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4039334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Goyette | Susan Goyette | Susan (Sue) Goyette (born 4 April 1964 in Sherbrooke, Quebec) is a Canadian poet and novelist.
Biography
Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Goyette grew up in Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, on Montreal's south shore.
Her first poetry book, The True Names of Birds (1998), was nominated for the 1999 Governor General's Award, the Pat Lowther Award and the Gerald Lampert Award. Goyette's first novel, Lures (2002), was nominated for the 2003 Thomas Head Raddall Award. She has also written another poetry collection, Undone (2004), and won the 2008 CBC Literary Award in poetry for the poem "Outskirts". The poetry collection of the same name, Outskirts, won the Atlantic Poetry Prize in 2012. Goyette's fourth poetry collection, Ocean, was published in 2013 by Gaspereau Press. Her fifth poetry collection, The Brief Reincarnation of a Girl, was published in 2015 by Gaspereau Press.
Goyette's collection Ocean is the recipient of the 2015 Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia Masterworks Arts Award, which recognizes the excellence of a particular work of art or design from any media and carries a cash value of $25,000.
Goyette has been a member of the faculty of The Maritime Writers' Workshop, The Banff Wired Studio, and The Sage Hill Writing Experience.
Goyette was a judge for the 2017 Griffin Poetry Prize.
Personal life
She presently lives in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and teaches at Dalhousie University. In April 2020, she was named the city's eighth poet laureate.
Her stepson, Colin Munro, currently lives in the United Kingdom, where he performs as a drag queen under the name Crystal, and was a competitor in the first season of RuPaul's Drag Race UK.
Awards and honours
Her 2020 poetry collection Anthesis was shortlisted for the ReLit Award for poetry in 2021, and Georgette LeBlanc's French translation of Goyette's Ocean won the Governor General's Award for English to French translation at the 2020 Governor General's Awards.
Bibliography
The True Names of Birds (Brick, 1998)
Lures (Harper Flamingo, 2002)
Undone (Brick, 2004)
First Writes (Banff Centre, 2005) (anthology edited with Kelley Aitken and Barbara Scott)
Outskirts (Brick Books, 2011)
Ocean (Gaspereau Press, 2013) (shortlisted for the 2014 Griffin Poetry Prize)
The Best Canadian Poetry In English, 2013 (Tightrope Books, 2013) (anthology guest editor)
The Brief Reincarnation of a Girl (Gaspereau Press, 2015)
Penelope (Gaspereau Press, 2017)
Anthesis (2020)
References
1964 births
Canadian women novelists
Canadian women poets
Living people
People from Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville
Writers from Sherbrooke
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
Poets Laureate of Halifax, Nova Scotia |
4039338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Namias | Jerome Namias | Jerome Namias (March 19, 1910 – February 10, 1997) was an American meteorologist, whose research included El Niño.
Biography
Jerome "Jerry" Namias was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the second son of Joseph Namias, an optometrist, and Sadie Jacobs Namias. He was raised in Fall River, Massachusetts. On graduation from high school, Namias was offered a four-year scholarship to Wesleyan University in Connecticut; however, because of his father's illness and the Great Depression, Namias decided to stay home and try to find a job to help his family out." He took correspondence courses, which allowed him to obtain employment in meteorology-related areas. Later he studied at the University of Michigan for one year, then joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1936 as research assistant. In the 1930s he studied the phenomena of the Dust Bowl. In 1941 he received his Master's degree from MIT.
From 1941 to 1971 he was Chief of the Extended Forecast Division of the U.S. Weather Bureau (now the National Weather Service). In the 1940s he developed the 5-day-forecast, and month and season forecasts in the 1960s. Further, he was responsible for forecasting for the Allies during World War II in Northern Africa.
Namias helped to develop the system of passenger flight weather forecasting, and researched the interaction between the oceans and atmosphere. He was involved in the research of the El Niño phenomena in the Pacific Ocean and its relevance to the world climate.
In 1971 he joined the Scripps Institution and established the first Experimental Climate Research Center. His prognosis of warm weather during the Arab oil embargo of 1973 greatly aided domestic policy response.
Education
Namias attended public schools in Fall River, graduating from Durfee High School in 1928. He was offered a four-year scholarship to Wesleyan University, but due to the looming recession and his father's ill health, Jerome elected to remain home at that time. Shortly thereafter, he became infected with tuberculosis and was confined to his residence for several years. During that time he took several correspondence courses, including courses in meteorology, from Clark University. Although he never received an undergraduate degree, he eventually received a Master's degree in Science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1941). He also later received honorary Ph.D's from University of Rhode Island (1972) and from Clark University (1984).
While working at the National Weather Service in Washington D.C., Namias entered into correspondence with the head of the newly established meteorology department at MIT, Carl-Gustaf Rossby. At Rossby's urging, Namias enrolled as an undergraduate student at MIT in 1932. However, in 1934 he left MIT to work in the nascent forecasting bureau of Trans-World Airlines in Newark and then in Kansas City, where he stayed until 1934. That job was canceled in 1934 when TWA lost a government airmail contract, and Namias "was happy to return to part-time work at MIT and Blue Hill Observatory, even though he had to learn to live on student pay once again."
In 1934 Namias had determined to obtain a college degree, and had enrolled in the University of Minnesota, which had lower tuition than MIT. However, he had serious health problems (pleural effusion) during that year, and he returned to Fall River, to continue his self-education. While in Fall River he published a seminal paper on atmospheric inversions (1936), which again impressed Dr Rossby, who offered Namias a graduate assistantship at MIT, beginning with the 1936 Fall term. He continued working and studying at MIT, receiving an M.S. degree in 1941.
The University of Rhode Island granted Namias an honorary D.Sc., in 1972; Clark University followed with a similar bestowal in 1984.
Career in meteorology
After recovering from tuberculosis in the early 1930s, Namias sought employment in the field of meteorology. One petition, to H. H. Clayton at the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, resulted in a job offer. Namias was hired after a face-to-face interview which included an exercise in extracting predictions from meteorological data, and he was sent to the weather bureau in Washington, D.C. He was put to work compiling world weather records and solar weather studies.
In the NWS library, Namias discovered the scientific reports issued by Carl G. Rossby's new department of meteorology at MIT. He wrote Rossby, questioning some of the papers' assertions. Rossby, surprisingly, soon responded, acknowledging that part of Namias's assertions were indeed correct, and inviting Namias to come visit him.
Rossby had major influence on Namias. He arranged a job for Namias, taking and analyzing data from the research aircraft instruments used by the department at the East Boston Airport. Sometimes, Namias's work entailed fourteen-hour days, which included tracking balloon runs with the help of a theodolite to determine wind directions and speeds at various altitudes.
In 1934 Rossby suggested that Namias take a job in the rapidly expanding airline industry, with its desire to establish meteorological departments. He began working for Trans World Airlines, first at Newark and then at Kansas City, forecasting for transcontinental flights. However, TWA had to temporarily downsize after losing a lucrative government airmail contract, and Namias was unemployed. By this time he was known as an expert forecaster. He gave advice to Auguste Piccard in connection with Piccard's record-setting high-altitude balloon flights. He assisted helped out at the national gliding and soaring contest in New York, where Dupont made a distance record for the United States by using Namias's forecast of a strong frontal passage to glide all the way to Boston.
In 1936 Namias returned to work and study at MIT, working with and under Dr Rossby. Rossby had just begun working on his theory of long waves on the westerlies and was trying to convince people of its validity. One of the main difficulties in applying Rossby's ideas involved the lack of data aloft, particularly over the oceans. At Rossby's suggestion, Namias constructed a trial upper-level map by judicial extrapolations, estimating quantitatively the flow patterns aloft over the North Atlantic, as well as the United States. Namias was later one of the unnamed contributors to Rossby's 1939 seminal paper.
While at MIT, Namias was a proponent of isentropic analyses. A 1938 paper on the subject resulted in his receiving the first Clarence Leroy Meisinger Award of the American Meteorological Society in 1938. He was also part of an MIT team devoted to developing reliable methods for long-range weather forecasts (up to a week out). The group's work caught the attention of the US military as World War II began unfolding, and in 1941 Namias was asked to take a one-year leave of absence from MIT to head the forecasting effort in Washington, D.C.
The one-year leave of absence stretched on, while Namias supervised a seminal sea-level mapping effort, taught future military pilots and civilian forecasters at several training centers, and made extended predictions for several large-scale military offensives. He received a citation from Navy Secretary Frank Knox for his sea-state forecasts for the North African invasion. Namias also made forecasts for favorable periods for the transfer of disabled vessels to other ports for repair; estimates of the likely course of incendiary balloons from Japan; favorable and unfavorable conditions for the possible invasion of Japan; and certain aspects of the meteorology for bombing raids.
Dr Rossby returned to Sweden after the war to found the International Institute of Meteorology, and invited Namias to Stockholm. He used his time there to investigate variations in upper airflow patterns. He and colleague Phil Clapp issued a 1949 paper describing asymmetric variations in the upper-level winds, and in 1950 he issued a notable study of the index cycle.
By 1953 Namias felt enough confidence in his five-day prediction procedures to begin extending them to thirty days. He also began issuing advisory statements about hurricane probabilities a month in advance. This led to his receipt of the 1955 Award for Extraordinary Scientific Achievement, the highest accolade given by the American Meteorological Society.
In 1955 Namias also received the Rockefeller Public Service Award, which made it possible for him to spend a year studying at his choice of locale. He used this stipend to return to Stockholm. He documented his studies in papers explaining the influence of land and snow on atmospheric movements. A 1955 paper explored the possibility that the soil moisture in the Great Plains of the United States played an important role in the Great Plains drought by varying the heat input to the overlying atmosphere.
Namias was invited to speak at the 1957 Rancho Santa Fe CalCOFI (California Cooperative Fisheries) conference of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He gave a standard talk about anomalous mid-altitude events, and then sat back to listen to the other speakers. A remarkable oceanic warming (now called El Niño) had recently occurred over the eastern Pacific. Southern fish were being caught in northern waters; unusual typhoons were observed; the atmosphere and ocean were not acting normally. This drastic switch in normally-observed weather caught Namias's attention, and he thereafter began to draw on the influence of the ocean surface in his weather studies. However, it was several years later before he could devote himself to unraveling the phenomenon. His mentor Rossby and his best friend and brother-in-law Harry Wexler were gone, both from heart failure, and he also had a heart attack in 1963. In 1964 he was involved in an automobile accident in Boston. Growing tired of all the budget battles, he submitted his retirement from the Weather Service in 1964.
Namias left NWS, but moved to Scripps to continue his investigations. In 1981 Namias received the Sverdrup Gold Medal of the American Meteorological Society for his pioneering efforts on air-sea interactions.
Personal
Namias married Edith Paipert in 1938. They had one child, Judith. He was survived by his wife, daughter and grandchildren when he died in La Jolla, California due to complications of a stroke which left him partially paralyzed and unable to speak or write (1989), and of pneumonia (1997).
During his long and intense career, Namias never learned to drive a car. He was always driven by fellow workers, students or family members.
Awards and honors
Namias received many honors and awards, including election into the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He won the Gold Medal of the U.S. Department of Commerce for distinguished achievement. He published more than 200 papers and worked in the field of meteorology until 1989. An endowed chair was established in his name at Scripps Institution of Oceanography to honor his legacy; the chair is currently held by Professor Ian Eisenman.
1938 Meisinger Award, American Meteorological Society
1943 Citation from Navy Secretary Frank Knox for weather forecasts in connection with the invasion of North Africa
1950 Meritorious Service Award, U.S. Department of Commerce
1955 Award for Extraordinary Scientific Accomplishment, American Meteorological Society
1955 Rockefeller Public Service Award
1965 Gold Medal Award, U.S. Department of Commerce
1972 Rossby fellow, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
1977 Visiting scholar, Rockefeller Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy
1978 Headliner Award (Science), San Diego Press Club
1981 Sverdrup Gold Medal, American Meteorological Society
1984 Compass Distinguished Achievement Award, Marine Technology Society
1984 Associates Award for Research, University of California, San Diego
1985 Department of Commerce Certificate of Appreciation
Societies
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (fellow)
American Association for the Advancement of Science (fellow)
American Geophysical Union (fellow)
American Meteorological Society (fellow), councilor 1940-42, 1950–53, 1960–63, and 1970–73
Board of Editors, Geofísica Internacional, Mexico
Explorers Club (fellow)
Mexican Geophysical Union
National Academy of Sciences
National Weather Association
Royal Meteorological Society of Great Britain
Sigma Xi
Washington Academy of Sciences (fellow)
References
External links
MIT-side of Namias
Portrait from his biography, at Experimental Climate Prediction Center (SIO)
American meteorologists
Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty
1910 births
1997 deaths
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
People from Fall River, Massachusetts
Wesleyan University people
Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal recipients
University of Michigan alumni
Department of Commerce Gold Medal
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
National Weather Service people
Sverdrup Gold Medal Award Recipients |
4039342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschines%20of%20Sphettus | Aeschines of Sphettus | Aeschines of Sphettus (, c. 425 BC – c. 350 BC) or Aeschines Socraticus (), son of Lysanias, of the deme Sphettus of Athens, was a philosopher who in his youth was a follower of Socrates. Historians call him Aeschines Socraticus—"the Socratic Aeschines"—to distinguish him from the more historically influential Athenian orator also named Aeschines. His name is sometimes but now rarely written as Aischines or Æschines.
Aeschines and Socrates
According to Plato, Aeschines of Sphettus was present at the trial and execution of Socrates. We know that after Socrates' death, Aeschines went on to write philosophical dialogues, just as Plato did, in which Socrates was main speaker. Though Aeschines' dialogues have survived only as fragments and quotations by later writers, he was renowned in antiquity for his accurate portrayal of Socratic conversations. According to John Burnet, Aeschines' style of presenting Socratic dialogue was closer to Plato's than Xenophon's. (Some modern scholars believe that Xenophon's writings are inspired almost entirely by Plato's and/or by the influence of other Socratics such as Antisthenes and Hermogenes. On the other hand, there is no good reason to think that Aeschines' writings were not based almost entirely on his own personal recollections of Socrates.)
Socratic dialogues
According to Diogenes Laërtius, Aeschines wrote seven Socratic dialogues:
Alcibiades (not to be confused with either Platonic dialogue of the same name)
Aspasia
Axiochus (not to be confused with the dialogue of the same name erroneously included in the Platonic corpus)
Callias
Miltiades
Rhinon
Telauges
Of these, we have the most information about the Alcibiades and the Aspasia, and only a little about the others. The Suda, a Byzantine encyclopedia compiled a dozen centuries later, ascribes to Aeschines several other works called "headless" or "Prefaceless" (akephaloi): Phaidon, Polyainos, Drakon, Eryxias, On Excellence, The Erasistratoi, and The Skythikoi. Few modern scholars believe these other works were written by Aeschines.
The 2nd century AD sophist Publius Aelius Aristides quotes from the Alicibiades at length, preserving for us the largest surviving chunk of Aeschines' written work. Just before World War I, Arthur Hunt recovered from Oxyrhynchus a papyrus (#1608) containing a long, fragmentary passage from this dialogue that had been lost since ancient times. In the dialogue, Socrates converses with a young, ambitious Alcibiades about Themistocles and argues that Alcibiades is unprepared for a career in politics since he has failed to "care for himself" in such a way as to avoid thinking that he knows more than what he actually knows on matters of the most importance. Socrates seems to argue for the view that success is directly proportional to knowledge (though knowledge may not be sufficient for complete success), as opposed to being dependent merely on fortune or divine dispensation, independent of knowledge. Socrates' arguments cause the usually cocky Alcibiades to weep in shame and despair—a result also attested to by Plato in the Symposium. Socrates claims that it is only through loving Alcibiades that he can improve him (by cultivating in him a desire to pursue knowledge?), since Socrates has no knowledge of his own to teach.
Our major sources for the Aspasia are Athenaeus, Plutarch, and Cicero. In the dialogue, Socrates recommends that Callias send his son Hipponicus to Aspasia to learn politics. In the dialogue, Socrates argues, among other things, that women are capable of exactly the same military and political "virtues" as are men, which Socrates proves by referring Callias to the examples of Aspasia herself (who famously advised Pericles), Thargelia of Miletus (a courtesan who supposedly persuaded many Greeks to ally themselves with Xerxes who in turn gave Thargelia part of Thessaly to rule), and the legendary Persian warrior-queen Rhodogyne. (The doctrine is likewise found in Plato's Meno and Republic, and so is confirmed as genuinely Socratic.) A certain Xenophon is also mentioned in the dialogue—Socrates says that Aspasia exhorted this Xenophon and his wife to cultivate knowledge of self as a means to virtue—but this Xenophon may not be the same Xenophon who is more familiar to us as a historian and another author of Socratic memoirs.
In the Telauges, Socrates converses with the Pythagorean ascetic Telauges (a companion of Hermogenes who was Callias' half-brother and a follower of Socrates) and Crito's young son Critobulus. In the dialogue, Socrates criticizes Telauges for his extreme asceticism and Critobulus for his ostentatiousness, apparently in an attempt to argue for a moderate position.
The Axiochus—named after Axiochus, the uncle of Alcibiades—criticized Alcibiades for being a drunkard and a womanizer. Evidently, it was, like the Alcibiades, one of the many works that the Socratics published to clear Socrates of any blame for Alcibiades' corruption.
In the Callias, there is a discussion of the "correct use" of wealth; it is argued that how one holds up under poverty is a better measure of virtue than how well one makes use of wealth. In the dialogue, Prodicus is criticized for having taught Theramenes.
The setting of the Miltiades is the stoa of Zeus Eleutherios. The dialogue is between Socrates, Euripides, Hagnon (stepfather of Theramenes), and Miltiades son of Stesagoras. This Miltiades is not to be confused with Miltiades the Younger, but is probably a close relative of his. The dialogue contains an encomium to Miltiades for having had an exemplary training and education in his youth, perhaps in contrast to the kind of education offered by sophists like Protagoras.
Anecdotes
Diogenes Laërtius, in his brief Life of Aeschines, reports that Aeschines, having fallen into dire financial straits, went to the court of Dionysius the Younger in Syracuse and then returned to Athens after Dionysius was deposed by Dion. (If this is true, Aeschines must have lived at least until 356, which would mean that he probably died of old age in Athens, as he was likely not less than 18 at the time of Socrates' trial in 399.) He is also said to have practised rhetoric, writing speeches for litigants.
Athenaeus quotes a passage from a lost prosecution speech, ghosted by Lysias, Against Aeschines, in which Aeschines' adversary chastises him for incurring a debt while working as a perfume vendor and not paying it back, a turn of events that is surprising—the speaker alleges—given that Aeschines was a student of Socrates and that both of them spoke so much of virtue and justice. Among other charges, Aeschines is basically characterized as a sophist in the speech. (We gather that the litigation in question was one brought by Aeschines himself against his lender for reasons that are not made clear in Athenaeus' quotation.)
Diogenes Laërtius claims that, contrary to Plato's Crito, it was Aeschines rather than Crito who urged Socrates after his trial to flee Athens rather than face his sentence; Diogenes says that Plato puts the arguments into Crito's mouth because Plato disliked Aeschines due to his association with Aristippus. But Diogenes' source for this is Idomeneus of Lampsacus, a notorious scandalmonger.
From Hegesander of Delphi (2nd century CE)—via Athenaeus—we hear of the scandal that Plato stole away Aeschines' only student Xenocrates. But Hegesander is notoriously unreliable, and the story is entirely uncorroborated. There is no other evidence of Aeschines' having a "philosophy" of his own to teach or any followers of his own.
Scholarship
The extant fragments and quotations concerning Aeschines were collected by the German scholar Heinrich Dittmar. That collection has been superseded by the Italian scholar Gabriele Giannantoni's work on Socratic writings. English translations are hard to find. G. C. Field has a translation of some of the Alcibiades fragments, paraphrases the other Alcibiades fragments, and a translation of Cicero's excerpt of Aspasia. More recently, David Johnson has published a translation of all the extant passages from the Alcibiades.
Charles Kahn provides a good, up-to-date account of Aeschines' writings, with many references to current secondary literature on the topic. Kahn believes that Aeschines' writings, and in general all Socratic dialogues of the time, constitute literature and cannot be an ultimately reliable source of historical information.
Kahn's treatment might profitably be contrasted with A.E. Taylor's position that both Plato and Aeschines preserve a faithful historical legacy in their portrayals of Socrates.
References
Further reading
4th-century BC philosophers
Classical Greek philosophers
Pupils of Socrates
420s BC births
350s BC deaths |
4039346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Becker | Sandy Becker | George Sanford Becker (February 19, 1922 – April 9, 1996), who was known professionally as Sandy Becker, was an American television announcer, actor, and comedian who hosted several popular children's programs in New York City. The best known of these was The Sandy Becker Show, which ran from 1955 to 1968 on WABD-TV and WNEW-TV, channel 5.
Radio actor and announcer
Sandy Becker was born and raised in New York City. He held local radio announcing jobs before first reaching public attention in 1947 on radio as the title character of the series Young Doctor Malone. Originally a pre-med student at New York University in the 1930s, Becker played the character on the radio for a decade, after having been the show's announcer. Becker was invited to take the role to television in 1958, but declined, in order to pursue his own television projects.
Children's TV host
After Dr. Malone, Becker started working for WABD (later WNEW) TV channel 5 in New York City and began hosting a program featuring Bugs Bunny cartoons, The Looney Tunes Show, on weeknights from 1955 to 1958. A second Friday night program called Bugs Bunny Theater ran from 1956 to 1957. Becker also did also announcing, such as for Wildroot Cream-Oil ads in the television series The Adventures of Robin Hood. He also did radio spots for Crisco.
In the middle of those activities, Becker found his true calling, spun off in large part from his knack for entertaining his own three children, with his vocal and comic versatility and mimicry. This led him to his morning show, beginning in 1955. He soon added a noontime program, Sandy Becker's Funhouse, briefly in 1955. He also hosted the first year of the syndicated children's Sunday TV show Wonderama, from its six-hour premiere in September 1955, until 1956.
The Sandy Becker Show
Becker would also host a weekday afternoon and evening children's wraparound program, The Sandy Becker Show, which had him playing comedic characters, performing puppet skits, engaging his viewers in informational segments and contests, and interviewing guest performers and personalities in-between the reruns of movie and TV cartoons. The show was seen weekday afternoons and evenings from Monday, March 30, 1961, to Friday, February 16, 1968. It also ran on Saturday evenings, from March 27, 1961, to September 4, 1965.
Becker's propensity for doing comic voices brought him much work in animation. His best-known work there was perhaps Mr. Wizard on King Leonardo and His Short Subjects — "Drizzle, drazzle, druzzle, drome / Time for this one to come home" — who was always indulging, then rescuing Tooter Turtle from his outlandish wishes. Becker also provided the voices for Sergeant Okie Homa and Ruffled Feathers on Go Go Gophers. The former character sounded similar to John Wayne, while the latter simply exploded into babbling gibberish whenever he explained his latest idea to stop the coyote adversaries.
On his morning and (later) afternoon children's programs, Becker created such characters as double-talking disc jockey Hambone, the addled, but brilliant Big Professor (who claimed to know the answer to every question in the world), rumpled Hispanic kid's show host K. Lastima, incompetent mad scientist Dr. Gesundheit, and — showing a flair for silent comedy — simple-minded Norton Nork, whose routines of earnest bumbling were joined only by musical accompaniment and a droll Becker narration that ended, invariably, with, "That's my boy, Norton Nork — you've done it again!" He also had a real bird in a cage called "Chipper".
Another aspect of Becker's humor was derived from his interaction with his (often ethnically stereotyped) hand puppets, which included; "Marvin Mouse", "Googie", the German-accented "Geeba Geeba", the English "Sir Clive Clyde", "Wowee the Indian", the space creature "Sputnik", the Latino "K. Lastima" (the name taken from the Spanish phrase "¡Qué lástima!" {"What a pity"}), and the Irish "Danny Moran".
Becker's show was so popular in the New York area, that when he began using a version of the "Hambone" song from an old 78 rpm record by Red Saunders, which was recorded in 1952, Okeh Records re-released the song on a 45 rpm record; it reached survey position #22 on local rock radio station WMCA in March 1963. For the morning show's own theme music, Sandy came to use Guy Warren's "That Happy Feeling" as recorded in 1962 by Bert Kaempfert. (The evening show used "Afrikaan Beat" also by Kaempfert.)
Becker also created the puppet "Henry Headline", who delivered lighter news to the children who watched. Becker was quoted in an early 1960s interview in 'Long Island Press",
as saying it was better to introduce children to news listening on a lighter note; "the impact of a major news story might be lost to them, or it might even frighten them. They'll learn about wars and international crises soon enough. I try to keep the news as light as possible. Occasionally I'll use an item that has historical value."
In spite of this view — or perhaps because of it — Becker is warmly remembered for the manner in which he handled one of America's deepest tragedies on the air. On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Becker went on the air and, quite movingly, attempted to explain to his young viewers what had happened.
Later years and death
Most of Becker's programs were not preserved. Because they aired live and were not kinescoped or videotaped; they live on only in the memories of those who watched them. However, some clips have surfaced on the Internet.
After Metromedia cancelled the last of this TV shows in June 1968, Becker joined WNEW-AM as a DJ, hosting the 4:00pm to 8:00pm time slot. He spent much of his later years as a children's television consultant, helping other children's shows create puppets and characters. He became known as a mentor to new generations of children's hosts. He also did voice overs for cartoons.
"I never treated them as though they were in swaddling clothes," Becker said many years later of his young viewers. "Most kid shows regard young viewers as babies. I wanted to treat them as their parents might if they were on TV."
In April 1996, seven weeks past his 74th birthday, Becker died following a heart attack at his home in the Long Island hamlet of Remsenburg.
Personal life
In 1942, when he was 20 years old, Sandy Becker was working as an announcer at North Carolina AM radio station WBT in Charlotte. He met Charlotte native Ruth Venable when she visited the station and married her on July 20. The following year, Becker returned with his wife to New York where they became the parents of Joyce, Curtis, and Annelle. He was survived by his second wife, Cherie, whom he married in 1980, and his three children.
References
External links
Tribute site
1922 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male radio actors
American male voice actors
American children's television presenters
Male actors from New York City
Radio and television announcers
Radio personalities from New York City
Television personalities from New York City |
4039348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Tilt | Glen Tilt | Glen Tilt (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Teilt) is a glen in the extreme north of Perthshire, Scotland. Beginning at the confines of Aberdeenshire, it follows a South-westerly direction excepting for the last 4 miles, when it runs due south to Blair Atholl. It is watered throughout by the Tilt, which enters the Garry after a course of 14 miles, and receives on its right the Tarf, which forms some beautiful falls just above the confluence, and on the left the Fender, which has some fine falls also. The attempt of George Murray, 6th Duke of Atholl to close the glen to the public was successfully contested by the Scottish Rights of Way Society in 1847. The massive mountain of Beinn a' Ghlò and its three Munros Càrn nan Gabhar (1129 m), Bràigh Coire Chruinn-bhalgain (1070 m) and Càrn Liath (975) dominate the glen's eastern lower half.
Marble of good quality is occasionally quarried in the glen, and the rock formation has long attracted the attention of geologists. One of the earliest was James Hutton, who visited the glen in 1785 and found boulders with granite penetrating metamorphic schists in a way which indicated that the granite had been molten at the time. This showed to him that granite formed from cooling of molten rock, contradicting the ideas of Neptunism of that time that theorised that rocks were formed by precipitation out of water. Hutton concluded that the granite must be younger than the schists. This was one of the findings that led him to develop his theory of Plutonism and the concept of an immensely long geologic time scale with "no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end." Sir John Clerk of Eldin visited the site and produced geological drawings of the area, immediately upstream of the old Dail-An-Eas Bridge which has since collapsed but the abutments remain as a listed building.
A chronicle written by Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie in the 1570s describes a banquet prepared by the Earl of Atholl for James V to impress a Papal ambassador. This event seems to have taken place in 1532 in a temporary wooden lodge built like a castle in Glen Tilt. The lodging was burnt at the end of the event. Mary, Queen of Scots visited Glen Tilt in August 1564, and wrote a letter from the "Lunkartis in Glentilth" to her ally Colin Campbell of Glenorchy.
References
External links
Walking Scotland - Old Bridge of Tilt - Glen Tilt - Gows Bridge
Pitlochry Walks - GLEN TILT
Image Bank - Glen Tilt valley sides
Tour Glen Tilt, Tour Scotland.
Tilt
Landforms of Aberdeenshire
Valleys of Perth and Kinross |
4039349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griboyedov%20Canal | Griboyedov Canal | The Griboyedov Canal or Kanal Griboyedova () is a canal in Saint Petersburg, constructed in 1739 along the existing Krivusha river. In 1764–90, the canal was deepened and the banks were reinforced and covered with granite.
The Griboyedov Canal starts from the Moyka River near the Field of Mars. It flows into the Fontanka River. Its length is , with a width of .
Before 1923, it was called the Catherine Canal, after the Empress Catherine the Great, during whose rule it was deepened. The Communist authorities renamed it after the Russian playwright and diplomat, Alexandr Griboyedov.
The streets or embankments running along the canal are known as Naberezhnaya Kanala Griboyedova.
Bridges
There are 21 bridges across the canal:
Tripartite Bridge
Novo-Konyushenny Bridge
Italian Bridge
Kazansky Bridge
Bank Bridge
Flour Bridge
Stone Bridge
Demidov Bridge
Hay Bridge
Kokushkin Bridge
Voznesensky Bridge
Podyachensky Bridge
Bridge of Four Lions
Kharlamov Bridge
Novo-Nikolsky Bridge
Krasnogvardeysky Bridge
Pikalov Bridge
Mogilyovsky Bridge
Alarchin Bridge
Kolomensky Bridge
Malo-Kalinkin Bridge
Cultural references
Griboedov Canal appears on the cover of the 2011 contemporary classical album, Troika.
The canal is a key location in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel, Crime and Punishment. Like most locations in the novel, the canal is rarely identified by its proper name; in fact, on most occasions Dostoyevsky refers to it as a kanava, a word which in English is closer to the word "ditch." In a footnote to the Penguin Deluxe Classics edition of the book, translator Oliver Ready describes the canal as a "filthy and polluted place" which is nevertheless "the topographical center of the book." The novel's protagonist, Raskolnikov, repeatedly crosses over the canal, and tentatively plans on disposing of stolen property there. The apartment building where he commits his crimes "faced the Ditch on one side and [Srednyaya Podyacheskay]a Street on the other."
Gallery
References
Canals of Saint Petersburg
Canals opened in 1739
1739 establishments in the Russian Empire |
4039353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhasoba | Mhasoba | Mhasoba, pronounced "MUH-SO-BAA", is a horned buffalo deity of pastoral tribes in Western and Southern India. In Maharashtra, many Gawlis (tribes making their living cow-herding and by selling milk and milk products) have been worshipping this deity for hundreds of years.
Rosalind O'Hanlon, Professor at the University of Oxford stated that Mhasoba is traditionally very popular in the Maratha caste. She quotes about the devotion of the Marathas in the 19th century to Mhasoba as follows:
Mhasoba is also worshiped by the Bhonsles. There is a shrine of Mhasoba at the Purandar Fort and there is also a beautiful water reservoir nearby that is named after him i.e. 'Mhasoba Taki'.
Mhasoba's shrines are not Brahminical and there is nothing written about him in Sanskrit literature. He is considered a "kshetrapal" i.e. guardian deity worshiped by farmers. He is also considered a "guardian brother of the seven river goddesses termed as Sati-Asara"
Mhasoba is sometime connected with Shiva, who may have been a pre-Vedic deity adopted by Hindu culture. In the Mhasoba cult of Maharashtra, Mhasoba (Mahisha/Mahesha, which is another name for Shiva/Shankar) is worshipped with his wife Jogubai (Durga).
References
External links
www.shrimhasobamaharaj.org
www.aghori.it
Regional Hindu gods
Forms of Shiva |
4039356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1zava%20%28town%29 | Sázava (town) | Sázava (, ) is a town in Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bělokozly, Černé Budy, Čeřenice and Dojetřice are administrative parts of Sázava.
Geography
Sázava is located about northeast of Benešov and southeast of Prague. It lies is a hilly landscape, the eastern part of the municipal territory belongs to the Benešov Uplands and the western part belongs to the Vlašim Uplands. Most of the built-up area is situated around bends of the Sázava River.
History
The settlement was founded around the Sázava Monastery, established in 1032 and destroyed in the Hussite Wars, in 1421. The first written mention of the village near the monastery called Černé Budy, which is the oldest part of the town, is from 1053. The municipal name of Sázava is modern.
Economy
The eastern side of the town, on the left bank of the Sázava River, is largely industrial in character. It includes the Kavalierglass, Inc. glass manufacturer plant. It was established in 1837 by Franz Kavalier, however, the original smelter has not been preserved.
Transport
The town is located on the railway line from Prague to Ledeč nad Sázavou and is served by four train stations.
Sights
The main landmark is the Sázava Monastery. Today it is managed by the National Heritage Institute and open to the public.
In popular culture
Sázava has appeared under the name Sasau as one of the accessible towns in the 2018 video game Kingdom Come: Deliverance.
Notable people
Frank Toepfer (1845–1902), Czech-American machinist, engineer and businessman
Otomar Korbelář (1899–1976), actor
George Voskovec (1905–1981), Czech-American actor and writer
References
External links
Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Benešov District |
4039368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron%20%28disambiguation%29 | Positron (disambiguation) | A positron is an elementary particle of antimatter.
Positron may also refer to:
Positron (video game), the 1983 video game published by Micro Power
Positron! Records, a Chicago-based independent record label
Positron Corporation, an American nuclear medicine healthcare company
"Positron", a 1993 trance track by Cygnus X
Positron, a bicycle shifting system from Shimano
See also
Positron emission, the radioactive decay
Positronic brain, the fictional device conceived by Isaac Asimov |
4039372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITVS | ITVS | ITVS (Independent Television Service) is a service in the United States which funds and presents documentaries on public television through distribution by PBS and American Public Television, new media projects on the Internet, and the weekly series Independent Lens on PBS. Aside from Independent Lens, ITVS funded and produced films for more than 40 television hours per year on the PBS series POV, Frontline, American Masters and American Experience. Some ITVS programs are produced along with organizations like Latino Public Broadcasting and KQED.
Besides Independent Lens, ITVS series include Indie Lens Storycast on YouTube and Women of the World with Women and Girls Lead Global. Prior series include Global Voices (on World) and FutureStates.
ITVS is funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), and is based in San Francisco.
ITVS has funded more than 1,400 films, with an eye on diversity and underrepresented audiences and filmmakers. The organization champions inclusion on the screen and behind the camera: Nearly 70% of ITVS funds go to diverse producers, 50% to women.
History
ITVS was established through legislation by the United States Congress in 1988, “to expand the diversity and innovativeness of programming available to public broadcasting,” and began funding new programming via production licensing agreements in 1990. From 2005-2010, it expanded its reach through the creation of the Global Perspectives Project, which facilitated the international exchange of documentary films made by independent producers. In 2017, ITVS was named the recipient of a Peabody Institutional Award for its contributions to storytelling in television; the Peabody board of jurors cited "an accomplished range of work as rich as any broadcaster or funder," and in the same year the organization learned it was to receive the 2017 Emmy Governors Award chosen by the Television Academy Board of Governors, awarded during the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony on Saturday, September 9, 2017.
ITVS has discovered and nurtured prominent filmmakers, including one of the first films by Oscar-winning director Barry Jenkins, who made a film.
In 2015, ITVS created a new digital journalism initiative
Notable works
Among the prominent films funded by ITVS:
I Am Not Your Negro (Oscar-nominated film by Raoul Peck)
Meet the Patels (Ravi and Geeta Patel)
TOWER (Keith Maitland)
Newtown (Kim A. Snyder)
The Force (Pete Nicks)
Dolores (Peter Bratt)
Best of Enemies (By Oscar-winner Morgan Neville, Robert Gordon)
Have You Heard From Johannesburg (Primetime Emmy Award winner by Connie Field)
A Lion in the House (Primetime Emmy Award winner by Julia Reichert, Steven Bognar)
Brother to Brother (ITVS-funded drama by Rodney Evans, starring then-unknown Anthony Mackie)
Independent Lens
Since 1999, ITVS has produced Independent Lens, a weekly television series airing on PBS presenting documentary films made by independent filmmakers. For the first three seasons Independent Lens aired 10 episodes each fall season. In 2002, PBS announced that in 2003 the series would relaunch and expand to 29 primetime episodes a year.
In 2017, ITVS announced Indie Lens Storycast, a free subscription-based docuseries channel on YouTube, co-produced with PBS Digital Studios. Storycast launched in September of that year with docuseries Iron Maidens and The F Word.
In addition, ITVS produces Indie Lens Pop-Up, formerly Community Cinema, an in-person series that brings people together for film screenings and community-driven conversations, featuring documentaries seen on Independent Lens.
Awards
32 ITVS films have won Peabody Awards, including How to Survive a Plague by David France; Marco Williams and Whitney Dow’s Two Towns of Jasper; Leslee Udwin’s India’s Daughter; and The Invisible War by Kirby Dick and Amy Ziering.
ITVS-Supported Peabody Winners
Between the Folds
Bhutto
Billy Strayhorn: Lush Life
Brakeless
Chisholm '72: Unbought & Unbossed
’’Coming Out Under Fire’’
Craft in America
Deej
Dolores
Don't Tell Anyone (No Le Digas a Nadie)
Flag Wars
The Gate of Heavenly Peace
A Healthy Baby Girl
The House I Live In
How to Survive a Plague
India's Daughter
The Invisible War
The Judge
King Corn
Latino Americans
The Lord Is Not on Trial Here Today
Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart
Mapping Stem Cell Research: Terra Incognita
Maya Angelou: And Still I Rise
Minding the Gap
The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers
My Perestroika
Newtown
The Order of Myths
Park Avenue: Money, Power & the American Dream’’Solar MamasReel Injun A Room NearbySisters in LawStill Life with Animated DogsSummer PastureTravisTwo Towns of JasperWho Killed Chea Vichea?TrappedITVS-Supported News & Documentary Emmy WinnersAbacus: Small Enough to JailForever PureTOWERThe Armor of Light Thank You for Playing In Football We Trust (T)error Best of EnemiesPromises School Prayer: A Community at WarBilly Strayhorn: Lush LifeBe Good, Smile Pretty The Invisible WarLast Train HomeOperation Homecoming: Writing the Wartime ExperienceThe WoodmansArt & Copy The HomestretchMedoraMade in L.A.Where Soldiers Come FromBlinkA Lion's TrailDetropiaThe Trials of Muhammad AliGirls Like Us Operation Homecoming: Writing the Wartime ExperienceWhen I Walk The InterruptersNobody's BusinessOutlawed in PakistanThe English SurgeonFenceline: A Company Town DividedITVS-Supported Primetime Emmy Winners Have You Heard From Johannesburg A Lion In The House''
References
External links
Official ITVS site
Independent Television Service (ITVS) on IMDb
Independent Lens | PBS
Independent Lens on IMDb
FutureStates
FUTURESTATES on IMDb
Public television in the United States
Peabody Award winners |
4039373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonaqua | Gonaqua | The Gonaqua (or Gonaguas, meaning "borderers") were a Xhosa ethnic group, descendants of a very old union between the Khoikhoi and the Xhosa. This union predates the arrival of Europeans in South Africa. The Gonaqua have been regarded as outcasts by the Bantus. They were targets during the Second Frontier War, but received protection from the British.
Sources
"Gonaqua, n." Dictionary of South African English. Dictionary Unit for South African English, 2020. Accessed 1 March 2020.
Ethnic groups in South Africa |
4039380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media%20processor | Media processor | A media processor, mostly used as an image/video processor, is a microprocessor-based system-on-a-chip which is designed to deal with digital streaming data in real-time (e.g. display refresh) rates. These devices can also be considered a class of digital signal processors (DSPs).
Unlike graphics processing units (GPUs), which are used for computer displays, media processors are targeted at digital televisions and set-top boxes.
The streaming digital media classes include:
uncompressed video
compressed digital video - e.g. MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4
digital audio- e.g. PCM, AAC
Such SOCs are composed of:
a microprocessor optimized to deal with these media datatypes
a memory interface
streaming media interfaces
specialized functional units to help deal with the various digital media codecs
The microprocessor might have these optimizations:
vector processing or SIMD functional units to efficiently deal with these media datatypes
DSP-like features
Previous to media processors, these streaming media datatypes were processed using fixed-function, hardwired ASICs, which could not be updated in the field. This was a big disadvantage when any of the media standards were changed. Since media processors are software programmed devices, the
processing done on them could be updated with new software releases. This allowed new generations of systems to be created without hardware redesign. For set-top boxes this even allows for the possibility of in-the-field upgrade by downloading of new software through cable or satellite networks.
Companies that pioneered the idea of media processors (and created the marketing term of media processor) included:
MicroUnity MediaProcessor - Cancelled in 1996 before introduction
IBM Mfast - Described at the Microprocessor Forum in 1995, planned to ship in mid-1997 but was cancelled before introduction
Equator Semiconductor BSP line - their processors are used in Hitachi televisions, company acquired by Pixelworks
Chromatic Research MPact line - their products were used on some PC graphics cards in the mid-1990s, company acquired by ATI Technologies
Philips TriMedia line - used in Philips, Dell, Sony, etc. consumer electronics, Philips Semiconductors split off from Philips and became NXP Semiconductors in 2006
Consumer electronics companies have successfully dominated this market by designing their own media processors and integrating them into their video products. Companies such as Philips, Samsung, Matsushita, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi have their own in-house media processor devices.
Newer generations of such devices now use various forms of multiprocessing—multiple CPUs or DSPs, in order to deal with the vastly increased computational needs when dealing with high-definition television signals.
External links
http://www.microunity.com
http://www.equator.com
best lga 1155 cpu
http://www.philips.com
http://www.nxp.com
Central processing unit
Coprocessors
Digital electronics
Digital signal processing
Digital signal processors |
4039391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles | 1986 French Open – Women's singles | Defending champion Chris Evert successfully defended her title, defeating Martina Navratilova in the final, 2–6, 6–3, 6–3 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1986 French Open. It was her seventh French Open singles title and her 18th and final major singles title overall, an Open Era record. It also marked the 13th consecutive year in which Evert won a major, another Open Era record. The final between Evert and Navratilova was their third successive final at the French Open.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Chris Evert is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Earlier rounds
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
See also
Evert–Navratilova rivalry
References
External links
1986 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Singles
French Open by year – Women's singles
French Open - Women's Singles
1986 in women's tennis
1986 in French women's sport |
4039401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20Keeper%20%281983%20video%20game%29 | Zoo Keeper (1983 video game) | Zoo Keeper is an arcade game created by Taito America and released in 1983. The player controls Zeke, a zookeeper, attempting to rescue his girlfriend Zelda from a zoo where the animals have escaped from their cages. The majority of the game takes place on a screen where the player builds a wall to keep animals in the zoo—jumping them to avoid contact. Platforming segments are interspersed every few levels. The game was available as a conversion kit for Taito's Qix.
Gameplay
Zoo Keeper has three different types of stages. In the zoo stage, Zeke must run around the edges of the screen to build up the zoo's outer wall and keep the animals from escaping as they try to break through it from inside. Each of these stages is timed, with items appearing periodically that can be picked up for bonus points. One item is always a net; if Zeke picks this up, he can use it for a few seconds to capture animals and put them back in the cage at the center of the screen. Multiple nets appear in later zoo stages. When time runs out, the player earns bonus points for every animal that is not outside the wall perimeter. Points are also earned for jumping over animals.
After every second zoo stage, the player enters a stage in which the goal is to maneuver Zeke from the bottom of the screen to a platform at top center, where Zelda is tied to a tree. All platforms except the top one scroll across the screen, some carrying bonus items; the player scores points for moving from one level to another (up or down), grabbing items, and touching Zelda to rescue her. At the same time, a monkey throws down coconuts that bounce among the platforms and must be avoided.
After every platform stage except the first, the player enters a bonus stage with several escalators and a cage in front of each one. Zeke must cross the screen to get to each escalator, jumping over both the animals running toward him and the cage itself. Zelda waits for him at the top of the last escalator; if he reaches her, the player earns an extra life. The first bonus stage has two escalators, the second one has three, and all subsequent bonus stages have four.
If Zeke touches an animal without holding a net, is hit by a coconut, or falls off the bottom edge of the screen, one life is lost and the player must replay the current stage from the beginning. Any built-up walls on the zoo stages will remain in place from one life to the next.
Development
The initial design, from Keith Egging, was for a game about a crab that interacted with eggs and tadpoles that emerged from the eggs. The game evolved based on programmer John Morgan's ideas. He described how the art was created:
Zoo Keeper was not ported to contemporary home systems, but programmer Christopher H. Omarzu partially implemented an Atari 2600 version which was cancelled in 1984.
Legacy
Zoo Keeper was re-released in the 2005 Taito Legends collection for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows.
The game's main character, Zeke, later appeared in a family-friendly version of Taito's mechanical game Ice Cold Beer called Zeke's Peak. In this game, Zeke is a mountain climber instead of a zookeeper.
References
External links
Zoo Keeper at Arcade History
Keeper of the Zoo, one player's quest for a world record
1983 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Platform games
Video games developed in the United States
Taito arcade games |
4039409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela%20Meuli | Daniela Meuli | Daniela Meuli (born 6 November 1981) is a Swiss snowboarder. Meuli is World Champion 2005 in parallel slalom. In the World Cup in Parallel Giant Slalom, she ranked 1st for 2003/2004, 2004/2005 and the current season (as of 11 February 2006). She also competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics, winning a gold medal at the latter.
References
External links
Daniela-Meuli.ch
1981 births
Living people
Swiss female snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in snowboarding
Universiade bronze medalists for Switzerland
Competitors at the 2007 Winter Universiade
21st-century Swiss women |
4039413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget%20%28beer%29 | Widget (beer) | A widget is a device placed in a container of beer to manage the characteristics of the beer's head. The original widget was patented in Ireland by Guinness. The "floating widget" is found in cans of beer as a hollow plastic sphere, approximately in diameter (similar in appearance to a table tennis ball, but smaller) with two small holes and a seam. The "rocket widget" is found in bottles, in length with the small hole at the bottom.
Background
Draught Guinness, as it is known today, was first produced in 1959. With Guinness keen to produce draught beer packaged for consumers to drink at home, Bottled Draught Guinness was formulated in 1978 and launched into the Irish market in 1979. It was never actively marketed internationally as it required an "initiator" device, which looked rather like a syringe, to make it work.
Method
Some canned beers are pressurized by adding liquid nitrogen, which vaporises and expands in volume after the can is sealed, forcing gas and beer into the widget's hollow interior through a tiny hole—the less beer the better for subsequent head quality. In addition, some nitrogen dissolves in the beer which also contains dissolved carbon dioxide. Oxygen is generally excluded as its presence can cause flavour deterioration.
The presence of dissolved nitrogen allows smaller bubbles to be formed, which increases the creaminess of the head. This is because the smaller bubbles need a higher internal pressure to balance the greater surface tension, which is inversely proportional to the radius of the bubbles. Achieving this higher pressure would not be possible with just dissolved carbon dioxide, as the greater solubility of this gas compared to nitrogen would create an unacceptably large head.
When the can is opened, the pressure in the can quickly drops, causing the pressurised gas and beer inside the widget to jet out from the hole. This agitation on the surrounding beer causes a chain reaction of bubble formation throughout the beer. The result, when the can is then poured out, is a surging mixture in the glass of very small gas bubbles and liquid.
This is the case with certain types of draught beer such as draught stouts. In the case of these draught beers, which before dispensing also contain a mixture of dissolved nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the agitation is caused by forcing the beer under pressure through small holes in a restrictor in the tap. The surging mixture gradually settles to produce a very creamy head.
Development
In 1969 two Guinness brewers at Guinness's St James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Tony Carey and Sammy Hildebrand, developed a system for producing draught type Guinness from cans or bottles through the discharge of gas from an internal compartment. It was patented in British Patent No 1266351, filed 27 January 1969, with a complete specification published 8 March 1972.
Development work on a can system under Project ACORN (Advanced Cans Of Rich Nectar) focused on an arrangement whereby a false lid underneath the main lid formed the gas chamber (see diagram below right).
Technical difficulties led to this approach being put on hold, and Guinness instead concentrated on bottles using external initiators. Subsequently, Guinness allowed this patent to lapse and it was not until Ernest Saunders centralised the company's research and development in 1984 that work restarted on this invention, under the direction of Alan Forage.
The design of an internal compartment that could be readily inserted during the canning process was devised by Alan Forage and William Byrne, and work started on the widget during the period 1984–85. The plan was to introduce a plastic capsule into the can, pressurise it during the filling process and then allow it to release this pressure in a controlled manner when the can was opened. This would be sufficient to initiate the product and give it the characteristic creamy head. However, Tony Carey observed that this resulted in beer being forced into the widget during pressurisation, which reduced the quality of the head. He suggested overcoming this by rapidly inverting the can after the lid was seamed on. This extra innovation proved successful.
The first samples sent to Dublin were labelled "Project Dynamite", which caused some delay before customs and excise would release the samples. Because of this the name was changed to Oaktree in recognition of the earlier ACORN project. Another name that changed was "inserts"; the operators called them "widgets" almost immediately after they arrived on site, a name that has now stuck with the industry.
The development of ideas continued and more than one hundred alternatives were considered. The blow-moulded widget was to be pierced with a laser and a blower was then necessary to blow away the plume created by the laser burning through the polypropylene. This was abandoned and instead it was decided to gas-exchange air for nitrogen on the filler, and produce the inserts with a hole in place using straightforward and cheaper injection-moulding techniques.
Commissioning began January 1988, with a national launch date of March 1989. This first-generation widget was a plastic disc held in place by friction in the bottom of the can. This method worked fine if the beer was served cold; when served warm the can would overflow when opened. The floating widget, which Guinness calls the "Smoothifier", was launched in 1997 and does not have this problem.
The diagrams on the left show the development sequences for canned and bottled draught Guinness from 1969 to 1988.
The idea for the widget soon became popular. John Smith's started to include widgets in their cans in 1994 and many beer brands in the UK now use widgets, often alongside regular carbonated products.
Although patented by Guinness, the widget was actually invented by John Lunn, MD of Mclennons of Birmingham, who went on to invent a second for Whitbread and Heineken, so that Whitbread could launch Draught Boddingtons in a can and Murphy's. Lunn then later invented a third widget, the floating one, with two one-way valves, which is the widget that all brewers use now.
Technology from Ball Corp. uses a widget affixed to the bottom of a can that’s also charged with nitrogen during canning.
Beer glass widget
The term widget glass can be used to refer to a laser-engraved pattern at the bottom of a beer glass which aids the release of carbon dioxide bubbles. The pattern of the etching can be anything from a simple circular or chequered design to a logo or text.
The widget in the base of a beer glass works by creating a nucleation point, allowing the CO2 to be released from the liquid which comes into contact with it, thus assisting in maintaining head on the beer. This has become increasingly popular with Fosters, Estrella and others using them in public houses in the UK.
References
Bibliography
Carey & Hildebrand, Improved method of and means for dispensing carbonated liquids from containers, UK Patent 1266351, published 8 March 1972—the original invention behind the modern widget.
Forage, et al., "". United States Patent 4,832,968. 23 May 1989.
Beer vessels and serving
Industrial gases |
4039422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checker%20Superba | Checker Superba | The Checker Superba was an automobile produced by Checker Motors Company of Kalamazoo, Michigan, between 1959 and 1963. The Superba used the Checker taxi cab bodies and were produced in two trim lines, standard and Custom, both in two body styles, a four-door sedan and a five-door station wagon.
On the exterior of the Superba, the grille was composed of an arched center section, flanked two-chrome wings; engine compartment ventilation was through 24 rectangular sections located in the center of the grille. Parking lights were placed on two solid panels flanking the ventilation spaces and housed in round star-like housings. When the Checker Marathon was introduced in the fall of 1959 it was only marketed in New York and the states of New England. In February of 1960 the Checker was introduced nationally.
In 1962, the Superba received its only exterior change, a more sculptured front bumper raised up several inches. Additionally front fenders sculpturing was raised three inches. Larger rear wheel openings were increased on the rear fenders. The Starburst grille was replaced with a full-width egg-crate grille. Otherwise the car's appearance was exactly as it was when introduced in 1959.
Total production of the Superba in its first year was (1,050 units) was very limited compared to even the weakest full-line United States automaker at the time, Studebaker.
References
External links
Superba
1960s cars
Cars introduced in 1961
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars of the United States |
4039424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Earth%20%282006%20TV%20series%29 | Planet Earth (2006 TV series) | Planet Earth is a 2006 British television series produced by the BBC Natural History Unit. Five years in the making, it was the most expensive nature documentary series ever commissioned by the BBC and also the first to be filmed in high definition. The series received multiple awards, including four Emmy Awards, a Peabody Award, and an award from the Royal Television Society.
Planet Earth premiered on 5 March 2006 in the United Kingdom on BBC One, and by June 2007 had been shown in 130 countries. The original version was narrated by David Attenborough, whilst some international versions used alternative narrators.
The series has eleven episodes, each of which features a global overview of a different biome or habitat on Earth. At the end of each fifty-minute episode, a ten-minute featurette takes a behind-the-scenes look at the challenges of filming the series.
Ten years later, the BBC announced a six-part sequel had been commissioned, titled Planet Earth II, the first television series produced by the BBC in ultra-high-definition (4K). David Attenborough returned as narrator and presenter. A second sequel, Planet Earth III is currently announced and planned to air in 2022.
Background
In 2001 the BBC broadcast The Blue Planet, a series on the natural history of the world's oceans. It received critical acclaim, high viewing figures, audience appreciation ratings, and many awards. It also became a hugely profitable global brand, eventually being sold to 150 countries worldwide. Feedback showed that audiences particularly liked the epic scale, the scenes of new and unusual species and the cinematic quality of the series. Programme commissioners were keen for a follow-up, so Alastair Fothergill decided that the Natural History Unit should repeat the formula with a series looking at the whole planet. The idea for Planet Earth was born, and the series was commissioned by Lorraine Heggessey, then Controller of BBC One, in January 2002.
A feature film version of Planet Earth was commissioned alongside the television series, repeating the successful model established with The Blue Planet and its companion film, Deep Blue. Earth was released around the world from 2007 to 2009. There was also another accompanying television series, Planet Earth: The Future, which looked at the environmental problems facing some of the species and habitats featured in the main series in more detail.
Broadcast
Planet Earth premiered on BBC One on 5 March 2006 in the United Kingdom. On the same day or in the subsequent weeks or months, the series also began airing in several other countries.
International broadcasters carrying Planet Earth include Australia on ABC and GEM, Canada on CBC and CTV, New Zealand on Prime, the Philippines on GMA Network and GMA News TV, the U.S. on Discovery Channel, Velocity, Science, Animal Planet, Destination America and BBC America.
British television
The episodes are each an hour in length, comprising the main programme and a 10-minute featurette called Planet Earth Diaries, which details the filming of a particular event. In the UK, Planet Earth was split into two parts, broadcast in spring and autumn 2006. The first five episodes premiered on BBC One at 9:00 pm on Sundays, beginning on 5 March 2006. The programmes were repeated the following Saturday in an early evening slot on BBC Two. Along with its 2005 dramatisation of Bleak House, the BBC selected Planet Earth for its trial of high-definition broadcasts. The opening episode was its first-ever scheduled programme in the format, shown 27 May 2006 on the BBC HD channel.
The first episode in the autumn series, Great Plains, received its first public showing at the Edinburgh International Television Festival on 26 August 2006. It was shown on a giant screen in Conference Square. The remaining episodes were broadcast from 5 November 2006 in the same primetime BBC One slot, following a further repeat run of the spring programmes on BBC Four. The autumn episodes were broadcast simultaneously on BBC HD and were repeated on BBC Four the following week.
Besides being BBC One's featured One to Watch programme of the day, Planet Earth was heavily trailed on the BBC's television and radio channels both before and during its run. The music that was featured in the BBC trailers for the series is the track "Hoppípolla" from the album Takk... by Icelandic post-rock band Sigur Rós. Following the advertisements, interest was so widespread that the single was re-released. In the United States, the series was promoted using "The Time Has Come" from trailer music company Epic Score, composed by Gabriel Shadid and Tobias Marberger. The Australian trailers initially used Jupiter: The Bringer of Jollity from Gustav Holst's orchestral suite The Planets, but later reverted to "Hoppípolla".
International
The BBC pre-sold the series to several overseas broadcasters, including the Discovery Channel for the United States, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, China Central Television, WDR for Germany, Discovery Channel for India, Prime Television for New Zealand, and C1R for Russian broadcasts. The series was eventually sold to 130 countries.
On 25 March 2007, the series began its run on American television on the Discovery network, premiering on the Discovery Channel and Discovery HD Theater. There were a number of revisions to the original British programme. Actress and conservationist Sigourney Weaver was brought in to replace David Attenborough as narrator, as it was thought her familiarity to American audiences would attract more viewers. The Discovery programmes also used a slightly different script to the British original. The series was broadcast on Sundays in one 3-hour block followed by four 2-hour blocks. The Planet Earth Diaries segments were not shown immediately after each episode, but collectively in Planet Earth: The Filmmakers' Story, a two-hour special which was broadcast after the series had finished its initial network run. Edited versions were later broadcast on The Science Channel, Animal Planet, and Planet Green.
In Canada, the series did not air on the Canadian Discovery Channel, as it is owned by CTV and the Canadian rights were exclusively sold to the CBC.
Episodes
Planet Earth: The Future
The latter episodes were supplemented by Planet Earth: The Future, a series of three 60-minute films that highlight the conservation issues surrounding some of the featured species and environments. The programmes are narrated by Simon Poland and the series producer was Fergus Beeley. The series began transmission on BBC Four after the ninth episode, "Shallow Seas".
Feature film
Alongside the commissioning of the television series, BBC Worldwide and GreenLight Media secured financing for a US$15 million film version of Planet Earth. This followed the earlier success of Deep Blue, the BBC's 2003 theatrical nature documentary which used re-edited footage from The Blue Planet. The film was co-directed by Alastair Fothergill and Mark Linfield and produced by Alix Tidmarsh and Sophokles Tasioulis. Only 30% of the footage shown in Earth is new, with the remainder being reworked from the television series to suit the narrative of the film. David Attenborough was replaced as narrator by high-profile actors: Patrick Stewart for the UK market and James Earl Jones for the United States.
Earth had its worldwide premiere in September 2007 at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in San Sebastián, Spain, in Basque Country. Lionsgate released the film in several international markets over the following year. In the United States, it became the first film to be released by Disneynature, the Walt Disney Company's new nature documentary arm. When released on Earth Day 2009 it set the record for the highest opening weekend gross for a nature documentary, and went on to become the third highest grossing documentary of all time. It has grossed more than $108 million worldwide; in the nature documentary genre, only March of the Penguins has achieved greater box-office success.
Reception
Critical reception
Planet Earth received widespread critical acclaim. On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the miniseries has an approval rating of 95% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 9/10. The critical consensus reads "Planet Earth weaves innovative camera techniques and patient observation to deliver viewers an astounding glimpse of the world's perils and wonders, capturing jaw-dropping scenery and animals on both an epic and intimate scale." Time magazine's James Poniewozik named it one of the Top 10 New TV Series of 2007, ranking it at No. 4. In 2019, Planet Earth and its sequel were ranked 72nd on The Guardian'''s list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century.
AccoladesPlanet Earth: From Pole to Pole won the Science and Natural History award at the Royal Television Society Programme Awards in 2007. The RTS also awarded it a Judge's Award and a Photography Award at its Craft and Design Awards. The series picked up two awards from the Broadcasting Press Guild for Best Documentary Series and Innovation in Broadcasting, and won Best Documentary Series at the 2007 Broadcast Awards. At the 2007 BAFTA Television Awards, Planet Earth was nominated in the Specialist Factual and Pioneer Audience Award categories, but lost out to Nuremberg: Goering's Last Stand and Life on Mars respectively. It received three nominations at the BAFTA Television Craft Awards later the same year. George Fenton's original score won him Soundtrack Composer of the Year at the 2007 Classical BRIT Awards. Planet Earth was also nominated for the NTA for Most popular Factual program but lost to Top Gear (Supernanny and Bad Lad's Army: Officer Class were also nominated).Planet Earth was recognised by the American television industry, collecting the award for Nonfiction Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards in September 2007 and winning a further three prizes in technical categories at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards. It also collected two awards from the Television Critics Association in Los Angeles in July 2007 and a Peabody Award in April 2008.
The series was also fêted at wildlife film festivals around the globe, collected multiple prizes at the Wildscreen Festival 2006, the International Wildlife Film Festival 2007 and the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival 2007.
Awards and nominations
Audience response
The credentials of the filmmakers, the size of the production, a high-profile marketing campaign and a primetime BBC One timeslot all resulted in Planet Earth attracting large audiences when it debuted in the UK in March 2006. The first episode, "From Pole to Pole", was watched by more people than any natural history programme since Attenborough and Fothergill's previous series, The Blue Planet, in 2001. The first five episodes drew an average audience of 11.4 million viewers, including the early evening repeats, outperforming even The Blue Planet. When the series returned to British screens after a six-month break, it remained popular but viewing figures did not reach the same levels. The final six episodes attracted an average audience of 6.8 million viewers, appreciably lower than the spring episodes, but still higher than BBC One's average for the timeslot. The BBC's 2007 Annual Report revealed that the series "received the highest audience appreciation score of any British programme on TV this year".
