , it was not convenient to store these plates ; and finally , it was difficult to correct mistakes . With woodblock printing , one printing plate could be used for tens of hundreds of books , playing a magnificent role in spreading culture . Yet carving the plate was time and labour consuming . Huge books cost years of effort . The plates needed a lot of storage space , and were often damaged by deformation , worms and corrosion . If books had a small print run , and were not reprinted , the printing plates would become nothing but waste ; and worse , if a mistake was found , it was difficult to correct it without discarding the whole plate . History ( edit ) Further information : Letterpress printing and History of printing in East Asia Ceramic movable type ( edit ) Bi Sheng ( 毕昇 / 畢昇 ) ( 990 -- 1051 ) developed the first known movable - type system for printing in China around 1040 AD during the Northern Song dynasty , using ceramic materials . As described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo ( 沈括 ) ( 1031 -- 1095 ) : When he wished to print , he took an iron frame and set it on the iron plate . In this he placed the types , set close together . When the frame was full , the whole made one solid block of type . He then placed it near the fire to warm it . When the paste ( at the back ) was slightly melted , he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface , so that the block of type became as even as a whetstone . For each character there were several types , and for certain common characters there were twenty or more types each , in order to be prepared for the repetition of characters on the same page . When the characters were not in use he had them arranged with paper labels , one label for each rhyme - group , and kept them in wooden cases . If one were to print only two or three copies , this method would be neither simple nor easy . But for printing hundreds or thousands of copies , it was marvelously quick . As a rule he kept two forms going . While the impression was being made from the one form , the type was being put in place on the other . When the printing of the one form was finished , the other was then ready . In this way the two forms alternated and the printing was done with great rapidity . In 1193 , Zhou Bida , an officer of Southern Song Dynasty , made a set of clay movable - type method according to the method described by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays , and printed his book Notes of The Jade Hall ( 《玉堂雜記》 ) . The claim that Bi Sheng 's clay types were `` fragile '' and `` not practical for large - scale printing '' and `` short lived '' was refuted by facts and experiments . Bao Shicheng ( 1775 -- 1885 ) wrote that baked clay moveable type was `` as hard and tough as horn '' ; experiments show that clay type , after being baked in an oven , becomes hard and difficult to break , such that it remains intact after being dropped from a height of two metres onto a marble floor . The length of clay movable types in China was 1 to 2 centimetres , not 2mm , thus hard as horn . There has been an ongoing debate regarding the success of ceramic printing technology as there have been no printed materials found with ceramic movable types . However , it is historically recorded to have been used as late as 1844 in China from the Song dynasty through the Qing dynasty . Wooden movable type ( edit ) Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) also pioneered the use of wooden movable type around 1040 AD , as described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) . However , this technology was abandoned in favour of clay movable types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink . A revolving typecase for wooden type in China , from Wang Zhen 's book published in 1313 In 1298 , Wang Zhen ( 王祯 / 王禎 ) , a Yuan dynasty governmental official of Jingde County , Anhui Province , China , re-invented a method of making movable wooden types . He made more than 30,000 wooden movable types and printed 100 copies of Records of Jingde County ( 《旌德縣志》 ) , a book of more than 60,000 Chinese characters . Soon afterwards , he summarized his invention in his book A method of making moveable wooden types for printing books . Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling , repeated printing wore the character faces down , and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces . This system was later enhanced by pressing wooden blocks into sand and casting metal types from the depression in copper , bronze , iron or tin . This new method overcame many of the shortcomings of woodblock printing . Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page , movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text . Furthermore , these new , more compact type fonts could be reused and stored . The set of wafer - like metal stamp types could be assembled to form pages , inked , and page impressions taken from rubbings on cloth or paper . In 1322 , a Fenghua county officer Ma Chengde ( 馬称德 ) in Zhejiang , made 100,000 wooded movable types and printed the 43 - volume Daxue Yanyi ( 《大學衍義》 ) . Wooden movable types were used continually in China . Even as late as 1733 , a 2300 - volume Wuying Palace Collected Gems Edition ( 《武英殿聚珍版叢書》 ) was printed with 253,500 wooden movable types on order of the Yongzheng Emperor , and completed in one year . A number of books printed in Tangut script during the Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) period are known , of which the Auspicious Tantra of All - Reaching Union that was discovered in the ruins of Baisigou Square Pagoda in 1991 is believed to have been printed sometime during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Western Xia ( 1139 -- 1193 ) . It is considered by many Chinese experts to be the earliest extant example of a book printed using wooden movable type . The logistical problems of handling the several thousand logographs ( required for full literacy in Chinese language ) posed a particular difficulty . It was faster to carve one woodblock per page than to composit a page from so many different types . However , if one used movable type to produce multiple copies of the same document , the speed of printing would increase relatively . Metal movable type in China ( edit ) At least 13 material finds in China indicate the invention of bronze movable type printing in China no later than the 12th century , with the country producing large - scale bronze - plate - printed paper money and formal official documents issued by the Jin ( 1115 -- 1234 ) and Southern Song ( 1127 -- 1279 ) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti-counterfeit markers . Such paper - money printing might date back to the 11th - century jiaozi of Northern Song ( 960 -- 1127 ) . Copperplate of 1215 -- 1216 5000 - cash Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) paper money with bronze movable type counterfeit markers The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper - block printing is a printed `` check '' of the Jin Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable - type characters , each selected from 1,000 different characters , such that each printed paper note has a different combination of markers . A copper - block printed note dated between 1215 -- 1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu 's Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties , 1914 , shows two special characters -- one called Ziliao , the other called Zihao -- for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting ; over the Ziliao there is a small character ( 輶 ) printed with movable copper type , while over the Zihao there is an empty square hole -- apparently the associated copper metal type was lost . Another sample of Song dynasty money of the same period in the collection of the Shanghai Museum has two empty square holes above Ziliao as well as Zihou , due to the loss of the two copper movable types . Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued on a large scale and remained in circulation for a long time . The 1298 book Zao Huozi Yinshufa ( 《造活字印书法》 / 《造活字印書法》 ) by the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) official Wang Zhen mentions tin movable type , used probably since the Southern Song dynasty ( 1127 -- 1279 ) , but this was largely experimental . It was unsatisfactory due to its incompatibility with the inking process . During the Mongol Empire ( 1206 -- 1405 ) , printing using movable type spread from China to Central Asia . The Uyghurs of Central Asia used movable type , their script type adopted from the Mongol language , some with Chinese words printed between the pages -- strong evidence that the books were printed in China . A page from bronze movable - type book by Hua Sui , printed in 1490 During the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , Hua Sui in 1490 used bronze type in printing books . In 1574 the massive 1000 - volume encyclopedia Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era ( 《太平御览》 / 《太平御覧》 ) was printed with bronze movable type . In 1725 the Qing Dynasty government made 250,000 bronze movable - type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic Gujin Tushu Jicheng ( 《古今图书集成》 / 《古今圖書集成》 , Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times ) . Each set consisted of 5,040 volumes , making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type . Metal movable type in Korea ( edit ) Korean movable type from 1377 used for the Jikji ; In 1234 the first books known to have been printed in metallic type set were published in Goryeo Dynasty Korea . They form a set of ritual books , Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun , compiled by Choe Yun - ui . While these books have not survived , the oldest book in the world printed in metallic movable types is Jikji , printed in Korea in 1377 . The Asian Reading Room of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. displays examples of this metal type . Commenting on the invention of metallic types by Koreans , French scholar Henri - Jean Martin described this as `` ( extremely similar ) to Gutenberg 's '' . The techniques for bronze casting , used at the time for making coins ( as well as bells and statues ) were adapted to making metal type . The Joseon dynasty scholar Seong Hyeon ( 성현 , 成俔 , 1439 -- 1504 ) records the following description of the Korean font - casting process : At first , one cuts letters in beech wood . One fills a trough level with fine sandy ( clay ) of the reed - growing seashore . Wood - cut letters are pressed into the sand , then the impressions become negative and form letters ( moulds ) . At this step , placing one trough together with another , one pours the molten bronze down into an opening . The fluid flows in , filling these negative moulds , one by one becoming type . Lastly , one scrapes and files off the irregularities , and piles them up to be arranged . A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for 200 years appeared in the early 15th century -- a generation before Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable - type invention in Europe -- when Sejong the Great devised a simplified alphabet of 24 characters ( hangul ) for use by the common people , which could have made the typecasting and compositing process more feasible . But Korea 's cultural elite , `` appalled at the idea of losing hanja , the badge of their elitism '' , stifled the adoption of the new alphabet . A `` Confucian prohibition on the commercialization of printing '' also obstructed the proliferation of movable type , restricting the distribution of books produced using the new method to the government . The technique was restricted to use by the royal foundry for official state publications only , where the focus was on reprinting Chinese classics lost in 1126 when Korea 's libraries and palaces had perished in a conflict between dynasties . Scholarly debate and speculation has occurred as to whether Eastern movable type spread to Europe between the late 14th century and early 15th centuries . Metal movable type in Europe ( edit ) Main articles : History of Western typography and Spread of European movable type printing The Printing Revolution in the 15th century : Within several decades around 270 European towns took up movable type printing . European output of movable type printing from Gutenberg to 1800 Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz , Germany is acknowledged as the first to invent a metal movable - type printing system in Europe , the printing press . Gutenberg was a goldsmith familiar with techniques of cutting punches for making coins from moulds . Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from matrices using a device called the hand mould . Gutenberg 's key invention and contribution to movable - type printing in Europe , the hand mould , was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books , making the movable - type printing process a viable enterprise . Before Gutenberg , books were copied out by hand on scrolls and paper , or printed from hand - carved wooden blocks . It was extremely time - consuming ; even a small book could take months to complete , and because the carved letters or blocks were flimsy and the wood susceptible to ink the blocks had a limited lifespan . Gutenberg and his associates developed oil - based inks ideally suited to printing with a press on paper , and the first Latin typefaces . His method of casting type may have been different from the hand mould used in subsequent decades . Detailed analysis of the type used in his 42 - line Bible has revealed irregularities in some of the characters that can not be attributed to ink spread or type wear under the pressure of the press . Scholars conjecture that the type pieces may have been cast from a series of matrices made with a series of individual stroke punches , producing many different versions of the same glyph . Editing with movable metal -- cca. 1920 It has also been suggested that the method used by Gutenberg involved using a single punch to make a mould , but the mould was such that the process of taking the type out disturbed the casting , creating variants and anomalies , and that the punch - matrix system came into use possibly around the 1470s . This raises the possibility that the development of movable type in the West may have been progressive rather than a single innovation . Gutenberg 's movable - type printing system spread rapidly across Europe , from the single Mainz printing press in 1457 to 110 presses by 1480 , of which 50 were in Italy . Venice quickly became the center of typographic and printing activity . Significant were the contributions of Nicolas Jenson , Francesco Griffo , Aldus Manutius , and other printers of late 15th - century Europe . Type - founding ( edit ) A piece of cast metal type , Garamond style long s i ligature . See also : Sort . Type - founding as practiced in Europe and the west consists of three stages . Punchcutting If the glyph design includes enclosed spaces ( counters ) then a counterpunch is made . The counter shapes are transferred in relief ( cameo ) onto the end of a rectangular bar of mild steel using a specialized engraving tool called a graver . The finished counterpunch is hardened by heating and quenching ( tempering ) , or exposure to a cyanide solution ( case hardening ) . The counterpunch is then struck against the end of a similar rectangular steel bar -- the letterpunch -- to impress the counter shapes as recessed spaces ( intaglio ) . The outer profile of the glyph is completed by scraping away with a graver the material outside the counter spaces , leaving only the stroke or lines of the glyph . Progress toward the finished design is checked by successive smoke proofs ; temporary prints made from a thin coating of carbon deposited on the punch surface by a candle flame . The finished letter punch is finally hardened to withstand the rigors of reproduction by striking . One counterpunch and one letterpunch are produced for every letter or glyph making up a complete font . Matrix The letterpunch is used to strike a blank die of soft metal to make a negative letter mould , called a matrix . Casting The matrix is inserted into the bottom of a device called a hand mould . The mould is clamped shut and molten type metal alloy consisting mostly of lead and tin , with a small amount of antimony for hardening , is poured into a cavity from the top . Antimony has the rare property of expanding as it cools , giving the casting sharp edges . When the type metal has sufficiently cooled , the mould is unlocked and a rectangular block approximately 4 centimeters long , called a sort , is extracted . Excess casting on the end of the sort , called the tang , is later removed to make the sort the precise height required for printing , known as `` type height '' . The type - height was quite different in different countries . The Monotype Corporation Limited in London UK produced moulds in various heights : 0.918 inches ( 23.3 mm ) : United Kingdom , Canada , U.S. 0.928 inches ( 23.6 mm ) : France , Germany , Switzerland and most other European countries 0.933 inches ( 23.7 mm ) : Belgium height 0.9785 inches ( 24.85 mm ) : Dutch height A Dutch printers manual mentions a tiny difference between French and German Height : 62.027 points Didot = 23.30 millimetres ( 0.917 in ) = English height 62.666 points Didot = 23.55 millimetres ( 0.927 in ) = French height 62.685 points Didot = 23.56 millimetres ( 0.928 in ) = German height 66.047 points Didot = 24.85 millimetres ( 0.978 in ) = Dutch Height Tiny differences in type - height will cause quite bold images of characters . At the end of the 19th century there were only two typefoundries left in the Netherlands : Johan Enschedé & Zonen , at Haarlem , and Lettergieterij Amsterdam , voorheen Tetterode . They both had their own type - height : Enschedé : 65 23 / 24 points Didot , and Amsterdam : 66 1 / 24 points Didot . Enough difference to prevent a combined use of fonts of both typefoundries : Enschede would be to light , or otherwise the Amsterdam - font would print rather bold . A perfect way of binding clients . In 1905 the Dutch governmental `` Algemeene Landsdrukkerij '' , later : `` State - printery '' ( Staatsdrukkerij ) decided during a reorganisation to use a standard type - height of 63 points Didot . `` Staatsdrukkerij - hoogte '' , actually Belgium - height , but this fact was not widely known . Typesetting ( edit ) A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick Main articles : Typesetting and Type case Modern , factory - produced movable type was available in the late 19th century . It was held in the printing shop in a job case , a drawer about 2 inches high , a yard wide , and about two feet deep , with many small compartments for the various letters and ligatures . The most popular and accepted of the job case designs in America was the California Job Case , which took its name from the Pacific coast location of the foundries that made the case popular . Traditionally , the capital letters were stored in a separate drawer or case that was located above the case that held the other letters ; this is why capital letters are called `` upper case '' characters while the non-capitals are `` lower case '' . Compartments also held spacers , which are blocks of blank type used to separate words and fill out a line of type , such as em and en quads ( quadrats , or spaces . A quadrat is a block of type whose face is lower than the printing letters so that it does not itself print . ) . An em space was the width of a capital letter `` M '' -- as wide as it was high -- while an en space referred to a space half the width of its height ( usually the dimensions for a capital `` N '' ) . Individual letters are assembled into words and lines of text with the aid of a composing stick , and the whole assembly is tightly bound together to make up a page image called a forme , where all letter faces are exactly the same height to form a flat surface of type . The forme is mounted on a printing press , a thin coating of viscous ink is applied and impressions made on paper under great pressure in the press . `` Sorts '' is the term given to special characters not freely available in the typical type case , such as the `` @ '' mark . Metal type combined with other methods ( edit ) Ceramic type from the collections of University of Reading . Sometimes it is erroneously stated that printing with metal type replaced the earlier methods . In the industrial era printing methods would be chosen to suit the purpose . For example , when printing large scale letters in posters etc. the metal type would have proved too heavy and economically unviable . Thus , large scale type was made as carved wood blocks as well as ceramics plates . Also in many cases where large scale text was required , it was simpler to hand the job to a sign painter than a printer . Images could be printed together with movable type if they were made as woodcuts or wood engravings as long as the blocks were made to the same type height . If intaglio methods , such as copper plates , were used for the images , then images and the text would have required separate print runs on different machines . See also ( edit ) History of printing in East Asia History of Western typography Letterpress printing Odhecaton -- the first sheet music printed with movable type Spread of European movable type printing Type foundry Typesetting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1994 ) . The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China , Volume 4 . Cambridge University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 9780521329958 . Bi Sheng ... who first devised , about 1045 , the art of printing with movable type Jump up ^ He , Zhou ( 1994 ) . `` Diffusion of Movable Type in China and Europe : Why Were There Two Fates ? '' . International Communication Gazette. 53 ( 3 ) : 153 -- 173 . doi : 10.1177 / 001654929405300301 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) . Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15034 - 5 . Jump up ^ Printing ( publishing ) at Encyclopædia Britannica Retrieved Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe , Cambridge University Press , 1983 Jump up ^ Clair , Kate ; Busic - Snyder , Cynthia ( 2012 ) . A Typographic Workbook : A Primer to History , Techniques , and Artistry . John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 39988 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sass , Benjamin ; Marzahn , Joachim ( 2010 ) . Aramaic and Figural Stamp Impressions on Bricks of the Sixth Century B.C. from Babylon . Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 11 , 20 , 160 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 06184 - 1 . `` the latter has cuneiform signs that look as if made with a movable type , and impressions from Assur display the same phenomenon Jump up ^ Herbert E. Brekle , `` Das typographische Prinzip '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , Vol. 72 ( 1997 ) , pp. 58 -- 63 ( 60f . ) Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Knossos Fieldnotes '' . The Modern Antiquarian . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 2008 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Phaistos Disc declared as fake by scholar '' . Times Online . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Needham , Joseph Science and Civilization in China . vol. 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 201 -- 217 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08690 - 6 . ; also published in Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd. , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Man , John ( 2002 ) . The Gutenberg Revolution : The story of a genius that changed the world . London : Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 5 . A detailed examination of Gutenberg 's life and invention , interwoven with the underlying social and religious upheaval of Medieval Europe on the eve of the Renaissance . ^ Jump up to : Xu Yinong , Moveable Type Books ( 徐憶農《活字本》 ) ISBN 7 - 80643 - 795 - 9 Jump up ^ Sohn , Pow - Key ( 1959 ) . `` Early Korean Printing '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 79 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 103 . doi : 10.2307 / 595851 . JSTOR 595851 . ^ Jump up to : Pan Jixing , A history of movable metal type printing technique in China 2001 Jump up ^ Shen Kuo . Dream Pool Essays . Jump up ^ Zhang Yuzhen ( 張玉珍 ) ( 2003 ) . `` 世界上現存最早的木活字印本 -- 宁夏贺兰山方塔出土西夏文佛經《吉祥遍至口和本讀》介紹 '' ( The world 's oldest extant book printed with wooden movable type ) . Library and Information ( 《書與情报》 ) ( 1 ) . ISSN 1003 - 6938 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hou Jianmei ( 侯健美 ) ; Tong Shuquan ( 童曙泉 ) ( 20 December 2004 ) . `` 《大夏寻踪》今展國博 '' ( ' In the Footsteps of the Great Xia ' now exhibiting at the National Museum ) . Beijing Daily ( 《北京日报》 ) . Jump up ^ `` 韩国剽窃活字印刷发明权只是第一步 '' . news.ifeng.com . Jump up ^ A History of Moveable Type Printing in China , by Pan Jixing , Professor of the Institute for History of Science , Academy of Science , Beijing , China , English Abstract , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Wang Zhen ( 1298 ) . Zao Huozi Yinshufa ( 《造活字印書法》 ) . 近世又铸锡作字 , 以铁条贯之 ( rendering : In the modern times , there 's melten Tin Movable type , and linked them with iron bar ) ^ Jump up to : Chinese Paper and Printing , A Cultural History , by Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ^ Jump up to : Thomas Christensen ( 2007 ) . `` Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance ? '' . Arts of Asia Magazine ( to appear ) . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sohn , Pow - Key ( Summer 1993 ) . `` Printing Since the 8th Century in Korea '' . Koreana. 7 ( 2 ) : 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Twyman , Michael ( 1998 ) . The British Library Guide to Printing : History and Techniques . London : The British Library . p. 21 . Jump up ^ World Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 -- 23 , 61 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Burke ^ Jump up to : von Polenz , Peter ( 1991 ) . Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart : I. Einführung , Grundbegriffe , Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit ( in German ) . New York / Berlin : Walter de Gruyter GmbH . Jump up ^ Juan González de Mendoza ( 1585 ) . Historia de las cosas más notables , ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Thomas Franklin Carter , The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward , The Ronald Press , NY 2nd ed. 1955 , pp. 176 -- 178 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) . `` Charting the ' Rise of the West ' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries '' . The Journal of Economic History . 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 . JSTOR 40263962 p. 417 , table 2 . Jump up ^ Agüera y Arcas , Blaise ; Paul Needham ( November 2002 ) . `` Computational analytical bibliography '' . Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference The future history of the book . The Hague ( Netherlands ) : Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Jump up ^ `` What Did Gutenberg Invent ? -- Discovery '' . BBC / Open University . 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Adams , James L. ( 1991 ) . Flying Buttresses , Entropy and O - Rings : the World of an Engineer . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ `` Answers.com page on antimony '' . McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . McGraw - Hill . 2005 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Blankenstein A.H.G. , Wetser Ad : Zetten , uitgebreide leerstof , deel 1 , p. 26 , Edecea , Hoorn , The Netherlands , 5th edition , ( ~ 1952 ) Jump up ^ P.J.W. Oly , de grondslag van het bedrijf der lettergieterij Amsterdam , formerly N. Tetterode , edition : Stichting Lettergieten 1983 , Westzaan , pag. 82 - 88 Jump up ^ National Amateur Press Association , Monthly Bundle Sample , Campane 194 , The California Typecase by Lewis A. Pryor ( Edited ) Jump up ^ Glossary of Typesetting Terms , by Richard Eckersley , Charles Ellerston , Richard Hendel , Page 18 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. , Purvis , Alston W. `` Graphic Design and the Industrial Revolution '' History of Graphic Design . Hoboken , N.J : Wiley , 2006 . p. 139 . Further Reading ( edit ) Nesbitt , Alexander . The History and Technique of Lettering ( c ) 1957 , Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 40281 - 9 , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number : 57 - 13116 . The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice - Hall , Inc. under the title Lettering : The History and Technique of Lettering as Design . The classic manual of hand - press technology is Moxon , Joseph ( 1683 -- 84 ) . `` Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing '' ( ed . Herbert Davies & Harry Carter . New York : Dover Publications , 1962 , reprint ed . ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing letters . International Printing Museum Web site Category : Typographical symbols -- Articles related to typographical symbols Typography terminology Page Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Paragraph Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter - spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization ALL CAPS CamelCase Letter case Petite caps Small caps Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Infɑnt Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Classifications Roman type Antiqua ( old style ) Didone ( modern ) Sans - serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse - contrast Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen - minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point - size names Thin space Digital typography Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography Related Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry Commons Portal Letterpress printing History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking NDL : 00565235 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movable_type&oldid=853399333 '' Categories : Book arts Chinese inventions Typography Relief printing History of printing Hidden categories : Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Русский தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Winaray 吴语中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 14 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable%20type	677
i don't wanna work i just wanna bang on these drums all day	`` Bang the Drum All Day '' is a 1983 song by Todd Rundgren . The lyrics describe , in the first person , the singer 's drive to `` bang on the drum all day '' to the exclusion of everything else . All the instruments on this track are performed by Rundgren . The song has become popular as an anti-work anthem or anthem of celebration .		Bang the Drum all day	bang the drum all day	`` Bang the Drum All Day '' is a 1983 song by Todd Rundgren . The lyrics describe , in the first person , the singer 's drive to `` bang on the drum all day '' to the exclusion of everything else . All the instruments on this track are performed by Rundgren . The song has become popular as an anti-work anthem or anthem of celebration .	Rundgren would re-record the song live for subscribers to his Patronet service . The new version was retitled `` Bang the Ukulele Daily , '' referring to Rundgren 's decision to perform it in a Hawaiian style , accompanied only by a ukulele . `` Bang the Ukulele Daily '' was included on his album One Long Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 In popular culture 2 Chart positions 3 References 4 External links In popular culture ( edit ) The song is played in Lambeau Field after the Green Bay Packers score a touchdown . It was similarly used by the Cincinnati Bengals in the early 2000s and brought back in 2017 as well as by the Indianapolis Colts until being replaced by The Black Keys ' `` Gold on the Ceiling '' . The St. Louis Rams also used the song as touchdown celebration music during home games at the TWA Dome during their Super Bowl - winning 1999 season . The song is used by conservative talk radio host Jim Quinn as his union heads - up theme . Boston conservative talk host Howie Carr also plays a snippet to poke fun at the Occupy Wall Street movement . The song is referenced in the video game The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind by the popular scamp merchant , Creeper . The song was featured in a 1997 commercial for Ericsson entitled `` Phone Boss Vacation '' , where a bunch of workers are shown dancing to the song , and turning the music off . Meanwhile , a woman is talking on the phone with a phone boss from a vacation . That song is featured in the trailer of the 1998 DreamWorks animated Movie Antz , in The Prince of Egypt 1999 VHS opening , and the Shrek 2001 VHS opening . The song is featured on the radio show The Morning Drive on Sirius XM NASCAR Radio , a morning talk show hosted by Mike Bagley and Pete Pistone . The song is used on Friday mornings to celebrate the upcoming weekend . Likewise for many years , classic hits station WKLH in Milwaukee played it every Friday at 5 p.m. to signal the end of the work week . WXLP in Moline IL plays the song every Friday as well during the Dwyer and Michael 's morning show . The song is referenced by Michael Scott from The Office on the episode `` The Fight '' . The lyrics are changed to `` I do n't want to work , I just wan na bang on this mug all day '' . The song was also featured in commercials for Carnival Cruise Line . Chart positions ( edit ) Year Chart Position UK Singles Chart 86 US Billboard Pop Singles 63 US Billboard Mainstream Rock 39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wolfley , Bob . `` Musician Rundgren happy his song is a big bang in Lambeau '' . www.jsonline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ LordExolios ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) , I do n't want to work ... , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Bang the Drum All Day by Todd Rundgren Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Todd Rundgren '' . chartstats.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic ( ( ( Todd Rundgren > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Todd Rundgren Studio albums Runt Runt . The Ballad of Todd Rundgren Something / Anything ? A Wizard , a True Star Todd Initiation Faithful Hermit of Mink Hollow Healing The Ever Popular Tortured Artist Effect A Cappella Nearly Human 2nd Wind No World Order The Individualist With a Twist ... Up Against It ! One Long Year Liars Arena Todd Rundgren 's Johnson ( re ) Production State Global White Knight with Utopia Todd Rundgren 's Utopia Another Live RA Oops ! Wrong Planet Adventures In Utopia Deface the Music Swing to the Right Utopia Oblivion P.O.V. Redux ' 92 : Live in Japan Live albums Another Live Back to the Bars Redux ' 92 : Live in Japan Singles `` We Gotta Get You a Woman '' `` I Saw the Light '' `` Hello It 's Me '' `` Good Vibrations '' `` Can We Still Be Friends '' `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Other songs `` Dreams of Ordinary Men '' `` Kissing with Confidence '' `` Love Is the Answer '' `` Shake a Fist '' `` Western Girls '' Album productions Great Speckled Bird Stage Fright Straight Up Halfnelson New York Dolls We 're an American Band Shinin ' On War Babies Felix Cavaliere Bat Out of Hell Remote Control TRB Two Wave Wasp Bad for Good Forever Now Next Position Please Love Bomb What Is This ? Skylarking Dreams of Ordinary Men Love Junk Things Here Are Different One Sided Story The World 's Most Dangerous Party Halfway Down the Sky The New America Separation Anxieties Cause I Sez So Related articles Discography Bebe Buell Daryl Hall Nazz The New Cars Liv Tyler Steven Tyler Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Draft history Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bang_the_Drum_All_Day&oldid=812402145 '' Categories : 1983 songs Todd Rundgren songs Green Bay Packers Songs written by Todd Rundgren Song recordings produced by Todd Rundgren Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 17 : 47 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang%20the%20Drum%20All%20Day	678
