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Human kidney anion exchanger 1 interacts with kinesin family member 3B (KIF3B).

Impaired trafficking of human kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) to the basolateral membrane of á-intercalated cells of the kidney collecting duct leads to the defect of the Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchange and the failure of proton (H(+)) secretion at the apical membrane of these cells, causing distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA). In the sorting process, kAE1 interacts with AP-1 mu1A, a subunit of AP-1A adaptor complex. However, it is not known whether kAE1 interacts with motor proteins in its trafficking process to the plasma membrane or not. We report here that kAE1 interacts with kinesin family member 3B (KIF3B) in kidney cells and a dileucine motif at the carboxyl terminus of kAE1 contributes to this interaction. We have also demonstrated that kAE1 co-localizes with KIF3B in human kidney tissues and the suppression of endogenous KIF3B in HEK293T cells by small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreases membrane localization of kAE1 but increases its intracellular accumulation. All results suggest that KIF3B is involved in the trafficking of kAE1 to the plasma membrane of human kidney á-intercalated cells.

['Amino Acid Motifs', 'Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte', 'Gene Knockdown Techniques', 'HEK293 Cells', 'Humans', 'Immunoprecipitation', 'Kidney', 'Kinesin']

[['G02.111.570.820.709.275.500', 'G02.111.570.820.709.600.500'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.162.193.500', 'D12.776.157.530.450.437.249.500', 'D12.776.157.530.937.656.249.500', 'D12.776.543.550.190.276.500', 'D12.776.543.550.779.249.500', 'D12.776.543.585.450.162.193.500', 'D12.776.543.585.450.437.249.500', 'D12.776.543.585.937.776.249.500'], ['E05.393.335.500'], ['A11.251.210.172.750', 'A11.436.334'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.196.150.639', 'E05.478.605'], ['A05.810.453'], ['D08.811.277.040.025.193.500', 'D12.776.220.600.450.450', 'D12.776.631.560.450']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Application of growth-related sublethal endpoints in ecotoxicological assessments using a harpacticoid copepod.

In ecotoxicology, there is an increasing demand for sensitive sublethal endpoints. The primary aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the relative sensitivity and usefulness of four sublethal endpoints - development time, body length, RNA content and growth rate - in the harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes, using the reference molecule Simvastatin. Development time decreased significantly at low sublethal concentrations of Simvastatin (p < 0.001; F = 13.249; 0.16-1.6 microgL(-1)), while RNA content and body length increased significantly at 0.16 microgL(-1) (p < 0.001; F = 6.13) and 1.6 microgL(-1) (p < 0.01; F = 2.365), respectively. The growth rate increased significantly at 0.16-5 microgL(-1) (p<0.01-0.001). Hence, significant responses of growth-related traits were observed already at 0.16 microgL(-1), which is about 5,000 times lower than the acute toxicity (96 h-LC(50): 810 microgL(-1)). These results show that all assayed endpoints are very sensitive and indicate that current ecotoxicity testing used for environmental protection activities may underestimate the risk for harpacticoid copepods and most likely for other small invertebrates, when relying exclusively on acute toxicity measurements.

['Animals', 'Body Size', 'Copepoda', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Environmental Monitoring', 'Growth and Development', 'Mortality', 'RNA', 'Simvastatin', 'Time Factors', 'Toxicity Tests', 'Water Pollutants, Chemical']

[['B01.050'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.160', 'E05.041.124.160', 'G07.100.100.160', 'G07.345.249.314'], ['B01.050.500.131.365.160'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['G07.345'], ['E05.318.308.985.550', 'N01.224.935.698', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550'], ['D13.444.735'], ['D02.455.426.559.847.638.400.900', 'D04.615.638.400.900'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E05.940'], ['D27.888.284.903.655']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Genome diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 laboratory strains.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is the most commonly used strain for research on this ubiquitous and metabolically versatile opportunistic pathogen. Strain PAO1, a derivative of the original Australian PAO isolate, has been distributed worldwide to laboratories and strain collections. Over decades discordant phenotypes of PAO1 sublines have emerged. Taking the existing PAO1-UW genome sequence (named after the University of Washington, which led the sequencing project) as a blueprint, the genome sequences of reference strains MPAO1 and PAO1-DSM (stored at the German Collection for Microorganisms and Cell Cultures [DSMZ]) were resolved by physical mapping and deep short read sequencing-by-synthesis. MPAO1 has been the source of near-saturation libraries of transposon insertion mutants, and PAO1-DSM is identical in its SpeI-DpnI restriction map with the original isolate. The major genomic differences of MPAO1 and PAO1-DSM in comparison to PAO1-UW are the lack of a large inversion, a duplication of a mobile 12-kb prophage region carrying a distinct integrase and protein phosphatases or kinases, deletions of 3 to 1,006 bp in size, and at least 39 single-nucleotide substitutions, 17 of which affect protein sequences. The PAO1 sublines differed in their ability to cope with nutrient limitation and their virulence in an acute murine airway infection model. Subline PAO1-DSM outnumbered the two other sublines in late stationary growth phase. In conclusion, P. aeruginosa PAO1 shows an ongoing microevolution of genotype and phenotype that jeopardizes the reproducibility of research. High-throughput genome resequencing will resolve more cases and could become a proper quality control for strain collections.