In the United States, Planet Earth drew equally impressive ratings when it premiered on Discovery and Discovery HD Theater on 25 March 2007. The first three episodes (screened back to back) averaged 5.72 million viewers with a peak of 6.07 million viewers, giving the network its third highest audience ever. It was also the most watched Discovery programme since The Flight That Fought Back in 2005.
Sequel
In February 2016, the BBC announced a six-part sequel had been commissioned, titled Planet Earth II, for release in late 2016, with Sir David Attenborough returning as narrator and presenter. As with the 2006 series, the trailer features the track 'Hoppipolla' by Icelandic group Sigur Ros.
Merchandise
The popularity of the television series around the world translated into strong sales of associated Planet Earth merchandise. In the United States, it became the fastest and bestselling documentary DVD in Discovery Channel's history, and the high-definition (HD) discs generated US$3.2 million in sales in just two months. By the end of 2007, U.S. sales had topped 3 million units, making it the highest-grossing HD title and one of the top ten DVD titles of the year.
In addition, the brand was licensed to other companies to produce children's books, calendars, a board game, jigsaws, stationery, cards, and more.
DVD
A five-disc DVD box set of the complete series (BBCDVD1883) was released in the UK for Regions 2 and 4 (PAL) on 27 November 2006 by 2 entertain. It is presented in 5.1-channel Dolby Digital surround sound and 16:9 widescreen video. The bonus features include Planet Earth Diaries (presented immediately after each episode as for the original TV broadcast) and Planet Earth: The Future. In the United States, two versions of the same five-disc set were released as a Region 1 (NTSC) DVD on 24 April 2007. The BBC Warner release retained David Attenborough's narration from the original British television broadcasts, but the Discovery Channel edition used the alternative Sigourney Weaver voice-over. Even in the United States the Attenborough version was much the better for sales.
HD DVD and Blu-ray
Except for a small amount of extremely hard-to-obtain footage, Planet Earth was filmed entirely in high-definition, and consequently became one of the first television series to take advantage of the new HD disc formats.
The series was released in both Blu-ray and HD DVD formats as a five-disc Region B box set on 12 November 2007. On the fifth disc, the bonus features from the standard-definition DVD set were replaced by two episodes from the BBC's Natural World series, "Desert Lions" and "Snow Leopard: Beyond the Myth", both also presented in high-definition.
In the United States, the series was released as a four-disc set in both high-definition formats, the Blu-ray version on single-layer BD-25 discs and the HD DVD set on dual-layer HD DVD-30 discs. The first U.S. high-definition releases omitted the extra disc of bonus features from the standard-definition boxed set, though these extras were included with new material in a special-edition Blu-ray released in 2011.
Books
Four official tie-in volumes were published by BBC Books in 2006 and 2007:Planet Earth: As You've Never Seen It Before, written by Alastair Fothergill with a foreword by David Attenborough, was published in hardback on 5 October 2006 ().
The paperback title Planet Earth: The Future was also published on 5 October 2006 (). It was edited by Fergus Beeley and Rosamund Kidman Cox with a foreword by Jonathon Porritt.
A second paperback volume revealed some of the tales from the field during filming expeditions. Planet Earth: The Making of an Epic Series was written by David Nicholson-Lord and published on 9 March 2006 ().
A collection of still images from the series was published in a hardcover volume as Planet Earth: The Photographs on 7 October 2007 ().
Soundtrack album
On 20 November 2006, a two-disc soundtrack CD was released with a compilation of the incidental music specially commissioned for Planet Earth. The award-winning score was composed by George Fenton and performed by the BBC Concert Orchestra and has been performed during "Planet Earth Live" events in the United States and the United Kingdom.
See alsoPlanet Earth IIThe Blue PlanetBlue Planet IIFrozen PlanetFrozen Planet II
9° NorthOur PlanetReferences
Further reading
Alastair Fothergill discusses Planet Earth in The Times.
Text at Universal Library discussing the Planet Earth series and the technological background.
External linksPlanet Earth'' at BBC Earth
Discovery Channel website
Planet Earth on the Eden website
2006 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s British documentary television series
Discovery Channel original programming
BBC high definition shows
BBC television documentaries
Peabody Award-winning television programs
Nature educational television series
Television series by BBC Studios
Planet Earth (franchise)
Television Academy Honors winners |
4039435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C5%99ejov | Ondřejov | Ondřejov may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
Ondřejov (Pelhřimov District), a municipality and village in the Vysočina Region
Ondřejov (Prague-East District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
Ondřejov Observatory, an observatory in the municipality
Ondřejov, a village and part of Perštejn in the Ústí nad Labem Region
Ondřejov, a village and part of Pláně in the Plzeň Region
Ondřejov, a village and part of Rýmařov in the Moravian-Silesian Region |
4039440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20facilitation | Social facilitation | Social facilitation is a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance. That is, people do better on tasks when they are with other people rather than when they are doing the task alone. Situations that elicit social facilitation include coaction, performing for an audience, and appears to depend on task complexity.
Norman Triplett's early investigations describes social facilitation to occur during instances of coaction, which is performing a task in the presence of other people performing a similar task, while not necessarily engaging in direct interactions with each other. Triplett first observed this in cyclists, finding that cyclists rode at faster speeds when competing against other cyclists compared to when cycling alone. Social facilitation has also been known to occur when performing a task in front of an audience, or during periods of observation, sometimes referred to as audience effects. For instance, during exercise Meumann (1904) found that when being watched, individuals could lift heavier weights compared to when they were not being watched. Research on the effects of coaction and audience effects on social facilitation have been mixed. In an attempt to discover why these types of situations do not always trigger social facilitation, Robert Zajonc (1965) theorized that perhaps task complexity, or how simple versus complex a task is, could influence whether or not social facilitation occurs.
Zajonc predicted that simple tasks would result in social facilitation within group settings, whereas more complicated tasks would not. According to Zajonc, some tasks are easier to learn and perform than others because they require dominant responses. Dominant responses are behavioral responses at the top of an organism's behavioral repertoire, making them more readily available, or 'dominant', above all other responses. Tasks that elicit dominant responses are typically simpler, less effortful, and easier to perform compared to tasks eliciting non-dominant responses. Non-dominant responses are harder to carry out. In sum, simple tasks require dominant responses whereas complex tasks require non-dominant responses. When performing tasks in groups then, simple tasks will be associated with social facilitation. However, complex tasks will not because the presence of others becomes distracting when attempting to elicit non-dominant responses that require more effort to use.
Later research develops the idea of coaction, audience effects, and task complexity. For instance, the Yerkes-Dodson law, when applied to social facilitation, states that "the mere presence of other people will enhance the performance in speed and accuracy of well-practiced tasks, but will degrade in the performance of less familiar tasks." Compared to their performance when alone, when in the presence of others they tend to perform better on simple or well-rehearsed tasks and worse on complex or new ones.
The audience effect attempts to explain psychologically why the presence of an audience leads to people performing tasks better in some cases and worse in others. This idea was further explored when some studies showed that the presence of a passive audience facilitated the better performance of a simple task, while other studies showed that the presence of a passive audience inhibited the performance of a more difficult task or one that was not well practiced, possibly due to psychological pressure or stress. (See Yerkes–Dodson law.)
Many factors contribute to social facilitation, and many theories have been proposed to try to explain the phenomena.
History
Social facilitation can be defined as a tendency for individuals to perform differently when in the mere presence of others. Specifically, individuals perform better on simpler or well-rehearsed tasks and perform worse on complex or new ones. In relation to this, there are three main empirical relationships which are the activation, evaluation, and attention theories. The activation theory describes how we are physiologically aroused and how that affects our functioning. The evaluation theory relates to the systematic assessment of the worth or merit of some object. The attention theory takes into account possession in the mind including focalization and concentration of consciousness.
In 1897, Triplett studied the effect on performance of having an audience. Triplett's experiment had a simple design; a cyclist's performance when alone was compared with a cyclist's performance when racing against another cyclist. He found that the cyclist was slowest when he was only racing the clock and not another cyclist. He attributed these results to a competitive instinct which releases energy that was not available when pedaling alone. Triplett's study started off a revolution of studies attempting to examine the theory that people's performance is influenced by the presence of others. In 1898, while studying the competitive nature of children, he found that children were much faster at completing their given activity (winding string) while they were competing, which caused him to wonder whether or not simply having another individual there would have the same effect. To determine this, Triplett studied the race time of cyclists and found that cyclists had faster race times when in the presence of other cyclists. He theorized that the faster times were because the presence of others made individuals more competitive, and further research led Triplett to theorize that the presence of others increases individuals' performances in other noncompetitive situations as well.
In 1924, Floyd Allport, coined the term social facilitation. Allport conducted studies in which participants sat either alone or with other participants and did a variety of tasks such as word association tasks and multiplication assessments. He found that people performed better when in a group setting than when alone for the majority of tasks. However, at this time, social facilitation simply meant an "increase in response merely from the sight or sound of others making the same movement."
Hazel Markus of the University of Michigan conducted an experiment to test the hypothesis that the mere presence of others can influence an individual's performance. A task that lacked a rubric structure and was likely to cause the subject to be apprehensive of how they would be evaluated was used. Performance times on the task of dressing and undressing in familiar and unfamiliar clothing were compared with subjects working alone, working in the presence of a passive inattentive person, and working in the presence of an attentive spectator. Compared to the alone condition, both social conditions (audience and incidental audience) enhanced performance on the well-learned aspects of the task of dressing and undressing with the subject's own familiar clothing and hindered the subject's performance on the more complex aspects of the task of dressing and undressing using unfamiliar clothing. It was concluded that the presence of others is a sufficient condition for social facilitation and social interference effects. Therefore, the presence of an audience causes an individual to do better on a simple task or worse on a more complicated task.
In a 2010 study, donation rates increased with the presence of observers, and neuroimaging revealed that the presence of observers significantly affected activation in the ventral striatum before the choice of whether or not to donate.
In Raefeli's meta-analysis of the social facilitation phenomenon in 2002, three conclusions are made. Firstly, the presence of others heightens an individual's physiological arousal only if the individual is performing a complex task. Moreover, the mere presence of others increases the speed of simple task performance and decrease the speed of complex task performance. Lastly, social facilitation effects are surprisingly unrelated to the performer's evaluation apprehension.
A study was done in 2014 that compared the performance of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to typically developing (TD) individuals on a task with the presence of another. The experiment conducted tested the hypothesis that an individual with ASD, will respond to the presence of experimenters, thus altering the results of the experiment.
Major theoretical approaches
The major three approaches to social facilitation are the activation, evaluation, and attention theories. The activation theory describes how our arousal relates to social facilitation. The evaluation theory discusses how being assessed by an audience affects to social facilitation. The attention theory takes into account the effect of distractions in the environment on social facilitation.
Activation theory
In 1956, Robert Zajonc was trying to figure out why some studies showed people's performance being hindered by the presence of others rather than being made more accurate. He designed an experiment that would examine the performance of someone doing a simple vs. complex task in front of others. He found that, when people were performing a simple task in the presence of others, they could complete it with greater accuracy than when they were alone. This was something most psychologists were aware of at this time. However, what Zajonc found that was revolutionary in this time period was that, when people attempt to perform tasks which are more complex or with which they are not familiar, they complete it with less accuracy when in the presence of others than when they alone. Thus, social inhibition was born.
In 1965, Robert Zajonc developed the stern activation theory, by proposing his generalized drive hypothesis for social facilitation. Zajonc's generalized drive hypothesis was the first theory that addressed why the presence of others increased performance sometimes yet decreased it at other times. He argued that the presence of others serves as a source of arousal, and heightened arousal increases the likelihood of an organism to do better on well-learned or habitual responses. For this reason, arousal improves performance on simple, or well-learned tasks, but impairs performance on complex, or not well-learned tasks. Zajonc's reasoning was based on the Yerkes-Dodson law, which holds that performance works like an inverse "U" function. This means that an individual's optimal drive is higher for simpler, or well-practiced tasks, and that the same individual's optimal drive is lower for more complex, or less-practiced tasks. The presence of other people further arouses us and increases our drive level, and so an individual's performance will be enhanced if a task is simple (because of the high levels of energy) but diminished if the task is complex. He tested his theories by having people complete word association tasks alone and again in the presence of others, and found that the tasks were done much faster while in the presence of others.
Other activation theories include the alertness hypothesis, the monitoring hypothesis, and the challenge and threat hypothesis.
Alertness hypothesis
The alertness hypothesis says that people are uncertain of how observers will act while in the presence of others, so they become more alert (because the performer will be uncertain about how the observers will act in the situation). It is this heightened alertness which causes them to perform better on tasks.
Monitoring hypothesis
The monitoring hypothesis posits that social facilitation effects do not occur when the performer is familiar with the observers or the situation. This is because, in those cases, the performer knows how the observer will respond or how the situation will take place. Therefore, in such situations the performer's arousal will not increase. So, if the person is unfamiliar with the observers or the situation, he/she will experience uncertainty and arousal will increase, but not if he/she is familiar with them.
Challenge and threat hypotheses
The challenge and threat hypothesis states that people perform worse on complex tasks and better on simple tasks when in the presence of others because of the type of cardio-vascular response to the task. When performing a simple task in the presence of others, people show a normal cardiovascular response. However, when performing a complex task in the presence of others, the cardiovascular response is similar to that of a person in a threatening position. The normal cardiovascular response serves to improve performance, but the threat-like cardiovascular response serves to impede performance.
Evaluation approach
In 1968, Henchy and Glass proposed the evaluation approach to social facilitation. Their evaluation apprehension hypothesis states that it is not the mere presence of others that increases individual activation/arousal, but rather the fear of being evaluated by an audience. They studied the reactivity of male high school and college students, where their responses were based on the strength they developed through prior training, and found that the groups who felt their performance was being evaluated had more dominant responses than the groups who were simply in the presence of an audience without being evaluated, or those that were alone.
Evaluation Apprehension Theory
In 1972, Nickolas Cottrell came up with Evaluation Apprehension Theory. This theory also explains the evaluative pressure as the source of increased productivity in presence of others rather than the arousal response identified by Zajonc. The theory assumes that people learn from experience that the source of most reward and punishments are other people they interact with. Therefore, people associate social situations with evaluation and hence, feel apprehensive in presence of other people. The evaluation apprehension improves performance on simple tasks but is debilitating in more complex and difficult tasks.
Self-presentation Theory
Self-presentation theory is another evaluation approach to social facilitation. The theory posits that social facilitation is a product of people's motivation to maintain positive self image or face in presence of others. This motivation leads people to behave in ways to form good impressions and therefore results in social facilitation in evaluative situations. In situations that were non evaluative or less evaluative, social facilitation effects were often eliminated. In addition, when individuals were more confident, they performed better in evaluative situations in presence of others as compared to working alone.
Learned drive hypothesis
A further extension of the evaluation approach is the learned drive hypothesis, which was developed by Cottrell, Wack, Sekerak, and Rittle, and states that activation only increases when actors feel that the audience is capable of evaluating their performance. In other words, it implies that the cause of evaluation apprehension comes from a learned audience. They studied how a participant performed on well-learned tasks while in the presence of an audience focused on another event, and in the presence of an audience focused on the tasks being performed. They found that participants performing in the latter group, with the audience that was focused on what the participants were doing, largely gave dominant responses.
Weiss and Miller furthered developed the evaluation approach by hypothesizing that activation only increases when the actors fear a negative evaluation. This theory suggests that activation increases when the audience or other competitors cause negative feelings, such as anxiety, in the actor. However, Good's development of evaluation apprehension takes the opposite approach, where he hypothesizes that activation increases when actors expect a positive evaluation.
Because of the conflicting theories under the evaluation approach, there has been controversy over its reliability. A meta-analysis done by Bond found that even when individuals are in the presence of a non-visible or non-evaluative audience, activation still occurs for an increase in dominant responses.
Social Orientation Theory
Social orientation theory of social facilitation suggests that people differ in their orientation toward social situations and that these individual differences predicts who will show social facilitation or impairment in performance. The theory states that individuals with positive orientation are more likely to display social facilitation effects whereas individuals with negative orientation are likely to experience impairment in performance. Those with positive orientation are individuals who are self confident and who react positively to challenges. The theory states that these individuals find "safety in numbers". On the other hand, individuals with negative orientation are defined by characteristics such as low self esteem, inhibited and feeling threatened by presence of other people.
Attention approach
In the 1980s, explanations shifted from activation theories to attention theories, which imply that withdrawal from some things is necessary in order to deal effectively with others. Attention theories that explain social facilitation include the distraction-conflict hypothesis, the overload hypothesis, the feedback-loop model, and the capacity model.
Distraction-conflict Theory
In his distraction-conflict theory, Robert Baron proposed that the level of performance on a task is predicted by the amount of distractions in the environment surrounding the task. The theory states distraction can be a source of social facilitation on simple tasks, as it can cause attentional conflict that can increase motivation which increases the drive proposed by Zajonc. On more complex and difficult tasks, however, the increase in drive is not enough to counteract the detrimental effects of distraction and therefore results in impaired performance.
Distraction as the source of social facilitation is demonstrated in Stroop task, a color and word association task. In Stroop task, participants are shown a color name word, printed in different color and the participants job is to provide the color of the word that the word is printed in. The reaction time is slower and more errors arise when the word and color of the word does not match. However, when the task is completed with other people, these errors decrease. In these situations the presence of others may help by narrowing the focus of attention.
Overload hypothesis
The overload hypothesis works according to the distraction-conflict hypothesis, saying that distracters do not lead to increased arousal, but rather to cognitive overload (when an individual is bombarded with excessive information in their working memory), and while in cognitive overload, individuals will do worse on complex tasks and better on more simple tasks. Performance increases on simple tasks because the performers focus their attention on the new stimuli, instead of the irrelevant stimuli that is characteristic of simple tasks. Performance decreases on complex tasks because the performers focus on the distracters, but also need to focus on the relevant stimuli that are characteristic of complex tasks, and they cannot handle all of the information they are being presented with.
Feedback-loop model
The feedback-loop model postulates that when people feel they are being observed, they focus attention on themselves. While in this state, individuals become aware of the differences between their actual behavior and anticipated behavior. So, by feedback-loop model, people do better in the presence of others because of this increased awareness about their behavior.
Capacity model
The capacity model of social facilitation focuses on the role of types of information processing on performance in front of an audience, rather than the performance on different type of tasks (simple or complex) in front of an audience. The capacity model suggests that for tasks that require automatic information processing, the presence of others does not cause problems because the short-term memory is not required for automatic information processing, so performance quality increases. However, for tasks that require controlled information processing, the presence of others does impede the level of performance because the short-term memory is necessary to both focus attention on the audience, as well as the task at hand.
Self-presentation approach
The self-presentation approach to social facilitation has two main theories: one regarding arousal or drive, and one without. The first theory argues that in the presence of an audience, individuals become concerned with self-presentation. The possible embarrassment that occurs with negative evaluation leads to activation of arousal, or increased drive which will cause more dominant effects. The second theory argues that it is not an issue of arousal, but rather of simple responses, because the individual wants to appear competent in the presence of others. If the task is easy, the individual will want to make him/herself appear even more competent by doing exceptionally well on the task. However, if the task is difficult, they will fear that they will present themselves as incompetent, which will in turn make them embarrassed, and further impede their performance.
However, there has not been significant research done or evidence supporting the self-presentation approach. The main study looking at this approach was done by Bond in 1982, but it did not include independent measures of self-presentation, so it was not able to conclusively prove the validity of this approach.
Major empirical findings
Age
In 1898, Norman Triplett pioneered research on social facilitation by studying the competitive nature of children. In this study, each child was given a string and was told to wind it. He found that children performed much better while they were competing with one another, and further research led Triplett to theorize that the presence of others increases individuals' performances in other noncompetitive situations as well.
In 1973, Chapman ran an experiment and found that levels of laughter among 7–8 year-old children were highest when two children listened to funny material together (coaction condition). Furthermore, levels of laughter were higher when one child listened to funny material in the presence of another child (audience condition) than when one child listened to the funny material alone (alone condition). These results indicate that laughter is also socially facilitated.
Prejudice
Prejudice is often considered as easily learned and performed response. Therefore, following the logic of Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, prejudice then, is also likely to be socially facilitated. That is, individuals may be more likely to express prejudicial views in presence of others than in private.
Gender
In 1994, De Castro demonstrated that social facilitation affects food intake by extending the time spent eating a meal. His results also showed that the presence of family and friends, in comparison with the presence of mere companions, increases food intake to a greater degree, possibly due to the "release of inhibitory restraints on intake" that occurs when people feel more comfortable around people they are familiar with. Furthermore, males ate 36% more food when with other people than when alone, and females ate 40% more food when with other people than when alone. De Castro attributes this to the time-extension model of social facilitation, as the time spent at a meal increased when the meal was a social occasion. These results suggest that the presence of other people at a meal increases intake by extending the time spent at the meal, probably as a result of social interaction, and that family and friends have an even larger effect, probably by producing relaxation and a consequent disinhibition of restraint on intake. Furthermore, these results also suggest that social facilitation has very similar effects on both men and women.
Performance
In 1920, when asked to write out as many words as possible in response to a given word, 93% of participants produced more words in the presence of another person than alone. However, when this study was replicated with individuals who stuttered when they spoke, 80% of the participants produced more words when alone rather than in the presence of another person.
Lee Edward Travis conducted a study to find what kind of effect an audience has on an individual. Travis used an eye–hand coordination test (holding a flexible pointer on a revolving target) for his study. Twenty freshmen males, one sophomore male, and one junior male were used as the subjects. The small audience consisted of four to eight upper classmen and graduate students and was an equal number of men and women. Each observer practiced in the presence of the experimenter, and their learning curve was plotted each day. When the subject attained his maximum efficiency, the passive audience was brought in. Some of the subjects showed superior coordination when the audience was present.
In June 1980, Forgas et al. conducted a field study of audience effects, looking at the performance of expert and novice squash players when observed by no audience, a male audience, and a female audience. Contrary to Zajonc's drive-arousal theory, it was found that the effect of an audience on performance did not differ significantly between novice and expert players. This indicates that the other factors, such as cognitive variables and players' interpretation of the audience's presence, also influence players' reactions to the presence of an audience in a natural setting.
In 1982, people playing pool were being surreptitiously watched in order to identify skilled and unskilled players. Skilled players made at least two-thirds of their shots whereas unskilled players missed at least two-thirds of their shots. When the observer moved closer to the pool table and continued to watch, skilled players' performance improved by 14% and the unskilled players' performance dropped by more than 30%.
In 2007, Rosenbloom et al. studied archival data from Jerusalem in 2004 and found that the presence of an additional person in the car during a driving license test decreased the likelihood that the testee would pass the driving test. Although the nature of the study made it impossible to distinguish one explanation of social facilitation from another, the findings generally support the basic premise of social facilitation theory.
In 2008, college students were given a list of words and told to copy them as quickly as they could. The "easy task" was to write out one list with their dominant hand and the "hard task" was to write out another list with their nondominant hand. While completing the task, they were in the presence of an image of their favorite television personality (displayed on a computer screen) or an image of another character from the same show. When given the easy task, they wrote more words in the presence of their favorite character and when given the hard task, the favorite character inhibited their performance. As shown, while the college students were given tasks, their favorite television characters are perceived as "real" in a social facilitation paradigm which gives evidence as to how social facilitation can affect performance.
In 2008, Hill, Hanton, Matthews, and Fleming studied sub-optimal performance in sports, also known as the phenomenon of "choking". They determined that when individuals were worried about negative evaluations by the audience, and performing tasks that they were not familiar with, they often would perform at a lower level than when they did without an audience.
In 2011, Anderson-Hanley, Snyder, Nimon, and Arciero found that older adults riding "cybercycles", virtual-reality enhanced stationary bikes with interactive competitions, exercised at higher rates than adults riding stationary bikes.
In 2012, Murayama and Elliot conducted a meta-analysis where they found that the effects on performance commonly attributed to competition are actually due to performance goals. Competition prompts either performance-approach goals, which are what facilitate performance improvements, or performance-avoidance goals, which undermine performance.
Animals
Social facilitation in animals is when the performance of a behaviour by an animal increases the probability of other animals also engaging in that behaviour or increasing the intensity of the behaviour. In 1969, Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman demonstrated that social facilitation occurs not only in humans, but also in species with limited or no cognitive processing. They observed that it takes a cockroach a longer time to complete a complex maze in the presence of other cockroaches than when alone. They also observed that in a simple, straight runway, a cockroach reaches the end of the runway faster in the presence of other cockroaches than when alone. This experiment lends support to the theory that physiological arousal resulting from the presence of others leads to similar social facilitation effects in animals as well.
In 2009, Dindo, Whiten, and de Waal studied the effect of social facilitation in capuchin monkeys. The monkeys in this study were required to complete a new foraging task, either alone or in a social group. While both sets of monkeys completed the task, those in the social group completed it three times faster than those monkeys that were alone. This increase in speed was attributed to "observational learning and synchronization of behavior between group mates."
Electronic performance monitoring
Researchers have used electronic performance monitoring (EPM) to examine the effects of social facilitation. This trend had previously been limited to face-to-face or group settings, but electronic performance monitoring establishes the impact of social facilitation in a virtual sense. EPM is the utilization of information technologies (e.g. computer networks) to track, evaluate, analyze, and report information regarding an employee's performance. Many businesses have adopted this method in which workers activity is automatically monitored throughout the workday. This topic is of substantial interest to those in the field of social psychology due to underlying mechanism at work; namely, the phenomenon of social facilitation.
One study found that EPM did enhance productivity, but only in ways that are consistent with the effects of social facilitation. Employees working on a data entry task were monitored while working alone, with others, or as part of a cohesive group. Results indicated that EPM improved the performance of highly skilled workers, but interfered with the performance of those who were less skilled. Moreover, with the exception of those working in a cohesive group, monitoring was found to increase workers' feelings of stress and anxiety. On the other hand, participants responded more favorably to performance monitoring when they believed that they could turn off the monitoring and that only their job-related activities were being evaluated. Also, EPM was viewed more positively when workers were given the opportunity to participate in decisions regarding the use of the system. Results support that the effect of social facilitation is not just limited to the physical presence of others, but also extends to presence in a virtual sense as well.
In 2009, Thompson, Sebastienelli and Murray conducted an experiment to determine the effect of electronic monitoring on students who used web-based training to learn new online search skills. They found that participants who were explicitly told that their training was being monitored performed markedly worse on a post-training skills test than participants who were unaware that their training was being monitored. These findings adhere to the basic premise of social facilitation and reveal that the heightened awareness of evaluation on complex tasks significantly hinders performance.
In educational settings
Groups are formed in a variety of educational settings around the world. Some examples include a group of physics students completing a laboratory exercise, a team of touch rugby players, a set of high school prefects, a group of students formed to brainstorm ideas for energy saving techniques, and study groups.
Some groups enhance members' motivation and help students stay focused on their academic goals. However, a study group may inhibit the acquisition of new information, concepts, and skills, as the presence of others can be distracting. These distractions can interfere during the early phases of learning, both in overt and covert practicing. In a study in which participants had to learn a list of words, they were too embarrassed to rehearse the material out aloud and as a consequence of this group pressure, their performance suffered.
Zajonc suggested that the student study alone, preferably in an isolated cubicle, and arrange to write examinations surrounded by many other students, on stage, and in the presence of a large audience. The results of the examination would be beyond the student's wildest expectations, assuming that the material had been thoroughly learned beforehand.
Contributing factors
Contributing factors to the audience effect could include what kind of crowd is present, such as a supportive crowd (e.g., the crowd at a team's home ground) or a hostile crowd (e.g., the crowd when a team is playing an away game). Also, the proximity of the crowd or the size of the crowd could influence the result of the audience effect. More factors such as nature of the task, coping skills with potential negative effects of audience, and even the playing venue (home or away) could be things to consider when examining the audience effect.
Social facilitation is a widespread phenomenon in society. Many public tasks demonstrate the effects, both the costs and benefits, of social facilitation. From taking exams in a high school or college environment to performing in sporting events, people may perform better or fall short depending on the task's complexity. In many experiments, people display signs of social facilitation even in everyday tasks, such as driving. This effect can even be seen in animals, as displayed by Zajonc, Heingarter, and Herman's study on cockroaches.
Business can also use social facilitation to their advantage, specifically in online auctions, which takes into the account the emergence of instant messaging and communication availability technologies. The interaction between buyers and sellers in traditional, face-to-face markets creates phenomena such as social facilitation, where the presence of others impacts behaviour and performance. In the study involving Java-based Internet Dutch auction, the findings indicated that social facilitation does indeed occur and participants improve their results and stay longer in the auction under conditions of higher virtual presence. Participants also indicate a preference for auction arrangements with higher degrees of virtual presence.
Controversies
Social facilitation's definition and explanations are not without controversy. Social psychologists first debate whether social facilitation in humans can be through mere presence, or whether it must be through evaluation. It was concluded that although the influence of the mere presence of others can be easily concealed by many other complex social factors, it is one of the variables that contributes to the power of others to influence an individual's performance.
One of the greatest controversies surrounding social facilitation is its origination. Psychologists continue to debate whether social facilitation is adopted through the innate biology of humans and animals, or through social learning, either from interaction with society or from individual interaction with other people, and not society in general. Further research and expansion of experiments and theories may begin to resolve, or further complicate, these issues.
In light of certain weaknesses and inadequacies of drive theory explanation, social facilitation is argued to be in need for a more cognitive approach. A more cognitive model constructed in an expectancy theory framework is shown as a plausible alternative explanation for employee performance and the effects of social facilitation. While there is not much evidence presented by this controversy it is recommended that direction of future research should test this model.
Furthermore, there is difficulty in determining which social facilitation approach is the most accurate. The biggest conflict comes between the activation (or mere presence) and evaluation approaches, with the activation approach stating that the mere presence of an audience leads to social facilitation, and the evaluation approach stating that it is the fear of being judged by a capable audience that leads to social facilitation. Despite the two clearly conflicting schools of thought, researchers have not been able to conclusively prove which one is correct.
See also
Ringelmann effect
Social inhibition
References
Behaviorism
Cognitive biases
Social influence
Interpersonal relationships
Observation
Majority–minority relations |
4039448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Potsdam | University of Potsdam | The University of Potsdam is a public university in Potsdam, capital of the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It is mainly situated across three campuses in the city. Some faculty buildings are part of the New Palace of Sanssouci which is known for its UNESCO World Heritage status.
The University of Potsdam is Brandenburg's largest university and the fourth largest in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area. More than 8,000 people are working in scholarship and science.
In 2009 the University of Potsdam became a winner in the "Excellence in Teaching" initiative of the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft (Business innovation agency for the German science system).
History
The University of Potsdam was formed in 1991 by the amalgamation of the Karl Liebknecht College of Education and the Brandenburg State College, as well as several other smaller institutions. As the university in large part emerged from the College of Education, emphasis today is still placed on teacher training.
Historical buildings
Some parts of the university are located in historical buildings that have been named as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The university library and the Institute of History can be found in a part of the commons in the park of Sanssouci, at the New Palace, as can the Institute of Mathematics in the former stables.
The other campuses, Babelsberg and Golm, are also of historical interest. The oldest buildings of the Golm campus were built in the 1930s to house the Luftwaffe's intelligence department. After World War II the College of Law of the East German Ministry for State Security moved in.
The current Faculty of Law is located in Babelsberg/Griebnitzsee in the former presidial and administrative buildings of the German Red Cross (1939/40). Other lecture halls and buildings were built in the 1950s directly behind the Schloss Babelsberg for the Academy of Justice and the East German state.
Campuses
Being today the largest university in the state of Brandenburg, the University of Potsdam mainly stretches across three campuses on the city's outskirts:
New Palace
New Palace, Sanssouci (Am Neuen Palais): Faculties of Philosophy, Institutes of Mathematics and Sports. The university's main campus, which includes the Auditorium Maximum, is situated in the immediate proximity of Park Sanssouci. The Communs – the prestigious annexes of the New Palace are home to some of the institutes of the Faculty of Arts. The eighteenth century baroque buildings, which disguise their former purpose as the Palace's offices and service rooms with staircases, porticos, cupolas, and rich ornamentation, are currently home to the university's presidential office and administration. The Institutes of Sports Science and Sports Medicine as well as the Institute for Mathematics can be found on the Campus Am Neuen Palais.
Golm
Golm: Faculties of Humanities, Mathematics and Science. Most institutes of the Faculty of Science as well as the Human Sciences Faculty are located in Potsdam-Golm, forming one of the largest science parks in the region. Three Max Planck Institutes and two Fraunhofer Institutes as well as the start-up center GO:IN have already settled here.
Babelsberg
Potsdam-Babelsberg/Griebnitzsee: Faculties of Law, Economics and Social Studies, Institutes of Computer Science, the Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering. Campus Griebnitzsee is situated along the city border with Berlin, not far from the famous Babelsberg film studios, and houses the Law Faculty and the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences. The Institute of Computer Sciences is also located here and benefits greatly from its proximity to the Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering, a completely privately funded co-institute of the University of Potsdam. Other small institutes and departments exist in the City of Potsdam. The Botanischer Garten Potsdam is the university's botanical garden.
Academic profile
At the beginning of the winter semester of the 2020/2021 academic year, roughly 22,000 young people were studying at the University of Potsdam. The University is placing particular emphasis by establishing four university research focuses. Constantly increasing third-party funding volume testifies to the quality of the research conducted at the University today. The University of Potsdam also has successful, productive cooperative agreements with more than 30 non-university research institutions in the region. With interdisciplinary research agenda, the area of excellence links the departments of Psychology, Linguistics, and Sports and Health Science. UP offers more than 150 degree programs in various fields, offered in German as well as other languages, notably French and English.
Faculties
As is common in Germany, the University of Potsdam's teaching and research programmes are carried out along the lines of faculties. The university contains the following faculties:
Digital Engineering Faculty
The Digital Engineering Faculty, jointly established by the University of Potsdam and the Hasso Plattner Institute (HPI), is the first privately funded department of a German public university.
Faculty of Law
The Law Faculty's curriculum offers the basic and required courses necessary to become a fully qualified lawyer. This training includes civil law, criminal law, and public law. At Potsdam, the areas of concentration in research and teaching comprise the fundamentals of law, civil judicature, business law, international law, public administration as well as business, tax, and environmental criminal law. All these areas offer ample opportunity for specialized study. Additional events for training and continuing education for practitioners in the municipal realm are offered by the Institute for Local Government Studies and in international relations by the Human Rights Centre. Furthermore, a German-French law program exists in cooperation with University Paris Ouest-Nanterre/La Défense.
Faculty of Philosophy
In recent years, the University of Potsdam's Philosophical Faculty has redefined itself in the spirit of cross-disciplinary cultural studies. Research and teaching at the Institutes for Religious Studies, Jewish Studies, Jewish Theology, Philosophy, History, Classical Philology, German Studies, English and American Studies, Romance Studies, Slavic Studies as well as Art and Media are devoted to a broad understanding of culture that is defined by including all aspects of human life.
Drawing from the broad range of faculty specialties, the thematic concentrations of "Cultures in/of Mobility," "Forms of Life and the Know How of Living" as well as "Region and Identity in Europe" were created. This emphasis in regard to content encourages interdisciplinary cooperation, but it also incorporates perspectives that are outside the Philosophical Faculty's traditional subject canon. The Focus Area Unsettled Cultures, for example, investigates among others the history and cultural practice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and thereby combines different areas of study, such as theology, literature, ethics, medicine, and cosmology.
In the spirit of research-based teaching, new academic programs such as Mobility Studies are being developed to complement the already existing interdisciplinary Master's programs in Jewish Studies, Communications Linguistics, Military Studies, European Media Studies as well as others. Furthermore, the faculty highly values the intensive support of young scholars. The graduate colleges, graduate schools, and externally funded projects under the auspices of the Philosophical Faculty offer young scholars the opportunity for interdisciplinary and international cooperation.
Faculty of Human Science
With the Cognitive Sciences and the Educational Sciences, the Faculty of Human Sciences includes two of the interdisciplinary focus areas of the University of Potsdam that operate beyond faculty boundaries. The Cognitive Sciences' excellence is based predominantly on the Collaborative Research Centre "Information Structure: The Linguistic Means for Structuring Utterances, Sentences and Texts." Empirical research is currently being expanded in the educational sciences, and it is closely linked to teaching. In the education and training of aspiring teachers in all faculties, the Faculty of Human Sciences occupies a central role.
The "Area of Excellence Cognitive Sciences" and the "Focus Area Educational Sciences" are divided into further research clusters and teaching units. Instruction in the departments of psychology, linguistics, sports, and health science is organized into educational science and teacher training. The research emphases are language, action and behavior, health, professional and popular sports, school and classroom as well as teaching across the life span.
In the future, the existing potentials in the area of health sciences and prevention will be developed into another focus area. The research area in health is currently already well connected with the support systems for professional sports.
The Faculty of Human Sciences mediates between theory and real life in a variety of ways. It is a service provider for the city of Potsdam and the federal state of Brandenburg. It maintains several consultation centers for psychotherapy and speech therapy as well as a university clinic. The university clinic is currently licensed as an examination center of the German Olympic Sports Confederation. Ultimately, a regional health network will be developed in cooperation with other service providers.
Furthermore, the faculty is actively striving for more quality in training students by establishing national and international Master's and graduate programs and by developing a system of quality assurance in teaching.
Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences
With business administration and economics, political and administrative sciences, and sociology as fields of study, the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences has continuously renewed itself and created its own unique and independent brand label. Research and teaching are closely intertwined. The faculty is considered one of the most important German institutes for research, training, and consulting in the areas of policy research and administrative sciences. Another concentration in the field of innovation and technology is currently being developed.
Following a multi-theoretical approach, researchers are investigating the interactive relationship between politics, economy, and institutions at different levels and in different fields of activity. The interdisciplinary approach allows for a study of the interplay between the economy, public and private institutions, and policy-making. Problems of governance between state, economy, and civil society are just as much a concern as problems of governance within the very differentiated public sector. Political and administrative scientists, sociologists, and economists are working on collaborative projects. The interplay of different research approaches and methods creates empirical and theoretical knowledge that transmits a complex and differentiated picture of socioeconomic, cultural, and political developmental processes in modern societies—domestically as well as internationally.
The Faculty is very engaged in linking research and teaching to practice. Therefore, the outcomes of research in the areas start-up, consulting, and innovation directly benefit the faculty's Institute for Start-up and Innovation (BIEM CEIP), a central service institution for aspiring entrepreneurs. The Institute for Local Government Studies (KWI) conducts collaborative research with the Law Faculty in examining issues faced by municipalities in the new Länder and offers continuing education to its elected officials. Furthermore, the faculty's Potsdam Center for Public Policy and Management (PCPM) ensures active national and international knowledge transfer with its research and consulting projects as well as opportunities for academically-focused continuing education. The German Center for Higher Education Development considers the Master’s and Ph.D. programs offered through the PCPM to be among the very best in Europe. Among these are the EAPAA-accredited international postgraduate Program in Public Policy and Management for public sector professionals in English language with the (MPM) Master of Public Management and its three streams: Public Policy and Administration (PPA), Global Public Policy (GPP) and GeoGovernance (GG), the German-French Master of European Governance and Administration (MEGA) and the Executive Master of Public Management (EMPM) Program with the Hertie School of Governance.
Faculty of Health Sciences
The Faculty of Health Sciences is a newly found joint faculty of the University of Potsdam, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (still under development).
Faculty of Mathematics and Science
Under its roof, the Faculty of Science at the University of Potsdam contains the Institutes for Biochemistry and Biology, Chemistry, Nutrition Sciences, Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Computer Sciences, Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy as well as the University of Potsdam Botanical Garden. Especially the study programs in Geoecology, Geoscience, Nutrition Science, Polymer Science, and Software Systems Engineering are in high demand.
The faculty has been strong in gaining external funding and has established future-oriented concentrations and productive core areas in research and teaching. Five of the university's eight focus areas are part of the Faculty of Science: Earth Sciences, Functional Soft Matter, Functional Ecology and Evolution, Complex Systems, and Plant Genomics/Systems Biology. The faculty's own concentrations, such as teacher training in mathematics and natural sciences, sensibly complement the focus areas by supporting their interconnectedness and contribute to their continuous advancement and renewal.
The close cooperation between the natural sciences and extramural research institutions in the Berlin-Brandenburg region, already intended in the University of Potsdam's founding concept, was praised very early on by the German Council of Science and Humanities. The collaboration with several institutes of the Max Planck Society, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, the Helmholtz Association, the Leibniz Association, and the Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering exemplify this extensive networking. Currently, there are more than 40 joint professorships with these institutions.
Studies and Students
The university is the largest institution of higher education in the state of Brandenburg. It has repeatedly received the “Excellence in Teaching” Award from the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany. The University of Potsdam offers 170 degree programs. It is not considered a “Volluniversität”, i.e. a university offering courses in all traditional disciplines, since it does not comprise institutions for degrees in Medicine and Engineering. It also offers English-language Master’s degree programs and courses. In addition, the university provides seminars, workshops and Executive Master’s degree programs to career entrants and managerial staff.
Students in Brandenburg are not charged for tuition. There is, however, a small administrative fee for each semester, which includes a public transport ticket for Berlin and Brandenburg for six months and amounted to EUR 304.16 in 2020.
Degree Programs
The University of Potsdam confers the following academic degrees for its undergraduate and graduate programs:
Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)
Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.)
Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.)
First State Examination in Law or Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.)
Master of Arts (M.A.)
Master of Education (M.Ed.)
Master of Science (M.Sc.)
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Master of Public Management (MPM)
Master of European Governance and Administration
Master of Laws (LL.M.)
Magister Legum (LL.M.)
Overview of Degree Programs
To view the lists, click on “show” on the right-hand side.
Facts and Figures
In the winter semester 2020/2021, 21,006 students were enrolled at the University of Potsdam. International students make up 14% of the student body. 5,522 new students took up their studies at the Potsdam alma mater in the winter semester 2020/2021.
Distribution of Students in the Faculties (winter semester 2019/2020)
Law Faculty: 2,695
Faculty Of Arts: 5,340
Faculty Of Human Sciences: 3,783
Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences: 3,622
Faculty Of Science: 5,048
Digital Engineering Faculty: 741
Faculty of Health Sciences: 0 (still under development)
Student Representation
The students are represented directly by the Student Parliament, the General Students’ Committee (AStA) and the Departmental Student Representative Committees.
Student life
More than 60 student organizations are registered as associations at the university. They enable students to pursue political or cultural interests, organize social projects, such as a student-run crisis hotline, and establish contacts beyond their degree program. The University Athletic Department offers up to 200 different courses for a small fee. This also includes unusual sports like historical sword fighting. There are dining halls on every campus run by the Potsdam Association for Student Affairs with main courses starting at EUR 1.50. The Association for Student Affairs also provides accommodation for 2,855 students in the city of Potsdam. The “Nil” club on the Am Neuen Palais campus has been run by students since 1999. In Potsdam’s city center, students also manage the Student Cultural Center “KuZe” and the “Pub à la Pub” bar.
Notable research centres and institutes
Within faculties, teaching and research activities may be further decentralised through departments, graduate schools or institutes. For example,
PCPM, Potsdam Center for Policy and Management, which has earned the University of Potsdam a reputation as one of the leading competence centers for Governance and the Public Sector. A recent reputation study by the German Association for Political Science has declared the University of Potsdam one of the three most important German universities and research institutions in the area of policy research and administrative sciences. The Center for Higher Education Development considers the Master’s and Ph.D. programs offered here to be among the very best in Europe. Among these are the EAPAA-accredited international postgraduate Program in Public Policy and Management for public sector professionals in English language with the (MPM) Master of Public Management and its three streams: Public Policy and Administration (PPA), Global Public Policy (GPP) and GeoGovernance (GG), the German-French Master of European Governance and AdministrationEuropean Governance and Administration (MEGA) and the Executive Master of Public Management (EMPM) Program with the Hertie School of Governance.
BIEM-CEIP, Institute for Start-ups, Entrepreneurship and Innovation
KWI, Institute for Local Government Studies
The Hasso Plattner Institute for Software Systems Engineering is the first, and currently the only university institute that is completely privately financed. Hasso Plattner, co-founder and advisory board chairman of the software company SAP, created the opportunity for a unique academic elite-education in IT systems technology. Meeting the demands of the industry, about a dozen professors and more than fifty additional visiting professors and lecturers are currently training about 450 highly talented young people in the Bachelor and Master's programs to become IT systems engineers.
The Hasso Plattner Institute of Design integrates product design, engineering, and business management education, in cooperation with Stanford University. While it is located in Stanford University, it is a joint project and a degree with respective content is also offered through the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam.
The Abraham Geiger College is the first rabbinical seminary in Central Europe after 1945. When the Nazis closed the Higher Institute for Jewish Studies (Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums) in Berlin in 1942, it meant the end of an era that had begun with Abraham Geiger. In 1836 Geiger had called for the founding of a Jewish theological department at a German university that would be dedicated to Jewish tradition in the spirit of academic freedom. Today, the Abraham Geiger College provides education for rabbis and cantors for Jewish communities in Central and Eastern Europe. Besides vocational training, participants go through a regular university program of study that is integrated into the extensive curriculum of the School of Jewish Theology at the University of Potsdam and that must be completed with a B.A. for cantors and an M.A. for rabbis. After completing the degree and contingent upon agreement of supervisors and mentors, the rabbinical college then recommends candidates for ordination into the Jewish clergy.
The Moses Mendelssohn Center for European-Jewish Studies focuses on the history, religion, and culture of Jews and Judaism in European countries. A special accent is placed on the history of relations between Jews and their non-Jewish environment. On the one hand, research is concerned with the problems of social integration and acculturation faced by Jews, and on the other hand it focuses on comparative social historical questions related to living conditions and to geographical as well as social mobility. Further areas of research include hostility towards Jews as well as historical and contemporary antisemitism. Much attention is also given to sociocultural and intellectual-historical aspects, such as literature, art, religion, philosophy, and music. The Moses Mendelssohn Center owns an extensive and publicly accessible specialized library that currently holds around 50,000 volumes.
The Potsdam Graduate School, which sees its primary task in the promotion of already accredited doctoral candidates and post-doctorals as well as in the continuous optimization of doctoral conditions and quality management. The Potsdam Graduate School stands for transparency within doctoral procedures and the intensification and improvement of doctoral supervision.
Supportive institutions
The Language Centre offers students of all faculties the chance to learn many languages at various levels of proficiency, and holds a collegial certificate of international accreditation from UNIcert.
The Career Service supports students and graduates during the transition phase from study into practice.
Sports center
Computing center
AStA – Students' union executive committee
International Relations Office
Studentenwerk Potsdam
University Library
Tuition fees and scholarships
Tuition fees at University of Potsdam vary, depending on nationality and programme of study. For German and EU/EEA students there is currently no tuition fee, however, several additional fees such as for the students union as well as mandatory public transportation tickets for students have to be paid. For non-EU/EEA students tuition fees may apply.
For both EU/EEA students as well as non-EU/EEA students a variety of financial assistance and scholarships is available. The University of Potsdam does not provide scholarships directly. Among others, the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst – DAAD) offers a very extensive scholarship programme. Students or post-graduates can apply for a wide variety of scholarships, but the conditions and opportunities vary according to the country of origin and field of study. Other scholarship providers also have varying prerequisites regarding country of origin, field of study, prior academic performance, the duration of the scholarship, etc.
The prerequisites and the weighting of the various criteria for stipends are determined by the individual profiles of the foundation providing for the scholarships. For example, one’s previous marks or grades are weighted differently by the various foundations. For some foundations, previous marks are weighted as the main criteria, and the social situation of the applicant is given significantly less weight. For other scholarships, good marks are important in order to receive a scholarship, but this does not mean that an applicant qualifies for one. Many foundations give significant weight to financial need, engagement in the civil society, or a developed personal profile. Willingness to participate in the respective foundation's programme is also important to some foundations. Information is available at University of Potsdam for students wishing to apply.
Rankings
The University of Potsdam was ranked #30 in the World in the Times Higher Education Young University Rankings 2021. It was also ranked #41 in the world in Nature's Top 175 Young Universities Ranking.
The university has a particularly strong linguistics programme, ranked #51-100 in the QS World University Rankings for Linguistics. The Digital Engineering faculty, which is led by the Hasso Plattner Institute, runs Germany's top-ranked computer science-related study programme according to the CHE 2019/2020 ranking, which is Germany's largest academic ranking.
International partnerships
A cooperation among the universities in Berlin (Humboldt University of Berlin, Technical University of Berlin, Free University of Berlin) and University of Potsdam exists, which allows students of these universities to take courses at the respective partner universities, in accordance with their curriculum.
The University of Potsdam is well connected: it has found scientific partners of international standing with the Potsdam-Institute for Climate Impact Research and the German Institute for Human Nutrition – both institutes of the Leibniz Association – as well as the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam – German Research Centre for Geosciences. Close cooperation and joint professorships also exist with the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, and many other research institutions. Last but not least, the university collaborates with both institutes of the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft in the Science Park Potsdam-Golm, a research campus that is growing in significance far beyond Germany's borders. Similarly, the Hasso Plattner Institute of University of Potsdam in cooperation with Stanford University offers a design school based in Stanford University, the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design. While it is located at Stanford University, various partnerships as well as a degree is offered through University of Potsdam.
The university offers a number of German courses, organizes intercultural training workshops, and matches up tandem-partners who want to learn one another's language. Selected study programs, in particular several Master programs, may also be completed in English.
International partnerships offer opportunities to spend one semester or a full year at one of many partner universities. Jewish studies in Israel, sports management in Australia, language and politics in Moscow, or an excursion to Montana to visit the geographical center of the earth – the choice among about 300 partnerships is great. From a regular course of study or an internship to a double degree or Ph.D. studies – everything is possible. Potsdam is a popular choices both for the Erasmus and Tempus as well as for the Fulbright program and the international programs of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).
Several exchange programs and partnerships exist. An institution at Potsdam's Law Faculty that is unique in Germany is the German-French law program, which is operated in cooperation with the partner University Paris Ouest-Nanterre/La Défense. At the University of Potsdam students can participate not just in an exchange program, but they also have the opportunity in their first two years in the standard German law program to complete an additional, self-contained program of study in French law. This French part of the program is taught by French visiting scholars from the partner university and is conducted in French.
International doctoral studies
University of Potsdam offers international students the completion of a doctoral thesis. Doctoral students in Germany generally pursue their doctorates in the context of individual research projects, rather than in structured programmes as in many other countries. Upon completion of a dissertation project, one receives a doctoral degree for individual scholarly achievements.
The prerequisite for doctoral studies is an above average graduate degree, Master's of Arts, Master's of Science, Diploma, Staatsexamen or another equivalent degree. The doctoral examination board (Promotionsausschuss) of your institute of interest, or the Dean of the Law Faculty respectively, is responsible for determining questions of equivalency. Writing a dissertation should take no longer than three years. After submitting a dissertation and receiving a positive assessment, doctoral students are required to take part in a disputation.
Voltaire Prize
The Voltaire Prize for Tolerance, International Understanding and Respect for Differences has been awarded by the university since 2017. It is awarded "for the scientific examination of the topics of international understanding, tolerance and respect for differences and which honors scientists who are committed to freedom in research and education and advocate freedom of expression". , the prize is worth €5,000, and sponsored by the Friede Springer Foundation. The university aligns itself with Voltaire's and La Mettrie's contribution to the Age of Enlightenment.
Recipients of the prize include:
2017: Hilal Alkan, Turkish political scientist
2018: Gladys Tzul Tzul, Guatemalan sociologist
2019: Ahmad Milad Karimi, Afghan philosopher
2020: Gábor Polyák, Hungarian media scientist
2021: Elisabeth Kaneza, Rwandan political scientist and legal scholar
See also
Universities and research institutions in Berlin
Notes
References
Görtemaker, Manfred (ed.), Die Universität Potsdam: Geschichte – Bauten – Umgebung, Berlin, 2001
External links
University
Educational institutions established in 1991
1991 establishments in Germany
Universities and colleges in Brandenburg |
4039466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles | 1985 French Open – Women's singles | Chris Evert defeated the defending champion Martina Navratilova in a rematch of the previous year's final, 6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–5 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1985 French Open. It was her sixth French Open singles title and her 17th major singles title overall.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Chris Evert is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Martina Navratilova (finals)
Chris Evert (champion)
Hana Mandlíková (quarterfinals)
Manuela Maleeva (quarterfinals)
Helena Suková (second round)
Zina Garrison (second round)
Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (semifinals)
Carling Bassett (fourth round)
Catarina Lindqvist (second round)
Bonnie Gadusek (fourth round)
Steffi Graf (fourth round)
Barbara Potter (first round)
Kathy Rinaldi (third round)
Gabriela Sabatini (semifinals)
Andrea Temesvári (first round)
Pam Casale (second round)
Qualifying
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Earlier rounds
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
See also
Evert–Navratilova rivalry
References
External links
1985 French Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Singles
French Open by year – Women's singles
French Open - Women's Singles
1985 in women's tennis
1985 in French women's sport |
4039470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazkiyah | Tazkiyah | Tazkiyah () is an Arabic-Islamic term alluding to "tazkiyat al-nafs" meaning "sanctification" or "purification of the self". This refers to the process of transforming the nafs (carnal self or desires) from its deplorable state of self-centrality through various spiritual stages towards the level of purity and submission to the Will of Allah. Its basis is in learning the shari'ah and deeds from the known authentic sunnah and applying it in your own deeds through life resulting in spiritual awareness of Allah (being constantly aware that He is with us by His knowledge and knows all that we do, along with being in constant remembrance or dhikr of Him in your thoughts and actions) being the highest level of Ihsan. The person who purifies himself/herself is called a Zaki ().
Tazkiyah, along with the related concepts of tarbiyah – self-development and ta'lim – training and education, does not limit itself to the conscious learning process: it is rather the task of giving form to the act of righteous living itself: treating every moment of life with remembering one's position in front of Allah.
Etymology
Tazkiyah originally meant pruning the plant – to remove what is harmful for its growth. When the term is applied to the human personality, it means to beautify it and to remove from it all evil traces and spiritual diseases that are obstacles in experiencing Allah. In Islam, the ultimate objective of religion and shariah (Islamic law) and the real purpose of raising prophets from among mankind was performing and teaching tazkiyah.
Literally the term encompasses two meanings: one is to cleanse and purify from adulterants, while the other is to improve and develop towards the height of perfection. Technically it conveys the sense of checking oneself from erroneous tendencies and beliefs and turning them to the path of virtue and piety (fear of God's displeasure) and developing it to attain the stage of perfection.
The word zakat (alms tax) comes from the same Arabic verbal root, since zakat purifies an individual's wealth by recognition of Allah's right over a portion of it. It finds its origin in the Quranic command to: "Take sadaqah (charity) from their property in order to purify and sanctify them" (At-Taubah: 103). Other similarly used words to the term are Islah-i qalb (reform of the heart), Ihsan (beautification), taharat (purification), Ikhlas (purity), qalb-is-salim (pure/safe/undamaged heart) and lastly, tasawuf (Sufism), which is basically an ideology rather than a term, mostly misinterpreted as the idea of sanctification in Islam.
In scripture
In Quran
The word Tazkiyah has been used in many places of the Qur'an. It has been used 18 times in 15 verses of 11 Surahs; in Ayat 129, 151, 174 of Surah Al-Baqarah, in 77 and 164 verse of sura Al-Imran, the verse of Nisa 49, Surah Taubah, verse 103, Sura taha's 76 ayat, in second verse of Sura Al-Jumm'ah, 3 and 7 ayat of Sura Abasa, in verse 21 of Surah al-A'la, verse 9 of Surah Shams and in the verse 18 of Surah al-Layl.
In Hadith
The word tazkiyah is also found in a few hadith, with also of a meaning as purify and santify.
Importance
The soul is created devoid of traits except for spirituality love of Allah. As one progresses through life he develops malakat related to his lifestyle. The soul becomes accustomed to repeated behavior, which then determines actions. Noble faculties manifest moral and wise behavior, while evil faculties manifest immorality. These faculties determine the fate in the akhira. Moral virtues bring eternal happiness and well-being (falaḥ), while moral corruption leads to everlasting wretchedness. Man must purge blameworthy traits (akhlāq madhmūma) before he can integrate ethical and moral virtues. According to the ulema, obtainment of falaḥ in this life and the next is directly connected to tazkiah. This is based on the Quranic verses:
91:7 وَنَفْسٍ وَمَا سَوَّاهَا
Wanafsin wamā sawwāhā
Consider the human self, and how it is formed in accordance with what it is meant to be
91:8 فَأَلْهَمَهَا فُجُورَهَا وَتَقْوَاهَا
Faalhamahā fujūrahā wataqwāhā
And how it is imbued with moral failings as well as with consciousness of God!
91:9 قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَن زَكَّاهَا
Qad aflaḥa man zakkāhā
To a happy state shall indeed attain he who causes this [self] to grow in purity
91:10 وَقَدْ خَابَ مَن دَسَّاهَا
Waqad khāba man dassāhā
And truly lost is he who buries it [in darkness].
This illustrates that Allah created the human soul with both evil and good inclinations, and endowed man with the ability to distinguish between the two: eternal falaḥ is achieved by choosing good in the struggle instead of evil and striving to make it prevail. Similarly, Allah says in sura as-shu'ara : "On that Day, neither wealth nor children will be of any benefit, only he [will be happy] who comes before Allah with a sound heart free of evil."
Thus, the only people who will be saved from punishment on the Day of Judgment are those possessing qulub salīma (sound hearts: بِقَلْبٍ سَلِيمٍ). The phrase "salīm" (sound) is related to the word "aslama" because "Islam" is moving towards that state of soundness.
Anas Karzoon offered the following definition of tazkiah al-nafs, "It is the purification of the soul from inclination towards evils and sins, and the development of its fitrah towards goodness, which leads to its uprightness and its reaching ihsaan." Attempts to obey God's commands are successful only when one is purified; then the soul can receive God's unlimited grace.
The hadith of the Prophet Muhammad: ("my religion is based on cleanliness"), does not refer to outward cleanliness alone; it also alludes to the soul's inner purity. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi narrates in his "Tarikh" on the authority of Jabir that the Prophet returned from one of his campaigns and told his companions: "You have come forth in the best way of coming forth: you have come from the smaller jihad to the greater jihad." They said: "And what is the greater jihad?" He replied: "The striving (mujahadat) of Allah's servants against their idle desires."
When some Sufi masters were asked about the meaning of Islam, they answered: "[It is] slaughtering the soul by the swords of opposition [to it]." The famous Sufi master Mawlana Jalal al-Din al-Rumi has argued that the constant struggle against nafs is jihad al-akbar (the greatest war). To attain perfection, it is necessary to struggle against lusts and immoral tendencies, and prepare the soul to receive God's grace. If man travels the path of purification, God will aid and guide him. As the Qur'an maintains in sura al-Ankabut:
29:69 وَالَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا فِينَا لَنَهْدِيَنَّهُمْ سُبُلَنَا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَعَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ
Waallathēna jahadū fēna lanahdiyannahum subulanā wainna Allaha lama'a almuḥsinēna
But as for those who struggle hard in Our cause, We shall certainly guide them onto paths leading unto Us: for, behold, God is indeed with the doers of good.
Process
The initial awakening to purification refers to recognition that the spiritual search is more important and meaningful than our previously valued worldly goods and ambitions. The process of tazkiyat al-nafs starts with "Verily deeds are according to intentions" and ends with the station of perfect character, Ihsan, "Worship Him as though you see Him", the reference being to the first hadith in Sahih Bukhari and the oft referred hadith famously known as the hadith of Gibril in Sahih Muslim. Ihsan is the highest level of iman that the seeker can develop through his quest for reality. This is referred to as al-yaqin al-haqiqi; the reality of certainty and knowing that it brings true understanding and leads to al-iman ash-shuhudi, the true faith of witnessing the signs of Allah's Oneness everywhere. The only higher level of realization is maqam al-ihsan. At this station of perfection, the seeker realizes that Allah is observing him every moment.
Saudi cleric Khalid Bin Abdullah al-Musleh listed seven obstacles in the way of Tazkiyah in his book "Islahul Qulub" (reforming the hearts):
Shirk
Rejecting Sunnah and following Bid'ah
Obeying the instinct and ego (nafs)
Doubt
Negligence (ghaflah)
Ha also listed 8 ways to maintain Tazkiyah:
Reading Quran
Loving Allah
Doing dhikr
Tawbah and Istighfar
Supplicate (dua) for hidayah and purify
Remembering afterlife (Akhirah)
Reading the biographies of the salafs
Company of good, honest and pious people.
Maintaining the Nafs
It must be remembered that tazkiah is not a hal (temporary state), which is something that descends from Allah into a seeker's heart, without him being able to repel it when it comes, or to attract it when it goes, by his own effort. The maqām and hal are deeply related and often it is very difficult to distinguish between them. To ascertain their relationship Professor A.J. Arberry, in his Sufism has shown the distinction as follows: "the maqām is a stage of spiritual attainment on the pilgrim's progress to God, which is the result of the mystic's personal efforts and endeavor, whereas the hal is a spiritual mood depending not upon the mystic but upon God." The Muslim philosopher Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin al-Qushayri (b. 986 Nishapur, Iran d. 1074) summarized the difference between the two concepts in his Ar-Risāla-fi-'ilm-at-taşawwuf, where he maintained that, "states are gifts, the stations are earnings."