which of the following is the power factor in an ac circuit			Power factor	power factor	In electrical engineering , the power factor of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit , and is a dimensionless number in the closed interval of − 1 to 1 . A power factor of less than one means that the voltage and current waveforms are not in phase , reducing the instantaneous product of the two waveforms ( V × I ) . Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time . Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit . Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source , or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source , the apparent power will be greater than the real power . A negative power factor occurs when the device ( which is normally the load ) generates power , which then flows back towards the source , which is normally considered the generator .	In an electric power system , a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred . The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system , and require larger wires and other equipment . Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy , electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power factor . Linear loads with low power factor ( such as induction motors ) can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors . Non-linear loads , such as rectifiers , distort the current drawn from the system . In such cases , active or passive power factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and raise the power factor . The devices for correction of the power factor may be at a central substation , spread out over a distribution system , or built into power - consuming equipment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Linear circuits 1.1 Definition and calculation 1.1. 1 Power triangle 1.1. 2 Increasing the power factor 1.1. 3 Decreasing the power factor 1.1. 4 Lagging and leading power factors 1.2 Power factor correction of linear loads 2 Non-linear loads 2.1 Non-sinusoidal components 2.2 Distortion power factor 2.3 Distortion in three - phase networks 2.4 Switched - mode power supplies 2.5 Power factor correction ( PFC ) in non-linear loads 2.5. 1 Passive PFC 2.5. 2 Active PFC 2.5. 3 Dynamic PFC 3 Importance of power factor in distribution systems 4 Techniques for measuring the power factor 5 Mnemonics 6 References 7 External links Linear circuits ( edit ) Instantaneous and average power calculated from AC voltage and current with a zero power factor ( φ = 90 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi = 90 ^ ( \ circ ) ) , cos ⁡ φ = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ cos \ varphi = 0 ) ) . The blue line shows all the power is stored temporarily in the load during the first quarter cycle and returned to the grid during the second quarter cycle , so no real power is consumed . Instantaneous and average power calculated from AC voltage and current with a lagging power factor ( φ = 45 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi = 45 ^ ( \ circ ) ) , cos ⁡ φ ≈ 0.71 ( \ displaystyle \ cos \ varphi \ approx 0.71 ) ) . The blue line shows some of the power is returned to the grid during the part of the cycle labeled φ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi ) . In a purely resistive AC circuit , voltage and current waveforms are in step ( or in phase ) , changing polarity at the same instant in each cycle . All the power entering the load is consumed ( or dissipated ) . Where reactive loads are present , such as with capacitors or inductors , energy storage in the loads results in a phase difference between the current and voltage waveforms . During each cycle of the AC voltage , extra energy , in addition to any energy consumed in the load , is temporarily stored in the load in electric or magnetic fields , and then returned to the power grid a fraction of the period later . Because high voltage alternating current distribution systems are essentially quasi-linear circuit systems subject to continuous daily variation , there is a continuous `` ebb and flow '' of nonproductive power . Non productive power increases the current in the line , potentially to the point of failure . Thus , a circuit with a low power factor will use higher currents to transfer a given quantity of real power than a circuit with a high power factor . A linear load does not change the shape of the waveform of the current , but may change the relative timing ( phase ) between voltage and current . Electrical circuits containing dominantly resistive loads ( incandescent lamps , heating elements ) have a power factor of almost 1.0 , but circuits containing inductive or capacitive loads ( electric motors , solenoid valves , transformers , fluorescent lamp ballasts , and others ) can have a power factor well below 1 . Definition and calculation ( edit ) AC power flow has two components : Real power or active power ( P ( \ displaystyle P ) ) ( sometimes called average power ) , expressed in watts ( W ) Reactive power ( Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) ) , usually expressed in reactive volt - amperes ( var ) These are combined to the complex power ( S ( \ displaystyle S ) ) expressed volt - amperes ( VA ) . The magnitude of the complex power is the apparent power ( S ( \ displaystyle S ) ) , also expressed in volt - amperes ( VA ) . The VA and var are non-SI units mathematically identical to the watt , but are used in engineering practice instead of the watt to state what quantity is being expressed . The SI explicitly disallows using units for this purpose or as the only source of information about a physical quantity as used . The power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power . As power is transferred along a transmission line , it does not consist purely of real power that can do work once transferred to the load , but rather consists of a combination of real and reactive power , called apparent power . The power factor describes the amount of real power transmitted along a transmission line relative to the total apparent power flowing in the line . Power triangle ( edit ) One can relate the various components of AC power by using the power triangle in vector space . Real power extends horizontally in the î direction as it represents a purely real component of AC power . Reactive power extends in the direction of ĵ as it represents a purely imaginary component of AC power . Complex power ( and its magnitude , Apparent power ) represents a combination of both real and reactive power , and therefore can be calculated by using the vector sum of these two components . We can conclude that the mathematical relationship between these components is : S = P + j Q S 2 = P 2 + Q 2 S = P 2 + Q 2 cos ⁡ θ , power factor = P , real power S , apparent power ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) S& = P + jQ \ \ S ^ ( 2 ) & = P ^ ( 2 ) + Q ^ ( 2 ) \ \ ( 3pt ) S & = ( \ sqrt ( P ^ ( 2 ) + Q ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ \ \ cos \ theta ( \ text ( , power factor ) ) & = ( \ frac ( P ( \ text ( , real power ) ) ) ( S ( \ text ( , apparent power ) ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Increasing the power factor ( edit ) As the power factor ( i.e. cos θ ) increases , the ratio of real power to apparent power ( which = cos θ ) , increases and approaches unity ( 1 ) , while the angle θ decreases and the reactive power decreases . ( As cos θ → 1 , its maximum possible value , θ → 0 and so Q → 0 , as the load becomes less reactive and more purely resistive ) . Decreasing the power factor ( edit ) As the power factor decreases , the ratio of real power to apparent power also decreases , as the angle θ increases and reactive power increases . Lagging and leading power factors ( edit ) There is also a difference between a lagging and leading power factor . The terms refer to whether the phase of the current is leading or lagging the phase of the voltage . A lagging power factor signifies that the load is inductive , as the load will `` consume '' reactive power , and therefore the reactive component Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) is positive as reactive power travels through the circuit and is `` consumed '' by the inductive load . A leading power factor signifies that the load is capacitive , as the load `` supplies '' reactive power , and therefore the reactive component Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) is negative as reactive power is being supplied to the circuit . If θ is the phase angle between the current and voltage , then the power factor is equal to the cosine of the angle , cos ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle \ cos \ theta ) : P = S cos ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle P = S \ cos \ theta ) Since the units are consistent , the power factor is by definition a dimensionless number between − 1 and 1 . When power factor is equal to 0 , the energy flow is entirely reactive and stored energy in the load returns to the source on each cycle . When the power factor is 1 , all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by the load . Power factors are usually stated as `` leading '' or `` lagging '' to show the sign of the phase angle . Capacitive loads are leading ( current leads voltage ) , and inductive loads are lagging ( current lags voltage ) . If a purely resistive load is connected to a power supply , current and voltage will change polarity in step , the power factor will be 1 , and the electrical energy flows in a single direction across the network in each cycle . Inductive loads such as induction motors ( any type of wound coil ) consume reactive power with current waveform lagging the voltage . Capacitive loads such as capacitor banks or buried cable generate reactive power with current phase leading the voltage . Both types of loads will absorb energy during part of the AC cycle , which is stored in the device 's magnetic or electric field , only to return this energy back to the source during the rest of the cycle . For example , to get 1 kW of real power , if the power factor is unity , 1 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred ( 1 kW ÷ 1 = 1 kVA ) . At low values of power factor , more apparent power needs to be transferred to get the same real power . To get 1 kW of real power at 0.2 power factor , 5 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred ( 1 kW ÷ 0.2 = 5 kVA ) . This apparent power must be produced and transmitted to the load , and is subject to the losses in the production and transmission processes . Electrical loads consuming alternating current power consume both real power and reactive power . The vector sum of real and reactive power is the apparent power . The presence of reactive power causes the real power to be less than the apparent power , and so , the electric load has a power factor of less than 1 . A negative power factor ( 0 to − 1 ) can result from returning power to the source , such as in the case of a building fitted with solar panels when surplus power is fed back into the supply . Power factor correction of linear loads ( edit ) A high power factor is generally desirable in a power delivery system to reduce losses and improve voltage regulation at the load . Compensating elements near an electrical load will reduce the apparent power demand on the supply system . Power factor correction may be applied by an electric power transmission utility to improve the stability and efficiency of the network . Individual electrical customers who are charged by their utility for low power factor may install correction equipment to increase their power factor so as to reduce costs . Power factor correction brings the power factor of an AC power circuit closer to 1 by supplying or absorbing reactive power , adding capacitors or inductors that act to cancel the inductive or capacitive effects of the load , respectively . In the case of offsetting the inductive effect of motor loads , capacitors can be locally connected . These capacitors help to generate reactive power to meet the demand of the inductive loads . This will keep that reactive power from having to flow all the way from the utility generator to the load . In the electricity industry , inductors are said to consume reactive power and capacitors are said to supply it , even though reactive power is just energy moving back and forth on each AC cycle . The reactive elements in power factor correction devices can create voltage fluctuations and harmonic noise when switched on or off . They will supply or sink reactive power regardless of whether there is a corresponding load operating nearby , increasing the system 's no - load losses . In the worst case , reactive elements can interact with the system and with each other to create resonant conditions , resulting in system instability and severe overvoltage fluctuations . As such , reactive elements can not simply be applied without engineering analysis . 1 . Reactive Power Control Relay ; 2 . Network connection points ; 3 . Slow - blow Fuses ; 4 . Inrush Limiting Contactors ; 5 . Capacitors ( single - phase or three - phase units , delta - connection ) ; 6 . Transformer ( for controls and ventilation fans ) An automatic power factor correction unit consists of a number of capacitors that are switched by means of contactors . These contactors are controlled by a regulator that measures power factor in an electrical network . Depending on the load and power factor of the network , the power factor controller will switch the necessary blocks of capacitors in steps to make sure the power factor stays above a selected value . Instead of using a set of switched capacitors , an unloaded synchronous motor can supply reactive power . The reactive power drawn by the synchronous motor is a function of its field excitation . This is referred to as a synchronous condenser . It is started and connected to the electrical network . It operates at a leading power factor and puts vars onto the network as required to support a system 's voltage or to maintain the system power factor at a specified level . The synchronous condenser 's installation and operation are identical to large electric motors . Its principal advantage is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted ; it behaves like a variable capacitor . Unlike capacitors , the amount of reactive power supplied is proportional to voltage , not the square of voltage ; this improves voltage stability on large networks . Synchronous condensers are often used in connection with high - voltage direct - current transmission projects or in large industrial plants such as steel mills . For power factor correction of high - voltage power systems or large , fluctuating industrial loads , power electronic devices such as the Static VAR compensator or STATCOM are increasingly used . These systems are able to compensate sudden changes of power factor much more rapidly than contactor - switched capacitor banks , and being solid - state require less maintenance than synchronous condensers . Non-linear loads ( edit ) Examples of non-linear loads on a power system are rectifiers ( such as used in a power supply ) , and arc discharge devices such as fluorescent lamps , electric welding machines , or arc furnaces . Because current in these systems is interrupted by a switching action , the current contains frequency components that are multiples of the power system frequency . Distortion power factor is a measure of how much the harmonic distortion of a load current decreases the average power transferred to the load . Sinusoidal voltage and non-sinusoidal current give a distortion power factor of 0.75 for this computer power supply load . Non-sinusoidal components ( edit ) In linear circuits having only sinusoidal currents and voltages of one frequency , the power factor arises only from the difference in phase between the current and voltage . This is `` displacement power factor '' . Non-linear loads change the shape of the current waveform from a sine wave to some other form . Non-linear loads create harmonic currents in addition to the original ( fundamental frequency ) AC current . This is of importance in practical power systems that contain non-linear loads such as rectifiers , some forms of electric lighting , electric arc furnaces , welding equipment , switched - mode power supplies , variable speed drives and other devices . Filters consisting of linear capacitors and inductors can prevent harmonic currents from entering the supplying system . A typical multimeter will give incorrect results when attempting to measure the AC current in a non-sinusoidal waveform ; the instruments sense the average value of the rectified waveform . The average response is then calibrated to the effective RMS value . An RMS sensing multimeter must be used to measure the actual RMS currents and voltages ( and therefore apparent power ) . To measure the real power or reactive power , a wattmeter designed to work properly with non-sinusoidal currents must be used . Distortion power factor ( edit ) The distortion power factor is the distortion component associated with the harmonic voltages and currents present in the system . distortion power factor = 1 1 + THD i 2 = I 1 , rms I rms ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( distortion power factor ) ) = ( 1 \ over ( \ sqrt ( 1 + ( \ mbox ( THD ) ) _ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = ( I_ ( \ mbox ( 1 , rms ) ) \ over I_ ( \ mbox ( rms ) ) ) ) THD i ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( THD ) ) _ ( i ) ) is the total harmonic distortion of the load current . I 1 , rms ( \ displaystyle I_ ( 1 , ( \ mbox ( rms ) ) ) ) is the fundamental component of the current and I rms ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mbox ( rms ) ) ) is the total current -- both are root mean square - values ( distortion power factor can also be used to describe individual order harmonics , using the corresponding current in place of total current ) . This definition with respect to total harmonic distortion assumes that the voltage stays undistorted ( sinusoidal , without harmonics ) . This simplification is often a good approximation for stiff voltage sources ( not being affected by changes in load downstream in the distribution network ) . Total harmonic distortion of typical generators from current distortion in the network is on the order of 1 -- 2 % , which can have larger scale implications but can be ignored in common practice . The result when multiplied with the displacement power factor ( DPF ) is the overall , true power factor or just power factor ( PF ) : PF = I 1 , rms I rms cos ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( PF ) ) = ( I_ ( \ mbox ( 1 , rms ) ) \ over I_ ( \ mbox ( rms ) ) ) \ cos \ varphi ) Distortion in three - phase networks ( edit ) In practice , the local effects of distortion current on devices in a three - phase distribution network rely on the magnitude of certain order harmonics rather than the total harmonic distortion . For example , the triplen , or zero - sequence , harmonics ( 3rd , 9th , 15th , etc . ) have the property of being in - phase when compared line - to - line . In a delta - wye transformer , these harmonics can result in circulating currents in the delta windings and result in greater resistive heating . In a wye - configuration of a transformer , triplen harmonics will not create these currents , but they will result in a non-zero current in the neutral wire . This could overload the neutral wire in some cases and create error in kilowatt - hour metering systems and billing revenue . The presence of current harmonics in a transformer also result in larger eddy currents in the magnetic core of the transformer . Eddy current losses generally increase as the square of the frequency , lowering the transformer 's efficiency , dissipating additional heat , and reducing its service life . Negative - sequence harmonics ( 5th , 11th , 17th , etc . ) combine 120 degrees out of phase , similarly to the fundamental harmonic but in a reversed sequence . In generators and motors , these currents produce magnetic fields which oppose the rotation of the shaft and sometimes result in damaging mechanical vibrations . Switched - mode power supplies ( edit ) Main article : switched - mode power supply § Power factor A particularly important class of non-linear loads is the millions of personal computers that typically incorporate switched - mode power supplies ( SMPS ) with rated output power ranging from a few watts to more than 1 kW . Historically , these very - low - cost power supplies incorporated a simple full - wave rectifier that conducted only when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeded the voltage on the input capacitors . This leads to very high ratios of peak - to - average input current , which also lead to a low distortion power factor and potentially serious phase and neutral loading concerns . A typical switched - mode power supply first converts the AC mains to a DC bus by means of a bridge rectifier or a similar circuit . The output voltage is then derived from this DC bus . The problem with this is that the rectifier is a non-linear device , so the input current is highly non-linear . That means that the input current has energy at harmonics of the frequency of the voltage . This presents a particular problem for the power companies , because they can not compensate for the harmonic current by adding simple capacitors or inductors , as they could for the reactive power drawn by a linear load . Many jurisdictions are beginning to legally require power factor correction for all power supplies above a certain power level . Regulatory agencies such as the EU have set harmonic limits as a method of improving power factor . Declining component cost has hastened implementation of two different methods . To comply with current EU standard EN61000 - 3 - 2 , all switched - mode power supplies with output power more than 75 W must include passive power factor correction , at least . 80 Plus power supply certification requires a power factor of 0.9 or more . Power factor correction ( PFC ) in non-linear loads ( edit ) Passive PFC ( edit ) The simplest way to control the harmonic current is to use a filter that passes current only at line frequency ( 50 or 60 Hz ) . The filter consists of capacitors or inductors , and makes a non-linear device look more like a linear load . An example of passive PFC is a valley - fill circuit . A disadvantage of passive PFC is that it requires larger inductors or capacitors than an equivalent power active PFC circuit . Also , in practice , passive PFC is often less effective at improving the power factor . Active PFC ( edit ) Specifications taken from the packaging of a 610 W PC power supply showing active PFC rating Active PFC is the use of power electronics to change the waveform of current drawn by a load to improve the power factor . Some types of the active PFC are buck , boost , buck - boost and synchronous condenser . Active power factor correction can be single - stage or multi-stage . In the case of a switched - mode power supply , a boost converter is inserted between the bridge rectifier and the main input capacitors . The boost converter attempts to maintain a constant DC bus voltage on its output while drawing a current that is always in phase with and at the same frequency as the line voltage . Another switched - mode converter inside the power supply produces the desired output voltage from the DC bus . This approach requires additional semiconductor switches and control electronics , but permits cheaper and smaller passive components . It is frequently used in practice . For a three - phase SMPS , the Vienna rectifier configuration may be used to substantially improve the power factor . SMPSs with passive PFC can achieve power factor of about 0.7 -- 0.75 , SMPSs with active PFC , up to 0.99 power factor , while a SMPS without any power factor correction have a power factor of only about 0.55 -- 0.65 . Due to their very wide input voltage range , many power supplies with active PFC can automatically adjust to operate on AC power from about 100 V ( Japan ) to 240 V ( Europe ) . That feature is particularly welcome in power supplies for laptops . Dynamic PFC ( edit ) Dynamic power factor correction ( DPFC ) , sometimes referred to as `` real - time power factor correction , '' is used for electrical stabilization in cases of rapid load changes ( e.g. at large manufacturing sites ) . DPFC is useful when standard power factor correction would cause over or under correction . DPFC uses semiconductor switches , typically thyristors , to quickly connect and disconnect capacitors or inductors to improve power factor . Importance of power factor in distribution systems ( edit ) 75 Mvar capacitor bank in a 150 kV substation Power factors below 1.0 require a utility to generate more than the minimum volt - amperes necessary to supply the real power ( watts ) . This increases generation and transmission costs . For example , if the load power factor were as low as 0.7 , the apparent power would be 1.4 times the real power used by the load . Line current in the circuit would also be 1.4 times the current required at 1.0 power factor , so the losses in the circuit would be doubled ( since they are proportional to the square of the current ) . Alternatively all components of the system such as generators , conductors , transformers , and switchgear would be increased in size ( and cost ) to carry the extra current . Utilities typically charge additional costs to commercial customers who have a power factor below some limit , which is typically 0.9 to 0.95 . Engineers are often interested in the power factor of a load as one of the factors that affect the efficiency of power transmission . With the rising cost of energy and concerns over the efficient delivery of power , active PFC has become more common in consumer electronics . Current Energy Star guidelines for computers call for a power factor of ≥ 0.9 at 100 % of rated output in the PC 's power supply . According to a white paper authored by Intel and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , PCs with internal power supplies will require the use of active power factor correction to meet the ENERGY STAR 5.0 Program Requirements for Computers . In Europe , EN 61000 - 3 - 2 requires power factor correction be incorporated into consumer products . When households are not charged for the reactive power they consume there is almost no monetary incentive for them to install power factor correction equipment . This is generally the case today , as household electric meters do not measure apparent power but only real power . Adding power factor correction merely affects the reactive power supplied or drawn and not real power , so utility costs are unaffected . However if there are high - resistance lines connected between the utility meter and a relatively high load then the power as measured by the meter can be reduced by a small amount with power factor correction . Any such savings are usually insignificant . Techniques for measuring the power factor ( edit ) The power factor in a single - phase circuit ( or balanced three - phase circuit ) can be measured with the wattmeter - ammeter - voltmeter method , where the power in watts is divided by the product of measured voltage and current . The power factor of a balanced polyphase circuit is the same as that of any phase . The power factor of an unbalanced poly phase circuit is not uniquely defined . A direct reading power factor meter can be made with a moving coil meter of the electrodynamic type , carrying two perpendicular coils on the moving part of the instrument . The field of the instrument is energized by the circuit current flow . The two moving coils , A and B , are connected in parallel with the circuit load . One coil , A , will be connected through a resistor and the second coil , B , through an inductor , so that the current in coil B is delayed with respect to current in A. At unity power factor , the current in A is in phase with the circuit current , and coil A provides maximum torque , driving the instrument pointer toward the 1.0 mark on the scale . At zero power factor , the current in coil B is in phase with circuit current , and coil B provides torque to drive the pointer towards 0 . At intermediate values of power factor , the torques provided by the two coils add and the pointer takes up intermediate positions . Another electromechanical instrument is the polarized - vane type . In this instrument a stationary field coil produces a rotating magnetic field , just like a polyphase motor . The field coils are connected either directly to polyphase voltage sources or to a phase - shifting reactor if a single - phase application . A second stationary field coil , perpendicular to the voltage coils , carries a current proportional to current in one phase of the circuit . The moving system of the instrument consists of two vanes that are magnetized by the current coil . In operation the moving vanes take up a physical angle equivalent to the electrical angle between the voltage source and the current source . This type of instrument can be made to register for currents in both directions , giving a four - quadrant display of power factor or phase angle . Digital instruments exist that directly measure the time lag between voltage and current waveforms . Low - cost instruments of this type measure the peak of the waveforms . More sophisticated versions measure the peak of the fundamental harmonic only , thus giving a more accurate reading for phase angle on distorted waveforms . Calculating power factor from voltage and current phases is only accurate if both waveforms are sinusoidal . Power Quality Analyzers , often referred to as Power Analyzers , make a digital recording of the voltage and current waveform ( typically either one phase or three phase ) and accurately calculate true power ( watts ) , apparent power ( VA ) power factor , AC voltage , AC current , DC voltage , DC current , frequency , IEC61000 - 3 - 2 / 3 - 12 Harmonic measurement , IEC61000 - 3 - 3 / 3 - 11 flicker measurement , individual phase voltages in delta applications where there is no neutral line , total harmonic distortion , phase and amplitude of individual voltage or current harmonics , etc . Mnemonics ( edit ) English - language power engineering students are advised to remember : `` ELI the ICE man '' or `` ELI on ICE '' -- the voltage E leads the current I in an inductor L ; the current leads the voltage in a capacitor C . Another common mnemonic is CIVIL -- in a capacitor ( C ) the current ( I ) leads voltage ( V ) , voltage ( V ) leads current ( I ) in an inductor ( L ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boylestad , Robert ( 2002 - 03 - 04 ) . Introductory Circuit Analysis ( 10th ed . ) . p. 857 . ISBN 978 - 0130974174 . Jump up ^ `` SI Units -- Electricity and Magnetism '' . CH : International Electrotechnical Commission . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The International System of Units ( SI ) ( SI brochure ) ( PDF ) . § 5.3. 2 ( p. 132 , 40 in the PDF file ) : BIPM. 2006 . Jump up ^ Authoritative Dictionary of Standards Terms ( 7th ed . ) , IEEE , ISBN 0 - 7381 - 2601 - 2 , Std. 100 . Jump up ^ Trial - Use Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal , Nonsinusoidal , Balanced , or Unbalanced Conditions , IEEE , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 7381 - 1963 - 6 , Std. 1459 - 2000 . Note 1 , section 3.1. 1.1 , when defining the quantities for power factor , asserts that real power only flows to the load and can never be negative . As of 2013 , one of the authors acknowledged that this note was incorrect , and is being revised for the next edition . See http://powerstandards.com/Shymanski/draft.pdf Jump up ^ Duddell , W. ( 1901 ) , `` On the resistance and electromotive forces of the electric arc '' , Proceedings , The Royal Society of London : 512 -- 15 , The fact that the solid arc has , at low frequencies , a negative power factor , indicates that the arc is supplying power to the alternator ... Jump up ^ Zhang , S. ( July 2006 ) , `` Analysis of some measurement issues in bushing power factor tests in the field '' , Trans Pwr Del , IEEE , 21 ( 3 ) : 1350 -- 56 , doi : 10.1109 / tpwrd. 2006.874616 , ... ( the measurement ) gives both negative power factor and negative resistive current ( power loss ) . Jump up ^ Almarshoud , A.F. ( 2004 ) , et al , `` Performance of Grid - Connected Induction Generator under Naturally Commutated AC Voltage Controller '' , Electric Power Components and Systems , 32 ( 7 ) , Accordingly , the generator will consume active power from the grid , which leads to negative power factor . Jump up ^ Ewald Fuchs ; Mohammad A.S. Masoum ( 14 July 2015 ) . Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines . Elsevier Science . pp. 432 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 800988 - 8 . The DPF it the cosine of the angle between these two quantities Jump up ^ J.B. Dixit ; Amit Yadav ( 1 January 2010 ) . Electrical Power Quality . Laxmi Publications , Ltd . pp. 123 -- . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80386 - 74 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sankaran , C. ( 1999 ) , Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems , Electro - Test , ... and voltage - time relationship deviates from the pure sine function . The distortion at the point of generation is very small ( about 1 % to 2 % ) , but nonetheless it exists . Jump up ^ `` Single - phase load harmonics vs. three - phase load harmonics '' , Power System Harmonics ( PDF ) , Pacific Gas and Electric . Jump up ^ `` Harmonic Effects '' , Harmonics and IEEE 519 ( PDF ) , CA : EnergyLogix Solutions . Jump up ^ Sankaran , C. ( 1999 ) , `` Transformers '' , Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems , Electro - Test . Jump up ^ Sankaran , C. ( 1999 ) , `` Motors '' , Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems , Electro - Test , The interaction between the positive and negative sequence magnetic fields and currents produces torsional oscillations of the motor shaft . These oscillations result in shaft vibrations . Jump up ^ `` What is an 80 PLUS certified power supply ? '' , Certified Power Supplies and Manufacturers , 80 Plus Jump up ^ Schramm , Ben ( Fall 2006 ) , `` Power Supply Design Principles : Techniques and Solutions , Part 3 '' , Newsletter , Nuvation , archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Quasi-active power factor correction with a variable inductive filter : theory , design and practice '' , Xplore , IEEE . Jump up ^ Wölfle , W.H. ; Hurley , W.G. , `` Quasi-active Power Factor Correction : The Role of Variable Inductance '' , Power electronics ( project ) , IE : Nuigalway Jump up ^ ATX Power Supply Units Roundup , xBit labs , archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 20 , The power factor is the measure of reactive power . It is the ratio of active power to the total of active and reactive power . It is about 0.65 with an ordinary PSU , but PSUs with active PFC have a power factor of 0.97 -- 0.99 . ( ... ) hardware reviewers sometimes make no difference between the power factor and the efficiency factor . Although both these terms describe the effectiveness of a power supply , it is a gross mistake to confuse them . ( ... ) There is a very small effect from passive PFC -- the power factor grows only from 0.65 to 0.7 -- 0.75 . Jump up ^ The Active PFC Market is Expected to Grow at an Annually Rate of 12.3 % Till 2011 , Find articles , Mar 16 , 2006 , archived from the original on September 1 , 2009 , Higher - powered products are also likely to use active PFC , since it would be the most cost effective way to bring products into compliance with the EN standard . Jump up ^ Power Factor Correction , TECHarp , Passive PFC ( ... ) the power factor is low at 60 -- 80 % . ( ... ) Active PFC ... a power factor of up to 95 % . Jump up ^ Why we need PFC in PSU , Silverstone Technology , archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 22 , Normally , the power factor value of electronic device without power factor correction is approximately 0.5 . ( ... ) Passive PFC ( ... ) 70 ~ 80 % ( ... ) Active PFC ( ... ) 90 ~ 99.9 % . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tom ( Mar 2004 ) , `` PFC options for power supplies '' , Taiyo , Electronic products , archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 , The disadvantages of passive PFC techniques are that they typically yield a power factor of only 0.60 to 0.70 ( ... ) Dual - stage active PFC technology ( yields ) a power factor typically greater than 0.98 . Jump up ^ Power Factor Correction ( PFC ) Basics ( PDF ) ( application note ) ( 42047 ) , Fairchild Semiconductor , 2004 . Jump up ^ Sugawara , I. ; Suzuki , Y. ; Takeuchi , A. ; Teshima , T. ( 19 -- 23 Oct 1997 ) , `` Experimental studies on active and passive PFC circuits '' , INTELEC 97 , 19th International Telecommunications Energy Conference , pp. 571 -- 78 , doi : 10.1109 / INTLEC. 1997.646051 . Jump up ^ Chavez , C. ; Houdek , J.A. ( 9 -- 11 Oct 2007 ) . `` Dynamic Harmonic Mitigation and power factor correction '' . IEE . Electrical Power Quality . doi : 10.1109 / EPQU. 2007.4424144 . Jump up ^ Power Factor Correction Handbook ( PDF ) , ON Semiconductor , 2007 . Jump up ^ Program Requirements for Computers ( PDF ) ( Version 5.0 ed . ) , US : Energy Star . Jump up ^ Bolioli , T. ; Duggirala , M. ; Haines , E. ; Kolappan , R. ; Wong , H. ( 2009 ) , Version 5.0 System Implementation ( PDF ) ( white paper ) , Energy Star . Jump up ^ Fink , Donald G. ; Beaty , H. Wayne ( 1978 ) , Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 11 ed . ) , New York : McGraw - Hill , p. 3 ‐ 29 paragraph 80 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 020974 - X Jump up ^ Manual of Electric Instruments Construction and Operating Principles , Schenectady , New York : General Electric , Meter and Instrument Department , 1949 , pp. 66 -- 68 , GET - 1087A Jump up ^ `` The Fundamentals of FFT - Based Signal Analysis and Measurement in LabVIEW and LabWindows / CVI '' . National Instruments Corporation . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WT3000E Series Precision Power Analyzers '' ( PDF ) . Yokogawa Corporation . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fluke 1760 Three - Phase Power Quality Recorder '' ( PDF ) . Fluke Corporation . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Harmonics and how they relate to power factor ( PDF ) , U Texas . NIST Team Demystifies Utility of Power Factor Correction Devices , NIST , December 15 , 2009 . Power factor calculation and correction , US . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_factor&oldid=843470244 '' Categories : Electrical parameters AC power Electrical engineering Engineering ratios Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 10 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20factor	679