['Amino Acid Substitution', 'Animals', 'Chromosome Inversion', 'Chromosomes, Bacterial', 'DNA, Bacterial', 'Female', 'Gene Duplication', 'Genetic Variation', 'Laboratories', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C3H', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Physical Chromosome Mapping', 'Point Mutation', 'Pseudomonas Infections', 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'Respiratory Tract Infections', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA', 'Virulence']

[['E05.393.420.601.035', 'G05.558.109'], ['B01.050'], ['C23.550.210.190', 'G05.365.590.175.190', 'G05.365.590.770.500', 'G05.558.805.500'], ['A11.284.187.190', 'A20.812', 'G05.360.162.190'], ['D13.444.308.212'], ['G05.365.590.320', 'G05.558.320'], ['G05.365'], ['J03.520', 'N02.278.487'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.388', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.388'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['E05.393.183.620'], ['G05.365.590.675'], ['C01.150.252.400.739'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625.100', 'B03.660.250.580.590.050'], ['C01.748', 'C08.730'], ['E05.393.760.700'], ['G06.930']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Information Science [L]']

Benzalkonium tolerance genes and outcome in Listeria monocytogenes meningitis.

OBJECTIVES: Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that can cause meningitis. The listerial genotype ST6 has been linked to increasing rates of unfavourable outcome over time. We investigated listerial genetic variation and the relation with clinical outcome in meningitis.METHODS: We sequenced 96 isolates from adults with listerial meningitis included in two prospective nationwide cohort studies by whole genome sequencing, and evaluated associations between bacterial genetic variation and clinical outcome. We validated these results by screening listerial genotypes of 445 cerebrospinal fluid and blood isolates from patients over a 30-year period from the Dutch national surveillance cohort.RESULTS: We identified a bacteriophage, phiLMST6 co-occurring with a novel plasmid, pLMST6, in ST6 isolates to be associated with unfavourable outcome in patients (p 2.83e-05). The plasmid carries a benzalkonium chloride tolerance gene, emrC, conferring decreased susceptibility to disinfectants used in the food-processing industry. Isolates harbouring emrC were growth inhibited at higher levels of benzalkonium chloride (median 60 mg/L versus 15 mg/L; p <0.001), and had higher MICs for amoxicillin and gentamicin compared with isolates without emrC (both p <0.001). Transformation of pLMST6 into naive strains led to benzalkonium chloride tolerance and higher MICs for gentamicin.CONCLUSIONS: These results show that a novel plasmid, carrying the efflux transporter emrC, is associated with increased incidence of ST6 listerial meningitis in the Netherlands. Suggesting increased disease severity, our findings warrant consideration of disinfectants used in the food-processing industry that select for resistance mechanisms and may, inadvertently, lead to increased risk of poor disease outcome.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Anti-Infective Agents, Local', 'Benzalkonium Compounds', 'Cohort Studies', 'Drug Resistance, Bacterial', 'Female', 'Genetic Variation', 'Genome, Bacterial', 'High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing', 'Humans', 'Listeria monocytogenes', 'Male', 'Meningitis, Listeria', 'Middle Aged', 'Netherlands', 'Patient Outcome Assessment', 'Phylogeny', 'Plasmids', 'Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide', 'Population Surveillance', 'Young Adult']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Information Science [L]']

Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff.

UNLABELLED: STUDY'S RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We examined the effect of work stressors and head nurses' transactional and transformational leadership on the levels of emotional exhaustion experienced among their staff.METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN AND RESEARCH METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all nurses of a university hospital. Usable returns were received from 625 nurses, giving a response rate of 39.2%. Data were treated using correlational analyses and multiple regression. The latter modelled stressors and leadership as predictors of nurses' reported emotional exhaustion.MEASURES: Work stressors were assessed using the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) which comprises 34 items divided into three subscales (referring to stress from the physical, psychological, and social environment), and the role ambiguity (three items) and conflict (three items) scales. Leadership was measured with the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.RESULTS: In regression analyses, work stressors as a whole were found to explain 22% of the variance in emotional exhaustion whereas leadership dimensions explained 9% of the variance in that outcome measure. Stress emanating from the physical and social environment, role ambiguity, and active management-by-exception leadership were significantly associated with increased levels of emotional exhaustion. Transformational and contingent reward leadership did not influence emotional exhaustion.LIMITATIONS: A limitation of this study is that it considered only the emotional exhaustion dimension of burnout. Also, as data were cross-sectional in nature, conclusions regarding the direction of causality among variables cannot be drawn.CONCLUSIONS: This study provided, for the first time, a test of the influence of leadership on burnout among nurses, taking into account the role of work stressors. Future research is needed to examine if the effects reported herein can be replicated using the two other dimensions of burnout (depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment).

['Adult', 'Belgium', 'Burnout, Professional', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Interprofessional Relations', 'Leadership', 'Male', 'Multivariate Analysis', 'Nursing Staff, Hospital', 'Regression Analysis', 'Role', 'Social Support', 'Task Performance and Analysis', 'Workload']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]']

Experimental trichinellosis in horses: biological and parasitological evaluation.

Three groups of three horses each were, respectively, infected with 5000, 20,000 and 50,000 larvae of Trichinella spiralis. The strain used was isolated from a human biopsy during horsemeat-related outbreaks of trichinellosis in France. Transient muscular disorders were only observed in two of the horses infected with 50,000 larvae but none of the horses had fever. A significant increase in blood eosinophils was noticed in 5 horses. Serum LDH, aldolase and CPK peaked at the fifth week post-infection. Specific IgG assayed by indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA, appeared 2-5 weeks post-infection and disappeared between 16 and 40 weeks. The distribution of T. spiralis larvae was maximal in the tongue, masseters and diaphragm, but a large decrease in the number of larvae recovered from the muscles was noticed among the horses slaughtered at the beginning and end of the experiment. In muscular histological sections, larvae were observed in an intramyofibrillar position and were surrounded by a mild to severe inflammatory reaction.