Tazkiah is a continuous process of purification to maintain spiritual health. Similar to the process of maintaining physical health, any lapse in the regimen can cause one to lose their previous gains, and thus caution must always be used to not deviate from the path. Regarding this, it has been related that Imam Muhammad al-Busayri asked Shaykh Abul-Hasan 'Ali ibn Ja'far al-Kharqani (d. 1033) about the major seventeen negative psychological traits or mawāni’ (impediments) which the sālik must avoid in his struggle towards purification. If the sālik does not rigorously abstain from these aspects, his efforts will be wasted. Known as al-Akhlaqu 'dh-Dhamimah (the ruinous traits), they are also referred to as the Tree of Bad Manners:
Stages of nafs (inner-self)
There are three principal stations of nafs or human consciousness that are specifically mentioned in the Qur'an. They are stages in the process of development, refinement and mastery of the nafs.
nafs-al-ammārah: unruly animal self or soul that dictates evil.
nafs-al-lawwāmah: struggling moral self or self-reproaching soul.
nafs al-mutma'inna: satisfied soul or the composed God realized self.
The animal nafs (nafs-al-ammārah)
The Sufi's journey begins with the challenge of freeing oneself from the influence of shaytan and the nafs-al-ammara. Al-Kashani defines it as follows: the commanding soul is that which leans towards the bodily nature (al-tabī'a al-badaniyya) and commands one to sensual pleasures and lusts and pulls the heart (qalb) in a downward direction. It is the resting place of evil and the source of blameworthy morals and bad actions. In its primitive stage the nafs incites us to commit evil: this is the nafs as the lower self or the base instincts. In the eponymous sura of the Qur'an, the prophet Yusef says "Yet I claim not that my nafs was innocent: Verily the nafs of man incites to evil." Here he is explaining the circumstances in which he came to be falsely imprisoned for the supposed seduction of Zuleikā, the wife of Pharaoh's minister.
....
The reproachful nafs (nafs-al-lawwama)
If the soul undertakes this struggle it then becomes nafs-al-lawwama (reproachful soul): This is the stage where "the conscience is awakened and the self accuses one for listening to one's selfish mind. The original reference to this state is in sura Qiyama:
75:2 وَلَا أُقْسِمُ بِالنَّفْسِ اللَّوَّامَةِ
Walā oqsimu bialnnafsi al-lawwāmati
I call to witness the regretful self (the accusing voice of man's own conscience)
The sense of the Arabic word lawwama is that of resisting wrongdoing and asking God's forgiveness after we become conscious of wrongdoing. At this stage, we begin to understand the negative effects of our habitual self-centered approach to the world, even though we do not yet have the ability to change. Our misdeeds now begin to become repellent to us. We enter a cycle of erring, regretting our mistakes, and then erring again.
Tree of good manners
Akhlaq-i-Hamidah - good character
As-Sidq - truthfulness
Tree of bad manners
al-ghadab – anger: considered the worst of all the negative traits. It may easily be said that anger is the source from which the others flow. The Prophet states in a hadith: "Anger (ghadab) blemishes one's belief." Controlling anger is called kāzm.
al-hiqd – malice or having ill-will toward others; grows from lusting for what someone else has. You must replace hiqd with kindness and look upon your brother with love. There is a tradition that says "give gifts to one another, for gifts take away malice."
al hasad – jealousy or envy; a person inflicted with this disease wants others to lose blessings bestowed on them by Allah.
al-'ujb – vanity or having pride because of an action, possession, quality or relationship.
al-bukhl – stinginess: The cause of bukhl is love of the world, if you did not love it, then giving it up would be easy. To cure the disease of miserliness, one must force oneself to be generous, even if such generosity is artificial; this must be continued until generosity becomes second nature.
al-tama – Greed - excessive desire for more than one needs or deserves. Having no limit to what one hoards of possessions! Seeking to fulfill worldly pleasures through forbidden means is called tama’. The opposite of tama’ is called tafwiz, which means striving to obtain permissible and beneficial things and expecting that Allah will let you have them.
al-jubn – cowardice: the necessary amount of anger (ghadab) or treating harshly is called bravery (shajā'at). Anger which is less than the necessary amount is called cowardice (junb). Imam Shafi says, "a person who acts cowardly in a situation which demands bravery resembles an ass." A coward would not be able to show ghayrat for his wife or relatives when the situation requires it. He would not be able to protect them and thus will suffer oppression (zulm) and depreciation (ziliat).
al-batalah – indolence or Sloth (deadly sin): batalah is inactivity resulting from a dislike of work.
al-riya’ – ostentation or showing off: riya’ means to present something in a manner opposite to its true nature. In short, it means pretension, i.e., a person's performing deeds for the next world to impress the idea on others that he is really a pious person with earnest desire of the akhirah while in fact he wants to attain worldly desires.
al-hirsh – attachment and love for the material world, such as desiring wealth and a long life.
al-'azamah – superiority or claiming greatness: the cure is to humble oneself before Allah.
al-ghabawah wa 'l-kasalah – heedlessness and laziness; "the heart needs nourishment, and heedlessness starves the spiritual heart."
al-hamm – anxiety: this develops from heedlessness. The seeker must first understand that Allah is al-Razzaq (the Provider), and submit and be content with the will of Allah.
al-ghamm – depression: passion (hawā) conduces to anguish (ghamm) whenever reason is allowed to represent itself as grievous or painful the loss of the suitable or desirable and is, therefore, a "rational affection" that can cause the soul untold suffering and perturbation.
al-manhiyat – Eight Hundred Forbidden Acts
ghaflah – neglect and forgetfulness of God, indifference: those guilty of ghaflah, the ghāfilün, are those who "know only a surface appearance of the life of this world, and are heedless of the hereafter" (30:7).
kibr – arrogance or regarding one's self to be superior to others. The Prophet states in a hadith: "A person who has an atom's weight of conceit in his heart will not enter Paradise." The opposite of arrogance is tawādu’, which is a feeling of equality.
hubb ul-dunya – love of the material world: Materialism. The Prophet has said that "love of the world is the root of all evil." If this ailment is treated and cured, all other maladies flowing from it will also disappear.
The sālik must purify himself from these bad traits and rid his heart of the underlying ailments that are at their source. Outward adherence to the five pillars of Islam is not sufficient: he must be perfect in behavior. This requires a program of self-evaluation, purification, seclusion and establishing a practice of remembrance and contemplation under the guidance of an authorized Shaykh of Spiritual Discipline (shaykh at-tarbiyyah). In this way the seeker is able to achieve a state in which his heart is ready to receive Divine Inspiration and observe Divine Realities.
The nafs at peace (nafs-i-mutma'inna)
The Qur'an explains how one can achieve the state of the satisfied soul in sura Ar-Ra'd: "Those who believe, and whose hearts find their rest in the remembrance of God – for, verily, in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find satisfaction (tatmainnu alquloobu)." Once the seeker can successfully transcend the reproachful soul, the process of transformation concludes with nafs-al-mutma'inna (soul at peace). However, for some Sufis orders the final stage is nafs-as-safiya wa kamila (soul restful and perfected in Allah's presence). The term is conceptually synonymous with Tasawwuf, Islah al-Batini etc. Another closely related but not identical concept is tazkiah-al-qalb, or cleansing of the heart, which is also a necessary spiritual discipline for travelers on the Sufi path. The aim is the erasure of everything that stands in the way of purifying Allah's love (Ishq).
The aim of tazkiah and moral development is to attain falah or happiness, thus realizing the nafs al-mutma'inna. This is the ideal stage of mind for Sufis. On this level one is firm in one's faith and leaves bad manners behind. The soul becomes tranquil, at peace. At this stage Sufis have relieved themselves of all materialism and worldly problems and are satisfied with the will of God. Man's most consummate felicity is reflecting Divine attributes. Tranquillization of the soul means an individual's knowledge is founded on such firm belief that no vicissitudes of distress, comfort, pain or pleasure can alter his trust in Allah and his expecting only good from Him. Instead, he remains pleased with Allah and satisfied with His decrees. Similarly, the foundations of deeds are laid in such firm character that no temptations, in adversity, prosperity, fear or hope, removes him from the shar'iah, so he fulfills the demands made by Allah and thus becomes His desirable servant.
According to Qatada ibn al-Nu'man, the nafs al-mutma'inna is, "the soul of the believer, made calm by what Allah has promised. Its owner is at complete rest and content with his knowledge of Allah's Names and Attributes..."
In sura Fajr of the Quran, Allah addresses the peaceful soul in the following words:
89:27 يَا أَيَّتُهَا النَّفْسُ الْمُطْمَئِنَّةُ
Yā ayyatuhā alnnafsu almutmainnatu
O thou human being that hast attained to inner peace!
89:28 ارْجِعِي إِلَى رَبِّكِ رَاضِيَةً مَّرْضِيَّةً
Irji'aī ilā rabbiki radiyatan mardiyyatan
Return thou unto thy Sustainer, well-pleased [and] pleasing [Him]:
89:29 فَادْخُلِي فِي عِبَادِي
Fāodkhulī fī 'aibādī
Enter, then, together with My [other true] servants
89:30 وَادْخُلِي جَنَّتِي
Wāodkhulī jannatī
Yea, enter thou My paradise!"
Sufi views
Maqamat of Tazkiah
The level of human perfection is determined by discipline and effort. Man stands between two extremes, the lowest is below beasts and the highest surpasses the angels. Movement between these extremes is discussed by `ilm al-akhlaq or the science of ethics. Traditional Muslim philosophers believed that without ethics and purification (tazkiah), mastery over other sciences is not only devoid of value, but obstructs insight. That is why the Sufi saint Bayazid al-Bustami has said that, 'knowledge is the thickest of veils', which prevents man from seeing reality (haqiqah).
Sufi Brotherhoods (ṭarīqa pl. ṭuruq) have traditionally been considered training workshops where fundamental elements of tazkiah and its practical applications are taught. Sufis see themselves as seekers (murīdūn) and wayfarers (sālikūn) on the path to God. For proper training, murīdūn are urged to put themselves under the guidance of a master (murshid). The search for God (irāda, ṭalab) and the wayfaring (sulūk) on the path (ṭarīq) involve a gradual inner and ethical transformation through various stages. Although some have considerably more, most orders adopted seven maqāmāt (maqam pl. maqamat, a station on the voyage towards spiritual transformation). Although some of these stations are ascetical in nature, their primary functions are ethical, psychological and educational: they are designed as a means for combating the lower-self (mujāhadat al-nafs) and as a tool for its training and education (riyāḍat al-nafs).
In one of the earliest authoritative texts of Sufism, the Kitāb al-luma’, Abu Nasr al-Sarraj al-Tusi (d. 988), mentions seven maqāmāt that have become famous in later movements, they include:
Repentance (tawbah): Begins with nur-e-ma'rifat (light of Divine Recognition) in the heart that realizes sin is spiritual poison. This induces regret and a yearning to compensate for past shortcomings and determination to avoid them in the future. Tawbah means regaining one's essential purity after every spiritual defilement. Maintaining this psychological state requires certain essential elements. The first is self-examination (muhasabah) and the other is introversion or meditation (muraqabah).
Abstention (wara): Pious self-restraint: the highest level of wara' is to eschew anything that might distract one, even briefly, from the consciousness of Allah. Some Sufis define wara as conviction of the truth of Islamic tenets, being straightforward in belief and acts, steadfast in observing Islamic commandments, and careful in one's relations with God.
Asceticism (zuhd): Doing without what you do not need and making do with little. It is the emptiness of the heart that doesn't know any other commitment than what is in relation to God, or coldness of the heart and dislike of the soul in relation to the world. Such renowned Sufi leaders as Sufyan al-Thawri regarded zuhd as the action of the heart dedicated to Allah's approval and pleasure and closed to worldly ambitions.
Poverty (faqr): Poverty, both material and spiritual. This means denial of the nafs demands for pleasure and power, and dedication to the service of others instead of self-promotion. A dervish is also known as a fakir, literally a poor person. Poverty means lack of attachment to possessions and a heart that is empty of all except the desire for Allah.
Patience (ṣabr): Essential characteristic for the mystic, sabr literally means enduring, bearing, and resisting pain and difficulty. There are three types: sabr alal amal (consistent in practicing righteous deeds); sabr fil amal (patience in performing a righteous deed); sabr anil amal (patience in abstaining from haram). In many Quranic verses Allah praises the patient ones, declares His love for them, or mentions the ranks He has bestowed on them: "And Surely God is with the patient ones." (2:153)
Confidence (tawakkul): At this stage we realize everything we have comes from Allah. We rely on Allah instead of this world. There are three fundamental principles (arkan) of tawakkul: ma'rifat, halat and a'mal. The condition for achieving tawakkul is sincere acknowledgement of tauheed.
Contentment (riḍā’): Submission to qaḍā (fate), showing no rancor or rebellion against misfortune, and accepting all manifestations of Destiny without complaint. According to Dhul-Nun al-Misri, rida means preferring God's wishes over one's own in advance, accepting his Decree without complaint, based on the realization that whatever God wills and does is good. The state where pain is not felt is called riḍā-e-tab'i (natural): when riḍā’ prevails with pain it is riḍā-e-aqli (intellectual). The first state is a physical condition and is not incumbent. The second is an intellectual condition, which is required: results from muhabbat (love for Allah ).
Sufi sheikhs such as 'Alā' al-Dawlah Simnāni have described the maqāmāt in terms of the 'seven prophets' of one's inner being, with each prophet corresponding to one of man's inner states and also virtues. Others like Khwājah 'Abdallah Ansāri have gone into great detail in dividing the stages of tazkiah into a hundred stations. Nonetheless, through all these descriptions the main features of the stations marking the journey towards Allah are the same. One of the finest accounts of maqāmāt in Sufism is the Forty Stations (Maqāmāt-i Arba'in), written by the eleventh century murshid Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr.
Māmulāt of Tazkiah
In order to combat and train the lower-self, Sufis practice fasting (ṣawm), food and drink deprivation (jūʿ'), wakefulness at night for the recitation of Quranic passages (qiyām al-layl), periods of seclusion (khalawāt), roaming uninhabited places in states of poverty and deprivation, and lengthy meditations (murāqaba, jam' al-hamm). The effortful path of self-denial and transformation through gradual maqāmāt is interwoven with effortless mystical experiences (aḥwāl).
The Persian murshid Abu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi further described this process by saying that it is only through constancy in action for God ('aml li- allāh), remembrance (dhikr allāh), recitation from the Quran, prayers and meditation (muraqabah) that a mystic can hope to obtain his objective, which is ubudiyyah – perfect obedience to Allah. Another practice that is often associated with Sufism is the spiritual concert, or "listening," samā', in which poetic recitations, music and dances are performed by the participants, sometimes in states of ecstasy and elation. Most Sufi ṭuruq have established graded programs in which initially every new seeker (murīdūn) is educated in the ritual known as zikr-al-lisani (zikr with the tongue) and is finally taught zikr-al-qalbi, which is practiced from the onset.
More About Ahwal
Excerpt from book reviews provided by "Der Nimatullahi Sufi-Orden", "Spiritual Poverty in Sufism
Spiritual Poverty is a cornerstone of classical Sufi practice. The term faqir (poor man or woman) is often used as a synonym for Sufi and darvish among the Sufis. The first essay in this book documents the development of the meaning of spiritual poverty in Sufism, followed by two essays which explore diverse definitions of the terms darvish and Sufi in Islamic mystical texts.
Chapters 4 and 5 constitute the only comprehensive study in English of the various gradations of mystical states (ahwal) and the hierarchical levels of spiritual stations (maqamat) by the Sufis. The final chapters focus on the concept of the 'Eternal Now' (waqt) and discuss the significance of breath in the spiritual method of the Sufis."
'Al-Ghunya li-Talibi Tariq al-Haqq – 2', in 'Concerning contentment [rida].', says "Should contentment [rida] be classed as one of the spiritual states [ahwal], or as one of the spiritual stations [maqamat]?", and in another place later, same work, "But its final stage [nihaya] is one of the spiritual states [ahwal]..." These quotes are without going into detail, such as to answer the question presented.
The webpage entitled 'SUFISM', says, The Sufi path contains many stages (Maqamat) and states (Ahwal). It begins with repentance when the seeker joins the order and prepares himself for initiation.... He passes through a number of spiritual stations and states clearly defined by Sufi teaching. These are the Sufi stations:... Linked to these stations are specific moods or emotions (ahwal) such as fear and hope, sadness and joy, yearning and intimacy...
SUFI ESOTERIC TERMINOLOGY: Ahwal – mystical states.
With a translation of Ahwal:
Qasida Burda verses 35–36
Wa-'alaykum as-Salam wa-rahmatullah wa-barakatuh: What is the meaning of "muqtahim[i]" in the line of the Burda Shareef which states: "Li kulli hawlin min ahwal muqtahimi"?
Also, what is the translation of "Abara fee qawli laa minhu wa la n'ami"?
They are verses 35–36:
Nabiyyuna al-aamiru al-naahi fa-la ahadun abarra fi qawli "la" minhu wa-la "na'ami."
Huwa al-Habibu al-ladhi turja shafa'atuhu, li-kulli hawlin min al-ahwali muqtahimi!
Translation
Our Prophet who commands and forbids, so that none is more just than him in saying "no" or "yes":
He is the Beloved whose intercession is dearly hoped, for each disaster of the disasters that shall befall!"
As can be seen, in the last line starting with 'hawlin', the corresponding translation starts with 'disaster', then, 'of the disasters', whereas the initial text, "min al-ahwali"; thereof, it is shown basic lughatul Arabiya [Arabic language], the word tense of 'hawlin' to 'al-ahwali'.
Article on Qaṣīda al-Burda (Arabic: قصيدة البردة, "Poem of the Mantle")
Quote provided is on direct subject of illustrating the breadth of translations of Ahwal; therewith, the quote is inserted without involvement in unanimity of agreement of approval of the entirety of the content of Qasida Burda.
Further on meanings of Ahwal, in answering, "Question: Does a non-verbal pronouncement of divorce count as a pronouncement of divorce? i.e. The man "says" it "aloud" in his mind (without moving lips, vocal cords, mouth)?
Answer: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Assalamu Alaykum. Allama Muhammad Qudri Basha in his al-Ahwal al-Shaksiyya mentions: A divorce is effected by a verbal pronouncement and by a formally written letter. (Al-Fawaid al-Aliyya ala al-Ahkam al-Shariyya fi al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya, Article 222, Maktaba Arafa). A formally written letter is one that is written to a third person. This will count as a divorce whether one intends it or not."
It is indicative that al-Ahwal is used in places, places, spread. The purpose of including this in this article addendum is for broadness sake.
Salafi views
Although highly critical of numerous Sufi practices, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab states: "We do not negate the way of the Sufis and the purification of the inner self (i.e., tazkiah) from the vices of those sins connected to the heart and the limbs as long as the individual firmly adheres to the rules of Shari‘ah and the correct and observed way. However, we will not take it on ourselves to allegorically interpret (ta’wil) his speech and his actions. We only place our reliance on, seek help from, beseech aid from and place our confidence in all our dealings in Allah Most High. He is enough for us, the best trustee, the best mawla and the best helper."
See also
Islah
Istighfar
Taharat
Tasawwuf
Tawbah
Notes
References
J.M. Cowan (1994), The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
John Esposito (2003), The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
Jean-Louis Michon (1999), The Autobiography of a Moroccan Soufi: Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (1747–1809)
M. Masud (1996), Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas
Imam Ali, Nahjul Balagha: Sermons, Letters & Sayings of Imam Ali
Muhammad Al-Munajjid - Prophet's Methods Of Correcting People's Mistakes - (English)
Anas Karzoon (1997), Manhaj al-Islaami fi Tazkiyah al-Nafs
Ahmad Farid, The Purification of the Soul: Compiled from the Works of Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali, Ibn al-Qayyim and Al-Ghazali.
S.D. Goitein (1964), Jews and Arabs
Annemarie Schimmel (1975), Mystical Dimension of Islam
G. Böwering (1980), The Mystical Vision of Existence in Early Islam
C. Ernst (1984), Words of Ecstasy in Sufism
J.S. Trimingham (1982), The Sufi Orders in Islam
L. Lewisohn (ed.) (1999), The Heritage of Sufism, 3 vols.
A. Knysh, Islamic Mysticism. A Short History (2000)
Khalid bin Abdullah al-Musleh (2004), Reform of the hearts
Khondokar Abdullah Zahangir (2007), Rahe Belayet (The way to friendship of Allah)
Shaykh Imran ibn Adam, Tasawwuf and Tazkiyah
The meaning and origin of Akhlaq
The Path of the Wayfarer
Arabic words and phrases
Islamic terminology
Sufi philosophy
Quranic words and phrases
Hadith articles by importance |
4039472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Food%20%28TV%20series%29 | Soul Food (TV series) | Soul Food: The Series is an American drama series that aired Wednesday nights on Showtime from June 28, 2000, to May 26, 2004. Developed for television by Felicia D. Henderson, the series was an adaptation of George Tillman's 1997 drama film, Soul Food, which was based on his childhood experiences growing up in Wisconsin. Having aired for five seasons and 74 episodes, it was the first hit drama that featured an African-American cast in U.S. primetime television.
Premise
Soul Food follows the triumphs, struggles, and rivalries of the Josephs, a tight-knit African-American family living in Chicago, Illinois. The series picks up six months after the events in the 1997 film, starting with the birth of Bird and Lem's son Jeremiah, as the family tries to hold together after the death of the Joseph sisters' mother Josephine (Irma P. Hall, reprising her role in flashback sequences), usually referred to as Mama, Mother Joe, or Big Mama.
Episodes
Cast
Rockmond Dunbar as Kenny Chadway
Darrin Dewitt Henson as Lem Van Adams
Aaron Meeks as Ahmad Chadway
Nicole Ari Parker as Teri Joseph
Malinda Williams as Tracy "Bird" Joseph Van Adams
Vanessa Estelle Williams as Maxine Joseph Chadway
Boris Kodjoe as Damon Carter (recurring season 1; regular seasons 2–4; guest season 5)
Response
Soul Food was one of the first long-running and successful dramatic series on television to feature a predominantly African-American cast. Short-lived series such as Under One Roof and City of Angels featured predominantly black casts but never gained recognition due to lack of ratings and viewership. The show dealt in topics of politics, homosexuality, racial discrimination, and certain forms of abuse (drug, domestic, and sexual). Because it aired on Showtime, there was use of mild profanity and partial nudity. Several episodes even served as launching pads for upcoming new music artists. Many known performers such as Gerald Levert, Montell Jordan, India Arie, Sunshine Anderson and Common have made guest appearances as well.
Popularity
The show received five NAACP Image Awards nominations for Outstanding Drama Series and won three consecutive times in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Also, a three-book series was launched in 2002.
The Soul Food cast was interviewed by comedian Mo'Nique about fan reaction to the series. The cast considered that fans of the show would approach them at different places, including the airport, and would talk to them about storylines that they enjoyed or disliked. Nicole Ari Parker commented on studio executives telling the cast and crew that they were not marketable overseas; yet, after the show ended, the series garnered a fanbase in France.
Syndication
In 2004, BET acquired the rights to air reruns of the series (in the United States). The episodes have been edited to allow for commercials, and to meet FCC content standards for basic cable networks. BET aired syndicated reruns of Soul Food for a long time, until it shifted the series to its sister network, BET J (now known as BET Her). On March 15, 2010, the principal cast members (except for Rockmond Dunbar), appeared together on the BET late-night talk show The Mo'Nique Show. TV One began airing reruns of the series in January 2012. Syndication rights are currently held by Aspire, which began airing reruns of the series in January 2016.
Home releases
On June 24, 2003, Showtime Entertainment/Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of Soul Food: The Series on DVD, just two weeks after the series wrapped its fourth season.
After a long delay, the remaining four seasons were released in 2007 and 2008 by Paramount Pictures and CBS Home Entertainment (because of CBS acquiring the pre-2006 Viacom, including Showtime Networks).
While season one (billed as "the complete first season") runs in its uncut, complete form, the remaining other seasons did not, primarily due to music licensing issues, and some episodes being edited from their original versions, primarily due to expensive costing issues while trying to go back to their original, unedited versions.
International rights to the series are held by Fox, which has yet to release DVD sets in other territories.
^ The 20-episode DVD release of "Season 3" actually contains the 10 episodes in Season 3 and the 10 episodes in Season 4.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
2000s American drama television series
2000 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
Showtime (TV network) original programming
Serial drama television series
Live action television shows based on films
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television shows set in Chicago
Television shows filmed in Toronto
English-language television shows
2000s American black television series
American black television series |
4039474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sleep (disambiguation) | Human sleep and animal sleep (non-human) are a form of rest.
Sleep or sleeping may also refer to:
People with the name
Sleep (rapper) (born 1976), American underground hip hop artist
Colin Sleep (born 1944), Australian footballer
Norman Sleep (born 1945), American geophysicist
Peter Sleep (born 1957), Australian cricketer
Wayne Sleep (born 1948), British dancer, director, and choreographer
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Sleep (1964 film), a 1964 film by Andy Warhol
Sleep (2013 film), a 2013 film directed by Juha Lilja
Music
Groups
Sleep (band), American doom metal band
Team Sleep, American ambient rock group
Albums
Sleep (album), a 2015 album by Max Richter
Sleep, a 2001 EP by Strata
Classical compositions
"Sleep" (Eric Whitacre song), a 2000 choral piece
"Sleep", a 1912 song by Ivor Gurney
"Sleep", a 1922 composition by Peter Warlock
"Sleep", a 2006 song by Richard Causton
"Sleep", a 2010 song by Ronald Corp
Søvnen (The Sleep), a 1905 cantata by Carl Nielsen
Songs
"Sleep" (1920s song), by Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians, 1923
"Sleep" (Marion song), 1995
"Sleep" (Texas song), 2006
"Sleep", by the 3rd and the Mortal from In This Room, 1997
"Sleep (I've Been Slipping)", by Code Orange Kids from Love Is Love/Return to Dust, 2012
"Sleep", by Conjure One from Conjure One, 2002
"Sleep", by Copeland from In Motion, 2005
"Sleep", by Cult of Luna from Cult of Luna, 2001
"Sleep", by The Dandy Warhols from Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia, 2000
"Sleep", by Donovan from Cosmic Wheels, 1973
"Sleep", by Godspeed You! Black Emperor from Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven, 2000
"Sleep", by Imogen Heap from IMegaphone, 1998
"Sleep", by Johnny Orlando from Teenage Fever, 2019
"Sleep", by Lagwagon from Hoss, 1995
"Sleep", by Lazlo Bane from 11 Transistor, 1997
"Sleep", by Les Paul, 1953 (Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians song cover)
"Sleep", by Midnight Oil from Red Sails in the Sunset, 1984
"Sleep", by My Chemical Romance from The Black Parade, 2006
"Sleep", by Nada Surf from High/Low, 1996
"Sleep", by Phish from Farmhouse, 2000
"Sleep", by Poets of the Fall from Signs of Life, 2005
"Sleep", by Savatage from Edge of Thorns, 1993
"Sleep", by Stabbing Westward from Wither Blister Burn & Peel, 1996
"Sleep", by Story of the Year from In the Wake of Determination, 2005
"Sleep", by Transit from Young New England, 2013
"Sleep", by Underground Lovers from Underground Lovers, 1990
"Sleep", by Wuthering Heights from The Shadow Cabinet, 2006
"Sleep Song", by Rooney from Calling the World, 2007
"Sleep Song", by Raffi from Good Luck Boy, 1975
"Sleepin'", by Diana Ross from Last Time I Saw Him, 1973
"Sleepin'", by Relient K from Air for Free, 2016
"Sleeping" (The Band song), 1970
"Sleeping" (Rick Astley song), 2001
"The Sleep", by Pantera from Cowboys from Hell, 1990
Paintings
Sleep, a 1937 painting by Salvador Dalí
The Sleep (Baba), by Corneliu Baba
Periodicals
Sleep (journal), a medical journal covering research on sleep
SLEEP, the official publication of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies (also known as the Sleep Research Society)
Computing and technology
Sleep (command), a command that delays program execution for a specified period of time
Sleep (system call), an operating system call to suspend the execution of a program for specified period of time
Sleep mode, in which a computer becomes inactive
Sleep programming language, a scripting language executed on the Java platform
Science
Rheum (also known as "sleepies"), mucus formed in the eyes during sleep
To "sleep with someone", implies a person having sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual activity with another person
Transient paresthesia, the sensation produced by an extremity which has "fallen asleep"
See also
Asleep (disambiguation)
The Big Sleep (disambiguation) |
4039477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile%20van%20Marcke | Émile van Marcke | Émile van Marcke, born Charles Émile van Marcke de Lummen (15 August 1827, Sèvres – 24 December 1890, Hyeres), was a French cattle painter.
Biography
He studied under Troyon at Barbizon. He received the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1872 and a gold medal at the Paris exhibition. He is represented at the Louvre and other museums of France, and at the Metropolitan Museum in New York, The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida, and in other public and private collections in the United States. Typical of his work is the public domain image Summer Pastoral, Bresle Valley on this page reproduced courtesy of the Morton Collection. This gem-like work offers the favorite themes of van Marcke in a microcosm; it incorporates cattle, water, reflections, dramatic cloudscapes and a feeling of life and motion and verdant nature. Nature is idyllic and animals emblematic of that harmony.
References
External links
1827 births
1891 deaths
People from Sèvres
19th-century French painters
French male painters
Animal artists
French landscape painters
19th-century French male artists |
4039503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20van%20Steenwinckel | Hans van Steenwinckel | Hans van Steenwinckel may refer to:
Hans van Steenwinckel the Elder (c. 1545–1601), Flemish architect and sculptor
Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger (1587–1639), Danish architect and sculptor, son of the Elder
Hans van Steenwinckel the Youngest (1638–1700), Danish architect and sculptor, son of the Younger
See also
van Steenwinckel, surname |
4039511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Waterfront%2C%20Portland%2C%20Oregon | South Waterfront, Portland, Oregon | The South Waterfront is a high-rise district under construction on former brownfield industrial land in the South Portland neighborhood south of downtown Portland, Oregon, U.S. It is one of the largest urban redevelopment projects in the United States. It is connected to downtown Portland by the Portland Streetcar and MAX Orange Line (at South Waterfront/SW Moody Station), and to the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) main campus atop Marquam Hill by the Portland Aerial Tram, as well as roads to Interstate 5 and Oregon Route 43.
Description and history
The South Waterfront is part of the Portland Development Commission's North Macadam Urban Renewal District. The first phase of the South Waterfront is the $1.9 billion "River Blocks" development. Construction began in early 2004. The full build-out of the district envisions many residential (primarily condominiums) and medical research towers ranging in height from 6 stories to 35+ stories.
As of August 2010, nine towers have been completed in the district: the 16-story OHSU Center for Health & Healing, the twin condominium towers known as the Meriwether, at 21 and 24 stories, the 31-story John Ross Tower condominium, the 22-story Atwater Place condominium tower, the 31-story apartments The Ardea, the 22-story Riva on the Park, the 30-story Mirabella Portland, the Matisse, and Gray's Landing. The Mirabella is the district's first senior living community.
A linear park called South Waterfront Greenway, running along the west bank of the Willamette River, is partially completed. The district currently has its own park between the Riva on the Park and OHSU. The Gibbs Street Pedestrian Bridge, which opened in July 2012, connects the South Waterfront District with Lair Hill over I-5.
The Tilikum Crossing, Bridge of the People, a new TriMet bridge for the MAX Orange Line that carries only pedestrians, bicyclists and public transit vehicles between the South Waterfront and Hosford-Abernethy, opened on September 12, 2015.
In addition to residences, the district contains restaurants, grocery, retail, and service businesses, with more in the planning stages.
Construction of three new OHSU buildings in the district is scheduled to begin in 2016, and the university has earmarked $500 million for the work, which is expected to take about two years. Together with the existing OHSU Center for Health & Healing, the new facilities will be part of the Knight Cancer Institute, which also has facilities outside the South Waterfront. The largest of the buildings will be for patient medical care, another will be for research and administration, and the third will provide housing for patients and their families.
See also
Zidell Yards
References
External links
PDC: North Macadam Urban Renewal District
"Homer's Odyssey: The city and its largest employer are hoping Homer Williams can deliver on the most ambitious economic-development deal in Portland history." - Willamette Week, July 30, 2003.
Neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States
South Portland, Portland, Oregon
Transit-oriented developments in the United States |
4039512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C5%99ejov%20%28Prague-East%20District%29 | Ondřejov (Prague-East District) | Ondřejov () is a municipality and village in Prague-East District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants. The historic centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.
Administrative parts
The villages of Třemblat and Turkovice are administrative parts of Ondřejov.
History
The first written mention of Ondřejov is from 1352. The parish church is dated from around the first quarter of the 14th century. In the early modern period it was discovered that there were large amounts of silver ore in the municipality, prompting one of the village's main exports to be crafts such as pottery.
Demographics
Sights
The Church of Saints Simon and Jude was originally a Romanesque building, baroque modified in 1668. The adjacent Baroque building of the rectory is from 1778–1780
In 1898–1906 the industrialist Josef Jan Frič built the astronomical observatory in the village, which he gave to the Charles University in 1928. Today the Ondřejov Observatory is operated by the Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Its part is also the Vojtěch Šafařík Astronomical Museum.
References
External links
Villages in Prague-East District |
4039518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixanne | Pixanne | Pixanne was a children's television program, created and hosted by singer-actress Jane Norman, that ran from 1960 to 1969 on WCAU-TV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was then syndicated nationally, and ran for another seven years.
During the show's run, Norman also wrote and performed in special, holiday-themed shows featuring Pixanne and her Enchanted Forest friends. Pixanne also became the first local children's television show to be filmed at major world events, including at the World's Fair in New York and at Expo '67 in Canada.
Beginning
The show began when Norman, a onetime child prodigy who had been playing and composing music since she was 3 years of age, contacted one of her professors from Temple University, where Norman was majoring in Early Childhood Education and minoring in Radio, TV and Theatre. In addition to being a member of Temple's faculty, her professor was also working at what was then WFIL and later became WPVI-TV. Norman, who had taught kindergarten at the Shoemaker School in Cheltenham Township after graduating from Temple, pitched a possible children's program featuring a Peter Pan-like character to her former professor. Knowing there were no openings available at WFIL, he suggested that she approach the management of the then-CBS-owned-and-operated station WCAU-TV. Norman walked in with no appointment, described the show to the program director, and, within three weeks, was on the air with her new show, which quickly achieved a loyal following of children and their parents.
Features
Norman appeared on the show as a "pixie" with a green outfit, tights and a hat with a feather. She worked out a method of "flying" using a similar apparatus to that which Mary Martin had used as Peter Pan, but with only one wire supporting her instead of the several that had harnessed Martin on stage. Producers of Norman's show, in fact, actually hired theatrical flight specialist Peter Foy, who had designed the "flying" technology for Martin and other Broadway actresses, in order to build Norman's rigging for television. When interviewed about the experience later in life, Norman recalled that perfecting the technique was quite painful, but proved so effective as to be maintained for the entire run of the program.
Taped before a live audience of children on Friday evenings, beginning at 7:30 p.m., the show aired on Saturday mornings at 8:00 a.m. The show became so popular that admission to the set was by ticket only. Each show opened with Norman "flying" onto and off the set, which was designed to appear to young viewers as an enchanted forest with a stepping-stone path meandering through the forest's flowers, Spanish moss-draped trees and toadstools.
The supporting cast of puppets included Oggie Owl, Fliffy Butterfly, Herkimer, Tearesa, Galumpagus, Dandy Lion, and the puppets of Addis Williams. Pixanne had at least two alter-egos as well — one was a witch called Windy, whom Norman also acted out. Guest appearances included singer Tiny Tim.
Songs Norman sang on the show included "Swinging on a Star," "If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake," "I've Gotta Crow" from the 1954 musical Peter Pan, "Look at That Face" from the musical The Roar of the Greasepaint - The Smell of the Crowd, and "Beautiful Things" from the 1967 movie Doctor Dolittle. The show's background music included Maurice Ravel's Le Tombeau de Couperin and a selection from Carl Orff's Music for Children, the theme of Pixanne's daily cartoon introduction with her march with a magical flag. On the show, Norman also introduced adventure films and made children's crafts, such as puppets and hats.
Initially broadcast in black and white, the program began airing in color, six days every week, beginning at 9:00 a.m. on Monday, November 21, 1966.
Norman also wrote and performed in special, holiday-themed shows that featured Pixanne and her Enchanted Forest friends, including "Pixanne's Christmas Fantasy," which aired at 5:30 p.m. on WCAU on December 23, 1967. Skits involved Pixanne's time travel back to Philadelphia during colonial times, where she visited a toymaker's shop with antique dolls and toy soldiers, a blacksmith's shop where horses were being shoed, a tailor's shop where period clothing was being sewn, and the shops of a butcher, baker and candlestick maker. Pixanne also became the first local children's television show to be filmed at major world events, including at the World's Fair in New York and at Expo '67 in Canada, and gave children the opportunity to watch segments about the Ice Capades and the Moscow Circus, both of which were filmed on location while the groups were on tour on the East Coast
Pixanne received ratings of 10-12 and a 62% share of audience near the end of its run.
Cancellation and syndication
When WCAU management changed in 1969, the new management took Pixanne off the air, despite it still being the television network's second most popular daytime program (second only to the nationally syndicated soap opera, As the World Turns) and despite the protests of millions of viewers. The show's cancellation resulted in a negative letter writing campaign, directed at the television station, by parents of children who still regularly watched the program. Sensitive to the emotions of the children who were saddened by the loss of her television show, Norman wrote and sang a new song for the final episode of the series, "I'll Always Love You, No Matter Where I Go."
The show quickly returned when it came back in syndication. Relocating to New York, it found a new home there with WNEW-TV as the flagship station, and was watched by children across the United States, including on television stations in: California, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin.
The show then finally went off the air in 1976.
Civic affairs and public service activities
In 1974, Norman, in character as Pixanne, became a goodwill ambassador for Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. After signing a contract with Earl Clark to promote Dutch Wonderland and other family-friendly or historical sites throughout the county and boost county tourism, "Pixanne" became an official spokesperson for Dutch Wonderland, playing a key role in the theme park's annual Memorial Day re-opening ceremonies that year. She also toured the United States, speaking about county attractions and tourism issues on local news and talk show programs in Boston, Chicago and other towns and major metropolitan areas. She then continued her ambassador work in subsequent years.
Norman's later career
Jane Norman went on to produce family-oriented network television shows, including The National Kids’ Quiz, which Michael Landon moderated on NBC. She also wrote a 1981 book with Dr. Myron Harris, The Private Life of the American Teenager, and appeared on more than 95 radio and television talk shows to promote it.
The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia inducted Norman into their Hall of Fame 2005.
Norman died at her home in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania on May 13, 2017, at the age of eighty-three.
References
External links
Jane Norman's official website
Clip of program on YouTube
Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia website
1960s American children's television series
1960 American television series debuts
1969 American television series endings
Local children's television programming in the United States
Television in Philadelphia
American television shows featuring puppetry |
4039529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacculus | Sacculus | Sacculus may refer to:
Saccule, a bed of sensory cells in the inner ear
Sacculus (entomology), a sensory organ in the antenna of certain insects
Sacculus, a sac of peptidoglycan that has been purified from a gram-negative bacterium
Sacculus, the Latin word for money bag |
4039530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20Denalane | Joy Denalane | Joy Maureen Denalane (born 11 June 1973) is a German singer-songwriter, known for her mixture of soul, R&B, and African folk music with lyrics in German and English.
Early life
Denalane was born in Berlin-Schöneberg to a South African father and a German mother, but grew up in the Berlin district of Kreuzberg. At the age of 16, she left home and focused on her music, joining the reggae and soul bands Culture Roots and Family Affair. At 19 she was signed to a major pop music label, but she and her management could not agree on what her music and image should be like and Denalane soon asked to be released. Afterwards, she moved to Stuttgart, where she met DJ Thomilla and Tiefschwarz (two already well-known producers active in the Kolchose), with whom she wrote and produced the club hit "Music".
Career
1999–2005: Debut and Mamani
Around the same time, Denalane came in first contact with hip hop group Freundeskreis, who searched for a female counterpart to lead singer Max Herre's voice on their track "Mit Dir" then. However, the duet was released as a single in July 1999 and made the top 10 in Germany, the top 30 in Austria, and the top 15 in Switzerland—pushed by the fact Denalane and Herre had become a couple.
Afterwards Denalane joined the FK Allstars, which also consisted of Afrob, Gentleman, Sekou, and Brooke Russell, among others, and went on tour with them for more than two years. Later on she signed a contract with Four Music (founded by Die Fantastischen Vier) and began working on her debut album Mamani, which was released in June 2002 and debuted at number eight on the German Albums Chart. Inspired by African roots, the album was primarily produced by husband Max Herre. In total Mamani spawned six singles, including the lead single "Sag's Mir", the socially critical track "Im Ghetto von Soweto" (featuring her uncle, South African flugelhorn legend Hugh Masekela), and "Kinderlied", a song dedicated to her oldest son Isaiah.
In 2003, Denalane went on a solo tour and finished collaborations with Youssou N'Dour, ASD, and Till Brönner. She also performed in New York City and Philadelphia for the first time and eventually received a Comet for Best Hip-Hop/R&B National and three ECHO nominations, including Best Female Artist. Soon after she released a live edition of Mamani on CD and DVD, which was recorded during a special performance at Berlin's Tränenpalast and involved a set of previously unreleased remakes. In summer 2005 Denalane contributed vocals to the German version of Common's 2005 single "Go!".
2006–2015: Born and Raised and Maureen
In April 2006, Denalane and Herre founded their own label, Nesola. Simultaneously Denalane prepared the release of her second album, Born & Raised, her first record in English. Pre-programmed in Germany, the album was entirely recorded in Philadelphia and features appearances by American rappers Lupe Fiasco, Raekwon, and Governor. While its lead single "Let Go" reached a moderately successful number 40 on the German Singles Chart, the critically acclaimed Born & Raised (released in August 2006) debuted at number two (behind Christina Aguilera's Back to Basics) on the national albums chart, making it Denalane's highest chart entry to date. Further singles from the album, "Heaven or Hell" and "Sometimes Love", failed to chart within the top one hundred. In early 2007, Denalane released the single "Change" (featuring Lupe Fiasco) in the United Kingdom, which failed to chart; however, it was featured in the 2008 blockbuster film, Taken, starring Liam Neeson.
In 2008, Denalane worked with Tweet, Dwele and Bilal on the project The Dresden Soul Symphony in Dresden, Germany. They performed classic soul cuts like "Let's Stay Together", "Natural Woman", "It's a Man's Man's Man's World", "Ain't Nothing Like a Real Thing", etc. with the MDR Symphony Orchestra. An album, The Dresden Soul Symphony, and DVD were later released on 24 October 2008.
Denalane's third studio Maureen, titled after her middle name, was released May 2011. Her first German-language studio album since Mamani (2002), it received a positive response from critics and reached number eight on the German Albums Chart. Elsewhere the album peaked at number thirty-six in Austria and number eleven on the Swiss Albums Chart, becoming both her highest and lowest-charting album yet, respectively. Spawning four singles, an English language version of Maureen was released in March 2012.
In August 2014, Denalane became a judge on the debut season of the RTL reality program, Rising Star along with Sasha, Gentleman, and Anastacia.
2016–present: Gleisdreieck and Let Yourself Be Loved
In 2017, Denalane released her fourth studio album, Gleisdreieck, her third German-language album.
On 4 September 2020, Denalane released her fifth studio album, Let Yourself Be Loved, via Motown Records. It is her second English-language album.
Discography
Studio albums
Mamani (2002)
Born & Raised (2006)
Maureen (2011)
Gleisdreieck (2017)
Let Yourself Be Loved (2020)
Live albums
Mamani Live (2004)
The Dresden Soul Symphony (2008)
References
External links
JoyDenalane.com – official website
1973 births
Living people
People from Berlin
Musicians from Berlin
German people of South African descent
English-language singers from Germany
German singer-songwriters
German soul singers
20th-century German women singers
21st-century German women singers |
4039531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388%20in%20English%20football | 1987–88 in English football | The 1987–88 season was the 108th season of competitive football in England.
Diary of the season
3 July 1987 – Chelsea sign defender Tony Dorigo from Aston Villa for £475,000.
6 July 1987 – Nottingham Forest's Dutch midfielder Johnny Metgod signs for Tottenham Hotspur in a £250,000 deal.
7 July 1987 – England goalkeeper Peter Shilton moves to Derby County from Southampton for £90,000.
9 July 1987 – Manchester United sign Arsenal defender Viv Anderson for £250,000. Former Queens Park Rangers and England forward Gerry Francis, 36, is appointed player-manager of Third Division side Bristol Rovers as successor to Bobby Gould who moved to Wimbledon last month.
15 July 1987 – Ray Harford, first-team coach, is promoted to the manager's seat at Luton Town following the resignation of John Moore. Coventry City more than double their record transfer outlay with a £750,000 move for Chelsea striker David Speedie.
17 July 1987 – Portsmouth prepare for their return to the First Division with a £60,000 move for Wrexham midfielder Barry Horne.
21 July 1987 – Tottenham Hotspur and England midfielder Glenn Hoddle moves to AS Monaco for £800,000 on a three-year contract. Manchester United get a £300,000 insurance payout from The Football Association following the injury enforced retirement of 29-year-old goalkeeper Gary Bailey.
22 July 1987 – Scunthorpe United announce that they will leave the Old Showground at the end of the season and move to a new stadium in the town's suburbs - the first relocation of a Football League club since Southend United moved to Roots Hall in 1955.
24 July 1987 – Manchester City are reported to have made an approach for out of favour Liverpool midfielder John Wark. Watford sign prolific Reading striker Trevor Senior for £325,000.
29 July 1987 – Wimbledon sign defenders Terry Phelan from Swansea City for £100,000 and Eric Young from Brighton & Hove Albion for £70,000. Chelsea striker Kerry Dixon withdraws his transfer request.
30 July 1987 – Manchester United complete the signing of striker Brian McClair after a tribunal orders them to pay £850,000 for the striker, originally valued at £2million by Celtic.
1 August 1987 – Everton defeat Coventry City 1–0 in the FA Charity Shield at Wembley Stadium, with Wayne Clarke scoring the only goal of the game.
3 August 1987 – The Today newspaper cancels its sponsorship of the Football League after just one year, and less than two weeks before the new season is due to begin.
6 August 1987 – Peter Beardsley becomes the most expensive player to move between British clubs when he joins Liverpool in a £1.9 million deal from Newcastle United. Britain's first million-pound player, Trevor Francis, returns to Britain when Graeme Souness signs him for Rangers in a £70,000 deal from Atalanta of Italy.
7 August 1987 – Portsmouth midfielder Mick Kennedy is fined £5,000 for claiming in a national newspaper that he was "the hardest man in football and proud of my reputation".
8 August 1987 – The Football League begins its centenary celebrations by hosting a match against a Rest of the World XI at Wembley. Diego Maradona and Gary Lineker are in side beaten by a Football League XI.
11 August 1987 – Former Leeds United and England manager Don Revie, 60, announces that he is suffering from motor neurone disease, which was diagnosed in May this year.
12 August 1987 – Barclays Bank become the Football League's new sponsors in a three-year deal worth in the region of £5million, while Portsmouth prepare for their first top division campaign since the 1950s by paying Leeds United £285,000 for striker Ian Baird.
15 August 1987 – The Football League season begins. In the First Division, Queens Park Rangers record the biggest win of the day by beating West Ham United 3–0. Champions Everton beat Norwich City 1–0, and Liverpool win 2–1 away to Arsenal. Scarborough, new members after their promotion to the Fourth Division from the GM Vauxhall Conference, hold fallen giants Wolverhampton Wanderers to a 2–2 draw, but crowd trouble results in 56 arrests.
18 August 1987 – Newly promoted First Division side Derby County pay a club record £760,000 for Southampton defender Mark Wright. UEFA announce that if the ban on English clubs in Europe is lifted in time for the 1988–89 UEFA Cup, there will only be two slots available for clubs in England due to their UEFA coefficient falling.
22 August 1987 – Brian McClair scores his first goal for Manchester United in their 2–0 home league win over Watford. In the first top flight South Coast derby, newly promoted Portsmouth draw 2–2 with Southampton at Fratton Park.
24 August 1987 – Striker Terry Gibson ends his unsuccessful 18-month spell at Manchester United and joins Wimbledon for £200,000.
25 August 1987 – Luton Town lift their ban on away fans and are allowed to compete in the League Cup, from which they were banned last season.
31 August 1987 – Manchester United finish August as First Division leaders, two points ahead of Queens Park Rangers and Nottingham Forest. At the bottom of the table, Charlton Athletic, Sheffield Wednesday and Luton Town remain without a League win so far this season. In the Second Division, Plymouth Argyle and Barnsley lead the way on goal difference, but fancied Aston Villa are fourth from bottom.
3 September 1987 – Ten months after being sacked by Manchester United, Ron Atkinson returns to football for a second spell as manager of West Bromwich Albion.
4 September 1987 – Arsenal striker Charlie Nicholas hands in a transfer request after manager George Graham dropped him in favour of Perry Groves as strike-partner to new signing Alan Smith.
5 September 1987 – Gillingham score a club record 10–0 victory over Chesterfield, a week after defeating Southend 8–1.
9 September 1987 – 25 Liverpool fans are extradited to Belgium on manslaughter charges in connection to the Heysel Stadium disaster, in which 39 spectators (most of them Italian) were crushed to death at the 1985 European Cup Final. Oxford United's £400,000 bid for Derby County winger Nigel Callaghan is accepted, but the player turns down the chance to move – less than a year after he joined the East Midlands club for barely a third of that amount.
12 September 1987 – Brazilian international striker Mirandinha gets his first goals for Newcastle, scoring twice in a 2–2 draw at Old Trafford against Manchester United.
16 September 1987 – Manager Bryan Hamilton brings Mike Newell to Leicester City from Luton Town for £350,000.
18 September 1987 – Defender David Bardsley moves between First Division strugglers Watford and Oxford United for £265,000. Charlton Athletic sign Wales striker Andy Jones from Third Division side Port Vale.
20 September 1987 – Everton sign Scotland midfielder Ian Wilson from Leicester City for £300,000. Liverpool defender Steve Nicol scores a hat-trick in a 4–1 away league win over Newcastle United.
23 September 1987 – Terry Venables, former manager of Crystal Palace and Queens Park Rangers, is sacked after three years as manager of Spanish giants FC Barcelona.
28 September 1987 – Tommy Docherty is appointed manager of GM Vauxhall Conference side Altrincham.
29 September 1987 – John Aldridge reaches the 10-goal margin in the league for Liverpool after just seven games, scoring a hat-trick in their 4–0 home win over Derby County.
30 September 1987 – Queens Park Rangers, without a top division league title to their name, finish the month as leaders of the First Division, three points ahead of Liverpool, who have two games in hand. Charlton Athletic are bottom, with four points from eight matches. Bradford City top the Second Division, with Hull City second. Crystal Palace and newly promoted Middlesbrough and Swindon Town occupy the play-off places.
2 October 1987 – Tottenham Hotspur sell defender Richard Gough to Rangers for £1.5million – a record fee for a British defender.
10 October 1987 – Everton's Graeme Sharp and Adrian Heath bag braces as Chelsea are beaten 4–1 at Goodison Park. Elsewhere, Paul Wilkinson scores the only goal of the game as Nottingham Forest beat Derby County in the first East Midlands derby of the season.
12 October 1987 – More than three years after leaving Fulham, Malcolm Macdonald makes a management comeback with Second Division strugglers Huddersfield Town.
14 October 1987 – England beat Turkey 8–0 in a European Championship qualifier at Wembley, repeating the scoreline achieved in a 1986 World Cup qualifier in Istanbul in November 1984.
15 October 1987 – Newcastle United sign 18-year-old striker Michael O'Neill from Coleraine of Northern Ireland for £55,000.
16 October 1987 – Sheffield Wednesday sign defender Nigel Pearson from Shrewsbury Town for £250,000.
17 October 1987 – Liverpool move to the top of the First Division by thrashing previous leaders Queens Park Rangers 4–0 at Anfield.
19 October 1987 – Liverpool sign Oxford United and Republic of Ireland winger Ray Houghton for £825,000.
23 October 1987 – David Pleat resigns after 15 months as manager of Tottenham Hotspur, following allegations that he was involved in kerb crawling.
27 October 1987 – Tottenham Hotspur appoint Terry Venables as their new manager.
28 October 1987 – Everton knock Liverpool out of the League Cup with a 1–0 win at Anfield in the third round.
31 October 1987 – Arsenal and Queens Park Rangers share leadership of the First Division, but Liverpool, just one point behind, have three games in hand. Charlton Athletic remain bottom of the table, and are joined by Watford and Norwich City in the relegation zone. Bradford City now have a six-point lead at the top of the Second Division, their nearest rivals being Middlesbrough and Hull City. Aston Villa now stand fourth, with Ipswich Town and Birmingham City close behind.
1 November 1987 – Liverpool move back to the top of the First Division table by beating Everton 2–0 in the Merseyside derby. 31-year-old England midfielder Ray Wilkins returns to Britain after more than three years away when he signs for Rangers in a £250,000 move from Paris St Germain.
7 November 1987 – Second Division promotion chasers Manchester City beat struggling Huddersfield Town 10–1 at Maine Road. Three players - Paul Stewart, David White and Tony Adcock - score hat-tricks.
10 November 1987 – 21-year-old Walsall striker David Kelly scores a hat-trick on his debut for the Republic of Ireland in their 5–0 win over Israel in Dublin.
11 November 1987 – England seal European Championship qualification with a 4–1 win over Yugoslavia in Belgrade. A Gary McKay goal gives Scotland a 1–0 win in Bulgaria, a result that allows the Republic of Ireland, managed by former 1966 World Cup winner Jack Charlton, to qualify for their first major tournament.
19 November 1987 – Liverpool reject an offer from Bayern Munich for Danish midfielder Jan Molby. Aston Villa boost their Second Division promotion quest with a £150,000 move for Crystal Palace midfielder Andy Gray.
20 November 1987 – Elton John agrees to sell Watford to Robert Maxwell's British Printing and Communication Corporation for £2million.
26 November 1987 – The takeover of Watford falls through after the High Court vetoes it due to Robert Maxwell already being the owner of Derby County.
30 November 1987 – Liverpool lead the First Division by five points from Arsenal. Charlton Athletic, Norwich City and Watford continue to occupy the relegation places. Middlesbrough and Bradford City are level at the top of the Second Division on 43 points. Aston Villa, Hull City and Crystal Palace occupy the play-off places.
7 December 1987 – Queens Park Rangers sign striker Mark Falco from Rangers for £350,000.
7 December 1987 – Everton and Rangers draw 2–2 in the Dubai Champions Cup, with the Scottish club winning on penalties.
9 December 1987 – Eight football hooligans, all either Manchester United or West Ham United supporters, receive prison sentences totalling 51 years at Chelmsford Crown Court after being found guilty of public order offences on a Sealink ferry bound for Amsterdam on 8 August 1986. Meanwhile, Chelsea look to the future with the acquisition of Jersey-born defender Graeme Le Saux, 19.
13 December 1987 – Nigel Clough scores a hat-trick in less than five minutes as Nottingham Forest beat Queens Park Rangers 4–0 in the First Division game at the City Ground.
16 December 1987 – Manchester United pay £900,000 for Norwich City central defender Steve Bruce, with his old club using £580,000 of the transfer to sign Robert Fleck from Rangers.
26 December 1987 – Boxing Day sees Nottingham Forest win 2–0 at Highbury to overtake Arsenal into second place, while in a London derby Wimbledon beat West Ham 2–1, and David Pleat's tenure as Leicester manager starts with defeat to AFC Bournemouth.
29 December 1987 – Queens Park Rangers defender Terry Fenwick completes a £550,000 transfer to Tottenham Hotspur.
31 December 1987 – The year draws to a close with Liverpool holding a commanding ten-point lead over second-placed Nottingham Forest. Watford have slipped to the foot of the table, level on points with Charlton Athletic. Portsmouth occupy the final automatic relegation place. Graeme Souness signs Aston Villa midfielder Mark Walters for Rangers for £550,000 in the latest of several moves for English players. In the Second Division, Middlesbrough lead with a one-point margin over Bradford City. A four-point margin separates their nearest six challengers – Aston Villa, Crystal Palace, Millwall, Hull City, Manchester City and Ipswich Town.
1 January 1988 – Out of favour Arsenal striker Charlie Nicholas returns to his native Scotland in a £500,000 move to Aberdeen. Billy Bonds of West Ham United, the oldest Football League player at 41, is awarded an MBE.
4 January 1988 – John Wark returns to Ipswich Town from Liverpool in a £100,000 deal.
11 January 1988 – Dave Bassett is sacked after just six months in charge of Watford, who are currently bottom of the First Division. He is succeeded by Aston Villa assistant manager Steve Harrison.
16 January 1988 – John Aldridge becomes the first player to reach the 20-goal margin in the First Division when he scores in Liverpool's 2–0 home win over Arsenal.
20 January 1988 – Oxford United, winners of the 1986 League Cup, reach the semi-finals of this season's competition with a surprise 2–0 win over Manchester United in the quarter-finals.
22 January 1988 – Manchester City boost their Second Division promotion challenge with a £175,000 move for Northampton Town striker Trevor Morley.
24 January 1988 – Arsenal pay Stoke City £400,000 for 23-year-old right-back Lee Dixon.
26 January 1988 – Aston Villa boost their Second Division promotion challenge with the £200,000 acquisition of highly rated Crewe Alexandra midfielder David Platt, 21.
30 January 1988 – FA Cup holders Coventry City are knocked out by Watford in the fourth round. Last year's defeated finalists Tottenham Hotspur are also eliminated, losing 2–1 at Third Division Port Vale.
31 January 1988 – Liverpool remain top of the First Division as January draws to a close, now 16 points ahead of second-placed Manchester United. Charlton Athletic, Watford and Oxford United make up the bottom three. Aston Villa have crept to the top of the Second Division, while Crystal Palace have risen to second place. Middlesbrough, Millwall and Blackburn Rovers occupy the play-off zone, while Bradford City have slid from second to sixth place in the space of a few weeks. Leicester City, relegated from the First Division last season, are now in the Second Division relegation play-off places.
3 February 1988 – Former Tottenham Hotspur manager Keith Burkinshaw is sacked by Sporting Lisbon of Portugal.
4 February 1988 – Tommy Docherty is sacked after just over four months in charge of GM Vauxhall Conference side Altrincham.
5 February 1988 – A UEFA referendum decides that all English clubs will be banned from European competition for a fourth successive season. Derby County sign midfielder Ted McMinn from Seville of Spain for £300,000.
12 February 1988 – 18 of the 25 Liverpool fans charged with manslaughter in connection with the Heysel disaster return home after being cleared of the charges.
16 February 1988 – Liverpool sell striker Paul Walsh to Tottenham Hotspur for £500,000.
20 February 1988 – Shrewsbury Town striker Jim Melrose, on loan from Leeds United, suffers a broken cheekbone in a clash with Swindon Town midfielder Chris Kamara at the end of Shrewsbury's 2–1 win over Swindon in the Second Division at Gay Meadow. In a heavyweight clash in the FA Cup fifth round, Arsenal beat Manchester United 2–1 at Highbury.
21 February 1988 – Liverpool avenge their League Cup defeat earlier in the season by beating Everton 1–0 in the FA Cup fifth round at Goodison Park.
25 February 1988 – Tottenham Hotspur sign goalkeeper Bobby Mimms from Everton for £325,000. Swindon Town fine midfielder Chris Kamara £1,000 and ban him from playing for a month following the incident with Jim Melrose.
28 February 1988 – Luton Town reach the League Cup final with a 3–1 aggregate win over Oxford United.
29 February 1988 – February draws to a close with Liverpool still top of the league having stretched their unbeaten start to the season to 27 games, and with a 14-point lead over Manchester United with two games in hand. The Second Division promotion race sees Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers level at the top of the table, with Millwall, Middlesbrough and Bradford City occupying the play-off places.
3 March 1988 – Norwich City sign defender Andy Linighan from Oldham Athletic for £300,000.
4 March 1988 – After seven months at Portsmouth, Ian Baird returns to Leeds United for £120,000.
12 March 1988 – Luton Town edge closer to a remarkable cup double by defeating Portsmouth 3–1 in the FA Cup quarter-final at Kenilworth Road, while Wimbledon's hopes of a first-ever cup final appearance move closer to reality with a 2–1 win over Watford. Arsenal blow their hopes of a cup double by losing 2–1 at home to Nottingham Forest. Maurice Evans resigns as manager of struggling Oxford United.
13 March 1988 – Liverpool move closer to a unique second double by thrashing Manchester City 4–0 in the FA Cup quarter-final at Maine Road.
18 March 1988 – West Ham United sign Fulham striker Leroy Rosenior for £275,000.
20 March 1988 – Liverpool's unbeaten start to the league season is ended when they lose 1–0 in their 30th match to neighbours Everton.
22 March 1988 – John Hollins resigns as Chelsea manager and is replaced by his assistant Bobby Campbell.
23 March 1988 – Arsenal sign winger Brian Marwood from Sheffield Wednesday for £600,000, while Trevor Francis ends his brief spell with Glasgow Rangers to join Queens Park Rangers on a free transfer.
24 March 1988 – Nottingham Forest pay Preston North End £150,000 for 18-year-old striker Nigel Jemson. Liverpool defender Mark Lawrenson retires from playing after an injury at the age of 30 and is appointed manager of Oxford United.
25 March 1988 – Chelsea sign goalkeeper Kevin Hitchcock from Mansfield Town for £250,000.
27 March 1988 – Luton Town's hopes of a cup treble are ended when they are beaten 4–1 by Second Division strugglers Reading in the Full Members' Cup final at Wembley.