who plays the record producer in pitch perfect 2	Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell , the senior leader of the Bellas , known for creating the unique modern - day sound of the Bellas . She is an aspiring record producer and is now an intern at Residual Heat , a record label .	Anna Kendrick	Pitch Perfect 2	pitch perfect 2	Pitch Perfect 2 is a 2015 American musical comedy film directed and co-produced by Elizabeth Banks and written by Kay Cannon . It is a sequel to the 2012 film Pitch Perfect and the second installment in the Pitch Perfect series . The film centers on the fictional Barden University and The Bellas , an all - female a cappella singing group . The film features an ensemble cast , including Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson , Hailee Steinfeld , Brittany Snow , Alexis Knapp , Hana Mae Lee , Ester Dean , Chrissie Fit , Kelley Jakle , and Shelley Regner as The Bellas . It was released on May 15 , 2015 by Universal Pictures .	The film grossed over $287 million and surpassed the total gross of the original film ( $115.4 million ) in five days , and also became the highest - grossing music comedy film of all - time , overtaking School of Rock ( $131.3 million ) . A sequel , Pitch Perfect 3 , is set to be released on December 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Barden Bellas 2.2 Additional characters 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.3. 1 Billboard Music Awards 6.3. 2 Teen Choice Awards 6.3. 3 People 's Choice Awards 6.3. 4 Kids Choice Awards 6.3. 5 MTV Movie Awards 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years after winning the previous competition , the Barden Bellas are now led by Beca Mitchell and three - time super senior Chloe Beale . The Bellas have become ICCA champions each of these three years . However , the group becomes involved in a national scandal , dubbed Muffgate , when a wardrobe malfunction causes Fat Amy 's pants to rip in front of President Barack Obama , as well as showing her vagina to the public since she did not wear underwear , leading to the Bellas ' suspension from the ICCAs . Beca makes a deal to allow the Bellas to be reinstated should they win the World Championship of a cappella . Freshman Emily Junk begins her college career , hoping to follow in her mother Katherine 's footsteps by being a Bella . At orientation , she watches an a cappella performance by the Treblemakers , now led by Beca 's boyfriend Jesse Swanson . Benjamin `` Benji '' Applebaum , Jesse 's best friend , overhears Emily , leading to a crush on her . The Bellas learn that German a cappella group , Das Sound Machine , have replaced the Bellas on their victory tour . Additionally , Beca has started an internship at a recording studio , Residual Heat , something only Jesse knows . Emily goes to the Bellas ' sorority house to audition for them because of their absence from the auditions . When she sings her unfinished song `` Flashlight , '' she succeeds in joining the Bellas . At a car show where the ICCA winners are due to perform , the Bellas scout their replacements , German powerhouse `` Das Sound Machine '' ( DSM ) - led by intimidating duo Pieter Krämer and Kommissar , who take delight in mocking the all - girl group . Later , the Bellas are invited to an exclusive riff - off , but end up losing to DSM in the final round when a nervous Emily flubs an attempt to sing `` Flashlight , '' her original song not from the right category ( `` 90 's Hip - Hop Jamz '' ) . The next day at the warmups , the Bellas ' chance of winning end in disaster when the performance makes John and Gail question the Bellas ' identity and sets Cynthia - Rose 's hair on fire by pyrotechnics . In order to regain harmony and sync , Chloe takes them to a retreat led by former leader Aubrey Posen . Beca starts a heated debate with Chloe over herself being the only one thinking about life beyond the Bellas and Chloe 's obsession with winning Worlds . To prove to her boss that she can produce music well , Beca offers Emily to produce `` Flashlight '' at the studio . The group realizes that they will no longer be together and may go their separate ways after graduation , and regain harmony by singing `` Cups ( When I 'm Gone ) . '' At the studio , Emily and Beca present their song to Beca 's boss , in which he demonstrates envy for their talent and looks forward to producing with them . The senior Bellas graduate and they all head off to Copenhagen for the World Finals , with Jesse and Benji to cheer them on . They perform a harmonized version of `` Flashlight '' with Aubrey , Katherine , and other past Bellas joining in . The Bellas win the championship and repair their damaged legacy . As the senior Bellas leave Barden , they give Emily a belated proper initiation with Fat Amy showing her how to do the last tradition : christening the house by sliding down the staircase . In a mid-credits scene , Bumper performs on The Voice , he chooses Christina Aguilera as his coach and makes her uncomfortable when he gives her an oddly lengthy hug . Cast ( edit ) The Barden Bellas ( edit ) Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell , the senior leader of the Bellas , known for creating the unique modern - day sound of the Bellas . She is an aspiring record producer and is now an intern at Residual Heat , a record label . Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale , the three - time super senior with a Type A personality who is the co-leader of the Bellas . Rebel Wilson as Patricia `` Fat Amy '' , a senior Bella from Australia and Bumper 's love interest . Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad , a senior Bella known for being overly sexual . Ester Dean as Cynthia - Rose Adams , a lesbian senior Bella known for her strong urban vocal skills . Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakurama , a senior Bella known for her quiet speaking voice , odd remarks , and beat - boxing . Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk , a freshman legacy Bella who is an aspiring songwriter , and Benji 's love interest . Her mother was also a Barden Bella . Chrissie Fit as Florencia `` Flo '' Fuentes , a senior Bella who joined the group her sophomore year when she came to Barden University from Guatemala . Kelley Jakle as Jessica , a senior Bella . Shelley Regner as Ashley , a senior Bella . Additional characters ( edit ) Skylar Astin as Jesse Swanson , the leader of the Treblemakers and Beca 's boyfriend . Adam DeVine as Bumper Allen , Fat Amy 's love interest , former leader of the Treblemakers and current member of the Tone Hangers . After working for John Mayer , he returns to Barden University as a security guard . Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen , former leader of the Bellas , now runs the Lodge of Fallen Leaves . Ben Platt as Benjamin `` Benji '' Applebaum , a senior Treblemaker , Jesse 's best friend , and Emily 's love interest . Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Kommissar , Das Sound Machine 's leader . Flula Borg as Pieter Krämer , Das Sound Machine 's ' second in command ' Katey Sagal as Katherine Junk , Emily 's mother and a former Bella . John Michael Higgins as John Smith , an a cappella competition commentator . Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger , an a cappella competition commentator . Keegan - Michael Key as Sammy , Beca 's boss at Residual Heat , a rude but successful producer . Shawn Carter Peterson as Dax , an intern at Residual Heat . David Cross as the Riff - Off host . Reggie Watts , John Hodgman , Jason Jones , and Joe Lo Truglio as Tone Hanger singers . Pentatonix as Team Canada Penn Masala as Team India Green Bay Packers players Clay Matthews , David Bakhtiari , Don Barclay , Josh Sitton , and T.J. Lang play themselves in cameo appearances . Also appearing as themselves are Snoop Dogg , Natalie Morales , Jake Tapper , Joe Scarborough , Mika Brzezinski , Jimmy Kimmel , Rosie O'Donnell , Rosie Perez , Nicolle Wallace , Jordan Rodgers , Christina Aguilera , Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , and Pharrell Williams . Robin Roberts , C.J. Perry , and Kether Donohue appear as Legacy Bellas during the finale . Additionally , President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama briefly appear via archive footage . Production ( edit ) In December 2012 , Skylar Astin revealed that he and Rebel Wilson had had meetings with Universal Studios about the potential sequel . In April 2013 , it was confirmed that a sequel would be released in 2015 . Elizabeth Banks directed the sequel , and Kay Cannon returned as screenwriter . Paul Brooks produced for Gold Circle Films , alongside Banks and Max Handelman . Deke Sharon returned as vocal producer , and has a brief cameo as a German reporter . As in the first movie , they ran a month of `` a cappella boot camp '' before filming . Casting ( edit ) Anna Kendrick and Wilson returned to the cast early in 2014 to play the characters they originated in the first film . Brittany Snow reprised her character . On April 24 , Chrissie Fit was added to the cast . On May 1 , Hailee Steinfeld was added to the cast , playing a new member of the Barden Bellas . On May 5 , Adam DeVine was reported to return in the film . On May 14 , Katey Sagal was added to the cast , playing Steinfeld 's character 's mother . On May 29 , Flula Borg was added to the cast . He played the leader of a European a cappella group , Das Sound Machine , that competed with the Bellas . It was confirmed on June 18 , 2014 that Christopher Shepard was added to the cast . It was confirmed on June 19 , 2014 that Pentatonix would play the role of a rival group to the Barden Bellas . It was later confirmed that The Filharmonic from season 4 of The Sing Off would make a cameo appearance as a rival group from the Philippines . On August 24 , 2014 it was announced that Penn Masala , the all - male Hindi a cappella group from director Elizabeth Banks 's and producer Max Handelman 's alma mater The University of Pennsylvania , would be featured as a team from Southeast Asia . On June 25 , Birgitte Hjort Sørensen was confirmed added to the cast . Filming ( edit ) On May 21 , 2014 , principal photography began at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) campus in Baton Rouge . Music ( edit ) On December 3 , 2014 , Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to compose the music for the film . The official soundtrack was released on May 12 , 2015 . The special edition soundtrack was later released on August 8 , 2015 . The original album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , earning 107,000 album - equivalent units ( 92,000 copies of traditional sales ) in the week ending May 17 , 2015 . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Universal Fanfare '' Elizabeth Banks John Michael Higgins 0 : 33 2 . `` Kennedy Center Performance ( We Got the World / Timber / America The Beautiful / Wrecking Ball ) '' The Barden Bellas 2 : 27 3 . `` Lollipop '' The Treblemakers 2 : 43 4 . `` Car Show ( Uprising / Tsunami ) '' Das Sound Machine 1 : 47 5 . `` Winter Wonderland / Here Comes Santa Claus '' Snoop Dogg Anna Kendrick 3 : 04 6 . `` Riff Off ( Thong Song / ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty / Low / Bootylicious / Baby Got Back / Live Like You Were Dying / Before He Cheats / A Thousand Miles / We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together / What 's Love Got to Do with It / This Is How We Do It / Doo Wop ( That Thing ) / Poison / Scenario / Insane in the Brain / Flashlight ) '' Das Sound Machine Tone Hangers The Barden Bellas Green Bay Packers The Treblemakers 4 : 24 7 . `` Jump '' Das Sound Machine Tone Hanger The Treblemakers Green Bay Packers 1 : 16 8 . `` Convention Performance ( Promises / Problem ) '' The Barden Bellas 1 : 41 9 . `` Back to Basics ( Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy / You Ca n't Hurry Love / Lady Marmalade / MMMBop / My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gonna Get It ) ) '' The Barden Bellas 1 : 30 10 . `` Cups ( '' When I 'm Gone `` ) ( Campfire Version ) '' The Barden Bellas 0 : 45 11 . `` We Belong '' Rebel Wilson Adam DeVine 3 : 34 12 . `` Any Way You Want It ( World Championship Medley ) '' Pentatonix Filharmonic The Cantasticos The Singboks Penn Masala 1 : 56 13 . `` World Championship Finale 1 ( My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) / All I Do Is Win ) '' Das Sound Machine 2 : 01 14 . `` World Championship Finale 2 ( Run the World ( Girls ) / Where Them Girls At / Lady Marmalade / We Belong / Timber / Flashlight ) '' The Barden Bellas 4 : 16 15 . `` Crazy Youngsters '' Ester Dean 3 : 39 16 . `` Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley '' Mark Mothersbaugh 3 : 00 17 . `` Flashlight '' Jessie J 3 : 29 18 . `` All of Me ( Bumper 's Audition ) '' Adam DeVine 1 : 27 Total length : 43 : 32 ( show ) Special edition No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Universal Fanfare '' Elizabeth Banks John Michael Higgins 0 : 33 2 . `` Kennedy Center Performance ( We Got the World / Timber / America The Beautiful / Wrecking Ball ) '' The Barden Bellas 2 : 27 3 . `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J Ariana Grande Nicki Minaj 3 : 19 4 . `` Lollipop '' The Treblemakers 2 : 43 5 . `` Change Your Life '' Iggy Azalea ( feat . T.I. ) 3 : 41 6 . `` Sunshine '' Teddybears 3 : 20 7 . `` Car Show ( Uprising / Tsunami ) '' Das Sound Machine 1 : 47 8 . `` A Different Beat '' Little Mix 3 : 27 9 . `` Winter Wonderland / Here Comes Santa Claus '' Snoop Dogg Anna Kendrick 3 : 04 10 . `` Riff Off ( Thong Song / ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty / Low / Bootylicious / Baby Got Back / Live Like You Were Dying / Before He Cheats / A Thousand Miles / We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together / What 's Love Got to Do with It / This Is How We Do It / Doo Wop ( That Thing ) / Poison / Scenario / Insane in the Brain / Flashlight ) '' Das Sound Machine Tone Hangers The Barden Bellas Green Bay Packers The Treblemakers 4 : 24 11 . `` Jump '' Das Sound Machine Tone Hanger The Treblemakers Green Bay Packers 1 : 16 12 . `` Convention Performance ( Promises / Problem ) '' The Barden Bellas 1 : 41 13 . `` Back to Basics ( Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy / You Ca n't Hurry Love / Lady Marmalade / MMMBop / My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gonna Get It ) ) '' The Barden Bellas 1 : 30 14 . `` Cups ( '' When I 'm Gone `` ) ( Campfire Version ) '' The Barden Bellas 0 : 45 15 . `` We Belong '' Rebel Wilson Adam Devine 3 : 34 16 . `` Any Way You Want It ( World Championship Medley ) '' Pentatonix Filharmonic The Cantasticos The Singboks Penn Masala 1 : 56 17 . `` World Championship Finale 1 ( My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) / All I Do Is Win ) '' Das Sound Machine 2 : 01 18 . `` World Championship Finale 2 ( Run the World ( Girls ) / Where Them Girls At / Lady Marmalade / We Belong / Timber / Flashlight ) '' The Barden Bellas 4 : 16 19 . `` Crazy Youngsters '' Ester Dean 3 : 39 20 . `` Heartbreak Dream '' Betty Who 3 : 38 21 . `` Pitch Perfect 2 End Credit Medley '' Mark Mothersbaugh 3 : 00 22 . `` Flashlight '' Jessie J 3 : 29 23 . `` All of Me ( Bumper 's Audition ) '' Adam DeVine 1 : 27 24 . `` Flashlight ( Sweet Life Mix ) '' Hailee Steinfeld 2 : 58 25 . `` Any Way You Want It '' Pentatonix 2 : 30 26 . `` Flashlight ( Rebel Mix ) '' Jessie J 3 : 41 27 . `` Jungle '' The Barden Bellas 0 : 32 Total length : 70 : 38 Weekly charts Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 11 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 144 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 8 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 Taiwanese Albums ( Five Music ) US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) US Billboard 200 US Vinyl Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 27 US Billboard 200 52 Release ( edit ) The film was released on May 7 , 2015 in Australia and New Zealand , and May 15 in the United States and Canada . Marketing ( edit ) A still from the rehearsals for the film was revealed on May 16 , 2014 . The poster was released on November 18 , 2014 and the trailer came out the following day . A second trailer was aired during the Super Bowl on February 1 , 2015 . Home Media ( edit ) Director Elizabeth Banks stated an additional performance by the Treblemakers was filmed specifically for the DVD release . Also included on the DVD will be deleted scenes . On May 20 , 2015 , it was announced that FX Networks had acquired U.S. television broadcasting rights to the film . The Blu - ray and DVD editions of Pitch Perfect 2 were released on September 22 , 2015 in the U.S. with a Target - exclusive edition containing additional bonus features being released the same day . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $184.2 million in North America and $103.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $287.5 million , against a budget of $29 million . In its first five days , the film surpassed the total gross of the original ( $115.4 million ) , and also overtook School of Rock ( $131.3 million ) for the highest grossing musical - comedy of all - time and the second greatest musical debut ever ( behind Beauty and the Beast 's $174.8 million in 2017 ) . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $139.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . In the United States and Canada , Pitch Perfect 2 grossed $4.6 million from Thursday night showings and $27.8 million on its opening day , increasing the opening weekend projections from $40 million to $64 million . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $69.2 million , finishing first at the box office . The opening weekend gross was more than the entire North American total gross of the first film ( $65 million ) , is the third biggest PG - 13 comedy opening of all - time ( behind The Simpsons Movie 's $74 million in 2007 and Austin Powers in Goldmember 's $73 million in 2002 ) and the highest grossing opening ever for a musical . Outside North America , the film opened at number one in Australia and New Zealand , earning $7.6 million and $1.2 million respectively . The film grossed $22.1 million in Australia , $27.3 million in the United Kingdom and $2.7 million in New Zealand . Critical response ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 2 received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 66 % based on 183 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pitch Perfect 2 sings in sweet comedic harmony , even if it does n't hit quite as many high notes as its predecessor . '' On Metacritic , the film holds score of 63 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave Pitch Perfect 2 an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Billboard Music Awards ( edit ) 2016 Top Soundtrack ( won ) Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) 2015 Choice Movie : Comedy ( won ) 2015 Choice Movie Actor : Comedy ( Skylar Astin , won ) 2015 Choice Movie Actress : Comedy ( Anna Kendrick , won ) 2015 Choice Movie Actress : Comedy ( Rebel Wilson , nominated ) 2015 Choice Movie : Chemistry ( Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow , won ) 2015 Choice Movie : Liplock ( Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine , nominated ) 2015 Choice Movie : Hissy Fit ( Anna Kendrick , won ) 2015 Choice Movie : Scene Stealer ( Adam DeVine , nominated ) 2015 Choice Movie : Scene Stealer ( Green Bay Packers , nominated ) 2015 Choice Movie : Scene Stealer ( Hailee Steinfeld , nominated ) People 's Choice Awards ( edit ) Favorite Movie ( lost to Furious 7 ) Favorite Comedic Movie ( won ) Favorite Comedic Movie Actress ( Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson , both lost to Melissa McCarthy ) Kids Choice Awards ( edit ) Favorite Movie ( lost to Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) Favorite Movie Actress ( Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson , lost to Jennifer Lawrence ) MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) Best Female Performance ( Anna Kendrick , nominated ) Best Comedic Performance ( Rebel Wilson , nominated ) Best Kiss ( Rebel Wilson and Adam DeVine , won ) Best Ensemble Cast ( won ) Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Pitch Perfect 3 On April 11 , 2015 , a month before the release of the film , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film , although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or any of the other cast members would also be reprising their roles . She added that she would be `` up for a Fat Amy spin - off , '' although nothing has been confirmed . Director , star , and producer Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film , saying , `` I will say , it would be disingenuous to say that no one 's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3 ; the possibility of it . We are really focused on getting as many butts in seats for this one . If fans embrace it , we are going to seriously think about what the continuing journey would look like , but we do n't know what that is yet '' . On June 10 , 2015 , a third film was officially confirmed , with Kay Cannon returning to write the script . Several days later it was announced both Kendrick and Wilson would reprise their roles , and later Brittany Snow was also confirmed to return . Banks will also return to produce , but in June 2016 it was announced she would not be directing the film . The film was originally slated for a July 21 , 2017 release , and was later pushed back to August 4 , 2017 before moving back to the July 21 slot . In May 2016 it was moved again , this time being pushed back to December 22 , 2017 . As of January 2 , 2017 , Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson , Anna Camp , Brittany Snow , Ester Dean , Alexis Knapp , Hana Mae Lee , Kelley Jakle , Shelley Regner , Hailee Steinfeld , Chrissie Fit , and Elizabeth Banks have been confirmed to be reprising their roles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PITCH PERFECT 2 ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Mad Max : Fury Road , ' ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Eye $40 Million Openings '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films , 1984 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch . `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ Gets Summer 2017 Bow ; Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson Back - Deadline '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Pushed Back '' . Deadline . September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Pitch Perfect 2 in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect ' sequel coming in 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks to Direct ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Profile , indystar.com , February 25 , 2015 ; accessed May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pitch Perfect 2 -- Featurette : `` Aca - Bootcamp '' ( HD ) . YouTube . May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Anna Kendrick , Rebel Wilson will return for ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsaay ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Casting Net : Brittany Snow is back for ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' ; Plus , Jessica Alba , more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrissie Fit Cast In ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ '' . deadline.com. April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hailee Steinfeld Joining Pitch Perfect 2 '' . vulture.com . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Adam DeVine will return for ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' '' . ew.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Katey Sagal Joins Cast of ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ '' . variety.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Adds German YouTuber Flula Borg '' . deadline.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Game On , Pitches ! '' . EW.com . Entertainment Weekly & Time Inc . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Banks , Elizabeth ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Extra : Christopher Shepard ! ! ! This is a mash up of Pitch Perfect 2 and The Hunger Games . Amazing crowd , THANK YOU '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pentatonix to appear in Pitch Perfect 2 , insidemovies.ew.com ; accessed May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' Adds ' The Sing - Off ' A Cappella Group The Filharmonic ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lim , Eunice ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` The South Asian a cappella group is the only real collegiate performance group in the movie '' . The Daily Pennsylvanian . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tauber , Michelle ; Price , Lydia ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pitch Perfect 2 : All the Details Behind UPenn 's A Cappella Group Cameo '' . People.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Taps Danish Import Birgitte Hjort Sørensen '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christine ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ is filming at LSU tomorrow with lots of extras '' . onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Mothersbaugh to Score ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ '' . filmmusicreporter.com . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Pitch Perfect 2 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' . iTunes . ^ Jump up to : Pitch Perfect 2 : Special Edition ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , itunes.apple.com ; accessed January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith Claufield ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spotify '' . spotify.com . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 20 -- Five Music Chart 2015 / 5 / 15 - 2015 / 5 / 21 '' ( in Chinese ) . Five Music . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Digital Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Vinyl Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Albums 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP BILLBOARD 200 ALBUMS : YEAR END 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Anna Kendrick & Barden Bellas Back in ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' '' . firstshowing.net . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl Official Trainer . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Banks talks accessed May 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Heads To FX -- Network Lands Exclusive TV Rights -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 Target edition Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` No. 11 ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pitch Perfect 2 blows away Mad Max and heads for $64 million debut , thewrap.com ; accessed May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Makes $69.2 Million After Final Box Office Numbers Released , Variety ; accessed May 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ Box office report : Pitch Perfect 2 earns biggest movie musical opening ever , Entertainment Weekly ; accessed May 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Sings , Soars Down Under ; ' Ultron ' Adds $68.3 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Perfect 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Pitch Perfect 2 Pitch - Slaps Mad Max : Fury Road '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' in the Works ; Rebel Wilson to Return '' . Collider.com . Complex Media . April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Banks talks Pitch Perfect 3 accessed May 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ / Pitch Perfect 3 Announced Retrieved October 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Brittany Snow Set to Return for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ′ '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Changes ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Release Date Again ; ' Girl Trip ' Moves In '' . Jump up ^ `` Anna Camp Returning for ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Ester Dean Jan 2 , 2017 at 11 : 15pm UTC '' . Instagram . External links ( edit ) Pitch Perfect 2 on IMDb Pitch Perfect 2 at Box Office Mojo Pitch Perfect 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Pitch Perfect 2 at Metacritic Pitch Perfect Films Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) Songs Soundtrack `` Cups '' Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Comedy There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 2000 ) Miss Congeniality ( 2001 ) American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Sweet Home Alabama ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) She 's the Man ( 2006 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Juno ( 2008 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) Pitch Perfect ( 2013 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitch_Perfect_2&oldid=812340536 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s buddy films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s sequel films American buddy films American female buddy films American films American LGBT - related films American musical comedy films American sequel films Cultural depictions of Barack Obama Directorial debut films Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh Films about competitions Films about music and musicians Films directed by Elizabeth Banks Films set in universities and colleges Films shot in Louisiana Gold Circle Films films Green Bay Packers LGBT - related buddy films LGBT - related comedy films LGBT - related musical films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 08 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch%20Perfect%202	680
when does episode 5 of what's wrong with secretary kim come out	Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share AGB Nielsen Ratings TNmS Ratings Nationwide Seoul June 6 , 2018 5.757 % 6.446 % 6.3 % June 7 , 2018 5.403 % 5.529 % 5.6 % June 13 , 2018 6.950 % 8.252 % 8.3 % June 14 , 2018 6.379 % 6.945 % 6.3 % 5 June 20 , 2018 6.855 % 7.500 % 7.0 % 6 June 21 , 2018 7.687 % 8.554 % 7.7 % 7 June 27 , 2018 7.281 % 8.201 % 8.5 % 8 June 28 , 2018 8.120 % 9.326 % 8.3 % 9 July 4 , 2018 7.767 % 9.428 % 8.8 % 10 July 5 , 2018 8.403 % 9.545 % 9.2 % 11 July 11 , 2018 8.665 % 10.565 % 10.6 % 12 July 12 , 2018 8.393 % 10.052 % 9.7 % 13 July 18 , 2018 7.673 % 8.717 % 8.7 % 14 July 19 , 2018 8.100 % 9.506 % 9.2 % 15 July 25 , 2018 7.107 % 7.725 % 8.0 % 16 July 26 , 2018 8.602 % 10.001 % 9.8 % Average 7.446 % 8.518 % 8.3 %	June 20 , 2018	What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim	what's wrong with secretary kim	What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ( Hangul : 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ; RR : Kimbiseoga wae geureolkka ) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Park Seo - joon and Park Min - young . It is based on the web novel of the same title by Jung Kyung - yoon which was first published in 2013 , which was then serialized into a comic in 2015 . The series aired on tvN from June 6 to July 26 , 2018 on Wednesdays and Thursdays for 16 episodes .	Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 People around Lee Young - joon 2.2. 2 Mi - so 's Family 2.2. 3 Yoomyung Group 2.3 Others 2.4 Special appearance 3 Production 4 Original soundtrack 4.1 OST Part 1 4.2 OST Part 2 4.3 OST Part 3 4.4 OST Part 4 4.5 OST Part 5 4.6 OST Part 6 4.7 OST Part 7 4.8 OST Part 8 5 Ratings 6 International broadcast 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Revolves around the narcissistic Vice Chairman of a major corporation , Lee Young - joon , and his highly capable secretary , Kim Mi - so . Misunderstandings arise when she announces that she will resign from her position , after working for Lee Young - joon for nine years . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Park Seo - joon as Lee Young - joon Moon Woo - jin as 9 - year - old Lee Young - joon Vice Chairman of Yoomyung Group . He is handsome and capable , but his narcissism makes him difficult to work with . He later on develops strong feelings towards Mi - so after realizing that he might lose her . Park Min - young as Kim Mi - so Kim Ji - yoo as 5 - year - old Kim Mi - so A highly skilled secretary who has worked with Young - joon for nine years . She soon reciprocates Young - joon 's feelings after realizing that he was a part of her childhood . Recurring ( edit ) People around Lee Young - joon ( edit ) Lee Tae - hwan as Lee Sung - yeon / Morpheus Bae Gang - yoo as young Lee Sung - yeon Young - joon 's older brother and a famous author . He has a crush on Mi - so . Kim Byeong - ok as Chairman Lee Go Se - won as young Chairman Lee Young - joon and Sung - yeon 's father . Chairman of Yoomyung Group . Kim Hye - ok as Madame Choi Lee Soo - kyung as young Madame Choi Young - joon and Sung - yeon 's mother . Mi - so 's Family ( edit ) Baek Eun - hye as Kim Pil - nam , Mi - so 's oldest sister Heo Sun - mi as Kim Mal - hee , Mi - so 's second oldest sister Jo Deok - hyun as Mi - so 's father Yoomyung Group ( edit ) Kang Ki - young as Park Yoo - sik Director of Yoomyung Group . Young - joon 's best friend . Provides Young - joon with much advice . Hwang Chan - sung as Go Gwi - nam Employee of Yoomyung Group . He is known for his handsome looks , elite education , being a workaholic , and extreme frugality . Pyo Ye - jin as Kim Ji - a A rookie secretary under Mi - so . Kim Ye - won as Sul Ma - eum Yoo - sik 's secretary , who has a clumsy personality . Hwang Bo - ra as Bong Se - ra Lee Yoo - joon as Jung Chi - in Lee Jung - min as Lee Young - ok Kim Jung - woon as Park Joon - hwan Kang Hong - suk as Yang Cheol Bae Hyun - sung as Intern Staff Others ( edit ) Hong Ji - yoon as Oh Ji - ran Choi Na - mu as woman at the Spanish Embassy party ( Ep. 1 ) Shin Joo - yeon as Kim Mi - so 's friend ( Ep. 1 ) Kim Hyun - joo as woman who Lee Sung - yeon gave a hat to at airplane ( Ep. 3 ) Lee Do - yeon as a reporter who interviewed Morpheus ( Ep. 4 ) Lee Chang as center director of the Art Center ( Ep. 4 ) Jung Soo - young as agency staff ( Ep. 9 ) Choi Hyun - woo as Magician ( Ep. 10 ) Special appearance ( edit ) Park Byung - eun as Park Byung - eun , the man who Kim Mi - so met in a blind date ( Ep. 3 ) Seo Hyo - rim as Choi Seo - jin , Park Yoo - sik 's ex-wife ( Ep. 9 , 11 , 12 & 16 ) Lee Min - ki as young Mi - so 's father ( Ep. 10 ) Jung So - min as young Mi - so 's mother ( Ep. 10 ) Son Sung - yoon as kidnapper ( Ep. 11 & 12 ) Jung Yu - mi as Jung Yu - mi , a friend of Lee Young - joon ( Ep. 14 ) Lee Byung - joon as wedding dress ' designer ( Ep. 16 ) Production ( edit ) Much of the visual styling of the series protagonists have referenced the comic version 's cues , including clothing designs and reenacting the comic cover for the drama 's promotional stills and images . The first script reading was held on April 10 , 2018 at Studio Dragon in Sangam - dong , Seoul , South Korea . The press conference for the drama was held on May 30 , 2018 at the Times Square in Seoul with the attendance of the main cast and crew . Original soundtrack ( edit ) What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim OST Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 2018 Genre K - pop Soundtrack Language Korean English Label Bon Factory Worldwide , kakao M Producer Moon Seok - hwan , Oh Kwang - hee OST Part 1 ( edit ) Released on June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Love Virus '' ZigZag Note , Kim Myeong - shin ZigZag Note , Kim Myeong - shin Kihyun ( Monsta X ) , SeolA ( Cosmic Girls ) 03 : 27 2 . `` Love Virus ( Inst . ) '' ZigZag Note , Kim Myeong - shin 03 : 27 Total length : 06 : 54 OST Part 2 ( edit ) Released on June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` It 's You '' Good Choice , Yoda Kim Se - jin , Midnight Jeong Se - woon 03 : 39 2 . `` It 's You ( Inst . ) '' Kim Se - jin , Midnight 03 : 39 Total length : 07 : 18 OST Part 3 ( edit ) Released on June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Wanna Be '' ZigZag Note ZigZag Note GFriend 03 : 09 2 . `` Wanna Be ( Inst . ) '' ZigZag Note 03 : 09 Total length : 06 : 18 Ost part 4 ( edit ) Released on June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Just A Little Bit More '' ( 조금만 더 ) ZigZag Note , Kim Young - sung , Good Choice ZigZag Note , Kim Young - sung Jinho ( Pentagon ) , Rothy 03 : 25 2 . `` Just A Little Bit More ( Inst . ) '' ( 조금만 더 ( Inst . ) ) ZigZag Note , Kim Young - sung 03 : 25 Total length : 06 : 50 Ost part 5 ( edit ) Released on June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Because I Only See You '' ( 그대 만 보여서 ) Good Choice , Red Socks Red Socks Kim Na - young 03 : 40 2 . `` Because I Only See You ( Inst . ) '' ( 그대 만 보여서 ( Inst . ) ) Red Socks 03 : 40 Total length : 07 : 20 Ost part 6 ( edit ) Released on July 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Why Am I Like This '' ( 왜 이럴까 ) Moon Sung - nam , Im Joo - yeon Moon Sung - nam , Im Joo - yeon Lee Da - yeon 02 : 40 2 . `` Why Am I Like This ( Inst . ) '' ( 왜 이럴까 ( Inst . ) ) Moon Sung - nam , Im Joo - yeon 02 : 40 Total length : 05 : 20 OST Part 7 ( edit ) Released on July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` In The End '' ( 토로 ) Kang Myeong - shin , ZigZag Note , Noh Eun - jong ZigZag Note , Noh Eun - jong Yun Ddan Ddan 04 : 25 2 . `` In The End ( Inst . ) '' ( 토로 ( Inst . ) ) ZigZag Note , Noh Eun - jong 04 : 25 Total length : 08 : 50 Ost part 8 ( edit ) Released on July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) No . Title Lyrics Music Artist Length 1 . `` Words Being Said For The First Time '' ( 처음 하는 말 ) Good Choice Kim Se - jin , Midnight Song Yuvin ( Myteen ) 03 : 56 2 . `` Words Being Said For The First Time ( Inst . ) '' ( 처음 하는 말 ( Inst . ) ) Kim Se - jin , Midnight 03 : 56 Total length : 07 : 52 Ratings ( edit ) In the table below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share AGB Nielsen Ratings TNmS Ratings Nationwide Seoul June 6 , 2018 5.757 % 6.446 % 6.3 % June 7 , 2018 5.403 % 5.529 % 5.6 % June 13 , 2018 6.950 % 8.252 % 8.3 % June 14 , 2018 6.379 % 6.945 % 6.3 % 5 June 20 , 2018 6.855 % 7.500 % 7.0 % 6 June 21 , 2018 7.687 % 8.554 % 7.7 % 7 June 27 , 2018 7.281 % 8.201 % 8.5 % 8 June 28 , 2018 8.120 % 9.326 % 8.3 % 9 July 4 , 2018 7.767 % 9.428 % 8.8 % 10 July 5 , 2018 8.403 % 9.545 % 9.2 % 11 July 11 , 2018 8.665 % 10.565 % 10.6 % 12 July 12 , 2018 8.393 % 10.052 % 9.7 % 13 July 18 , 2018 7.673 % 8.717 % 8.7 % 14 July 19 , 2018 8.100 % 9.506 % 9.2 % 15 July 25 , 2018 7.107 % 7.725 % 8.0 % 16 July 26 , 2018 8.602 % 10.001 % 9.8 % Average 7.446 % 8.518 % 8.3 % This drama airs on a cable channel / pay TV which normally has a relatively smaller audience compared to free - to - air TV / public broadcasters ( KBS , SBS , MBC and EBS ) . International broadcast ( edit ) Sri Lanka : The drama is available to stream on - demand on Iflix . During its original run , each episode of the drama was available to stream 24 hours after its original South Korean broadcast with subtitles . Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia : The drama was broadcast on tvN Asia in Malaysia , Singapore and Indonesia with subtitles . Philippines : The drama will be broadcast on ABS - CBN . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Park Seo - joon may become the boss in webtoon adaptation Why Secretary Kim '' . DramaBeans . December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Park Seo - jun , Park Min - young cast in drama '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Seo - joon , Park Min - young to find out ' What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ' '' . Kpop Herald . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New tvN series promises tantalizing , hilarious office romance '' . Yonhap News Agency . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Seo Jun to Star in a New Romantic Drama '' . SBS News . March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Seo - joon on why he chose ' What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ' '' . Kpop Herald . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 누나 들 심장 에 불 지르고 있는 ' 박서준 아역 ' 문 우진 군 '' . Insight ( in Korean ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Min Young to Star in a Romance Drama with Park Seo Jun '' . SBS News . April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Park Min - young talks about starring in rom - com '' . Kpop Herald . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Tae - hwan to star in ' What 's Wrong With Secretary Kim ? ' '' . Kpop Herald . April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Hye - ok and Kim Byung - ok in `` Why Secretary Kim '' as Married Couple `` . Hancinema . Star News . April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 이수경 - 고세원 , 박서준 어린 시절 부모 役 카메오 출연 ! '' . iMBC ( in Korean ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 인터뷰 ) 허순미 `` 오디션 때 ' 발 연기 ' 했는데 합격 했죠 '' `` . Sports Donga ( in Korean ) . July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kang Ki - young , Hwang Chan - sung , Pyo Ye - jin , and Kim Yewon Join `` Why Secretary Kim '' `` . Hancinema . Asia Today . April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 황보라 , ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 출연 `` 자칭 팜므 파탈 '' `` . TenAsia ( in Korean ) . April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 황보라 - 강홍석 - 이유준 , 신 스틸러 군단 출격 '' . Seoul Economic Daily ( in Korean ) . April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 공식 ) 홍지윤 , ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 캐스팅 ... 박서준 - 박민영 과 호흡 '' . The Chosun Ilbo ( in Korean ) . May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 박병 은 , ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 특별 출연 ... 4 차원 소개팅 男 으로 '' . MK News ( in Korean ) . June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' 김비서 ' 측 `` 서효림 , 강기영 전 와이프 로 오늘 ( 4 일 ) 첫 등장 '' ( 공식 ) `` . TV Report ( in Korean ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' 김비서 ' 측 `` 이민기 - 정소민 카메오 촬영 완료 '' 박준화 PD 와 의리 ( 공식 ) `` . Newsen ( in Korean ) . June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 공식 입장 ) `` ' 윤 식당 ' 박서준 과 재회 '' ... 정유미 , ' 김비서 ' 카메오 출연 `` . Xports News ( in Korean ) . July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 박민영 x 박서준 . 웹툰 찢고 나왔다 ... ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 스페셜 포스터 '' . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' 김비서 가 왜 그럴까 ' 박서준 - 박민영 - 이태환 대본 리딩 현장 포착 ! ' 이 조합 퍼펙트 ' '' . imbc ( in Korean ) . April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' What 's Wrong With Secretary Kim '' holds press conference `` . Asia Today . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baek Ji - eun ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` 김비서 ' 박서준 `` 박민영 ' 하이킥 ' 때 부터 팬 , 케미 좋다 '' `` . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` ( 현장 ) ' 김비서 ' 이태환 , `` 실제 는 95 년생 , 30 대 역할 부담 없다면 거짓말 '' `` . SE Daily ( in Korean ) . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch ' What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ' now on iflix '' . The Daily Mirror . June 15 , 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WHAT 'S WRONG WITH SECRETARY KIM '' . tvN Asia . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/KapamilyaNovela/status/1026438167958671361 External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Korean ) What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim at HanCinema What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim webtoon at TappyToon tvN : Wednesday - Thursday dramas Previous program What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim ( June 6 -- July 26 , 2018 ) Next program My Mister ( March 21 -- May 17 , 2018 ) Familiar Wife ( August 1 , 2018 ) tvN 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 2000s Hyena Manny Mermaid Story Romance Hunter The Great Catsby 2010 -- 2014 Twelve Men in a Year Queen In - hyun 's Man I Need Romance 2012 The 3rd Hospital The Blue Tower Fantasy Tower The Blue Tower ZERO The Blue Tower Return She Is Wow Let 's Eat The Idle Mermaid 2017 -- 2018 Criminal Minds Avengers Social Club Prison Playbook Mother My Mister What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim Familiar Wife Hundred Million Stars From the Sky Boyfriend Works by Studio Dragon As producer Another Miss Oh Dear My Friends Squad 38 The Good Wife On the Way to the Airport Woman with a Suitcase Entourage Legend of the Blue Sea Circle My Golden Life Bravo My Life Drama Stage Children of a Lesser God The Guest Hundred Million Stars From the Sky Love Alarm As creator / developer Hey Ghost , Let 's Fight Cinderella with Four Knights The K2 Guardian : The Lonely and Great God Voice Introverted Boss Tomorrow , With You The Liar and His Lover Tunnel Chicago Typewriter Duel Stranger The Bride of Habaek Criminal Minds Save Me Live Up to Your Name Argon Black Revolutionary Love Because This is My First Life Avengers Social Club The Most Beautiful Goodbye Bad Guys 2 A Korean Odyssey Mother Cross Live My Mister Mistress About Time What 's Wrong with Secretary Kim Life on Mars Mr. Sunshine Familiar Wife Voice 2 Player 100 Days My Prince Tale of Gyeryong Fairy Boyfriend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What%27s_Wrong_with_Secretary_Kim&oldid=854711108 '' Categories : Korean - language television programs TVN ( South Korea ) television dramas 2018 South Korean television series debuts 2010s South Korean television series Television series by Studio Dragon South Korean romantic comedy television series Television programs based on South Korean novels 2018 South Korean television series endings Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles with Korean - language external links HanCinema drama ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 07 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%2527s%20Wrong%20with%20Secretary%20Kim	681
what is the song red light special about			Red Light Special	red light special	`` Red Light Special '' is a song recorded by American group TLC and released as the second single from their second studio album , CrazySexyCool ( 1994 ) . Written by Babyface , the song reached number one on the Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 chart and number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , being held back from the top position by Montell Jordan 's `` This Is How We Do It '' . The song was TLC 's fifth top - ten single .	Contents ( hide ) 1 My Secret Enemy ( B - side ) 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References 6 External links My Secret Enemy ( B - side ) ( edit ) For the CD single of Red Light Special , Lopes produced a brilliant and darkly confessional B - side called My Secret Enemy . On this relatively obscure track , Lopes explored the Rison incident -- and her own conflicted feelings about it -- with astonishing depth and style . It is such an exciting departure from the work the group has done with established producers that you start to feel that TLC 's album output thus far only hints at the women 's true capabilities ... `` '' -- Carol Cooper , Rolling Stone The Red Light Special single came with a B - side rap track titled ' My Secret Enemy ' , led by group rapper Lisa `` Left - Eye '' Lopes . Despite not making TLC 's album CrazySexyCool , the song is highly praised by long - time TLC fans and kept up with the group 's more matured style . Its lyrical content focuses on Lisa 's coverage in the media and her relationship with Andre Rison . Lopes went on to say that the song came out directly after the incident that saw her accidentally set fire to Rison 's Atlanta mansion . `` It happened right after that incident and I was feeling like I needed a way out , '' said Lopes of the track . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Matthew Rolston and is set in a brothel . The male actors in the video are portrayed as prostitutes and Left - Eye is dressed as a pimp while Chilli & T - Boz portray customers who part take in a game of strip poker . A young Boris Kodjoe is featured as one of the male prostitutes . T - Boz is seen being caressed by a man in a room . Chilli is seen dancing with the guitar player . There are also black and white solo shots of the girls singing . Track listing ( edit ) CD1 `` Red Light Special '' ( Radio Edit ) - 4 : 40 `` Red Light Special '' ( L.A. 's Flava Mix ) - 4 : 28 `` Red Light Special '' ( Album Version ) - 5 : 02 `` Red Light Special '' ( Gerald Hall Remix ) - 5 : 09 `` My Secret Enemy '' - 5 : 36 CD2 `` Red Light Special '' ( Radio Edit ) - 4 : 40 `` Red Light Special '' ( Alternate Radio Edit ) - 4 : 31 `` Red Light Special '' ( Album Version ) - 5 : 02 `` Red Light Special '' ( Album Instrumental ) - 5 : 02 12 '' vinyl `` Red Light Special '' ( L.A. 's Flava Mix - Extended Version ) `` Red Light Special '' ( Album Version ) `` Red Light Special '' ( Gerald Hall 's Remix ) `` Red Light Special '' ( Acappella ) `` Red Light Special '' ( Instrumental ) `` My Secret Enemy '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 53 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Scottish Singles Chart 64 UK Singles Chart 18 UK R&B Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip Hop Singles & Tracks US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 US Billboard Pop Songs 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 28 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 700,000 sales figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Triple X : The Making Of TLC 's ' Red Light Special ' '' . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TLC 's T - Boz : ' A lot of people have made money off of us , and we have n't ' '' . 1995 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` How Left Eye And Andre Rison 's Fiery Relationship Almost Inspired TLC 's ' Red Light Special ' Video '' . 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- TLC -- Red Light Special '' . Top 40 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > TLC '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / TLC > Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1995 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- TLC -- Red Light Special '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- TLC -- Red Light Special '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Red Light Special in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- TLC -- Red Light Special '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1995 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 108 ( 3 ) : 56 . January 20 , 1996 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) TLC songs Discography Ooooooohhh ... On the TLC Tip `` Ai n't 2 Proud 2 Beg '' `` Baby - Baby - Baby '' `` Hat 2 da Back '' `` What About Your Friends '' CrazySexyCool `` Creep '' `` Diggin ' on You '' `` If I Was Your Girlfriend '' `` Kick Your Game '' `` Red Light Special '' `` Waterfalls '' FanMail `` Dear Lie '' `` I 'm Good at Being Bad '' `` No Scrubs '' `` Silly Ho '' `` Unpretty '' 3D `` Damaged '' `` Girl Talk '' `` Hands Up '' Now & Forever : The Hits `` Come Get Some '' `` I Bet '' TLC `` Haters '' `` Way Back '' As featured artist `` Crooked Smile '' `` Freedom ( Theme from Panther ) '' `` Let 's Just Do It '' `` Voice Of Love '' `` What 's Going On ( Dupri 's R&B Mix ) '' `` What It Ai n't ( Ghetto Enuff ) '' Other songs `` Get It Up '' `` Rainbow '' `` Sleigh Ride '' Book This 1990s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Light_Special&oldid=805212521 '' Categories : 1995 singles Music videos directed by Matthew Rolston TLC ( group ) songs Songs about sexuality Songs written by Babyface ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Babyface ( musician ) LaFace Records singles Arista Records singles 1990s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano ქართული Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Light%20Special	682
though my soul may set in darkness lyrics			Sarah Williams	sarah williams	Sarah Williams ( December 1837 -- April 25 , 1868 ) was an English poet and novelist , most famous as the author of the poem `` The Old Astronomer '' . She published short works and one collection of poetry during her lifetime under the pseudonyms Sadie and S.A.D.I. , the former of which she considered her name rather than a nom de plume . Her posthumously published second poetry collection and novel appeared under her given name .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Williams was born in December 1837 in Marylebone , London , to Welsh father Robert Williams ( c. 1807 -- 1868 ) and English mother Louisa Ware ( c. 1811 -- 1886 ) . She was very close to her father and considered her `` bardic '' interests to come from him . As a young child unable to pronounce ' Sarah ' , she inadvertently gave herself the nickname ' Sadie ' . An only child , she was educated first by her doting parents and later governesses . Although Williams was only half Welsh by birth and never lived outside London , she incorporated Welsh phrases and themes in her poems and Sadie was considered a Welsh poet . Robert Williams died in January 1868 of a sudden illness . Already suffering from cancer and devastated by the loss of her father , Sarah 's condition deteriorated . After three additional months of hiding the cancer from her friend and mother , she agreed to surgery despite knowing it might kill her . She died in Kentish Town , London during surgery on April 25 , 1868 . Her second book of poetry , Twilight Hours : A Legacy of Verse , was published in late 1868 . The collection included `` The Old Astronomer '' ( also known as `` The Old Astronomer to His Pupil '' , as it was titled in a 1936 U.S. reprint ) , now the most famous of her poems . The second half of the fourth stanza is widely quoted : Though my soul may set in darkness , it will rise in perfect light ; I have loved the stars too truly to be fearful of the night . Ian Rankin titled his Inspector Rebus novel Set in Darkness after the lines and quoted them in the introduction . In an interview , Rankin linked the quote to the rise of a restored Scottish Parliament and the redemption of the Inspector in the novel . The poem is written from the perspective of an aged astronomer on his deathbed bidding his student to continue his humble research . The lines have been chosen by a number of professional and amateur astronomers as their epitaphs . Notes ( edit ) Contemporary birth records and publications at Williams ' death indicate that she was born in December 1837 . Later sources and modern databases give the date incorrectly as 1841 , based on The Poets and the Poetry of the Nineteenth Century ( published in 1898 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Plumptre , Edward Hayes ( 1868 ) . Williams , Sarah , ed . Twilight Hours : A Legacy of Verse . Strahan . pp. vii -- xxxiii . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Stefan ( 2012 ) . Catchers of the Light : The Forgotten Lives of the Men and Women Who First Photographed the Heavens ( PDF ) . ArtDeCiel Publishing . p. i . ISBN 9781620509616 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Alfred Henry , ed. ( 1898 ) . The Poets and the Poetry of the Nineteenth Century . 7 . pp. 573 -- 594 . Jump up ^ J.J. Harris , James , ed . `` Queries '' . The Red Dragon : The National Magazine of Wales . 8 : 406 . ^ Jump up to : Macleod , Norman , ed. ( 1 June 1868 ) . `` '' Sadie `` : In Memory of an Esteemed Contributor '' . Good Words . Strahan & Co . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sarah ( 1868 ) . `` The Old Astronomer '' . Twilight Hours . Strahan & Co. p. 69 . Jump up ^ Pierce , K. Kingston ( January 2000 ) . `` January interviews Ian Rankin : The Accidental Crime Writer '' . January Magazine . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Don ( March 1998 ) . `` ' I Have Loved the Stars Too Fondly ' '' . Sky and Telescope . 95 ( 3 ) : 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarah Williams . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Sarah Williams Twilight Hours : A Legacy of Verse The Prima Donna : Volume 1 , Volume 2 LCCN : no2014053134 VIAF : 308241762 This article about a poet from the United Kingdom is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a novelist from the United Kingdom is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Williams&oldid=820223979 '' Categories : 1868 deaths English women poets 19th - century English poets 19th - century British women writers 1837 births British poet stubs British novelist stubs Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Hrvatski Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Williams	683
how many matches to win in ipl to qualify for mi			Mumbai Indians	mumbai indians		Mumbai Indians Personnel Captain Rohit Sharma Coach Mahela Jayawardene Owner Mukesh Ambani , Nita Ambani ( Reliance Industries ) Team information City Mumbai , Maharashtra , India Colours Blue Founded 2008 ; 10 years ago ( 2008 ) Home ground Wankhede Stadium ( Capacity : 33,108 ) Secondary home ground ( s ) Brabourne Stadium ( Capacity : 25,000 ) History Indian Premier League wins 3 ( 2013 , 2015 , 2017 ) CLT20 wins 2 ( 2011 , 2013 ) Official website : www.mumbaiindians.com T20I kit Mumbai Indians in 2018 The Mumbai Indians ( abbreviated as MI ) are a franchise cricket team based in the city of Mumbai , Maharashtra . Founded in 2008 , Mumbai Indians play in the Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . The team is owned by India 's biggest conglomerate , Reliance Industries , through its 100 % subsidiary IndiaWin Sports . The team has played its home matches in the 33,108 - capacity Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai , since its establishment . The brand value of the Mumbai Indians was estimated to be $106 million , making them the most valuable IPL franchise for the second year in a row and the first franchise to cross $100 million mark among the IPL franchises . Mumbai Indians are one of the most successful teams in the IPL . They won the 2011 Champions League Twenty20 after beating Royal Challengers Bangalore by 31 runs in the final . The team won the double by winning its first IPL title , in 2013 , by defeating Chennai Super Kings by 23 runs in the final , and then defeated the Rajasthan Royals by 33 runs to win its second Champions League Twenty20 title later that year . They won their second IPL title on 24 May 2015 by defeating the Chennai Super Kings by 41 runs in the final and became the third team to win more than one IPL title . On 21 May 2017 , they won their third IPL title by defeating the Rising Pune Supergiant by 1 run in a thrilling final , thus becoming the first team to win three IPL titles . While playing the tournament , they won their 100th T20 , becoming the first team to do so . Mumbai Indians are currently captained by Rohit Sharma . Mahela Jayawardene was appointed as head coach of Mumbai Indians before the 2017 season . Sharma is the leading run scorer of the team while Lasith Malinga is the leading wicket taker of the team and the IPL as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Team history 2.1 2008 -- 2009 : Struggle in the initial seasons 2.2 2010 -- 2012 : Rise as a strong team 2.3 2013 -- The IPL and CLT20 Double 3 Home ground 4 Team identity 4.1 Team name , motto and logo design 4.2 Jersey colours 4.3 Theme song 5 Players 5.1 Transfers 6 Seasons 7 Current squad 8 Administration and support staff 9 Head Coach Record 10 Kit manufacturers and sponsors 11 Philanthropy 12 Statistics 12.1 Overall results in the IPL 12.2 By opposition 13 References 14 External links Franchise history The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) announced in September 2007 the establishment of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008 . In January 2008 , the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city - based franchises . The Mumbai franchise was sold to the Reliance Industries Ltd ( RIL ) for $111.9 million , making it the most expensive team to be sold in the league . RIL , owned by Mukesh Ambani acquired the rights to the franchise for a period of 10 years . The franchise was eventually named `` Mumbai Indians '' . Team history 2008 -- 2009 : struggle in the initial seasons The Indian Premier League named four players as icon players for their respective city franchises which made the players unavailable to play for any team other than their city team . Sachin Tendulkar was named Mumbai 's icon player . The icon player was also entitled to earn 15 % more than the next - best paid player in their team . At first player auctions for the inaugural IPL season conducted in February 2008 , the Mumbai franchise bought several star international cricketers such as Sanath Jayasuriya , Harbhajan Singh , Shaun Pollock , Lasith Malinga and Robin Uthappa . The franchise named Sachin Tendulkar as the captain of the team and appointed former India cricketer Lalchand Rajput as the head coach . However , Tendulkar was injured before the start of the 2008 season due to which Harbhajan Singh took over as the captain in the initial stage of the season . The team got off to a bad start in the season losing their first four games by some comprehensive margins . Their first match was a five - wicket defeat to the Royal Challengers Bangalore on 20 April 2008 at the Wankhede . Their stand - in captain , Harbhajan , was suspended from the tournament for reportedly slapping Sreesanth during Mumbai 's league match against Kings XI Punjab . After Harbhajan 's suspension , Shaun Pollock assumed the leadership duties until Tendulkar 's return on 24 May . Under Pollock 's captaincy , Mumbai won six out of their next six games which left them needing to win two more out of the remaining four matches to qualify for the semifinals . Mumbai suffered three last - over defeats in the next three games , including two off the last ball , before winning their last league match . They finished fifth in the points table with 7 wins and 7 losses , missing out on a semifinal spot by just one point . The 2009 season was played in South Africa as it coincided with multi-phase 2009 Indian general elections due to which the Government of India refused to commit the Indian paramilitary forces to provide security for the IPL . Before the start of the season , Mumbai Indians traded Robin Uthappa for Zaheer Khan with Royal Challengers Bangalore , and Ashish Nehra for Shikhar Dhawan with the Delhi Daredevils . Shaun Pollock retired after the first season and became the head coach of the team . Lasith Malinga , who missed the previous season due to an injury , returned to the team . At the player auction , Mumbai bought South African batsman JP Duminy to strengthen their batting department . After winning their opening match against the Chennai Super Kings , Mumbai struggled to put up consistent performances during the season . They relied heavily on Duminy and Tendulkar 's batting , and Malinga 's bowling along with minimal contributions from other players . With only five wins from 14 matches , Mumbai finished on seventh place in the league table . 2010 -- 2012 : rise as a strong team Lasith Malinga is the leading wicket - taker in IPL with 150 wickets since its inception . At the 2010 players auction , Mumbai Indians bought Trinidadian all - rounder Kieron Pollard for $750,000 following a secret tiebreaker . After the auction , they signed up ten uncapped Indian players out whom seven were former ICL players . Former India cricketer Robin Singh was named as the head coach of the team as Pollock took up the role of bowling coach . Mumbai had to shift their home venue to Brabourne Stadium for the season since the Wankhede was undergoing renovation to host some matches of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup . Mumbai won seven of their first eight games to take the top spot in the points table . Their success was mainly due to the efforts of Tendulkar , Malinga , Harbhajan , Ambati Rayudu and Saurabh Tiwary . They won three of the remaining six league games and finished with 20 points from 14 games at the top of the points table . They beat the Royal Challengers Bangalore by 35 runs in the semifinal , thanks to Pollard 's all - round efforts ( 33 * from 13 balls , and 3 / 17 ) . At the final , they were defeated by the Chennai Super Kings by 22 runs . The Mumbai team management was criticised for the `` strategic errors '' during the final such as sending Abhishek Nayar and Harbhajan at batting positions 3 and 4 respectively while Duminy and Pollard were sent at 7 and 8 . Mumbai skipper Sachin Tendulkar , who scored 618 runs at an average of 47.53 and strike rate of 132.6 , won the Orange Cap for scoring most runs in the season . Mumbai qualified for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 where they were eliminated in the group stage with two wins and two defeats in four matches . In 2011 , with the addition of two new teams to the IPL , the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their 2010 squad , and the rest of the international players would be auctioned . Mumbai Indians retained Tendulkar , Harbhajan , Pollard and Malinga for a sum of $4.5 million . This retention left the franchise with the power of spending $4.5 million at the auction where they purchased Indian batsman Rohit Sharma for $2 million , former Australian all - rounder Andrew Symonds for $850,000 , and pacer Munaf Patel for $700,000 . Mumbai won eight of their first ten league games following which they suffered a loss of form that led to three consecutive defeats and a last - ball win in their last league match . They finished third on the points table with 18 points from 14 games and qualified for the Eliminator . The Eliminator was played at the Wankhede where Mumbai faced the Kolkata Knight Riders . After winning the toss and electing to bowl first , Mumbai restricted Kolkata to 147 in 20 overs and chased down the target for the loss of six wickets with four balls to spare . Munaf Patel won the Man of the Match for his bowling figures of 3 / 27 . With this win , Mumbai qualified for the Qualifying final against Royal Challengers Bangalore , the winner of which would play the Super Kings in the final . Mumbai skipper Tendulkar won the toss once again and put their opposition into bat who set Mumbai a target of 186 . Mumbai kept losing wickets at regular intervals from the start of their innings and could score only 142 / 8 , falling short by 43 runs . The top two leading wicket - takers of the season were Mumbai Indians pacers Lasith Malinga and Munaf Patel with 28 and 22 wickets respectively . Mumbai qualified for the 2011 Champions League Twenty20 held in India . Before the start of the tournament , six first - choice Indian players in the Mumbai squad including Tendulkar , Sharma and Patel were ruled out of the tournament due to injuries and two more Indian players were ruled out based on medical reports . This left their 14 - member squad with only six Indian players , while the tournament allowed a maximum of four overseas players and minimum of seven local players in the playing eleven . An exception was made for the Mumbai Indians which permitted them to field five overseas players during the tournament . Harbhajan was named the stand - in captain in the absence of Tendulkar . Mumbai were placed in Group A alongside Chennai Super Kings , New South Wales Blues , Cape Cobras and Trinidad & Tobago . Mumbai had two wins , one defeat and one no result in the group stage which gave them the second place on the group points table with five points . They qualified for the semifinal and Mumbai batsman Suryakumar Yadav returned to the squad after recovering from his injury . This led to the withdrawal of the concession given by the Champions League for the Mumbai Indians to field five overseas players . Mumbai faced Somerset County Cricket Club in the semifinal at Chennai . Batting first , Mumbai made 160 / 5 in 20 overs . Somerset 's chase was dented by Malinga who picked four wickets for 20 ( all bowled ) to help Mumbai restrict Somerset to 150 and win the match by 10 runs . The final was also played in Chennai where Mumbai met Royal Challengers Bangalore . Mumbai batted first and managed only 139 in 20 overs . Bangalore started strongly in the run - chase putting 38 for the first wicket before Malinga broke the partnership . Harbhajan then picked up the key wickets of Chris Gayle and Virat Kohli triggering a batting collapse and eventually Bangalore were bowled out for 108 , giving Mumbai a 31 - run victory and their first - ever title . Harbahajan was named player of the match and Malinga won the man of the tournament award . Andrew Symonds retired from all forms of cricket in early 2012 . Before the start of the 2012 season , the Mumbai Indians traded Dinesh Karthik from Kings XI Punjab and Pragyan Ojha from the Deccan Chargers for undisclosed sums . At the auction , the franchise bought five players including R.P. Singh , Thisara Perera ( both for $600,000 ) and Mitchell Johnson . Tendulkar stepped down from captaincy hours before the season 's first game following which Harbhajan was appointed as the captain . In the first half of the league stage , Mumbai had four wins and four defeats , including three losses at home . Mumbai did not have a fixed opening combination , with Tendulkar missing out four matches due to an injury and other opening batsmen failing to show consistency . Johnson was ruled out of rest of the season in late - April with an injury and Dwayne Smith was named his replacement in the squad . Mumbai fared better in the second half of the league stage , winning six of their eight matches . They finished third on the points table with 20 points from 16 matches and qualified for the Eliminator against the fourth - placed Chennai Super Kings at Bangalore . Mumbai won the toss and put Chennai in to bat first . After losing two wickets inside the first two overs , Chennai managed to put up 187 / 5 in 20 overs mainly because of their captain MS Dhoni 's unbeaten 20 - ball 51 . Mumbai 's chase had started solidly with the score reading 47 / 0 in the fifth over , before they started losing wickets at regular intervals to end at 149 / 9 and lose the match by 38 runs . They gained direct qualification to the 2012 Champions League Twenty20 in South Africa , along with the three IPL teams that finished at the top that season . Mumbai , placed in Group B , were winless in the tournament with three defeats and one no result . 2013 -- the IPL and CLT20 double Rohit Sharma became the captain of Mumbai Indians in 2013 and has since led them to three IPL titles . The 2013 IPL saw Anil Kumble being appointed as the chief mentor , after he quit a similar position from Royal Challengers Bangalore . With a slump in batting form of Ricky Ponting , he was eventually dropped from the playing eleven and Rohit Sharma took lead of the team . Having the experienced advice of the likes of Anil Kumble , Jonty Rhodes and Sachin Tendulkar , the team emerged victorious in IPL 2013 . In the year 2013 Mumbai Indians started off by losing against the Royal Challengers Bangalore because of the efforts of Chris Gayle and pace bowler Vinay Kumar but they were able to make a comeback in that match because of Dinesh Karthik due to which Mumbai lost by just one run . In the second match against the Chennai Super Kings the openers went off cheaply but because of the efforts of Dinesh Karthik and Kieron Pollard Mumbai had put a defend able score on the board . The Mumbai Indians bowlers started off well by dismissing Murali Vijay cheaply and the match went off till the last over with the Super Kings needing 16 off the last over with MS Dhoni on strike and Munaf Patel to bowl ; Patel dismissed Dhoni on the first ball and Mumbai won the match comfortably by 9 runs . In their third match against the Delhi Daredevils Mumbai once again lost their openers Ricky Ponting and Sachin Tendulkar cheaply and this time it was again Dinesh Karthik who brought the match in Mumbai 's grasp , but this time it was not Kieron Pollard , but it was Rohit Sharma with him which helped the Mumbai Indians reach the formidable score of 209 / 5 . At one stage it looked that David Warner would snatch the game away from Mumbai but the Mumbai Indians bowlers got rid of David Warner by dismissing him and then the Delhi Daredevils collapsed due to which Mumbai Indians won comfortably by 44 runs . In the next match against the Pune Warriors India Mumbai got off to a flying start with a 54 - run opening stand between the so - called Pon - dulkar ( Ricky Ponting and Sachin Tendulkar ) and then it was followed by Rohit Sharma due to which Mumbai scored 183 / 3 and won the match comfortably by 41 runs . In the next match against the Rajasthan Royals Mumbai were bundled out for just 92 giving the Rajasthan Royals an 83 - run victory due to which Ricky Ponting stepped down as a captain and retired from all forms of cricket . With Rohit Sharma in good batting form , he was made the captain . Under his captaincy the Mumbai Indians improved a lot and won their first IPL title . They continued their winning streak in the Champions League . But in the Champions league too they had quite slow start which saw them having to win their final match of the league stage against the Perth Scorchers by a margin ; they did it by the combined efforts of Nathan Coulter - Nile , Dwayne Smith and skipper Rohit Sharma . In the final Glenn Maxwell scored a quick fire 14 - ball 37 . Mumbai posted 202 / 6 and won the match comfortably by 33 runs . 