['Animals', 'Creatine Kinase', 'Diaphragm', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Eosinophils', 'Female', 'Fluorescent Antibody Technique', 'Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase', 'Horse Diseases', 'Horses', 'Immunoglobulin G', 'L-Lactate Dehydrogenase', 'Leukocyte Count', 'Male', 'Masseter Muscle', 'Tongue', 'Trichinellosis']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Lack of small intestinal ulcerogenecity of nitric oxide-releasing indomethacin, NCX-530, in rats.

AIM: To evaluate the intestinal ulcerogenic property of nitric oxide-releasing indomethacin (NCX-530) in the rat, in comparison with indomethacin.METHODS: Animals were given indomethacin or NCX-530 subcutaneously and killed 24 h later for macroscopic examination of the small intestine.RESULTS: A single administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) provoked damage, mainly in the jejunum and ileum, accompanied by an increase in myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities as well as bacterial translocation. NCX-530 at an equimolar dose (14.2 mg/kg) caused no gross damage in the small intestine, nor any significant change in inducible nitric oxide synthase and myeloperoxidase activities or bacterial translocation. NOR-3, the nitric oxide donor (6.0 mg/kg), when administered subcutaneously together with indomethacin, significantly prevented the occurrence of intestinal lesions and other mucosal changes. Indomethacin reduced mucus and fluid secretions in the small intestine, while both NCX-530 and NOR-3 enhanced these secretions. NCX-530 reduced the mucosal prostaglandin E2 contents and exhibited an anti-inflammatory action against carrageenan-induced paw oedema, with equal effectiveness to indomethacin.CONCLUSION: NCX-530 does not cause intestinal damage, despite inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity. The reduced intestinal toxicity of NCX-530 may be attributable to inhibition of enterobacterial translocation, partly by increasing the mucus and fluid secretions mediated by nitric oxide released from this compound.

['Acetates', 'Animals', 'Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal', 'Bacterial Translocation', 'Indoles', 'Indomethacin', 'Injections, Subcutaneous', 'Intestinal Mucosa', 'Intestine, Small', 'Male', 'Nitric Oxide', 'Nitric Oxide Synthase', 'Peroxidase', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley']

[['D02.241.081.018', 'D10.251.400.045'], ['B01.050'], ['D27.505.696.663.850.014.040.500', 'D27.505.954.158.030', 'D27.505.954.329.030'], ['G06.099.114'], ['D03.633.100.473'], ['D03.633.100.473.420'], ['E02.319.267.530.620'], ['A03.556.124.369', 'A10.615.550.444'], ['A03.556.124.684'], ['D01.339.387', 'D01.625.550.500', 'D01.625.700.500', 'D01.650.550.587.600'], ['D08.811.682.664.500.772'], ['D08.811.682.732.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Gorlin-Goltz syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Gorlin-Goltz syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by a predisposition to various cancers. Clinicopathological findings of syndrome are very diverse and many symptoms begin to manifest in a certain period of life.CASE: The authors describe a case report of a man who, at the age of 34 years, presented to a dermatologist with multiple tumor lesions of the skin. The lesions started to develop when he was 30 years old and thereafter increased in number. Histology revealed superficial, superficial-nodular and nodular basal cell carcinomas. A total of 11 basal cell carcinomas were surgically removed and microscopically investigated. The others were treated locally with imiquimod cream and cryotherapy. In addition, he was found to have multiple odontogenic keratocysts in the jaw and mandible, as well as supernumerary and retinated teeth. Stomatologic and maxillofacial surgery interventions were performed. Further clinical and imaging examinations confirmed macrocephaly, hypertelorism, calcification of falx cerebri, and abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae. The spectrum of pathological findings met the diagnostic criteria of Gorlin-Goltz syndrome.CONCLUSION: Although Gorlin-Goltz syndrome is very rare in routine practice, it usually represents a serious disease with multiple organ system involvement. From a prognostic point of view, early diagnosis with adequate therapy is critical. If a diagnosis is confirmed, lifetime dispensary care with interdisciplinary medical cooperation is necessary. The authors would like to thank all physicians who participated in the diagnostics and therapy of the presented patient. The authors declare they have no potential confl icts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers. Submitted: 30. 8. 2018 Accepted: 8. 1. 2019.

['Adult', 'Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Prognosis']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C04.182.089.530.690.150', 'C04.557.470.200.165.150', 'C04.557.470.565.165.150', 'C04.700.175', 'C05.116.099.105', 'C05.500.470.690.150', 'C07.320.450.670.130', 'C16.131.077.130', 'C16.320.700.175'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.789']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

RETRACTED: Effects of ethanol on monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Image duplication has been observed within Figure 3. The corresponding author has been asked to provide an acceptable explanation for this duplication but has not been able to do so, neither have the original source files been supplied.

['Animals', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Crystallization', 'Ethanol', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Inflammation', 'Inflammation Mediators', 'Leukocytes', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Monocytes', 'Neutrophils', 'Uric Acid']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]']

Polyviologen as Electron Transport Material in Photosystem I-Based Biophotovoltaic Cells.

The photosynthetic protein complex, photosystem I (PSI), can be photoexcited with a quantum efficiency approaching unity and can be integrated into solar energy conversion devices as the photoactive electrode. The incorporation of PSI into conducting polymer frameworks allows for improved conductivity and orientational control in the photoactive layer. Polyviologens are a unique class of organic polycationic polymers that can rapidly accept electrons from a primary donor such as photoexcited PSI and subsequently can donate them to a secondary acceptor. Monomeric viologens, such as methyl viologen, have been widely used as diffusible mediators in wet PSI-based photoelectrochemical cells on the basis of their suitable redox potentials for accepting electrons. Polyviologens possess similar electronic properties to their monomers with the added advantage that they can shuttle electrons in the solid state. Depositing polyviologen directly onto a film of PSI protein results in significant photocurrent enhancement, which confirms its role as an electron-transport material. The polymer film not only improves the photocurrent by aiding the electron transfer but also helps preserve the protein film underneath. The composite polymer-PSI assembly enhances the charge-shuttling processes from individual protein molecules within the PSI multilayer, greatly reducing charge-transfer resistances. The resulting PSI-based solid-state platform demonstrates a much higher photocurrent than the corresponding photoelectrochemical cell built using a similar architecture.