31 March 1988 – Liverpool finish March with a 14-point margin over second-placed Manchester United at the top of the First Division. At the bottom, Watford are eight points from safety with eight matches left, and Oxford United and Portsmouth are also struggling in the relegation zone. Aston Villa remain top of the Second Division with a two-point margin over Blackburn Rovers, with the play-off places being occupied by Middlesbrough, Millwall and Bradford City. Leeds United, Crystal Palace and Stoke City remain in strong contention for promotion as well.
2 April 1988 – Brian McClair scores a hat-trick to bring his league tally for the season to 19 goals in Manchester United's 4–1 home win over Derby County.
4 April 1988 – Manchester United draw 3–3 with Liverpool at Anfield after being 3–1 down, but remain eleven points behind the Merseysiders in the League table.
9 April 1988 – Liverpool move closer to an unprecedented second double by beating Nottingham Forest 2–1 in the FA Cup semi-final at Hillsborough. Wimbledon end Luton Town's cup double hopes with a 2–1 win at White Hart Lane to reach the final for the first time. In the league, 17-year-old Alan Shearer becomes the youngest hat-trick scorer in the First Division in Southampton's 4–2 home win over Arsenal.
13 April 1988 – Hull City sack manager Brian Horton. Liverpool and Nottingham Forest do battle for the third time in twelve days, and just as four days ago, the Merseysiders come out on top, as they win 5–0.
16–17 April 1988 – The Football League programme is put on hold for a week as the Football League Centenary Tournament is staged at Wembley Stadium between 16 clubs on the 100th anniversary of the league's foundation. Nottingham Forest are the winners of the two-day event.
18 April 1988 – Torquay United winger Lee Sharpe, who turns 17 next month, agrees to sign for Manchester United at the end of the season in a £30,000 deal. Hearts striker John Robertson agrees to join Newcastle United for a club record £750,000 at the end of the season. The Football Association suspends Chris Kamara for the rest of the season.
23 April 1988 – Liverpool's 1–0 win over Tottenham Hotspur confirms the Reds as League champions. Watford are relegated thanks to Charlton Athletic's 2–0 win over Newcastle United.
24 April 1988 – Holders Arsenal are beaten 3–2 by Luton Town in a dramatic League Cup final at Wembley. It is Luton's first-ever major trophy.
30 April 1988 – Oxford United are relegated after defeat against Newcastle United. Portsmouth are favourites for the last automatic relegation place, trailing West Ham United by four points with two matches left. The promotion issues in the Second Division have yet to be confirmed, with just four points separating the top five clubs – Millwall, Aston Villa, Bradford City, Middlesbrough and Blackburn Rovers. Derby County goalkeeper Peter Shilton, 38, sets a new Football League appearance record when he makes his 825th league appearance since his debut 21 years ago in his side's 1–1 draw at Watford.
1 May 1988 – Sunderland win promotion back to the Second Division at the first attempt with a 1–0 win over Port Vale at Vale Park.
2 May 1988 – Portsmouth lose 2–1 at home to Newcastle United and are relegated from the First Division after just one season. Millwall, meanwhile, clinch the Second Division title with a 1–0 win over Hull City at Boothferry Park and reach the First Division for the first time in their history.
7 May 1988 – On the final full day of the First Division season, Charlton Athletic stay up with a 1–1 draw at Chelsea, a result that sends their opponents into the relegation play-offs.
9 May 1988 – Liverpool finish their League campaign with a 1–1 draw against Luton Town. John Aldridge finishes the season as the First Division's top scorer with 27 league strikes for Liverpool, and 30 in all competitions. Brian McClair of Manchester United, the division's next highest scorer, scores twice against Wimbledon to take his league tally to 24.
10 May 1988 – Tottenham Hotspur sell striker Clive Allen to Bordeaux of France for £1 million. 75-year-old Portsmouth chairman John Deacon sells the club to Jim Gregory for £2million.
11 May 1988 – Aberdeen goalkeeper Jim Leighton links up with his former manager Alex Ferguson by signing for Manchester United in a £500,000 deal.
14 May 1988 – Wimbledon pull off a major upset by beating Liverpool 1–0 in the FA Cup final. They have been First Division members for just two seasons and have only been a Football League side for the last eleven years. Lawrie Sanchez is Wimbledon's goalscoring hero, while Liverpool have a goal from Peter Beardsley disallowed and a penalty from John Aldridge saved by Wimbledon goalkeeper and captain Dave Beasant.
20 May 1988 – Kevin Clarke, 30, is sentenced to three years in prison after being found guilty of being the ring leader of a notorious gang of Oxford United hooligans who were involved in running battles with rivals fans, often in busy shopping areas.
22 May 1988 – Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles is given a free transfer by Tottenham Hotspur after 10 years at the club.
26 May 1988 – Aston Villa prepare for their First Division comeback by signing Derek Mountfield from Everton for £425,000 and Chris Price from Blackburn Rovers for £150,000.
28 May 1988 – Middlesbrough are promoted to the First Division, taking the place of Chelsea, whom they beat 2–1 on aggregate in the play-off final.
29 May 1988 – Wolverhampton Wanderers lift the Associate Members' Cup with a 2–0 win over Burnley in front of more than 80,000 fans at Wembley.
1 June 1988 – Sheffield Wednesday sell striker Lee Chapman to Niort of France for £350,000.
6 June 1988 – Arthur Albiston, Manchester United's longest serving player, links up with former United boss Ron Atkinson at West Bromwich Albion on a free transfer after 15 years at Old Trafford.
8 June 1988 – Dave Beasant completes a £750,000 transfer from Wimbledon to Newcastle United, making him the costliest goalkeeper in English football.
10 June 1988 – Tottenham Hotspur sign Paul Stewart from Manchester City for £1.5 million – a record fee for a Second Division player.
12 June 1988 – England's European Championship campaign begins with a 1–0 defeat to the Republic of Ireland.
15 June 1988 – England's chances of progressing to the semi-finals of the European Championships are ended by a 3–1 defeat to the Netherlands. Everton sign Bradford City midfielder Stuart McCall for £850,000.
17 June 1988 – Newcastle United bolster their attack with a £500,000 move for Bradford City striker John Hendrie.
18 June 1988 – England's final group match at the European Championship Finals ends in a third defeat, 3–1 to the USSR.
23 June 1988 – Eighteen Scarborough hooligans receive prison sentences of up to 12 months for their part in clashes with Wolverhampton Wanderers fans at the club's very first Football League game in August.
24 June 1988 – Watford striker Luther Blissett agrees to stay with the club for at least one more season despite their relegation to the Second Division.
29 June 1988 – Millwall prepare for their first season as a top division club by re-signing defender Neil Ruddock from Tottenham Hotspur for £300,000.
National team
England were eliminated from Euro 88, held in West Germany, after losing all three group matches. The tournament was eventually won by the Netherlands. In spite of continued calls from the tabloids for a new manager, the FA kept faith in Bobby Robson once more.
FA Cup
Wimbledon caused one of the biggest footballing upsets of the 20th century by defeating champions Liverpool 1–0 in the FA Cup final. Wimbledon had only been league members for 11 years and First Division members for two years, while Liverpool had just wrapped up their 17th league championship. Lawrie Sanchez headed the only goal from a Dennis Wise free-kick in the first half of the final, while Dave Beasant became the first player to save a penalty in an FA Cup final (saving from John Aldridge, who had scored all 11 other penalties he had taken that season) and the first goalkeeper to captain an FA Cup-winning side.
League Cup
Ray Harford's Luton Town achieved a shock 3–2 win over Arsenal in the League Cup final to win their first-ever major trophy. Harford had only been promoted to the manager's seat from assistant manager a year earlier as successor to John Moore.
Football League
First Division
Liverpool won their 17th First Division title with just two league defeats all season and enjoying a record 29-match unbeaten start to the league season, which had seen them looking uncatchable since before Christmas. They finished nine points ahead of their nearest rivals Manchester United, who made impressive progress in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson. Nottingham Forest enjoyed their best season for four years as they finished third, while Everton and QPR completed the top five and Arsenal finished sixth, suffering a shock defeat to Luton Town in the League Cup final.
Seventh-placed Wimbledon, in their second season in the First Division and their 11th in the league, beat Liverpool 1–0 in the FA Cup final to deny the Merseysiders a unique second double.
Oxford United's three-year stay in the First Division came to an end with relegation in bottom place, while Watford failed miserably in the aftermath of Graham Taylor's departure and went down after six years among the elite. Portsmouth's first top flight season since the 1950s ended in relegation, while Chelsea went down after losing to Middlesbrough in the play-offs.
Unusually, the division was composed of an odd number of clubs this season. This meant that each week, one club would not play a game.
Second Division play-offs
Second Division
A tight Second Division promotion race ended with Millwall as champions and promoted to the First Division for the first time in their history. Aston Villa were promoted on goals scored ahead of Middlesbrough, who triumphed in the play-offs to secure a second successive promotion a mere two years after they had almost gone out of business. Bradford City, another club faced with closure a few years earlier, also qualified for the play-offs, as did Blackburn Rovers.
Huddersfield Town's catastrophic season ended in relegation after a mere six wins and 28 points. They were joined by Reading, who gained some consolation by winning the Full Members' Cup. Sheffield United went down in the play-offs, while West Bromwich Albion and Birmingham City narrowly avoided their second relegation in three seasons.
Third Division play-offs
Third Division
Sunderland sealed the Third Division title by a comfortable margin in their first season at this level to secure an instant return to the Second Division. Runners-up Brighton also secured an instant return to the Second Division, while the third promotion place was taken by play-off winners Walsall.
Doncaster Rovers and York City propped up the Third Division to suffer relegation after four seasons at this level, while debt-ridden Grimsby Town suffered a second successive relegation. Rotherham United went down in the play-offs. Newly promoted Aldershot narrowly survived their first season at this level for over a decade.
Scunthorpe United left the Old Showground and moved into Glanford Park, thus becoming the first English club in more than 30 years to move to a new stadium.
Fourth Division play-offs
Fourth Division
Wolverhampton Wanderers clinched the Fourth Division title, the Associate Members' Cup and promotion to the Third Division at the end of a thrilling season where striker Steve Bull found the net 52 times in all competitions. They were joined in promotion by Cardiff City and Swansea City as well as another fallen giant, Bolton Wanderers, who enjoyed their first successful season for a decade.
Debt-ridden Newport County moved closer to oblivion, losing their league status with just 25 points to suffer a second successive relegation and find themselves being forced into non-league football a mere five years after being on the brink of the Second Division and seven years after playing in the quarter finals of the European Cup Winners' Cup. Their relegation would prove the beginning of the end for this incarnation of the club, who folded before the end of the following season and were subsequently forced to reform for the 1989–90 season.
Top goalscorers
First Division
John Aldridge (Liverpool) – 26 goals
Second Division
David Currie (Barnsley) – 28 goals
Third Division
David Crown (Southend United) – 26 goals
Fourth Division
Steve Bull (Wolverhampton Wanderers) – 34 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Star players
Liverpool's high scoring winger John Barnes was voted both PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year in his first season at Anfield.
Newcastle United's midfielder Paul Gascoigne was voted PFA Young Player of the Year before being transferred to Tottenham Hotspur.
Brian McClair scored 25 First Division goals for runners-up Manchester United in his first season at Old Trafford following his move from Celtic.
Liverpool striker John Aldridge was top scorer in the league and collected a championship medal in his first full season at the club, but missed the penalty in the FA Cup final that cost his side the chance of a unique second double.
West Ham United striker Tony Cottee had another high scoring season before being transferred to Everton.
Steve Bull scored 52 goals in all competitions (37 in the league) for Fourth Division champions Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Young midfielder David Platt had an excellent first season for Aston Villa, establishing himself as a competent goalscorer as well as gaining promotion to the First Division.
Star managers
Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish added the league title to his managerial CV to bring his total of championships to two in three seasons and Liverpool's all-time total to 17.
Alex Ferguson's efforts in rebuilding Manchester United saw them finish second in the league just 18 months after they had looked in danger of relegation.
Bobby Gould guided Wimbledon to a shock victory over Liverpool in the FA Cup final.
Ray Harford earned Luton Town the first major trophy of their history by guiding them to victory over Arsenal in the League Cup final.
Graham Taylor's first season at Aston Villa ended in promotion to the First Division at the expense of his old club Watford.
John Docherty brought First Division football to Millwall for the first time in their history.
Bruce Rioch took Middlesbrough to the First Division just two years after financial problems almost put the club out of business.
Denis Smith began Sunderland's revival by guiding them to the Third Division title.
Graham Turner guided Wolverhampton Wanderers to Fourth Division title glory which made them the first club to win all four divisions of the Football League.
Phil Neal ensured that Bolton Wanderers bounced back quickly from their recent sharp decline by taking them to runners-up spot in the Fourth Division.
Famous debutants
26 September 1987: Rod Wallace, 17-year-old striker, makes his debut for Southampton as a substitute in the First Division 2–1 defeat by Newcastle United at St James' Park.
7 November 1987: Michael O'Neill, 18-year-old Northern Irish striker and A-Level student, makes his debut for Newcastle United in 4–0 defeat by Luton Town in the First Division at Kenilworth Road.
26 March 1988: Alan Shearer, 17-year-old striker, makes his debut for Southampton scoring a hat trick v Arsenal.
7 May 1988: Kevin Campbell, 18-year-old striker, makes his debut for Arsenal in 2–1 win over Everton in First Division at Goodison Park.
9 May 1988: Lee Martin, 20-year-old defender, makes his debut for Manchester United in 2–1 First Division win over Wimbledon at Old Trafford.
Retirements
January 1988: Mark Lawrenson, 30-year-old Liverpool and Republic of Ireland defender, retires from playing due an Achilles injury.
May 1988: Craig Johnston, 27-year-old Liverpool midfielder, retires from playing to care for his seriously ill sister in Australia.
Deaths
18 September 1987: Fred Chadwick, 74, was top scorer for Ipswich Town in their first season as a Football League team (1938–39). Manchester-born Chadwick also played for Newport County and Bristol Rovers as a centre-forward.
16 October 1987: Lady Blanche Cobbold, 89, served Ipswich Town as the only female vice president of a Football League club, of which her son Patrick was chairman. She was widowed in World War II and regularly attended the club's matches for nearly 50 years until 1985.
19 October 1987: Ernie Toseland, 82, played 368 league games as an outside-right for Manchester City between 1928 and 1938, scoring 61 goals and winning a league title and FA Cup. After leaving Maine Road he signed for Sheffield Wednesday, but his playing career was cut short by the outbreak of war the following year.
23 October 1987: Jimmy Mullen, 64, spent his entire playing career at Wolverhampton Wanderers, winning three league titles and an FA Cup between his debut in 1937 and retirement in 1960. Tyneside-born Mullen, who played as a winger, scored 98 goals in 445 league games for Wolves, and was also capped 12 times at senior level for England, scoring six goals.
1 November 1987: Tom Parker, 89, won a solitary England cap in 1925 and played more than 500 league games in a professional career which stretched from 1919 to 1933 and was divided with seven years each at Southampton and then Arsenal. He later managed Norwich City (twice) and Southampton. He later returned to Southampton as a scout, holding the position of chief scout until he retired in his 78th year.
7 January 1988: Arthur Atkins, 62, played 97 league games for Birmingham City between 1948 and 1954 before completing his career with 16 games in two seasons at Shrewsbury Town.
21 January 1988: George Kidd, 78, who was born in Dundee, Scotland, made 134 league appearances as a forward for Charlton Athletic, Gillingham and Luton Town between 1931 and 1936.
27 January 1988: Cyril Bridge, 78, played 155 league games at left-back for Bristol City in the 1930s.
28 February 1988: Norman Brunskill, 75, played 237 league games at wing-half for Oldham Athletic, Birmingham City and Barnsley between 1932 and 1947.
4 March 1988: Bobby Etheridge, 52, played 259 league games and scored 42 goals as a wing-half for Bristol City between 1956 and 1964.
13 March 1988: Ray Warren, 69, spent his entire 20-year playing career at Bristol Rovers, making 450 appearances for the West Country club between 1936 and 1956, scoring 28 goals from defence.
1 April 1988: Tom Williamson, 87, who was born in Scotland and died in Norwich, played 253 times in the English league for Blackburn Rovers, Stoke City and Norwich City between 1922 and 1933.
13 April 1988: Martin McDonnell, 63, played 412 league games between 1946 and 1960 for Everton, Southport, Birmingham City, Coventry City, Derby County and Crewe Alexandra.
13 May 1988: Elfed Evans, 61, played 122 league games as a forward for Cardiff City, Torquay United, West Bromwich, Wrexham and Southport between 1949 and 1957.
24 July 1988: John Harris, 71, played 326 league games in defence for Chelsea between 1946 and 1956, including their league title triumph in 1955. He then became manager of Chester, before managing Sheffield United, taking the South Yorkshire club to promotion to the First Division in 1971 and remaining in charge for another two years, preserving their status among the elite. After retiring from football, he worked as a lay preacher.
References |
4039541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooden%20language | Wooden language | Wooden language is language that uses vague, ambiguous, abstract or pompous words in order to divert attention from the salient issues. The French scholar Françoise Thom identified four characteristics of wooden language: abstraction and the avoidance of the concrete, tautologies, bad metaphors, and Manichaeism that divides the world into good and evil. The phrase is a literal translation of the French expression which appears to have been coined by Georges Clemenceau in 1919, and became widely used during the 1970s and 1980s after being brought back into French from Russian via Polish.
In France, wooden language is commonly and strongly associated with politicians and the conditioning at the National School of Administration, as attested by intellectual Michel Butor: "We have had, among the misfortunes of France, the creation by General de Gaulle of the École nationale d'administration which holds the monopoly of the training of politicians. They have to go through there, where they learn the wooden language".
The fictional language of Newspeak in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four often mirrors and satirizes wooden language.
See also
If-by-whiskey
Officialese
Weasel word
References
Rhetoric |
4039545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair%20of%20the%20dog%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hair of the dog (disambiguation) | Hair of the dog is a colloquial English expression describing a cure or treatment for an alcohol-induced hangover.
Hair of the dog may also refer to:
Hair of the Dog (film), a 1962 British comedy film
Hair of the Dog Brewing Company, a microbrewery located in Portland, Oregon
Hair of the Dog, Episode 148 of the Mythbusters television series
Albums
Hair of the Dog (album), a 1975 album by Nazareth
Hair of the Dog, a 1989 compilation album by Tankard
Songs
"Hair of the Dog" (song), by Nazareth from the album of the same name
"Hair of the Dog", by Mud from the 1975 album Use Your Imagination
"Hair of the Dog", by Bauhaus from the 1981 album Mask
"Hair of the Dog", by the Ramones from the 1986 album Animal Boy
"Hair of the Dog", by The Poor from the 1994 album Who Cares
"Hair of the Dog", by Loverboy from the 1997 album Six
"Hair of the Dog", by Shooter Jennings from the 2006 album Electric Rodeo
"Hair of the Dog", by Senses Fail from the 2008 album Life Is Not a Waiting Room |
4039568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20M.%20Abraham%20Poetry%20Award | J. M. Abraham Poetry Award | The J.M. Abraham Poetry Award, formerly known as the Atlantic Poetry Prize, is a Canadian literary award, presented annually by the Atlantic Book Awards & Festival, to the best work of poetry published by a writer from the Atlantic provinces.
Winners
1998 – Carmelita McGrath, To the New World
1999 – John Steffler, That Night We Were Ravenous
2000 – Ken Babstock, Mean
2001 – Anne Simpson, Light Falls Through You
2002 – M. Travis Lane, Keeping Afloat
2003 – Anne Compton, Opening the Island
2004 – Brian Bartlett, Wanting the Day
2005 – David Helwig, The Year One
2006 – Anne Compton, Processional
2007 – Steve McOrmond, Primer on the hereafter
2008 – Don Domanski, All Our Wonder Unavenged
2009 – Brent MacLaine, Shades of Green
2010 – Tonja Gunvaldsen Klaassen, Lean-To
2011 – John Steffler, Lookout
2012 – Susan Goyette, outskirts
2013 – Lesley Choyce, I'm Alive. I Believe in Everything
2014 – Don Domanski, Bite Down Little Whisper
2015 – Susan Paddon, Two Tragedies in 429 Breaths
2016 – Susan Goyette, The Brief Reinacarnation of a Girl
2017 – Jennifer Houle, The Back Channels
2018 - Julia McCarthy, All the Names Between
2019 - Allison Smith, This Kind of Thinking Does No Good
2020 - Lucas Crawford, Belated Bris of the Brainsick
2021 - Afua Cooper, Black Matters
See also
List of poetry awards
Notes
External links
Writers' Federation of Nova Scotia
Canadian poetry awards
Atlantic Book Awards
Awards established in 1998
1998 establishments in Nova Scotia |
4039569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Barretta | Bill Barretta | William Paul Barretta (born June 19, 1964) is an American puppeteer, actor, producer, writer, and director, who is best known for providing the puppetry and voice of characters such as Pepe the King Prawn, Johnny Fiama, Big Mean Carl, and Bobo the Bear. He also inherited the roles of Rowlf the Dog, The Swedish Chef, Mahna Mahna, and Dr. Teeth after the death of Muppet creator Jim Henson.
Early life
Barretta was born William Paul Barretta in Yardley, Pennsylvania on June 19, 1964. He is the younger brother of the children's book author and illustrator Gene Barretta.
Barretta attended St. Mary's Hall-Doane Academy in Burlington, New Jersey, eventually becoming a carpenter. He met Brian Henson while they were working at Sesame Place.
Career
Barretta has been performing with The Muppets since 1991, when he puppeteered the body of Sinclair family patriarch, Earl Sinclair on Dinosaurs. He later developed several new characters on Muppets Tonight, including Pepe the King Prawn, Johnny Fiama, Big Mean Carl, and Bobo the Bear.
Barretta has taken over several of Jim Henson's roles, such as Dr. Teeth, Rowlf the Dog, Mahna Mahna, and Swedish Chef, and briefly took over Jerry Nelson's role of Lew Zealand. His film debut as a principal puppeteer was in 1996's Muppet Treasure Island as Clueless Morgan.
Barretta has produced two of the Muppets' television films, It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) and The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005). Barretta also provided additional voices on Kim Possible. He performed in Muppets Most Wanted, where he also served as a co-producer. Barretta also served as an executive producer on the ABC series, The Muppets. In 2021, Barretta produced the special Muppets Haunted Mansion.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Internet
Events
References
External links
MuppetZine Interview
Living people
People from Yardley, Pennsylvania
Muppet performers
Sesame Street Muppeteers
American male voice actors
American puppeteers
Doane Academy alumni
1964 births |
4039587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion%20Park | Battalion Park | Battalion Park is a geoglyph site in southwest Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is located on Signal Hill, overlooking the Tsuu T'ina Nation (formerly Sarcee Nation), as well as lands formerly known as Camp Sarcee and later Sarcee Training Area, a military reserve used by the Canadian Forces from before the First World War up until the 1990s. The park extends over an area of , north of the Elbow River. Its heritage value is associated with its dedication to the heroic efforts of Albertan soldiers during the First World War. The site contains four geoglyphs, numbered 137, 113, 151, and 51. The large, whitewashed stones, totalling 16,000 in all, form the centrepiece of the park. Arranged on the side of the hill, and visible from various parts of the city, they represent the battalions numbered 137th, 113th, 151st, and 51st.
Geography
The park on Signal Hill overlooks the Tsuutʼina Nation. It is situated to the north of the Elbow River, beside the Westhills shopping complex, on the city's western outskirts.
History
Early history
The then-Sarcee Indian Reserve leased a part of their land in the summer of 1914 to the Canadian Militia to enable them to establish a prospective training site for military personnel. It was then known as Sarcee Camp (as it overlooks what was then called the Sarcee Nation), and it was an exclusive area in Alberta to provide training to the soldiers who were to be assigned to fight during the First World War. The military reserve was used by the Canadian Forces from before the First World War up until the 1990s. In all, 45,000 men were trained at the military camp. With this strength, the camp was the largest military training establishment in Canada during the war time. The 30 various units, housed in tents, included trainees drawn from various parts of the province. From Calgary, it took a day's ride to approach the camp.
Army engineers mapped the area. Each unit established its identity within its prescribed area by using stones that were hauled in sacks by hand from the river by soldiers as part of their training programme, over a distance of during off-duty hours. Several military units collaborated in collecting the stones to create the battalion numerals. They were gathered from the river and carried it to the site as part of the training exercies. Among those who did so were the four battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (Members of the Calgary, Lethbridge, Central Alberta, and Edmonton battalions) who were trained in the area.
After their training was over, the battalions were assigned to war regions abroad to fight in the First World War. The 151st (Central Alberta) Battalion, raised in the Red Deer, Battle River, and South Edmonton districts, trained at the Sarcee Camp from December 22, 1915, until October 4, 1916; Lieutenant-Colonel J.W. Arnott commanded. The 137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF, which was composed of the men of "Calgary's Own", were trained in the Sarcee Camp from December 1915 to August 1916; they were commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel George W. Morfitt. On August 21, 1916, they embarked to Europe to participate in the war. They were amalgamated with the 21st Reserve Battalion for service. Those men who survived the war met at the park, until the 1960s, to carry out weeding operations and also to repaint the stones of their battalion number which they had erected. The 113th Battalion (Lethbridge Highlanders), CEF, consisted of 883 men and officers who were trained at the Sarcee Camp from late May 1916 until September. The battalion used painted rocks to construct their battalion number on Signal Hill. The 51st Battalion (Edmonton), CEF, under the command of Colonel Harwood, was also at the Sarcee Army Camp, in 1915.
Later history
With the battalions gone, the numbers were almost forgotten, overgrown by shrubs and grass. The stones were almost obscured until a local historian found them; he found the stones prior to grading as part of a protection strategy for the hill which was subject to erosion, and to enable construction activity in the area. Getting the site its present historical status involved concerted efforts by the cadets of units, particularly of the 157th Battalion, stationed in Calgary; this effort stretched to several years of pursuing with the authorities. The stones were safely kept by Stewart Green Properties Ltd until they were restored. Development involved work on a gravel pit by Richmond Road, slope grading, rock replacement, and stairs construction. Battalion Park officially opened on 3 November 1991.
The 51st Battalion is perpetuated by an existing reserve unit, the Loyal Edmonton Regiment. The 137th Battalion is perpetuated by another reserve unit, the King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC). The 151st Battalion was perpetuated by the North Alberta Regiment, which disbanded in 1936, and the 113th Battalion of the Lethbridge Highlanders is perpetuated by the South Alberta Light Horse.
Features
The glyphs, which form the centre piece of the park, are large whitewashed stones (16,000 of them), arranged on the side of the hill and represent the battalions numbers 137, 113, 151, and 51. The numbers, serif-type numerals, were created using 16,000 stones. While the numerals 137, 151, and 51 are in a cluster, the glyph representing number "113" is further away in an undisturbed state as made in-situ initially from July 1, 1916, to August 31, 1916, but located within the park. Number "113" is at its original location, on a high ridge, while the others had to be shifted from their original location to the present site because of the need to develop the area for roads and other economic activities. The glyph with number "113" is located on area of land on a high ridge, and each numeral of "113" measures in length and in width. The number is made up of white-painted stones. The park consists of a walkway up the hill along paved and mud paths with several interpretative displays of the numerals and a "lookout landing".
Commemoration
In a homage paid by 104 cadets who gathered at the Battalion Park Monument, a plaque was erected as dedication to their ancestors who were part of the action during 1915 and 1916 in the First World War. The names of the battalions are mentioned on the plaque. On this occasion they also painted the stones which mark the numbers of the battalions. The units involved in its assembly, mentioned on the plaque, are: 85 RCSCC Calgary, 604 Moose Squadron RCAC, 22 Undaunted RGSCC, 781 Calgary Squadron, RCAC 1292 LdSH (RC), RCACC 2554, PPCLI CC 1955, Service Battalion RCACC, Buffalo Squadron 538, RCAC 2509, Royal Cdn Signals, CC 2137 Calgary Highlanders, and CC 52 City of Calgary Squadron RCCA.
Members of The King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC), who perpetuate the 137th (Calgary) Battalion CEF, commemorate the sacrifices of their fallen comrades each Remembrance Day by sending a contingent to the memorial and conducting a ceremony of remembrance.
See also
Hillside letters
Military history of Canada
Fovant Badges
References
External links
History of the Canadian Forces Museums 1919—2004
Parks in Calgary
Buildings and structures in Calgary
Museums in Calgary
Military and war museums in Canada
Geoglyphs
Hill figures in Canada |
4039592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltit%20Fort | Baltit Fort | Baltit Fort () is a fort in the Hunza valley, near the town of Karimabad, in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of northern Pakistan. Founded in the 8th century CE, it has been on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative list since 2004.
The Mirs of Hunza abandoned the fort in 1945, and moved to a new palace down the hill. The fort started to decay which caused concern that it might possibly fall into ruin. Following a survey by the Royal Geographical Society of London a restoration programme was initiated and supported by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Historic Cities Support Programme. The programme was completed in 1996 and the fort is now a museum run by the Baltit Heritage Trust.
Awards and recognition
2005 Time Asia, Best of Asia Award
Gallery
Bibliography
Biddulph John, Tribes of Hindoo Koosh, The Superintendent of Government Printing-Calcutta, India 1880, Reprint: Ali Kamran Publishers, Lahore-Pakistan, 1995.
See also
Altit Fort
Shigar Fort
Khaplu Fort
List of forts in Pakistan
List of museums in Pakistan
References
External links
Official website of the Baltit Heritage Trust
Baltit Fort at Google Cultural Institute
Forts in Gilgit-Baltistan
Aga Khan Trust for Culture projects
Hunza
History of Gilgit Agency
Buildings and structures in Gilgit-Baltistan
History of Baltistan
Restoration of historic architecture in Pakistan
UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards winners |
4039602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20M.%20Beachy | Moses M. Beachy | Moses M Beachy (December 3, 1874 – July 7, 1946) was the founding bishop of the Beachy Amish Mennonite churches in 1927 and a former bishop in the Old Order Amish churches.
Early life and family background
Beachy was born near Salisbury, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. He was ordained a minister in the Amish church on 1912 May 19 and ordained a bishop in that church on 1916 October 1.
His father, two brothers, and two sons were also Amish ministers. In 1927, he was involved in the church division that led to formation of the Beachy Amish congregations.
Amish Mennonite division
The Amish Mennonite division had its roots in differences among church leaders over a strict interpretation of the streng meidung, or strong ban, shunning, or avoidance of members under church discipline, which had come to effectively excommunicate church members who left the stricter Pennsylvania district of the church in order to transfer to the less strict Maryland district. Beachy favored a more moderate position. Since he was not united on this issue with other ministers and the retired bishop of his own congregation, he considered resigning his office, but was urged by at least one minister not to do so.
Unlike many Amish congregations which meet in homes, Amish church meetings in Somerset County were conducted in church buildings, customarily meeting at two alternating locations on different Sundays, but on 1927 June 26, after a decade or more of tension over the streng meidung issue, the more conservative group and the formerly retired bishop met at the Summit Mills meetinghouse, even though Beachy had previously announced that services were to be held that Sunday at the Flag Run meetinghouse. Effectively, there were now two congregations where previously there had been one, though they continued to share the same two church buildings on alternate Sundays.
Amish Mennonite fellowship
The new congregation under Moses Beachy gradually became known by the name of its bishop, a nomenclature that was not uncommon, especially when church groups met at different locations and could not assume the name of a particular place.
Other Amish congregations that identified with the issues leading to the formation of the Beachy congregation started to ally themselves into a new church fellowship group, and this larger grouping also came to be called Beachy Amish, though in some areas they were known as Amish Mennonite or as Fellowship churches. Moses Beachy and John A. Stoltzfus, bishop of a group that had divided from the Old Order Amish of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, began a practice of visiting one another's churches in 1929, and their two congregations became leaders in the growing Beachy Amish Mennonite fellowship of churches.
Amicable relations in spite of differences
Despite the failure of those involved in the 1927 church division to resolve their differences, there was mutual agreement by them on shared use of the two church meetinghouses, and for many years the two groups continued to meet at alternating locations, helping to equalize the travel distance by members who lived over a widely dispersed area. In 1928, the new Beachy congregation approved the use of automobiles, and in another year electricity and telephones, something that immediately distinguished them from the Old Order Amish, for whom travel is typically conducted by horse and carriage, and have been more selective in their adaptation to modern technology. Even though one church group now drove automobiles, the shared, amicable ownership and use of two church buildings continued until 1953, seven years after the death of Moses Beachy, when the Beachy Amish group constructed a more modern building and called themselves Mountain View Fellowship.
Later life
Moses Beachy married Lucy S. Miller on February 17, 1895 and they had 14 children. Lucy died 1927 November 25. Moses married Mary E. Hershberger on November 12, 1928. He died on July 7, 1946, at the age of 71.
See also
Old Order Mennonite
Shunning
Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church
Notes
References
Mennonite Encyclopedia
Mountain View Mennonite Church- 50th Anniversary Program. 2003. Salisbury, PA: Mountain View Mennonite Church.
Yoder, Elmer S. The Beachy Amish Mennonite Fellowship Churches. Hartville, OH: Diakonia Ministries, 1987. Comprehensive account by a sympathetic observer.
Yoder, Mary Elizabeth. 1997. The Children of Moses. Kearney, NE: Morris Publishing.
External links
Beachy, Moses M. (1874-1946) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
1874 births
1946 deaths
People from Somerset County, Pennsylvania
American Mennonites
Mennonite ministers
American Amish people
Old Order Amish
20th-century Anabaptist ministers |
4039609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unigine | Unigine | UNIGINE is a proprietary cross-platform game engine developed by UNIGINE Company used in simulators, virtual reality systems, serious games and visualization. It supports OpenGL 4 and DirectX 11.
UNIGINE Engine is a core technology for a lineup of benchmarks (CPU, GPU, power supply, cooling system), which are used by overclockers and technical media such as Tom's Hardware, Linus Tech Tips, PC Gamer, and JayzTwoCents. UNIGINE benchmarks are also included as part of the Phoronix Test Suite for benchmarking purposes on Linux and other systems.
UNIGINE 1
The first public release was the 0.3 version on May 4, 2005.
Platforms
UNIGINE 1 supported Microsoft Windows, Linux, OS X, PlayStation 3, Android, and iOS. Experimental support for WebGL existed but was not included into the official SDK. UNIGINE 1 supported DirectX 9, DirectX 10, DirectX 11, OpenGL, OpenGL ES and PlayStation 3, while initial versions (v0.3x) only supported OpenGL.
UNIGINE 1 provided C++, C#, and UnigineScript APIs for developers. It also supported the shading languages GLSL and HLSL.
Serious game features
UNIGINE 1 had support for large virtual scenarios and specific hardware required by professional simulators and enterprise VR systems, often called serious games.
Support for large virtual worlds was implemented via double precision of coordinates (64-bit per axis), zone-based background data streaming, and optional operations in geographic coordinate system (latitude, longitude, and elevation instead of X, Y, Z).
Display output was implemented via multi-channel rendering (network-synchronized image generation of a single large image with several computers), which typical for professional simulators. The same system enabled support of multiple output devices with asymmetric projections (e.g. CAVE). Curved screens with multiple projectors were also supported. UNIGINE 1 had stereoscopic output support for anaglyph rendering, separate images output, Nvidia 3D Vision, and virtual reality headsets. It also supported multi-monitor output.
Other features
UNIGINE renderer supported Shader model 5.0 with hardware tessellation, DirectCompute, and OpenCL. It also used screen space ambient occlusion and real-time global illumination. UNIGINE used a proprietary physics engine to process events such as collision detection, rigid body physics, and dynamical destruction of objects. It also used a proprietary engine for pathfinding and basic AI components. UNIGINE had features such as interactive 3D GUI, video playback using Theora codec, 3D audio system based on OpenAL library, WYSIWYG scene editor (UNIGINE Editor).
UNIGINE 2
UNIGINE 2 was released on October 10, 2015.
UNIGINE 2 has all features from UNIGINE 1 and transitioned from forward rendering to deferred rendering approach, PBR shading, and introduced new graphical technologies like geometry water, multi-layered volumetric clouds, SSRTGI and voxel-based lighting.
Platforms
UNIGINE 2 supports Microsoft Windows, Linux and OS X (support stopped starting from 2.6 version).
UNIGINE 2 supports the following graphical APIs: DirectX 11, OpenGL 4.x. Since version 2.16 UNIGINE experimentally supports DirectX 12 and Vulkan.
There are 3 APIs for developers: C++, C#, UnigineScript.
Supported Shader languages: HLSL, GLSL, UUSL (Unified UNIGINE Shader Language).
SSRTGI
Proprietary SSRTGI (Screen Space Ray-Traced Global Illumination) rendering technology was introduced in version 2.5. It was presented at SIGGRAPH 2017 Real-Time Live! event.
Development
The roots of UNIGINE are in the frustum.org open source project, which was initiated in 2002 by Alexander "Frustum" Zaprjagaev, who is a co-founder (along with Denis Shergin, CEO) and ex-CTO of UNIGINE Company.
Linux game competition
On November 25, 2010, UNIGINE Company announced a competition to support Linux game development. They agreed to give away a free license of the UNIGINE engine to anyone willing to develop and release a game with a Linux native client, and would also grant the team a Windows license. The competition ran until December 10, 2010, with a considerable number of entries being submitted. Due to the unexpected response, UNIGINE decided to extend the offer to the three best applicants, with each getting full UNIGINE licenses. The winners were announced on December 13, 2010, with the developers selected being Kot-in-Action Creative Artel (who previously developed Steel Storm), Gamepulp (who intend to make a puzzle platformer), and MED-ART (who previously worked on Painkiller: Resurrection).
UNIGINE-based projects
As of 2021 company claimed to have more than 250 B2B customers worldwide.
Some companies that develop software for professional aircraft, ships & vehicle simulators use UNIGINE Engine as a base for the 3D & VR visualization.
Games
Released
Cradle - released for Windows and Linux in 2015
Oil Rush - released for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X in 2012; released for iOS in 2013
Syndicates of Arkon - released for Windows in 2010
Tryst - released for Windows in 2012
Petshop - released for Windows and Mac in 2011
Sumoman - released for Windows and Linux in 2017
Demolicious - released for iOS in 2012
Dual Universe - released in 2022
Upcoming
Dilogus: The Winds of War
Node - VR shooter (Steam page)
Kingdom of Kore - action RPG for PC (in future for PS3) - cancelled by publisher
El Somni Quas - MMORPG (Patreon page)
Acro FS - aerobatic flight simulator (Steam page)
Simulation and visualization
Metro Simulator by Smart Simulation
CarMaker 10.0 by IPG Automotive
NAUTIS maritime simulators by VSTEP
Train driver simulator by Oktal Sydac
Be-200 flight simulator
Klee 3D (3D visualization solution for digital marketing and research applications)
The visualization component of the analytical software complex developed for JSC "ALMAZ-ANTEY" MSDB", an affiliate of JSC "Concern "Almaz-Antey"
Real-time interactive architectural visualization projects of AI3D
Bell-206 Ranger rescue helicopter simulator
Magus ex Machina (3D animated movie)
SIMREX CDS, SIMREX FDS, SIMREX FTS car driving simulators by INNOSIMULATION
Real-time artworks by John Gerrard (artist): Farm, Solar Reserve, Exercise, Western Flag (Spindletop, Texas), X. laevis (Spacelab)
Train simulators by SPECTR
DVS3D by GDI
RF-X flight simulator
NAVANTIS Ship Simulator
VR simulator for learning of computer vision for autonomous flight control at Daedalean AI
Benchmarks
UNIGINE Engine is used as a platform for a series of benchmarks, which can be used to determine the stability of PC hardware (CPU, GPU, power supply, cooling system) under extremely stressful conditions, as well as for overclocking:
Superposition Benchmark (featuring online leaderboards) - UNIGINE 2 (2017)
Valley Benchmark - UNIGINE 1 (2013)
Heaven Benchmark (the first DirectX 11 benchmark) - UNIGINE 1 (2009)
Tropics Benchmark - UNIGINE 1 (2008)
Sanctuary Benchmark - UNIGINE 1 (2007)
See also
List of game engines
List of game middleware
Game physics
3D computer graphics
References
External links
Computer physics engines
Game engines for Linux
Middleware
Unigine SDK
Software that uses Qt
Video game development
Video game development software
Video game development software for Linux
Video game engines
Video game IDE
Virtual reality |
4039635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20on%20the%20Moon | First on the Moon | First on the Moon (, Pervye na Lune) is a 2005 Russian mockumentary science fiction film about a fictional 1930s Soviet landing on the Moon. The film, which went on to win many awards, was the debut of the director Aleksei Fedorchenko.
Plot
A group of journalists are investigating a highly secret document when they uncover a sensational story: that before the Second World War, in 1938, the first rocket was made in the USSR and Soviet scientists were planning to send an orbiter to the Moon and back. The evidence is convincing; it is clear that in this case, Soviet crewed lunar program cosmonauts were first.
The movie follows the selection and training of a small group of cosmonauts. The one who shines above the others (similar to the clear front-runners in the early historical Soviet space program) is Captain Ivan Sergeyevich Kharlamov (possibly a reference to the real-life cosmonaut Valentin Varlamov). He is helped into a space suit and loaded into the capsule, and the rocket lifts off for the Moon—but contact with it is soon lost.
Most of the remainder of the film seems to follow the search for information about what happened next, as the 1930s space program appears to have dissolved immediately after, with no reason given (but presumably as a part of Stalin's purges). It is implied that Kharlamov returned to Earth, but with no fanfare and apparently no assistance from the space program. A number of men are shown as suspected of being Kharlamov—the NKVD seems to be conducting a criminal investigation of the program and it is implied that those involved, including Kharlamov himself, are in hiding.
It seems that the capsule returned to Earth and landed in Chile, and that Kharlamov journeyed to the Russian Far East by way of Polynesia and China, yet feared capture on his return. His wife apparently covered for him when interrogated as to his whereabouts. Kharlamov is later found on the Mongolian steppes following the Battles of Khalkhin Gol, having suffered a severe traumatic brain injury. After undergoing psychiatric treatment in a sanitorium in Chita, he disappears. His wife later remarries.
The very end of the movie shows the only footage of the mission itself after launch, explaining it as a film which was found at the landing site in Chile and is currently in the possession of the Antofagasta Natural museum. First there is a brief clip showing Kharlamov piloting the vehicle, presumably on final approach to the Moon. Following that is an equally brief panorama of a lunar landscape with the capsule or lander (it's unclear whether this was a direct ascent Moon landing) resting on the surface, apparently taken by Kharlamov during lunar EVA. Both scenes are shown as stills on the movie's cover. Then there is a short clip of the other cosmonauts walking through a hangar with the 1930s space program director, and the credits roll.
Production
The screenplay was written by Aleksandr Gonorovskiy and Ramil Yamaleyev, and is loosely based on conspiracy theories of lost cosmonauts.
Production of First on the Moon lasted for three years and involved more than a thousand people. Most of filming was performed on Sverdlovsk Film Studio. The cosmonaut space training was filmed in Chelyabinsk, at the Institute of Aviation, where there exists equipment from Star City which even Gagarin used for training. The actors worked without stunt doubles; they were really spinning in the centrifuge, despite the fact that this training is difficult even for professionals.
The film was made in both black and white and color, with cinematography by Anatoliy Lesnikov. Vera Zelinskaya was the production designer.
Cast
Boris Vlasov as Cap. Ivan Kharlamov, the cosmonaut.
Andrei Osipov as Fyodor Suprun, the Chief Constructor.
Viktoriya Ilyinskaya as Nadezhda Svetlaya, a cosmonaut candidate.
Viktor Kotov as Mikhail Roshchin, a cosmonaut candidate with dwarfism.
Aleksei Slavnin as Khanif Fattakhov, a cosmonaut candidate.
Anatoli Otradnov as Khanif Fattakhov in old age.
Reception
When elements of the plot started leaking out, a number of Russian newspapers treated it as a documentary about a real 1938 event, referring to it as the Santiago Meteorite (метеорит "Сантьяго"). In reality, the film is fiction. To quote the director: "Some type of new genre. It was very difficult to decide on a name. So far, for me this is either historical drama or documentary fantasy." He also said: "Our film is about how the Soviet state machinery manufactured major products - the best people. Fine, strong and clever heroes, then rendered [them] unnecessary to the native land – some have been destroyed, others lost in obscurity, yet others still broken by fear."
Julia Vassilieva credits cinematographer Anatoliy Lesnikov and set designer Nikolai Pavlov with a form "... mimicking so successfully the documentary mode" as the reason that First on the Moon won 2005 Venice Film Festival award for a documentary.
Awards
2005 — Cottbus Film Festival of Young East European Cinema: First Work Award of the Student Jury and Special Prize
2005 — Flanders International Film Festival: Grand Prix
2005 — Venice Film Festival: Venice Horizons Documentary Award
2005 — Warsaw International Film Festival: Special Mention
2005 — Zagreb Film Festival: Golden Pram Award
2005 — The Best Debut Prize, Kinotaur festival, Sochi, Russia
2006 — Eurocon: Best performance
See also
Apollo 18 (film)
References
External links
KinoKultura review by Alexander Prokhorov
KinoKultura review by Oleg Kovalov
ROUGE review by Julia Vassilieva
2005 films
Russian mystery films
Russian science fiction films
Russian alternate history films
2000s mockumentary films
2000s science fiction films
Moon in film
Films set in Russia
Films set in 1938
Films directed by Aleksey Fedorchenko |
4039637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripiti%20%28archaeological%20site%29 | Tripiti (archaeological site) | Tripiti (also Trypiti) is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement in southern Crete, Greece, along the coast to the east of the village of Lendas.
Geography
The Minoan settlement was built on a hill, 135 meters above sea level. It is 800 meters from the sea. There are three permanent fresh water springs in the area, one only 150 meters east of the site and also at 135 meters above sea level. The site is reached via a 40-minute climb over loose stones. Tripiti is 200 meters north of Kalokambos, where an Early Minoan tholos tomb has been excavated.
Archaeology
Tripiti was first excavated 1986-1988 by Antonis Vasilakis. Minoa has long been famous for its settlements not having walls, inspiring theories of a long-standing peace, but walls are found at Tripiti. Two openings give access to the settlement at the northwest and southeast corners. Thirty-six Early Minoan II to Middle Minoan IA rooms have been uncovered at the site. Stone benches were built against the walls in some rooms. Artifacts discovered include a bronze chisel, axes, weights, mallets, hammers, milling stones and stone blades. Produce found in significant quantities included wheat, barley, vetch and peas. Bones found in the houses of the settlement indicate the presence of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, hares and poultry.
References
Swindale, Ian http://www.minoancrete.com/trypiti.htm Retrieved 11 May 2013.
Further reading
Vasilakis, Antonis 1989 Archaiologia (article in the Greek journal, issue 30)
External links
Minoan Crete, Tripiti / Trypiti page
Chania (regional unit)
Minoan sites in Crete
Populated places in ancient Greece
Former populated places in Greece |
4039648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn%20Richardson%20Award | Evelyn Richardson Award | The Evelyn Richardson Memorial Non-Fiction Award is a Canadian literary award, presented annually by the Atlantic Book Awards & Festival, to the best work of adult non-fiction published in the previous year by a writer from Atlantic Canada. It is the oldest literary award in the region and is considered the most prestigious for a work of non-fiction. The award was named to honour Evelyn M. Richardson.
Winners
1978 - Harry Bruce, Lifeline: the Story of the Atlantic Ferries and Coastal Boats
1979 - Alden Nowlan, Double Exposure
1980 - Joan Payzant and L.J. Payzant, Like a Weaver's Shuttle: a history of the Halifax-Dartmouth ferries
1981 - Kay Hill, Joe Howe: the Man who was Nova Scotia
1982 - Bruce Armstrong, Sable Island
1983 - J. Murray Beck, Joseph Howe: Volume 1, Conservative Reformer, 1804-1848
1984 - Brian C. Cuthbertson, The Loyalist Governor: Biography of Sir John Wentworth
1985 - Lilias M. Toward, Mabel Bell: Alexander's Silent Partner
1986 - P. B. Waite, The Man from Halifax: Sir John Thompson, Prime Minister
1987 - Tony Foster, Meeting of Generals
1988 - Harold Horwood, Dancing on the Shore: a Celebration of Life at Annapolis Basin
1989 - Dean Jobb, Shades of Justice: Seven Nova Scotia Murder Cases
1990 - Judith Fingard, Dark Side of Life in Victorian Halifax
1991 - Harry Thurston, Tidal Life: a natural history of the Bay of Fundy
1992 - Robert Pope, Illness and Healing: Images of Cancer
1993 - Sally Ross and Alphonse Deveau, The Acadians of Nova Scotia: Past and Present
1994 - Peter Brock, Variations on a Planet
1995 - Elizabeth Pacey, Landmarks: Historic Buildings of Nova Scotia
1996 - Simone Poirier-Bures, That Shining Place
1997 - Harry Thurston, The Nature of Shorebirds: Nomads of the Wetlands
1998 - Harry Bruce, An Illustrated History of Nova Scotia
1999 - Silver Donald Cameron, The Living Beach
2000 - Robin Metcalfe, Studio Rally
2001 - Joan Baxter, A Serious Pair of Shoes: An African Journal
2002 - Kent Thompson, Getting Out of Town by Book and Bike
2003 - Stephen Kimber, Sailors, Slackers and Blind Pigs: Halifax at War
2004 - Harry Thurston, Island of the Blessed: the Secrets of Egypt's Everlasting Oasis
2005 - Marq de Villiers and Sheila Hirtle, A Dune Adrift
2006 - Linda Johns, Birds of a Feather: Tales of a Wild Bird Haven
2007 - Linden MacIntyre, Causeway: A Passage from Innocence
2008 - Marq de Villiers, The Witch in the Wind: The True Story of the Legendary Bluenose
2009 - William B. Naftel, Halifax at War: Searchlights, Squadrons, and Submarines 1939-1945
2010 - John DeMont, Coal Black Heart: The Story of Coal and the Lives it Ruled
2011 - Laura Penny, More Money Than Brains: Why Schools Suck, College is Crap, and Idiots Think They're Right
2012 - Harry Thurston, The Atlantic Coast: A Natural History
2013 - Steven Laffoley, Shadowboxing: The Rise and Fall of George Dixon
2014 - Stephen Kimber, What Lies Across the Water
2015 - Kaleigh Trace, Hot, Wet, & Shaking: How I Learned to Talk About Sex
2016 - Gary Saunders, My Life With Trees
2017 - Erin Wunker, Notes from A Feminist Killjoy
2018 - John DeMont, The Long Way Home: A Personal History of Nova Scotia
2019 - Kate Inglis, Notes for the Everlost: A Field Guide to Grief
2020 - Ami McKay, Daughter of Family G: A Memoir of Cancer Genes, Love and Fate
2021 - Tyler LeBlanc, Acadian Driftwood: One Family and the Great Expulsion
References
External links
Evelyn Richardson Memorial Award
Awards established in 1978
1978 establishments in Nova Scotia
Atlantic Book Awards
Canadian non-fiction literary awards |
4039660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad%20Run%20High%20School | Broad Run High School | Broad Run High School is a public secondary school in Ashburn, an unincorporated area in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. Broad Run is part of the Loudoun County Public Schools system (LCPS). It was ranked as the #1 Best Public High School in Loudoun County and the #9 Best Public High School in Virginia by U.S. News in 2020.
Originally a rural school serving all of eastern Loudoun County, the growth of the county's population beginning in the mid-1990s has resulted in systematic reduction of Broad Run's attendance area as it spun off eight of the district's high schools from within its original boundaries. Initial surroundings of farm fields have been replaced by housing tracts and the school now possesses one of the most culturally diverse student populations in the region. Broad Run High School is also located in one of the most affluent zip codes and counties in the country with recorded median income of more than $100,000 per household. After a period of high construction in the early 2000s, the number of high schools in the area stayed the same until Briar Woods and Freedom High School opened in 2005, John Champe High school in 2012, Rock Ridge High School in 2014, and Riverside High School completed construction in 2015.
In 1969, Loudoun County opened its third public high school amidst corn fields in Ashburn to accommodate the growing student populations resulting from new housing developments in the unincorporated communities in the eastern half of the county. Since then, the county population has increased nearly sevenfold (most of it in the east), straining education budgets, infrastructure, and local politics. For Ashburn, this has resulted in constantly shifting attendance boundaries as new schools are constantly being opened, at all levels, elementary, middle, and high. The area's student demographics have significantly changed as well: Loudoun County's residents are now the country's most affluent (per capita), and its ethnic composition continues to diversify as foreign immigration into Northern Virginia increases.
Before the 2011–2012 school year, additional lockers were installed due to increases in the school's population.
History
Public education in Ashburn predates Broad Run's debut in 1969. In 1892, a school for Black Americans was built in Old Ashburn. At a cost of $6,000, a separate school, known as Ashburn High School, was built for both elementary and high school white students in 1911. It was a four-room wood-frame schoolhouse; additions to the original structure were made in 1922, 1930, and 1934. The school served white Ashburn students until February 14, 1944, when the entire building was destroyed by fire. Its replacement, an elementary-only brick structure, was constructed in 1945 and is still in use. Known as the Ashburn Annex, it is a training center for LCPS and has also been used for Broad Run High School population overflow.
In the 1960s high school age children from eastern Loudoun County attended Loudoun County High School. As Dulles Airport and residential developments, such as Sterling Park, opened close to the Fairfax County border, Loudoun County High School's population began to outgrow the facility. The decision to construct a high school in rural eastern Loudoun County was made. The strain on Loudoun County High School, however, was so severe that its eastern Loudoun students were temporarily schooled in the then-recently closed Douglass High School in Leesburg. Thus, the first Broad Run High School class actually formed in 1968, a full year before the Broad Run Ashburn campus construction was completed. 1968 had been the first year that the county schools were completely racially integrated, making the previously all-black Douglass High School available as it closed and its population moved to other county schools.
The campus of the district's third high school (Loudoun County High opened in 1954 and Loudoun Valley High School opened in 1962), opened its doors in 1969 to grades 8–12, for students from all of Ashburn, Arcola, western Chantilly (now known as South Riding), and Sterling. Named for the nearby Potomac River tributary, Broad Run was dedicated on October 13, 1969. The ceremony's keynote address was delivered by then-Governor of Virginia, Mills E. Godwin Jr. At the time, Loudoun's three high schools were not limited to 9th through 12th grades since there were no middle schools. Broad Run, therefore, had a "Thetamen" class for two years, its name for eighth graders (similar to calling ninth graders "Freshmen"). In 1976 a portion of the Sterling student body was moved to Park View High School. By 1979 the Thetamen were shifted to newly opened middle schools. As the Ashburn area grew considerably, additional students shifted to Potomac Falls High School in 1997. Stone Bridge High School opened in 2000, which split the Ashburn student body into two different high schools. Broad Run gave the remainder of its Sterling student population to Potomac Falls after Dominion High School opened in 2003 and shifted students in Brambleton and Arcola to Stone Bridge. In 2005, Broad Run split off its South Riding students to Freedom High School. And Stone Bridge split the students that lived in Brambleton and Broadlands to Briar Woods High School. . In 2014, Broad Run moved some of its students in the Ryan Park area to Rock Ridge High School. In 2015, Broad Run shifted students who live in University Center and Potomac Farms to Riverside High School in Lansdowne in order to relieve overcrowding. In addition to this, Broad Run also transferred students living in Ashburn Run, Timberbrooke Estates, The Ridges at Ashburn, and many other subdivisions located off of Ashburn Road to Stone Bridge.
Enrollment history
Broad Run's student population averaged 1,486 students during the period 1995–2006. The county's steady population increases during this time resulted in accompanying student body expansions, periodically relieved as other high schools opened in eastern Loudoun County (note the population drops in the table below as these schools opened – Potomac Falls in 1997, Stone Bridge in 2000, Dominion in 2003, Freedom in 2005, and Riverside in 2015).
*includes an eighth grade class of 244 students
2021 sexual assault
On May 28, 2021, a male teenager was accused of sexually assaulting a female student in a girls' restroom at Stone Bridge High School in Ashburn. Following a weeks-long investigation by the Loudoun County Sheriff's Office, a 14-year-old male was arrested on July 8, 2021, and charged with two counts of forcible sodomy. On October 6, 2021, the same male teenager, now aged 15, was accused of sexually assaulting a female student in an empty classroom at Broad Run High School. The male student was arrested the following day and charged with sexual battery and abduction of a fellow student. On October 25, 2021, the suspect was found guilty on all charges for the May 28 assault. On November 15, 2021, the suspect pleaded no contest to a felony charge of abduction and a misdemeanor count of sexual battery for the October 6 assault. In January 2022, the suspect was found guilty on all four charges and was sentenced to complete a "residential program in a locked-down facility" and placed on supervised probation until he turned 18, and ordered to register as a sex offender in Virginia. Later that month, Brooks decided against placing the perpetrator on the sex offender registry, due to the offender's young age and data indicating that teenagers placed on the registry go on to have higher recidivism rates.
Campus
The campus sits on along Ashburn Road, across from the Ashbriar community. It has been renovated and expanded many times since its opening in 1969 and is located ½-mile south of Farmwell Road and one mile (1.6 km) north of the Dulles Greenway. The main building houses 75–80 classrooms, three computer labs, a media center (library), auditorium, cafeteria, school store, weight room, and two gymnasiums. The grounds include a sports stadium for football, track and field, lacrosse, and soccer; a baseball diamond; a softball diamond; six tennis courts; a concession stand; practice fields for lacrosse and football; and a pre-school playground.
Students
The Broad Run attendance boundaries encompass the Ashburn communities of Ashburn Village, Farmwell Hunt, One Loudoun, as well as the Ashbrook residential subdivisions. The LCPS middle school Farmwell Station and, by extension, the elementary schools Ashburn, Discovery, and Dominion Trail feed students to the high school. Students living in neighboring communities outside the current attendance boundary, such as Ashburn Farm and Brambleton, have attended in previous years as a result of frequent boundary changes and the school board's policy of "grandfathering" students.
The ethnic/racial composition of Broad Run's student body in the 2006–2007 school year was 64% White, 11% Black, 11% Hispanic, and 14% Asian.
Administration and faculty
The school's administrative team is headed by the principal and includes three assistant principals, the director of guidance, and the athletic director. The principal and school, as part of LCPS, are under the direction of the Superintendent, who operates under the authority of the elected Loudoun County School Board.
Broad Run has had only five principals since it opened: James C. McBride (1969–1979); E. Wayne Griffith (1979–1996); Edgar T. Markley, Ed.D. (1996–2010), Doug Anderson (2010–2014), and David Spage (2014–present). Its principal before Doug Anderson, Edgar T. Markley, a 2003 recipient of The Washington Post's Annual Distinguished Educational Leadership Award, retired after the 2009–2010 school year.
There are 117 teachers, yielding a teacher/student ratio of 1:14.
Administrator timeline
Curriculum
Students mainly attend classes on the Broad Run campus, but have opportunities to take additional, specialized courses at LCPS's magnet and alternative schools, such as science and math at Loudoun Academy of Science or vocational education classes at C.S. Monroe Technology Center.
The school's instructional curriculum is set primarily by the LCPS district office based on Virginia Department of Education requirements. Broad Run's curriculum is typical of Virginia and United States secondary schools.
Students attending the Loudoun Academy of Science and Monroe Advanced Technical Academy do so every other class day, taking their non-magnet classes (typically core courses, such as English, social sciences and electives) at Broad Run on the alternate days.
In the fall 2007–spring 2008 school year, AP physics students at Broad Run were credited with the discovery of Asteroid 2007 TW04, which they have officially begun calling "Sparta" in honor of the Broad Run Spartans. The team, led by their AP Physics teacher, was awarded by NASA.
Academic performance and achievement
Accreditation
Broad Run is a fully accredited high school based on the Standards of Learning (SOL) examinations in Virginia. Virginia high schools are considered fully accredited if students achieve pass rates of 70% or above in all four content areas (English, mathematics, history/social sciences, and science) on SOL examinations administered during the previous school year. Broad Run's pass rates for the 2006–2007 SY were: English – 95%; Math – 87%; History – 91%; and Science – 85%.
Broad Run's "Fully Accredited" status extends back a number of years:
SAT scores
The average Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) score in 2006 for Broad Run was 1,568 (535 in Math; 525 in Verbal; 508 in Writing). These scores compare favorably to averages for other LCPS high schools, and are significantly better than the average performances of Virginia students and the United States overall.
Performance history for Broad Run students during the span from 2000 to 2006 shows a steady improvement in Math scores (note that the College Board added the Writing component to the examination for the first time in 2006, and the Critical Reading section was previously called Verbal). In 2006 the school was the only Loudoun County high school whose average SAT scores increased from the previous year.
NCLB and Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
To meet the requirements of the federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), the state of Virginia utilizes its Standards of Learning (SOL) examinations as its progress measurement tool. NCLB requires states to set annual measurable objectives of proficiency in reading and mathematics, participation in testing, and graduation and attendance. These objectives are in addition to the high standards for learning and achievement required under Virginia's SOL program. Schools and school divisions that meet the annual objectives required by the federal education law are considered to have made adequately yearly progress (AYP) toward the goal of 100 percent proficiency of all students in reading and mathematics by 2014.
Broad Run has maintained Adequate Yearly Progress for the school years 2003–2004 through 2005–2006. The percentage of students passing the English and Math tests at Broad Run averages higher than Loudoun County as a whole, but lags slightly behind in Science by three points.
Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Broad Run is a member of the AA Dulles District of the Region II of the Virginia High School League, and sponsors girls and boys athletic teams in the following sports: baseball, boys and girls basketball, cheerleading, cross-country, football, golf, gymnastics, boys and girls lacrosse, boys and girls soccer, softball, boys and girls tennis, track, swimming, volleyball, and wrestling. The mascot is a Spartan
Softball
The teams of 2000 and 2002 set new state records for various team categories, such as total runs scored in a season, consecutive shutout innings, total strikeouts in a season, and total strikeouts in one game. Christy Anch, pitcher for the Lady Spartans from 1999 to 2002, personally holds 22 individual state records in the Virginia High School League.
The girls soccer, girls lacrosse, girls softball, boys baseball, boys lacrosse, and boys track teams all won their respective district titles in 2007. Broad Run ended up winning the state championship for softball (Group AA), Broad Run's second in the past decade (won in 2000 and played in the championship 2002). Ranked fifth in the nation by USA Today with a 29–0 record, the Lady Spartans defeated New Kent County High School for the championship behind Caitlyn Delahaba's pitching (no-hitter, 12 strikeouts). Delahaba attained 400 strikeouts in 2007, third place in Virginia High School League history for strikeouts in a season.
For the second year in a row, Broad Run's softball team under the leadership of Caitlin Delahaba completed a perfect, undefeated record in softball, winning the state championship and becoming the nation's best high school softball team according to USA today. In addition, Broad Run's softball team has become history's fourth greatest high school softball team with 57 straight game victories.
Football
The football program experienced limited degrees of success between 2000 and 2006, fielding only two teams with winning records (2003 and 2004 / 6–4 records) in that time period. Losing seasons in 2002 and 2005 led to the replacement of Ken Belchik as head coach with Michael Burnett in 2006. The team's record was 5–5 in 2006. In 2007, the Spartans had a perfect 10–0 regular season, winning the district championship, but lost to rival Park View High School in the first playoff round. In 2008, the Spartan football team won the AA Division 4 state championship, with a 14–0 record. In 2009 the team won a second state title against Amherst. Since then, the team has continued to be successful in the regular season and playoffs, but after head coach Michael Burnett left after the 2009 season, (being replaced by an assistant coach from rival Stone Bridge - Matt Griffis) the team has not won another state title.
Swim
While a relatively new sport to the school, the Broad Run swim team has enjoyed much success in recent years. Under the coaching of Beverly Kelley. the men's team didn't lose a single meet from 2007 to 2011, winning 26 consecutive dual meets and 4 consecutive Dulles District titles, along with being Region II runner-up in 2011. In this period, the men's team won a total of 4 Virginia AA state titles, including the 2010 200 Freestyle Relay team of Michael Poltash, Alan Horback, Jacob Leidy, and Mark Sarman winning in a time of 1:29.09 at Old Dominion University in Norfolk.
Feeder Pattern
for the 2020–2021 school year:
Farmwell Middle School
Ashburn Elementary School
Discovery Elementary School
Dominion Trail Elementary School
Notable alumni
Taylor Clarke, drafted as a pitcher in the 3rd round of the 2015 MLB Draft by the Arizona Diamondbacks; attended College of Charleston
Alex Field, played football at Virginia, and on the practice squads of the Cleveland Browns and Arizona Cardinals.
Travis Fulgham, professional football player for the Philadelphia Eagles who played college football at Old Dominion
Larry Izzo, football player for the New England Patriots, attended and played football from 1988 to 1990 before moving to Texas; attended Rice University.
Conor Mullee, pitcher with the New York Yankees; attended Saint Peter's University
Patton Oswalt, actor, writer, voiceover artist and comedian: graduated in 1987; attended the College of William and Mary, a member of the Broad Run Speech and Debate team who regularly contributes money to the team
Samson Sergi, professional soccer player for Loudoun United who played college soccer at Xavier
References
Footnotes and citations
Sources
External links
Official Website
Loudoun County Public Schools website
Official Broad Run Athletics Page Powered By GamedayMagazine.com
Broad Run High School Students and Alumni Facebook Group
Public high schools in Virginia
Educational institutions established in 1969
Northern Virginia Scholastic Hockey League teams
Schools in Loudoun County, Virginia
1969 establishments in Virginia |
4039663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantique%20de%20Jean%20Racine | Cantique de Jean Racine | Cantique de Jean Racine (Chant by Jean Racine), Op. 11, is a composition for mixed choir and piano or organ by Gabriel Fauré. The text, "Verbe égal au Très-Haut" ("Word, one with the Highest"), is a French paraphrase by Jean Racine of a Latin hymn from the breviary for matins, Consors paterni luminis. The nineteen-year-old composer set the text in 1864–65 for a composition competition at the École Niedermeyer de Paris, and it won him the first prize. The work was first performed the following year on 4 August 1866 in a version with accompaniment of strings and organ. The style shows similarities with his later work, Requiem. Today, the two works are often performed together.
History
Fauré entered the school of church music École Niedermeyer de Paris in 1854, when he was nine years old. There he received training in piano, theory, composition, and classical languages. Weekly choir singing was part of the curriculum for all students. Fauré's teacher in advanced piano was Camille Saint-Saëns, who encouraged him to compose. In 1861 Fauré participated in the first composition competition at the school. In 1863 he submitted a setting of Psalm 137, Super flumina Babylonis, for five vocal parts and orchestra. He received an award but no prize because he had not strictly adhered to all conditions. At age 19, in 1864–65, he composed Cantique de Jean Racine, scored for four vocal parts and piano or organ and that time he received the first prize in the 1865 contest.
Fauré's Cantique was first performed on 4 August 1866 in a version with strings and organ, the organ played by the composer, when the new organ of the Saint-Sauveur Montivilliers Abbey was dedicated. César Franck, the dedicatee of the composition, conducted it, possibly the same version, in an orchestral concert on 15 May 1875. A version for a larger orchestra, with wind instruments but without organ, was possibly written by Fauré himself and first played on 28 January 1906, according to a program of the Société de concerts du Conservatoire. Neither of these orchestral versions were published.
Cantique was first published around 1875 or 1876, by Schoen in Paris, as part of the series Echo des Maîtrises. In recent times, the accompaniment has been arranged for strings and harp by John Rutter, to great acclaim.
Text and music
Verbe égal au Très-Haut, notre unique espérance,
Jour éternel de la terre et des cieux,
De la paisible nuit nous rompons le silence:
Divin Sauveur, jette sur nous les yeux.
Répands sur nous le feu de Ta grâce puissante;
Que tout l'enfer fuie au son de Ta voix;
Dissipe le sommeil d'une âme languissante
Qui la conduit à l'oubli de Tes lois!
Ô Christ! sois favorable à ce peuple fidèle,
Pour Te bénir maintenant rassemblé;
Reçois les chants qu'il offre à Ta gloire immortelle,
Et de Tes dons qu'il retourne comblé.
Word of the Highest, our only hope,
Eternal day of earth and the heavens,
We break the silence of the peaceful night;
Saviour Divine, cast your eyes upon us!
Pour on us the fire of your powerful grace,
That all hell may flee at the sound of your voice;
Banish the slumber of a weary soul,
That brings forgetfulness of your laws!
O Christ, look with favour upon your faithful people
Now gathered here to praise you;
Receive their hymns offered to your immortal glory;
May they go forth filled with your gifts.
The French text, "Verbe égal au Très-Haut" (Word, one with the Highest), was written by Jean Racine and published in 1688 in Hymnes traduites du Bréviaire romain. It is a paraphrase of a pseudo-ambrosian hymn for Tuesday matins from the breviary, Consors paterni luminis. Fauré named his composition after Racine, not after the Latin original, possibly because he preferred the "elegant and rather florid" French text.
The music is in D-flat major, in common time, marked Andante. The instrumental introduction contains three elements: a calm melody imitated by the voices, a similarly calm bass, and a flowing inner part in ceaseless triplets. The voices enter one after the other, beginning with the lowest, each presenting half a line of text, while the lower voices accompany in homophony. The second stanza is separated from the first by a short interlude similar to the introduction, while the third and final stanza follows immediately in the way of a reprise. The writing for the voices has been described as at the same time transparent and well balanced" ("zugleich durchlässig wie klanglich ausgewogen"). Models such as Mendelssohn and Gounod show, but also a personal style. Zachary Gates notes in a paper dedicated to the work: "The long sweeping melodies and strong melodic and harmonic appoggiaturas in Cantique are a testament to the Romantic side of the piece, but there is a definite contemporary tint to what he's writing, hidden in very minute and well-justified atonal note choices in the harmonic structure and melody. After ten years of training at the school focused on liturgy, Fauré was able to set "the inspiring text with a gorgeously restrained and respectful charm".
Cantique de Jean Racine already showed traits of his later Requiem, which Fauré composed in 1887, such as "dignity and refined simplicity" (Würde und die vollendete Einfachheit). Both works have often been performed together in concerts and recordings.
Recordings
Cantique de Jean Racine has been recorded often, frequently with his Requiem. Paavo Järvi conducted in 2011 both works, combined with the first recording of Super flumina Babylonis, leading the Orchestre de Paris and its choir. A recording of both pieces in their original scoring was released in 2014 with the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, conducted by Stephen Cleobury.
References
External links
Cantique de Jean Racine, de Gabriel Fauré (French) musiquedujour.com 2009
Consors paterni luminis (Latin) preces-latinae.org
, Ernst Munneke (piano), , Daniel Reuss (conductor)
Compositions by Gabriel Fauré
Choral compositions
1865 compositions
Compositions in D-flat major
Adaptations of works by Jean Racine |
4039665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Harris | Judith Harris | Judith Harris may refer to:
Judith Rich Harris (1918-2018), psychology researcher and author
Judith Harris, American poet and author
Judith Lynette Harris, Senior UX/UI and Graphic Designer |
4039678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20municipalities%20in%20South%20Africa | List of municipalities in South Africa | This is a list of municipalities of South Africa. The largest metropolitan areas are governed by metropolitan municipalities, while the rest of the country is divided into district municipalities, each of which consists of several local municipalities. Since the boundary reform at the time of the municipal election of 3 August 2016 there are 8 metropolitan municipalities, 44 district municipalities and 205 local municipalities.
Metropolitan municipalities
District municipalities
For comparison purposes the metropolitan municipalities are also included in this list.
Local municipalities
For comparison purposes the metropolitan municipalities are also included in this list.
Former municipalities
These municipalities have been dissolved since the current system of local government was established in 2000.
By province
The lists linked below also include maps showing the locations of the municipalities.
List of municipalities in the Eastern Cape
List of municipalities in the Free State
List of municipalities in Gauteng
List of municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal
List of municipalities in Limpopo
List of municipalities in Mpumalanga
List of municipalities in the North West
List of municipalities in the Northern Cape
List of municipalities in the Western Cape
References
External links
Municipal Demarcation Board
Municipalities of South Africa
Municipalities
South Africa |
4039684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%9Ferparlamentarische%20Opposition | Außerparlamentarische Opposition | The Außerparlamentarische Opposition (German for extra-parliamentary opposition, commonly known as the APO), was a political protest movement in West Germany during the latter half of the 1960s and early 1970s, forming a central part of the German student movement. Its membership consisted mostly of young people disillusioned with the grand coalition (Große Koalition) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Since the coalition controlled 95 percent of the Bundestag, the APO provided a more effective outlet for student dissent. Its most prominent member and unofficial spokesman was Rudi Dutschke.
Classification
As opposed to APO, there was also opposition from other parties that, although they are represented in parliament, do not participate in the formation of the government. Small parties receive too few votes in an election to reenter the parliament. For example, in the past the Free Democratic Party (FDP) has often not been represented in Länderparlamente (federal state governments), but they are not classified as APO.
APO in Germany
APO in Germany called primarily for the constitutional freedom of opinion, the press and assembly to convey its demands publicly. New political currents usually begin outside the parliament and usually creep over the Länderparlamente into the German Bundestag (federal parliament) or even into the Bundesregierung Deutschlands (the German federal government). For example, the Green Party entered into a coalition with the SPD (the social democratic party in Germany) in 1998, it remained in government until 2005.
APO in the 1960s
The student movement began to gain strength and momentum in the middle of the 1960s in West Germany. The student movement is often used synonymously with APO, since it was at the time the most prominent form of extraparliamentary opposition in Germany. The student movement reached its peak in 1967 and 1968, especially in towns with universities. The most cited form of student-led APO was headed by the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund (the socialist German student group).
The APO was formed through the opposition mounting against the "grand coalition" government in power since 1966, which united the CDU and the SPD under the Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU) and its proposed German Emergency Acts (emergency laws), which would maximise governmental control in case of a public dispute, allowing them to restrict civil rights such as privacy and freedom of movement. With 49 seats in parliament, the FDP was the only opposing party in the parliament at the time; the rest were in extraparliamentary opposition. This weakened the opposition, the Bundestag strengthened the APO in Germany.
The APO demanded a democratization of university politics. A motto of the student movement protesting against the old-fashioned nature of higher education institutions was "Unter den Talaren – Muff von 1000 Jahren" ("under the university gowns, the musty smell of a thousand years"), which also referred to Hitler, who had called his regime a rule for a thousand years.
The APO criticised society's repression of the crimes of National Socialism through its parents' generation, only interested in economic recovery. Thus, it joined worldwide protests against the Vietnam War and showed solidarity with the guerrilla fighters campaigning in North Vietnam against the actions of the US. Among other protagonists, the movement idolised Cuban guerilla fighter Che Guevara and the founder of the Vietnamese Communist Party Ho Chi Minh. "Ho-Ho-Ho-Chi-Minh" was often chanted at demonstrations towards the end of the 1960s.
Soon student movement took part in discussions about society and criticised society, demanding fundamental changes in society towards a socialist revolutionary ideal. New forms of communal life were tried, as well as new forms of protests and political actions. In particular, life in the Kommune I (Commune 1) had begun, spurred on by the words of Fritz Teufel, Dieter Kunzelmann and Rainer Langhans. Its members were often prosecuted, which caused a platform for further protests.
The APO also found support and theoretical guidance from intellectuals and philosophers such as Ernst Bloch, Theodor W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse and Jean-Paul Sartre.
On the whole, the West German APO consisted of young people, mostly students, who could hardly gain a foothold in workforce. A few analysts of the time, such as Jutta Ditfurth, spoke out against these assumptions and embraced the workforce, including them in the political movement.
In France, the case was somewhat different. Their solidarity was found between the unions and the student activists, which led to a near-revolutionary situation and much disruption, street fighting and mass strikes in May 1968, culminating in a state crisis. One of the protagonists of the German and French APO, activist and later Green Party politician Daniel Cohn-Bendit was refused reentry into France on the initiative of president Charles de Gaulle. Further members of the APO were Joseph "Joschka" Fischer (German foreign minister from 1998 to 2005) and Matthias Beltz, who became a famous kabarettist in the 1980s and the 1990s.
Intensified conflict
A watershed in the history of the West German APO commenced on 2 June 1967, during demonstrations against the official visit of the Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi when student Benno Ohnesorg was shot by a policeman. Ohnesorg was attending his first-ever political demonstration, and his death left his pregnant girlfriend to fend for herself. The student movement radicalised itself, became more militant and focused its attention on the Springer Press, namely the Bild Zeitung (the German equivalent of the British publication The Sun), which greatly opposed the student movement to the general public.
Less than a year after the death of Benno Ohnesorg, a young worker named Josef Bachmann attempted to assassinate Rudi Dutschke, one of the most prominent leaders of the student movement; Bachmann shot Dutschke three times at close range, hitting him once in the head. Dutschke suffered health problems from the shooting for the rest of his life, including an epileptic condition that caused his death by an accidental drowning in 1979.
After 1969, the APO, in its then-current form, played no further role in West Germany, although there was further extraparliamentary opposition. New social movements in the 1970s affected political and social areas, which had already been addressed in part by the student movement. Environmental protection and nuclear power became the latest themes focused on by former APO activists.
From the end of the APO to the founding of the Green Party
The APO disbanded itself in 1968, dividing into smaller communist groups known as K-Gruppen, which remained on the political landscape but had no notable influence on West German politics.
The "Marsch durch die Institutionen" (march through the institutions) propagated by Rudi Dutschke was embarked upon, resulting in the formation of the Green Party 11 years later. The idea behind this march was that political structures could be manipulated only from within, so it made more sense for larger groups to disband and for individuals and smaller groups to work more or less independently in their local areas to change the political system of their federal republic. The Green Party was formed to organize and accommodate the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, the peace movement activists and other new social movements in the 1970s and 1980s, whose founders had previously been very active in the APO.
In 1983, the German Green Party was elected into the Bundestag, where it stood for the concept of movement and change, so that its roots and philosophy were seen in new social movements. Within only a few years, the Greens gained much political power and prestige. In the time following the party's founding, there was a divide between the fundamentalists and the realists, which still exists. It was the willingness of the Greens to compromise and adapt that has led to their increased political power. In particular, since they entered into a coalition government with the SPD in 1998 and supported issues targeted by the APO which were in the eyes of many underrepresented such as participation in the Kosovo War in 1999 and the Afghan War in 2002.
Radicalised groups
A small number of APO activists such as Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, journalist Ulrike Meinhof resorted to arson in department stores and illegal underground work. They collaborated in the "Rote Armee Fraktion" (RAF) that was commonly known as the "bewaffneten Widerstand" (armed opposition). Bank robberies, kidnappings and even murders were committed against protagonists of businesses, politics and justice by the RAF, the "Bewegung 2. Juni" (Movement of the 2nd June) and the "Revolutionären Zellen" (Revolutionary Cells) until the 1980s.
See also
German student movement
References
Advocacy groups in Germany |
4039686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizera%20Mountains | Jizera Mountains | Jizera Mountains (), or Izera Mountains (; ), are part of the Western Sudetes on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland. The range got its name from the Jizera River, which rises at the southern base of the Smrk massif. The beech forests within the Jizera Mountains were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe, because of their outstanding preservation and testimony to the ecological history of Europe (and the beech family specifically) since the Last Glacial Period.
Geography
[[File:Jizerské hory - Sněžné věžičky1.jpg|thumb|Sněžné věžičky (Czech "snow turret"): picturesque rock pinnacle in the Jizerské hory]]
The range stretches from the Lusatian Mountains (Zittau Mountains) in the northwest to the Krkonoše in the southeast. The Jizera Mountains comprise the sources of the Jizera river, as well as of the Kwisa and the Lusatian Neisse.
The major part in the south is formed from granite, in the northern part from gneisses and mica schists, with some areas formed from basalt.
The weather conditions are characterized by above-average annual precipitation. On 30 July 1897, the measuring station at Nová Louka recorded a daily precipitation amounting to 345.1 mm (13.6 inches), still an unbroken European record.
Peaks
The highest peak is Wysoka Kopa (Hinterberg, 1,127 m, 3,698 feet) near the town of Szklarska Poręba in Poland. Neverteheless, a better-known mountain is Smrk (1124 m, 3,688 feet), with a recently rebuilt look-out tower. Other peaks include Jizera (1,122 m, 3,681 feet) and Stóg Izerski (Heufuder, 1,107 m, 3,632). The peaks in order of elevation:
Wysoka Kopa (Hinterberg), 1,127 m; highest peak of the Jizera Mountains
Smrk (Tafelfichte), 1,124 m; highest peak of the Bohemian Jizera Mountains
Jizera (Siechhübel), 1,122 m
Stóg Izerski (Heufuder), 1,107 m
Smědavská hora (Wittigberg), 1,084 m
Bukovec (Buchberg), 1,005 m; one of the highest basalt peaks in Europe
Hvězda (Stefanshöhe), 959 m
Černá Studnice (Schwarzbrunnberg), 869 m
Tanvaldský Špičák (Tannwalder Spitzberg), 831 m; skiing region near Tanvald
Oldřichovský Špičák (Buschullersdorfer Spitzberg), 724 m
History
The first settlements in the area date back to prehistory. Later on, Celts, German tribes resides in the valleys until they left in 5th century. Later came Lusatian Sorbs. In the 14th century, German-speaking colonists came and started clearing of the dense primeval forests. Permanent settlements were established. In the 16th century, several glass works were founded. Glassmaking had a profound effect on the ecosystem. The primeval forest was gradually replaced by fast-growing spruce monoculture. Other important industries included tin-mining, metallurgy and textile.
The Tabulový kámen (), 1072 m) on the northern edge of the Smrk Mountain marked the border between the properties of the Counts of in Friedland, Bohemia, the von Gersdorff family from Meffersdorf, Upper Lusatia (Unięcice, now part of Wigandsthal) and the Counts of Schaffgotsch from Schreiberhau, Silesia.
In the second half of the 20th century, the ecosystem was badly hit by emissions, produced by lignite fired power stations located in the Zittau basin, part of Europe's ecological Black Triangle. Weakened spruce forest, less resistant against various types of parasites, were on the verge of extinction. The higher parts of the mountains, once densely wooded, became largely treeless, in part also because of excessive deforestation. New roads cut through the once-secluded landscape.
The situation improved only after the fall of communism in 1989. Open-pit coal mines in the former East Germany were closed, as well as several major power plants. Emission filters were installed at the immense Turów Power Station in Bogatynia on the Polish side of Lusatian Neisse. At the same time large-scale reforestation projects were started.
Tourism
The Jizera Mountains are an attractive location for winter sports, cycling and hiking. The centre for both downhill skiing and ski run is Bedřichov. The international cross-country races Jizerská 50 and Bieg Piastów (in Polana Jakuszycka) take place there. Its summer MTB counterpart is also gaining popularity.
The towns surrounding the mountains include Liberec, Frýdlant v Čechách, Nové Město pod Smrkem, Świeradów Zdrój, Szklarska Poręba, Desná, Tanvald and Jablonec nad Nisou.
Protections
Large parts of the Jizera Mountains are under some form of protection. In the smaller Polish parts, the peat bogs in Jizera Valley are part of a relatively small nature protection of about 5 km²; Rezerwat Torfowiska Doliny Izery. In the Czech parts, Jizera Mountains Protected Landscape Area (CHKO Jizerské hory) covers 368 km², or almost all of the Czech parts of the mountains. This landscape protection contains several reserves, including the Jizera Dark Sky Park (Rašeliniště Jizery''), dedicated to star watching.
Literature
Weiss, Siegfried (2000) Moje Jizerky - Jizerské hory v proměnách času, Mein Isergebirge - Das Isergebirge im Wandel der Zeit, My Jizera Hills - The Jizera Mountains through a changing of time, Buk
Nevrlý, Miroslav (1996) Kniha o Jizerských horách, 3rd edition, Civitas
References
External links
Photos of Jizera Mountains
Jizerskehory.cz
The Jizera Mountains throughout time
The Jizera Mountains 3D Photos gallery
Sudetes
Old-growth forests
Mountain ranges of Poland
Mountain ranges of the Czech Republic |
4039688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application%20discovery%20and%20understanding | Application discovery and understanding | Application discovery and understanding (ADU) is the process of automatically analyzing artifacts of a software application and determining metadata structures associated with the application in the form of lists of data elements and business rules. The relationships discovered between this application and a central metadata registry is then stored in the metadata registry itself.
Business benefits of ADU
On average, developers are spending only 5% of their time writing new code, 20% modifying the legacy code and up to 60% understanding the existing code.
Thus, ADU saves a great deal of time and expense for organizations that are involved in the change control and impact analysis of complex computer systems. Impact analysis allows managers to know that if specific structures are changed or removed altogether, what the impact of those changes might be to enterprise-wide systems. This process has been largely used in the preparation of Y2K changes and validations in software.
Application Discovery and Understanding is part of the process enabling development teams to learn and improve themselves by providing information on the context and current state of the application.
The process of gaining application understanding is greatly accelerated when the extracted metadata is displayed using interactive diagrams.
When a developer can browse the metadata, and drill down into relevant details on demand, then application understanding is achieved in a way that is natural to the developer. Significant reductions in the effort and time required to perform full impact analysis have been reported when ADU tools are implemented.
ADU tools are especially beneficial to newly hired developers. A newly hired developer will be productive much sooner and will require less assistance from the existing staff when ADU tools are in place.
ADU process
ADU software is usually written to scan the following application structures:
Data structures of all kinds
Application source code
User interfaces (searching for labels of forms)
Reports
The output of the ADU process frequently includes:
Lists of previously registered data elements discovered within an application
List of unregistered data elements discovered
Note that a registered data element is any data element that already exists within a metadata registry.
See also
metadata
metadata registry
data element
Related
Configuration Management
References
Metadata |
4039690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389%20in%20English%20football | 1988–89 in English football | The 1988–89 season was the 109th season of competitive football in England.
The season saw Arsenal win their first league title for 18 years, in dramatic fashion, as they beat defending champions Liverpool 2–0 at Anfield to clinch the title on number of goals scored. Liverpool had won the FA Cup six days earlier and for the second season running missed out on a unique second double. Third placed Nottingham Forest lifted both the Football League Cup and Full Members' Cup. The ban on English clubs, following the Heysel Stadium disaster, was now in its fourth season and UEFA then voted for it to continue for a fifth season. In April 1989, fourteen Liverpool supporters were convicted of manslaughter relating to the disaster.
The season was overshadowed by the Hillsborough disaster on 15 April 1989, which resulted in the deaths of 97 Liverpool fans in a crowd crush at the FA Cup semi-final.
Overview
Hillsborough disaster
On 15 April, a crowd crush at the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough killed 94 people and injured more than 300. A 95th Liverpool supporter died in hospital four days later. The death toll became 96 in March 1993, when Tony Bland died after being in a coma for nearly four years, and 97 in July 2021. A subsequent inquiry into the tragedy led to the Taylor Report, in which Lord Justice Taylor of Gosforth ordered that all top division clubs should have all-seater stadiums from the 1994–95 season onwards.
Changes to football on television
One of the biggest changes in the history of football on television began in this season, as ITV gained exclusive rights to show Football League matches, both in live and highlights form. The rights cost £11m, up from £5.2m in 1983. Most of their coverage was of live matches on Sunday afternoons of top-flight games. They would hold the exclusive rights until 1992, when they lost coverage of the newly formed Premier League to Sky.
It ended a long-term partnership with the BBC, who in turn struck up a partnership with the FA for exclusive coverage of the FA Cup. The BBC did not show another live English football league match until 2009 and would not show another live top-flight football league match until 2020.
Scunthorpe's new stadium
Scunthorpe United relocated from the Old Showground to Glanford Park in the first relocation of a Football League team since Southend United moved to Roots Hall in 1955.
Change in playoff format
The play-off system was slightly altered, they were now contested by the four sides just missing out on promotion, with one fewer team automatically promoted. The system has stayed in place since then (although it was not until the following season that Wembley Stadium began hosting finals).
Diary of the season
15 June 1988 – Everton pay £850,000 for Bradford City and Scotland midfielder Stuart McCall.
17 June 1988 – Newcastle United buy Scottish striker John Hendrie from Bradford City for £500,000.
21 June 1988 – Tottenham Hotspur pay a club record £1.7 million for Manchester City striker Paul Stewart.
4 July 1988 – Uruguayan Danny Bergara, 46, becomes the first foreign manager in English football when he takes over at Fourth Division club Rochdale.
5 July 1988 – After three years in Italy with Bari, former Aston Villa striker Paul Rideout returns to England in a £430,000 move to Southampton.
7 July 1988 – Tottenham Hotspur complete a British transfer record £2 million deal for 21-year-old Newcastle United midfielder Paul Gascoigne. Gascoigne signs a contract at White Hart Lane until the end of the 1992–93 season.
12 July 1988 – The long hunt for a new Wales national football team manager ends when Swansea City manager Terry Yorath is appointed on a part-time basis.
13 July 1988 – Gordon Cowans ends his three-year spell at Bari to rejoin Aston Villa in a £250,000 deal, while Everton strengthen their midfield in a £925,000 move for Chelsea and Scotland midfielder Pat Nevin.
19 July 1988 – England defender Gary Stevens moves to Scotland in a £1 million move from Everton to Rangers in the costliest transfer involving a British defender. He is replaced at Goodison Park by Newcastle United's Neil McDonald.
20 July 1988 – After two seasons at Barcelona, Mark Hughes returns to Manchester United for a club record £1.8 million, breaking the previous record of £1.75 million that the club paid for Bryan Robson seven years ago.
25 July 1988 – Less than three weeks after Tottenham broke the national transfer record, a new record is set when Everton complete the signing of West Ham United's 23-year-old striker Tony Cottee for £2.2 million.
28 July 1988 – Billy Bonds, the oldest player in the Football League at 41, announces his retirement as a player but will remain with West Ham United as youth team coach.
1 August 1988 – West Ham United sign striker David Kelly from Walsall for £600,000. Newcastle United sign defender Andy Thorn from FA Cup winners Wimbledon for a club record £850,000.
8 August 1988 – Graham Roberts returns to England in a £470,000 move to Chelsea from Rangers.
13 August 1988 – The first North London derby to be held at Wembley Stadium ends in a 4–0 victory for Arsenal in the friendly Wembley International Tournament; Gunners' goalscorers are Paul Merson, Alan Smith, and Brian Marwood (2).
14 August 1988 – Arsenal beat FC Bayern Munich 3–0 to win the Wembley International Tournament on goal difference.
17 August 1988 – Nottingham Forest sign England midfielder Steve Hodge from Tottenham Hotspur for £550,000.
18 August 1988 – After an unhappy season at Juventus, Ian Rush returns to Liverpool for £2.8 million. It is the third time in two months that the national transfer fee record has been broken.
20 August 1988 – Liverpool gain revenge for their FA Cup final defeat by Wimbledon in May by beating them 2–1 in the Charity Shield. John Aldridge, who missed a penalty in the FA Cup final, scores both goals for Liverpool, and John Fashanu scores for Wimbledon.
23 August 1988 – Kevin Moran leaves Manchester United on a free transfer after 10 years and joins Spanish side Sporting Gijón on a free transfer.
26 August 1988 – Alan Ball prepares Portsmouth's challenge for an immediate return to the First Division by paying Aston Villa £315,000 for striker Warren Aspinall.
27 August 1988 – Millwall begin their life as a First Division side by drawing 2–2 at Aston Villa. Forwards John Aldridge, Alan Smith, and Tony Cottee score opening day hat-tricks as Liverpool beat Charlton Athletic 3–0, Arsenal move to top position by thrashing FA Cup holders Wimbledon 5–1, while Everton thump Newcastle United 4–0. Tottenham Hotspur's opening fixture at home to Coventry City was postponed following the Londoners' failure to obtain a safety certificate for White Hart Lane.
31 August 1988 – Norwich City sign Irish midfielder Andy Townsend from Southampton for £300,000. Chelsea defender Steve Wicks retires from playing due to a back injury.
1 September 1988 – Brighton & Hove Albion, newly promoted back to the Second Division, sign Barnet defender Nicky Bissett for £115,000, a record fee for a non-league player. Richard Thompson, 24, becomes the youngest chairman in the Football League when he takes over at Queens Park Rangers in place of David Bulstrode.
10 September 1988 – In the North London derby at White Hart Lane, Arsenal beat Tottenham 3–2. Southampton go top of the First Division after three games with a 2–1 home win over Luton. Norwich hold the First Division other remaining 100% record by beating QPR 1–0 at Carrow Road. Bryan Robson helps Manchester United achieve their first goal and win of the season with a 1–0 home win over Middlesbrough.
12 September 1988 – David Rocastle, Paul Gascoigne and Tony Cottee win their first international caps for England in a 1–0 friendly win over Denmark at Wembley. Nearly a decade after leaving them for Sunderland, goalkeeper Chris Turner returns to Sheffield Wednesday in a £175,000 move from Manchester United.
16 September 1988 – Andy Gray returns to his native Scotland after 13 years to sign for Rangers.
17 September – Southampton drop points for the first time this season with a 2–2 draw against Arsenal at Highbury, enabling Norwich to go top with a 2–0 win at Newcastle, who go bottom of the table. Southampton midfielder Glenn Cockerill suffers a broken jaw in a clash with Arsenal midfielder Paul Davis in a First Division match at Highbury which ends in a 2–2 draw. Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar is hospitalised with meningitis and is expected to be out of action until the new year.
24 September – Norwich drop points for the first time this season but remaining top of the First Division with a 2–2 draw at home to third placed Millwall.
28 September 1988 – Wimbledon sign Nottingham Forest goalkeeper Hans Segers for £180,000. Leeds United, fourth from bottom in the Second Division, sack manager Billy Bremner after three years at the helm.
29 September 1988 – Paul Davis is fined a record £3,000 and banned for nine matches.
30 September 1988 – The month ends with Norwich City as surprise leaders of the First Division, two points ahead of Liverpool and newly promoted Millwall. FA Cup holders Wimbledon occupy bottom place. The Second Division promotion race is headed by Blackburn Rovers and Watford. Ipswich Town, Portsmouth, Bradford City and Oldham Athletic occupy the promotion play-off places, while pre-season promotion favourites Leeds United occupy a lowly 18th place.
1 October 1988 – Millwall go top of the league in their first season in the First Division 3–2 win over Queens Park Rangers. Norwich's 3–1 home defeat to Charlton pushes them down to second place. West Ham go bottom of the division with a 4–1 home defeat to Arsenal. Ipswich go top of the Second Division with a 2–1 away win over West Bromwich Albion. Bottom-of-the-table Birmingham lose a thrilling game at home to Barnsley 5–3.
2 October 1988 – Aston Villa sell defender Neale Cooper to Rangers for £300,000.
7 October 1988 – Derby County manager Arthur Cox dismisses speculation that he will take over at Leeds United.
8 October 1988 – Norwich return to the top of the First Division with a 1–0 win over Derby at the Baseball Ground. Second Division promotion challengers Blackburn beat Crystal Palace 5–4 in a nine-goal thriller at Ewood Park.
9 October 1988 – Jackie Milburn, Newcastle's record goal scorer who helped them win three FA Cups during the 1950s, dies of cancer aged 64.
10 October 1988 – Howard Wilkinson ends six years as Sheffield Wednesday manager by agreeing to drop down a division to join Leeds United, while Willie McFaul ends his 22-year association with Newcastle United when he is sacked as manager. Reserve team coach Colin Suggett is put in charge, with the club's board saying that he will stay in the role until the end of the season.
13 October 1988 – Ron Atkinson steps down as West Bromwich Albion manager for the second time, taking over at Atlético Madrid in Spain, in a contract worth £250,000 per year.
15 October 1988 – Millwall miss the chance to go back to the top of the First Division when Coventry hold them to a goalless draw at Highfield Road. A West Midlands derby at St Andrew's sees West Bromwich Albion beat their local rivals Birmingham City 4–1. Chelsea boost their hopes of an immediate return to the First Division by beating Oldham 4–1 at Boundary Park.
17 October 1988 – Liverpool midfielder Jan Molby is found guilty of reckless driving and driving under the influence of alcohol, and is sentenced to three months in prison.
19 October 1988 – England begin their World Cup qualifying campaign with a goalless draw in Group 2 against Sweden at Wembley.
20 October 1988 – Liverpool sign 20-year-old defender David Burrows from West Bromwich Albion for £550,000.
21 October 1988 – Wimbledon pay a club record £500,000 for Reading defender Keith Curle.
22 October 1988 – Southampton make history by fielding three brothers in the same team in their 2–1 league defeat to Sheffield Wednesday: 24-year-old Danny Wallace lines up alongside twin brothers Rod and Ray. Norwich maintain their lead of the First Division with a 3–1 home win over Tottenham, which sends the visitors into the bottom three. West Ham remain in the bottom three despite a 2–0 win over Newcastle, which sends the Tynesiders back to the bottom of the table. Chelsea's Second Division surge continues with a 5–0 home win over Plymouth.
25 October 1988 – Tottenham remain in the bottom three after losing 2–1 at home to Southampton, who climb from tenth place to fifth. Arsenal's title hopes are dented when they are held to a 1–1 draw by Luton at Kenilworth Road. Watford go top of the Second Division with a 4–0 home win over Barnsley.
26 October 1988 – Norwich strengthen their lead of the First Division with a 2–1 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford. Newcastle climb off the bottom of the division with a 3–0 home win over local rivals Middlesbrough. Liverpool are seventh after a 2–1 defeat to Nottingham Forest at the City Ground.
27 October 1988 – Manchester United pay Luton Town £650,000 for 31-year-old full-back Mal Donaghy.
28 October 1988 – Derby County pay a club-record £1million for Oxford United and Wales striker Dean Saunders.
29 October 1988 – Mark Lawrenson is sacked as Oxford United manager after a dispute with the club's board over the sale of Dean Saunders. His assistant Brian Horton, the former Hull City manager, is appointed as his successor. First Division leaders Norwich draw 1–1 at home to Southampton, while Arsenal climb into second place with a 2–0 home win over Coventry. Liverpool get back on track with a 2–0 win at West Ham. The biggest action in the Second Division comes in the shape of a seven-goal thriller at the Manor Ground, where Bradford beat Oxford 4–3.
30 October 1988 – Everton and Manchester United draw 1–1 in a First Division encounter at Goodison Park. Both teams were among the pre-season title favourites but have so far been disappointing in the league, with Everton 14th and United 10th. Tottenham, another team widely expected to challenge for the title this season, are currently second from bottom. In contrast, a Norwich side which battled against relegation last season are top of the league and Millwall are third in their first season as a First Division club.
31 October 1988 – Norwich City are back at the top of the First Division table at the end of the month, now with a six-point lead over nearest rivals Arsenal, who have a game in hand, while Millwall are still third. The bottom three places are occupied by Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United. Middlesbrough, who two seasons ago were in the Third Division and threatened with closure due to financial problems, finish the month in a creditable seventh place. Watford lead the Second Division by five points over Blackburn Rovers. The playoff zone is occupied by West Bromwich Albion, Portsmouth, Chelsea and Manchester City. Leeds United continue to struggle, only being out of the relegation zone on goal difference.
1 November 1988 – Out-of-favour Manchester United striker Peter Davenport becomes Middlesbrough's record signing in a £750,000 deal. Former Tottenham Hotspur manager Keith Burkinshaw takes over as manager of Third Division strugglers Gillingham.
5 November 1988 – In the Second Division, Chelsea win at league-leaders Watford through goals from Gordon Durie and Kerry Dixon, Tommy Tynan fires four for Plymouth Argyle against Blackburn Rovers, and John Sheridan scores the only goal as Leeds United pick up an away win at Ipswich Town. Norwich continue to head the First Division title race with a 2–0 win over Wimbledon at Plough Lane. Millwall go second with a 3–1 home win over Luton. Tottenham are bottom after a 3–1 home defeat to Derby, which sees the East Midlanders bounce from 13th to sixth in the table. Manchester United's frustrating form continues when they are held to a 1–1 draw at home to Aston Villa, meaning that they have now drawn five out of 10 First Division games this season.
6 November 1988 – Arsenal go second in the First Division with a 4–1 away over Nottingham Forest. They are now Norwich's nearest challengers, six points behind with a game in hand.
11 November 1988 – Ralph Milne, the 27-year-old winger with Bristol City in the Third Division, makes a surprise £170,000 move to Manchester United.
12 November 1988 – Norwich are still top of the First Division but draw 1–1 at home to Sheffield Wednesday, with Arsenal winning 1–0 at Newcastle to cut Norwich's lead to four points. Southampton go third win a 3–1 home win over Aston Villa. Manchester United make it six draws from their first 11 games with a 2–2 stalemate away to Derby.
15 November 1988 – Everton striker Adrian Heath is sold to Espanyol of Spain for £600,000.
16 November 1988 – England draw 1–1 with Saudi Arabia in a friendly in Riyadh, with goalkeeper David Seaman making his international debut. Manchester United sell winger Jesper Olsen to Bordeaux of France for £400,000, where he links up with former Tottenham Hotspur striker Clive Allen.
18 November 1988 – Oxford United captain Tommy Caton returns to the First Division in a £100,000 move to Charlton Athletic. Manchester United sell Danish winger Jesper Olsen to Bordeaux for £400,000.
19 November 1988 – The FA Cup first round kicks off with non-league Altrincham and Bognor Regis Town both seeing off Football League opposition. Norwich drop points again when they are held to a 1–1 draw at Everton, with Arsenal cutting the gap between first and second to two points with a 3–0 home win over Middlesbrough. A relegation crunch game at Kenilworth Road sees Luton beat West Ham 4–1. Bottom club Newcastle crash to a 4–0 defeat at Millwall. Portsmouth go top of the Second Division, level on points with Watford and Blackburn, with a 3–0 home win over Barnsley.
23 November 1988 – Manchester United are held to a 1–1 draw at home to Sheffield Wednesday in the First Division, and have now drawn eight of their opening 13 league games. Tottenham and Coventry draw 1–1 in a stalemate at White Hart Lane. Liverpool beat Arsenal 2–1 in a League Cup third round replay at Anfield.
25 November 1988 – Wimbledon defender Terry Phelan is omitted from tomorrow's squad for the First Division fixture against Liverpool due to a court appearance he faces on a charge of cannabis possession.
26 November 1988 – Norwich are held to another draw, this time 2–2 at home to Luton, but retain their lead of the First Division. Arsenal lose 2–1 to Derby at the Baseball Ground in a match where victory would have taken them to the top of the league on goal difference. Coventry go fifth with a 2–1 home win over local rivals Aston Villa. There are thrilling victories for two promotion-chasing trams in the Second Division, with Barnsley beating AFC Bournemouth 5–2 at Oakwell and West Bromwich Albion beating Crystal Palace 5–3 at the Hawthorns.
27 November 1988 – The only professional action of the day sees Manchester United and Newcastle United grind out a goalless draw on Tyneside. Newcastle are still bottom of the First Division, having won just two of their first 14 games. Manchester United have so far lost just twice in the league, but nine draws and a mere three victories have left them rooted in mid table.
30 November 1988 – The month ends with Norwich City still top of the First Division, with Arsenal, Millwall, Liverpool, Coventry City and Southampton all in close contention. Newcastle United and West Ham United are level on points at the bottom. Watford and Blackburn Rovers lead the way in the Second Division, level on 33 points. Manchester City, Chelsea, Portsmouth and West Bromwich Albion occupy the play-off zone.
1 December 1988 – Jan Molby is released from prison after serving 45 days of his three-month prison sentence for motoring offences.
3 December 1988 – Manchester United end their long run without win in the First Division by beating Charlton Athletic 3–0 at Old Trafford. Norwich are still top of the First Division despite a 3–1 defeat at Aston Villa, but Arsenal are three points behind them with two games in hand. Chelsea go second in the Second Division with a 3–0 win over Stoke at the Victoria Ground.
4 December 1988 – Newcastle United's search for a manager ends when they recruit Jim Smith from Queens Park Rangers, who put coach Peter Shreeves in temporary charge of the first team. Arsenal miss the chance to go top of the First Division when they are held to a 1–1 draw at home to Liverpool.
7 December 1988 – Striker John Robertson returns to his native Scotland to rejoin Hearts in a £750,000 deal after just seven months at Newcastle United.
10 December 1988 – Norwich remain top of the First Division after drawing 0–0 at home with their nearest rivals Arsenal. Coventry close in on the leading pair by beating Manchester United 1–0 at Highfield Road. Manchester City go top of the Second Division with a 4–0 home win over Bradford City.
11 December 1988 – The Merseyside derby ends in a 1–1 draw at Anfield.
14 December 1988 – Luton Town sign 23-year-old Northern Irish striker Iain Dowie from Isthmian League side Hendon for £30,000. Queens Park Rangers appoint their 34-year-old former England striker Trevor Francis as player-manager.
17 December 1988 – Liverpool are now sixth in the First Division and eight points off the top of the table after losing 1–0 at home to Norwich, who stay top despite Arsenal's 2–1 home win over Manchester United. Derby go fourth win a 2–0 away win over Coventry. Newcastle claim a point in their battle for survival with a 3–3 draw at home to Southampton. Millwall remain third in the league with a 1–0 home win over Sheffield Wednesday.
18 December 1988 – Wimbledon climb out of the bottom three with a 1–0 away win over Nottingham Forest. Sunderland remain within touching distance of the Second Division playoffs – and the chance of a second successive promotion – by beating Plymouth 4–1 at Home Park. West Bromwich Albion keep up their push for automatic promotion with a 6–0 home win over Stoke.
22 December 1988 – Kenny Sansom ends eight years at Arsenal by making a £300,000 move to Newcastle United.
24 December 1988 – Aston Villa sell striker Garry Thompson to Watford for £325,000.
26 December 1988 – Arsenal go top of the First Division after beating Charlton 3–2 at Selhurst Park. Everton go fifth win a 2–1 home win over Middlesbrough. Manchester United climb two places to ninth with a 2–0 home win over Nottingham Forest. Newcastle pick up three vital points in their fight to avoid relegation by winning 2–1 at Sheffield Wednesday. Liverpool pick up three points in their bid to remain on track for the league title, beating Derby 1–0 at the Baseball Ground. Chelsea go top of the Second Division with a 3–0 home win over Ipswich.
27 December 1988 – Walsall, bottom of the Second Division, sack manager Tommy Coakley, their manager for two-and-a-half years, after an 11th successive league defeat. Norwich return to the top of the First Division with a 2–1 home win over West Ham, who are now bottom of the First Division and six points adrift of safety just three seasons after coming close to winning the league title.
31 December 1988 – Arsenal move to the top the First Division on goal difference from Norwich City after beating Aston Villa 3–0. Norwich could only manage a goalless draw at home to Middlesbrough. Wimbledon climb into 14th place with a 4–0 home win over Luton, Everton go fourth win a 3–1 home win over Coventry, and Tottenham reach ninth place with a 2–0 win over Newcastle less than two months after being bottom of the table. The Second Division leading pair of Chelsea and West Bromwich Albion remain level on goal difference after a 1–1 draw at Stamford Bridge. Watford draw level on points with them after beating AFC Bournemouth 1–0. Manchester City maintain their promotion push with a 2–1 win over Swindon at the County Ground. Leicester are just four points short of the playoffs after a 4–0 home win over Blackburn. Sunderland are just two points off the playoffs after beating Portsmouth 4–0 at Roker Park. Barnsley climb into the playoff zone and are in strong contention for a place in the top flight of English football for the first time, beating struggling Shrewsbury 3–2 at Gay Meadow.
1 January 1989 – Manchester United beat Liverpool 3–1 at Old Trafford to leave the Merseysiders nine points behind leaders Arsenal. 20-year-old midfielder Russell Beardsmore, starting for only the second time in the league, scored a second half equaliser for United before setting up a goal each for Brian McClair and Mark Hughes to wipe out Liverpool's lead.
2 January 1989 – Luton Town thrash Southampton 6–1 in the biggest win of the First Division season.
5 January 1989 – Neil Warnock leaves Scarborough to become manager of Notts County, to replace John Barnwell, sacked a month ago.
6 January 1989 – Manchester City boost their Second Division promotion push with a £250,000 move for Sheffield Wednesday midfielder Gary Megson.
7 January 1989 – Sutton United, of the Conference, knock Coventry City out of the FA Cup with a shock 2–1 win in the third round. Middlesbrough lose 2–1 at home to Fourth Division Grimsby Town.
11 January 1989 – Struggling West Ham United surprisingly beat Arsenal 1–0 in an FA Cup third round replay at Highbury.
12 January 1989 – After just seven months at Newcastle United, goalkeeper Dave Beasant signs for Second Division leaders Chelsea in a £725,000 deal which contracts him to the Stamford Bridge club until 1994.
28 January 1989 – Sutton United's FA Cup adventure ends in the Fourth Round when they are hammered 8–0 by Norwich City. Brentford beat Manchester City 3–1.
31 January 1989 – Arsenal remain top of the First Division, three points ahead of Norwich City. Coventry City are third, but Millwall have slipped to seventh. Newcastle United are back in bottom place after failing to gain a single league point this month, and are level on points with West Ham United. Chelsea continue to lead the way in the Second Division, while Watford now stand second, level on points with third placed Manchester City. West Bromwich Albion, Blackburn Rovers and Sunderland complete the top six.
2 February 1989 – Liverpool sell midfielder Nigel Spackman to Queens Park Rangers for £500,000.
8 February 1989 – Midfielder Peter Reid moves from Everton to Queens Park Rangers on a free transfer. Watford boost their Second Division promotion challenge with a £175,000 move for Halifax Town's 19-year-old winger Lee Richardson.
9 February 1989 – Nottingham Forest manager Brian Clough is fined £5,000 and banned from the touchline for the rest of the season for punching supporters who invaded the pitch in the recent Football League Cup quarter-final victory over Queens Park Rangers.
14 February 1989 – Just three months after quitting West Bromwich Albion to take over at Spanish side Atlético Madrid, Ron Atkinson returns to England to succeed Peter Eustace as manager of First Division strugglers Sheffield Wednesday. Arsenal win a friendly against the France national football team 2–0.
18 February 1989 – Liverpool come from behind to beat Hull City 3–2 in the FA Cup fifth round. Everton win 1–0 at Barnsley, and Third Division Brentford continue their good run by beating Blackburn Rovers.
23 February 1989 – Midfielder Carlton Palmer follows Ron Atkinson to Sheffield Wednesday from West Bromwich Albion for a club record fee of £750,000.
24 February 1989 – Roy Hattersley, deputy Labour Party leader, warns that the Conservative government's proposed ID card scheme will increase violence outside football grounds.
27 February 1989 – Newport County, relegated from the Football League last season, are wound up in the High Court with huge debts.
28 February 1989 – Arsenal remain top of the First Division as February ends, with Norwich City still second, and Millwall back up to third. Liverpool are eighth, 19 points behind Arsenal, but with four games in hand. West Ham United are now bottom of the division, and Newcastle United and Sheffield Wednesday complete the relegation zone. Manchester City have overtaken Chelsea as Second Division leaders. The play-off zone is occupied by Blackburn Rovers, Watford, West Bromwich Albion and AFC Bournemouth.
2 March 1989 – Chelsea sign Dutch defender Ken Monkou from Feyenoord for £100,000.
3 March 1989 – Rangers sign defender Mel Sterland from Sheffield Wednesday on a free.
8 March 1989 – England achieve their first win of the World Cup qualifying series with a 2–0 win over Albania in Tirana.
9 March 1989 – Queens Park Rangers set a club record transfer by paying Southampton £800,000 for striker Colin Clarke.
14 March 1989 – Manchester City, pushing for promotion from the Second Division, pay £600,000 for Luton Town midfielder David Oldfield.
15 March 1989 – Southampton sign 18-year-old defender Jason Dodd from Conference side Bath City for £50,000.
18 March 1989 – Brentford's FA Cup dream ends in the quarter-finals when they lose 4–0 to Liverpool at Anfield. Nottingham Forest defeat Manchester United 1–0 at Old Trafford. West Ham United and Norwich City draw 0–0 at Upton Park.
19 March 1989 – Wimbledon's defence of the FA Cup ends in a 1–0 defeat to Everton at Goodison Park.
21 March 1989 – Fourth Division strugglers Stockport County sack player-manager Asa Hartford and replace him with Rochdale manager Danny Bergera.
22 March 1989 – Norwich City move closer to their first-ever FA Cup final by defeating West Ham United 3–1 in the quarter-final replay at Carrow Road. while Southampton pay a club record £700,000 for Portsmouth midfielder Barry Horne. West Ham United also break their transfer fee record by paying £1.1million to bring striker Frank McAvennie back to the club after 18 months at Celtic.
23 March 1989 – Gordon Strachan leaves Manchester United after nearly five years to join Leeds United for £300,000. Trevor Francis bolsters the Queens Park Rangers midfield with a £350,000 move for Brentford's Andy Sinton.
27 March 1989 – Referee Kelvin Morton awards five penalties in just 27 minutes during the Crystal Palace versus Brighton & Hove Albion match. Crystal Palace miss three of their four penalties, while Brighton score from their only penalty. Palace eventually win the match 2–1.
31 March 1989 – Arsenal remain top of the league, three points ahead of Norwich City, while Liverpool, who won six League games this month, have moved into third place with a game in hand and a five-point deficit behind the leaders. West Ham United occupy bottom place with 22 points from 27 games, but Newcastle United are now just one point adrift of safety. Southampton have slipped into the bottom three. Chelsea have returned to the top of the Second Division, exchanging places with Manchester City, while the play-off zone is occupied by West Bromwich Albion, Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town and AFC Bournemouth.
4 April 1989 – Liverpool play Scottish champions Celtic in the last ever Dubai Champions Cup, an unofficial 'British Championship'. John Aldridge scores for Liverpool to equalise a Mark McGhee goal for Celtic, and the game finishes 1–1. Liverpool lose 4–2 on penalty kicks.
5 April 1989 – Newport County lose a final appeal against their closure in the High Court more than a month ago; they are expelled from the GM Vauxhall Conference and their record for the season is expunged.
9 April 1989 – Nottingham Forest win the League Cup with a 3–1 win over holders Luton Town in the final at Wembley.
10 April 1989 – Walsall announce the sale of Fellows Park, their home since 1903, and will relocate to a new stadium at Bescot from the start of the 1990–91 season.
15 April 1989 – English football endures its greatest ever tragedy with the death of 94 Liverpool supporters, and injury of some 300 others, at the FA Cup semi-final clash with Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough. Some of the injured are in a serious condition and there are fears that the death toll could rise even higher. The match is abandoned, while the other semi-final sees Everton beat Norwich City 1–0 at Villa Park.
17 April 1989 – Within 48 hours of the tragedy at Hillsborough, Home Secretary Douglas Hurd promises to pass new legislation which will force all Football League teams to remove standing accommodation from their stadiums. The Football Association gives the go-ahead for the FA Cup to continue, with the re-staged match to take place at Old Trafford on 7 May, despite calls for the final not to be played.
18 April 1989 – The Hillsborough disaster death toll reaches 95 when 14-year-old Lee Nichol dies in hospital from his injuries. Many more of the injured are still in hospital, and there are fears that six spectators who had to be resuscitated have suffered brain damage.
19 April 1989 – The Sun newspaper posts a front-page article about the Hillsborough disaster, headlined "The Truth", with lurid and untrue allegations about Liverpool fans' conduct, from sources including South Yorkshire Police and Conservative MP Irvine Patnick. The claims were later disproved by the Hillsborough inquest, and caused an ongoing boycott of The Sun in Liverpool.
26 April 1989 – England beat Albania 5–0 at Wembley in their third World Cup qualifying game. Substitute Paul Gascoigne scores his first international goal.
28 April 1989 – Of the 25 Liverpool fans who were extradited in connection with the Heysel disaster of May 1985, in which 39 spectators died at the European Cup final, 14 are found guilty of voluntary manslaughter; they went on to serve one year in prison.
30 April 1989 – Arsenal remain top of the league as April draws to a close, but are now just three points ahead of a Liverpool side who have superior goal difference and a game in hand. Norwich City are now eight points behind the leaders. At the other end of the table West Ham United are ten points from safety, and occupy the relegation zone with Newcastle United and Luton Town. Chelsea have sealed an immediate return to the First Division as Second Division champions, while Manchester City are just five points away from returning as runners-up after a two-year exile. Watford and Crystal Palace are now the only other teams who can go up automatically, while Blackburn Rovers and Swindon Town complete the top six. Nottingham Forest beat Everton 4–3 in the Full Members Cup final at Wembley to become the first club in English football to win two domestic cups in the same season. Liverpool travelled to Glasgow to play their first game since the Hillsborough disaster. 60,000 attend at Parkhead to watch them beat Celtic 4–0 in a match arranged to raise money for the disaster fund. An estimated £500,000 is raised.
1 May 1989 – Arsenal thrash Norwich City 5–0 at Highbury to effectively end the Canaries' title challenge. Maidstone United clinch the Conference title and are promoted to the Football League, giving them a clash next season with fellow Kent club Gillingham, who are relegated to the Fourth Division on the same day.
2 May 1989 – Manchester United beat Wimbledon 1–0 in a league game at Old Trafford which is watched by 23,2368, the club's lowest home crowd in the league since August 1971.
3 May 1989 – Liverpool play their first match since the Hillsborough tragedy, a 0–0 draw with Everton. Newcastle United are relegated from the First Division after losing 2–1 to West Ham United, whose victory keeps their own slim survival hopes alive.
6 May 1989 – Darlington are relegated from the Football League after 68 years when they lose 5–1 to Scunthorpe United at Glanford Park.
7 May 1989 – Three weeks after the Hillsborough disaster, Liverpool's FA Cup semi-final clash with Nottingham Forest is replayed at Old Trafford. Liverpool win 3–1 to keep their dream of a second double alive.
10 May 1989 – England striker Gary Lineker collects a European Cup Winners' Cup medal as Barcelona beat Sampdoria 2–0 in the final.
13 May 1989 – Middlesbrough join Newcastle United in being relegated from the First Division after they lose a relegation showdown 1–0 away to Sheffield Wednesday and Luton Town beat Norwich City 1–0. The result ensures Wednesday's survival, and West Ham United must now win their last two games to stay up at the expense of Aston Villa. At the top, Arsenal suffer a 2–1 defeat at home to Derby County, while Liverpool beat Wimbledon 2–1 to move within two points of the Gunners with a game in hand.
16 May 1989 – Liverpool move to the top of the First Division for the first time this season after beating Queens Park Rangers 2–0.
17 May 1989 – Arsenal draw 2–2 with Wimbledon in their last home League game of the season. They are level on points with Liverpool having played one game more.
20 May 1989 – Liverpool lift the FA Cup with a 3–2 win over Everton after extra time. Ian Rush scores twice for Liverpool while John Aldridge scores the other goal, and Stuart McCall scores twice for Everton.
23 May 1989 – West Ham United are relegated after eight successive seasons of First Division football as they lose 5–1 to Liverpool at Anfield. The result moves Liverpool three points clear of Arsenal at the top of the table with one game remaining.
26 May 1989 – Arsenal win the league title in the final moments of the season thanks to a late goal from Michael Thomas against Liverpool which gives them a 2–0 away win. First Division top scorer Alan Smith had put Arsenal ahead earlier in the second half. Their triumph gives them their first league championship trophy for 18 years, having scored more goals than their rivals, their points tallies and goal differences being identical. Former Leeds United and England manager Don Revie dies of motor neuron disease at the age of 61.
27 May 1989 – Steve Bull, who scored 52 goals in all competitions for Third Division Wolverhampton Wanderers this season, scores on his debut for England against Scotland at Hampden Park. England win 2–0 to take the Rous Cup.
28 May 1989 – Bolton Wanderers claim their first major trophy since the 1958 FA Cup by beating Torquay United 4–1 in the Associate Members' Cup final.
1 June 1989 – Trevor Steven, the Everton winger, becomes the latest Englishman to sign for Rangers when he agrees terms for a £1.5 million transfer. Kenny Sansom leaves Newcastle United to return to London in an exchange deal to Queens Park Rangers, with Wayne Fereday moving in the opposite direction.
3 June 1989 – England make it three wins from their opening four World Cup qualifying games with a 3–0 win over Poland at Wembley. The domestic season draws to a close when Crystal Palace overhaul a 3–1 deficit to defeat Blackburn Rovers 4–3 on aggregate to win promotion to the First Division after an eight-year exile.
5 June 1989 – John Lyall, the longest-serving manager currently employed in the Football League, is sacked after 15 years in charge of relegated West Ham United. He had been with the club for 34 years, since joining them as an apprentice on leaving school in 1955 at the age of 15.
7 June 1989 – Sheffield Wednesday sign 20-year-old striker Dalian Atkinson from Ipswich Town for £450,000.
20 June 1989 – Leeds United sign midfielder Vinnie Jones from Wimbledon for £650,000.
21 June 1989 – Gary Lineker ends three years in Spain with Barcelona to return to England in a £2 million move to Tottenham Hotspur.
30 June 1989 – Billy Bremner is appointed manager of Doncaster Rovers for the second time succeeding caretaker manager Joe Kinnear.
National team
FA Cup
Liverpool won the Cup by beating Everton 3–2 at Wembley. Ian Rush, who had returned to Anfield after a year at Juventus the previous summer, scored twice. This year's FA Cup featured a famous upset as First Division Coventry City, who had won the competition two years earlier, sunk to a 2–1 loss in the third round at lowly Sutton United. The joy of the non-leaguers was ended emphatically though in the next round as they were thumped 8–0 by Norwich City. Also, Third Division Brentford went on an impressive run to the quarter-finals before losing to Liverpool at Anfield.
Football League silverware
Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest ended their nine-year trophy drought by beating holders Luton Town 3–1 in the final to win the League Cup. Nottingham Forest also won the Full Members' Cup, beating Everton 4–3 in the final after extra time, having come twice from behind. Garry Parker scored a brilliant goal for Nottingham Forest, running nearly the full length of the Wembley pitch, before beating Neville Southall in the Everton goal. This is arguably one of the best goals scored in a Wembley final.
Like Wolverhampton Wanderers the previous season, Bolton Wanderers announced their intentions to return to the big time by winning the Associate Members' Cup at Wembley against Torquay United 4–1.
Football League
First Division
An exciting League season was eventually won by Arsenal, who clinched the title on number of goals scored with a late goal from midfielder Michael Thomas on the final day of the season at Liverpool, six weeks after the death of more than 90 fans at the FA Cup semi-final at Hillsborough, which delayed the end of the league season by two weeks and meant that the last games were played six days after the FA Cup Final, in which Liverpool beat Merseyside rivals Everton 3–2. It was Arsenal's first league title for 18 years.
Nottingham Forest's title challenge was over by the end of April, by which time it was a two-horse race between Arsenal and Liverpool, but compensated for this by winning the Football League Cup and Full Members Cup to end nine years without a major trophy. Fourth placed Norwich City mounted the first serious top flight title challenge of their history and although their challenge was over some weeks before the season's end, their final position was their best until they finished third in the inaugural Premier League season. They also reached the FA Cup semi-finals for only the second time. Derby County completed the top five to secure their best finish since winning the league title in 1975.