2014 -- Present In 2014 Mumbai did n't start off well losing 5 of their matches in the UAE leg against Kolkata Knight Riders , Royal Challengers Bangalore , Chennai Super Kings and Delhi Daredevils by big margins but did well in their 5th match against Sunrisers Hyderabad but consequently lost the matches against respective opponents . In the Indian leg they made a comeback by beating Kings XI Punjab who were at the top of the table at that time . After that they were inconsistent with their performance . They won against Royal Challengers Bangalore but lost against Chennai Super Kings . They won against the Sunrisers Hyderabad and again lost against Kolkata Knight Riders . But after losing against the Kolkata Knight Riders they won against Kings XI Punjab and the Delhi Daredevils respectively . In the match against Kings XI Punjab , Lendl Simmons scored a hundred due to which they won comfortably by seven wickets . With one game left to play they were fifth in the table with 12 points . In the last league - stage match of the season against Rajasthan Royals who were fourth in the league table with 14 points they needed to win by a big margin so as to leapfrog the opponent into the fourth spot and claim the play - offs spot too . Rajasthan Royals set the target of 190 runs but Mumbai Indians had to reach the target in 14.3 overs in order to improve the net run rate and claim the fourth position in the table but they just managed a tie with the Rajasthan Royals in 14.3 overs . So the Mumbai Indians needed a boundary off the next ball to push Rajasthan Royals below and claim that fourth spot and Aditya Tare hit a six to a full toss bowled by James Faulkner . Due to that six they reached the play - offs of IPL but lost against the Chennai Super Kings in the eliminator which ended their IPL 2014 campaign . The Mumbai Indians qualified in the qualifier round of the CLT20 2014 . Due to injury to their skipper Rohit Sharma , Kieron Pollard was named as their captain . In the first match they faced the first the FBT20 2014 champions Lahore Lions but they lost against them with Lahore Lions winning by 6 wickets in 18.4 overs . In the second match they faced the Southern Express , who had a slow start and lost wickets regularly but managed to score 161 / 6 in 20 overs . The Mumbai Indians started off with an excellent opening partnership of 139 runs in just 14 overs but lost their first wicket on the 4th ball of the 15th over but skipper Kieron Pollard ended things off in blistering way , scoring 20 runs from just 7 balls . But in the last match against the Northern Knights they just managed 132 runs which the Northern Knights won comfortably 6 wickets with 16 balls to spare . In this way Mumbai 's CLT20 2014 campaign ended . Mumbai Indians won their second IPL title in 2015 after they defeated Chennai Super Kings by 41 runs . They started the season with 4 IPL defeats mainly due to their bowling . They lost Aaron Finch and Corey Anderson due to injury for the rest of the season , which meant Lendl Simmons got a chance back into the team and with the help of 6 half - centuries , gave the team solid starts throughout the season . He was the top scorer for Mumbai with 540 runs and joint second ( with Ajinkya Rahane ) in total for the season behind David Warner . The introduction of another strike bowler Mitchell McClenaghan in the team provided good support to Lasith Malinga upfront . Mumbai went on to win 9 out of their last 10 Matches to win the title thanks to solid batting performances from Simmons , Rohit Sharma , Ambati Rayudu and Kieron Pollard and good bowling from Malinga , McClenaghan and Harbhajan Singh . In the Vivo IPL 2016 Auction they bought Tim Southee , Nathu Singh , Jos Buttler , Jitesh Sharma , KP Kamath , Krunal Pandya and Deepak Punia . They finished the season in the fifth spot in the points table . In IPL 2017 , the Mumbai Indians finished at the top of the points table , winning 10 out of 14 matches . They went on to win the trophy after beating Rising Pune Supergiant in a nail - biting finish which is often hailed as the best IPL match and IPL final till date . This was their 3rd IPL title and with it they became the most successful team in the history of IPL . Home ground Wankhede Stadium in April 2011 during the World Cup final The Mumbai Indians played home games at the DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai for the first two IPL seasons . In the third season , in 2010 , they played all seven home games at the Brabourne Stadium while the Wankhede Stadium underwent renovation to host group matches and the final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup . Mumbai Indians won six out of the seven matches at the Brabourne Stadium that season . Mumbai Indians now play their home games at Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai . The stadium is named after former BCCI President S.K. Wankhede . The stadium is owned by the Mumbai Cricket Association and has a seating capacity of around 33,000 . Team identity The Mumbai Indians were the most watched team on television in the first and the lastest season of the IPL , totaling to 239 million viewers . After posting a revenue of ₹ 69 crore and expenditure of ₹ 85 crore , the first season left the owners with net loss of INR 16 crore and were expected to break even in the 2009 season . Team name , motto and logo design The motto of the team is `` Duniya Hila Denge Hum ... '' , which translates to We will rock the world . The first anthem of Mumbai Indian was based on this motto , wherein the Bollywood actor Hrithik Roshan was roped in for a promotional video campaign . The team logo is the Sudarshan Chakra ( or Razor ) as initially the name of the team was supposed to be `` Mumbai Razors '' before Sachin Tendulkar suggested to keep it Mumbai Indians . Jersey colours The team 's primary colour is blue with silver stripes on either sides of the jersey . The team colours was almost the same in 2008 and 2009 , with Idea as the principal sponsor , except for the colour shade and additional sponsors . In 2010 , a new kit with golden stripes was unveiled . In 2011 , kit used in 2010 is being used with Hero Honda as the main sponsor . The 2011 jersey also has three gold stripes going towards the back on the side of the jersey for the new players in the team . The kit manufacturer was Adidas from the start of IPL in 2008 till 2014 . In 2015 , Performax , an in - house brand of Reliance Trends , replaced Adidas as the kit manufacturer . Theme song The current theme song of the Mumbai Indians is the famous `` Ala Re '' . Also , after every boundary or a wicket by the team , a fan - made song titled `` Akkha Mumbai Khelega '' is always played by the stadium disc jockey . Players During the player auction in 2008 , the Mumbai Indians successfully bid for seven players , including two members of the Indian Twenty - 20 World cup winning side in Harbhajan Singh , Robin Uthappa . Sanath Jayasuriya , Lasith Malinga , Luke Ronchi , Dilhara Fernando and Shaun Pollock were other cricketers who were successfully bid for by the franchise . Outside of the player auction , the franchise also signed up Ajinkya Rahane and Abhishek Nayar ( from Mumbai ) , Yogesh Takawale ( WK - Batsman from Maharashtra ) and Pinal Shah ( WK - Batsman from Baroda ) . Saurabh Tiwary and Manish Pandey , the members of the U-19 world - cup winning team were the random picks drafted in during the BCCI held second auction . Dominic Thornely was also signed by the Mumbai Indians for a sum of $30,000 . André Nel the South African fast bowler was signed on in the place of Dwayne Bravo who left the tournament early . In the 2009 player auction , the Mumbai Indians signed up South African player , JP Duminy for $950,000 . He was the third most expensive pick after Kevin Pietersen and Andrew Flintoff ( both signed up for $1.55 m by Bangalore Royal Challengers and Chennai Super Kings respectively ) . In addition Kyle Mills and Mohammad Ashraful for $150,000 and $75,000 respectively were bought by MI management . The team also signed Graham Napier and Ryan McLaren at the pre-auction signings . In the IPL 2010 Mumbai Indians bought West Indian all - rounder Kieron Pollard for $750,000 ( $2,750,000 ) after a silent tie - breaker with Chennai Super Kings , Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Kolkata Knight Riders , after he impressed teams with his performances at Big Bash and Champions League . In 2011 , as two new teams were added to the IPL , the IPL Governing Council declared that each franchise could retain a maximum of four players of their squad , only three of whom can be Indian players , and the rest of the international players would be put in the mega-auction . The Mumbai franchise , keen to have the same set of core players , retained captain Sachin Tendulkar , vice-captain Harbhajan Singh , all - rounder Kieron Pollard and fast bowler Lasith Malinga for a total of $4.5 million . The retention left them with the power of spending only $4.5 million at the mega-auction . At the auction , they purchased Rohit Sharma as one of the costliest player in the auction along with Munaf Patel , Andrew Symonds , Aiden Blizzard , a hard - hitting Australian batsman and James Franklin , an all rounder from New Zealand . At the 2012 IPL player auction , Mumbai Indians bought South Africans Richard Levi and Robin Peterson for $50,000 and $100,000 respectively , Australian fast bowler Mitchell Johnson for $300,000 , Indian fast bowler R.P. Singh for $600,000 and Sri Lankan all - rounder Thisara Perera for $650,000 . After the auctions , Mumbai Indians managed to get South African explosive opener Richard Levi , who shot into limelight after hitting the fastest century in T20 international cricket and hitting a record 13 sixes , after a bidding war with Pune Warriors India . Richard Levi was brought in as a replacement for Andrew Symonds , who retired from all forms of the game citing family reasons . Sachin Tendulkar stepped down as Mumbai Indians captain ahead of the IPL 2012 season - opener against Chennai . At the 2013 IPL player auction , Former Australian Captain Ricky Ponting was purchased by Mumbai Indians for $400,000 and he became the new captain for sixth edition of IPL . Also at the auction , Glenn Maxwell was purchased by Mumbai Indians . Also Phillip Hughes , Nathan Coulter - Nile , Jacob Oram was purchased by MI Management . Transfers In the 2008 -- 2009 transfer window , Mumbai Indians conducted two straight swap deals , with no money exchanged . Ashish Nehra was swapped with Shikhar Dhawan of Delhi Daredevils and on the last day of the transfer window , Robin Uthappa was swapped with parekh Apurva of Royal Challengers Bangalore , who plays for Mumbai in the Ranji Trophy . In a three - way trade , Jaydev Shah of the Rajasthan Royals -- captain of the Saurashtra Ranji squad that made it to the semi-finals and son of former cricket board secretary Niranjan Shah -- will move to the Mumbai Indians . During the transfer window , Mumbai Indians was the first team to induct a new player in their squad . Tamil Nadu wicket - keeper Dinesh Karthik transferred to Mumbai Indians for $2.35 million ( Rs 12.4 crores approximately ) . Also making a switch was Rajagopal Sathish , who moved to Kings XI Punjab for an undisclosed amount . In their latest trade , Indian left - arm spinner Pragyan Ojha has transferred to Mumbai Indians from Deccan Chargers for an undisclosed amount , while letting Ali Murtaza move to Pune Warriors India . On 4 November 2014 , Mumbai Indians acquired Unmukt Chand , Aaron Finch and Vinay Kumar for 2015 IPL . Parthiv Patel also joined the Mumbai Indians squad for the 8th edition of IPL in the transfer window period . Aaron Finch along with Mitchell Mcclenaghan joined Mumbai Indians in the 2015 IPL Auction . Seasons Key DNQ = Did not qualify TBD = To be decided Year Indian Premier League Champions League T20 2008 League stage Cancelled ( DNQ ) 2009 League stage DNQ Runners - up Group stage 2011 Playoffs Champions 2012 Playoffs Group stage 2013 Champions Champions 2014 Playoffs Qualifier stage 2015 Champions Tournament defunct Year Indian Premier League 2016 League stage 2017 Champions 2018 League stage Current squad Players with international caps are listed in bold . * denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection . * denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season . No . Name Nat Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen 17 Evin Lewis ( 1991 - 12 - 27 ) 27 December 1991 ( age 26 ) Left - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 3.8 crore ( US $566,000 ) Overseas 21 JP Duminy ( 1984 - 04 - 14 ) 14 April 1984 ( age 34 ) Left - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 1 crore ( US $149,000 ) Overseas 23 Siddhesh Lad ( 1992 - 05 - 23 ) 23 May 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 45 Rohit Sharma ( 1987 - 04 - 30 ) 30 April 1987 ( age 31 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 15 crore ( US $2.2 million ) Captain 77 Suryakumar Yadav ( 1990 - 09 - 14 ) 14 September 1990 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 3.2 crore ( US $477,000 ) N / A Saurabh Tiwary ( 1989 - 12 - 30 ) 30 December 1989 ( age 28 ) Left - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 80 lakh ( US $119,000 ) N / A Sharad Lumba ( 1989 - 09 - 10 ) 10 September 1989 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) All - rounders Akila Dananjaya ( 1993 - 10 - 04 ) 4 October 1993 ( age 24 ) Left - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas 24 Krunal Pandya ( 1991 - 03 - 24 ) 24 March 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 8.8 crore ( US $1.3 million ) 31 Ben Cutting ( 1987 - 01 - 30 ) 30 January 1987 ( age 31 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 2.2 crore ( US $328,000 ) Overseas 33 Hardik Pandya ( 1993 - 10 - 11 ) 11 October 1993 ( age 24 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2018 ₹ 11 crore ( US $1.6 million ) 55 Kieron Pollard ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) 12 May 1987 ( age 31 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium - fast 2018 ₹ 5.4 crore ( US $805,000 ) Overseas N / A Anukul Roy ( 1998 - 11 - 30 ) 30 November 1998 ( age 19 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) N / A Tajinder Dhillon ( 1992 - 05 - 25 ) 25 May 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 55 lakh ( US $82,000 ) Wicket - keepers 27 Aditya Tare ( 1987 - 11 - 07 ) 7 November 1987 ( age 30 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 51 Ishan Kishan ( 1998 - 07 - 18 ) 18 July 1998 ( age 19 ) Left - handed Left - arm medium 2018 ₹ 6.2 crore ( US $924,000 ) Bowlers 11 Mayank Markande ( 1997 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1997 ( age 20 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 18 Pradeep Sangwan ( 1990 - 11 - 05 ) 5 November 1990 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Left - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $224,000 ) 81 Mitchell McClenaghan ( 1986 - 06 - 11 ) 11 June 1986 ( age 32 ) Left - handed Left - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 1 crore ( US $149,000 ) Overseas 90 Mustafizur Rahman ( 1995 - 09 - 06 ) 6 September 1995 ( age 22 ) Left - handed Left - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 2.2 crore ( US $328,000 ) Overseas 93 Jasprit Bumrah ( 1993 - 12 - 06 ) 6 December 1993 ( age 24 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 7 crore ( US $1.0 million ) N / A Rahul Chahar ( 1999 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1999 ( age 18 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg spin 2018 ₹ 1.9 crore ( US $283,000 ) N / A Pat Cummins ( 1993 - 05 - 08 ) 8 May 1993 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast 2018 ₹ 5.4 crore ( US $805,000 ) Overseas N / A Mohsin Khan ( 1998 - 07 - 15 ) 15 July 1998 ( age 19 ) Left - handed Left - arm medium - fast 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) N / A M.D. Nidheesh ( 1991 - 05 - 05 ) 5 May 1991 ( age 27 ) 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) N / A Jason Behrendorff ( 1990 - 04 - 20 ) 20 April 1990 ( age 28 ) Right - handed Left - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $224,000 ) Overseas N / A Adam Milne ( 1992 - 04 - 13 ) 13 April 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 75 lakh ( US $112,000 ) Overseas Administration and support staff Owner -- Reliance Industries Head coach -- Mahela Jayawardene Assistant coach - Paras Mhambrey Batting coach -- Robin Singh Bowling coach - Shane Bond Fielding coach -- James Pamment Team manager - Rahul Sanghvi Batting Mentor - Sachin Tendulkar Bowling Mentor - Lasith Malinga Head Coach Record Name Nationality From To NA Win % Lalchand Rajput India April 2008 June 2008 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Shaun Pollock South Africa April 2009 June 2009 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 07001357100000000000 ♠ 35.71 Robin Singh India April 2010 June 2012 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001632700000000000 ♠ 63.27 John Wright New Zealand April 2013 June 2014 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001593800000000000 ♠ 59.38 Ricky Ponting Australia April 2015 June 2016 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001551700000000000 ♠ 55.17 Mahela Jayawardene Sri Lanka April 2017 Present 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 07001580600000000000 ♠ 58.06 Note : Record also includes matches played in Champions League T20 Kit manufacturers and sponsors American multinational corporation -- MasterCard was the official founding sponsor of the Mumbai Indians , while Adidas was their official apparel sponsor until 2014 . Since then , the UAE 's national carrier Etihad Airways signed a three - year contract and took over as one of the principle sponsors of Mumbai Indians . In 2015 , Performax , the in - house brand of Reliance Trends , took over as the apparel sponsors . Associate sponsors and official partners include Bridgestone , Dheeraj and East Coast LLC , Kingfisher , Wrigley 's Orbit , Wrigley 's Boomer , Royal Stag , Air India , Msn , Jet Airways and Red FM 93.5 . Hero MotoCorp was also one of the main sponsors of Mumbai Indians for 2011 and 2012 seasons . The principal sponsors of Mumbai Indians are Videocon d2h since 2013 . In 2015 , companies such as USHA , Jack & Jones , HTC , Tiny Owl , Paytm , Ola Cabs , DNA and Fever 104 FM came on board . From 2016 , DHFL and Samsung joined as the new associate sponsors . Along with them Pepsi , yatra.com , Radio City , LYF smartphones and Guvera came in as the new official sponsors . The global fashion brand Diesel 's first ever association with cricket will produce a limited edition collection which will be available globally across popular cricket playing nations . Year Kit manufacturers Shirt sponsor ( front ) Shirt sponsor ( back ) Chest Branding 2008 Adidas Idea MasterCard Adidas 2009 Zandu Balm Videocon Dheeraj and East Coast LLC 2011 Hero Honda 2012 Hero DHFL 2013 Videocon d2h Bajaj Allianz 2014 2015 Performax Jet Airways 2016 2017 Etihad Airways 2018 Samsung Goibibo Philanthropy Mumbai Indians invited children of the NGOs to watch matches for free . Mumbai Indians have supported the social cause of education to the underprivileged . They have raised funds for the cause via selling merchandise like wristbands signed by their players . The NGOs supported are Pratham , Ummeed , Akanksha , Teach For India and Nanhi Kali . Statistics Overall results in the IPL Year Total Wins Losses No result % win Position 2008 14 7 7 0 50.00 % 5 2009 14 5 8 35.71 % 7 16 11 5 0 68.75 % 2011 16 10 6 0 62.50 % 2012 17 10 7 0 58.82 % 2013 19 13 6 0 68.42 % Champion 2014 15 7 8 0 46.67 % 2015 16 10 6 0 62.50 % Champion 2016 14 7 7 0 50 % 5 2017 14 10 0 71.42 % Champion 2018 14 6 8 0 42.86 % 5 Total 169 96 72 56.80 % By opposition Opposition Played Won Lost NR Cape Cobras 0 0 Chennai Super Kings 23 12 11 0 Deccan Chargers 10 6 0 Delhi Daredevils 13 6 7 0 Guyana 0 0 Gujarat Lions 0 Highveld Lions 0 Kings XI Punjab 21 11 10 0 Kochi Tuskers Kerala 0 0 Kolkata Knight Riders 20 15 5 0 Lahore Lions 0 0 Lions 0 New South Wales Blues 0 0 Perth Scorchers 0 0 Pune Warriors India 6 5 0 Rajasthan Royals 15 8 6 Otago Volts 0 0 Rising Pune Supergiant 6 0 Royal Challengers Bangalore 17 9 8 0 Somerset 0 0 Southern Redbacks 0 0 Sunrisers Hyderabad 6 0 Sydney Sixers 0 0 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 Yorkshire Carnegie 0 0 Colour Indication Teams now defunct Non-IPL team References Jump up ^ `` Mahela Jayawardene to succeed Ricky Ponting as Mumbai Indians coach '' . The Indian Express . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Laghate , Gaurav ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Brand IPL gets stronger , valuation soars to $5.3 billion '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians beat Rajasthan Royals to win second CLT20 title '' . Times of India . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rampant Mumbai seal title in style '' . Wisden India . May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians crowned IPL 2017 champions '' . The GenX Times . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jayawardene appointed Mumbai Indians coach '' . Cricinfo . November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchises for board 's new Twenty20 league '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IPL Auction : Players ' worth '' . rediff.com . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 / Points table '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lasith Malinga becomes first to reach 150 IPL wickets '' . The Indian Express . 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPS vs MI : Best Indian Premier League final ever , says Suresh Raina '' . India Today . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Teams '' . IPLT20.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Will cricket 's new czars make money ? '' . Business Today . May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 6 finals : Mumbai Indians stay true to their motto Duniya Hila Denge Hum , lift the IPL title '' . DNA India . Kolkata . 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians rope in Hrithik Roshan as brand ambassador '' . The Economic Times . Mumbai . Press Trust of India . 14 April 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians are corporates ' favourites '' . NDTV. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sp choudary , Symonds fetch highest prices in the lucrative new Indian Premier League bidding -- International Herald Tribune Jump up ^ `` IPL : Rahane joins Mumbai '' . February 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo -- Nel leaves Essex early for IPL '' . Content-ind.cricinfo.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daredevils swap Shikhar Dhawan for Nehra -- News -- Cricket Next '' . Cricketnext.in.com . January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zaheer swapped for Uthappa '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta , India . January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dinesh Karthik transfer to Mumbai Indians '' Jump up ^ `` Pragyan Ojha transfers to Mumbai Indians from Deccan Chargers '' Jump up ^ `` Unmukt Chand , Parekh apurva join Mumbai Indians '' . IPLT20 . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians Appoint Shane Bond as Bowling Coach '' . Jump up ^ `` www.indiantelevision.com '' . indiantelevision.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiatimes -- The Economic Times , March 2 , 2011 '' . Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com . March 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians website -- Sponsors '' . Mumbaiindians.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Performax Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ InsideSport , Rajender Sharma for ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Samsung dials Mumbai Indians for title sponsorship rights ! - InsideSport.co '' . InsideSport . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 6 for education ! -- Times Of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . July 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . External links Official website Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Mumbai Indians Lists Players Records Home ground Wankhede Stadium Brabourne Stadium DY Patil Stadium Captains Sachin Tendulkar ( 2008 - 2011 ) Shaun Pollock ( 2008 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 2008 , 2011 - 12 ) Ricky Ponting ( 2013 ) Rohit Sharma ( 2013 - 15 ) Coaches Lalchand Rajput Shaun Pollock Robin Singh Jonty Rhodes John Wright Ricky Ponting Honours 2011 Champions League Twenty20 2013 Indian Premier League 2013 Champions League Twenty20 2015 Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Rivalries Chennai Super Kings rivalry Reliance Industries Limited Companies Reliance Industries Jio LYF Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Reliance Logistics Reliance Solar Relicord Reliance Petroleum Reliance Fresh Reliance Retail Reliance Digital Jamnagar Refinery Mumbai Indians Network 18 Institute Reliance Institute of Life Sciences Dhirubhai Ambani International School Hurkisondas Hospital Notable people Dhirubhai Ambani Mukesh Ambani Nita Ambani Isha Ambani Charitable trust Reliance Foundation see also : Template : Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_Indians&oldid=848918108 '' Categories : 2008 establishments in India Indian Premier League teams Cricket in Mumbai Sports clubs in India Cricket in Maharashtra Cricket clubs established in 2008 Mumbai Indians Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use Indian English from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox cricket team with unknown parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 07 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai%20Indians	684
how often is there a hole in one on the pga tour			Hole in one	hole in one	In golf , a hole in one or hole - in - one ( also known as an ace , mostly in American English ) occurs when a ball hit from a tee finishes in the cup . This awards the player a score of one for the hole , but not if the player is making a second shot from the tee due to a lost ball , out of bounds or water hazard .	Holes in one most commonly occur on par 3 holes , the shortest distance holes on a standard size golf course . Longer hitters have also accomplished this feat on longer holes , though nearly all par 4 and par 5 holes are too long for golfers to reach in a single shot . While well known outside of golf and often requiring a well hit shot and significant power , holes in one are considered to also contain an element of luck . As such , they are more common and considered less impressive than other hole accomplishments such as completing a par 5 in two shots ( an albatross ) . As of October 2008 , a condor ( four under par ) hole - in - one on a par 5 hole had been recorded on four occasions , aided by thin air at high altitude , or by cutting the corner on a doglegged or horseshoe - shaped hole . Holes - in - one ( `` aces '' ) are also recorded in disc golf . The current world record for disc golf 's longest hole in one is held by Brent Bell , who set the record at the 2002 Big Sky State Games at Diamond X Disc Golf Course , revered as one of the most difficult and unique courses in the world , located in Billings , Montana . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rarity 2 Competitions 3 Holes - in - one on par 5 ( or higher ) holes 4 Kim Jong - il myth 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Rarity ( edit ) Holes in one are rare , and , although skill definitely increases the probability , there is a great element of luck involved . It is traditional for a player who has scored a hole in one to buy a round of drinks for everyone at the clubhouse bar . Among the memorable holes in one , one occurred in the 1973 British Open when at age 71 , Gene Sarazen made a hole in one . Earl Dietering of Memphis , Tennessee , 78 years old at the time , is believed to hold the record for the oldest person to make a hole - in - one twice during one round . During the second round of the 1971 Martini International tournament , held at the Royal Norwich Golf Club in England , John Hudson had two consecutive holes in one . Teeing off , using a 4 - iron , at the par - three , 195 - yard 11th hole , Hudson holed his tee shot for a hole - in - one . At the next hole , the downhill 311 - yard , par - four 12th , and this time using a driver , he once again holed his tee shot , for another ace . This is believed to be the only time a player has scored holes - in - one at consecutive holes in a major professional tournament . Despite the relative rarity of holes in one , there have been a total of six in Ryder Cup matches . Peter Butler scored the first in 1973 at Muirfield followed by a 20 - year gap before Nick Faldo scored a hole in one in 1993 . Two years later , Costantino Rocca and Howard Clark both scored holes in one before an 11 - year gap to 2006 saw Paul Casey and Scott Verplank both hole out in one on the 14th hole . On August 11 , 2016 , Justin Rose shot a hole in one during the first round of the golf tournament of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , which is considered to be the first one in the Olympic history . For the 189 yards 3 - par hole , he used a 7 - iron . Competitions ( edit ) Occasionally special events host a hole in one contest , where prizes as expensive as a new car , or cash awards sometimes reaching $4 million are offered if a contestant records a hole in one . Usually such expensive prizes are backed by an insurance company who offers prize indemnification services . Actuaries at such companies have calculated the chance of an average golfer making a hole in one at approximately 12,500 to 1 , and the odds of a tour professional at 2,500 to 1 . Holes - in - one on par 5 ( or higher ) holes ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) As of October 2008 , a condor ( four under par ) hole - in - one on a par 5 hole had been recorded on four occasions , aided by thin air at high altitude , or by cutting the corner on a doglegged or horseshoe - shaped hole . A horseshoe - shaped par 5 hole once enabled a condor hole in one to be achieved with a 3 - iron club . The longest recorded straight drive hole - in - one is believed to be 517 yards or 473 metres , on the par 5 No. 9 hole at Green Valley Ranch Golf Club in Denver in 2002 , aided by the thin air due to the high altitude . None of these four par 5 holes - in - one were achieved during a professional tournament . A condor is also known as a double albatross , or a triple eagle . Kim Jong - il myth ( edit ) Over a period of several years , many U.S. and European media outlets -- including ESPN and the New York Times -- reported that former North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong - il was claimed to have shot five holes in one during his first attempt at playing golf ( an alternate version of the story claims North Korean media once reported Kim had shot 18 holes in one ) . This is explained as a case of the North Korean government assigning supernatural feats of heroism to its leaders as part of an effort to perpetuate a cult of personality . This myth was originally published by Eric Ellis , a reporter for the Australian Financial Review , as having been told by a Pyongyang Golf Club professional in 1994 . NK News reports that `` informal surveys of North Koreans themselves revealed that no one in Pyongyang was aware of this legendary feat , unless told it by a tourist . '' Richard Seers , a British journalist who played at the Pyongyang Golf Club asked officials there , who revealed it was nothing more than an urban myth . See also ( edit ) Golf glossary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halley , Jim . `` With holes in one , no matter how you slice them luck is vital '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Oscarson , Paul . `` Top 10 Craziest Holes - in - One '' . The Bleacher Report . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Fields , Bill ( April 2 , 2004 ) . `` The Rarest Bird : The albatross took flight at the 1935 Masters , but golf 's most unlikely shot is n't easy to find '' . Golf World . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Condor '' , GolfToday.co.uk , 2010 , webpage ( dated October 2008 ) : GT - condor . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Brent . `` Has There Ever Been a Hole - in - One on a Par - 5 Hole ? '' . About.com Golf . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . One was even recorded with a 3 - iron ! That one was made by Shaun Lynch , playing at Teign Valley Golf Club in Christow , England , in 1995 , on the 496 - yard No. 17 . According to a 2004 article in Golf World magazine , Lynch aimed straight toward the green on a horseshoe par - 5 , clearing a 20 - foot - high hedge , then hitting a downslope on the other side . The downslope carried his ball to the green and into the cup . ^ Jump up to : `` What Are The Odds of Making a Hole In One ? '' . US Hole In One . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golfers Hit Hole - In - Ones Within Seconds of Each Other '' . ABC News . July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stukenborg , Phil ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` It 's a pair of aces for senior golfer '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steel , Donald ( 1987 ) . Golf : Records , Facts and Champions . Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 847 - 5 . Jump up ^ Alliss , Peter ( 1983 ) . The Who 's Who of Golf . Orbis Publishing . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 520 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Ryder Cup Hole In Ones '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Myers , Alex . `` Justin Rose makes the first hole - in - one in Olympics golf history - Golf Digest '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` Hole - in - one insurance policies provide safety net for glitzy tournament contests '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Kim Jong - il , the Sportsman '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Eric ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Dear Leader and The Golf War '' . ericellis.com . Eric Ellis . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrahamian , Andray ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` The top ten most bizarre rumours to spread about North Korea '' . nknews.org . NK News . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunsmuir , Alistair ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Kim Jong Il 's golf feat an ' urban myth ' '' . Golf Club Management . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Hole - In - One FAQs United States Golf Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hole_in_one&oldid=829176326 '' Categories : Golf terminology Perfect scores in sports Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch 한국어 Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole%20in%20one	685