['Bioelectric Energy Sources', 'Electrochemistry', 'Electrodes', 'Electrons', 'Oxidation-Reduction', 'Photosystem I Protein Complex', 'Polymers', 'Solar Energy', 'Viologens']

[['E07.305.124.150'], ['H01.181.529.307'], ['E07.305.250'], ['G01.249.335', 'G01.358.500.750'], ['G02.700', 'G03.295.531'], ['D05.500.562.488.500', 'D08.811.600.710.500', 'D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.492', 'D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.492', 'D12.776.543.930.500.500', 'D12.776.765.199.750.750.500'], ['D05.750', 'D25.720', 'J01.637.051.720'], ['G01.750.897', 'N06.230.132.644.500'], ['D03.383.725.762.925']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]']

Yours, mine, and ours: the importance of scientific collaboration in advancing the field of behavior change research.

The Behavior Change Consortium (BCC) has provided a unique opportunity to combine and explore resources, data, processes, and knowledge as a means of strengthening the validity, reliability, and outcomes that compose the field of behavioral science. The workgroups of the BCC were able to transcend disciplinary boundaries by developing a collaborative framework that fused scholarship and creativity to explore research problems in the area of health behavior change theory and intervention. We have identified seven common elements that emerged from each workgroup and fostered inclusion, progress, and ultimately results. These elements were (a) establishing communication channels, (b) identifying objectives, (c) utilizing common measures, (d) obtaining financial support, (e) seeking outside feedback, (f) engaging "big picture" thinking, and (g) bridging theory to practice. In this article we describe the various processes involved in the creation and sustainability of the BCC, including internal and external communications, leadership, workgroup roles, private and public partnerships, and issues associated with data sharing. We also discuss why, in the case of the BCC, the whole is far greater than the sum of its parts. We present this example of unparalleled multibehavioral research collaboration as a model to other collaborative efforts that will be spawned by the new National Institutes of Health Roadmap initiative.

['Behavior Therapy', 'Behavioral Research', 'Cooperative Behavior', 'Feedback', 'Health Behavior', 'Humans', 'Interdisciplinary Communication', 'Peer Review']

[['F04.754.137'], ['F04.096.144', 'H01.770.644.108'], ['F01.145.813.115'], ['L01.906.394.211'], ['F01.145.488'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.401.205.249', 'L01.143.865.500'], ['F01.829.316.549', 'I01.880.604.640', 'N03.706.700']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]']

The pregnancy-induced increase of plasma angiotensin-(1-7) is blunted in gestational diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been shown that the circulating Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is activated during normal pregnancy, but little is known about RAS in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM). GDM is considered not merely a temporary condition, but a harbinger of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the circulating RAS profile in normotensive women with GDM at the third trimester of pregnancy and to compare the results with healthy pregnant and non-pregnant age-matched women.METHODS: The diagnostic criteria for GDM followed the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association. Angiotensin I (Ang I), Angiotensin II (Ang II) and Angiotensin 1-7 [Ang-(1-7)] were determined in 24 pregnant patients with GDM; 12 healthy pregnant women and 12 non-pregnant women by radioimmunoassay.RESULTS: Levels of Ang I, Ang II and Ang-(1-7) were higher in pregnant women (p<0.05), but showed a different pattern in the GDM group, in which reduced Ang-(1-7) circulating levels were found (p<0.05). This observation was confirmed by the significantly lower Ang-(1-7)/Ang I ratio (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that reduced levels of the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) could be implicated in the endothelial dysfunction seen in gestational diabetic women during and after pregnancy.

['Adult', 'Angiotensin I', 'Angiotensin II', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Diabetes, Gestational', 'Female', 'Gestational Age', 'Humans', 'Peptide Fragments', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular', 'Pregnancy Trimester, Third', 'Radioimmunoassay', 'Renin-Angiotensin System']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D06.472.699.094.075', 'D12.644.400.070.075', 'D12.644.456.073.021', 'D12.644.548.058.075', 'D12.776.631.650.070.075', 'D23.469.050.050.025'], ['D06.472.699.094.078', 'D12.644.400.070.078', 'D12.644.456.073.041', 'D12.644.548.058.078', 'D12.776.631.650.070.078', 'D23.469.050.050.050'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['C13.703.170', 'C18.452.394.750.448', 'C19.246.200'], ['G07.345.500.325.235.968', 'G08.686.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.541'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['C13.703.634', 'C14.583'], ['G08.686.707.520'], ['E01.370.384.700', 'E05.478.566.639', 'E05.601.470.639'], ['G03.820', 'G09.330.380.813']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Effect of fluconazole on pharmacokinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in persons seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus.