Everton's eighth-place finish was their lowest since 1981, while newly promoted Millwall's 10th-place finish was the lowest standing they had occupied at any stage during their first season in the top flight. Another big club to endure a disappointing season was Manchester United, who finished 11th a year after being runners-up.
A disastrous season for Newcastle United saw them relegated in bottom place after five years back in the First Division. They were relegated alongside local rivals Middlesbrough and a West Ham United side who had almost won the league title three years earlier, and who then sacked their manager John Lyall after 15 years in charge. Aston Villa, Luton Town, Sheffield Wednesday (who went through three managers in the season) and Charlton Athletic all had narrow escapes from relegation.
Second Division
Chelsea sealed an instant return to the First Division by topping the Second Division with 99 points, giving them a 17-point lead over second-placed Manchester City. The final promotion place went to Crystal Palace, whose manager Steve Coppell had gradually rebuilt the club since taking over as manager five years earlier. They overcame Blackburn Rovers in the two-legged final by overhauling a two-goal deficit and prolonging the Lancashire club's absence from the First Division into its 24th season. West Bromwich had looked all set for promotion as late as February, only for a late season collapse to drag them down to ninth in the final table – not even enough for a playoff place.
Walsall suffered an instant return to the Third Division after winning just five league games all season, while Birmingham City's decline continued as they fell into the Third Division for the first time. The last club to go down were Shrewsbury Town, whose luck finally ran out after defying the odds at this level for a whole decade, while some of the game's most illustrious clubs had gone down before them.
Second Division playoffs
Third Division
Wolverhampton Wanderers continued to thrive after a traumatic few seasons which had almost put the club out of business, as they sealed a second successive promotion and a second successive title thanks largely to prolific striker Steve Bull, who became the first player in senior football to reach the 50-goal mark in consecutive seasons. They were joined in the Second Division by runners-up Sheffield United, whose manager Dave Bassett secured his fifth promotion in nine seasons as a manager. Port Vale compensated for missing out on automatic promotion on goal difference by winning the playoffs.
Northampton Town, promotion contenders the previous season, only survived on goal difference. Southend United were relegated instead, on 54 points – more than any other Football League team ever to have been relegated, until Peterborough United were relegated from the Championship in 2012–13 having also finished the season with 54 points. Gillingham, Chesterfield and Aldershot completed the bottom four.
Third Division playoffs
Fourth Division
Rotherham United secured an instant return to the Third Division as Fourth Division champions. Tranmere Rovers finished runners-up to end the decade on a high by winning promotion from a division where they had spent most of the decade. Crewe Alexandra finally made it out of the Fourth Division at the right end after being there continuously for over 20 years. Leyton Orient triumphed in the playoffs less than three months after they had been 15th in the league and seemingly out of the promotion race.
Darlington slipped out of the Football League after a late rally by Colchester United under Jock Wallace. Darlington themselves had enjoyed a late improvement in form after Brian Little's appointment as manager, but were unable to recover from an abysmal run that saw them win just two league games prior to Little's appointment in mid-February.
Fourth Division playoffs
Top goalscorers
First Division
Alan Smith (Arsenal) – 22 goals
Second Division
Keith Edwards (Hull City) – 26 goals
Third Division
Steve Bull (Wolverhampton Wanderers) – 37 goals
Fourth Division
Phil Stant (Hereford United) – 28 goals
Non-league football
In their first season after relegation from the Football League, Newport County went out of business on 27 February. They were then expelled from the Conference for failing to fulfill their fixtures but reformed three months later.
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Star players
Manchester United striker Mark Hughes, who had returned to the club after two unhappy seasons with Barcelona in Spain and Bayern Munich in Germany was voted PFA Players' Player of the Year. The PFA Young Player of the Year award went to Arsenal's winger Paul Merson, who helped his side win their first league title for 18 years.
FWA Footballer of the Year was Liverpool captain Steve Nicol, while a special award was credited to the Liverpool players for their compassion shown to families bereaved by the Hillsborough disaster.
In the Third Division, 24-year-old Wolves striker Steve Bull scored 53 goals in all competitions and made a scoring debut for the England national football team.
Star managers
George Graham's three years of rebuilding Arsenal paid off as he ended their 18-year title drought with the last goal of the season. He received the Manager of the Year award for his efforts.
Kenny Dalglish compensated for Liverpool's title disappointment with victory over neighbours Everton in the FA Cup final.
Brian Clough guided Nottingham Forest to a hard-earned League Cup triumph and also victory in the Full Members Cup after they had gone nine years without a trophy.
Dave Stringer pulled off one of the shocks of the season by taking unfancied Norwich City to fourth place in the First Division.
Steve Coppell's five years of outstanding effort at Crystal Palace paid off as he got them promoted to the First Division as playoff winners.
Graham Turner's rejuvenated Wolves side reached the Second Division with a second successive championship and promotion triumph.
Dave Bassett celebrated his first full season as Sheffield United manager by winning promotion to the Second Division.
John Rudge took Port Vale to their highest point in decades by guiding them to success in the Third Division promotion playoffs.
Dario Gradi took Crewe Alexandra to third place in the Fourth Division and earned them promotion after years in the league's lowest division.
Frank Clark inspired a late run of excellent form for his Leyton Orient side who won promotion to the Third Division as Fourth Division playoff winners.
Famous debutants
24 September 1988: Russell Beardsmore, 19-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Manchester United in their First Division 2–0 home win over West Ham United.
15 October 1988: Ian Olney, 18-year-old winger, makes his debut for Aston Villa in their 2–2 draw with Charlton Athletic at Selhurst Park.
22 October 1988: Mark Robins, 18-year-old striker, makes his debut for Manchester United as a substitute in their First Division 1–1 draw with Wimbledon at Plough Lane.
26 October 1988: Mark Crossley, 19-year-old goalkeeper, makes his debut for Nottingham Forest in 2–1 home win over Liverpool in First Division at the City Ground.
6 November 1988: Gary Charles, 18-year-old defender, makes his debut for Nottingham Forest in their 4–1 home defeat by Arsenal in the First Division at the City Ground.
4 February 1989: John Ebbrell, 19-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Everton in their First Division 1–1 draw with Wimbledon at Plough Lane.
1 April 1989: David May, 18-year-old defender, makes his debut for Blackburn Rovers in a 1–1 Second Division draw with fellow promotion rivals Swindon Town at the County Ground.
6 May 1989: Gary Speed, 19-year-old Welsh midfielder, makes his debut for Leeds United in 0–0 Second Division draw with Oldham Athletic at Elland Road.
13 May 1989: Steve Howey, 17-year-old defender, makes his debut as a substitute for relegated Newcastle United on the final day of the First Division season, when they lose 2–0 to Manchester United at Old Trafford. Graeme Le Saux, 20-year-old Jersey born defender, makes his debut for Second Division champions Chelsea in 3–2 win against Portsmouth at Fratton Park.
Retirements
May 1989: Andy Gray, 33-year-old Rangers and Scotland striker who spent most his career in England. Retired from professional football but returned to England to play non-league football with Cheltenham Town.
June 1989: Arnold Muhren, 38-year-old Dutch winger who played in England for Ipswich Town and Manchester United before returning to the Netherlands in 1985 to complete his playing career.
June 1989: Remi Moses, 28-year-old Manchester United midfielder who had been out of action for more than a year due to ongoing injury problems.
Deaths
24 July 1988 – John Harris, 71, born in Glasgow, was Chelsea's centre-half in their league championship winning side of 1955. Later managed Sheffield United and took them into the First Division in 1971.
1 August 1988 – Steve Mills, 34, who died after a two-year battle against leukaemia, starting his playing career with Notts County and later playing for Southampton. His career was ended by injury at the age of 23.
3 August 1988 – Vic Watson, 90, was West Ham United's all-time leading goalscorer with 326 goals between 1920 and 1935.
21 August 1988 – Stuart Leary, 55, played a total of nearly 500 competitive games for Charlton Athletic and Queens Park Rangers and was also a first-cricketer for Kent between 1951 and 1971.
16 September 1988 – Dick Pym, 95, kept goal more than 300 times for Bolton Wanderers between 1921 and 1931 as well as three times for the England team. He collected three FA Cup winner's medals with Bolton and was the last surviving member of the team which won the first FA Cup final at Wembley in 1923.
7 October 1988 – George Ansell, 78, was a forward for Brighton, Norwich City and Southampton during the interwar years.
9 October 1988 – Jackie Milburn, 64, legendary goalscorer for Newcastle United and England during the 1950s. Was a cousin of England World Cup winners Bobby and Jack Charlton. Died of cancer.
11 January 1989 – Len Dunderdale, 73, was a centre forward for clubs including Sheffield Wednesday, Walsall, Watford and Leeds United during the 1930s and 1940s.
13 January 1989 – Stan Cribb, 83, played 125 league games during the interwar years for Southampton, QPR and Cardiff City.
1 April 1989 – George Robledo, 62, Chilean born striker, formerly of Newcastle United, died of a heart attack. He played for Chile at the 1950 World Cup and won the FA Cup with Newcastle in both of the two seasons that followed the World Cup. In the second final, he was playing in the same team as his brother Ted Robledo.
2 April 1989 – Les Bruton, 86, played for clubs including Southampton, Blackburn Rovers and Liverpool during the interwar years.
15 April 1989 – The 94 Liverpool supporters who died in Hillsborough disaster, on the day of the tragedy at the FA Cup semi-final either at the stadium, on their journey to hospital, or shortly after arrival. These included the tragedy's youngest victim, 10-year-old Jon-Paul Gilhooley, and the oldest victim, 67-year-old Gerard Baron, whose late brother Kevin had played for Liverpool in the 1950 FA Cup Final.
18 April 1989 – Lee Nicol, 14, the 95th victim of the Hillsborough disaster, died in hospital from his injuries having never regained consciousness.
26 May 1989 – Don Revie, 61, manager of the great Leeds United side of the late 1960s and early 1970s who were league champions twice, FA Cup winners once, League Cup winners once and European Fairs Cup winners twice and Charity Shield Winners once. Managed England from 1974 to 1977 but walked out on them to gain a lucrative four-year deal as national coach of the United Arab Emirates. Returned to his homeland in 1985, four years before his death from motor neurone disease.
7 June 1989 – George Roughton, 80, played at centre-half for Huddersfield Town and Manchester United in the decade preceding the outbreak of World War II, and was Exeter City's first postwar manager, later taking charge of Southampton.
Transfers
Tottenham midfielder Chris Waddle was sold to Olympique Marseille of France in a £4.25 million deal, in the latest of big money deals which saw players desert English clubs for foreign clubs who were prepared to pay higher wages. Gary Lineker ended his three-year spell at FC Barcelona to join Tottenham. He had played under Tottenham manager Terry Venables during his first season at Barcelona.
Lineker's strike partner Mark Hughes also left Barcelona and returned to his old club Manchester United in a £1.8 million deal. Hughes had been a disappointment in his first season at Barcelona but had recaptured his form during a successful season-long loan deal at Bayern Munich.
References |
4039693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50%20Ways%20of%20Saying%20Fabulous | 50 Ways of Saying Fabulous | 50 Ways of Saying Fabulous is a 2005 New Zealand drama film directed by gay director Stewart Main and starring Jay Collins and Andrew Patterson. It is based on a novel by Graeme Aitken. The film premiered at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. It received negative reviews and had little success at the New Zealand box office. In spite of this, the film did however win the Special Jury Award at Italy's Turin International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival in 2005.
Premise
The film deals with a young farmer's son named Billy, who does not appreciate his terrestrial life, and instead wishes to explore outer space. As the story develops, Billy struggles with his homosexuality and his changing relationships with those around him.
Cast
References
External links
Review from the New York Times
NZ On Screen page
2005 films
2005 drama films
2000s English-language films
Films based on New Zealand novels
New Zealand LGBT-related films
Films set in New Zealand
LGBT-related drama films
2005 LGBT-related films
Gay-related films
New Zealand drama films |
4039699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%20Hills%20Dam%20disaster | Baldwin Hills Dam disaster | The Baldwin Hills Dam disaster occurred on December 14, 1963, in the Baldwin Hills neighborhood of South Los Angeles, when the dam containing the Baldwin Hills Reservoir suffered a catastrophic failure and flooded the residential neighborhoods surrounding it.
It began with signs of lining failure, followed by increasingly serious leakage through the dam at its east abutment. After three hours, the dam breached and “it took only 77 minutes for all the water to pour out into Cloverdale Avenue, La Brea Avenue, La Cienega and Jefferson Boulevard.” The collapse resulted in a release of , causing five deaths and the destruction of 277 homes. Damage totaled $12 million and the disaster caused a water shortage for 500,000 people. Some 16,000 people lived in the flooded area. Vigorous rescue efforts averted a greater loss of life.
The reservoir was constructed on a low hilltop between 1947 and 1951 by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, directly on an active fault line, which was subsidiary to the well-known nearby Newport–Inglewood Fault. The underlying geologic strata were considered unstable for a reservoir, and the design called for a compacted soil lining meant to prevent seepage into the foundation. The fault lines were considered during planning, but were deemed by some, although not all, of the engineers and geologists involved as not significant.
The former reservoir is now part of the Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area. A plaque was placed at the site on the 50th anniversary of the disaster in 2013.
Fatalities
The five fatalities were Hattie Schwartz, Maurice Clifton Carroll, Arch Young, Orra G. Strathearn, and Archie V. MacDonald.
Strathearn, 70, was a legal secretary whose employer reported her missing
MacDonald, 70, was executive director of the Los Angeles Furniture Mart. “A pair of glasses found Sunday in Ballona Creek by a Culver City youth were identified by McDonald’s eye doctor as his.”
Schwartz, 73, was a resident of Village Green, she was found in her car in a ditch near Rodeo and La Brea
Maurice Clifton Carroll, 60, was also a resident of Village Green; his body was found several blocks away
Arch Young, 58, of Village Green was found in a pile of rubble about 1200 meters from his home
Significance and diagnoses of the failure
The failure of the Baldwin Hills Reservoir received an exceptional amount of attention from the civil engineering community and remains the subject of continuing interest. The reservoir had been conceived, designed, and built during and after World War II, a time when the pace of dam building was accelerating even as some disastrous dam failures were occurring, indicating a need for safer technologies. The builder of the Baldwin Hills dam, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, was aware of the difficult geologic conditions presented by the site and knew from past experiences, notably the catastrophic failure of the St. Francis Dam in 1928 in which over 400 people lost their lives, the serious consequences of a failure, even of a small reservoir in an urban setting. While dams were recognized as potentially dangerous, like nuclear technologies, they were also considered by Americans as a showcase technology—a means of fending off danger and spreading progressive American technologies and associated social benefits at home and abroad.
The Baldwin Hills dam designer, engineer Ralph Proctor, had also worked as an assistant civil engineer for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power on the failed St. Francis Dam, and had subsequently devised new methods of producing compacted earth fill in building its replacement. Proctor aggressively proceeded with the Baldwin Hills project even in the face of safety concerns and disagreements over important design details raised within his own department.
Late in 1963, when the Baldwin Hills failure occurred, coincidentally also happened to be the time of another notable public disaster. Only two months before, at the Vajont Dam in Italy, a massive landslide into the reservoir created a seiche, which overtopped the dam, thereby flooding the valley below and causing the deaths of about 2000 people.
The Baldwin Hills Reservoir had been built, as were others, to assure an ample supply of safe water for the people of Los Angeles in case of a catastrophe such as an earthquake, fire, or war, and its failure was a blow to engineering confidence and the subject of many writings and two professional conferences (1972 and 1987, see references). The failure occurred shortly after the death of the authoritative Harvard engineer Karl Terzaghi, whose ideas had long dominated both earth dam engineering and the engineering science of soil mechanics; Terzaghi had also made significant contributions to understanding subsidence in oilfields. This left the assessment of the Baldwin Hills failure in the hands of a new generation of engineers, some of whom took on conflicting roles as experts in various lawsuits.
The design and construction of the dam had been inspected and approved by the California Department of Water Resources. A meticulously documented study published by that agency in 1964—while pointing out various connections between oilfield operations in the Inglewood Oil Field and ground disturbances in the area, including beneath the reservoir and at some distance from the reservoir—concluded rather vaguely that the failure was due to "an unfortunate combination of physical factors".
The monetary damages resulting from the failure were large, and some of the investigations that followed the state study were sponsored by litigants seeking more specific conclusions relevant to legal liability. This drew attention to oilfield operations in the area. From the outset, the ground faulting and fault creep which destroyed the reservoir were probably related to the many feet of ground subsidence that had occurred a half mile west of the reservoir over decades of oil extraction in the Inglewood field. The oilfield-related subsidence in the Inglewood field, though generally denied by the oil companies as a legal policy, was documented exhaustively by the US Geological Survey in 1969. Subsidence following oil extraction from shallow deposits in unconsolidated sediments had been understood by oil industry experts since the 1920s.
Following the discovery in 1970 by geologist Douglas Hamilton of faulting and surface seepage of oilfield waste brines along the fault, which traversed and extended south of the reservoir, Hamilton and Meehan concluded that oilfield injection for waste disposal and improved recovery of oil, a new technology at the time, was a significant cause of the failure, triggering hydraulic fracturing and aggravating movements on a fault traversing the reservoir even on the day of the failure. Subsequently, the US Geological Survey concluded in 1976 that displacements at the ground surface causing reservoir failure and ground cracking in the Stocker-LaBrea area southeast of the reservoir were 90% or more attributable to exploitation of the Inglewood oil field, and that this faulting was likely aggravated by water flooding with pressures exceeding hydraulic fracturing levels.
By 1972, nearly a decade after the failure, the immediate legal issues had been settled out of court and the matter was reopened as a topic of discussion among investigators in a published engineering conference at Purdue University.
Engineer Thomas Leps, who had served as consultant on the 1964 state investigation, took on a role as neutral reviewer in this and most subsequent American studies of the failure. Leps concluded that about 7 inches of offset had occurred on the fault beneath the reservoir during its life, about 2 inches of which had occurred in the months just before the failure. Leps associated the latter with repressurization of the oilfield. This, along with stretching of the ground due to subsidence of about 12 feet from oil extraction, had caused the lining failure that doomed the reservoir.
Some prominent consultants, including those on a team led by Arthur Casagrande, Harvard successor to Karl Terzaghi, held that oilfield operations were not a significant influence at all, but that the failure was the result of defective siting and design with the heavy weight of the dam and reservoir being the significant cause of the fatal foundation movement. This view exonerated the oil companies, namely Standard Oil, which had sponsored the study. Casagrande refused to acknowledge any ground movements in the area as being related to oilfield operations and argued that ground movements that affected the dam were found only beneath the reservoir, not in adjoining areas.
Most of these questions were examined once again in 1986 following investigations of a suspiciously similar major failure of the Bureau of Reclamation's Teton Dam in June 1976, and a near failure of the Department of Water and Power's Lower Van Norman Dam in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Professor Ronald Scott of Caltech, who had participated in the Casagrande studies, noted at a follow-up 1987 conference on Baldwin Hills that Casagrande had ignored or been unaware of ground movements clearly unrelated to the reservoir (e.g. those at Stocker-LaBrea) in his analysis. Another engineer, Stanley Wilson—who had also worked with Casagrande on the 1972 studies and supported the claim that oilfield subsidence was an insignificant cause—now conceded that analogous ground offsets extended well outside the reservoir area, notably in the Stocker-LaBrea area, so that the reservoir and other fault movements could not be attributed to the reservoir itself—thus tacitly attributing responsibility for the failure to oilfield operations. Hence, the opinions on the role of oilfield subsidence and repressurization appeared to converge.
The issue of oilfield causation was a central theme in most of these discussions, with little attention having been directed to the details of the failure. The absolute necessity of a lining for this site was generally taken for granted in these proceedings even as it had been by Proctor himself, regardless of the fact that almost all earth dams perform satisfactorily without linings. Some suggestions as to possible preventive design and construction techniques that might have made the dam safer were raised to engineering consensus and reached a state of textbook knowledge in the late 1980s. For example, the character of the compacted earth lining (which had been regularly referred to as clay, but must have been substantially silt and sand, having been derived from the local Inglewood formation) was raised, if obliquely, in the suggestion made in the end that improved performance might have come from the use of a different lining material.
In 2001, a new angle on failure analysis was introduced by Mahunthan and Schofield, who concluded that overcompaction of the dam fill and lining was a significant aggravating factor in both the Baldwin Hills and Teton failures. This assertion was based on Schofield's concepts of critical-state soil mechanics, a corollary of which was that heavily compacted but lightly confined soils could be dangerously unstable where seepage forces were present. This issue had not been raised in the previous American-dominated discussions and remains in some degree contrary to American ideas in both theoretical soil mechanics and practical geotechnical engineering. In fact, the 1964 DWR failure study implied that heavy compaction was a favored technique for earth dam construction, and this assumption appeared not to have been reexamined over the 25 years of post-failure investigation and discussion.
The failure of the reservoir has been a subject of ongoing interest in the field of dam-breach studies. A recent study examined the dam failure as a two-stage process and succeeded in modeling the flood in the urban area downstream.
Although the Baldwin Hills Reservoir site has now been dedicated as a community park, and no further significant hazard is associated with ground movements there, the associated faults to the southeast (Stocker-LaBrea and the Windsor School area) continue to move significantly as of 2012, causing damage to private and public facilities. The current oilfield operator, Plains Exploration and Production Company (PXP), which has intensified production and development efforts in the oilfield with the rising price of petroleum, does not, unlike its predecessor Standard Oil, acknowledge any causal connection between fault movements and oilfield activities, and has retained a team of consultants who support this position or conclude that the causes of the movements are unknown.
The role of shallow hydraulic fracturing, which has recently been introduced as a means of stimulating production at depths around in the southeast part of the Inglewood field, and at greater depths elsewhere in the field, has also generated public concern and controversy. However, oil operators, while admitting that fracture pressures are being exceeded, refuse to acknowledge a relationship between injection at fracturing pressure levels and fault movement. The PXP and PXP consultant conclusions, that adverse effects are either unknown or not present, are disputed by other reviewers.
Recent discharges of oilfield gases in the Baldwin Hills may also be related to raised pressures resulting from injection, and may be of similar origin as the gas problems in the nearby Salt Lake field.
Coverage
KTLA used a helicopter to cover the disaster. Common today, this was perhaps the first such live aerial coverage of a breaking news event. Richard N. Levine, a 17-year-old photography student, rushed to a higher viewpoint and made 35-mm pictures of the evolving dam break.
See also
List of lakes in California
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Segment about the disaster by The History Channel on YouTube
Ground Rupture in the Baldwin Hills
"Mechanical Compaction of Soils for Engineering Purposes"
Study & Task Force Report/API paper.pdf "Ross Store Explosion"
Baldwin Hills Dam failure case study at the Association of State Dam Safety Officials
1963 disasters in the United States
1963 in California
Baldwin Hills (mountain range)
Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles
Dams completed in 1951
Dam failures in the United States
Disasters in Los Angeles
History of Los Angeles
Hydraulic fracturing
Reservoirs in Los Angeles County, California |
4039704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads%20College%20Preparatory%20School | Crossroads College Preparatory School | Crossroads College Preparatory School is a college preparatory school in St. Louis, Missouri founded by St. Louis native Arthur Lieber in 1974. It is located near Forest Park on the western edge of St. Louis. There is a MetroLink mass transit station within walking distance.
As of 2018, there were 56 students enrolled in the seventh and eighth grades and 154 in the high school, 39% of whom were identified as "minority". In 2018 tuition cost $22,200 for the high school.
Crossroads College Prep School is a member of the following independent school associations:
Independent Schools of St. Louis (ISSL)
National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS)
Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS)
History
Crossroads was founded by Arthur Lieber in 1974 as a middle school. It began as an experiential school with an emphasis on personal relationships between students and teachers. In 1981, the school expanded to include a high school and moved to the Skinker DeBaliviere neighborhood of St. Louis.
The 1990s saw a change in the school's focus as the board of directors hired Billy Handmaker as head of school and tasked him with overhauling the curriculum and increasing academic requirements to focus on college preparation. The school changed its name from Crossroads School to Crossroads College Preparatory School in 2006.
In 2012, Crossroads was one of 78 schools in the country, and one of two in Missouri, to be named a "Green Ribbon School" by the Department of Education for their "comprehensive approach to creating 'green' environments through reducing environmental impact, promoting health, and ensuring a high-quality environmental and outdoor education to prepare students with the 21st century skills and sustainability concepts needed in the growing global economy."
Notable people
Annie Wersching (1995) - actress
David Jay (2000) - asexual activist
References
External links
Crossroads College Prep School
Portfolio by Crossroads students
Educational institutions established in 1974
Private middle schools in Missouri
Middle schools in St. Louis
Private schools in St. Louis
High schools in St. Louis
Private K-12 schools in Missouri
1974 establishments in Missouri |
4039710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers%27%20Federation%20of%20Nova%20Scotia | Writers' Federation of Nova Scotia | The Writers' Federation of Nova Scotia was established in 1975 to foster creative writing and the profession of writing in Nova Scotia. They administer the East Coast Literary Awards, which includes Thomas Head Raddall Award, J.M Abraham Poetry Award and the Evelyn Richardson Non-fiction Award. The WFNS also administers the Nova Writes Competition for Unpublished Manuscripts and the Writers' in the Schools Program. They also organize workshops and professional development sessions for writers in Nova Scotia.
External links
Writers' Federation of Nova Scotia
Canadian writers' organizations
Professional associations based in Nova Scotia |
4039728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition%20%28disambiguation%29 | Competition (disambiguation) | Competition is any rivalry between two or more parties.
Competition may also refer to:
Competition (economics), competition between multiple companies, i.e. two or more businesses competing to provide goods or services to another party
Competition (biology), interaction between living things in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another
Competition (film), a 1915 short film directed by B. Reeves Eason
"Competition" (The Spectacular Spider-Man), an episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man
Competition, Missouri, United States, a town in south-central Missouri, about 50 miles northeast of Springfield
Chatham, Virginia, formerly named Competition, a town in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, United States
"Competition", a 2013 song by Little Mix from Salute
See also
The Competition (disambiguation) |
4039734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers%20Legh%20%28died%201422%29 | Piers Legh (died 1422) | Sir Piers Legh (1389 - 16 June 1422), also known as Sir Piers de Legh and Peers Legh, was the second generation of the Leghs of Lyme.
He was wounded in the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415. His mastiff stood over him and protected him for many hours through the battle. The dog returned to Legh's home and was the foundation of the Lyme Hall Mastiffs. Five centuries later, this pedigree figured prominently in founding the modern English Mastiff breed. An old stained glass window remains in the drawing room of Lyme Hall portraying Sir Piers and his devoted mastiff.
He was injured again in action in 1422 and died as a result of his wounds in Paris. He was buried at St Michael's Church, Macclesfield in the Legh Chapel, which had been built to receive his body.
References
1422 deaths
English knights
People from Disley
Knights Bachelor
1389 births
Military personnel from Cheshire
People of the Hundred Years' War |
4039736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99i%C5%BEanovice%20%28Chrudim%20District%29 | Křižanovice (Chrudim District) | Křižanovice is a municipality and village in Chrudim District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
External links
Villages in Chrudim District |
4039762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nurture%20Assumption | The Nurture Assumption | The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do is a 1998 book by the psychologist Judith Rich Harris. Originally published 1998 by the Free Press, which published a revised edition in 2009. The book was a 1999 Pulitzer Prize finalist (general non-fiction).
Summary
Harris challenges the idea that the personality of adults is determined chiefly by the way they were raised by their parents. She looks at studies which claim to show the influence of the parental environment and claims that most fail to control for genetic influences. For example, if aggressive parents are more likely to have aggressive children, this is not necessarily evidence of parental example. It may also be that aggressiveness has been passed down through the genes. Indeed, many adopted children show little correlation with the personality of their adoptive parents, and significant correlation with the natural parents who had no part in their upbringing.
The role of genetics in personality has long been accepted in psychological research. However, even identical twins, who share the same genes, are not exactly alike, so inheritance is not the only determinant of personality. Psychologists have tended to assume that the non-genetic factor is the parental environment, the "nurture". However, Harris argues that it is a mistake to use "'nurture' ... [as] a synonym for 'environment.'" Many twin studies have failed to find a strong connection between the home environment and personality. Identical twins differ to much the same extent whether they are raised together or apart. Adoptive siblings are as unalike in
personality as non-related children.
Harris also argues against the effects of birth order. She states: Birth order effects are like those things that you think you see out of the corner of your eye but that disappear when you look at them closely. They do keep turning up but only because people keep looking for them and keep analyzing and reanalyzing their data until they find them.
Harris' most innovative idea was to look outside the family and to point at the peer group as an important shaper of the child's psyche. For example, children of immigrants learn the language of their home country with ease and speak with the accent of their peers rather than their parents. Children identify with their classmates and playmates rather than their parents, modify their behavior to fit with the peer group, and this ultimately helps to form the character of the individual.
Reception
The Nurture Assumption received mixed responses. The neuroscientist Robert Sapolsky says her book is "based on solid science". The psychologist Steven Pinker of Harvard predicts that the book "will come to be seen as a turning point in the history of psychology".
However, the psychologist Frank Farley claims that "she's taking an extreme position based on a limited set of data. Her thesis is absurd on its face, but consider what might happen if parents believe this stuff!" Wendy Williams, who studies how environment affects IQ, argues that "there are many, many good studies that show parents can affect how children turn out in both cognitive abilities and behavior". The psychologist Jerome Kagan argues that Harris "ignores some important facts, ones that are inconsistent with this book's conclusions".
Harris rejects the idea that The Nurture Assumption will encourage parents to neglect or mistreat their children. She maintains that parents will continue to treat their children well "for the same reason you are nice to your friends and your partner, even though you have no hopes of molding their character. For the same reason your great-grandparents were nice to their children, even though they didn't believe in the nurture assumption".
See also
Nature versus nurture
The Gene Illusion
Reviews
"Do Parents Matter?", Malcolm Gladwell, The New Yorker, August 17, 1998.
Psychpage review, Richard Niolon.
"Peer Pressure", Carol Tavris, New York Times, September 13, 1998.
References
1998 non-fiction books
Books by Judith Rich Harris
English-language books
Free Press (publisher) books
Popular psychology books |
4039778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Whitfield | John Whitfield | John Whitfield may refer to:
John Whitfield (conductor) (1957–2019), British musician and conductor
John Whitfield (poet), Oxford Professor of Poetry
John Whitfield (politician) (born 1941), Conservative English Member of Parliament elected in 1983 for Dewsbury
John Clarke Whitfield (1770–1836), English organist and composer
John Wilkins Whitfield (1818–1879), U.S. House Delegate from Kansas Territory
John Yeldham Whitfield (1899–1971), British Army officer
See also
Jack Whitfield (1892–1927), Welsh rugby union player
John Whitfield Bunn (1831–1920), American corporate leader
Whit Canale (John Whitfield Canale, 1941–2011), American football player |
4039782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ZF%20transmissions | List of ZF transmissions | This list of ZF transmissions details those automotive transmissions created by the German ZF Friedrichshafen AG engineering company.
There are two fundamental types of motor vehicle transmission:
Manual – the driver has to perform each gear change (i.e., the driver is required to shift gears)
Automatic – once placed in drive (or any other 'automatic' selector position), it selects the gear ratio dependent on engine speed and load automatically.
Furthermore, they may also be manufactured solely as a gearbox, and use an entirely separate final drive unit (including its differential) – or be supplied as a transaxle, which includes both the gearbox and final drive unit within one housing.
Cars and light vehicles
These may be used in motor cars (automobiles), or light commercial vehicles such as car-derived vans.
Manual transmissions
4-speed longitudinal
S4-12 – Lotus Elite type 14 (optional), Autocars/Reliant Sabra sports
S4-18 – Bedford Van, Opel Blitz Van
4 DS-10 – Transaxle as fitted to the Hanomag F20-F36 and Mercedes L206/L306/L307 FWD Vans
4 DS-10/2 – Transaxle as fitted to the Hanomag F20-F36 and Mercedes L206/L306/L307 FWD Vans
5-speed longitudinal
5 DS 25 – transaxle as fitted to the Ford GT40 MK1 and MK3, De Tomaso Mangusta, De Tomaso Pantera, Maserati Bora, Abarth SE030, Lancia 037, BMW M1, Michelotti Pura
S5D 310Z – as fitted to the BMW E36 M3 3.0
S5D 320Z – as fitted to the BMW E36 328i
S5-16
S5-17
S5-18 – Alfa Romeo Alfa 6, BMW 2002 turbo, Fiat Dino, Fiat 130, Maserati Biturbo, Maserati Quattroporte, Opel Kadett C GTE, Talbot Sunbeam Lotus, Renault Master van
S5-20 – Maserati Mistral, Maserati Sebring, Maserati Mexico, Maserati Quattroporte I, Mercedes-Benz W112 and Mercedes-Benz W113
S5-325 – Aston Martin DB5 DB6, Maserati Ghibli, Iso
S5-24 – Aston Martin DBS, Maserati Quattroporte III
S5-31 – 1990-2006
S5-39 – BMW 3 Series (E46), BMW 5 Series (E39), BMW 7 Series (E38), BMW X5 (E53)
S5-42 – 1987–1995
S5-47 – 1995–1997
6-speed longitudinal
S6-37 – 1998-2015 (BMW 3 Series (E46), 4 Series, 5 Series, 6 Series)
S6-40 – 1989–1996 (Lotus Carlton/Omega, Chevrolet Corvette, VN Holden Commodore SS Group A)
S6-45 – (Jaguar F-Type V6, BMW 135i/235i/335i)
S6-53 – 2007-Present – (Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio, Jaguar S-Type Diesel, Land Rover Discovery 3/4, BMW 5 series E60 530d)
S6-650 – 1999-2010 (Ford F-Series Super Duty pickup Trucks, GM 2500HD & 3500 pickup trucks)
7-speed longitudinal
S7-45 – Porsche applications (2011-Present)
Automatic transmissions
3-speed auto
3HP12 – longitudinal, first ZF automatic transmission for passenger cars 1965–1977
3HP20 – longitudinal 1967–??
3HP22 – longitudinal 1975–1990
3HP22 – transverse
4-speed auto
4HP14 – transverse 1987–2001
4HP16 – transverse 2004–2008
4HP18 – longitudinal 1987–1998
4HP18 – transverse 1987–1999
4HP20 – transverse 1995–present
4HP22 – longitudinal 1980–2003
4HP24 – longitudinal 1987–2004
5-speed auto
5HP – longitudinal 1990–present
6-speed auto
6HP19 – longitudinal smaller version of 6HP26
6HP21 – longitudinal 2nd generation of 6HP19 2007–???
6HP26 – longitudinal 2000–???
6HP28 – longitudinal 2nd generation of 6HP26 2007–???
6HP32 – longitudinal bigger version of 6HP26
6HP34 – longitudinal 2nd generation of 6HP32 (was planned, but never went into production)
7-speed dual clutch
7DT – longitudinal 2009–Present (two variants of the Porsche PDK dual clutch transmission):
The first variant, the 7DT-45 – used in the 911 Carrera, the 2009 997 Carrera and Carrera S models; the 2009 Cayman and Boxster, along with a higher torque version, the 7DT-70 in the 2010 911 Turbo.
The second variant, the 7DT-75 – is used in the Panamera.
8-speed dual clutch
8DT – longitudinal 2016–present Porsche PDK dual clutch transmission starts in 2016 Panamera Bentley Continental GT (MY2018) gets a version of it as well. Aston Martin Valhalla V6 Hybrid Limited Edition.
8-speed auto
8HP – longitudinal 2008–Present
9-speed auto
9HP – transverse 2013–Present Range Rover Evoque
CVT
CFT23 – transverse
CFT30 – used in 2005–2007 Ford Five Hundred, Mercury Montego and Ford Freestyle
Heavy vehicles
These are for heavy motor vehicles; such as large goods vehicles (trucks), buses, motorcoaches, agricultural machinery, plant equipment (such as earth movers), or specialist military vehicles such as tanks.
Manual synchromesh transmissions for trucks
TD: Truck transmission with direct drive top gear
TO: Truck transmission with overdrive top gear
5-speed & 6-speed (ZF Ecolite)
ZF S5-35/2 manual transmission
S 5–42
ZF S635
6 S 700 TO
6 S 850 TO
6 S 1000 TO
9-speed (ZF Ecomid)
9 S 1110 TD
9 S 1110 TO
9 S 1310 TO
12-speed & 16-speed (ZF Ecosplit)
12 S 2130 TD
12 S 2330 TD
12 S 2833 TD
16S 221 OD
16 S 1620 TD
16 S 1630 TD
16S 1685 TD
16 S 1820 TO
16 S 1830 TO
16 S 1920 TD
16 S 1930 TD
16 S 2220 TO
16 S 2220 TD
16 S 2230 TO
16 S 2230 TD
16 S 2320 TD
16 S 2330 TD
16 S 2520 TO
16 S 2530 TO
16 S 2730 TO
Manual synchromesh transmissions for tanks
6-speed
SSG 76 Aphon
SSG 77 Aphon
7-speed
AK 7–200
Automatic transmissions
2-speed auto
Busmatic – 1963–1979
Ecomat series
4, 5 or 6-speed with Hydraulic Retarder and Neutral on Vehicle Stop (4/5/6 HP 500/590/600) – 1980–2002
4, 5 or 6-speed with Hydraulic Retarder and Neutral on Vehicle Stop (4/5/6 HP 502/592/602/C) – 1997–2007
5, or 6-speed with Hydraulic Retarder and Neutral on Vehicle Stop (5/6 HP 504C/594C/604C) – 2006–2016
6-speed auto
EcoLife with Hydraulic Retarder – 2006–
12-speed AMT
AS Tronic – automated manual (AMT) with Hydraulic Retarder – 1997–
See also
List of Voith transmissions
Notes
References
External links
ZF.com official ZF Friedrichshafen AG website
ZF-aftermarket.us ZF Genuine spare parts
Dinet.biz Alternative spare parts for ZF gearbox buses
ZF transmissions |
4039784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Colby | Jamie Colby | Jamie Nell Colby is an American former national news correspondent and anchor for Fox News Channel (FNC). She is host of the series, Strange Inheritance, on Fox Business Network and was formerly co-host of America's News Headquarters with Eric Shawn on Sunday mornings.
Career
Colby has worked for Fox News since July 2003 as National News Correspondent and Anchor. Prior to joining FOX News Channel, Colby was a correspondent for CNN and served as an anchor and reporter for CBS News including fill-in anchor for CBS's Up to the Minute. She was also an anchor for WPIX/WB-11 New York, a reporter at WNYW FOX 5 New York, and a correspondent/co-anchor on FOX News' WebMD TV. Colby is an attorney admitted to practice law in New York, California, Florida and the District of Columbia.
She has received such honors as the Edward R. Murrow National Award in 2002 for her coverage of the September 11 attacks; the Gracie Award for investigative reporting in 2000, and the Clarion Award from the Association for Women in Communications. She was also named Television Week's "Rising News Star To Watch". Aside from her journalism career, Colby, an attorney, served in private practice for 10 years. Her law practice began with a Hollywood entertainment firm that assigned her to The Tonight Show. At 22, she worked for Johnny Carson during his contract renewal with NBC and also his divorce.
Since January 2015, Colby has served as host and reporter on the Fox Business show, Strange Inheritance, which covers quirky or unexpected legacies left behind by friends or family.
Personal
Attending the University of Miami's International School of Business, she earned a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in accounting as well as a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Miami School of Law at age 22.
Colby authored Back to Life After a Heart Crisis: A Doctor and His Wife Share Their 8-Step Cardiac Comeback Plan () with her ex-husband Marc Wallack, the Chief of Surgery at Metropolitan Hospital in New York City.
References
External links
Biography at FOXNews.com
Living people
People from Queens, New York
Television personalities from New York City
American women journalists
University of Miami School of Law alumni
Fox News people
Journalists from New York City
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Miami Business School alumni
21st-century American women |
4039797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apesokari | Apesokari | Apesokari (Greek: Απεσωκάρι) is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan cemetery. It is also a modern village with a population of 103 (2011) and is built at 155 m above sea level. It is in the municipality of Gortyna in the south of Heraklion regional unit, Greece.
Population
Archaeology
Apesokari was first excavated during World War II. In this first Excavation, a small tholos tomb, a cult room and an outdoor altar were excavated.
The smallest Tholos tomb is at the southwest region of Apesokri village at the foot of the central Asterousia mountains.
Tholos Tomb A was found partially looted by Tomb robbers but a few stone vessels and clay pots were restored and collected.
Excavated by an Austrian archaeologist, sent on a mission to protect cultural monuments, for the "Art Protection Unit" of Wehrmacht in the summer of 1942. The tombs connected the Apesokari people with their ancestors and allowed them to keep connection with the dead. Smashed vessels and remnants of cups reflect the tribes value of unity and community. The rituals at Apesokari's tombs reveal toasting and banquets at burial, a popular Mycenean tradition.
Minoan Tombs
The tomb is notable for the fact that burials did not only take place inside the tholos tomb, but also took place in some of the outer rooms which join the tholos tomb as well. It also had a cult room, most likely a pillar crypt, since it had a wooden pillar on a stone base. A small bench altar was built in a niche to the right of the entrance. A cult image, formed from natural rock, was found on this altar. There was also a large altar outside, surrounded by a paved area.
The Minoan tribes that occupied Crete built and used the Tholos Tombs. The structure of their tombs indicated that the culture was decentralized with no powerful landlords or authority during 2600B.C – 2000B.C. The circular setting of the Tholos tombs placed the dead in non-hierarchical patterns. Most burial tombs built around the same time frame were rectangular. The tribes would often replace old bones and rebury them outside of the Tholos tomb in order to lay the freshly dead to rest.
Ruins of Palaces built after the Tholos Tombs indicate an authoritative figure was introduced to the tribe. Palace structures were placed as the center of the main community, implying that the village had some form of bureaucracy. The palaces in Crete were massively destroyed by an unknown source around 1700 B.C. Speculators believe the palaces were destroyed by either a powerful earthquake or a massive eruption of the Thera Volcano. Some archaeologists believe that outside invaders could have destroyed the palaces. The palaces were rebuilt into more extravagant structures along with above ground tombs during the height Minoan Crete Civilization.
See also
List of settlements in the Heraklion regional unit
References
Swindale, Ian http://www.minoancrete.com/apesokari.htm Retrieved 11 February 2006
External links
http://www.minoancrete.com/apesokari.htm (Excellent Photographs)
Apesokari at the GTP Travel Pages
Minoan sites in Crete
Ancient cemeteries in Greece
Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit) |
4039802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouija%20%282003%20film%29 | Ouija (2003 film) | Ouija is a 2003 horror film set in Barcelona, Spain. A group of friends play with an Ouija board and make contact with spirits. Produced by Eleven Dreams, S.L.U.
External links
2003 films
2003 horror films |
4039814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%20Arciero | Pam Arciero | Pamela Arciero (born May 8, 1954) is an American puppeteer and voice-over artist. She has performed for Between the Lions and Sesame Street, playing Oscar the Grouch's girlfriend Grundgetta in the latter. In addition to performance work, she worked as a director on the Noggin preschool series Oobi, which featured both writers and performers of Sesame Street.
Career
Pam Arciero earned her Master's in Puppetry from the University of Connecticut.
Arciero took over the role of Oscar the Grouch's girlfriend, Grundgetta for Sesame Street from Brian Muehl, performing her in The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson and Sesame Street: A Is for Asthma and continues to perform her to this day.
Arciero was a director for the second season of Oobi on Noggin. For the third season, she puppeteered various incidental characters. Arciero has performed characters for many other puppet shows, including Allegra's Window and Eureeka's Castle on Nickelodeon, Between the Lions on PBS, and The Great Space Coaster.
She performed in Little Shop of Horrors at the Orpheum Theater and served as director for several live shows at Sesame Place and El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles.
Arciero currently serves as Artistic Director for the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center's National Puppetry Conference since 2002 and continues to participate in puppetry workshops and other events across the country.
She appears as herself in the documentaries Henson's Place and The World of Jim Henson, as well as herself and Grundgetta at Jim Henson's memorial service.
Filmography
Sesame Street: Grundgetta, Sally Wilson, Additional Muppets
Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird: Grundgetta
Little Muppet Monsters: Penguin, Additional Muppets
Sesame Street Stays Up Late!: Additional Muppets
Sesame Street… 20 Years & Still Counting: Telly Monster (assistant)
Eureeka's Castle: Quagmire and Emma
Allegra's Window: Lindi, Allegra's Mom
The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss: Little cats F and N, Lulu's Dog, Zubble-Wump, Snake, Mama Gink
Sesame Street 4D: Additional characters
Play with Me Sesame: Additional characters
Oobi: Additional characters (also director for season 2)
Lomax, the Hound of Music: Louise
Sesame Street Jam: A Musical Celebration
Learning About Letters
The Muppets Take Manhattan: Grundgetta
Jim Henson's memorial service (appearing as herself and Grundgetta)
Between the Lions: Leona Lion (Season 3 onwards)
Gabby's Dollhouse: Marshapan, Paddycake
References
External links
American puppeteers
American voice actresses
Living people
Sesame Street Muppeteers
University of Connecticut alumni
1954 births
People from Honolulu |
4039825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF%206HP%20transmission | ZF 6HP transmission | 6HP is ZF Friedrichshafen AG's trademark name for its six-speed automatic transmission models (6-speed transmission with Hydraulic converter and Planetary gearsets) for longitudinal engine applications, designed and built by ZF's subsidiary in Saarbrücken. Released as the 6HP26 in 2000, it was the first six-speed automatic transmission in a production passenger car. Other variations of the first generation 6HP in addition to the 6HP26, were 6HP19, and 6HP32 having lower and higher torque capacity, respectively. In 2007, the second generation of the 6HP series was introduced, with models 6HP21 and 6HP28. A 6HP34 was planned, but never went into production.
The 6HP uses a Lepelletier epicyclic/planetary gearset, which can provide more gear ratios with significantly fewer components. This means the 6HP26 is actually lighter than its five-speed 5HP predecessors. It also has the capability to achieve torque converter lock-up on all six forward gears, and disengage it completely when at a standstill, dramatically closing the fuel efficiency gap between automatic and manual transmissions.
The last 6HP automatic transmission was produced by the Saarbrücken plant in March 2014 after 7,050,232 units were produced. The ZF plant in Shanghai continued to produce the 6HP for the Chinese market.
Specifications
Preliminary Note
All ZF 6HP gearboxes have the same gear ratios as the 6R60 and 6R80 gearboxes for passenger cars from Ford. Deviant gear ratios indicate another manufacturer as shown in the template.
New Paradigm
The 6HP is the first transmission designed according to ZF's new paradigm. After gaining additional gear ratios only with additional components, this time the number of components has to decrease for the first time in spite of the necessity of even more ratios. Coming from 5 gear ratios made of 10 main components (gear sets, Ravigneaux considered as 2, brakes, clutches) to the 6 made of 8 now reflects, what major progress the Lepelletier gear mechanism means compared to conventional designs like the 5HP-family.
Technical data
Technical imperfections
Problems with this transmission are well known. This transmission locks up the torque converter in all gears, increasing wear. Combined with a sealed transmission pan and "lifetime fluid", some people have experienced catastrophic transmission failure. Owners report shift issues when oil begins breaking down beyond 50K miles, hence shifting issues are common.
There are also problems with the valve block and solenoids. When this failure starts to occur, shift quality and speed, torque transfer and even loss of ability to engage gears can occur. These problems led Volkswagen AG to extend the warranty on all of their vehicles equipped with this transmission to 100,000 miles or 10 years.
First generation
6HP19
The 6HP19 transmission was a development of the original 6HP26, but was downgraded for less demanding applications. As such, the 6HP19 is rated at of torque.
Applications
Rear-wheel drive cars:
BMW X3
BMW 520i (E60)
BMW 528i (E60)
BMW 530i, (E60)
BMW 630i, (E63)
BMW 730i/li, (E65/E66)
BMW 318i, 320i, 325i, 328i, 330i, 335i (E9X), pre-LCI
BMW 116i, 118i, 120i (E87), pre-LCI, 135i (E82), 118d (E81)
BMW Z4 E85 LCI, E86
Hyundai Genesis Coupe - 2010-2012 3.8L
6HP19A
The 6HP19A is a variation of the 6HP19 for four-wheel drive applications torque of . It was used by the Volkswagen Group for some permanent four-wheel drive models.
Applications
Audi (B6) A4/S4 (Typ 8E/8H)
Audi (B7) A4/S4 (Typ 8E/8H)
VW Phaeton (Typ 3D)
Audi A6 (Typ C6/4F) 3.0 TDI / 3.2 FSI / 3.0 TFSI
Audi A8 (Typ D3/4E) 3.0 TDI / 3.2 FSI
6HP26
The 6HP26 was the original variation of the 6HP, released in 2000. It was rated for a maximum input torque of . It was first used by the BMW 7 Series (E65) in 2001. Initially only used by premium brands, it was later available on the 2009 model year V8 Hyundai Genesis.
Several versions of the 6HP26 are available depending on application and brand: 6HP26, 6HP26A and 6HP26X.
Applications
Ford has developed their own versions (6R60 and 6R80) based on the 6HP26. Therefore, certain Ford vehicles will not be listed.
Two-wheel drive version:
2001–2008 BMW 7 Series (E65) 735i, 745i, 760i, 730d and 740d
2002–2005 Jaguar XK8/XKR (X100)
2003–2012 Aston Martin DB9
2003–2010 BMW 5 Series (E60)
2003–2010 BMW 6 Series (E63) (Pre-LCI models, 645i / 650i / 635d)
2009–2012 Hyundai Genesis Sedan (4.6L V8)
2003–2008 Jaguar S-Type
2003–2009 Jaguar XJ (X350)
2003–2012 Rolls-Royce Phantom
2005–2011 BMW 3 Series (E90, E92)
2005–2016 Ford Falcon (BF, FG, FG X turbocharged inline-six and V8) Although production of the transmission ended in 2014, Ford retained sufficient inventory to last until end of Falcon production in 2016.
2005–2014 Ford Territory (SY AWD; SZ petrol)
2006–2010 Jaguar XK/XKR (X150)
2007–2019 Maserati GranTurismo
2007–2012 Maserati Quattroporte
2007–present Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupé
2008–2012 Aston Martin DBS V12
2008–2012 BMW 7 Series (F01), except 740d xDrive, 760i/Li and Hybrid 7
2008–2011 Kia Mohave
2008–2012 Jaguar XF (X250)
2006–2009 Bentley Arnage
2008–2011 Bentley Brooklands
2010–2014 Aston Martin Rapide
2011 Hyundai Equus
2011-2012 Aston Martin Virage
2012-2014 Aston Martin Vanquish
6HP26A
The 6HP26A is a variation of the 6HP26 for four-wheel drive applications. It was used by the Volkswagen Group for some permanent four-wheel drive models and packages a TORSEN type center differential, and open front differential into the transmission assembly.
Applications
2002–2016 Volkswagen Phaeton (Typ 3D)
2003–2009 Audi A8 (D3, Typ 4E)
2006–2009 Audi S8 (D3, Typ 4E)
2003–2011 Bentley Continental GT
2005–2013 Bentley Flying Spur
2006–2011 Audi S6 (C6, Typ 4F)
2008–2010 Audi RS6 (C6, Typ 4F)
6HP26X & 6HP26Z
The 6HP26X and 6HP26Z is another variation of the 6HP26, also for four-wheel drive applications. This transmission is suitable for 4WDs with a separate transfer box (the "X" stands for external 4WD).
Applications
2006–2013 Land Rover Range Rover (All with Jaguar type engines or TDV8)
2006–2013 Land Rover Range Rover Sport (4.4-litre and 5.0-litre AJV8 models)
2005–2009 Land Rover Discovery 3 (LR3 in North America)
2010–2013 Land Rover Discovery 4 (LR4 in North America)
2007 BMW X3 (E83) 3.0d (some models)
2005–2011 BMW 330(x)d xDrive (E90/91)
2004–2006 BMW X5 (E53) V8 and 3.0D (6HP26Z)
2007–2013 BMW X5 (E70) (some facelift models use 8HP)
2007 BMW 6 Series (e63/64)
2007-2010 BMW 5 series LCI(530d xdrive)
2003 BMW 7 series E65 745i
6HP32
The 6HP32 is a variation of the 6HP26 for high-output applications. The gearbox's maximum input torque is .
Applications
BMW E65 745d (LCI)
Volkswagen Phaeton 5.0 V10 TDi (6HP-32A, internal 4x4)
Audi Q7 4L V12 TDI
Second generation
6HP21
The 6HP21 was a variation of the 6HP produced in the PRC. It is also alternatively known as 6HP19tu and 6HP19z.
Applications
2011-2014 Ford Falcon (FG2 turbocharged inline-four, naturally-aspirated inline-six, turbocharged inline-six and supercharge V8)
2014–2016 Ford Falcon (FG X turbocharged inline-four, naturally-aspirated inline-six, turbocharged inline-six and supercharged V8 )
2014–2016 Ford Territory (SZ II petrol)
2010-2012 BMW 320d Lci (Thailand) (Engine N47D20)
2011-2013 BMW 335i (E9X)
2013-2015 BMW X1 (E84) xDrive35i
2009 LCI (BMW 528i E60) (Engine: N52B30AE)
6HP28
(also known as BMW GA6HP26Z) The 6HP28 was the second generation of the 6HP gearbox, introduced in mid-2006.
The 6HP28 is rated for a maximum input torque of 700 newton-metres
Applications
Two-wheel drive version:
2009–2012 Jaguar XF (X250)
2009-2014 Jaguar XK (X150)
2010-2012 Jaguar XJ (X351)
2010-2013 BMW E90 (LCI 325d, 330d, 335d)
2007-2009 BMW E60 (LCI Models: 530d, 535d, 535i, 540i, 550i)
2007-2010 BMW E63 (LCI Models: 635d, 650i)
2009-2012 BMW F01 (750i)
2009-2012 BMW F02 (750Li)
Notes
See also
List of ZF transmissions
References
6HP |
4039827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Rask | HNoMS Rask | Two Royal Norwegian Navy patrol boats have been named Rask (quick).
- a launched in 1887.
- a
Royal Norwegian Navy ship names |
4039837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenii%20muscle | Splenii muscle | Splenii muscle may refer to:
Splenius capitis muscle
Splenius cervicis muscle |
4039843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Snar | HNoMS Snar | Two Royal Norwegian Navy patrol boats have been named Snar (quick):
, a launched in 1887
, a
Royal Norwegian Navy ship names |
4039844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurhaus%20of%20Scheveningen | Kurhaus of Scheveningen | The Kurhaus of Scheveningen, The Hague in the Netherlands is a hotel which has been called the Grand Hotel Amrâth Kurhaus The Hague since October 2014. It is located in the main seaside resort area, near the beach.
History
The Kurhaus was built between 1884 and 1885 by the German architects Johann Friedrich Henkenhaf and Friedrich Ebert. It consisted originally of a concert hall and a hotel with 120 rooms. Having suffered serious damage by fire, it was rebuilt between 1886 and 1887. The ceilings were painted by the Brussels artist Van Hoeck and his large workshop. Several kings and heads of state sojourned in the Kurhaus during its heyday.
Until the mid 1960s, the Kurhaus remained a public attraction as a major concert hall, at which many top artists performed. The Rolling Stones performed at the Kurhaus on August 8, 1964, and had to flee the building due to the vast numbers of excited fans outside.
Ike & Tina Turner performed at the Kurhaus on February 11, 1971. The show was aired on Dutch television VPRO and released on DVD in 2004 as The Legends Ike & Tina Turner Live in '71.
The Kurhaus was saved from demolition in 1975 by being listed as a historic building, and was completely renovated. It was reopened in 1979 in the presence of Princess Beatrix.
References
External links
Rijksmonuments in The Hague
Casinos in the Netherlands
Scheveningen
Music venues completed in 1885
Hotel buildings completed in 1885
Music venues completed in 1887
Hotel buildings completed in 1887
Hotels in the Netherlands |
4039847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Heil | Jennifer Heil | Jennifer Heil (born April 11, 1983) is a Canadian freestyle skier from Spruce Grove, Alberta. Heil started skiing at age two. Jennifer Heil won the first gold medal for Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics games in Turin, Italy and a silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, which was also Canada's first medal in those games. Heil is the reigning world champion in dual moguls. She has three world championship titles in total and two silver medals from the Worlds as well. Over her career, Heil has won a record-tying five overall FIS World Cup Crystal Globe titles for freestyle skiing.
Heil is involved with several charitable organisations including Because I am a Girl and Right to Play. During the 2010 Winter Olympics, Heil donated $25,000 to Because I am a Girl. Heil also speaks to students across Canada along a theme of Dare to Dream, and hosts an annual "girls only" mogul skiing camp. B2ten, created with the help of Heil, is a privately run business model organisation with the intent of raising funds to support amateur Canadian athletes.
Career
Early career
Heil competed in her first Olympics at the 2002 Winter Olympics at the age of 18, finishing fourth in the moguls, just one-hundredth of a point out of a bronze medal. She took the 2002–03 season off due to injury, and then won the World Cup in 2003–04, 2004–05 and 2005–06. Heil then won the first gold medal for Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Giving Canada its first victory on the first full day of competition, Heil placed her title in the moguls event. Following the Olympics, Heil completed the season by winning her fourth straight World Cup title.
B2ten
Jennifer Heil took part in extensive experimental training in order to prepare for the Olympic Games. She worked with one of Canada's leading sports psychologists, a strength trainer, and an athletic therapist daily. After winning in 2006, Jennifer expressed her desire to build a program that would offer the same kind of support she got to other athletes in Canada. JD Miller and her coach Dominick Gauthier helped her build B2ten who now raised about 3 million dollars and supports 20 athletes from 13 different sports. Heil took the 2008 season off in order to help heal her injured knees. Following that year, Heil had a very successful 2008–09 world cup season. This included a silver medal during the stop at Cypress Mountain which was the site of the moguls competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics.
2010 Vancouver Olympics
Going into the 2010 Olympics, Heil won the last 4 2009–10 Freestyle Skiing World Cup events that she entered. She opted out of the last event before the games to give her fellow countrymen an opportunity to qualify for the games. The women's moguls qualifications began in unfavourable weather conditions with rain, sleet, and slushy conditions on the course. Heil finished the qualification in second place, meaning she ran second-to-last in the final. In the final Heil had a successful and fast run which put her in first place with one skier yet to go. Heil sat, watched, and waited as Hannah Kearney of the US had her final run. Kearney finished first and displaced Heil for both the gold and as Olympic champion.
Heil was visibly distraught as many including herself expected her to win the gold medal. Heil had gone into the event as the reigning Olympic champion and favourite not only to win the gold, but Canada's first gold medal during a Canadian hosted Olympics ever. Heil's B2ten company was founded in part to win the first gold at home and assist fellow Canadians in their quest for medals. The honour of winning the first home-soil Olympic gold medal would go to Alexandre Bilodeau the next day on Sunday, February 14. Although Heil herself did not win it, Bilodeau's victory deserves some credit from Heil as he is a sponsored B2ten athlete as well. The next day Heil was seen on television celebrating her silver medal. She went on to say that she did not lose the gold but won the silver medal and was celebrating on stage at the medal ceremony.
According to CTV an average of about 6.6 million and a peak of 8 million Canadians tuned into their television to watch Heil try and break the gold medal slump. More Canadians watched Heil try to win gold than the 6 million that had watched the New Orleans Saints win Super Bowl XLIV.
Following her 2010 Olympics silver medal win at the Cypress Mountain venue near Vancouver, Heil went on to say that this would likely be her last games. Heil said that she wants to win a third world championship next year in 2011, following that she would like to get on with her post-mogul career. Heil said she hoped to finish her degree in management studies at McGill University after retiring following the 2010–11 season and planned to continue her work in jewellery design. She also stated that she plans to continue her work in philanthropy. Following the 2010 Olympics Heil again made a donation of $25,000, this time to Because I am a Girl, an organization that helps lift girls out of poverty. Heil said of her donation that "I’ve had the power in my hands to help and many young girls don’t have that same power. We want to make this Canada’s most giving Games ever." Alexandre Bilodeau also made a donation but he made his to the Canadian Association of Pediatric Health Centres for cerebral palsy. They both went on to encourage others to give saying that they have the ability to give back and if others were to help in their own way it would make a difference.
Finishing her career
During January of the 2010–11 World Cup season, Heil officially announced her retirement prior to the Canadian stop at the Canada Olympic Park in Calgary. Heil would say of her retirement that "I'm definitely in good shape. I could go for one more Olympic Games. I'm still at the top of my game, but for me I feel it's an important time to build on my future. I want to be as successful off the slopes as I have been on the slopes and I feel that time is now. I feel that in my heart."
Heil's next event was at the 2011 FIS World Championships. In her last event there in the moguls final, Heil won her first ever gold medal and first ever medal having previously won only in the dual moguls event. Heil said of her win there that "It's a title I've never won before and there's been a lot of discussion about that in Canada. I've never been one to count my medals and count my titles, but I'm pretty happy that that conversation is over." For the last day of the World Championships, Heil competed in the dual moguls event. There she advanced to the final where she defeated young teammate Chloé Dufour-Lapointe to win her second gold medal of the competition. The victory was her third successive dual moguls crown, more importantly it ensured that Heil would end her career as a double world champion. As a result of her dual championship golds she was awarded the Canadian Press's female athlete of the year for 2011.