who was the leader of poland in ww2	During the Second World War , Sikorski became Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile , Commander - in - Chief of the Polish Armed Forces , and a vigorous advocate of the Polish cause in the diplomatic sphere . He supported the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Poland and the Soviet Union , which had been severed after the Soviet pact with Germany and the 1939 invasion of Poland -- however , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin broke off Soviet - Polish diplomatic relations in April 1943 following Sikorski 's request that the International Red Cross investigate the Katyń Forest massacre .		Władysław Sikorski	władysław sikorski	First World War Polish -- Soviet War	Battle of Warsaw Battle of Lwów Battle of Niemen Second World War Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski ( Polish pronunciation : ( vwaˈdɨswaf ɕiˈkɔrskji ) ( listen ) ; 20 May 1881 -- 4 July 1943 ) was a Polish military and political leader . Prior to the First World War , Sikorski established and participated in several underground organizations that promoted the cause of the independence of Poland from the Russian Empire . He fought with distinction in the Polish Legions during the First World War , and later in the newly created Polish Army during the Polish -- Soviet War of 1919 to 1921 . In that war he played a prominent role in the decisive Battle of Warsaw ( 1920 ) . In the early years of the Second Polish Republic , Sikorski held government posts , including serving as Prime Minister ( 1922 to 1923 ) and as Minister of Military Affairs ( 1923 to 1924 ) . Following Józef Piłsudski 's May Coup of 1926 and the installation of the Sanacja government , he fell out of favor with the new régime . During the Second World War , Sikorski became Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile , Commander - in - Chief of the Polish Armed Forces , and a vigorous advocate of the Polish cause in the diplomatic sphere . He supported the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between Poland and the Soviet Union , which had been severed after the Soviet pact with Germany and the 1939 invasion of Poland -- however , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin broke off Soviet - Polish diplomatic relations in April 1943 following Sikorski 's request that the International Red Cross investigate the Katyń Forest massacre . In July 1943 , a plane carrying Sikorski plunged into the sea immediately after takeoff from Gibraltar , killing all on board except the pilot . The exact circumstances of Sikorski 's death have been disputed and have given rise to a number of different theories surrounding the crash and his death . Sikorski had been the most prestigious leader of the Polish exiles , and his death was a severe setback for the Polish cause . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and First World War 2 War with the Bolsheviks 2.1 Polish -- Ukrainian war 2.2 Polish -- Soviet war 3 In government and in opposition 4 Prime Minister in exile 5 Katyn revelation and death 6 Aftermath and remembrance 7 Controversy surrounding his death 8 Honours and awards 9 Works 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Other sources 14 External links Early life and first World War ( edit ) Sikorski was born in Tuszów Narodowy , Galicia , at the time part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . He was the third child in his family ; his father was Tomasz Sikorski , a school teacher ; his mother was Emilia Habrowska . His grandfather , Tomasz Kopaszyna Sikorski , had fought and been wounded at the Battle of Olszynka Grochowska in the November Uprising , during which he received the Virtuti Militari medal . Sikorski in his youth Sikorski attended the gimnazjum in Rzeszów ( now Konarski 's High School in Rzeszów ) from 1893 to 1897 , then transferred for a year to a Rzeszów teachers ' college . In 1899 he attended the Lwów Franciszek Józef Gymnasium , and in 1902 he passed his final high school exam there . Starting that year , young Sikorski studied engineering at the Lwów Polytechnic , specializing in road and bridge construction , and graduated in 1908 with a diploma in hydraulic engineering . In 1906 Sikorski volunteered for a year 's service in the Austro - Hungarian army and attended the Austrian Military School , obtaining an officer 's diploma and becoming an army reserve second lieutenant ( podporucznik rezerwy ) . In 1909 he married Helena Zubczewska , whom he met while at the high school in Lwów . In 1912 they had a daughter , Zofia . After graduation he lived in Leżajsk and worked for the Galician administration 's hydraulic engineering department , working on the regulation of the San river , and later was involved in private enterprises related to construction , real estate and petroleum trade . During his studies at the Polytechnic , Sikorski became involved in the People 's School Association ( Towarzystwo Szkoły Ludowej ) , an organization dedicated to spreading literacy among the rural populace . Around 1904 -- 1905 he was briefly involved with the endecja Association of the Polish Youth `` Zet '' , and then drifted towards paramilitary socialist organizations related to the Polish Socialist Party , which was intent on securing Polish independence . He made contact with the socialist movement around 1905 -- 1906 through the Union for the Resurrection of the Polish Nation ( Związek Odrodzenia Narodu Polskiego ) . In 1908 , in Lwów , Sikorski -- together with Józef Piłsudski , Marian Kukiel , Walery Sławek , Kazimierz Sosnkowski , Witold Jodko - Narkiewicz and Henryk Minkiewicz -- organized the secret Union for Active Struggle ( Związek Walki Czynnej ) , with the aim of bringing about an uprising against the Russian Empire , one of Poland 's three partitioners . In 1910 , likewise in Lwów , Sikorski helped to organize a Riflemen 's Association ( the Związek Strzelecki ) , became the president of its Lwów chapter , and became responsible for the military arm within the Commission of Confederated Independence Parties ( Komisja Skonfederowanych Stronnictwo Niepodległościowych , KSSN ) . Having a military education , he lectured other activists on military tactics . Upon the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914 , Sikorski was mobilized , but through KSSN influence he was allowed to participate in the organizing of the Polish military units , rather than being delegated to other duties by the Austro - Hungarian military command . In the first few weeks of the war he became the chief of the Military Department in the Supreme National Committee ( Naczelny Komitet Narodowy , NKN ) and remained in this post until 1916 . He was a commissioner in charge of the recruitment to the Polish Legions in Kraków , choosing this role over the opportunity to serve in the Legions as a frontline commander . On 30 September 1914 he was promoted to podpułkownik ( lieutenant colonel ) , and soon after that he became the commander of a Legions officer school ( Szkoła Podchorążych ) . The Legions -- the army created by Józef Piłsudski to liberate Poland from Russian and , ultimately , Austro - Hungarian and German rule -- initially fought in alliance with Austria - Hungary against Russia . From August 1915 there was growing tension between Sikorski , who advocated cooperation with Austria - Hungary , and Piłsudski , who felt that Austria - Hungary and Germany had betrayed the trust of the Polish people . In 1916 Piłsudski actively campaigned to have the Military Department of NKN disbanded . In July that year , Sikorski was promoted to pułkownik ( colonel ) . Following the Act of 5th November ( 1916 ) , Sikorski became involved with the Legions ' alternatives , the Polish Auxiliary Corps and Polnische Wehrmacht . In June 1917 Piłsudski refused Austro - Hungarian orders to swear loyalty to the Habsburg Emperor ( the `` oath crisis '' ) and was interned at the fortress of Magdeburg , while Sikorski abandoned Polnische Wehrmacht and returned to the Austro - Hungarian Army . In 1918 , however , following the February Treaty of Brest - Litovsk and the battle of Rarańcza , Sikorski chose belatedly to side with Piłsudski , announcing solidarity with his actions , protesting against planned separation of Chełm Land from the planned Polish state , and thus soon joined Piłsudski in internment ( he would be held in Dulfalva ( Dulovo ) ) . Nonetheless , this was not enough to smooth the differences between him and Piłsudski , and these two major Polish leaders would drift farther apart in the continuing years . War with the bolsheviks ( edit ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( edit ) Sikorski in 1918 In 1918 the Russian , Austro - Hungarian and German empires collapsed , and Poland once again became independent , but the borders of the Second Polish Republic were not fully determined and unstable . In the east they would be formed in the escalating conflicts among Polish , Ukrainian , Lithuanian and Soviet forces in what culminated in the Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 1921 ) . Winston Churchill commented : `` The war of giants has ended , the wars of the pygmies began . '' Bolshevik leaders saw Poland as a bridge that the communist revolution will have to force to bring communism to the West , and Poland 's very existence would soon be at stake . Polish -- Soviet War ( edit ) After his release from internment , from 1 May 1918 Sikorski worked for the Regency Council , organizing the new Polish Army . He was soon at the frontlines again , this time in the Polish -- Ukrainian War , where troops under his command secured and defended Przemyśl in October -- November 1918 . Polish independence came in November 1918 with the formation of the Second Republic of Poland . In the course of the Polish -- Ukrainian War , and in the opening phase of the Polish -- Soviet War , Sikorski , now a high - ranking officer of the Polish Army was involved in further operations in the Galicia region . In January 1919 he commanded troops defending Gródek Jagielloński ; in March that year he commanded an infantry division , advancing to Stawczany and Zbrucz . From 1 August 1918 Sikorski commanded the Polesie Group , and the Polish 9th Infantry Division . In order to curtail excesses of the forces under his command , he oversaw trials of 36 officers . His forces took Mozyr and Kalenkowicze in March 1920 , and he would command the Polesie Group during Poland 's Kiev offensive in April 1920 , advancing to Dniepr river and Chernobyl region . On April 1 that year he was promoted to brigade general . As the Polish -- Soviet War grew in intensity , in late April 1920 the Red Army of Russia 's new Soviet regime pushed back Polish forces and invaded Poland . Subsequently , Sikorski successfully defended Mozyr and Kalenkowicze until 29 June , but later failed to hold the Brest fortress , although he defended it long enough to allow the Polish forces in the region to retreat in an orderly manner . On 6 August he was named the commander of the newly formed Polish 5th Army , which was tasked with holding the front to the north of Modlin , between Narew and Wkra rivers . He distinguished himself commanding the 5th Army on the Lower Vistula front during the Battle of Warsaw . At that time Soviet forces , expecting an easy final victory , were surprised and crippled by the Polish counter-attack . During that battle ( sometimes referred to as `` the Miracle at the Vistula '' ) Sikorski stopped the Bolshevik advance north of Warsaw and gave Piłsudski , the Polish commander - in - chief , the time he needed for his counter-offensive ; beginning with the 15 August his forces successfully engaged the Soviet 5th and 15th Armies . After the Battle of Warsaw , from 30 August , Sikorski commanded the 3rd Army . His forces took Pińsk , and fought during the latter stages of the Battle of Lwów and the Battle of Zamość , and then after Battle of Niemen advanced with his forces toward Latvia and deep into Belarus . The Poles defeated the Soviets , and the Polish -- Soviet Treaty of Riga ( March 1921 ) gave Poland substantial areas of Belarus and Ukraine 's ( Kresy ) . Sikorski 's fame was enhanced as he became known to the Polish public as one of the heroes of the Polish -- Soviet War . He also kept publishing military science articles during the war itself . For his valorous achievements Sikorski was promoted to divisional general on 28 February 1921 , and was awarded Poland 's highest military decoration , the order of Virtuti Militari , on 15 March that year . In government and in opposition ( edit ) Sikorski in 1923 Sikorski with Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch ( 1923 ) Despite their differences , Piłsudski praised Sikorski in his reports , recommending him for Chief of the General Staff and Minister of War positions ; only generals Kazimierz Sosnkowski and Edward Rydz - Śmigły received better evaluations from him . Sikorski was popular among many soldiers , and in politics , particularly appealing to Polish conservatives and liberals . On 1 April 1921 Sikorski replaced general Tadeusz Jordan - Rozwadowski as the chief of the Polish General Staff . Between 1922 and 1925 he held a number of high government offices . Based on his analysis , the Polish Council of Ministers adopted new foreign policy that would remain roughly unchanged until the late 1930s ( preserving the status quo in Europe , and treating Germany and Russia as equal sources of potential threat ) . On 12 December 1922 he issued a general order , stressing the need for the military to stay out of politics . After the assassination of President of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz on 16 December 1922 , the Marshal of the Sejm ( Sejm being the Polish parliament ) , Maciej Rataj , appointed Sikorski prime minister . From December 18 , 1922 , to May 26 , 1923 , Sikorski served as Prime Minister and also as Minister of Internal Affairs , and was even considered as possible President . During his brief tenure as prime minister , he became popular with the Polish public and carried out essential reforms in addition to guiding the country 's foreign policy in a direction that gained the approval and cooperation of the League of Nations and tightened Polish - French cooperation . He obtained recognition of Poland 's eastern frontiers from the UK , France and the United States during the Conference of Ambassadors on 15 March 1923 He aided Treasury Minister Władysław Grabski 's reforms aiming at curtailing inflation and reforming the currency , and supported ethnic minorities . His government nonetheless lost support in the Sejm and resigned on 26 May 1923 . From 30 September 1923 to 1924 he held the post of Chief Inspector of Infantry ( Generalny Inspektor Piechoty ) . From 17 February 1924 to 1925 , under Prime Minister Grabski , he was Minister of Military Affairs and guided the modernization of the Polish military ; he also created the Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza . He worked actively to promote the cause of the Polish - French military alliance . His proposal to increase the powers of the Minister of Military Affairs while reducing those of the Chief Inspector of the Armed Forces met with sharp disapproval from Piłsudski , who at that time was gathering many opponents of the current government . From 1925 to 1928 Sikorski commanded Military Corps District ( Okręg Korpusu ) VI in Lwów . A democrat and supporter of the Sejm , Sikorski declared his opposition to Józef Piłsudski 's May coup d'état in 1926 ; however he remained in Lwów , refused to dispatch his forces , and played no significant role in the short struggle surrounding the coup . In 1928 he was relieved by Piłsudski of his command , and while he remained on active service , he received no other posting . That year also saw the publication of his book on the Polish -- Soviet War , Nad Wisłą i Wkrą . Studium do polsko -- radzieckiej wojny 1920 roku ( At the Vistula and the Wkra Rivers : a Contribution to the Study of the Polish -- Soviet War of 1920 ) . He would spend the following years studying military theory , publishing works on military theory , history and foreign policy . His most famous work was his 1934 book Przyszła wojna -- jej możliwości i charakter oraz związane z nimi zagadnienia obrony kraju ( lit . War in the Future : Its Capacities and Character and Associated Questions of National Defense , published in English in as Modern warfare . Its character , its problems in 1943 ) , in which he predicted the return of the maneuver warfare . He wrote several other books and many articles , foreseeing , among other things , the rapid militarization of Germany . In due course , soon after he was relieved of his command , and as a semi-dictatorial Sanacja regime was established , Sikorski joined the anti-Piłsudski opposition . Sikorski largely withdrew from politics , spending much of his time in Paris , France , and working with the French Ecole Superieure de Guerre ( war college ) . Even after the death of Piłsudski in 1935 , he was still marginalized , politically and militarily , by Piłsudski 's successors . In February next year , together with several prominent Polish politicians ( Wincenty Witos , Ignacy Paderewski , and General Józef Haller ) he joined the Front Morges , an anti-Sanacja political grouping . Prime Minister in exile ( edit ) Sikorski ( left ) with Polish General Marian Kukiel , Clementine and Winston Churchill , and Polish ambassador Count Edward Raczyński In the days before Poland was invaded by Germany in September 1939 , and during the invasion itself , Sikorski 's request for a military command continued to be denied by the Polish Commander in Chief , Marshal Edward Rydz - Śmigły . Sikorski escaped through Romania to Paris , where on 28 September he joined Władysław Raczkiewicz and Stanisław Mikołajczyk in a Polish government - in - exile , taking command of the newly formed Polish Armed Forces in France . Two days later , on September 30 , president Raczkiewicz called him to serve as the first Polish prime minister in exile . On 7 November he became Commander in Chief and General Inspector of the Armed Forces ( Naczelny Wódz i Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych ) , following Rydz - Śmigły 's resignation . Sikorski would also hold the position of the Polish Minister of Military Affairs , thus uniting in his person all control over the Polish military in war time . During his years as prime minister in exile , Sikorski personified the hopes and dreams of millions of Poles , as reflected in the saying , `` When the sun is higher , Sikorski is nearer '' ( Polish : `` Gdy słoneczko wyżej , to Sikorski bliżej '' ) . At the same time , from early on he had to work to reconcile the pro - and anti-Piłsudski's factions . His government was recognized by the western Allies . Nonetheless Sikorski 's government struggled to get its point of view heard by France and the United Kingdom . The western Allies refused to recognize the Soviet Union as an aggressor , despite the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939 . Furthermore , he struggled to secure resources needed to recreate the Polish Army in exile . Poland , even with its territories occupied , still commanded substantial armed forces : the Polish Navy had sailed to Britain , and many thousands of Polish troops had escaped via Romania and Hungary or across the Baltic Sea . Those routes would be used until the end of the war by both interned soldiers and volunteers from Poland , who jocularly called themselves `` Sikorski 's tourists '' and embarked on their dangerous journeys , braving death or imprisonment in concentration camps if caught by the Germans or their allies . With the steady flow of recruits , the new Polish Army was soon reassembled in France and in French - mandated Syria . In addition to that , Poland had a large resistance movement , and Sikorski 's policies included founding of the Związek Walki Zbrojnej ( Union of Armed Struggle ) , later transformed into Armia Krajowa ( Home Army ) , and creation of the Government Delegation for Poland position , to supervise the Polish Underground State in occupied Poland . In 1940 the Polish Highland Brigade took part in the Battle of Narvik ( Norway ) , and two Polish divisions participated in the defense of France , while a Polish motorized brigade and two infantry divisions were in process of forming . A Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade was created in French - mandated Syria . The Polish Air Force in France had 86 aircraft with one and a half of the squadrons fully operational , and the remaining two and a half in various stages of training . Although many Polish personnel had died in the fighting or had been interned in Switzerland following the fall of France , General Sikorski refused French Marshal Philippe Pétain 's proposal of a Polish capitulation to Germany . On June 19 , 1940 , Sikorski met with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and promised that Polish forces would fight alongside the British until final victory . Sikorski and his government moved to London and were able to evacuate many Polish troops to Britain . After the signing of a Polish - British Military Agreement on August 5 , 1940 , they proceeded to build up and train the Polish Armed Forces in the West . Experienced Polish pilots took part in the Battle of Britain , where the Polish 303 Fighter Squadron achieved the highest number of kills of any Allied squadron . Sikorski 's Polish forces would form one of the most significant Allied contingents . Sikorski ( left ) with Andrew McNaughton , Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle Władysław Anders and Sikorski with Joseph Stalin ( 1941 ) The Fall of France weakened Sikorski 's position , and his proposal to consider building a new Polish army in the Soviet - occupied territories led to much criticism from within the Polish community in exile . On 19 July Raczkiewicz dismissed him from his position as the Prime Minister , replacing him with August Zaleski , however within days pressure from Sikorski 's sympathizers , including the British government , made Raczkiewicz reconsider his decision , and Sikorski was reinstated as the Prime Minister on 25 July . One of Sikorski 's political goals was the creation of a Central and Eastern European federation , starting with the Polish - Czechoslovakian confederation . He saw such an organization as necessary if smaller states were to stand up to traditional German and Russian imperialism . That concept , although ultimately futile , gained some traction around that time , as Sikorski and Edvard Beneš from the Czechoslovak government - in - exile , signed an agreement declaring the intent to pursue closer cooperation on 10 November that year . On 24 December 1940 Sikorski was promoted to generał broni . In March 1941 he visited the United States ; he would visit USA again in March and December 1942 . Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union ( `` Operation Barbarossa '' ) in June 1941 , Sikorski opened negotiations with the Soviet ambassador to London , Ivan Maisky , to re-establish diplomatic relations between Poland and the Soviet Union , which had been broken off after the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 . In December that year , Sikorski went to Moscow with a diplomatic mission . The Polish Government reached an agreement with the Soviet Union ( the Sikorski - Maisky Pact of 17 August 1941 ) , confirmed by Joseph Stalin in December of that year . Stalin agreed to invalidate the September 1939 Soviet - German partition of Poland , declare the Russo - German Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 null and void , and release tens of thousands of Polish prisoners - of - war held in Soviet camps . Pursuant to an agreement between the Polish government - in - exile and Stalin , the Soviets granted `` amnesty '' to many Polish citizens , from whom a new army ( the Polish II Corps ) was formed under General Władysław Anders and later evacuated to the Middle East , where Britain faced a dire shortage of military forces . The whereabouts of thousands more Polish officers , however , would remain unknown for two more years , and this would weigh heavily on both Polish -- Soviet relations and on Sikorski 's fate . Initially , Sikorski supported the Polish -- Soviet rapprochement , which reignited criticism of his person from some Polish factions . Nonetheless , Sikorski soon realized that the Soviet Union had plans for Polish territories , which would be unacceptable to Polish public . The Soviets began their diplomatic offensive after their first major military victory in the Battle of Moscow , and intensified this policy after the battle of Stalingrad , showing less and less regard for their deals with Poland . In January 1942 British diplomat Stafford Cripps informed General Sikorski that while Stalin planned to extend Polish borders to the west , by giving Poland Germany 's East Prussia , he also wanted to considerably push Poland 's eastern frontier westwards , along the lines of the Versailles concept of the Curzon Line , and acquire Lwów and Wilno , if not both . Sikorksi 's stance on eastern borders was not inflexible ; he noted in some documents that some concessions might be acceptable , however , giving up both Lwów and Wilno was not . Katyn revelation and death ( edit ) Main articles : Katyn massacre and 1943 B - 24 crash in Gibraltar In 1943 the fragile relations between the Soviet Union and the Polish government - in - exile finally reached their breaking point when , on April 13 , the Germans announced via the Katyn Commission the discovery of the bodies of 20,000 Polish officers who had been murdered by the Soviets and buried in Katyn Forest , near Smolensk , Russia . Stalin claimed that the atrocity had been carried out by the Germans , while Nazi propaganda orchestrated by Joseph Goebbels successfully exploited the Katyn massacre to drive a wedge between Poland , the Western Allies and the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union , and subsequently Russia , did not acknowledge responsibility for this and similar massacres of Polish officers until the 1990s . When Sikorski refused to accept the Soviet explanation and requested an investigation by the International Red Cross on April 16 , the Soviets accused the government - in - exile of cooperating with Nazi Germany and broke off diplomatic relations on April 25 . Beginning in late May 1943 , Sikorski began visiting Polish forces stationed in the Middle East . In addition to inspecting the forces and raising morale , Sikorski was also occupied with political matters ; around that time , a conflict was growing between him and General Władysław Anders , as Sikorski was still open to some normalization of Polish -- Soviet relations , to which Anders was vehemently opposed . On 4 July 1943 , while Sikorski was returning from an inspection of Polish forces deployed in the Middle East , he was killed , together with his daughter , his Chief of Staff , Tadeusz Klimecki , and seven others , when his plane , a Liberator II , serial AL523 , crashed into the sea 16 seconds after takeoff from Gibraltar Airport at 23 : 07 hours . The crash was attributed to cargo on the plane shifting to the back upon takeoff . Only the pilot , Eduard Prchal ( 1911 -- 1984 ) , survived the crash . Sikorski was subsequently buried in a brick - lined grave at the Polish War Cemetery in Newark - on - Trent , England on 16 July that year . Winston Churchill delivered a eulogy at his funeral . On 14 September 1993 , his remains were exhumed and transferred via Polish Air Force TU - 154M , and escorted by RAF 56 Sqn Tornado F3 jets , to the royal crypts at Wawel Castle in Kraków , Poland . Aftermath and Remembrance ( edit ) Biuletyn Informacyjny from July 15 , 1943 informing about the death of general Władysław Sikorski and ordering a national day of mourning Immediately after the crash , a Polish officer who had witnessed the event from the airstrip began sobbing quietly and repeating : `` This is the end of Poland . This is the end of Poland . '' ( `` To Polska stracona ! '' ) General Sikorski 's death marked a turning point for Polish influence amongst the Anglo - American allies . No Pole after him would have much sway with the Allied politicians . Sikorski had been the most prestigious leader of the Polish exiles and his death was a severe setback for the Polish cause . After the Soviets had broken off diplomatic relations with Sikorski 's government in April 1943 , in May and June Stalin had recalled several Soviet ambassadors for `` consultations '' : Maxim Litvinov from Washington , Fyodor Gusev from Montreal , and Ivan Maisky from London . While Churchill had been publicly supportive of Sikorski 's government , reminding Stalin of his pact with Nazi Germany in 1939 and their joint attack on Poland , in secret consultations with Roosevelt he admitted that some concessions would have to be made by Poland to appease the powerful Soviets . The Polish -- Soviet crisis was beginning to threaten cooperation between the western Allies and the Soviet Union at a time when the Poles ' importance to the western Allies , essential in the first years of the war , was beginning to fade with the entry into the conflict of the military and industrial giants , the Soviet Union and the United States . The Allies had no intention of allowing Sikorski 's successor , Stanisław Mikołajczyk , to threaten the alliance with the Soviets . No representative of the Polish government was invited to the Tehran Conference ( 28 November -- 1 December 1943 ) or the Yalta Conference ( 4 -- 11 February 1945 ) , the two crucial events in which the Western Allies and the Soviet Union discussed the shape of the post-war world and decided on the fate of Poland . Only four months after Sikorski 's death , in November 1943 , at Tehran , Churchill and Roosevelt agreed with Stalin that the whole of Poland east of the Curzon Line would be ceded to the Soviets . In Teheran , neither Churchill nor Roosevelt objected to Stalin 's suggestion that the Polish government in exile in London was not representing Polish interests ; as historian Anita Prażmowska noted , `` this spelled the end of that government 's tenuous influence and raison d'être . '' After the Teheran Conference , Stalin decided to create his own puppet government for Poland , and a Committee of National Liberation ( PKWN ) was proclaimed in the summer of 1944 . The Committee was recognized by the Soviet Government as the only legitimate authority in Poland , while Mikołajczyk 's Government in London , was termed by the Soviets an `` illegal and self - styled authority . '' Mikołajczyk would serve in the Prime Minister 's role until 24 November 1944 , when , realizing the increasing powerlessness of the government in exile , he resigned and was succeeded by Tomasz Arciszewski , `` whose obscurity '' , in the words of historian Mieczysław B. Biskupski , `` signaled the arrival of the government in exile at total inconsequentiality . '' Stalin soon began a campaign for recognition by the Western Allies of a Soviet - backed Polish government led by Wanda Wasilewska , a dedicated communist with a seat in the Supreme Soviet , with General Zygmunt Berling , commander of the 1st Polish Army in Russia , as commander - in - chief of all Polish armed forces . By the time of the Potsdam conference in 1945 , Poland has been relegated to the Soviet sphere of influence ; an abandonment of the Polish government in exile that has led to the rise of the Western betrayal concept . A number of poems dedicated to Sikorski were written by Polish authors during the war . In its aftermath , in the People 's Republic of Poland , Sikorski 's historic role , like that of all the adherents of the London government , would be minimized and distorted by propaganda , and those loyal to the government - in - exile would be liable to imprisonment and even execution . In time , restrictions on discussing Sikorski began to ease ; on a centennial anniversary of his birth in 1981 , commemorative events were held on the Rzeszów Voivodeship , including an academic conference , and revealing of plaques in Nisko and Leżajsk . Ryszard Zieliński published a novel on him , Wejście w mrok ( 1971 ) , and in 1983 a movie , Katastrofa w Gibraltarze by Bohdan Poręba , was made . The Polish government - in - exile , of which Sikorski was the first Prime Minister , would continue in existence until the end of communist rule in Poland in 1990 , when Lech Wałęsa became the first post-communist President of Poland . On 17 September 1993 a statue of Sikorski , sculpted by Wiesław Bielak , was revealed in Rzeszów . In 1995 , Sikorski became the patron of the newly formed Polish 9th Mechanized Brigade . In 2003 , the Polish parliament ( Sejm ) declared the year ( 60th anniversary of Sikorski 's death ) to be the `` Year of General Sikorski '' . A number of streets and schools in Poland bear Sikorski 's name . Memory of General Sikorski was also preserved both in Poland and abroad , by organizations like the Sikorski Institute in London . In the UK , Sikorski received honoris causa degrees from the University of Liverpool and University of St Andrews . In 1981 , a commemorative plaque was revealed at Hotel Rubens in London , where during the war Polish Military Headquarters , including Sikorski 's office , were located . He is commemorated in London 's Portland Place , near the Embassy of Poland , with a larger than life statue , unveiled in 2000 . A propeller from the plane in which he died is the centrepiece of a new memorial to Sikorski at Europa Point , Gibraltar . Controversy surrounding his death ( edit ) Main article : Władysław Sikorski 's death controversy Plaque in memory of Sikorski at the Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned in Gibraltar . The statue of Sikorski on Portland Place , London , erected in 2000 A British Court of Inquiry convened on July 7 , 1943 , investigated the crash of Sikorski 's Liberator II serial AL 523 , but was unable to determine the cause , finding only that it was an accident and `` due to jamming of elevator controls '' , noting that `` it has not been possible to determine how the jamming occurred but it has been established that there was no sabotage . '' . The Polish government refused to endorse this report , due to the contradiction about the cause not being determined but sabotage being ruled out . The political context of the event , coupled with a variety of curious circumstances ( for instance , the Russian agent Kim Philby was head of counter-intelligence for MI6 in Gibaltar at the time ) , immediately gave rise to numerous speculation that Sikorski 's death had been no accident , and may have been the direct result of a Soviet , British , or even Polish conspiracy . Some modern sources note that the accident is not fully explained However , as Roman Wapiński noted in his biographical entry on Sikorski in the Polish Biographical Dictionary in 1997 , no conclusive evidence of any wrongdoing has been found , and Sikorski 's official cause of death is listed as an accident . In 2008 Sikorski was exhumed and his remains were examined by Polish scientists , who in 2009 concluded that he died due to injuries consistent with an air crash , and that there was no evidence that Sikorski was murdered , ruling out theories that he was shot or strangled before the incident ; however they did not rule out the possibility of sabotage , which is still being investigated by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance . As of 2012 , the investigation continues . In December 2017 the book `` To Live Well is to Hide Well '' explains the crash as completely ' deliberate sabotage ' and not an accident , carried out under orders by Polish Military man Bronislaw Urbanski , a member of the OW ZJ ' Lizard Union ' before it merged with the NSZ , trained in sabotage and intelligence reporting . Later Bronislaw became the King Assassin for the Polish Government in Exile with orders located in England . He also was under the directions of Zbigniew Szubanski in Unit 993 / W of the A.K. Based on Bronislaw 's true life story and his detailed confessions . The book describes in detail why , who and exactly how this was done in Gibraltar without any detection to this very day . The method used to down the plane so quickly and leave no evidence has been verified by Garth Barnard Investigator and Producer of ' Sikorski 's Last Flight ' with WW2 Air Crash Investigators in 2017 . Honours and awards ( edit ) Seated sculpture of Sikorski as a young officer , Inowrocław , Poland Order of the White Eagle ( posthumously in 1943 ) Commander 's Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari ( in 1923 ; previously awarded the Silver Cross in 1921 ) Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta ( previously awarded the Commander 's Cross ) Order of the Cross of Grunwald , I Class -- July 2 , 1946 , posthumously by the State National Council Cross of Valour - four times Gold Cross of Merit Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold ( Belgium ) Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion ( Czechoslovakia ) Cross of Liberty ( Estonia ) , Classes I and II ( Estonia ) Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour ( France ) War Cross - August 1943 , posthumously ( Norway ) Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Romania , with spades ( Romania ) Works ( edit ) General Sikorski was also an active writer on the subjects of military tactics and describing his personal war experiences . His works include : Regulamin musztry Związku Strzeleckiego i elementarna taktyka piechoty ( Drill Regulations of the Riflemen 's Association and Basic Infantry Tactics ) , 1911 . Nad Wisłą i Wkrą . Studium do polsko -- radzieckiej wojny 1920 roku ( At the Vistula and the Wkra Rivers : a Contribution to the Study of the Polish -- Soviet War of 1920 ) , 1923 ; latest edition , Warsaw , 1991 . O polską politykę państwową . Umowy i deklaracje z okresu pełnienia urzędu prezesa Rady Ministrów 18 XII 1922 -- 26 V 1923 ( Polish National Policies : Agreements and Declarations from My Tenure as Prime Minister , December 18 , 1922 to May 26 , 1923 ) , 1923 . Podstawy organizacji naczelnych władz wojskowych w Polsce ( Basic Organization of the Supreme Military Authorities in Poland ) , 1923 . Polesie jako węzeł strategiczny wschodniego frontu ( Polesie as a Strategic Node of the Eastern Front ) , 1924 . La campagne polono - russe de 1920 ( French : The Polish - Russian Campaign of 1920 ) , 1928 . Polska i Francja w przeszłości iw dobie współczesnej ( Poland and France in the Past and in the Present Day ) , 1931 . Przyszła wojna -- jej możliwości i charakter oraz związane z nimi zagadnienia obrony kraju ( War in the Future : Its Capacities and Character and Associated Questions of National Defense ) , 1934 ; translated into French in 1934 , and into English in 1943 ; latest edition Warsaw , MON , 1972 . Some of his works have been collected in : Generał Władysław Sikorski : Publicystyka generała Władysława Sikorskiego na łamach Kuriera Warszawskiego w latach 1928 -- 1939 ( General Władysław Sikorski : Articles by General Władysław Sikorski in the Warsaw Courier , 1928 -- 1939 ) , Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra , 1999 , ISBN 83 - 908937 - 3 - 8 . See also ( edit ) Poland portal Biography portal Międzymorze -- World War II and since Polish contribution to World War II Prometheism -- Second period ( 1921 - 23 ) Notes ( edit ) a For a detailed analysis of the size of Polish forces , in comparison to other allies , see note a in the Polish contribution to World War II article . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roman Wapiński , Władysław Sikorski , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , zeszyt 154 ( T. XXXVII / 3 , 1997 , p. 468 Jump up ^ Olgierd Terlecki ( 1976 ) . Generał ostatniej legendy : rzecz o gen . Władysławie Sikorskim . Polonia Bookstore and Publishers Co. p. 7 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Wapiński , Władysław Sikorski , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , zeszyt 154 ( T. XXXVII / 3 , 1997 , p. 469 ^ Jump up to : ( in Polish ) Adam Dobroński . Biogram Archived 2013 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Biuletyn `` Kombatant '' nr specjalny ( 148 ) czerwiec 2003 . ( Biography . Special Edition of Kombatant Bulletin No. 148 6 / 2003 on the occasion of the Year of General Sikorski . Official publication of the Polish government Agency of Combatants and Repressed ) ^ Jump up to : Roman Wapiński , Władysław Sikorski , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , zeszyt 154 ( T. XXXVII / 3 , 1997 , p. 475 ^ Jump up to : Roman Wapiński , Władysław Sikorski , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , zeszyt 154 ( T. XXXVII / 3 , 1997 , p. 470 Jump up ^ Thaddeus M. Piotrowski ( 9 January 2007 ) . Poland 's Holocaust : Ethnic Strife , Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic , 1918 -- 1947 . McFarland . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2913 - 4 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Adrian Hyde - Price ( 23 June 2001 ) . Germany and European Order : Enlarging NATO and the EU . Manchester University Press . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5428 - 0 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter J. Boettke ( 30 September 1990 ) . The Political Economy of Soviet Socialism : the Formative Years , 1918 -- 1928 . Springer . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 9100 - 5 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Wapiński , Władysław Sikorski , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , zeszyt 154 ( T. XXXVII / 3 , 1997 , p. 471 ^ Jump up to : Roman Wapiński , Władysław Sikorski , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , zeszyt 154 ( T. XXXVII / 3 , 1997 , p. 472 ^ Jump up to : Roman Wapiński , Władysław Sikorski , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , zeszyt 154 ( T. XXXVII / 3 , 1997 , p. 473 Jump up ^ Stanislaw Mikolajczyk The Pattern of Soviet Domination Sampson Low , Marston & Co 1948 Page 7 ^ Jump up to : Roman Wapiński , Władysław Sikorski , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , zeszyt 154 ( T. XXXVII / 3 , 1997 , p. 474 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Hempel ( 8 November 2005 ) . Poland in World War II : An Illustrated Military History . Hippocrene Books . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7818 - 1004 - 3 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Hempel2005 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Robert Gretzyngier ( 24 July 1998 ) . Polish Aces of World War 2 . Osprey Publishing . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 726 - 9 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Gregor Dallas ( 30 September 2005 ) . 1945 : The War That Never Ended . Yale University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10980 - 1 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Koskodan ( 23 June 2009 ) . No Greater Ally : The Untold Story of Poland 's Forces in World War II . Osprey Publishing . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 365 - 0 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Steven Zaloga ( 21 January 1982 ) . The Polish Army 1939 -- 45 . Osprey Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 417 - 8 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Walter Lipgens ( 1985 ) . Documents on the history of European integration : Plans for European union in Great Britain and in exile , 1939 -- 1945 ( including 107 documents in their original languages on 3 microfiches ) . Walter de Gruyter . p. 648 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009724 - 5 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Piotr Stefan Wandycz ( 1980 ) . The United States and Poland . Harvard University Press . pp. 245 -- 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 92685 - 1 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anna M. Cienciala ; N.S. ( Natal'ia Sergeevna ) Lebedeva ( 2007 ) . Katyn : A Crime Without Punishment . Yale University Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10851 - 4 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Zawodny , Janusz K. ( 1962 ) . Death in the Forest : The Story of the Katyn Forest Massacre . University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 0 - 268 - 00849 - 3 . Jump up ^ Goebbels , Joseph . The Goebbels Diaries ( 1942 -- 1943 ) . Translated by Louis P. Lochner . Doubleday & Company . 1948 Jump up ^ Russia to release massacre files . BBC News , December 16 , 2004 . Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Polish Government official statement on òApril 17 , 1943 , published in London on April 18 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . , last accessed on December 19 , 2005 , English translation of Polish document Jump up ^ Soviet Note of April 25 , 1943 , severing unilaterally Soviet - Polish diplomatic relations `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2005 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) , last accessed on December 19 , 2005 , English translation of Polish document Jump up ^ Tadeusz A. Kisielewski ( January 2005 ) . Zamach : Tropem zabójców Generała Sikorskiego . Rebis . pp. 169 -- 170 . ISBN 978 - 83 - 7301 - 767 - 2 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2012 ) . The Second World War . United Kingdom : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 472 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Alfred Peszke ( 2005 ) . The Polish Underground Army , The Western Allies , And The Failure Of Strategic Unity in World War II . McFarland . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2009 - 4 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Polish ) Stanczyk , Zbigniew L. p `` Tajemnica gen . Sikorskiego '' Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , `` Przegląd Polski Online '' , December 7 , 2002 . Retrieved on August 2 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : Mieczysaw B. Biskupski ( 2000 ) . The History of Poland . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30571 - 9 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Grzegorz Ostasz , The Polish Government - in - Exile 's Home Delegature . Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Anita Prażmowska ( 1995 ) . Britain and Poland , 1939 -- 1943 : the betrayed ally . Cambridge University Press . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48385 - 8 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter D. Stachura ( 2004 ) . Poland , 1918 -- 1945 : An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic . Psychology Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 34358 - 9 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jerzy Jan Lerski ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of Poland , 966 - 1945 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 26007 - 0 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Lerski1996 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Martin Dean , `` Collaboration in the Holocaust : Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine , 1941 -- 44 '' , Palgrave , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 22056 - 1 Google Book page view Jump up ^ Marc Trachtenberg ( 1999 ) . A Constructed Peace : The Making of the European Settlement , 1945 -- 1963 . Princeton University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00273 - 6 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Herbert Agar ( 15 August 1957 ) . The Price of Power : America Since 1945 . University of Chicago Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 00937 - 7 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What Lech Walesa did '' . Economist.com. 1990 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Jarosław Cięciara ( 1998 ) . Patroni jednostek Wojska Polskiego . Bellona . ISBN 978 - 83 - 11 - 08871 - 9 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Sikorski posiadał m.in . odznaczenia : Order Orła Białego ( pośmiertnie ) , Order Virtuti Militari II i V kl. , Order Polonia Restituta I i III kl. , Krzyż Walecznych ( czterokrotnie ) , Złoty Krzyż Zasługi . Minister Obrony Narodowej decyzją nr 62 ' MON z dnia 19 maja 7.9. 9.5 roku polecił 9 Podlaskiej Brygadzie Zmechanizowanej Odznaka i oznaka 9 w Siedlcach przyjąć imię gen . broni Władysława Sikorskiego Jump up ^ Michael Alfred Peszke ( 2005 ) . The Polish Underground Army , The Western Allies , And The Failure Of Strategic Unity in World War II . McFarland . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2009 - 4 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Time to lay the hero 's ghost '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Dedication of the new memorial to General Sikorski at Europa Point '' . Gibnews. 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Alfred Peszke ( 2005 ) . The Polish Underground Army , The Western Allies , And The Failure Of Strategic Unity in World War II . McFarland . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2009 - 4 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Thom Burnett ( November 2006 ) . Conspiracy Encyclopedia . Franz Steiner Verlag . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84340 - 381 - 4 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Atkin ; Michael Biddiss ; Frank Tallett ( 8 March 2011 ) . The Wiley - Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 . John Wiley & Sons . p. 389 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8922 - 4 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Professor Norman Davies ( 26 August 2008 ) . No Simple Victory : World War II in Europe , 1939 -- 1945 . Penguin . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311409 - 3 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No evidence Polish hero murdered '' . BBC News . January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` IPN ujawnił jak zginął Sikorski '' . Tvn24.pl. 2009 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Śledztwo ws . śmierci gen . Sikorskiego przeniesione z Katowic do Warszawy '' . Wiadomosci.gazeta.pl . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Polskapresse Sp . z o.o. `` Przełom w sprawie tajemniczej śmierci gen . Władysława Sikorskiego ? '' . Wiadomosci24.pl . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ M.P. z 1946 r . Nr 145 , poz. 286 Further reading ( edit ) Baluk , Stefan and Terry A. Tegnazian . Sikorski : No Simple Soldier : A Visual History of World War II 's Unsung Allied Leader ( 2014 ) Coutouvidis , John and Jaime Reynolds . Poland , 1939 - 1947 ( 1986 ) 424 pages online Gelli , Frank Julian . The Dark Side of England ( 2014 ) ASIN : B00QJ19TXI , https://www.amazon.co.uk/Dark-England-Frank-Julian-Gelli-ebook/dp/B00QJ19TXI Korpalska , Walentyna . Wadysaw Eugeniusz Sikorski : Biografia polityczna ( 2nd ed. 1988 ) , the standard biography in Google Peszke , Michael Alfred , The Polish Underground Army , the Western Allies , and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II , foreword by Piotr S. Wandycz , ( Jefferson , NC , McFarland & Company , 2005 ) Ponichtera , R.M. `` The Military Thought of Wladyslaw Sikorski , '' Journal of Military History ( 1995 ) 59 # 2 pp 279 -- 301 ; wide - ranging overview with survey of the historiography on pp 280 -- 82 Rozek , Edward J. Allied Wartime Diplomacy : A Pattern in Poland ( 1958 ) online Sword , Keith , ed . Sikorski : Soldier and Statesman ( 1990 ) important essays by scholars in Google Terry , Sarah Meiklejohn , Poland 's Place in Europe : General Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder - Neisse Line , 1939 -- 1943 , ( Princeton University Press , 1983 ) , online at ACLS e-books Waszak , Leon , and P. Lang , `` Agreement in Principle : the Wartime Partnership of General Wladyslaw Sikorski and Winston Churchill , '' Studies in Modern European History , vol. 20 , April 1996 , ISBN 0 - 8204 - 2849 - 3 Whiteley , Justin , Smierc Generala Sikorskiego , Bellona , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 83 - 11 - 10921 - 6 Woodward , Llewellyn . British Foreign Policy in the Second World War ( 1971 ) vol 2 pp 612 -- 662 Other sources ( edit ) Dead Men 's Secrets the Mysterious Death of General Sikorski , The History Channel DVD , ASIN : B0007V0YCQ Generał Sikorski , premier , naczelny wodz ( General Sikorski : Prime Minister , Commander in Chief ) , London , Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 902508 - 09 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Władysław Sikorski . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Władysław Sikorski Polish Radio podcast on the subject of Sikorski 's death . ( in Polish ) Polish forces in the west during World War II `` Was General Sikorski a victim of the Katyn massacre ? '' by Jozef Kazimierz Kubit , Polish News Monthly , Part I Part II Part III Captain Kazimierz DUDA - 1st Polish Armoured Division - C.K.M. Sikorski : was it murder ? The Times , July 4 , 2003 Sanacja regime , Katyn and the Polish gold Political offices Preceded by Julian Nowak Prime Minister of Poland 1922 -- 1923 Succeeded by Wincenty Witos Preceded by Felicjan Sławoj - Składkowski ( Prime Minister in Poland ) Prime Minister of the Polish Republic in Exile 1939 -- 1943 Succeeded by Stanisław Mikołajczyk Military offices Preceded by Edward Rydz - Śmigły General Inspector of the Armed Forces 1939 -- 1943 Succeeded by Kazimierz Sosnkowski Prime Minister of Poland Duchy of Warsaw ( 1807 -- 1813 ) Stanisław Małachowski Ludwik Szymon Gutakowski Józef Poniatowski ( acting ) Stanisław Kostka Potocki Kingdom of Poland ( 1917 -- 1918 ) Kucharzewski Ponikowski Kanty Steczkowski Świeżyński Wróblewski Second Polish Republic ( 1918 -- 1939 ) Daszyński Moraczewski Paderewski Skulski Grabski Witos Ponikowski Śliwiński Nowak Sikorski Witos Grabski Skrzyński Witos Bartel Piłsudski Bartel Świtalski Bartel Sławek Piłsudski Sławek Prystor Jędrzejewicz Kozłowski Sławek Zyndram - Kościałkowski Składkowski Polish government - in - exile ( 1939 -- 1990 ) Sikorski Mikołajczyk Arciszewski Bór - Komorowski Tomaszewski Odzierzyński Hryniewski Mackiewicz Hanke Pająk Zawisza Muchniewski Urbański Sabbat Szczepanik Polish People 's Republic ( 1944 -- 1989 ) Osóbka - Morawski Cyrankiewicz Bierut Cyrankiewicz Jaroszewicz Babiuch Pińkowski Jaruzelski Messner Rakowski Kiszczak Mazowiecki Third Polish Republic ( 1989 -- present ) Mazowiecki Bielecki Olszewski Pawlak Suchocka Pawlak Oleksy Cimoszewicz Buzek Miller Belka Marcinkiewicz Kaczyński Tusk Kopacz Szydło Morawiecki General Inspectors of the Armed Forces of Poland Józef Piłsudski Edward Rydz - Śmigły Władysław Sikorski Kazimierz Sosnkowski Tadeusz Bór - Komorowski Władysław Anders Michał Karaszewicz - Tokarzewski Stefan Dembiński Stanisław Kopański Zygmunt Bohusz - Szyszko Bronisław Duch BNE : XX4928592 BNF : cb119646132 ( data ) GND : 118614282 ISNI : 0000 0001 2122 3439 LCCN : n81039214 NKC : jn20000701637 SELIBR : 271773 SNAC : w67p9d8v SUDOC : 027649180 VIAF : 17265702 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Władysław_Sikorski&oldid = 835692309 '' Categories : 1881 births 1943 deaths People from Mielec County People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Polish Roman Catholics Polish nobility Prime Ministers of Poland Polish generals Polish military writers Polish nationalists Polish legionnaires ( World War I ) Polish people of the Polish -- Ukrainian War Polish people of the Polish -- Soviet War People of the Polish May Coup ( pro-government side ) Polish military personnel of World War II World War II political leaders Katyn massacre Lviv Polytechnic alumni Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Commanders of the Virtuti Militari Recipients of the Order of the Crown ( Romania ) Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown ( Romania ) Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald , 1st class Recipients of the Cross of Valour ( Poland ) Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit ( Poland ) Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion Recipients of the War Cross ( Norway ) State leaders killed in aviation accidents or incidents Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Gibraltar Burials at Wawel Cathedral Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Articles with Polish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 maint : Unfit url Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 05 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%25C5%2582adys%25C5%2582aw%20Sikorski	686
which is more important fa cup or premier league			FA Cup	fa cup	The FA Cup , known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup , is an annual knockout football competition in men 's domestic English football . First played during the 1871 -- 72 season , it is the oldest association football competition in the world . It is organised by and named after The Football Association ( The FA ) . For sponsorship reasons , from 2015 through to 2018 it is also known as The Emirates FA Cup . A concurrent women 's tournament is also held , the FA Women 's Cup .	The competition is open to any eligible club down to Level 10 of the English football league system -- all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League ( Level 1 ) and the English Football League ( Levels 2 to 4 ) , and several hundred `` non-league '' teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System ( Levels 5 to 10 ) . A record 763 clubs competed in 2011 -- 12 . The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final . Entrants are not seeded , although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds -- the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen . The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition , from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper , meeting the first of the 48 professional teams from Leagues One and Two . The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs , into the draw for the Third Round Proper . In the modern era , only one non-league team has ever reached the quarter - finals , and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final . As a result , as well as who wins , significant focus is given to those `` minnows '' ( smaller teams ) who progress furthest , especially if they achieve an unlikely `` giant - killing '' victory . Winners receive the FA Cup trophy , of which there have been two designs and five actual cups ; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design , introduced in 1911 . Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match . Arsenal are the current holders , having beaten Chelsea 2 -- 1 in the 2017 final to win the cup for the 13th time in their history and become the tournament 's most successful club . Arsenal 's Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the competition with seven finals won . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility 3 Competition format 3.1 Overview 3.2 Schedule 3.3 The draw 3.4 Tiebreaking 4 Qualification for subsequent competitions 4.1 European football 4.2 FA Community Shield 5 Venues 5.1 Competition rounds 5.2 Semi-finals 5.3 Final 5.4 Artificial turf 6 Trophy 6.1 Original design 6.1. 1 1871 original 6.1. 2 1895 replica 6.2 Current design 6.2. 1 1911 original 6.2. 2 1992 replica 6.2. 3 2014 replica 7 Medals 8 Sponsorship 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Final 9.1. 1 Team 9.1. 2 Individual 9.2 All rounds 10 Cup runs and giant killings 10.1 Early years 10.2 Non-league giant killings 10.3 Non-league cup runs 10.4 Giant killings between league clubs 11 Winners and finalists 11.1 Consecutive winners 11.2 Winning managers 11.3 Doubles / Trebles 11.4 Outside England 11.5 Outside the top division 12 Media coverage 12.1 Domestic broadcasters 12.2 Overseas broadcasters 13 References 13.1 Notes 14 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of the FA Cup Harry Hampton scores one of his two goals in the 1905 FA Cup Final where Aston Villa defeated Newcastle United In 1863 , the newly founded Football Association ( the FA ) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football , unifying the various different rules in use before then . On 20 July 1871 , in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper , the FA Secretary C.W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that `` it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete '' . The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871 . After thirteen games in all , Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final , on 16 March 1872 . Wanderers retained the trophy the following year . The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888 -- 89 season , when qualifying rounds were introduced . Following the 1914 -- 15 edition , the competition was suspended due to the First World War , and did not resume until 1919 -- 20 . The 1922 -- 23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium ( known at the time as the Empire Stadium ) . Due to the outbreak of World War II , the competition was not played between the 1938 -- 39 and 1945 -- 46 editions . Due to the wartime breaks , the competition did not celebrate its centenary year until 1980 -- 81 ; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium , but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard . Having previously featured replays , the modern day practice of ensuring the semi-final and final matches finish on the day , was introduced from 2000 onwards . Redevelopment of Wembley saw the final played outside of England for the first time , the 2001 -- 2006 finals being played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . The final returned to Wembley in 2007 , followed by the semi-finals from 2008 . Eligibility ( edit ) The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria . All clubs in the top four levels ( the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League ) are automatically eligible . Clubs in the next six levels ( non-league football ) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup , FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season . Newly formed clubs , such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005 -- 06 and also 2006 -- 07 , may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season . All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium . It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition , although it can happen in exceptional circumstances . Manchester United did not defend their title in 1999 -- 2000 , as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship . The club stated that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premier League titles . The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side . The move benefited United as they received a two - week break and won the 1999 -- 2000 league title by an 18 - point margin , although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship . The withdrawal from the FA Cup , however , drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament 's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation . Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible , although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining : Cardiff City ( the only non-English team to win the tournament , in 1927 ) , Swansea City , Newport County , Wrexham , Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay . In the early years other teams from Wales , Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition , with Glasgow side Queen 's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association . In the 2013 -- 14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time . The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years . In the 2004 -- 05 season , 660 clubs entered the competition , beating the long - standing record of 656 from the 1921 -- 22 season . In 2005 -- 06 this increased to 674 entrants , in 2006 -- 07 to 687 , in 2007 -- 08 to 731 clubs , and for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 competitions it reached 762 . The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then , with 759 clubs participating in 2010 -- 11 , a record 763 in 2011 -- 12 , 758 for 2012 -- 13 , 737 for 2013 -- 14 and 736 for 2014 -- 15 . By comparison , the other major English domestic cup , the League Cup , involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League . Competition format ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beginning in August , the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout , consisting of twelve rounds , a semi-final and then a final , in May . A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages . There is no seeding , the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw . Prior to the quarter - finals , fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only . The first six rounds are qualifiers , with the draws organised on a regional basis . The next six rounds are the `` proper '' rounds where all clubs are in one draw . Schedule ( edit ) Entrants from the bottom two levels ( 9 and 10 ) begin the competition in the Extra Preliminary Round . Clubs from higher levels are then added in later rounds , as per the table below . The months in which rounds are played are traditional , with exact dates subject to each year 's calendar . Round New entrants at this round Month No of matches Qualifying Competition Extra-Preliminary Round Level 9 and 10 clubs August 184 Preliminary Round Level 8 clubs 160 First Round Level 7 clubs September 116 Second Round Level 6 clubs 80 Third Round none October 40 Fourth Round Level 5 clubs 32 Competition Proper First Round Level 3 and 4 clubs November 40 Second Round none December 20 Third Round Level 1 and 2 clubs January 32 Fourth Round none 16 Fifth Round February 8 Quarter - finals March Semi-Finals April Final May The qualifying rounds are regionalised to reduce the travel costs for smaller non-league sides . The first and second proper rounds were also previously split into Northern and Southern sections , but this practice was ended after the 1997 -- 98 competition . The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May . The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 -- 2000 , when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment , and 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished , to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final , as well as in 2011 -- 12 to allow England time to prepare for that summer 's European Championships . The draw ( edit ) The draws for the Extra-Preliminary , Preliminary , and First Qualifying Rounds used to all occur at the same time . Thereafter , the draw for each subsequent round is not made until after the scheduled dates for the previous round , meaning that in the case of replays , clubs will often know their future opponents in advance . This season 2016 / 17 the draw for the 1st qualifying round was drawn at a later date as per previous season 's later rounds . The draw for each of the proper rounds is broadcast live on television , usually taking place at the conclusion of live coverage of one of the games of the previous round . Public interest is particularly high during the draw for the third round , which is where the top - ranked teams are added to the draw . Tiebreaking ( edit ) In rounds up to and including the fifth round proper , fixtures resulting in a draw ( after normal time ) go to a replay , played at the venue of the away team , at a later date ; if that replay is still tied , the winner is settled by a period of extra time , and if still necessary , a penalty shootout . Since 2016 -- 17 , ties are settled on the day from the quarter - finals onwards , using extra time and penalties . Until 1990 -- 91 , further replays would be played until one team was victorious . Some ties took as many as six matches to settle ; in their 1975 campaign , Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds , which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final . Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game , but from 1991 -- 92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice for the rounds proper . This led to penalty shoot - outs being introduced , the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United . From 1980 -- 81 to 1998 -- 99 , the semi-finals went to extra time on the day if the score after 90 minutes was a draw . If the score was still level after extra time , the match would go to a replay . Replays for the semi-finals were scrapped for 1999 -- 2000 , the last semi-final to go into a replay was in 1998 -- 99 when Manchester United beat Arsenal 2 -- 1 after extra time . The first game had ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first FA Cup Final to go to extra time and a replay was the 1875 final , between the Royal Engineers and the Old Etonians . The initial tie finished 1 -- 1 but the Royal Engineers won the replay 2 -- 0 in normal time . The last replayed final was the 1993 FA Cup Final , when Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday fought a 1 -- 1 draw . The replay saw Arsenal win the FA Cup , 2 -- 1 after extra time . The last quarter - final to go to a replay was Manchester United vs West Ham United in the 2015 -- 16 FA Cup . The original game at Old Trafford ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , while Manchester United won the replay at the Boleyn Ground , 2 -- 1 . It was also the last FA Cup game ever played at the Boleyn Ground . Qualification for subsequent competitions ( edit ) European Football ( edit ) The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season 's UEFA Europa League ( formerly named the UEFA Cup ; from its launch in 1960 until 1998 , they entered the now - defunct UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup instead ) . This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight . In the past , if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season 's Champions League or Europa League through their league position , then the losing FA Cup finalist were given this European berth instead . FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage . Losing finalists , if they have n't qualified for Europe via the league , began earlier , at the play - off or third qualifying round stage . From the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Europa League season , however , UEFA does not allow the runners - up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition . If the winner -- and until 2015 , the runner - up -- has already qualified for Europe through their league position ( with the exception of the UEFA Cup until 1998 ) , the FA Cup berth is then given to the highest - place team in the league who has not yet qualified . FA Community Shield ( edit ) The FA Cup winners also qualify for the following season 's single - match FA Community Shield , the traditional season opener played against the previous season 's Premier League champions ( or the Premier League runners - up if the FA Cup winners also won the league -- the double ) . Venues ( edit ) Since 2007 the FA Cup Final has been held at Wembley Stadium , on the site of the previous stadium which hosted it from 1923 to 2000 . Fixtures in the 12 rounds of the competition are usually played at the home ground of one of the two teams . The semi-finals and final are played at a neutral venue -- the rebuilt Wembley Stadium ( since 2008 and 2007 respectively ) . Competition rounds ( edit ) In the matches for the twelve competition rounds , the team who plays at home is decided when the fixtures are drawn -- simply the first team drawn out for each fixture . Occasionally games may have to be moved to other grounds due to other events taking place , security reasons or a ground not being suitable to host popular teams . In the event of a draw , the replay is played at the ground of the team who originally played away from home . In the days when multiple replays were possible , the second replay ( and any further replays ) were played at neutral grounds . The clubs involved could alternatively agree to toss for home advantage in the second replay . Semi-finals ( edit ) The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008 , one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final ( in 2007 ) . For the first decade of the competition , the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue . In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley , semi-finals were played at high - capacity neutral venues around England ; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final , chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel . The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham ( 55 times ) , Hillsborough in Sheffield ( 34 times ) and Old Trafford in Manchester ( 23 times ) . The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final , between 1991 and 2000 ( the last held there ) , but not always for fixtures featuring London teams . In 2005 , both were held at the Millennium Stadium . In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium . This was controversial , with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London , as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final . In defending the move , the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers , although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out . A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86 % opposition to Wembley semi-finals . Final ( edit ) The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened , in 2007 . The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales . Prior to rebuilding , the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 ( being originally named the Empire Stadium ) . One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals ( including five replays ) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea , held at Old Trafford in Manchester . In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening , the final ( including 8 replays ) was held in a variety of locations , predominantly in London , and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace . It was played 22 times at The Oval ( the inaugural competition in 1872 , and then all but two times until 1892 ) . After The Oval , Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914 , broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere . The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 ( the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium ) ; and the University of Oxford 's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final , in 1873 . The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London , as follows : Racecourse Ground , Derby ( 1886 ) Fallowfield Stadium , Manchester ( 1893 ) Goodison Park , Liverpool ( 1894 ) Burnden Park , Bolton ( 1901 replay ) Old Trafford , Manchester ( 1911 replay ) Goodison Park ( 1910 replay ) Bramall Lane , Sheffield ( 1912 replay ) Old Trafford ( 1915 ) Artificial Turf ( edit ) The FA permitted artificial turf ( 3G ) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014 -- 15 edition and beyond . Under the 2015 -- 16 rules , the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality , or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs . This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only -- if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper , they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch . Having been strong proponents of the surface , the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United 's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015 . Trophy ( edit ) The eventual winners of the competition receive the FA Cup ; it is only loaned to the club by the FA , under the current ( 2015 -- 16 ) rules it must be returned by March 1 , or earlier if given seven days ' notice . Traditionally , the holders had the Cup until the following year 's presentation , although more recently the trophy has been taken on publicity tours by the FA in between finals . King George V presents the FA Cup trophy to Tommy Boyle of Burnley F.C. , April 1914 The trophy comes in three parts -- the cup itself , plus a lid and a base . There have been two designs of trophy in use , but five physical trophies have been presented . The original trophy , known as the `` little tin idol '' , was 18 inches high and made by Martin , Hall & Co . It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered , and so was replaced by an exact replica , used until 1910 . The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners , Manchester United , made their own replica , leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright . This new , larger design was by Fattorini and Sons , and was used from 1911 . In order to preserve this original , from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica , although this had to be replaced after just over two decades , after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras . This third replica , first used in 2014 , was built heavier to withstand the increased handling . Of the four surviving trophies , only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership . The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished , in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony . This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take 20 under normal conditions , although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match , and sketching the presumed winner . During the final , the trophy is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists , with the loser 's ribbons being removed at the end of the game . The tradition of tying ribbons started after Tottenham Hotspur won the 1901 FA Cup Final and the wife of a Spurs director decided to tie blue and white ribbons to the handles of the cup . Traditionally , at Wembley finals , the presentation is made at the Royal Box , with players , led by the captain , mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box . At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch . The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final ; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners , Wanderers , until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London . Under the original rules , the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times , although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final , the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock ( who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory ) . Original design ( edit ) 1871 original ( edit ) The first trophy , the ' little tin idol ' , was made by Martin , Hall & Co at a cost of £ 20 It was stolen from a Birmingham shoe shop window belonging to William Shillcock while held by Aston Villa on 11 September 1895 and was never seen again . Despite a £ 10 reward for information , the crime was never solved . As it happened while it was in their care , the FA fined Villa £ 25 to pay for a replacement . Just over 60 years later , 80 year old career criminal Henry ( Harry ) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft , confessing to a newspaper , with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958 . He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men , although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper ( the crime pre-dated written police reports ) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen , detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed . Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half - crown coins , which matched known intelligence of the time , in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse , although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison . He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars . Released in 1961 , he died in 1964 . 