Fluconazole inhibits cytochrome P-450-mediated enzymatic metabolism of several drugs. Since hepatic metabolism is partially responsible for 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (didanosine or ddI) elimination, fluconazole therapy may lead to increased ddI concentrations in serum and subsequent concentration-dependent adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to determine if ddI pharmacokinetics are influenced by a 7-day course of oral fluconazole. Twelve adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who had received a constant dosage of ddI for at least 2 weeks were investigated. On study day 1, multiple serum samples for determination of ddI concentrations were obtained over 12 h. Then subjects received a 7-day course of oral fluconazole (200 mg every 12 h for two doses and then 200 mg once daily for 6 days) while ddI therapy continued. Following the last dose of fluconazole, serum samples for determination of ddI concentrations were again obtained over 12 h. ddI concentrations in serum were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. In contrast to previously published data, there was marked between-subject variability in ddI areas under the concentration-time curve, even when the dose was normalized for weight. No significant differences were found between mean ddI areas under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h on study day 1 (1,528 +/- 902 ngx.hr/ml) and following fluconazole treatment (1,486 +/- 649 ngx.hr/ml) . There were no significant differences in other pharmacokinetic parameters, such as ddI peak concentrations in serum (971 +/- 509 and 942 +/- 442 ng/ml) or half-lives (80 +/- 32 and 85 +/- 21 min.) before and after fluconazole treatment, respectively. We conclude that a 7-day course of oral fluconazole does not significantly alter ddI pharmacokinetics in adults that are infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

['Adult', 'Didanosine', 'Drug Interactions', 'Female', 'Fluconazole', 'HIV Seropositivity', 'Half-Life', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Radioimmunoassay']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D03.633.100.759.590.616.130', 'D13.570.230.500.090', 'D13.570.583.616.130', 'D13.570.800.573.130'], ['G07.690.773.968'], ['D03.383.129.799.450'], ['C01.221.250.875.500', 'C01.221.812.640.400.500', 'C01.778.640.400.500', 'C01.925.782.815.616.400.500', 'C01.925.813.400.500', 'C20.673.480.500'], ['G01.910.405'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.384.700', 'E05.478.566.639', 'E05.601.470.639']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Soluble tumour-specific antigen and its relationship to tumour growth.

Hooded rats bearing a syngeneic methylcholanthrene-induced tumour were evaluated for extent of in vivo host immunity and this was correlated by in vitro techniques with the levels of circulating tumour antigen and specific antibody. Early tumour growth was associated with detectable immunity, as measured by the capacity of the animal to reject a second direct challenge of the same tumour at a remote site. Radioimmunoassay for circulating tumour antigen and indirect membrane immunofluorescence for antitumour antibody did not detect either component at this stage. Animals with advanced tumours lost immunity as detected by direct tumour challenge, and this closely coincided with the appearance of rising levels of circulating soluble tumour antigen. Although the host possessed the immunologic ability to react against its own neoplasm, this ability was insufficient to produce tumour rejection. Active immunotherapy initiated at the time of, or up to 10 days after, intramuscular challenge with tumour, increased tumour immunity sufficiently for tumour growth to be prevented. Successful immunization was associated with the early appearance (16 days) of measurable levels of antitumour antibody and absence of circulating antigen. It is concluded that soluble tumour antigen present in the local microenvironment of the tumour in the early stages of tumour growth interferes with the ability of immune cells to cause tumour rejection. As the tumour progressively grows, sufficient soluble antigen is produced and released systemically to suppress the effector arm of the host's tumour immune response at distant sites. The levels of circulating soluble tumour antigen attained may be of critical importance in the suppression of rejection responses that prevent metastasis.

['Animals', 'Antibodies, Neoplasm', 'Antibody Specificity', 'Antigens, Neoplasm', 'BCG Vaccine', 'Epitopes', 'Graft Rejection', 'Immunization', 'Male', 'Methylcholanthrene', 'Neoplasm Transplantation', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains', 'Sarcoma, Experimental', 'Transplantation, Homologous']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.240', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.240', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.240'], ['G12.100'], ['D23.050.285'], ['D20.215.894.135.825.100'], ['D23.050.550'], ['G12.875.545.328'], ['E02.095.465.425.400', 'E05.478.550', 'N02.421.726.758.310', 'N06.850.780.200.425', 'N06.850.780.680.310'], ['D02.455.426.559.847.149.500', 'D04.615.149.500'], ['E05.624'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400'], ['C04.557.450.795.830', 'C04.619.857', 'E05.598.500.496.968'], ['E04.936.864']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]']

SOX4, SOX11 and PAX6 mRNA expression was identified as a (prognostic) marker for the aggressiveness of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung by using next-generation expression analysis (NanoString).

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung (NELC) account for 25% of all lung cancer cases and transcription factors may drive dedifferentiation of these tumors. This study was conducted to identify supportive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.MATERIALS & METHODS: A total of 16 TC, 13 AC, 16 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and 15 small cell lung cancer were investigated for the mRNA expression of 11 transcription factors and related genes (MYB, MYBBP1A, OCT4, PAX6, PCDHB, RBP1, SDCBP, SOX2, SOX4, SOX11, TEAD2).RESULTS: SOX4 (p = 0.0002), SOX11 (p < 0.0001) and PAX6 (p = 0.0002) were significant for tumor type. Elevated PAX6 and SOX11 expression correlated with poor outcome in large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and small cell lung cancer (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0232, respectively) based on survival data of 34 patients (57%).CONCLUSION: Aggressiveness of NELC correlated with increasing expression of transcription factors. SOX11 seems to be a highly valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker for aggressive NELC.