Personal life
Heil is a management and political science student at Desautels Faculty of Management of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Heil is involved in several charities including Right to Play, a sports-based humanitarian agency, and Plan Canada’s Because I am a Girl, a program that promotes girls' rights internationally. She has stated that she wishes to continue her efforts in these charities following her retirement. In her spare time, Heil is an avid surfer.
Heil's boyfriend, Dominick Gauthier, is also her coach. They started dating in 2004 when Gauthier was coaching the Japanese moguls team. Gauthier is also the coach of men's mogul skier, Alexandre Bilodeau.
References
External links
TSN article
CTV Olympic profile
1983 births
Living people
Canadian female freestyle skiers
Freestyle skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic freestyle skiers of Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
People from Spruce Grove
Sportspeople from Alberta
McGill University Faculty of Management alumni |
4039848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsdiecker%20reaction | Hunsdiecker reaction | The Hunsdiecker reaction (also called the Borodin reaction or the Hunsdiecker–Borodin reaction) is a name reaction in organic chemistry whereby silver salts of carboxylic acids react with a halogen to produce an organic halide. It is an example of both a decarboxylation and a halogenation reaction as the product has one fewer carbon atoms than the starting material (lost as carbon dioxide) and a halogen atom is introduced its place. The reaction was first demonstrated by Alexander Borodin in his 1861 reports of the preparation of methyl bromide () from silver acetate (). Shortly after, the approach was applied to the degradation of fatty acids in the laboratory of Adolf Lieben. However, it is named for Cläre Hunsdiecker and her husband Heinz Hunsdiecker, whose work in the 1930s developed it into a general method. Several reviews have been published, and a catalytic approach has been developed.
History
Alexander Borodin first observed the reaction in 1861 when he prepared methyl bromide from silver acetate. The reaction is a decarboxylation in that alkyl halide product has one fewer carbon atoms than its parent carboxylate, lost as carbon dioxide.
+ → + +
Around the same time, Angelo Simonini was working as a student of Adolf Lieben at the University of Vienna, investigating the reactions of silver carboxylates with iodine. They found that the products formed are determined by the stoichiometry within the reaction mixture. Using a carboxylate-to-iodine ratio of 1:1 leads to an alkyl iodide product, in line with Borodin's findings and the modern understanding of the Hunsdiecker reaction. However, a 2:1 ratio favours the formation of an ester product that arises from decarboxylation of one carboxylate and coupling the resulting alkyl chain with the other.
Using a 3:2 ratio of reactants leads to the formation of a 1:1 mixture of both products. These processes are sometimes known as the Simonini reaction rather than as modifications of the Hunsdiecker reaction.
3 + 2 → + + 2 + 3
It is now well established that mercuric oxide can also be used to effect this transformation. The reaction has been applied to the preparation of ω-bromo esters with chain lengths between five and seventeen carbon atoms, with the preparation of methyl 5-bromovalerate published in Organic Syntheses as an exemplar.
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism of the Hunsdiecker reaction is believed to involve organic radical intermediates. The silver salt 1 will quickly react with bromine to form the acyl hypohalite intermediate 2. Formation of the diradical pair 3 allows for radical decarboxylation to form the diradical pair 4, which will quickly recombine to form the desired organic halide 5. The trend in the yield of the resulting halide is primary > secondary > tertiary.
Reaction with α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids
Chowdhury and Roy noted several drawbacks of using the Hunsdiecker reaction, namely that some reagents, such as molecular bromine and salts of mercury, thallium, lead, and silver, are inherently toxic and that reactions with α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids result in low yield. Regarding reactions using α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids, Kuang et al. modified the reaction with using a new halogenating agent, N-halosuccinimide, and lithium acetate as the catalyst, which resulted in higher yield of β-halostyrenes. They found that using microwave irradiation could synthesize (E)-β-arylvinyl halide much quicker with higher yields. This is useful because synthesizing (E)-vinyl bromide in general is not very practical due to the complexity of alternative reagents (e.g. organometallic compounds), longer reaction times, and lower yields. Using microwave irradiation also allows the synthesized arylvinyl halide to carry electron-donating groups (in addition to electron-withdrawing groups), which is not possible with alternative synthetic methods. While tetrabutylammonium trifluoroacetate (TBATFA) could be used as an alternative catalyst for a metal-free reaction, it was noted that lithium acetate resulted in higher yields compared to other relatively complex catalysts, including tetrabutylammonium trifluoroacetate. An alternative method using micelles was found, with green characteristics. Micelles generally facilitate reactions thanks to their solublization capability and here, it was found that a reaction with α,β-unsaturated aromatic carboxylic acids and N-halosuccinimide catalyzed by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Triton X-100 in dichloroethane (DCE) carried out under reflux conditions of 20–60 minutes formed β-halostyrenes in excellent yields with high regioselectivity.
Variations
Mercuric oxide
Lampman and Aumiller used mercuric oxide and bromine to prepare 1-bromo-3-chlorocyclobutane from 3-chlorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid in a modification of the Hunsdiecker reaction. This is known as Cristol-Firth modification. The product had previously been shown by Wiberg to react with molten sodium metal to form bicyclobutane via a Wurtz coupling in good yield.
Kochi reaction
The Kochi reaction is a variation on the Hunsdiecker reaction developed by Jay Kochi that uses lead(IV) acetate and lithium chloride (lithium bromide can also be used) to effect the halogenation and decarboxylation.
See also
Barton decarboxylation
Barton–McCombie deoxygenation
References
External links
Animation of the reaction mechanism
Free radical reactions
Halogenation reactions
Name reactions |
4039857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390%20in%20English%20football | 1989–90 in English football | The 1989–90 season was the 110th season of competitive football in England.
Overview
English clubs were still banned from competing in European competitions following the Heysel Stadium disaster.
The season marked the beginning of the regular trend for clubs to leave their homes of many years and head for purpose built new stadia, following the bold move to Glanford Park by Scunthorpe United in 1988. Walsall and Chester City brought the curtain down on their many years at Fellows Park and Sealand Road respectively (both with games against Rotherham United). Walsall moved to the Bescot Stadium, while Chester began a groundshare with Macclesfield Town at Moss Rose until their new stadium was completed.
Meanwhile, Football Conference sides Wycombe Wanderers and Yeovil Town relocated to Adams Park and Huish Park respectively.
Diary of the season
1 July 1989 – Midfielder Mike Phelan joins Manchester United in a £750,000 transfer from Norwich City.
5 July 1989 – Lou Macari departs from Swindon Town to succeed John Lyall as manager of West Ham United. He is only the sixth manager to have taken charge of West Ham since their formation in 1900.
6 July 1989 – After just four months at Glasgow Rangers, Mel Sterland leaves the Scottish league champions and returns to England in a move to Second Division Leeds United for £600,000.
8 July 1989 – Olympique Marseille pay Tottenham Hotspur £4.5 million for winger Chris Waddle, a fee that makes him the most expensive British player. After a year in France with Bordeaux, Clive Allen returns to England in a £1million move to newly promoted Manchester City.
10 July 1989 – Scottish striker Mark McGhee returns to Newcastle United on a free transfer from Scottish Cup winners Celtic.
11 July 1989 – Aston Villa sign Kent Nielsen, the Denmark central defender, from Brøndby in a £500,000 deal.
12 July 1989 – Glenn Hysen, the Swedish defender who had been expected to sign for Manchester United, is instead signed by Liverpool. Don Howe, a member of the English coaching staff, resigns as assistant manager of Wimbledon and becomes assistant to Trevor Francis at Queens Park Rangers.
13 July 1989 – Third Division Notts County reject a £750,000 bid for 22–year–old defender Dean Yates.
15 July 1989 – Laurie Cunningham, who played in Wimbledon's FA Cup triumph 14 months ago and had a successful spell with West Bromwich Albion in the late 1970s, dies in a car crash in Spain. He was 33 years old and had been playing for Rayo Vallecano at the time of his death.
17 July 1989 – Liverpool sign 18–year–old defender Steve Harkness from Carlisle United for £75,000. Tottenham Hotspur sign midfielder Steve Sedgley from Coventry City for £750,000.
19 July 1989 – Former Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Ossie Ardiles, 37 next month, is appointed player–manager of Swindon Town.
21 July 1989 – A tribunal orders Manchester United to pay £1.5 million to Nottingham Forest for 26–year–old midfielder Neil Webb.
24 July 1989 – Aston Villa sign Manchester United defender Paul McGrath for £400,000.
26 July 1989 – Norman Whiteside moves from Manchester United to Everton for £750,000.
27 July 1989 – Everton pay Leicester City £1.1 million for striker Mike Newell.
28 July 1989 – Maidstone United prepare for their first Football League season with a £10,000 move for 19–year–old Leytonstone defender Warren Barton.
31 July 1989 – Norwich City pay Coventry City £525,000 for Welsh winger David Phillips.
3 August 1989 – Nottingham Forest pay Leeds United £650,000 for Republic of Ireland midfielder John Sheridan.
7 August 1989 – Everton sign Aston Villa defender Martin Keown for £750,000.
12 August 1989 - Liverpool beat Arsenal 1-0 in the Charity Shield at Wembley. Peter Beardsley scores the only goal of the game.
14 August 1989 – Adrian Heath returns to English football after less than a year in Spain when he joins Aston Villa from Espanyol for £360,000.
18 August 1989 – Property tycoon Michael Knighton agrees to buy control of Manchester United in a deal which is believed to be worth around £20 million.
19 August 1989 – On the first day of the First Division season, champions Arsenal lose 4–1 away to Manchester United, while Liverpool beat Manchester City 3–1. Second Division promotion favourites Newcastle United and Leeds United clash at St James' Park in a match which ends with the home side winning 5–2, with Micky Quinn scoring four goals on his Newcastle debut. In the Second Division, Frank McAvennie breaks his leg in West Ham's 1-1 draw at Stoke and is expected to be out of action until at least the winter.
21 August 1989 – Luton Town pay a club record £650,000 for striker Lars Elstrup from Danish side OB Odense.
22 August 1989 – Tottenham Hotspur sign defender Pat van den Hauwe from Everton for £650,000.
23 August 1989 – Paul Bracewell, who has missed most of the last three years because of injury, joins Sunderland for £250,000.
24 August 1989 – West Ham United boost their Second Division promotion push with a £675,000 move for Queens Park Rangers midfielder Martin Allen, just weeks after a move to First Division champions Arsenal collapsed.
26 August 1989 - Newly promoted Chelsea go top of the First Division after three games with a 4-0 home win over Sheffield Wednesday. Derby County beat Manchester United 2-0 at the Baseball Ground. A thrilling Second Division encounter at Dean Court sees AFC Bournemouth beat Hull City 5-4.
29 August 1989 – Gary Pallister becomes Britain's most expensive defender in a £2.3 million move from Middlesbrough to Manchester United.
30 August 1989 - Manchester United suffer another disappointing First Division result, losing 2-0 at home to Norwich. Coventry go top of the First Division with a 2-1 home win over Manchester City.
31 August 1989 – The first month of the league season ends with Coventry City as First Division leaders after three wins from four games. Sheffield Wednesday prop up the table, followed by newly promoted Manchester City and Crystal Palace. Defending champions Arsenal occupy a lowly 15th place. The Second Division promotion race gets underway with West Ham United leading the table level on points with Blackburn Rovers. The playoff places are occupied by Sheffield United (newly promoted), Ipswich Town, Watford and newly relegated Newcastle United.
1 September 1989 – John Aldridge agrees to leave Liverpool after nearly three years to join Real Sociedad of Spain for £750,000.
6 September 1989 – England draw 0–0 against Sweden in their fifth World Cup qualifier at Wembley.
9 September 1989 – Millwall beat Coventry City 4–1 at The Den to go top of the First Division in only their second season in the top flight. Manchester United lose for third successive game, going down 3-2 to Everton at Goodison Park. An eight-goal thriller at Carrow Road sees Norwich and Southampton draw 4-4. In the Second Division, there are a total of nine goals at Bramall Lane as Sheffield United beat Brighton 5-4 to go top of the table.
12 September 1989 – Liverpool defeat Crystal Palace 9–0, with eight different players scoring, including John Aldridge, in his last appearance for the club.
14 September 1989 – Manchester United sign midfielder Paul Ince from West Ham United for £1 million.
15 September 1989 – Queens Park Rangers pay £175,000 for Oxford United defender David Bardsley, with striker Mark Stein moving to the Manor Ground in exchange.
16 September 1989 – Ten Swansea City fans receive 16–month prison sentences in Athens after being convicted of fighting with Panathinaikos fans after a European Cup Winners' Cup tie. Mark Hughes scores the season's first hat-trick in the First Division as Manchester United beat Millwall 5-1 at Old Trafford. Everton go top of the First Division with a 1-0 win over Charlton at Selhurst Park.
18 September 1989 – Manchester United sign winger Danny Wallace from Southampton for £1.2 million.
23 September 1989 – Manchester City thrash neighbours United 5–1 in the first Manchester derby since the 1986–87 season. Liverpool win 3–1 at Goodison Park in the Merseyside derby, with Ian Rush scoring twice. In the race to get into the First Division, Sheffield United are top of the Second Division and looking good bets for a second successive promotion, with Blackburn Rovers second in the table and level on points with Newcastle United. Sunderland, Leeds United and Brighton & Hove Albion complete the top six. Leicester City, often among the pre–season promotion favourites for the last three seasons, prop up the Second Division table sparking fears that they could be relegated to the Third Division for the first time in their history.
30 September 1989 – Liverpool and Chelsea are level on points at the top of the First Division at the end of the month. Sheffield Wednesday, Charlton Athletic and Manchester United languish in the relegation zone.
2 October 1989 – Cyril Knowles, the former Tottenham Hotspur and England left–back, resigns as manager of Torquay United.
3 October 1989 – Dave Smith, the former Plymouth Argyle and Dundee F.C. manager, is appointed manager of Torquay United.
11 October 1989 – England draw 0–0 with Poland in Chorzów to secure World Cup qualification.
21 October 1989 – The last two unbeaten records in the First Division end when Liverpool and Norwich City both lose 4–1 away from home, to Southampton and Luton Town respectively. Manchester United record their third league win of the season with a 4-1 win at Coventry. Everton go top with a 3-0 home win over Arsenal.
31 October 1989 – October ends with Liverpool as First Division leaders, one point ahead of Everton with a game in hand. Sheffield United remain top of the Second Division, with Leeds United second and the playoff places occupied by Newcastle United, West Ham United, Sunderland and Plymouth Argyle.
2 November 1989 – Everton sign winger Peter Beagrie from Stoke City for £750,000.
3 November 1989 – John Sheridan, who played just once for Nottingham Forest after joining them at the start of the season, is sold to Sheffield Wednesday for £500,000.
4 November 1989 – Chelsea move to the top of the First Division after they beat Millwall 4–0 and Liverpool lose 1–0 at home to Coventry City. Arsenal keep up the pressure by winning a dramatic encounter with Norwich 4-3 at Highbury. In the Second Division, Swindon boost their hopes of reaching the First Division for the first time by beating struggling Stoke 6-0 at the County Ground.
5 November 1989 – Aston Villa record their fifth consecutive League victory with a 6–2 thrashing of Everton at Villa Park.
7 November 1989 – Mick Mills is sacked after four years as manager of Stoke City, who are winless and bottom of the Second Division. His successor is Alan Ball, the 1966 World Cup winner and former Portsmouth manager.
11 November 1989 - Chelsea remain top of the First Division with a 1-0 win at Everton. Derby climb from 17th to 12th place with a 6-0 win over Manchester City at the Baseball Ground. Liverpool's title hopes are dented when they lose 3-2 to QPR at Loftus Road. In the Second Division, West Bromwich Albion beat Barnsley 7-0 at home.
12 November 1989 - A Gary Pallister goal gives Manchester United a 1-0 home win over Nottingham Forest in the First Division.
13 November 1989 – Former England captain Ray Wilkins agrees to join Queens Park Rangers from Glasgow Rangers on a free transfer at the end of this month.
15 November 1989 – Howard Kendall, the former Everton manager, is dismissed by Spanish side Athletic Bilbao.
16 November 1989 – Manchester City sign Blackburn Rovers defender Colin Hendry for £700,000. Three Chelsea fans jailed for hooliganism offences in 1987 are freed after their convictions are quashed by the Court of Appeal.
18 November 1989 - Arsenal go top of the First Division with a 3-0 win over QPR at Highbury. Aston Villa boost their title hopes with a 4-1 home win over Coventry. Manchester United climb to ninth with a 3-1 win at Luton.
21 November 1989 – Nigel Martyn, 23, becomes Britain's first £1 million goalkeeper when he joins Crystal Palace from Bristol Rovers.
25 November 1989 - A nine-goal thriller at The Dell sees Southampton beat Luton 6-3, lifting the hosts into fifth place in the First Division. Ewood Park is also the scene of a nine-goal thriller in the Second Division, with Blackburn beating West Ham 5-4 in a promotion crunch game.
26 November 1989 - Liverpool go top of the First Division on goal difference by beating Arsenal 2-1 at Anfield.
27 November 1989 – Queens Park Rangers player–manager Trevor Francis is sacked after just one year in charge.
28 November 1989 – Assistant manager Don Howe succeeds Trevor Francis at Queens Park Rangers.
30 November 1989 – Liverpool, Arsenal, Aston Villa and Chelsea are locked together at the top of the First Division at the end of the month. Manchester City, Queens Park Rangers and Charlton Athletic are level on points at the bottom. Nigel Spackman leaves Queens Park Rangers after nine months to join Rangers.
2 December 1989 - Liverpool remain top of the First Division on goal difference with a 4-1 win over Manchester City at Maine Road, which keeps the hosts at the bottom of the table. Aston Villa keep up the heat with a 2-1 home win over Nottingham Forest, while Chelsea's title bid is hit by a 5-2 home defeat to Wimbledon.
3 December 1989 - Arsenal draw level on points with Liverpool at the top of the First Division when a Perry Groves goal gives them a 1-0 home win over Manchester United.
5 December 1989 – Andy Thorn moves from Newcastle United for Crystal Palace for £650,000.
6 December 1989 – Chelsea bolster their title challenge with a £300,000 move for Bayern Munich and Norway defender Erland Johnsen. Howard Kendall is confirmed as the new Manchester City manager.
9 December 1989 - Arsenal go top of the First Division with a 1-0 win at Coventry, as Liverpool and Aston Villa draw 1-1 at Anfield. Chelsea's title hopes are further damaged when they lose 4-2 to QPR at Loftus Road. Manchester United's disappointing league campaign continues with a 2-1 home defeat to Crystal Palace.
10 December 1989 – Roy Wegerle, the American international striker, joins Queens Park Rangers from Luton Town for a club record £1million.
16 December 1989 - Arsenal retain their lead of the First Division with a 3-2 home win over Luton Town, but Liverpool keep up the pressure with a 5-2 win over Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. Aston Villa's title hopes are hit by a 2-0 defeat at Millwall, who are now needing the points to stay clear of the relegation zone after topping the table in September. Manchester United suffer a third successive league defeat, going down 1-0 at home to Tottenham.
19 December 1989 – 18–year–old Trinidadian striker Dwight Yorke signs for Aston Villa.
23 December 1989 - The last league action before Christmas sees Manchester United hold Liverpool to a goalless draw at Anfield, ensuring that Arsenal remain a point ahead at the top of the table with a game in hand.
26 December 1989 - The Boxing Day action sees Liverpool return to the top of the First Division with a 2-1 win over Sheffield Wednesday at Anfield, as Arsenal lose 1-0 at Southampton. Aston Villa keep up the pressure with a 3-0 win over Manchester United at Villa Park, a result which mounts the pressure on United manager Alex Ferguson, whose team have picked up just two points from their last five games and are now 15th in the league. Norwich's title hopes are hit by a 1-0 defeat at Manchester City, who climb off the bottom of the table. Charlton now prop up the First Division, having lost 3-1 at Wimbledon. In the Second Division, the leading pair of Leeds United and Sheffield United draw 2-2 at Bramall Lane. Swindon boost their promotion hopes with a 4-3 home win over promotion rivals Blackburn at the County Ground.
28 December 1989 – West Ham United sign midfielder Ian Bishop and striker Trevor Morley from Manchester City for £500,000 each. Millwall attempt to arrest their dramatic fall down the First Division by playing a club record £800,000 for Derby County striker Paul Goddard.
29 December 1989 – Liverpool chairman John Smith receives a knighthood. Trevor Francis is offered a playing contract with Luton Town.
30 December 1989 - The last matches of the 1980s are played. 20-year-old striker Mark Robins scores his first goal for Manchester United in a 2-2 draw at Wimbledon, which rescues a point for Alex Ferguson's team but extend their winless run to six matches. Liverpool beat Charlton 1-0 at Anfield to boost their chances of reclaiming the league title from Arsenal, who are leapfrogged into second place by Aston Villa after a 2-1 defeat at Villa Park. There is a six-goal thriller in a Second Division clash at Boundary Park, where Oldham and Portsmouth draw 3-3.
31 December 1989 – The year and the decade ends with Liverpool as First Division leaders by four points from Aston Villa. Arsenal are a point further adrift. Charlton Athletic prop up the table, behind Luton Town and Sheffield Wednesday, while out–of–form Millwall are out of the relegation zone only on goal difference. Leeds United are top of the Second Division with Sheffield United in second place. Sunderland, Oldham Athletic, Ipswich Town and Newcastle United occupy the playoff zone, while West Ham United's early challenge has fallen away and they now stand 11th in their first season outside the top flight for almost a decade.
1 January 1990 - The new decade begins with Arsenal beating Crystal Palace 4-1 at Highbury cut Liverpool's lead at the top of the First Division, as Kenny Dalglish's men are held to a 2-2 at the City Ground by Nottingham Forest. Title challenge outsiders Southampton win 4-2 at bottom club Charlton. In the Second Division, Steve Bull scores four goals at Wolves win 4-1 at Newcastle, a result which boosts his side's challenge for a unique third successive promotion, and also drags promotion favourites Newcastle out of the top six. West Ham maintain their hopes of an immediate return to the First Division by beating Barnsley 4-2 at Upton Park.
3 January 1990 – Ray Harford resigns after two and a half years as manager of Luton Town to be succeeded by his assistant Jimmy Ryan.
5 January 1990 – Swindon Town chairman Brian Hillier and former manager Lou Macari are suspected of making an illegal bet against their own club in an FA Cup tie with Newcastle United in January 1988.
6 January 1990 – Third Division Northampton Town cause the shock of the FA Cup third round by beating 1987 winners Coventry City 1–0. Liverpool are held 0–0 by Swansea City.
7 January 1990 – Manchester United beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at the City Ground in the third round of the FA Cup, with Mark Robins scoring the winning goal. The football press had widely tipped manager Alex Ferguson to be sacked if United had been beaten.
9 January 1990 – Liverpool thrash Swansea City 8–0 in their FA Cup third round replay. Second Division leaders Leeds United pay Nottingham Forest £400,000 for striker Lee Chapman.
13 January 1990 - Manchester United's winless run in the First Division stretches to eight matches when they lose 2-1 at home to Derby.
17 January 1990 – Derby County replace Paul Goddard with Mick Harford in a £500,000 move from Luton Town.
19 January 1990 – Arsenal sign defender Colin Pates from Brighton & Hove Albion for £500,000.
21 January 1990 – Manchester United are now without a win from their last nine matches in the First Division with a 2–0 defeat at Norwich City, which leaves them just one point and one place above the relegation zone.
22 January 1990 – Almost two months after being sacked as player–manager by Queens Park Rangers, Trevor Francis signs for Sheffield Wednesday.
27 January 1990 – Chelsea are beaten 3–1 by Bristol City in the FA Cup fourth round. West Bromwich Albion beat First Division opposition for the second round running, winning 1–0 against Charlton Athletic. Aston Villa remain in contention for the double by beating Port Vale 6-0 at Villa Park. Crystal Palace beat Huddersfield Town 4-0.
28 January 1990 - A Clayton Blackmore goal gives Manchester United a 1-0 win their FA Cup fourth round tie with Hereford at Edgar Street. Norwich hold Liverpool to a goalless daw at Carrow Road and Everton beat Sheffield Wednesday 2-1 at Hillsborough.
29 January 1990 – The Taylor Report, an inquiry into stadium safety following the Hillsborough disaster nine months ago, recommends that all First and Second Division stadiums are all–seater by 1994 and that the Third and Fourth Divisions follow suit by 1999. Coventry City pay a club record £900,000 for 23–year–old Dundee United and Scotland striker Kevin Gallacher.
30 January 1990 – In their FA Cup fourth round replay at the Abbey Stadium, Fourth Division Cambridge United spring a major surprise by beating First Division Millwall 1–0.
31 January 1990 – Queens Park Rangers beat Arsenal 2–0 in an FA Cup fourth round replay. Liverpool end January as First Division leaders on goal difference ahead of Aston Villa, who have a game in hand. Manchester United are still just one place above the relegation zone, occupied by Charlton Athletic, Luton Town and Millwall. The race to get into the First Division is headed by Leeds United and Sheffield United, who are further distancing themselves from the rest of the Second Division. Just two points separate the next five clubs – Swindon Town, Oldham Athletic, Sunderland, Newcastle United and Ipswich Town. Meanwhile, eighth placed Wolverhampton Wanderers are just two points short of the playoff zone and are looking like reasonable challengers for a unique third successive promotion.
2 February 1990 – Former Liverpool manager Don Welsh dies aged 78.
3 February 1990 - The Manchester derby at Old Trafford ends in a 1-1 draw at Old Trafford. Manchester United have now gone 11 league games without a win, and are now 17th in the First Division and just one point above the relegation zone. They would have fallen into the bottom three today had Millwall managed to find a winner at Hillsborough, where they were held to a 1-1 draw by Sheffield Wednesday.
4 February 1990 - Gary Lineker scores a hat-trick in Tottenham's 4-0 home win over Norwich in the First Division.
8 February 1990 – West Ham United sign Czech goalkeeper Ludek Miklosko from Baník Ostrava for £300,000. Miklosko, 28, has been capped 31 times by the Czech national side.
10 February 1990 – Manchester United end their 11–match winless league run with a 2–1 away win over Millwall, who led the league five months ago but have now slipped into the relegation zone. Liverpool are held to their second goalless draw in two weeks by Norwich at Carrow Road. Aston Villa boost their title push with a 1-0 home win over Sheffield Wednesday. In the Second Division, leaders Leeds beat Hull 4-3 at Elland Road.
11 February 1990 - Nottingham Forest move closer to a joint record fourth League Cup triumph by beating Coventry 2-1 in the semi-final first leg at the City Ground.
12 February 1990 – Brian Hillier and Lou Macari are both fined after being found guilty of placing an illegal bet against Swindon Town. Hillier is also given a 6–month ban from football and is forced to resign as the club's chairman.
13 February 1990 – Millwall, still battling relegation despite having led the First Division five months ago, sack manager John Docherty and his assistant Frank McLintock.
14 February 1990 – Oldham Athletic defeat West Ham United 6–0 at Boundary Park in the first leg of their League Cup semi–final, all but guaranteeing their first ever Wembley appearance.
16 February 1990 – Striker Tony Cascarino pledges his future to relegation threatened Millwall despite reports that he is to join Aston Villa or Manchester United.
18 February 1990 – Lou Macari resigns after seven months as manager of West Ham United. Manchester United reach the FA Cup quarter finals with a 3–2 fifth round win at Newcastle United.
21 February 1990 – Aston Villa move to the top of the First Division with a 2–0 away win over Tottenham Hotspur.
23 February 1990 – West Ham United appoint their former player Billy Bonds as manager.
24 February 1990 - First Division leaders Aston Villa lose 3-0 at home to Wimbledon.
25 February 1990 – Nottingham Forest reach the League Cup final for the second season running by completing a 2–1 aggregate semi–final victory over Coventry City.
27 February 1990 – Fourth Division Cambridge United reach the FA Cup quarter–finals after a 5–1 second replay victory against Bristol City.
28 February 1990 – Aston Villa finish February as First Division leaders by two points from Liverpool in only their second season following promotion. Charlton Athletic, Millwall and Luton Town occupy the bottom three places, with the two Manchester clubs directly above them. Leeds United and Sheffield United continue to lead the way in the Second Division. Swindon Town, Oldham Athletic, Sunderland and Blackburn Rovers occupy the playoff zone, while Port Vale are emerging as surprise contenders for a playoff place that could be their key to First Division football for the first time in their history.
3 March 1990 - Liverpool return to the top of the First Division with a 1-0 home win over Millwall. Manchester United win at Old Trafford for the first time in four months, beating Luton Town 4-1.
4 March 1990 - Aston Villa miss the chance to return to the summit of the league, losing 2-0 at local rivals Coventry.
7 March 1990 - Oldham reach their first Wembley final despite losing their League Cup semi-final second leg 3-0 at West Ham. Arsenal keep their title hopes alive with a 3-0 home win over Nottingham Forest, and Luton climb out of the bottom three with a 3-2 home win over Coventry.
9 March 1990 – Middlesbrough sack manager Bruce Rioch after four years in charge. Rioch is replaced by his assistant Colin Todd.
10 March 1990 – Second Division Oldham Athletic reach the FA Cup quarter–finals after defeating Everton 2–1 after extra time in their fifth round second replay. Cambridge United's cup run is ended by Crystal Palace in the sixth round. There is no shortage of league action grabbing the headlines, including a 4-2 win for Coventry away to Nottingham Forest, which lifts the visitors into sixth place. Arsenal's title hopes are dented when they are held to a 1-1 draw by Manchester City at Maine Road. Aston Villa return to the top of the table with a 2-0 home win over Luton.
11 March 1990 – Manchester United achieve a 1–0 FA Cup quarter–final win over Sheffield United at Bramall Lane.
12 March 1990 – Bristol City striker Dean Horrix, 28, is killed in a car crash a week after joining the club from Millwall.
14 March 1990 – First Division leaders Aston Villa suffer a shock 3–0 defeat at Oldham Athletic in the FA Cup quarter–finals, while Liverpool's double bid remains on course after a 1–0 replay win over Queens Park Rangers. Nottingham Forest build for the future with an £80,000 move for Runcorn's 22–year–old Northern Irish winger Ian Woan.
15 March 1990 – Manchester City sign striker Niall Quinn from Arsenal for £700,000.
17 March 1990 - Aston Villa remain top of the table with a 1-0 win at Derby, extending their lead over Liverpool to five points, although the Reds have two games in hand.
18 March 1990 - Liverpool cut the gap at the top of the First Division to two points, and still have a game in hand, after beating Manchester United 2-1 at Old Trafford.
20 March 1990 – Chester City are taken over by Edinburgh based construction firm Morrison Construction in a deal which will see them leave Sealand Road at the end of this season and move to a new stadium in 1992.
25 March 1990 – Chelsea win the Full Members' Cup with a 1–0 win over Middlesbrough in the Wembley final. Having already won the cup in 1986, they are the first team to win it twice.
28 March 1990 – England beat Brazil 1–0 at Wembley with a goal from Gary Lineker.
31 March 1990 – Liverpool return to the top of the First Division at the end of the month, leading the table on goal difference with a game in hand ahead of Aston Villa. Millwall are eight points from safety at the bottom, and are joined in the relegation zone by Charlton Athletic and Manchester City. Leeds United and Sheffield United continue to lead the Second Division, with Wolverhampton Wanderers having leapfrogged Sunderland into the playoff zone where they join Swindon Town, Newcastle United and Blackburn Rovers.
1 April 1990 – Millwall's six–week hunt for a new manager ends when they appoint Bruce Rioch.
3 April 1990 - Liverpool return to the top of the First Division with a 2-1 win over Wimbledon at Anfield.
8 April 1990 – Liverpool's hopes of a unique second double are ended when they lose 4–3 after extra time to Crystal Palace in the semi–finals of the FA Cup at Villa Park. Manchester United draw 3–3 with Oldham Athletic in the other semi–final at Maine Road.
11 April 1990 – Manchester United beat Oldham Athletic 2–1 after extra time in the FA Cup semi–final replay. The game is however marred by controversy after referee Joe Worrall fails to award Oldham an early goal after Nick Henry's shot clearly crosses the line. In the league, Liverpool move closer to their 18th league title with a 4–0 away win over struggling Charlton Athletic, in which on–loan striker Ronny Rosenthal scores a hat–trick. Aston Villa keep up their challenge by winning 1–0 away to Arsenal.
14 April 1990 – Millwall are relegated to the Second Division after losing 2–0 at Derby County. Charlton's 3-2 defeat at Southampton leaves them needing to win their four remaining games to stand any chance of avoiding relegation. Liverpool remain top of the table but drop two points when they are held to a 2-2 draw by Nottingham Forest at Anfield.
16 April 1990 - Luton are left needing at least six points from their final three games to avoid relegation after losing 3-0 at Nottingham Forest. Manchester City's survival is confirmed with a 1-0 win at Norwich. There is major drama in the Second Division promotion race, when leaders Leeds beat Sheffield United 4-0 at Elland Road, sending the visitors into third place, as Newcastle move into second place with a 3-0 home win over Stoke, which sends the visitors down to the Third Division.
17 April 1990 – 20–year–old striker Mark Robins scores twice in Manchester United's 2–0 home league win over Aston Villa – a result which puts the opposition's title hopes into serious doubt. Charlton Athletic lose 2–1 at home to Wimbledon and are relegated.
21 April 1990 - Liverpool take another step towards the title with a 4-1 home win over Chelsea. Aston Villa keep their hopes alive with a 1-0 home win over Millwall. Luton keep their survival bid alive with a 2-0 home win over Arsenal, while Sheffield Wednesday are still in danger of going down with a 1-0 defeat to QPR at Loftus Road.
28 April 1990 – Liverpool seal their 18th top division title with a 2–1 home win over Queens Park Rangers as Aston Villa draw 3–3 at home to Norwich City. The battle to avoid the last relegation place in the First Division will go right to the wire, with Luton and Sheffield Wednesday both winning their penultimate First Division games. The Second Division promotion race will also go right down to the wire. Newcastle's 2-1 home win over West Ham keeps them in the hunt for automatic promotion, while leaving the visiting side's playoff hopes hanging by a thread. Leeds remain top of the table but second placed Sheffield United will go up and move into pole position if they win their game in hand. Chester City play the final Football League game at their Sealand Road home of 84 years – a 2–0 win over Rotherham United.
29 April 1990 – Nottingham Forest retain the League Cup with a 1–0 win over Oldham Athletic in the final. Nigel Jemson scores the only goal of the game. Colchester United are relegated to the GM Vauxhall Conference after 40 years in the Football League, their demotion from the Fourth Division being confirmed by a 4-0 defeat to Cambridge United at the Abbey Stadium, a result which keeps the home side's playoff hopes alive.
30 April 1990 – The month ends with Liverpool confirmed as First Division champions, and Aston Villa sure of second place. Luton Town trail Sheffield Wednesday by three points with one game remaining in the fight to avoid the last relegation place. The Second Division promotion race is still wide open. Leeds United (top), Sheffield United (second) and Newcastle United (third) are fighting it out for automatic promotion. Swindon Town, Blackburn Rovers and Sunderland complete the top six, but West Ham United, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Ipswich Town and Oldham Athletic still have a mathematical chance of breaking into the playoffs.
1 May 1990 – Kenny Dalglish makes his final appearance for Liverpool at the age of 39, in their 1–0 home league win over Derby County. The only goal of the game comes from Gary Gillespie. Sheffield United miss the chance to seal promotion to the First Division, being held to a goalless draw by Blackburn at Ewood Park.
5 May 1990 – Sheffield Wednesday are relegated on goal difference behind Luton Town, who win their final game of the season 3–2 at Derby County while the Hillsborough club lose 3–0 at home to Nottingham Forest. Liverpool's season ends in style with a 6–1 away win over Coventry City, and Tottenham Hotspur pip Arsenal to third place by one point. Sheffield United seal promotion back to the First Division after 14 years away. Dave Bassett achieves the sixth promotion of his career with a Blades side who finished level on points with champions Leeds United. Leeds United's promotion celebrations are marred when their fans riot in Bournemouth in the aftermath of the promotion clinching game against AFC Bournemouth, who were relegated by the result.
12 May 1990 – Manchester United and Crystal Palace draw 3–3 in the FA Cup final, forcing a replay. Mark Hughes is on the scoresheet twice for United and Bryan Robson once. Substitute Ian Wright scores two of Palace's goals, the other goal coming from Gary O'Reilly.
17 May 1990 – A Lee Martin goal gives Manchester United the FA Cup in a 1–0 replay victory over Crystal Palace.
18 May 1990 – David Seaman becomes Britain's most expensive goalkeeper when he agrees to join Arsenal in a £1.3 million move from Queens Park Rangers.
21 May 1990 – 34 Bolton Wanderers hooligans who were convicted of taking part in attacks on police officers and rival supporters are banned from travelling to Italy for the duration of the World Cup by the Italian government.
19 May 1990 – Chelsea sign Irish midfielder Andy Townsend from Norwich City for £1.5 million.
24 May 1990 – Bobby Robson announces that he will step down as England manager after the World Cup to take over as manager of Dutch side PSV Eindhoven.
28 May 1990 – Swindon Town win the Second Division playoff final by beating Sunderland 1–0, but their place in the First Division remains in doubt over the alleged tax scandal, over which Colin Calderwood has now been cleared but Lou Macari, Brian Hillier and Vince Farrar have been charged.
31 May 1990 – Aston Villa chairman Doug Ellis gives the Football Association permission to interview manager Graham Taylor for the England manager's job. Other names linked to the vacancy included Howard Wilkinson of Leeds United, Terry Venables of Tottenham Hotspur, Howard Kendall of Manchester City and the surprise candidate Joe Royle of Oldham Athletic, who has yet to manage in the top division.
1 June 1990 – The Football League votes to revert to a 22–club First Division for the 1991–92 season, while the Fourth Division will have 23 clubs in 1991–92 and 24 clubs in 1992–93, with no relegation to the Football Conference for the next two seasons.
2 June 1990 – England struggle to a 1–1 draw against Tunisia in Tunis in their final World Cup warm–up match.
5 June 1990 – Leeds United prepare for their First Division comeback with a £1million move for Gary McAllister of Leicester City. Three England fans receive 20–day prison sentences imposed by a court in Sardinia after being found guilty of theft and criminal damage.
6 June 1990 – Manchester United pay Oldham Athletic £625,000 for Irish full–back Denis Irwin.
7 June 1990 – Swindon Town are found guilty on 34 charges of financial irregularities at a Football League hearing. They are relegated to the Third Division as a punishment. Wimbledon pay Maidstone United £300,000 for defender Warren Barton.
11 June 1990 – England open their World Cup campaign with a 1–1 draw against Republic of Ireland.
12 June 1990 – Nottingham Forest sign midfielder Roy Keane (19 in August) from Irish club Cobh Ramblers for £10,000.
14 June 1990 – Leeds United prepare for their return to the First Division by signing Arsenal goalkeeper John Lukic for £1 million.
16 June 1990 – England draw 0–0 with the Netherlands in their second World Cup group game, leaving them needing to win the final group game against Egypt in five days to reach the Second Round.
21 June 1990 – England clinch qualification for the World Cup Second Round by beating Egypt 1–0 in their final group game.
26 June 1990 – England reach the quarter–finals of the World Cup with a second round 1–0 victory over Belgium.
29 June 1990 – Liverpool complete the permanent transfer of Israeli striker Ronnie Rosenthal from Standard Liège for £1 million.
1 July 1990 – England beat Cameroon 3–2 in the World Cup quarter finals, securing qualification to the semi–finals for the first time since the 1966 tournament.
2 July 1990 – Swindon Town win an appeal against their relegation to the Third Division, but miss out on promotion to the First Division and remain in the Second Division. Their place in the First Division goes to Sunderland.
4 July 1990 – England's hopes of World Cup glory are ended after they lose on penalties to West Germany in the semi–finals after a 1–1 draw.
7 July 1990 – England lose 2–1 to host nation Italy in the World Cup third place play–off.
National team
FA Cup
Alex Ferguson silenced the critics who attacked him for a lack of progress in the league by guiding Manchester United to a 1–0 replay victory over Crystal Palace in the FA Cup final, which was achieved after a 3–3 draw. The pivotal game in his side's season had been in the televised third round tie at Nottingham Forest, when a Mark Robins goal gave relegation-threatened United a surprise win and triggered improved times for the club. They won the FA Cup despite not playing a home game along the way, giving Ferguson his first major trophy as United's manager.
The season produced arguably the most memorable combination of FA Cup semi-finals in history, as Crystal Palace surprisingly beat Liverpool 4–3 just a couple of hours before Manchester United and Oldham Athletic fought out a 3–3 draw, with United going on to win the replay 2–1.
Football League Cup
Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest retained their League Cup by beating Oldham Athletic 1–0 at Wembley.
Football League
First Division
Liverpool secured their 18th First Division title, finishing nine points ahead of Aston Villa. Tottenham Hotspur, defending champions Arsenal and newly promoted Chelsea completed the top five.
Nottingham Forest retained the Football League Cup to match the record of four wins in the competition set by Liverpool, while Manchester United, despite experiencing their worst league campaign since returning to the top-flight in 1975, finally won some silverware at the fourth attempt under Alex Ferguson by lifting the FA Cup to match the record of seven wins in the competition set by Aston Villa and Tottenham Hotspur.
Millwall, who had briefly topped the First Division in September, ended the season relegated in bottom place with a mere five wins to their name all season. Charlton Athletic's luck finally ran out after four seasons as they became the next team to go down. The last relegation place went to Sheffield Wednesday, who went down on goal difference after a late escape act by Luton Town.
Second Division
Leeds United finally made it back to the First Division after eight years away by winning the Second Division title. They were joined by Sheffield United, who won a second successive promotion under manager Dave Bassett, who won his sixth promotion in 10 seasons. Swindon Town did beat Sunderland in the playoff final, but their opponents were then promoted instead after Swindon admitted to 36 charges of financial irregularities.
Stoke City's decline continued as they fell into the Third Division, along with a Bradford City side who had almost won promotion to the First Division two years earlier, while AFC Bournemouth's late season slump cost them their Second Division status and helped save Middlesbrough from a second successive relegation, as well as keeping West Bromwich clear of Third Division football for the first time.
Second Division play-offs
Third Division
Former England international Gerry Francis guided Bristol Rovers into the Second Division at the third attempt as they won the Third Division title, with local rivals Bristol City joining them as runners-up, and Neil Warnock's Notts County triumphing in the playoffs.
Walsall, Blackpool, Northampton Town and Cardiff City were all relegated to the Fourth Division.
Third Division play-offs
Fourth Division
Exeter City were promoted as Fourth Division champions, joined in the automatic promotion places by Southend United and a rejuvenated Grimsby Town who were on the comeback trail from near closure two years earlier. New manager John Beck kicked off his managerial career with playoff glory at Cambridge United. Maidstone United, making their debut in the Football League, reached the promotion play-offs but lost in the semi-final. Colchester United's 40-year stay in the Football League ended in relegation.
Fourth Division play-offs
Top goalscorers
First Division
Gary Lineker (Tottenham Hotspur) – 25 goals
Second Division
Micky Quinn (Newcastle United) – 32 goals
Third Division
Bob Taylor (Bristol City) – 27 goals
Fourth Division
Brett Angell (Stockport County) – 23 goals
Non-league football
The divisional champions of the major non-League competitions were:
Successful players
David Platt's frequent goalscoring from the Aston Villa midfield was not quite enough to earn his side the championship trophy, but it was enough for him to win the PFA Players' Player of the Year award.
Liverpool's John Barnes scored over 20 goals and helped his team win another league title and himself win the FWA Footballer of the Year award.
Southampton's Guernsey-born striker Matthew Le Tissier was credited with the PFA Young Player of the Year award for his exciting performances.
Manchester United's Mark Hughes had another good season as he helped his side overcome disappointing league form and reach the FA Cup final where he scored twice in the first game before they won the replay.
Oldham's Andy Ritchie scored 28 goals in all competitions as his side reached the F.A. Cup semi-final and League Cup final. His teammate Frankie Bunn scored six times in his side's League Cup win over Scarborough.
Newcastle striker Mick Quinn scored 32 times in the league and 36 in all competitions, but couldn't quite earn his side promotion to the First Division.
Promising Sheffield Wednesday striker Dalian Atkinson emerged as a competent goalscorer, but his side's relegation to the Second Division saw him wanting top-flight football, which he got in the form of a transfer to Spanish side Real Sociedad.
Wolves striker Steve Bull had another excellent season, highlighted by scoring four goals against Newcastle in the Second Division on New Year's Day and being the only Second Division player to feature in England's World Cup squad.
Successful managers
Kenny Dalglish brought another championship trophy to Liverpool after fighting off a late challenge from Aston Villa.
Alex Ferguson finally guided Manchester United to a major trophy after four seasons of trying when they beat Crystal Palace in the FA Cup final replay.
Graham Taylor took Aston Villa to the brink of championship glory just one season after they had been on the brink of relegation.
Steve Coppell took Crystal Palace to their first ever FA Cup final, losing to Manchester United in a replay after beating League Champions Liverpool in the semi final.
Dave Bassett took Sheffield United to a second successive promotion to bring top-flight football to Bramall Lane for the first time since the 1970s.
Howard Wilkinson led Leeds United back into the First Division after an eight-year exile.
Bobby Campbell guided newly promoted Chelsea to fifth place in the First Division.
Gerry Francis took Bristol Rovers to the Third Division championship.
Neil Warnock ended Notts County's five-year spell in the Third Division by guiding them to success in the promotion playoffs.
Alan Buckley rejuvenated Grimsby Town by guiding them to promotion success in the Fourth Division.
Brian Little took Darlington back into the Football League at the first attempt by guiding them to the Football Conference title.
Joe Royle guided Oldham to the League Cup final (their first ever Wembley appearance) and the F.A. Cup semi-final (their first appearance at that stage of the competition since 1913.
Denis Smith took Sunderland back to the top flight only 3 seasons after they had been relegated into the third tier for the first time in their history.
Famous debutants
19 August 1989: Trevor Sinclair, 16-year-old winger, makes his debut for Blackpool in their opening game of the Third Division campaign – a goalless draw at home to Wigan Athletic.
30 April 1990: Mark Bosnich, 18-year-old Australian goalkeeper, keeps a clean sheet on his debut for Manchester United at home to Wimbledon in a First Division goalless draw.
Retirements
1 May 1990: Kenny Dalglish, 39-year-old Liverpool player-manager, plays his last game for the club in their 1–0 home win over Derby County.
Deaths
15 July 1989 – Laurie Cunningham, 33, former England midfielder, was killed in a car crash in Spain. He played as a substitute for Wimbledon when they won the FA Cup in 1988. He also played for clubs including Leyton Orient, West Bromwich Albion, Real Madrid and Leicester City, and had a loan spell at Manchester United during the 1982–83 season.
26 July 1989 - Arthur Caldwell, 76, played 92 league games as a left-winger for Port Vale in the four years leading up to the outbreak of World War II. The war effectively ended his playing career after the age of 26.
1 September 1989 – Kazimierz Deyna, 41, former Polish international who had a spell with Manchester City in the late 1970s. Died in a car accident.
17 October 1989 - Derek Pace, 57, scored 196 Football League goals for four clubs between 1950 and 1966, including 40 goals for his first club Aston Villa and 140 for his second club Sheffield United.
27 October 1989 - Con Moulson, 83, former Irish national who played for Lincoln City and Notts County during the 1930s and 1940s, before managing Lincoln for a few months in 1965.
30 October 1989 - Frank Allen, 88, was an inside-forward during the interwar years for clubs including Barnsley, Southport and Barrow. He completed his career in France with Le Havre as one of the first British players to play for an overseas club side.
14 November 1989 – Jimmy Murphy, 79, assistant manager/chief coach at Manchester United during the reign of Matt Busby. Was also a long-time scout and reserve team manager for the club. Took temporary charge of the Manchester United first team during the five months following the Munich air disaster while Busby recovered from his injuries. Also managed the Welsh national side from 1956 to 1964, and during his playing days turned out for West Bromwich Albion and Swindon Town as a wing-half.
9 December - Basil Hayward, 61, played 349 league games as a centre-half, left-back and centre-forward for Port Vale between 1946 and 1958, scoring 55 goals, completing his league career at Portsmouth before spending four years at non-league Yeovil Town as player-manager. He managed Gillingham in the Football League from 1966 to 1971.
10 December 1989 -
- George Edmonds, 96, one of the oldest surviving Football League players and one of the last to have played before World War I, played at centre-forward for Wolverhampton Wanderers in the 1921 FA Cup Final and also scored 57 league goals during two spells at Watford.
- Frank Baker, 71, played 162 league games as an outside-left for Stoke City between 1936 and 1949.
- Sam Barkas, 79, was left-back in Manchester City's title winning side of 1937 and was capped five times for England on top of his 176 league appearances for the Maine Road side and a further 202 for his first club Bradford City.
15 January 1990 - Oscar Fox, 69, played 44 league games at wing-half for Sheffield Wednesday in the four immediate postwar seasons before a more active seven-year spell at Mansfield Town, where he played 248 league games and scored 30 goals.
2 February 1990 - Don Welsh, 78, who managed Liverpool for five years during the 1950s. As a player he was capped three times by England in the late 1930s and also played 199 First Division matches as a forward for Charlton Athletic.
6 March 1990 - Albert Dunlop, 57, kept goal 231 times in the league for Everton between 1956 and 1963, winning the league title in his final season at the club.
11 March 1990 – Dean Horrix, 28, Bristol City striker, was killed in a car crash just over a week after he joined the club from Millwall.
12 April 1990 - Harry O'Grady, 83, made 99 Football League appearances for eight clubs as a forward between 1929 and 1938.
5 May 1990 - George Hannah, 61, played 372 league games as a forward for Newcastle United, Lincoln City, Manchester City, Notts County and Bradford City between 1949 and 1966.
7 May 1990 - Charlie Walker, 78, played 118 games as full-back for West Ham United during a career which was interrupted by World War II.
30 June 1990 – Brian Tiler, 47, who played for Aston Villa during the 1970s and was a director for AFC Bournemouth from the mid-1980s, was killed in a car crash in Italy. Bournemouth manager Harry Redknapp was travelling in the same car as Tiler but survived.
References |
4039859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga%20River%20%28Iowa%29 | Volga River (Iowa) | The Volga River is an river in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is the major tributary of the Turkey River in the northeastern part of the state. The river runs through Fayette and Clayton counties before joining the Turkey River near Elkport. The Turkey River then runs into the Mississippi River near the town of Cassville, Wisconsin. The Volga River State Recreation Area is a state park along the river near Fayette.
See also
List of Iowa rivers
References
Rivers of Iowa
Rivers of Fayette County, Iowa
Rivers of Clayton County, Iowa |
4039865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Star%20Wars%20II%3A%20The%20Original%20Trilogy | Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy | Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by LucasArts and TT Games Publishing. It was released on 11 September 2006. Part of the Lego Star Wars series, it is based on the Star Wars science fiction media franchise and Lego Group's Lego Star Wars eponymous Star Wars-themed toy line. It follows the events of the Star Wars films, A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. The game allows players to assume the roles of over 50 Lego versions of characters from the film series; customized characters can also be created. Camera movement was improved from its predecessor Lego Star Wars: The Video Game and the concept of "vehicle levels" was explored more thoroughly. The game was revealed at American International Toy Fair. Promotions for the game were set up at chain stores across the United States.
Lego Star Wars II was critically and commercially successful; it has sold over 8.2 million copies worldwide as of May 2009. Critics praised the game for its comedic and "adorable" portrayal of the film series and due to preference for the original trilogy over the prequel trilogy. However, the game's low difficulty, and its Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions in general, were received more poorly. The game received awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and Spike TV, among others. A mobile phone adaptation, Lego Star Wars II Mobile, was later developed by Universomo, published by THQ, and released on 19 December 2006. Lego Star Wars II and its predecessor were compiled in Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga, released a year later.
Gameplay
Lego Star Wars IIs gameplay is from a third-person perspective, and takes place in a 3D game world that contains objects, environments, and characters designed to resemble Lego pieces. Its gameplay—a combination of the action-adventure, platform, and sometimes puzzle genres—shares elements with that of Lego Star Wars: The Video Game (2005). While Lego Star Wars followed the events of The Phantom Menace (1999), Attack of the Clones (2002), and Revenge of the Sith (2005), Lego Star Wars II is based on Star Wars (1977), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and Return of the Jedi (1983). The game comically retells the trilogy's events using cutscenes without dialogue. The player assumes the roles of the films' characters, each of whom possesses specific weapons and abilities. At any time, a second player can join the game, by activating a second controller. During gameplay, players can collect Lego studs – small, disk-shaped objects, which serve as the game's currency. The player has a health meter, which is displayed on the game's heads-up display. The player's health is represented by four hearts; when these hearts are depleted, the player dies, and a small amount of their studs bounce away. However, they instantly respawn and can often re-collect the lost studs.
The game's central location is the Mos Eisley cantina, a spaceport bar on the planet Tatooine. At the counter, the player may use their Lego studs to purchase characters, vehicles, gameplay hints and extras, or activate cheat codes. In a small area outside the cantina, players may view collected vehicles. The game is broken into levels, which are accessed from the cantina; each film is represented by six levels, representing key locations and scenes in that film. The locations include Hoth, Bespin, Dagobah, Tatooine, the Death Star, and Endor. The game also features bonus levels. During levels, the player defeats enemies, builds objects out of Lego bricks, and drives vehicles. Certain levels are played entirely while piloting vehicles, including a TIE fighter, a Snowspeeder, and the Millennium Falcon. Levels must first be played in Story Mode. This unlocks the next level as well as a Free Play mode for the recently completed level. Gameplay is identical in the two modes. However, Story Mode restricts playable characters to those followed in the film scenes the levels are based on, while Free Play-offers all those unlocked. Levels can be replayed in either mode to collect studs and secret items.
Three types of secret items are available: gold bricks, minikits, and power bricks. Within each level is hidden one power brick. When a power brick is collected, its corresponding extra, such as invincibility or stud multipliers, becomes available for purchase. Each level also contains ten hidden minikits, that is, ten pieces of a Star Wars vehicle. When all ten have been collected, the player is awarded a gold brick. Collecting a certain number of gold bricks unlocks free rewards, such as a spigot that spews out studs. Gold bricks are also awarded when levels are completed, and when a predefined number of studs is accumulated in a level; ninety-nine gold bricks are available. The vehicles represented by the minikits are displayed outside the cantina. As each vehicle is completed (all ten minikits collected), it becomes available for play in a bonus level.
Playable characters
68 characters from the films are playable over the course of the game, including variations of Luke Skywalker, Princess Leia, Han Solo, Chewbacca, Lando Calrissian, R2-D2, C-3PO, Darth Vader, Wicket the Ewok, and Boba Fett. Character abilities have a greater role in Lego Star Wars II than in Lego Star Wars. Certain characters armed with guns can use a grappling hook in predesignated areas. Characters wielding lightsabers can deflect projectiles, double jump and use the Force. R2-D2, C-3PO, and other droid characters are needed to open particular doors. Small characters like the Ewok and Jawa can crawl through hatches to reach otherwise inaccessible areas. Bounty hunters, such as Boba Fett, may use thermal detonators to destroy otherwise indestructible objects. Sith, like Darth Vader, can use the Force to manipulate black Lego objects. Some characters have unique abilities; for example, Chewbacca can rip enemies' arms from their sockets, Darth Vader can choke enemies with the Force, Princess Leia possesses a slap attack, and Lando Calrissian can use a kung-fu-like attack. Special abilities are often necessary to unlock secrets, and story mode does not always provide characters with needed abilities. This means that some secrets can be found only in free play mode. The player can unlock the "Use Old Save" extra, which imports all unlocked characters from Lego Star Wars for use in free play; however, a Lego Star Wars saved game must be present on the same memory card that contains Lego Star Wars IIs save data.
Players can create two customized characters in the Mos Eisley cantina. These characters can be built using both miscellaneous parts and those of unlocked characters; 2,258,163,204 combinations are possible. Entering two cheat codes, publicized by IGN, makes pieces for a Santa Claus character available. The game generates names for the characters based on the pieces used (for example, a character made from pieces of Darth Vader and C-3PO might have the name "Darth-3PO"); alternately, the player may create a name.
Development
Lego Star Wars II was created by the Cheshire game developer Traveller's Tales. LucasArts – busy with other projects – had deferred publishing of Lego Star Wars to Eidos Interactive, but regained the "necessary resources" to publish its sequel alongside TT Games Publishing. Lego Star Wars II was created for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance (GBA), Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable (PSP), and Xbox 360. Differences exist between platforms: the DS and GBA versions have some different playable characters than the other versions, and the DS and PSP versions support a "Wireless Lobby" for multiplayer gameplay.
Lego Star Wars II uses a modified Lego Star Wars engine. However, many gameplay improvements were made over its predecessor, most notably camera angles and movement. Camera movement in co-op was a specific point of concern, as LucasArts received critical feedback from fans over this issue. Traveller's Tales looked to expand upon the concept of levels completed entirely in vehicles. These "vehicle levels" were explored more thoroughly in Lego Star Wars II than in its predecessor. In response to complaints from fans, LucasArts and Traveller's Tales granted the ability to build bricks to all non-droid characters. Character customization, an entirely new concept, was considered a significant improvement over the original game, and is one of three features highlighted on the game's final back cover. Tom Stone, director at Traveller's Tales, stated of the various improvements made over the original game:
The designers attempted to recreate the films' characters and events in a "cute" way. Assistant producer Jeff Gullet said that, in the game's recreation of a Return of the Jedi scene where Luke Skywalker "jumps off the plank... and somersaults onto the skiff", Skywalker "performs an all-out acrobatic routine with all sorts of jumps from the plank. It's hilarious". LucasArts producer David Perkinson said, "unless you've got the heart of the Emperor, you are going to chuckle at many of [the characters] the first time you see them – you just have to. They're so darn cute!"
Marketing and release history
On 2 February 2006, images of the game were leaked to the Internet. However, they were quickly removed, and LucasArts, if telephoned, did not confirm or deny the game's development. The game was formally announced on 10 February, at American International Toy Fair 2006. A preview was later hosted at Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) 2006. Because the original Lego Star Wars had been well received commercially and critically, selling 3.3 million copies by March 2006 and winning several awards, its sequel was highly anticipated both by fans of the original game and by video game publications such as IGN and GameSpot. Shortly before the game's release, promotions were set up at chain stores across the United States, including Toys "R" Us, Wal-Mart, Target, Best Buy, GameStop, and Circuit City.
In Europe, Lego Star Wars II was released on 11 September 2006, for PC, Xbox, GameCube, GBA, DS, and Xbox 360; on 15 September for PlayStation 2; and on 10 November for PSP. The game's North American release fell on 12 September for all platforms, coinciding with the release of the individual two-disc DVD releases of the films on which it was based. The game's Australian release fell on 15 September for all platforms, but the Xbox 360 version was not released in this region. The OS X version of the game was released in 2007. The PlayStation2 and Nintendo DS versions were the only versions that saw release in Japan, which occurred on 2November 2006. The game received a rating of E10+ from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (for "cartoon violence" and "crude humor"), 3+ from PEGI, and A from CERO.
A mobile phone adaptation of the game was developed by Universomo and published by THQ. It was released on 19 December 2006. Several gameplay features – such as two-dimensional graphics, limited character selection, and coverage only of the film Star Wars — distinguish this version of the game from the versions for other platforms. Lego Star Wars and Lego Star Wars II were later compiled in Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga, developed by Traveller's Tales and published by LucasArts. The Complete Saga incorporated improvements from the sequel into the original game, and expanded the Mos Eisley cantina to allow access to both games' levels. It was created for Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and DS. It was released on 6November 2007.
Reception
Upon release, Lego Star Wars II was positively received by critics, who praised its portrayal of the films' characters and events. Nintendo Power staff writer Chris Shepperd claimed that "[t]he adorable LEGO adaptations also led to some hilarious story moments: the 'I am your father' scene from The Empire Strikes Back is priceless". Reviewers from GameSpy, 1UP.com, GameSpot, IGN, and PlayStation: The Official Magazine offered similar opinions. Shepperd and Varietys Ben Fritz called the game "adorable". In reviews of the Xbox 360 version, Official Xbox Magazine praised the game's "off-kilter humor", and Electronic Gaming Monthly stated that "[y]ou have to give credit to the brilliant blockhead who forced this awesome yet fundamentally bizarro idea on LucasArts." Jeff Bell, corporate vice president of global marketing for Microsoft, commended Lego Star Wars II for expanding the range of consumers for the Xbox 360, noting its family-friendly appeal.
The game was praised as a result of reviewers' preference of the original trilogy over the prequel trilogy. Andrew Reiner of Game Informer said that "comparing [the prequel trilogy] to the films in the original trilogy is similar to comparing Jar Jar Binks to Han Solo". Shepperd praised the level design of Lego Star Wars II, and called its predecessor's environments "sterile". These views were echoed by reviewers from 1UP.com, Variety, GameSpot, GameSpy, Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (for the PlayStation2), and BusinessWeek.
Critics were divided on the game's level of difficulty. Fritz claimed that, though Lego Star Wars II provided only a "short journey", it was "loads of fun". GameSpots Ryan Davis estimated that it could be completed in six hours, but praised its bonus content. GameSpy and 1UP.com's reviewers thought similarly. A review by USA Todays Brett Molina claimed that "[t]he game's difficulty is balanced well enough so kids won't feel too frustrated while older gamers will still find a solid challenge" and gave the game an overall score of 8out of 10. Official Xbox Magazines review praised its "weird puzzles". IGN's Jeremy Dunham and Reiner were more critical of the perceived low difficulty.