1895 replica ( edit ) The second FA Cup trophy , used between 1896 and 1910 . After being rendered obsolete by the redesign , the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA 's long - serving president Lord Kinnaird . Kinnaird died in 1923 , and his family kept it in their possession , out of view , until putting it up for auction in 2005 . It was duly sold at Christie 's auction house on 19 May 2005 for £ 420,000 ( £ 478,400 including auction fees and taxes ) . The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia , surpassing the £ 254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997 . The successful bidder was David Gold , the then joint chairman of Birmingham City ; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country , Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation . Accordingly , Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006 , where it went on immediate public display . It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester . In November 2012 , it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers , after they beat Wanderers 7 -- 1 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final . Current design ( edit ) 1911 original ( edit ) The redesigned trophy first used in 1911 was larger at 61.5 cm ( 24.2 inches ) high , and was designed and manufactured by Fattorini 's of Bradford , coincidentally being won by Bradford City in its first outing . On the 27 March 2016 episode of the BBC television programme Antiques Roadshow , this trophy was valued at £ 1 million by expert Alastair Dickenson , although he suggested that , due to the design featuring depictions of grapes and vines , it may not have been specifically produced for the FA , but was instead an off - the - shelf design originally meant to be a wine or champagne cooler . A smaller , but otherwise identical , replica was also made by Fattorini , the North Wales Coast FA Cup trophy , and is contested annually by members of that regional Association . 1992 replica ( edit ) The current design of the FA Cup ( 1992 replica pictured ) The 1992 replica was made by Toye , Kenning and Spencer . A copy of this trophy was also produced , in case anything happened to the primary trophy . 2014 replica ( edit ) The 2014 replica was made by Thomas Lyte , handcrafted in sterling 925 silver over 250 hours . A weight increase to increase durability has taken it to 6.3 kilograms ( 14 lb ) . Medals ( edit ) Each club in the final receives 30 winners or runners - up medals to be distributed among players , staff , and officials . In 1914 Burnley won the cup and received unique medals incorrectly struck as `` English Cup Winners '' . One is displayed at Turf Moor , within the 1914 collection . Sponsorship ( edit ) Pre-match ceremony of 2010 FA Cup Final showing sponsorship by E. ON See also : English football sponsorship Since the start of the 1994 -- 95 season , the FA Cup has been sponsored . However , to protect the identity of the competition , the sponsored name has always included ' The FA Cup ' in addition to the sponsor 's name , unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word ' cup ' is preceded by only the sponsor 's name . Sponsorship deals run for four years , though -- as in the case of E. ON -- one - year extensions may be agreed . Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018 , renaming the competition as ' The Emirates FA Cup ' , unlike previous editions , which included ' The FA Cup in association with E. ON ' and ' The FA Cup with Budweiser ' . Period Sponsor Name 1871 / 72 -- 1993 / 94 No main sponsor The FA Cup 1994 / 95 -- 1997 / 98 Littlewoods Pools The FA Cup sponsored by Littlewoods 1998 / 99 -- 2001 / 02 AXA The AXA - Sponsored FA Cup 2002 / 03 -- 2005 / 06 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2006 / 07 -- 2010 / 11 E. ON The FA Cup sponsored by E. ON 2011 / 12 -- 2013 / 14 Budweiser The FA Cup with Budweiser 2014 / 15 No main sponsor The FA Cup 2015 / 16 -- 2017 / 18 Emirates The Emirates FA Cup From August 2006 to 2013 , Umbro supplied match balls for all FA Cup matches . Since March 2013 , Nike has supplied the official match ball . Records and statistics ( edit ) See also : Football records in England Final ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most wins : 13 : Arsenal ( 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 3 , joint record : Wanderers ( 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Blackburn Rovers , ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 ) Most appearances in a final : 20 : Arsenal ( 1927 , 1930 , 1932 , 1936 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1993 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most Final appearances without ever winning : 4 , Leicester City ( 1949 , 1961 , 1963 , 1969 ) Most Final appearances without ever losing : 5 , Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 , 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Most Final appearances without losing ( Streak ) : 7 , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 , 1921 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 , 1981 , 1982 ) Biggest win : 6 goals : Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County , ( 1903 ) Most goals in a final : 7 : Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ( 1890 ) Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers ( 1953 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 : Bolton Wanderers : Lost 3 -- 4 against Blackpool ( 1953 ) West Ham United : Drew 3 -- 3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool ( 2006 ) Most defeats : 8 , Everton ( 1893 , 1897 , 1907 , 1968 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2009 ) Individual ( edit ) Ian Rush , the former Liverpool striker and record goalscorer in FA Cup final history Ashley Cole won a record seven FA Cup Finals Most wins by player : 7 , Ashley Cole ( Arsenal ) ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) & ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Most wins by manager : 7 , Arsène Wenger ( Arsenal ) ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) , Most appearances : 9 , Arthur Kinnaird ( Wanderers ) ( 1872 -- 73 , 1874 -- 75 , 1875 -- 76 , 1876 -- 77 , 1877 -- 78 ) & ( Old Etonians ) ( 1878 -- 79 , 1880 -- 81 , 1881 -- 82 , 1882 -- 83 ) Most goals ( one final ) : 3 , Billy Townley ( Blackburn Rovers ) ( 1890 ) , James Logan ( Notts County ) ( 1894 ) & Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) ( 1953 ) Most goals ( all finals ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) ( 2 in 1986 , 2 in 1989 , 1 in 1992 ) Most finals scored in : 4 , Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) ( 1 each in 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Youngest FA Cup finalist : Curtis Weston ( Millwall ) , 17 years and 119 days ( 2004 ) Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final : Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United ) , 18 years and 19 days ( 1983 ) Oldest player : Billy Hampson ( Newcastle United ) , 41 years and 257 days ( 1924 ) All rounds ( edit ) Biggest win : Preston North End 26 -- 0 Hyde ( First Round , 15 October 1887 ) Biggest away win : Clapton 0 -- 14 Nottingham Forest ( First Round , 17 January 1891 ) Highest attendance at Wembley : 126,047 ( official ) up to 300,000 ( estimate ) at the `` White Horse Final '' ( Bolton Wanderers v. West Ham United , 28 April 1923 ) Most clubs competing for trophy in a season : 763 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Longest tie : 660 minutes ( 6 matches in total ) , Oxford City v. Alvechurch ( Fourth Qualifying Round , November 6 / 9 / 15 / 17 / 20 / 22 1971 ; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1 -- 0 ) Longest penalty shootout : 20 penalties each , Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town ( Preliminary Round Replay , 31 August 2005 ; Tunbridge Wells won 16 -- 15 ) Most rounds played in a season : 9 , for : Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1932 -- 33 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) New Brighton ( 1956 -- 57 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Blyth Spartans ( 1977 -- 78 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) Harlow Town ( 1979 -- 80 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Most games played in a season : 13 , Bideford ( 1973 -- 74 : one First Qualifying , two Second Qualifying , five Third Qualifying , four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round ) Fastest goal : 4 seconds , Gareth Morris ( for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United , 1st Qualifying Round , 17 September 2001 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : 22 , Blackburn Rovers ( First Round , 1884 through Second round , replay , 1886 . Won two FA Cups . ) Most consecutive games without defeat : ( Excluding defeat by penalty shoot - out ) 29 , Chelsea ( Third Round Proper , 2009 through Fourth Round Proper , replay , 2013 . Won three FA Cups . ) Fastest hat - trick : 2 min 20 sec , Andy Locke ( for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden , Preliminary Round , August 1995 ) Most career goals : 49 , Henry `` Harry '' Cursham ( for Notts County in 12 tournaments from 1877 -- 78 to 1888 -- 89 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season : 19 , Jimmy Ross ( for Preston North End , 1887 -- 88 . Preston outscored opponents 50 -- 5 over 7 matches , including `` Biggest win '' shown above . ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game : 9 , Ted MacDougall ( for AFC Bournemouth in 11 -- 0 defeat of Margate , First Round Proper , 20 November 1971 ) Scoreline : Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning -- Dulwich Hamlet 8 -- 7 St Albans City ( Fourth Qualifying Round Replay , 22 November 1922 ) , and Dulwich Hamlet 7 -- 7 Wealdstone ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 16 November 1929 ) . Youngest player : Andy Awford , 15 years and 88 days ( for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood , 3rd Qualifying Round , 10 October 1987 ) , Youngest goalscorer : Sean Cato , 16 years and 25 days ( for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town , Preliminary Round , 3 September 2011 ) Youngest goalscorer ( proper rounds ) : George Williams , 16 years and 66 days ( for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town , First Round Proper , 12 November 2011 ) Cup runs and giant killings ( edit ) The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition , where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition in what is known as a `` giant killing '' , is much anticipated by the public . Such upsets are considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition , and the attention gained by giant - killing teams can be as great as that for winners of the cup . Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant - killing act in its history . It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat , or where the giant - killer is a non-league club , i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League . One analysis of four years of FA Cup results showed that it was 99.85 per cent likely that at least one team would beat one from its next higher division in a given year . The probability drops to 48.8 per cent for a two - division gap , and 39.28 per cent for a three - division gap . Early years ( edit ) The Football League was founded in 1888 , 16 years after the first FA Cup competition . Since the creation of The Football League , Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league `` giant - killer '' to win the Cup , taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners - up Sheffield United : although at that time , there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League , and Spurs were champions of the next strongest football league -- the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division ( as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First . ) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League : Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 ( champions of the Football Alliance , a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division , which it formally became in 1892 -- Wednesday being let straight into the First Division ) , and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 ( in which years they were also Southern League champions , proving the strength of that league : again , they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time , but Southampton 's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division . ) Non-league giant killings ( edit ) The most recent examples of a non-league team ( Levels 5 to 10 ) beating a Level 1 opponent are National League side Lincoln City 's away victory over Premier League side Burnley in the 2016 -- 17 FA Cup and Conference Premier side Luton Town 's away victory over Level 1 Premier League 's Norwich City in the 2012 -- 13 Fourth Round Proper . Prior to that game , the last time a non-league side defeated a Level 1 club was in 1989 when Sutton United claimed a 2 -- 1 victory at home over Coventry City , who had won the FA Cup less than two years prior . In the 1971 -- 72 FA Cup , a non-league side achieved a Level 1 giant killing that was voted `` best FA Cup tie ever '' in a 2007 poll by The Observer newspaper . Non-league Hereford United was trailing First Division Newcastle United 0 -- 1 with less than seven minutes left in the Third Round Proper replay , when Hereford 's Ronnie Radford scored the equalizer -- a goal still shown regularly when FA Cup fixtures are broadcast . Hereford finished the shocking comeback by defeating Newcastle 2 -- 1 in the match . Some small clubs gain a reputation for being `` cup specialists '' after two or more giant killing feats within a few years . Yeovil Town holds the record for the most victories over league opposition as a non-league team , having recorded 20 wins through the years before it achieved promotion into The Football League . The record for a club which has never entered The Football League is held by Altrincham , with 16 wins against league teams . Non-league Cup runs ( edit ) See also : List of non-league clubs in the Fifth Round of the FA Cup since 1945 For non-league teams , reaching the Third Round Proper -- where all Level 1 sides now enter -- is considered a major achievement . In the 2008 -- 09 FA Cup , a record nine non-league teams achieved this feat . As of the 2016 -- 17 season , only nine non-league teams have reached the Fifth Round Proper ( final 16 ) since 1945 , and only Lincoln City have progressed to the Sixth Round ( final 8 ) , during the 2016 -- 17 edition of the tournament . Prior to Lincoln 's run , Kidderminster Harriers were the last team to reach the 5th round , in 1994 , where they had a chance to inflict a giant - killing of their own against a Premier League side . They were drawn at home against West Ham United in Round 5 but lost 0 - 1 in a close game at Aggborough . Chasetown , while playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007 -- 08 competition , are the lowest - ranked team to ever play in the Third Round Proper ( final 64 , of 731 teams entered that season ) . Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands ( a lower level within the Southern Football League ) , when they lost to Football League Championship ( Level 2 ) team Cardiff City , the eventual FA Cup runners - up that year . Their success earned the lowly organisation over £ 60,000 in prize money . Giant killings between League clubs ( edit ) In games between league sides , one of the most notable results was the 1992 victory by Wrexham , 92nd / last in the previous season 's league , over reigning league champion Arsenal . Another similar shock was when Shrewsbury Town beat Everton 2 -- 1 in 2003 . Everton finished 7th in The Premier League and Shrewsbury Town were relegated to the Football Conference that same season . Winners and finalists ( edit ) Main article : FA Cup Final See also : List of FA Cup finals Consecutive winners ( edit ) Four clubs have won consecutive FA Cups on more than one occasion : Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 and 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 and 1890 , 1891 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 , 1962 and 1981 , 1982 ) and Arsenal ( 2002 , 2003 and 2014 , 2015 ) . Winning managers ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup winning managers The record for most winner 's medals for a manager is held by Arsène Wenger , who has won seven titles with Arsenal ( 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . Doubles / trebles ( edit ) Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double , namely Preston North End ( 1889 ) , Aston Villa ( 1897 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1961 ) , Arsenal ( 1971 , 1998 , 2002 ) , Liverpool ( 1986 ) , Manchester United ( 1994 , 1996 , 1999 ) and Chelsea ( 2010 ) . In 1993 , Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 1 in both finals . Liverpool ( in 2001 ) and Chelsea ( in 2007 ) have since repeated this feat . In 2012 , Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League . In 1998 -- 99 , Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble . Two years later , in 2000 -- 01 , Liverpool won the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble . An English Treble has never been achieved . Outside England ( edit ) The FA Cup has only been won by a non-English team once . Cardiff City achieved this in 1927 when they beat Arsenal in the final at Wembley . They had previously made it to the final only to lose to Sheffield United in 1925 and lost another final to Portsmouth in 2008 . Cardiff City is also the only team to win the national cups of two different countries in the same season , having also won the Welsh Cup in 1927 . The Scottish team Queen 's Park reached and lost the final in both 1884 and 1885 . Outside the top Division ( edit ) Since the creation of the Football League in 1888 , the final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division , and there have only been eight winners who were not in the top flight : Notts County ( 1894 ) ; Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 ) ; Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 1908 ) ; Barnsley ( 1912 ) ; West Bromwich Albion ( 1931 ) ; Sunderland ( 1973 ) , Southampton ( 1976 ) and West Ham United ( 1980 ) . With the exception of Tottenham , these clubs were all playing in the second tier ( the old Second Division ) -- Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908 , meaning they are the only non-League winners of the FA Cup since the League 's creation . Other than Tottenham 's victory , only 24 finalists have come from outside English football 's top tier , with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners - up : and none at all from the third tier or lower , Southampton ( 1902 , then in the Southern League ) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers . Sunderland 's win in 1973 was considered a major upset , having beaten Leeds United who finished third in the top flight that season. , as was West Ham 's victory over Arsenal in 1980 as the Gunners were in their third successive FA Cup Final and were also the cup holders from the previous year as well as just having finished 4th in the First Division , whereas West Ham had ended the season 7th in Division 2 . This also marked the last time ( as of 2017 - 18 ) a team from outside the top division . Uniquely , in 2008 three of the four semi-finalists ( Barnsley , Cardiff City and West Bromwich ) were from outside the top division , although the eventual winner was the last remaining top - flight team , Portsmouth . West Bromwich ( 1931 ) are the only team to have won the FA Cup and earned promotion to the top flight in the same season ; whereas Wigan Athletic ( 2013 ) are the only team to have won the Cup and been relegated from the top flight in the same season . Media coverage ( edit ) Domestic broadcasters ( edit ) See also : English football on television The FA Cup Final is one of 10 events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events . In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio . The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester , the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927 . The first final on BBC Television was in 1937 in a match which featured Sunderland and Preston North End but this was not televised in full . The following season 's final between Preston and Huddersfield was covered in full by the BBC . When ITV was formed in 1955 they shared final coverage with the BBC in one of the only club matches shown live on television , during the 1970s and 1980s coverage became more elaborate with BBC and ITV trying to steal viewers from the others by starting coverage earlier and earlier some starting as early as 9 a.m. which was six hours before kick off . Nowadays , this continues with Setanta and ESPN having all - day broadcasts from Wembley , but terrestrial TV coverage usually begins two hours before kick off . The sharing of rights between BBC and ITV continued from 1955 to 1988 , when ITV lost coverage to the new Sports Channel which later became Sky Sports . From 1988 to 1997 , the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup , the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal . From 1997 to 2001 , ITV and Sky shared live coverage with both having two matches per round and BBC continuing with highlights on Match of the Day . From 2002 to 2008 , BBC and Sky again shared coverage with BBC having two or three matches per round and Sky having one or two . From 2008 -- 09 to 2013 -- 14 , FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales , with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them . ITV shows 16 FA Cup games per season , including the first pick of live matches from each of the first to sixth rounds of the competition , plus one semi-final exclusively live . The final is also shown live on ITV . Under the same 2008 contract , Setanta Sports showed three games and one replay in each round from round three to five , two quarter - finals , one semi-final and the final . The channel also broadcast ITV 's matches exclusively to Scotland , after the ITV franchise holder in Scotland , STV , decided not to broadcast FA Cup games . Setanta entered administration in June 2009 and as a result the FA terminated Setanta 's deal to broadcast FA - sanctioned competitions and England internationals . As a result of Setanta going out of business ITV showed the competition exclusively in the 2009 -- 10 season with between three and four matches per round , all quarter finals , semi-finals and final live as the FA could not find a pay TV broadcaster in time . ESPN bought the competition for the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK . In October 2009 , The FA announced that ITV would show an additional match in the First and Second Rounds on ITV , with one replay match shown on ITV4 . One match and one replay match from the first two rounds will broadcast on The FA website for free , in a similar situation to the 2010 World Cup Qualifier between Ukraine and England . The 2009 -- 10 First Round match between Oldham Athletic and Leeds United was the first FA Cup match to be streamed online live . Many expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009 -- 10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final . ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010 -- 11 season . The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN ( who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D ) and ITV . Following the sale of ESPN 's UK and Ireland channels to BT , ESPN 's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013 -- 14 season . BBC Radio 5 Live and Talksport provides radio coverage including several full live commentaries per round , with additional commentaries broadcast on BBC Local Radio . Until the 2008 -- 09 season , the BBC and Sky Sports shared television coverage , with the BBC showing three matches in the earlier rounds . Some analysts argued the decision to move away from the Sky and , in particular , the BBC undermined the FA Cup in the eyes of the public . The early rounds of the 2008 -- 09 competition were covered for the first time by ITV 's online service , ITV Local . The first match of the competition , between Wantage Town and Brading Town , was broadcast live online . Highlights of eight games of each round were broadcast as catch up on ITV Local . Since ITV Local closed , this coverage did not continue . ITV lost the rights to the FA Cup beginning with the 2014 -- 15 FA Cup , terrestrial rights will return to BBC Sport , with the final being shown on BBC One while BT Sport hold the pay TV rights . Under this deal , the BBC will show around the same number of games as ITV and still having the first pick for each round . Matches involving Welsh clubs are sometimes exclusively broadcast on Welsh language channel S4C , which is also available to view across the rest of the United Kingdom on satellite and cable television , and through the channel 's website . A similar arrangement is shared with BBC Cymru Wales from 2014 -- 15 , potentially giving the BBC an extra match per round . Overseas broadcasters ( edit ) See also : List of FA Cup broadcasters The FA sells overseas rights separately from the domestic contract . Territory Current broadcaster ( s ) Former broadcaster ( s ) Australia First Round to the Semi-finals are broadcast exclusively by ESPN Australia ; final co-broadcast with SBS . Due to Australian anti-siphoning laws , the FA Cup Final is on a list of sporting events , that must first be offered to national television broadcasters and commercial free - to - air television broadcasters before rights can be acquired by a subscription television broadcaster . Africa Supersport , since 2015 -- 16 Albania Tring Sport , since 2009 -- 10 Belgium Eleven Sports Network , since 2015 -- 2016 Prime , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 Canada Sportsnet World , since 2011 -- 12 Setanta Sports , 2008 -- 09 -- 2010 -- 11 Denmark SBS Discovery Channel ( Kanal 5 , 6'eren , 7'eren ) , since 2012 -- 13 France beIN Sport , since 2012 -- 13 Canal+ , 2007 -- 08 , France Télévisions , 2008 -- 09 -- 2011 -- 12 India Sony Six & Sony ESPN , since 2012 -- 13 Italy Fox Sports , since 2013 -- 14 SKY Italia , 2003 -- 04 -- 2011 -- 12 , Mediaset Premium , 2012 -- 13 Netherlands FOX Sports , since 2010 -- 11 Russia Match TV , since 2015 -- 16 Spain Teledeporte , since 2016 -- 17 Movistar+ , 2008 -- 2012 Sweden TV10 , since 2013 -- 14 United States From 2012 -- 13 , Fox Sports will feature FA Cup games split between Fox Sports 1 , Fox Sports 2 , Fox Soccer Plus and the broadcast Fox network , with the Final being on Fox . English football portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The oldest Cup competetion ( sic ) in the world is at the fourth round stage , while Tottenham Hotspur are in Premier League action . Raidió Teilifís Éireann . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rules of The FA Cup for season 2015 -- 16 '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Complete Record of The FA Cup . p. 878 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 19 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final : The greatest goal from the last 50 years voted by you '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 's FA Cup catastrophe '' . BBC News . 27 July 2000 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I regret Manchester United 's FA Cup pull - out : Fergie '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Staniforth , Tommy ( 29 October 1999 ) . `` United underline Cup withdrawal '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Guernsey Press ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Lions in FA Cup '' . www.thisisguernsy.com . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` No Replays in the 2017 Emirates FA Cup Quarter - Finals '' . www.thefa.com . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` Tarnished FA Cup needs a Manchester derby 's drama '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 12 May 2011 ) . `` No escape for 2012 FA Cup final from date clash with Premier League '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Hammers nail Fulham '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Penalty shoot - out makes English FA Cup history '' . New Straits Press . Kuala Lumpur . 28 November 1991 . p. 44 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashenden , Mark ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` FA Cup quarter - final replays to be scrapped from next season '' . Sky Sports . Sky UK . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who qualifies to play in Europe ? '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Premier League , 3 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` UEFA Direct '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Magazine . October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup : Greg Dyke says semi-finals will stay at Wembley '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Football supporters hail FA Cup semi-final decision '' . Football Supporters ' Federation . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 8 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Paul ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` FA Cup semi-finals : should they be played at Wembley ? -- poll '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nurse , Howard ( 19 October 2006 ) . `` Wembley Stadium to open next year '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 3G pitches allowed in all rounds of FA Cup from 2014 -- 15 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial pitches given go - ahead for FA Cup qualifying rounds '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maidstone United 2 -- 1 Stevenage '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup reborn for 2014 final as new trophy is cast '' . BBC News . BBC News . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup given top Antiques Roadshow value of more than £ 1m '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birmingham City boss buys FA Cup '' . BBC . 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmet Smith -- FA Cup engraver '' . The Guardian . 12 May 2007 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Association , The Football . `` Up for the Cup ! Historic FA Cup on Display at Stoke Park '' . www.surreyfa.com . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennox , Doug ( 1 June 2009 ) . Now You Know Soccer . Dundurn . ISBN 9781770706132 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 4 October 2010 ) . Firsts , Lasts & Onlys of Football : Presenting the most amazing football facts from the last 160 years . Octopus . p. 1878 . ISBN 9780600622543 . Jump up ^ Brown , Paul ( 29 May 2013 ) . The Victorian Football Miscellany . Superelastic . p. 63 . ISBN 9780956227058 . Jump up ^ `` The Trophies '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unsolved : Did this OAP really steal the famous FA Cup ? '' . Birmingham Mail . Trinity Mirror Midlands. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oldest FA Cup presented to museum '' . BBC . 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Al - Samarrai , Riath ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Engineers steamroll Wanderers 7 -- 1 in repeat of first ever FA Cup final at The Oval ... 140 years after the original '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toye trophies page '' . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Mark . `` The history of the FA Cup trophy '' . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RULES OF THE FA CHALLENGE CUP COMPETITION '' . The Football Association . p. 23 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup medal is back at Turf Moor '' . www.burnleyexpress.net . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup get first title sponsor following deal with Emirates Airline '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F.A. Cup Soccer Gets A Sponsor '' . The New York Times . 2 September 1994 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axa wins FA Cup '' . BBC News . 23 July 1998 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FA announces new Cup sponsorship '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NotFound '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser up for Cup in £ 8m a year deal '' . The Sun . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ DailyMail ( 12 April 2013 ) . `` First look at new FA Cup ball , making its debut in this weekend 's semi-finals '' . 12 April 2013 . London . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Mr FA Cup : England star Cole has won the competition an incredible SEVEN times '' . Daily Mail . 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Barber , David ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Fastest Cup hat - trick '' . The FA . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Heroes '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 20 November -- Mac o ' Nine Tales , On This Football Day . Jump up ^ `` Gills ' Freeman makes Cup history '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager breaks FA Cup record on his debut '' . Loughborough Echo. 10 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The harder they fall '' . ESPN.co.uk . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giant - killing not a tall order in FA Cup '' . The Times . 8 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Morshead , Sam ( 6 January 2017 ) . `` Liverpool have suffered more FA Cup giant - killings than any other Premier League side : Why Plymouth should be encouraged ahead of their Anfield trip '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ BBC Sport , 26 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` It 'll never happen '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Twenty to tackle answers '' . 23 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessel , Anna ( 3 January 2009 ) . `` Non-league presence in third round of FA Cup breaks all - time record '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 8 '' . BBC News . 7 December 2000 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burnley 0 -- 1 Lincoln City '' . BBC News . 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Chasetown 1 -- 3 Cardiff . Jump up ^ Magee , Andrew ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Arsene Wenger 's sixth FA Cup win draws him level with the most important man in Aston Villa 's history ... George Ramsay '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TheFA.com -- Shocks do happen '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 6 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup semi-final draw 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FA face Setanta shortfall '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup to be broadcast Free - to - Air '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Latics to face Leeds in Cup '' . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup and England TV rights up for grabs as Setanta falls into administration and prepares to disappear from our screens '' . Daily Mail . London . 23 June 2009 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` ESPN secures rights to show FA Cup matches from next season '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's 3D coverage of 2011 FA Cup Final to be available on Sky 3D '' . Sky TV . London . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BT Group acquires ESPN 's UK and Ireland television channels business '' ( Press release ) . BT Group . 25 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sale , Charles ( 2 September 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : E. ON opt against extending FA Cup sponsorship deal '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Watch The FA Cup online '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cup tie live online '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` BBC to show live matches from 2014 -- 15 season '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` S4C to broadcast live coverage of Wrexham 's FA Cup clash '' . S4C . Sianel Pedwar Cymru. 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrexham v Stevenage or Maidstone live on BBC Wales '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teledeporte emite la Emirates FA Cup '' . RTVE.es. 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` FOX to Broadcast FA Cup Final and Arsenal - Spurs FA Cup Match on Over-the - Air Network '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since 1920 , when the Football League expanded to three divisions , no club from outside the top two divisions has reached the final . Since 1914 , when QPR reached the fourth round proper ( the last eight / quarter - final stage ) , the only non-league club to have reached that stage is Lincoln City in 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FA Cup . The FA Cup Archive -- England 's official Football Association site , all results with dates , including all qualifying rounds The official FA Cup website Thomas Fattorini Ltd. makers of the 1911 FA Cup -- manufacturers of the 1911 FA Cup and other sporting trophies FA Cup going under the hammer -- BBC News story on the sale of the second trophy FA Supporters -- Independent FA Cup Supporters Club FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1993 2001 2017 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry England National team English Football League The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland UEFA members national football cups Current Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro USSR Yugoslavia Non-UEFA Vatican City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Cup&oldid=813276323 '' Categories : FA Cup Recurring sporting events established in 1871 Football cup competitions in England National association football cups 1871 establishments in England Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 21 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA%20Cup	687

Subsets and Splits

No saved queries yet

Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.