['Aged', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Eye Proteins', 'Gene Expression Profiling', 'Homeodomain Proteins', 'Humans', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Lymphatic Metastasis', 'Middle Aged', 'Neuroendocrine Tumors', 'PAX6 Transcription Factor', 'Paired Box Transcription Factors', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Repressor Proteins', 'SOXC Transcription Factors']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['D23.101.140'], ['D12.776.306'], ['E05.393.332'], ['D12.776.260.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['C04.697.650.560', 'C23.550.727.650.560'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.557.465.625.650', 'C04.557.580.625.650'], ['D12.776.260.645.813', 'D12.776.930.700.813'], ['D12.776.260.645', 'D12.776.930.700'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['D12.776.260.703', 'D12.776.930.780'], ['D12.776.260.719.300', 'D12.776.660.235.400.750.300', 'D12.776.664.235.400.750.300', 'D12.776.930.823.300']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

NDRG1 deficiency is associated with regional metastasis in oral cancer by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Regional metastasis is the single most important prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Abnormal expression of N-myc downstream-regulated genes (NDRGs) has been identified to occur in several tumor types and to predict poor prognosis. In OSCC, the clinical significance of deregulated NDRG expression has not been fully established. In this study, NDRG1 relevance was assessed at gene and protein levels in 100 OSCC patients followed up by at least 10 years. Survival outcome was analyzed using a multivariable analysis. Tumor progression and metastasis was investigated in preclinical model using oral cancer cell lines (HSC3 and SCC25) treated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and orthotopic mouse model of metastatic murine OSCC (AT84). We identified NDRG1 expression levels to be significantly lower in patients with metastatic tumors compared with patients with local disease only (P = 0.001). NDRG1 expression was associated with MMP-2, -9, -10 (P = 0.022, P = 0.002, P = 0.042, respectively) and BCL2 (P = 0.035). NDRG1 lower expression was able to predict recurrence and metastasis (log-rank test, P = 0.001). In multivariable analysis, the expression of NDRG1 was an independent prognostic factor (Cox regression, P = 0.013). In invasive OSCC cells, NDRG1 expression is diminished in response to EGF and this was associated with a potent induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype. This result was further confirmed in an orthotopic OSCC mouse model. Together, this data support that NDRG1 downregulation is a potential predictor of metastasis and approaches aimed at NDRG1 signaling rescue can serve as potential therapeutic strategy to prevent oral cancer progression to metastasis.

['Animals', 'Apoptosis', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', 'Cell Cycle Proteins', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition', 'Female', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic', 'Humans', 'Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred BALB C', 'Mice, Nude', 'Mouth Neoplasms', 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local', 'Prognosis', 'Survival Rate', 'Tumor Cells, Cultured', 'Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays']

[['B01.050'], ['G04.146.954.035'], ['D23.101.140'], ['C04.557.470.200.400', 'C04.557.470.700.400'], ['D12.776.167'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['G04.356.500'], ['G05.308.370'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.360', 'D12.776.476'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.338', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.338'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.500'], ['C04.588.443.591', 'C07.465.530'], ['C04.697.655', 'C23.550.727.655'], ['E01.789'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['A11.251.860'], ['E05.337.550.200.900', 'E05.624.850']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Blood pressure and lifespan following brief ACE inhibitor treatment in young spontaneously hypertensive rats.

1. Brief treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) causes a reduction in blood pressure that persists into maturity. The lifetime effects of such treatment have not been studied. 2. Nineteen male SHR were treated with either water (n = 9) or perindopril (3 mg/kg per day) (n = 10) by daily gavage between 6 and 10 weeks of age and systolic blood pressure and bodyweight were measured each month until all animals died in old age. 3. Following treatment the systolic blood pressure of SHR treated with perindopril remained consistently lower than control SHR until about 82 weeks of age. After this age the blood pressure of control SHR fell spontaneously so that smaller differences were observed between the two groups in the last 4 months of the study. 4. Rats that received perindopril lived on average 1 month longer than control rats, but this difference was not statistically significant. 5. Thus, brief ACE inhibition in early life in SHR ameliorated the hypertension throughout life.

['Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors', 'Animals', 'Blood Pressure', 'Body Weight', 'Indoles', 'Life Expectancy', 'Male', 'Perindopril', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred SHR']

[['D27.505.519.389.745.085'], ['B01.050'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['C23.888.144', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120', 'E05.041.124.160.750', 'G07.100.100.160.120', 'G07.345.249.314.120'], ['D03.633.100.473'], ['E05.318.308.985.450', 'N01.224.935.464', 'N06.850.505.400.975.450', 'N06.850.520.308.985.450'], ['D03.633.100.473.766'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760.300', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.300']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]']

Neuropeptide FF receptors 1 and 2 exert an anti-opioid activity in acutely dissociated rat dorsal raphe and periventricular hypothalamic neurones.

We measured the reduction by nociceptin of the [Ca(2+)](i) transient triggered by depolarization in acutely dissociated neurones of the rat dorsal raphe and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei that express NPFF(2) and NPFF(1) receptors, respectively, in the absence and presence of 10 nM of NPA-NPFF or NPVF, two peptides selective for NPFF(2) and NPFF(1) receptors, respectively. In dorsal raphe neurones, NPA-NPFF reduces the inhibition of Ca(2+) conductances by nociceptin while NPVF is inactive. In periventricular hypothalamic neurones, both peptides reduce the inhibition of Ca(2+) transients by nociceptin, NPVF having a significantly larger effect than NPA-NPFF. These results demonstrate that activation of both NPFF(1) and NPFF(2) receptors has the same cellular anti-opioid effect.

['Animals', 'Humans', 'Neural Inhibition', 'Neurons', 'Opioid Peptides', 'Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus', 'Raphe Nuclei', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Receptors, Neuropeptide']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G07.265.755', 'G11.561.616'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['D12.644.400.575', 'D12.776.631.650.575'], ['A08.186.211.180.497.342.400', 'A08.186.211.200.317.357.342.400'], ['A08.186.211.132.659.413.875.618', 'A08.186.211.132.810.428.600.650.562', 'A08.186.211.132.810.591.500.662'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['D12.776.543.750.720.600', 'D12.776.543.750.750.555']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Hybridization of evolutionary algorithms and local search by means of a clustering method.