Critics disliked the game's Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS versions. Davis believed that the Game Boy Advance version could be completed in two hours. GameSpy staff writer Phil Theobald bemoaned this version's poor controls, easy levels, and vehicle-piloting sections. He concluded that "for goodness sake, [one should] buy one of the [home] console versions". Theobald, Davis, and IGN's Craig Harris criticized the high number of glitches in the DS version.
Accolades and sales
Lego Star Wars II won and was nominated for numerous awards, and ranked on several video game lists. The official Star Wars website declared Lego Star Wars II to be the best Star Wars-related product of 2006. The game won iParenting Media Awards' "2006 Greatest Products Call", and was placed on Reader's Digests September 2006 "5 Things We Don't Want You to Miss" list, Time magazine's list of the top ten video games of 2006, and GameSpy's PC "Game of the Year" list. It received the 2006 Game of the Year award from Nick Jr. and IGN (for PC games only). It won Spike TV Video Game Awards 2006's "Best Game Based on a Movie or TV Show", and "Best Gameplay" from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts's 3rd British Academy Video Games Awards. It received BAFTA nominations in three other categories, including "Best Game". In contrast, the previously poorly received DS version was listed as one of the "tears" on IGN's September 2009 "Cheers & Tears" list of action games for the DS. The editors of Computer Games Magazine named Lego Star War II the fifth-best computer game of 2006, and called it "a superb action/adventure, one with [...] an almost puppy dog-like insistence that you love it."
Lego Star Wars II sold over 1.1million copies worldwide in its opening week. The PlayStation2, GameCube, Xbox 360, and Xbox versions were the third, fifth, eighth, and ninth-best selling games of September 2006, respectively. The GameCube, Xbox, and PlayStation2 versions were the third, eighth, and ninth-best selling games of 2006, respectively. All platforms except PC combined, the game was the third-highest selling of 2006 in the United States, behind Madden NFL 07 and Cars. All platforms combined, the game was the fifth-highest selling of 2006 in the United Kingdom. The GameCube, GBA, and DS versions were the first, second, and fifth best-selling of January 2007 for their respective platforms. By 2May 2009, the game's worldwide sales had surpassed 8.2 million. It has been certified as part of the budget lines Platinum Hits for the Xbox 360, Greatest Hits for the PlayStation2 (each represents a worldwide sales total of at least 400,000 on its respective platform), and Player's Choice for the GameCube (250,000).
References
External links
2006 video games
3D platform games
Action-adventure games
Cooperative video games
Game Boy Advance games
Games for Windows certified games
Lego Star Wars
Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy
MacOS games
Nintendo DS games
GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Star Wars (film) video games
The Empire Strikes Back video games
Return of the Jedi video games
Star Wars video games
Traveller's Tales games
Video game sequels
Video games scored by David Whittaker
Video games set on fictional planets
Windows games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
LucasArts games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Feral Interactive games
BAFTA winners (video games)
J2ME games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Universomo games
Amaze Entertainment games
sv:Lego Star Wars (spelserie)#Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy |
4039882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikome | Shikome | , in Japanese mythology, was a hag sent by the dead Izanami to pursue her husband Izanagi, for shaming her by breaking promise not to see her in her decayed form in the Underworld (Yomi-no-kuni). Also recorded by the name , the name may have been a term referring collectively to eight hags, not just one.
Accounts in mythology
The hag appears by the Yomotsu-shikome (or Ugly-Female-of-the-Underworld") name in the eldest Japanese chronicle Kojiki. But either eight demon-hags (female oni) or a woman/women named Yomotsu-hisame hunted after Izanagi according to the Nihon Shoki, which frequently gives different readings from alternative sources.
Kojiki version
Izanagi was fleeing the Underworld with Yomotsu-shikome in hot pursuit. Izanagi first cast down his black headdress, which turned into a kind of grapes and slowed the hag's advance as she devoured them. Next he broke off his comb and cast them, and the broken piece (the teeth?) turned into bamboo shoots, slowing her down again as she pulled them out and ate them. But the hag was now joined by a large army 1500 strong led by eight Thunder-deities. Izanagi brandished his but still they pursued, until he climbed atop the "flat slope" or "Even Pass" at the entrance to the Underworld, and flung three peaches, whereby the pursuers retreated. After this, Izanami herself came in pursuit, and Izanagi blocked the entrance at the slope with a boulder.
Nihon Shoki version
Apart from the variant name and the possibility of multiple hags ("eight Ugly Females of Yomi,") are some minor discrepancies, such as the lack of mention of the Thunder god and the army and the peaches. As Izanagi reached the entrance, Izanami was already there. According to one telling, Izanagi urinated at the large tree, so that the water swelled into a river, and before Yomotsu-hisame could cross it, Izanagi reached the entrance named the "Even Pass of Yomi".
Critical literature
Several commentators have pointed to the connection between the peach in this story and the general traditional belief or superstition that the peach has supernatural evil-warding powers. The symbolism of the "Peach Boy" or Momotarō that defeated the oni is often used as a familiar illustrative parallel.
See also
Izanami
Oni (demon)
Totsuka-no-Tsurugi
Aarne-Thompson Tale Type 313
Stith Thompson motif D672. Obstacle flight
Lampad (The Lampads or Lampades are the nymphs of the Underworld in Classical Greco-Roman mythology.)
Notes
Citations
References
(Reprint) Wikisource:
External links
Encyclopedia of Shinto: Yomotsushikome
Encyclopedia of Shinto: Yomotsuhisame
Japanese legendary creatures
Shinto kami
Female legendary creatures
Oni |
4039883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margamkali | Margamkali | Margamkali (Malayalam:മാർഗ്ഗംകളി ) is an ancient Indian round dance of the St. Thomas Christians community- based in Kerala state, mainly practiced by the endogamous sub-sect known as the Knanaya or Southist Christians. The dance retells the life and missionary work of Thomas the Apostle, based on the 3rd-century apocryphal Acts of Thomas.
History
There are several opinions on the potential origin of Margamkali. They are:
It is traced back to Jewish wedding songs and dance from the diaspora. Scholars have found common origin among Malabar Jewish dance and songs and the dance form of Margamkali. In addition, scholars like P.M. Jussay and Dr Shalva Weil have found many similarities in the customs and rituals of Knanaya Christians and Malabar Jews.
It is derived from Sangam kali, a performance dance form of Brahmins.
It is derived from the Yathra Kali, a performance art of Nambudiri Brahmins in Kerala.
"Margam" means path or way or solution in Malayalam, but in the religious context it is known as the path to attain salvation. The process of conversion to Christianity was known as "Margam Koodal" until recently in Kerala. Much of this folk art is woven around the mission of St. Thomas, the Apostle. The original Margam Kali describes the arrival of St. Thomas in Malabar, the miracles he performed, the friendship as well as the hostility of the people among whom he worked, the persecution he suffered, the churches and crosses he put up in various places, etc. These details are incorporated in the various stanzas of the Margam Kali songs. Kerala's Margam Kali is an important element in the age-old and hallowed tradition of St Thomas among the Syrian Christians of Malabar Coast.
The disparity between the present condition of this form and the early days leads one to assume three important phases in the history of Margamkali. The first phase was the pre-colonization one in which this semi-theatrical form was performed by the Saint Thomas Christians during special occasions. Parichamuttukali (The sword and shield dance) was also a part of it. Later Synod of Diamper curbed and suppressed this native form. During the seventeenth century, due to the efforts of a Knanaya priest Itti Thomman Kathanar, the textual part of this form got certain upliftment and care. The Margamkali might have been edited and refashioned into the present fourteen stanza structure during this period. However, until the end of the nineteenth century the art form was not in common practice even though it did exist in some places. But at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, the form became popular once again, and some structural changes took place then. Masters such as Kalarikal Unni ashan, Indumoottil Kocheppu ashan, Indumoottil Kutto ashan were some of them who were responsible for this change and upheaval. By this time the Knanaya scholar Puttanpurikkal Uthuppu Lukose compiled and published Margamkali Pattukal in 1910. In 1924 the European priest and scholar Fr. Hosten S.J. witnessed the Margam Kali danced by the Knanaya of Kottayam and was enamored by the ancient artform. Subsequently, Hosten endeavored to present the dance at the Mission Exhibitions at the Vatican in 1925 by bringing these dancers to Rome, however this venture was met with mass resentment and disapproval from the Northist St. Thomas Christians who viewed the artform as being an "uncouth performance" and stated that if performed it "might ridicule all the St. Thomas Christians".
During the 1960s the St. Thomas Christian scholar of folk culture Dr. Chummar Choondal led a sociological survey of the Margam Kali and noted that the practice was solely of the Knanaya Community. Furthermore, Choondal found that all of the Margam teachers and groups of the time period were entirely Knanaya. The following analysis of the art-form was stated by Dr. Chummar Choondal.
“Knanaya Christians have the most ancient and varied art forms. Margamkali is their
dance form. Generally, it is said that margamkali is said in vogue among the Syrian Christians, but a close and critical observation will show that the practice and propagation of margamkali were among the Knanites. During my research in the 1960s, I could not find this art form practiced in the regions like Trissur and Pala where the Syrians are thickly populated. The traditions of margamkali can thus by analyzed: 70% among Knanaya Catholics and 25% among Knanaya Jacobites.”
In the late 1900s the art form was heavily in decline among the St. Thomas Christian Community but the Knanaya community took upon the initiative to promote and further expand the art form. In the 1970s and 1980s the Knanaya priests Fr. George Karukaparambil and Jacob Vellian as well as scholar of folk culture Dr. Chummar Choondal undertook years of heavy research and study with the help of 33 Knanaya ashans or teachers of Margam Kali to revitalize the ancient art form. Through critical historical, musicological, and ethnochoreological evaluation this team of researchers systematized Margam Kali and promoted it among schools and cultural organizations as an item of competition in youth festivals and eventually presented it to Kerala's Minister of Education who introduced a 14 minute long documentary created by the team. In order to make sure Margam Kali would be an art form set in stone, the team looked for a formal center for the furthering or Margam Kali and allied Christian art forms. Mar Kuriakose Kunnasserry the Bishop of the Knanaya Diocese of Kottayam came to the aide of the team in 1995 and established Hadusa (Syriac for Dancing/Rejoicing), as an All India Institute of Christian Performing Arts which in part has forever aided the existence and prominence of Margam Kali today. Hadusa has released a text titled "Margam kali Aattaprakaaram" which is considered as an authentic reference material for this art form.
Performance
Typically, a dozen dancers sing and dance clapping around a Nilavilakku wearing the traditional "Chattayum Mundum". The lamp represents Christ and the performers his disciples. The performance is usually held in two parts ("padham") and begins with songs and dances narrating the life of Saint Thomas, the apostle. It then takes a striking turn with a martial play of artificial swords and shields. Margamkali does not use any instruments other than two small palm size cymbals played by the same person who sings the song.
It was originally played by men and afterwards by boys, but nowadays women also perform the dance.
Today
Currently both Margamkali and Parichamuttukali are included in the State Youth Festival of Kerala. This makes these art forms a competitive item in the Four-tier system (i.e. School, Sub District, Revenue and State level) Youth festival. Margam Kali is performed mainly by women in cultural shows and by school children in a variety of competitions.
Bibliography
See also
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
Notes
External links
Dances of Kerala
Arts of Kerala |
4039886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex%20offense | Flex offense | The Flex offense is an offensive strategy in basketball invented in 1967 by Rene Herrerias while coaching at Cal-Berkeley. It was utilized to bring UCLA's star center, Lew Alcindor (later known as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar), away from the basketball. The offense was originally called the "Cha Cha". It is a patterned offense relying on cuts across the key (called a "flex cut") and down screens to create a "pick-the-picker" action. This offense is most effective against a man-to-man defense, though some ambitious coaches have used it against odd front zones. It is the favored offense of many high school programs because it requires players to be in constant motion and the patterns of screens and cuts are easy to remember. Though dismissed by many coaches at the college level for its predictability, some notable programs still rely on it. It has been run by many NCAA teams, including by Gary Williams of the University of Maryland. Williams used the flex offense to lead the Terrapins to the 2002 NCAA National Championship. Also, Gordie James of Willamette University used the flex offense to lead the Bearcats to the 1993 NAIA Division II National Championship. Additionally, Jerry Sloan ran his variation of it for years with the Utah Jazz.
The flex is a type of continuity offense, similar to (and in fact derived from) the earlier shuffle offense.
The basic theory behind the flex offense is that all players are interchangeable—no player has a traditional role. The point guard advances the ball up the court to start the offense, while other players set screens to create openings. Typically, the point guard sets the offense on the same side as a low-post player positioned at the right block. The point guard passes opposite to a high-post at the top of the key while a wing player cuts off a screen by the low post player towards the ball to receive a pass from the high post player. The point guard screens down to the low post player who moves to the top of the key to receive a pass from the high post player. The same cut occurs on the other side of the ball and the offense begins its continuous cycle.
Variations
Gonzaga University runs a modified version of the simplistic flex offense. The University of Maryland ran a modified version of the flex offense under previous head coach Gary Williams. Maryland's prior offense attempted to run a version of the flex offense that allowed for closer shots at the basket, and was less focused on obtaining open perimeter jump shots. Boston College under Coach Al Skinner also ran the flex; the BC version was very compact, creating an extremely physical game and limiting a team's ability to help because of how collapsed the floor is.
Variations of the flex include the 5 man flex, utilizing all 5 players in the cutting and screening action and the 4 man flex, which utilizes 4 players. Since this offense is classified as a continuity offense, in which players repeat specific actions, some teams will build in options within the offense to keep defenses from anticipating a particular cut or screen.
References
http://analyzetheoffense.blogspot.ca/2012/01/mavericks.html
http://espn.go.com/blog/truehoop/post/_/id/18622/what-the-chicago-bulls-can-learn-from-the-utah-jazz
Basketball terminology
Basketball strategy |
4039908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Bromley | Little Bromley | Little Bromley is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England. The name "Bromley" is Old English for "broomy wood/clearing". The village lies east northeast of Colchester and south of Manningtree. It is surrounded by the parishes of Lawford, Ardleigh, Great Bromley, Little Bentley, and Mistley. Its area is about . The population was reported to be 426 in the 1841 census, 361 in the 1911 census, 289 in the 2001 census, and 253 in the 2011 census. The main economic activity is arable farming. The village shop, mentioned in Kelly's Directory of Essex (1914), ceased operating in the 1990s.
The Anglican Church of St Mary the Virgin, is no longer used for regular worship and is in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. A Methodist chapel, built in 1863, closed in the late 1980s.
Nearby places
References
External links
Entry in "History, Gazetteer, and Directory of the County of Essex" by William White, 1848
Entry in Kelly's Directory of Essex, 1914
Village website
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring |
4039922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devoted%20to%20You%20%28song%29 | Devoted to You (song) | "Devoted to You" is a song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant.
The best-known recording was by The Everly Brothers, released by Cadence Records as catalog number 1350. This version was issued as the flip side of "Bird Dog," but reached the charts on its own, at No. 10 on the United States pop charts, No. 25 in Australia, and No. 1 in Canada. In addition, the song reached No. 7 on the United States country music chart and No. 2 on the rhythm and blues chart.
Charts
Carly Simon and James Taylor version
The song was also recorded by American singer-songwriters Carly Simon and James Taylor, appearing on Simon's 1978 album, Boys in the Trees. Following the smash success of the album's first single "You Belong to Me", Devoted to You was released as the second single, and it also became a Top 40 hit. Charting on both the Billboard Pop singles chart and Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, as well as the Hot Country Songs chart. The song also charted in Canada, peaking at No. 50.
Personnel
Carly Simon - lead vocals
James Taylor - lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Richard Tee - Fender Rhodes electric piano
Hugh McCracken - electric guitar solo
Will Lee - bass
Steve Gadd - drums
Track listing
7" single
"Devoted to You" – 2:29
"Boys in the Trees" – 3:13
Charts
Cover versions
The Beach Boys' rendition was a part of their 1965 album Beach Boys' Party!, sung by Mike Love and Brian Wilson. This version was later included as the B-side to the Mike Love and Brian Wilson single, "Gettin' Hungry". A recording without the Party! sound effects can be found on their Hawthorne, CA compilation.
Brian Hyland covered the song for his 1964 album Here's to Our Love. Sandy Posey recorded a compelling cover on her Sweet Dreams album, in which she emulated the Everly Brothers' harmony using multi-track recording. The song was also covered by The Seekers on their 1993 live album 25 Year Reunion Celebration, and by Linda Ronstadt and Valerie Carter on Ronstadt's 1996 album Dedicated to the One I Love.
References
1958 songs
Songs written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant
The Everly Brothers songs
The Beach Boys songs
Carly Simon songs
James Taylor songs |
4039957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Kane | Steven Kane | Steven Kane (born 5 June 1980) is a British racing driver who currently competes in the Blancpain Endurance Series and Avon Tyres British GT Championship for M-Sport Bentley driving a Bentley Continental GT3.
Career
Kane, who was born in Newtownards, County Down and grow up in Ballynahinch, was voted McLaren Autosport BRDC Young Driver of the Year in 2001 (earning a test with the McLaren Formula One team), after winning the Junior Formula Ford Zetec championship by taking 8 wins and 4 runners-up spots in 12 races. From 2003 to 2005 he competed in Formula Three; finishing as runner-up in the Scholarship class (for year-old cars) of the 2003 British Formula 3 Championship, finishing 3rd overall in Spain in 2004, and in 2005 he was 9th in the main British F3 championship. That year he took 3 poles and a win, despite the deal only coming together a day before the season began. At the end of 2005 he became the first driver ever to race a Lola at the Macau Formula Three race. He then raced in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series, with a best result of 2nd.
For 2007 he moved into the Porsche Carrera Cup GB, finishing 3rd overall and fighting for the title until the final round, with a series-high seven wins, including pole position at Thruxton.
In 2008 he competed in the BTCC, driving a BMW for the Motorbase Performance team. He started the year strongly, finishing 8th on his debut and later taking a 6th place at Rockingham Motor Speedway after a tough weekend. At Croft he ran 4th for a while, but dropped out with an electrical problem on the final lap. His first podium finish came at the next meeting at Snetterton. At the next meeting at Oulton Park, he qualified 15th before advancing to 9th in race 1, and from 9th on the grid to 4th in race 2, before being eliminated from race 3 after a first-lap hit from Tom Chilton.
He did not return to the BTCC for 2009. He is the series test driver for the new FIA Formula Two Championship, and co-commentator alongside Martin Haven on Eurosport2's coverage of the championship.
On 26 September 2009 he was a guest driver in the Kumho BMW Championship at Oulton Park. He qualified first in both qualifying sessions, and won both races. He was later punished with two points on his racing license after he was deemed by the stewards to have taken out another competitor on purpose.
Kane returned to the BTCC with the Airwaves BMW team for the 2010 season, partnering Mat Jackson. Kane won his first BTCC race at Thruxton on 4 April 2010 when he completed a one-two for Airwaves BMW in race three. He finished sixth overall at the end of the 2010 season with 169 points.
On 15 June 2011, it was announced that Kane would pilot a Lola-Mazda prototype for Dyson Racing in the American Le Mans Series, partnering with Humaid al-Masaood. He and al-Masaood finished 3rd overall (and 3rd in the LMP1 class) in each of their first two ALMS events at Lime Rock Park and Mosport. Kane and al-Masaood claimed their first overall victory at the inaugural Baltimore Grand Prix.
For 2012, Kane will race with Humaid al-Masaood in the Oryx Racing's Audi R8 GRAND-AM program in the Rolex Sports Car Series. In addition to this, Kane will also compete at the 12 Hours of Sebring with the Dyson Racing team.
Kane switched from racing in North America to Europe in 2013, joining JRM Racing to campaign a Nissan GT-R in the Blancpain Endurance Series alongside Peter Dumbreck and Lucas Luhr. Kane and Dumbreck finished eighth in the series' Pro Cup standings.
Kane has joined M-Sport for 2014, driving a Bentley Continental GT3 alongside Humaid Al Masaood in the British GT Championship, and with Guy Smith and Andy Meyrick in the Blancpain Endurance Series, after scoring a 4th place with the team at the 2013 Abu Dhabi Gulf 12 Hours.
2014 started brightly for Kane as he and his team mates Guy Smith and Andy Meyrick took a fourth place at Monza in April, followed by a home win at Silverstone in late May. A further victory came at the end of June at Paul Ricard which ultimately ensured a runners-up position in the final Blancpain Endurance Series standings.
For 2015 Kane stays with Bentley. His season started well with fourth-place finishes at both the Bathurst 12 Hours in February and the opening Monza Blancpain race in April.
Racing record
Career summary
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.
Complete Porsche Supercup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Guest driver – Not eligible for points.
Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded in first race) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap – 1 point given all races)
References
External links
Career statistics from Driver Database
Profile at BTCCPages.com
1980 births
Living people
Racing drivers from Northern Ireland
Formula Ford drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
British GT Championship drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
Porsche Supercup drivers
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
ADAC GT Masters drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
Porsche Carrera Cup GB drivers
T-Sport drivers
Epsilon Euskadi drivers
Abt Sportsline drivers
Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers
Racing Engineering drivers
OAK Racing drivers |
4039958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thlaspi%20caerulescens | Thlaspi caerulescens | Thlaspi caerulescens, the Alpine Penny-cress or alpine pennygrass, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is found in Scandinavia and Europe.
Description
Thlaspi caerulescens is a low biennial or perennial plant that has small basal rosettes of stalked elliptic–lanceolate leaves with entire margins. The one or more flowering stems have small stalkless, alternate leaves clasping the stem. The inflorescence is a dense raceme which continues to lengthen after flowering. The individual flowers are regular, with white or pinkish petals and are about wide. Each has four sepals, four petals, six stamens (four long and two short) with violet anthers, and a single carpel. The fruit is many-seeded and narrowly spatulate and has a notched tip. This plant flowers in late spring.
Distribution and habitat
In Europe it is found in Finland and Sweden, in all but the most northerly regions. It is also found in the Alps, the Massif Central, the Pyrenees, eastern Norway, southern Germany, and northern England. It is a plant of dry hillside meadows, forest margins, banks, gardens, lawns, pastures, field margins, yards and bare places.
Phytoremediation
Alpine pennycress has been cited in phytoremediation to have special phytoextractional properties and is known to absorb cadmium with very good results and in certain instances is said to have absorbed zinc as well. Leaves accumulate up to 380 mg/kg Cd.
References
Brassicaceae
Flora of Finland
Flora of Norway
Flora of Sweden
Flora of Europe
Flora of Germany
Alpine flora
Phytoremediation plants |
4039960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devoted%20to%20You | Devoted to You | Devoted to You may refer to:
Devoted to You (film), a 1986 Hong Kong film
"Devoted to You" (song), a 1958 popular song written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and popularized by the Everly Brothers
See also
"Hopelessly Devoted to You", a 1977 song recorded by Olivia Newton-John for the movie musical Grease |
4039970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caslon%20Antique | Caslon Antique | Caslon Antique is a decorative American typeface that was designed in 1894 by Berne Nadall. It was originally called "Fifteenth Century", but was renamed "Caslon Antique" by Nadall's foundry, Barnhart Bros. & Spindler, in the mid-1920s.
The design of the typeface is meant to evoke the Colonial era. Early printers would reuse metal type over and over again, and the faces would become chipped and damaged from use. Caslon Antique emulates this look.
Variants
An italic variant of the font is also available.
In addition to versions available under the traditional name, Corel produces its own version of the font under the name "Casablanca Antique."
Notable uses
Caslon Antique is popular today when an "old-fashioned" or "gothic" look is desired.
It was used in the opening credits of the Jacques Rivette film La Belle Noiseuse. It is used by the musical group The Sisters of Mercy and Sepultura on their albums, for the logo of the musical Les Misérables, and for the covers of the books in A Series of Unfortunate Events. It is also frequently used on historical displays. It is used for the Warhammer Fantasy Role-Play role-playing game.
The 1985 reboot of the TV series The Twilight Zone uses it. Most recently, it has been used on promotional material for the smash musical Monty Python's Spamalot on Broadway, the West End, and its tour of the United States. British 1980s band The The also used the font in several of their music videos, usually displaying several lyrics from the song in the opening scenes. It used on the cover of Regina Spektor's album Begin to Hope. Caslon Antique is also the main font used by Smuttynose Brewing Company in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The font is also used in some circumstances of the 2009 children's show Horrible Histories.
See also
Samples of display typefaces
External links
Identifont profile on Caslon Antique
Display typefaces
Old style serif typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Photocomposition typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1894 |
4039972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.Leclerc | E.Leclerc | E.Leclerc (informally simply Leclerc, ) is a French cooperative society and hypermarket chain, headquartered in Ivry-sur-Seine.
E.Leclerc was established on 1 January 1948 by Édouard Leclerc in Brittany. E.Leclerc currently has more than 720 locations in France and 85 stores outside of the country, as of 2019. The chain enables semi-independent stores to operate under the Leclerc brand.
Own brand ranges come under the Marque Repère and Eco+ banners, as well as a MVNO called Réglo Mobile which uses the mobile network of SFR. Some larger hypermarkets have a separate entertainment/multimedia section, under the name of Espace Culturel.
E.Leclerc operates numerous stores and services around France, some near and in cities and towns while most of them are located just outside or in the hypermarkets and shopping centres.
L'auto (Car Garage)
Brico (DIY store)
Le Prou Construction (Residential and commercial construction)
Espace Culturel (Multimedia store/DVD store)
Jardin (Garden Centre)
Location (A Quick Car rental Service)
Manège à Bijoux (Jewelry Kiosk)
Optique (Opticians)
Parapharmacie (Pharmacy, Chemist store)
Sport (Sports shop)
Station-Service (Petrol/Gas Station)
UNE HEURE POUR SOI (Perfume store)
Bornes électriques (Electrical store)
Animalerie (Pet Shop)
Jouets (Game store mainly aimed at kids)
Occasion (Second-hand products)
History of Leclerc
In 1949, Édouard Leclerc opened his first store, in Landerneau, in Brittany, on the same model as the self-service grocery store invented by Félix Potin in 1844. Subsequently, in the 1950s, a new brand called E.Leclerc clothing opens its doors and the sixtieth E.Leclerc center also opens its doors in Issy-les-Moulineaux by Jean-Pierre Le Roch. In 1962, the E.Leclerc Centers Purchasing Group (GALEC) was created. In 1964, the Landerneau store expanded, becoming the first E.Leclerc hypermarket. From 1969, 75 centers withdrew to form the future Intermarché. Over the years, several spaces were founded such as Le Manège à Bijoux in 1986, E.Leclerc Voyages in 1987, L'auto E.Leclerc in 1988 and the Parapharmacy E.Leclerc in 1988 after the end of the pharmacists' monopoly on sales. parapharmacy products. In 1973, Édouard Leclerc invented the concept of wine fairs, which he launched in his supermarkets.
In 1991, E.Leclerc launched a first-price range and created the Tissaia brand, the first E.Leclerc clothing brand. In 1992, he opened his first store in Pamplona in Spain and began to expand in Europe. The first E.Leclerc Cultural Center opened its doors in 1994. Leclerc opened its first store in Warsaw, Poland. E.Leclerc stopped distributing disposable plastic bags in 1996. The Repère brand was launched for the first time in 1997 by the brand. The following year, opening of the first E.Leclerc perfumery “One hour for oneself”. During 1998, E.Leclerc and the Système U group joined forces and created a common purchasing center called “Lucie”. The agreement will last only three years. Only the fuel purchase activity survived and the entity was renamed “Synergie” without publicity.
Leclerc stores
As of 2019, there were 721 E.Leclerc stores in France, along with 690 DRIVE stores. There were 83 stores outside of France. Leclerc stores are also present in Poland, Portugal, Spain, Réunion, Andorra, Slovenia and Wallis and Futuna.
References
External links
Official site
Hypermarkets of France
Retail companies established in 1948
French companies established in 1948
French brands |
4039984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Catharines%20Standard | St. Catharines Standard | The St. Catharines Standard is a daily newspaper of the city of St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. As of May 2020, the publication was owned by Torstar but on May 26, 2020, the company agreed to be acquired by NordStar Capital, a private investment firm. The deal was expected to close prior to year end.
History
The St. Catharines Standard was started in 1891, by W. B. Burgoyne. The Standard, located in St. Catharines, Ontario, is the largest daily newspaper in Niagara. It has published continuously since 1891.
Its focus is local news, and it includes national and international news, sports, entertainment and lifestyle reporting. The newspaper is a consistent winner of Ontario Newspaper Awards, along with other newspaper industry awards.
It was later purchased by Southam Newspapers and then Canwest Global Communications. Osprey Media took over as publisher for a number of years until June 1, 2007, when it was announced Quebecor would acquire the company and its newspapers for $355.5 million. In 2015, Quebecor's English language newspapers were sold to Postmedia.
The Standard was one of several Postmedia newspapers purchased by Torstar in a transaction between the two companies which concluded on November 27, 2017. The paper continued to be published by the Metroland Media Group subsidiary of Torstar.
See also
List of newspapers in Canada
References
External links
Mass media in St. Catharines
Torstar publications
Daily newspapers published in Ontario
Publications established in 1891
1891 establishments in Ontario |
4039989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimmanakali | Chimmanakali | Chimmanakali is an art form of Pulaya of north Kerala, south India. Chimmanam should mean humor or chat. Chimmanakali is associated with Garbhabali known as Kannal Kalampattu. The song sung for this play is known as chothiyum pidiym pattu. Very often speeches braced with humor are held. The incidents are dramatized and presented. Chimmanakali essentially is a satirical form of art performed to point out evils of society.
See also
Pulayan
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
Dances of India
Culture of Kerala |
4039991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamilari | Kamilari | Kamilari is a village on the island of Crete, Greece, with 379 inhabitants. There is an archaeological site of an ancient Minoan cemetery nearby. The origin of the name 'Kamilari' is Byzantine. It is derived from the word 'kamilaris' or ‘Καμηλάρης’ meaning 'the one who rides a camel' Original owners of the name Kamilari live in Cyprus as Catholic Maronites and are quite active with investments and activities in the area of Kamilari.
Kamilari is built atop three hills:
Ovgora, meaning "good view" is the highest one with an altitude of 110m,
Goulas is the one with the old school and the Hellenistic findings on top and
Alevrota, reachable from the village exit in direction of Sivas.
The village and the surrounding places can also be visited via the virtual tour.
Archaeology
The Minoan tholos tomb is on a low hill 1.9 kilometers southwest of Hagia Triada. East of the tomb were five rooms, probably added during Middle Minoan IIIA, and an area for offerings north of these rooms. Here, 500 vases were found upside down. Another 250 vases were found inside the tholos tomb.
Three clay models were found in the Late Minoan IIIA burials. One is of a group of dancers, another is two people standing in front of four seated people, and the third is of a banquet including the Minoan horns "of consecration" and doves. These artefacts are on display at the Heraklion Archaeological Museum.
Village amenities
There are numerous villas and rooms to rent. There is a supermarket with a traditional butcher's shop. Fairs are held during the feast-days of the village on 27 July and 6 August.
References
External links
Minoan Crete Kamilari page, Ian Swindale
Cultural committee of Kamilari webpage
A Kamilari website for the village and the surrounding places
Kamilari and surrounding areas virtual tour
Minoan sites in Crete
Ancient cemeteries in Greece
Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit) |
4040023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaykh%20al-Mufid | Al-Shaykh al-Mufid | Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Nu'man al-'Ukbari al-Baghdadi, known as al-Shaykh al-Mufid () and Ibn al-Mu'allim (c.9481022 CE), was a prominent Twelver Shia theologian. His father was a teacher (mu'allim), hence the name Ibn al-Mu'allim. The title "al-Mufid" was given to him either by Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia Imam, or by al-Rummani, a Sunni scholar, after a conversation with him. The leader of the Shia community, he was a mutakallim, theologian, and Shia jurist.
He was taught by Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Ibn Qulawayh, Abu Abdallah al-Basri and al-Rummani, and Sharif al-Murtaza and Shaykh Tusi were among his students. Only 10 of his 200 works have survived, among which are Amali, Al-Irshad, Al-Muqni'ah, and Tashih al-Itiqadat.
Early life and education
Al-Mufid was born in 'Ukbara, a small town to the north of Baghdad, on 11th Dhul Qa'dah in 336 Hijra. According to Shaykh Tusi, however, he was born in 338AH, and later migrated with his father to Baghdad, where the Shia Buwayhids were ruling. He studied with Ibn Babawayh.
Sharif al-Murtaza and Shaykh Tusi were among his students. His career coincided with that of the Mu'tazili theologian and leader of the Bahshamiyya school, 'Abd al-Jabbar. Al-Mufid was often attacked, and his library and school were destroyed.
He was also called Ibn Muallim, meaning "son of the teacher"; Muallim was his father. Among his teachers were the Shia theologian Abu Ali al-Iskafi, Abu Abdallah al-Marzubani, Abu Abdallah al-Basri, Abu al-Hassan, and Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani.
Commonly known as the leader of the Shia, Al-Mufid is regarded as the most famous scholar of the Buyid period and an eminent jurist, mainly due to his contributions in the field of kalam. According to Ibn al-Nadim, who knew al-Mufid personally, he was the head of the Shia Mutekallimun in the field of kalam, and al-Tawhidi, who was also personally familiar with al-Mufid, described him as "eloquent and skillful at dialectic (jadal)". His skill in polemical debate was such that he was said to be capable of convincing his opponents "that a wooden column was actually gold". He was taught the Islamic science of hadith by Al-Shaykh al-Saduq.
His nickname "al-Mufid"
It is said that al-Mufid earned his name "al-Mufid" as a result of a dispute about the relative merits of two events, the Ghadir Khumm and the Cave. Al-Mufid participated in a lecture given by Isa al-Rummani, where in a response to a question al-Rummani claimed that Ghadir Khum was based merely on riwayah (transmitted tradition), while the story of the Cave was based on diraya (knowledge). After the lecture, al-Mufid visited al-Rummani and asked him about Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr, who had rebelled against Ali, "a legitimate Imam". Al-Rummani responded that they had repented, and al-Mufid claimed that their repenting was merely based on riwaya, whereas the war was based in diraya. Al-Rummani then sent al-Mufid to al-Basri, with a note nicknaming the bearer "al-Mufid" ("the Instructor"). However, according to Ibn Shahr Ashub, in his Ma'alimul Ulamaa, the name was given to him by Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shia Imam.
As a theologian
Taught by Abdallah al-Basri, the Mutazili theologian and hanafi jurist, al-Mufid adopted many theological opinions. Macdermott believes that al-Mufid's theology is closer to the old Baghdad school of Mutazilism than to Abdul Jabbar's late Basran system. His methodology is closer to that of the Baghdad school, and he seems to have followed the Baghdad school and Mutazilism in his views concerning such questions as God's unity and justice. However, al-Mufid differs from Mutazilism on the problem of Imamate and the position of grave sin in this life. Al-Mufid tried to defend the role of reasonhe described it as Al-Nazarand also disputed for the truth and put away faults with the help of argument and proofs. Also, al-Mufid believed that the task of a theologian was according to reason and argument. His views were adopted by his pupils, 'Abd al-Jabbar and Sharif al-Murtaza.
God's attributes
Al-Mufid defined God's unity in this way: According to al-Mufid, all believers in God's unity, save for "some eccentric anthropomorphists", agree with this. Like Mutazilis, al-Mufid rejected "the simple realism of the Ash'arite theory of attribution". However, al-Mufid and 'Abd al-Jabbar give different explanations of what an attribute is, and whether it is in an object or in the mind.
Prophecy
According to al-Mufid, there is an absolute necessity for prophets, since in order to know God and moral principles man needs revelation, and he noted that "every apostle (rasul) is a prophet but every prophet (nabi) is not an apostle". Although he took care to make a distinction between an apostle and a prophet as the Quran does, he did not believe that there was a difference in their functions, which enabled him to put the Imams on the level of the prophets and the apostles except in terms of their names.
Imamah
Al-Mufid defined the Imamiya as those who believe in the necessity of Imamah, Ismah and personal nass, i.e., personal designation. He tended to the belief that the Imams are superior to all the prophets and apostles, with the exception of Muhammad. According to al-Mufid, Imams can "take the place of the prophets in enforcing judgments, seeing to the execution of the legal penalties, safeguarding the Law, and educating mankind", a definition which makes an Imam not only "the head of the community in administrative, judicial, and military matters", but an "authoritative teacher of mankind". This attitude regarding Shia Imam is the basis of other teaching in Mufid theology such as Imam's immunity from sin and error, the necessity of having an imam in all the times and the way the Imam should be designated.
His criticisms of Al-Shaykh al-Saduq
On a number of occasions al-Mufid was critical of his teacher, Al-Shaykh al-Saduq, and his Tashih al-Itiqadat was a correction of al-Saduq's Risalat al-Itaqadat. Not limiting himself to theological matters, al-Mufid rejected al-Saduq's resort to akhbar al-ahad (single tradition), particularly when a legal statement is to be issued. However, he did not object to al-Saduq's views concerning the extent of the Quran; he only criticized his views on the nature of the Quran. Unlike al-Saduq, al-Mufid accepted "religious and speculative theology". While al-Saduq allowed controversy "only in the form of quoting and explaining the words of God, the Prophet, and the Imams", reporting a tradition from Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Imam of Shia, al-Mufid believed that there were two kinds of disputationnamely, "true" and "vain".
Works
Shaykh al-Mufid is said to have written 200 works, of which only a few more than ten have survived. Some of his works are as follows:
Al-Amali (of Shaykh Mufid), also known as "Al-Majaalis", traditions recorded by al-Mufid's pupils during the sessions where al-Mufid gave the chain of narration ending up with himself
Tashih al-Itiqadat, a correction of al-Saduq's Risalat al-Itiqadat
َAwail Al Maqalat, an elaboration of al-Mufid's theology and "a practical catalogue of Imamite positions on disputed questions"
Kitab al-Irshad or Al-Irshad fi ma'rifat hujaj Allah 'ala al-'ibad, on the lives of the Shia Imams
Al-Fusul al-`Ashara fi al-Ghaybah
Ahkam al-Nisa, on legal obligations regarding women
Fifth Risalah on Ghaybah
Al-Muqni'ah (The Legally Sufficient) The commentary on this book by Shaykh Tusi, Tadhhib al-Ahkam fi Sharh al-Muqni'ah, is among the Shia four books.
Tawqees
Al-Mufid received two Tawqees by Muhammad al-Mahdi during major occultation.
Death
Al-Mufid died on the third day of Ramadan in 413AH. According to the Shia writer Shaykh Tusi, "The day of his death drew the largest crowd ever seen in any funeral, and both friends and foes wept uncontrollably". He remained buried in his own house for two years, after which his body was moved to Al Kadhimiya Mosque and buried next to his teacher, Ibn Qulawayh al-Qummi. His grave is near the feet of two of the Shia Imams, Musa al-Kadhim and his grandson Muhammad al-Jawad.
In popular culture
The ninth day of Azar in Iran's official calendar is the commemoration day of Shaykh al-Mufid.
An image of Mofid has been shown as imaginary in a paint.
See also
Muhammad al-Kulaynī
Allāmah Majlisī
Shaykh al-Hur al-Āmilī
Ja'fari jurisprudence
Holiest sites in Islam
Secondary studies
Paul Sander, Zwischen Charisma und Ratio, Berlin, 1994
Tamima Bayhom-Daou, Shaykh Mufid, Makers of the Muslim World, Oxford, 2005
References
External links
Al-Amali
Kitab al-Irshad
Karbala Historical Resources
The Emendation of a Shi‘ite Creed
Kitab Al-Irshad
948 births
1022 deaths
10th-century Arabs
11th-century Arabs
Iraqi Shia Muslims
Shia scholars of Islam
People from Baghdad |
4040030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.-class%20torpedo%20boat | 2.-class torpedo boat | The 2.-class torpedo boat was a designation in the Scandinavian countries for a type of fast steam torpedo boats between 40 tons and 80 tons, in service from the 1880s to after World War I.
Ships in class
Royal Danish Navy
1882 Torpedobaad Nr. 2
1882 Torpedobaad Nr. 3
1882 Torpedobaad Nr. 4
1882 Torpedobaad Nr. 5
1884 Torpedobaad Nr. 6
1884 Torpedobaad Nr. 7
1886 Torpedobaad Nr. 8
1886 Torpedobaad Nr. 9
1888 Torpedobaad Nr. 10
1888 Torpedobaad Nr. 11
1889 Torpedobaad Nr. 12
1894 Torpedobaad Hajen
1894 Torpedobaad Søulven
Royal Norwegian Navy
HNoMS Lyn (1882)
HNoMS Glimt
HNoMS Blink
HNoMS Pil
HNoMS Snar
HNoMS Orm
HNoMS Oter
HNoMS Varg
HNoMS Raket
HNoMS Djerv
HNoMS Kvik
HNoMS Hvas
HNoMS Kjaek
HNoMS Hauk
HNoMS Falk
HNoMS Orn
HNoMS Ravn
HNoMS Grib
HNoMS Jo
HNoMS Skarv
HNoMS Teist
HNoMS Kjell (1912)
Royal Swedish Navy
HSwMS Hugin (1884)
References
Torpedo boat classes |
4040032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Steffler | John Steffler | John Steffler (born November 13, 1947) is a Canadian poet and novelist. He served as Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate from 2006 to 2008.
Biography
John Steffler was born in Toronto, Ontario, on November 13, 1947, and grew up in a rural area near Thornhill. He obtained a B.A. (Honours) in English from University College, University of Toronto, in 1971, and an M.A. in English (1974) from the University of Guelph, with a thesis titled "The Origin and Development of Los: a Study of the Prophetic Poetry of William Blake". He taught at the Department of English, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, from 1975 until 2006. He has served as writer-in-residence and part-time faculty at University of New Brunswick, University of Guelph, and Concordia University, and has facilitated workshops with the Banff Centre and Sage Hill writing programs. After leaving Newfoundland in 2006, Steffler lived in Montreal until 2008, and until 2019 divided his time between Montreal and rural Ontario, where he lives with his wife, poet Susan Gillis.
Bibliography
Poetry
An Explanation of Yellow. Ottawa: Borealis Press, 1981.
The Grey Islands. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1985.
The Wreckage of Play. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1988.
That Night We Were Ravenous. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1998.
The Grey Islands. London, ON: Brick Books, 2000.
Helix: new and selected poems. Montreal : Signal Editions, 2002.
The Grey Islands, unabridged audio edition (2007)
Lookout. Plattsburgh, NY: McClelland and Stewart, 2010. (shortlisted for the 2011 Griffin Poetry Prize)
Forty-One Pages: On Poetry, Language and Wilderness. Regina: University of Regina Press, 2019.
And Yet. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2020.
Novels
The Afterlife of George Cartwright. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1993.
German Mills: A Novel Pertaining to the Life and Times of William Berczy. Gaspereau Press, 2015.
Children's books
Flights of Magic. Victoria: Press Porcepic, 1987.
Anthologies
Coastlines: The Poetry of Atlantic Canada, ed. Anne Compton, Laurence Hutchman, Ross Leckie and Robin McGrath (Goose Lane Editions, 2002)
Except where noted, bibliographical information courtesy Canadian Poetry Online.
References
External links
John Steffler on the University of Toronto Library Canadian Poets List
Griffin Poetry Prize biography of John Steffler, including video clip
"At the Foot of a Wall" from That Night We Were Ravenous, online at CBC Words at Large
John Steffler speaks about his appointment as Canada's Parliamentary Poet Laureate, online at CBC Words at Large (audio)
1947 births
Living people
Canadian Parliamentary Poets Laureate
Writers from Toronto
University of Guelph alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian male poets
Canadian male novelists
Canadian children's writers
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Amazon.ca First Novel Award winners |
4040033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A38%20%28venue%29 | A38 (venue) | A38 is an entertainment and cultural venue on the Danube river in Budapest, Hungary, opened on 30 April 2003. Its structure repurposes a decommissioned stone-carrier ship that operated in Ukraine and is now anchored permanently to the bottom of Petőfi Bridge. The venue variously encompasses a ruin bar, restaurant, exhibition hall, dancefloor, and concert hall.
The A38 is a member of the Trans Europe Halles organization.
Reception
The travel guide publisher Lonely Planet has voted A38 the "Best Bar in the World" in an online poll. Travel writer Craig Turp ranks it number one on his list of the top-10 clubs in Budapest, writing in Top 10 Budapest (2010): "Budapest's top dance venue is located on a ship moored on the Danube. There are three floors to choose from – the upper deck terrace for listening to the latest mellow sounds, the lower deck-level restaurant and the concert and dance hall below. A38 is also popular for classical and rock concerts, held in the hold."
According to the guide website Ruin Bars Budapest, the venue is "one of the best places for non-mainstream music lovers in Budapest with its rich concert programmes ... it outperforms itself by offering cool original and tribute concerts ... it is a community place ... a cultural venue offering a wide range of jazz, punk, world, electronic, contemporary, rock music along with various cultural events (film clubs, gastronomy events etc)".
See also
Upcycling
References
External links
Official Website (English/Hungarian)
Culture in Budapest
Nightclubs in Budapest |
4040036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle%20skiing%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20moguls | Freestyle skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Women's moguls | The Women's Moguls event in freestyle skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy took place on 11 February.
Results
Qualification
Hannah Kearney, the winner of the event at the 2005 World Championship, failed to qualify for the final, while Canadian Jennifer Heil, the World Cup leader finished over a point ahead of the competition in her qualifying race.
Final
Heil, the top qualifier, started last, and was up against the time of Norwegian Kari Traa, who improved on her qualifying sum by 1.39 points. However, Heil's total of 26.50 was nearly a point better than Traa, which gave her the gold.
References
Women's freestyle skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006 in women's sport
Women's events at the 2006 Winter Olympics |
4040047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossfire%20%28board%20game%29 | Crossfire (board game) | Crossfire is a board game created by the Milton Bradley Company in 1971. The object of the game is to score goals by pushing one of the two pucks into the opposing player's goal. This task is accomplished by shooting small metal ball bearings at the pucks using the attached guns. The earliest version of the game featured a flat board, whereas the 90's release board is dome-shaped. This causes the ball bearings to roll into the players' bins more easily, but can cause the pucks to indefinitely rest at the edges of the board. The 2010's rerelease changed this to being sloped with a shallow grade, preventing the pucks from sliding on their own as much and making it easier to get them away from the borders.
Gameplay
The two pucks are made of plastic and rest on a central metal ball bearing. The bearing can spin and roll within the plastic mold allowing greater puck movement and responsiveness to hits. One of the pucks is shaped like a triangle, and the other is star-shaped. The object of the game is to get either piece into your opponents' goal. the first to three “goals” wins.
Marketing
The early 1990s American commercial campaign for this product may be arguably its better-known aspect, portraying the game featured in a supposed near post-apocalyptic future, with the game used for a battle between two young men as "the ultimate challenge". The hero in the exchange was portrayed by a young Tim Maynard, a Shakespearean actor who transitioned into daytime soap opera acting.
References
External links
Tabletop games
Board games introduced in 1971
Board games of physical skill
Milton Bradley Company games |
4040050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Hart%20%28British%20Columbia%20politician%29 | Jim Hart (British Columbia politician) | James Alexander Hart (born October 30, 1955) is a Canadian politician.
Early years
Hart was born in Edmonton, Alberta, was educated in Calgary and completed his military training at Canadian Forces Fleet School Halifax, CFB Borden and CFB Esquimalt. He served in the Canadian Forces twice, first for 5 years in the navy. After training as an Electrical Technician Hart served on 3 of Her Majesty's Canadian Ship's; (HMCS) Gatineau, Qu'Appelle and Yukon. Hart served an addition 5 years as a Canadian Armed Forces Reserve officer and Commanding Officer of the 902 Kiwanis Air Cadet Squadron. Mr. Hart completed his broadcasting training at the Columbia Academy of Radio and Television Arts in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1981. Hart has also studied at the Canadian Securities Institute, completing the Canadian Securities Course and the Ethics, Conduct and Practices Program. Prior to entering political life, Hart worked in the broadcasting industry as radio host, television host, account executive and radio station manager.
Political career
In 1988, Hart was elected to municipal government and served two terms as a Trustee. In 1989, he joined a new national political movement, the Reform Party of Canada, which became the Canadian Alliance in 2000.
Hart was first elected 1993 to represent the riding of Okanagan—Similkameen—Merritt, British Columbia, in the Canadian parliament. He was re-elected in 1997 in the new riding of Okanagan—Coquihalla.
In 1998, as a member of Canada's official opposition, he was elected by his peers as the Vice Chairman of the House Standing Committee of Defense and Veterans’ Affairs. As well, Hart was appointed as Chief Opposition Critic for a number of senior portfolios including Defense, Veterans’ Affairs, and Justice. He also served as an executive member on the Canada/Japan and NATO Parliamentary Associations. After publicly attacking Reform Party leader Preston Manning and accepting the Parliamentary Pension Plan, Hart briefly quit the Reform caucus before publicly apologizing to be accepted back into the caucus.
In March 1996 Hart accused Jean-Marc Jacob, Member of Parliament for Charlesbourg, of sedition for a 1995 communique sent by him (Jacob) to members of the Armed Forces in Quebec concerning the October 30, 1995 separation referendum in that province. The Speaker ruled the matter prima facie, Mr. Hart moved a motion, which after debate was amended, and the House referred the matter to committee for study. See debates, March 12, 1996, pp. 557–67; March 13, 1996, pp. 648–74; March 14, 1996, pp. 680–703; March 18, 1996, pp 854–9. On June 18, 1996 the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs presented its Twenty-Ninth Report which found that although Mr. Jacobs actions were ill-advised, there was no contempt of the House. See Journals June 18, 1996, pp. 565–6; June 20, 1996, pp. 592–3 (House of Commons Procedure and Practice, Robert Marleau and Camille Montpetit )The communique urged Canadian Armed Forces personnel, along with equipment and military hardware to immediately join the new Quebec Armed Forces the day after a "yes" vote in the referendum. The referendum failed to win a majority.
Inquiry
Hart resigned as a Member of Parliament in order so that newly elected Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day could enter the House of Commons through a by-election. After the by-election, Hart received a severance payment of $50,000 from the Canadian Alliance, which prompted a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) inquiry. The Canadian Alliance maintained that the payment was made to cover lost income between the time of his resignation and the date of the next election, and was not an inducement.
The RCMP inquiry concluded that an investigation was not necessary and that neither Hart nor the Canadian Alliance had committed a criminal offence, and no charges were ever laid in the matter.
Later career
Since leaving Parliament, Hart started a Public and Government Relations business, with clients including the British Columbia Naturopathic Association, and continued to speak publicly about proposed changes to health care regulations in British Columbia.
In 2004 Hart moved to the Republic of Georgia and worked as a parliamentary adviser to H.E. Speaker Nino Burjanadze.
In 2005, Hart received an honorary doctorate from Georgian Technical University for his work in parliament and promoting democracy in Georgia.
In May 2008 the Harts returned to Georgia. Jim accepted the position of Dean, School of Governance at Caucasus University.
In the fall of 2008, Jim Hart was offered a position with Management Systems International (MSI) to work in Baghdad, Iraq as Senior Legislative Adviser on a multi-year contract to assist in strengthening the Council of Representatives (COR) Iraq's national parliament. Mr Hart accepted the position and in June 2009 he was promoted to the position of Chief of Party, heading the field operations and programming of the Iraq Legislative Strengthening Program (ILSP) a multimillion-dollar USAID development program.
Jim Hart has been in demand in the field of parliamentary development since 2004, he has managed parliamentary strengthening programs in the Republic of Georgia, Iraq, and Indonesia. In addition, Hart has been active with assignments observing elections in Ukraine, Georgia, and Afghanistan. The impressive list of clients includes international NGO's, USAID, OSCE and the European Union.
From July 2, 2013 to July 1, 2018 he served as a full-time member of the Pacific Regional Division of the Parole Board of Canada.
Publications
Hart, Jim. Straight from Hart''•
References
External links
History of Okanagan-Similkameen-Merritt riding
History of Okanagan Coquihalla riding
Living people
1955 births
Canadian Alliance MPs
20th-century Canadian politicians
Canadian Baptists
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Reform Party of Canada MPs |
4040053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Cellular%20of%20Southern%20Illinois | First Cellular of Southern Illinois | First Cellular of Southern Illinois was a telecommunications company in Illinois, United States.
Services included:
Owned and Operated Wireless phone carrier
At its time, the largest digital network in area served with significant market share.
Extensive nationwide network by partnering with multiple companies across the United States
Sponsorship of local arts and education programs as well as wireless phone donations to area shelters.
The company was purchased by Alltel in an all-cash deal; the acquisition closed on May 1, 2006. Complete turnover of all stores occurred in early October.
External links
Acquisition article
Company website
Acquisition press release
Defunct mobile phone companies of the United States
Communications in Illinois
Defunct companies based in Illinois
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2006
Alltel |
4040068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathukali | Marathukali | Marathukali is a variant of Poorakkali. Poorakkali is a traditional dance ritual performed by men during the nine-day Pooram festival in Bhagavathy temples across Northern Kerala (formerly known as Kolathunadu), south India. Marathukali is a form of Poorakali performed by two parties competently. The ordinary play lacks the competent mood displayed in Marathukali. Big disputes ensue between two parties while performance is on and learned people dissuade both parties from further confrontation.
See also
Arts of Kerala
Kerala Folklore Academy
Poorakkali
Dances of Kerala |
4040075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Magus | Grand Magus | Grand Magus are a three-piece heavy metal band from Stockholm, Sweden that draws influence from classic heavy metal bands and elements of doom metal.
Career
The band was formed in 1996 under the name Smack by former Cardinal Fang vocalist Janne "JB" Christoffersson, bassist Mats "Fox" Skinner, and Iggy on drums. Iggy departed in early 1998 and Fredrik "Trisse" Liefvendahl replaced him after responding to an advert for the vacant drummer position. A change in musical direction was also accompanied by a change of name to Grand Magus. A demo was recorded which received a positive response. This led to an appearance on the Waterdragon Records compilation, Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (2000) and a split 7-inch LP with fellow countrymen Spiritual Beggars (who JB would later join on vocals 2002–2010) on Southern Lord Records.
Their debut album Grand Magus was released on 5 November 2001, through Rise Above Records (who would release the band's first four albums). This album continues to contribute to the band's cult status with doom and heavy metal fans. Two more albums would follow: Monument (25 November 2003) and Wolf's Return (14 June 2005). These would show a progression to a more traditional heavy metal sound but still retain the sound of their groove and stoner roots. Early 2006 saw Magus embark on a European tour supporting Cathedral, along with Electric Wizard, accentuating the band's ability to perform live.
In 2006 Trisse left the band with Sebastian "Seb" Sippola being recruited on drums. The band released their fourth album, Iron Will, on 9 June 2008, which garnered critical acclaim from the rock and music press by achieving first place in Metal Hammer Germany‘s Soundcheck. This would be the last album to be released by Rise Above Records.
It was announced in December 2009 that Roadrunner Records was to release Grand Magus' fifth album, Hammer of the North, the following summer. Released in 21 June 2010, Hammer of the North became a breakout for the band, triumphing in the Soundchecks of both German Hard Rock and Metal Hammer magazines. The album peaked at number 42 on the German album chart leading to a support slot on the joint tour of major acts Mötorhead and Doro. The eponymous track was regularly positioned as a conclusion to their live sets, due to its ability to elicit crowd participation. The album also yielded two other staple live songs in "Ravens Guide Our Way" and primary set opener "I, the Jury".
April 2012 saw the amicable departure of Seb from the band in order for him to concentrate more on family life. This in turn led to long-time friend Ludwig "Ludde" Witt of Spiritual Beggars being recruited as drummer. Their sixth album, The Hunt, was released via Nuclear Blast on 25 May 2012.
The band's seventh album came in the form of Triumph and Power, released 31 January 2014, which maintained the momentum of its predecessor. The cover artwork was created by artist Anthony Roberts.
Grand Magus' eighth album, Sword Songs was released on 13 May 2016. The songs were recorded during the midwinter months of 2015–16, produced by Nico Elgstrand. On the lead-up to the release, JB commented: "We put all of our sweat, blood and tears into this new album and I think that you can hear that. For me, Sword Songs is the best Grand Magus album ever! The new songs are faster and more aggressive than on Triumph and Power — and we have also included some more extreme and harder stuff. I’m convinced that there are some future classics on the disc!" A cover version of Deep Purple's "Stormbringer" was included as a bonus track on the limited edition CD version, the first cover released in the band's history.
Their ninth album, Wolf God, was released on 19 April 2019. The band had scheduled a European tour for March/April 2022, but due to COVID, they called off the tour and will instead spend the year recording a new album, to be released in 2023 and supported by a different tour that year.
Members
Current line-up
Janne "JB" Christoffersson - guitars, lead vocals (1996–present)
Mats "Fox" Skinner - bass, backing vocals (1996–present)
Ludwig "Ludde" Witt - drums (2012–present)
Past members
Fredrik "Trisse" Liefendahl - drums (1998-2006)
Sebastian "Seb" Sippola - drums (2006-2012)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Music videos
References
External links
Official website
Swedish heavy metal musical groups
Swedish doom metal musical groups
Swedish musical trios
Swedish stoner rock musical groups
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Stockholm
Nuclear Blast artists |
4040082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall%20Timbers%20Research%20Station%20and%20Land%20Conservancy | Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy | Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy is a research and learning facility located in northern Leon County, Florida, just off County Road 12 on the north side of Lake Iamonia. Tall Timbers researches the areas of fire ecology, resource management, forestry, game bird management, and vertebrate ecology.
Origins
Edward Beadel was a wealthy Architect from New York City who went south each winter. He was also an avid hunter who lodged at the Piney Woods Hotel in Thomasville, Georgia. The hotel was constructed circa 1885 but burned to the ground in 1906. "Beadel would often cross the Florida border to hunt on the property of Charlie Davis. Beadel was so impressed with Leon County that in 1895 he purchased 2,200-acres (890 ha) of land along the north shore of Lake Iamonia for $8000. At that time he also designed and built a $3000 vernacular colonial revival home where a plantation house had once stood. He renamed the property Tall Timbers Plantation. The home had its own water tower, boat house, and other outbuildings.
Edward Beadel died in 1919 and the property passed to his nephew, Henry Ludlow Beadel. Henry was a philanthropist and naturalist who had been hunting in Leon County since 1894. An additional 600-acres was added to the plantation.
Two years later, a single story, five-bay wing was constructed east of the main house, connected by an 86-foot porch. Additional bedroom space was created by adding 3 dormers to the front of the main house. Henry lived in the east wing from 1921 until his death in 1963 and the interior remains unchanged.
Field hunting was accomplished via horse-drawn carriage. For duck hunting, Henry used a handmade tin boat of between 8 and 9 feet in length. Tall Timbers also had a number of canoes. By this time, the house had a huge stone fireplace and rustic furniture fit for a lodge. The exterior had a sweeping porch facing the lake.
Beadel was one of several plantation owners who sponsored a 1924 scientific inquiry into local quail population declines. This was the first study that grew into the research station.
Henry Beadel's will left the plantation for use as a nature preserve for wildlife research. The Tall Timbers Inc was established in 1958 and incorporated May 24, 1960. The interior of the main house was modified for use as offices of the Research Station.
In 2014 the Conservancy announced the donation of the 9,100-acre Dixie Plantation from the Geraldine C. M. Livingston Foundation.
As of 2018, the organization held in excess of 125,000 acres of conservation easements in Georgia and Florida, the area's biggest private land trust. That total rose to 158,000 acres in 2020.
Fire Ecology Program
The Fire Ecology Program is designed to provide the public with applicable, science-based information on prescribed fire and vegetation dynamics in the southern pine ecosystem, specifically in the Red Hills Region.
National training
The National Advanced Fire & Resource Institute created the National Interagency Prescribed Fire Training Center (PFTC) in 1998 and Tall
Timbers was involved with the program from its beginning.
According to their website, the purpose of the PFTC is to "Provide maximum opportunities for federal, state, local, and tribal government agencies and other organizations to build skills and knowledge of prescribed fire, with an emphasis on field experience". The courses have drawn attendees from 18 countries and every state except Rhode Island. Hands-on training for fire professionals lasts 20 days, and administrative workshops are completed in 6 days.
The PFTC National offices and equipment relocated to the Tall Timbers Research Station in the Spring of 2021.
Resource Management Program
The Resource Management Program's responsibility is to manage the land so that the upland forests are maintained in an open, park-like condition using prescribed fire, mechanical tools, and chemical techniques to accomplish land management goals.
The Forestry Program is designed to meet the ecological forestry research needs of the Red Hills Region between Tallahassee, Florida and Thomasville, Georgia.
Game Bird Program
The Game Bird Program is studying the northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and its habitats.
Bird Dog Competition
The Continental Field Trial is a regional competition of pointing dogs that had been traditionally held at the Dixie Plantation since 1937. The availability of quail in the wild provides a true test for 146 "derby" and "open" dogs and their owners who travel from across the United States.
Vertebrate Ecology Lab
The Vertebrate Ecology Lab is studying Bachman's sparrows, brown-headed nuthatches, and red-cockaded woodpeckers.
References
External links
Tall Timbers Research Center and Land Conservancy
The Nature Conservancy
Quail Unlimited
Leon County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Protected areas of Leon County, Florida
Environmental science
Environmental organizations based in Florida
Forestry in the United States
Forest research institutes
Plantations in Leon County, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Leon County, Florida
Organizations established in 1958
Forest conservation organizations |