This paper presents a hybrid evolutionary algorithm (EA) to solve nonlinear-regression problems. Although EAs have proven their ability to explore large search spaces, they are comparatively inefficient in fine tuning the solution. This drawback is usually avoided by means of local optimization algorithms that are applied to the individuals of the population. The algorithms that use local optimization procedures are usually called hybrid algorithms. On the other hand, it is well known that the clustering process enables the creation of groups (clusters) with mutually close points that hopefully correspond to relevant regions of attraction. Local-search procedures can then be started once in every such region. This paper proposes the combination of an EA, a clustering process, and a local-search procedure to the evolutionary design of product-units neural networks. In the methodology presented, only a few individuals are subject to local optimization. Moreover, the local optimization algorithm is only applied at specific stages of the evolutionary process. Our results show a favorable performance when the regression method proposed is compared to other standard methods.

['Algorithms', 'Artificial Intelligence', 'Biological Evolution', 'Cluster Analysis', 'Information Storage and Retrieval', 'Nonlinear Dynamics', 'Pattern Recognition, Automated', 'Regression Analysis']

[['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['G17.035.250', 'L01.224.050.375'], ['G05.045', 'G16.075'], ['E05.318.740.250', 'N05.715.360.750.200', 'N06.850.520.830.250'], ['L01.313.500.750.280', 'L01.470'], ['E05.599.850', 'H01.548.675'], ['L01.399.750'], ['E05.318.740.750', 'N05.715.360.750.695', 'N06.850.520.830.750']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Comparison of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and Gaussian processes for machine learning (GPML) algorithms for the prediction of skin temperature in lower limb prostheses.

Monitoring of the interface temperature at skin level in lower-limb prosthesis is notoriously complicated. This is due to the flexible nature of the interface liners used impeding the required consistent positioning of the temperature sensors during donning and doffing. Predicting the in-socket residual limb temperature by monitoring the temperature between socket and liner rather than skin and liner could be an important step in alleviating complaints on increased temperature and perspiration in prosthetic sockets. In this work, we propose to implement an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference strategy (ANFIS) to predict the in-socket residual limb temperature. ANFIS belongs to the family of fused neuro fuzzy system in which the fuzzy system is incorporated in a framework which is adaptive in nature. The proposed method is compared to our earlier work using Gaussian processes for machine learning. By comparing the predicted and actual data, results indicate that both the modeling techniques have comparable performance metrics and can be efficiently used for non-invasive temperature monitoring.

['Amputees', 'Artificial Limbs', 'Fuzzy Logic', 'Lower Extremity', 'Neural Networks, Computer', 'Normal Distribution', 'Skin Temperature']

[['M01.150.100'], ['E07.695.050', 'E07.858.082.050', 'E07.858.442.050'], ['E05.599.250', 'K01.752.448.250', 'L01.224.050.375.250'], ['A01.378.610'], ['G17.485', 'L01.224.050.375.605'], ['E05.318.740.994.500', 'G17.820.500', 'N05.715.360.750.750.565', 'N06.850.520.830.994.500'], ['G07.110.753', 'G13.750.844']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Monoclonal antibodies specific for the tau subunit of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. Use to demonstrate that tau is the product of the dnaZX gene and that both it and gamma, the dnaZ gene product, are integral components of the same enzyme assembly.

We have established two murine hybridoma cell lines that secrete monoclonal antibodies directed against the tau subunit of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. Both antibodies have been purified and identified to be of the IgG1 class. Competition assays indicate that they bind to two distinct portions of the tau subunit. These antibodies have been used to demonstrate that tau is an integral part of all DNA polymerase III holoenzyme assemblies and that tau is the product of the dnaZX gene. Both of the antibodies react only with tau, not with gamma, the other protein product of the dnaZX gene. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that tau is contained within the same enzyme assemblies as gamma (dnaZ protein). This observation is discussed in the light of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme functioning as an asymmetric dimer, capable of coordinating leading with lagging strand replication.

['Antibodies, Bacterial', 'Antibodies, Monoclonal', 'Bacterial Proteins', 'DNA Polymerase III', 'DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase', 'Escherichia coli', 'Genes', 'Genes, Bacterial', 'Multienzyme Complexes']

[['D12.776.124.486.485.114.107', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.125', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.125'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224'], ['D12.776.097'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.308.300.235'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.308.300'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['G05.360.340.024.340'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.364.249', 'G05.360.340.358.024.249', 'G05.360.340.358.207.249'], ['D05.500.562', 'D08.811.600']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Predominantly night-time feeding and maternal glycaemic levels during pregnancy.

Little is known about the influence of meal timing and energy consumption patterns throughout the day on glucose regulation during pregnancy. We examined the association of maternal feeding patterns with glycaemic levels among lean and overweight pregnant women. In a prospective cohort study in Singapore, maternal 24-h dietary recalls, fasting glucose (FG) and 2-h postprandial glucose (2HPPG) concentrations were measured at 26-28 weeks of gestation. Women (n 985) were classified into lean (BMI<23 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI?23 kg/m2) groups. They were further categorised as predominantly daytime (pDT) or predominantly night-time (pNT) feeders according to consumption of greater proportion of energy content from 07.00 to 18.59 hours or from 19.00 to 06.59 hours, respectively. On stratification by weight status, lean pNT feeders were found to have higher FG than lean pDT feeders (4·36 (sd 0·38) v. 4·22 (sd 0·35) mmol/l; P=0·002); however, such differences were not observed between overweight pDT and pNT feeders (4·49 (sd 0·60) v. 4·46 (sd 0·45) mmol/l; P=0·717). Using multiple linear regression with confounder adjustment, pNT feeding was associated with higher FG in the lean group (â=0·16 mmol/l; 95 % CI 0·05, 0·26; P=0·003) but not in the overweight group (â=0·02 mmol/l; 95 % CI -0·17, 0·20; P=0·879). No significant association was found between maternal feeding pattern and 2HPPG in both the lean and the overweight groups. In conclusion, pNT feeding was associated with higher FG concentration in lean but not in overweight pregnant women, suggesting that there may be an adiposity-dependent effect of maternal feeding patterns on glucose tolerance during pregnancy.

['Adiposity', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Blood Glucose', 'Body Mass Index', 'Diabetes, Gestational', 'Energy Intake', 'Feeding Behavior', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Linear Models', 'Overweight', 'Postprandial Period', 'Pregnancy', 'Prospective Studies', 'Reference Values', 'Young Adult']

[['E01.370.600.115.100.062.500', 'G02.111.130.134.500', 'G03.180.134.500', 'G07.100.049.134.500'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['D09.947.875.359.448.500'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['C13.703.170', 'C18.452.394.750.448', 'C19.246.200'], ['G07.203.650.240.340'], ['F01.145.113.547', 'F01.145.407', 'G07.203.650.353'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.500.500', 'E05.318.740.750.425', 'E05.599.835.750', 'N05.715.360.750.530.460', 'N05.715.360.750.695.460', 'N06.850.520.830.500.500', 'N06.850.520.830.750.425'], ['C23.888.144.699', 'E01.370.600.115.100.160.120.699', 'G07.100.100.160.120.699'], ['G10.261.700'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['E05.978.810'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]']

Generalized SMASH imaging.

A generalized parallel imaging method has been developed that uses coil profiles to generate missing k-space lines. The proposed method is an extension of SMASH, which uses linear combinations of coil sensitivity profiles to synthesize spatial harmonics. In the generalized SMASH approach described here, coil sensitivity profiles are represented directly in the Fourier domain to provide a general description of the spatial properties of the coils. This removes restrictions imposed by conventional SMASH, so that the choice and position of the receiver coils can be made on the basis of sensitivity to the volume of interest rather than suitability for constructing spatial harmonics. Generalized SMASH also intrinsically allows the freedom to accommodate acquisitions with uniform or nonuniform k-space sampling. The proposed method places SMASH on an equal footing with other parallel imaging techniques (SENSE and SPACE-RIP), while combining strengths from each. The method was tested on phantom and human data and provides a robust method of data recovery.

['Fourier Analysis', 'Humans', 'Image Processing, Computer-Assisted', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Phantoms, Imaging']

[['E05.377', 'G17.226', 'L01.224.800.625'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.224.308'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['E07.671']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]']

Characterization of an equine mannose-binding lectin and its roles in disease.

The mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognition serum protein, participates in the innate immune system of mammals as an opsonin. In humans, MBL plays a key role in first-line host defense against infection during the lag period prior to the development of a specific immune response. MBL also activates complement via the lectin pathway that requires a MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2). Homologues of human MBL (hMBL) have been identified in a variety of mammals, fish, and primitive animals such as ascidians. In this study, we report that equine MBL (eMBL) has properties that are similar to hMBL. In addition, we found low levels of MBL:MASP activity in sick horses compared to healthy horses. These results suggest that eMBL is involved in the immune response of the horse and that low MBL:MASP activity could be used to monitor immune function and clinical outcome.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Animals', 'Base Sequence', 'Female', 'Horse Diseases', 'Horses', 'Mannose-Binding Lectins', 'Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Proteases', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Phylogeny', 'Sequence Alignment']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['B01.050'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['C22.488'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.984.235.472'], ['D12.776.503.311'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.501', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.501', 'D12.776.124.486.274.045.387.875'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G05.697', 'G16.075.605', 'L01.100.697'], ['E05.393.751']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Life after funding: a strategy for survival of a program to prevent substance abuse.

Problems associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs are among the most serious public health threats found on college and university campuses in the United States. The United States Department of Education's Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education program has supported a nationwide effort among colleges and universities to address these problems. A key issue facing programs to prevent substance abuse is their prospect for survival as grant funding ends. In this article, the survival of one college-based alcohol and other drug prevention program and its move toward institutionalization in an extremely challenging fiscal environment are examined. The strategies described by the authors may be helpful for directors of other programs facing similar challenges.

['Alcoholism', 'California', 'Cost Control', 'Fund Raising', 'Humans', 'Organizations, Nonprofit', 'Student Health Services', 'Substance-Related Disorders', 'United States']

[['C25.775.100.250', 'F03.900.100.350'], ['Z01.107.567.875.580.200', 'Z01.107.567.875.760.200'], ['N03.219.151.160'], ['N03.219.463.360'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N03.540.630'], ['N02.421.897'], ['C25.775', 'F03.900'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Antagonism of morphine analgesia by prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (MIF-1) in humans.

Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (MIF-1) has been observed to inhibit the analgesic effect of morphine in a series of animal studies. In the present study, the naloxone-like properties of MIF-1 were assessed in human subjects. Eight men received a capsule containing 60 mg of MIF-1 or placebo followed one hour later by a 10 mg intramuscular injection of morphine in a double-blind, crossover design at two visits 4 weeks apart. Experimental pain was induced by the cold pressor test administered 45, 75, 120 and 180 min after the morphine. Each subject recorded severity of pain on a 100 mm line scale every 5 sec during the 120 sec his foot was immersed in the cold water tank and during the 60 seconds immediately following its removal. On a third visit, baseline values were measured in the absence of morphine, MIF-1 or placebo. Analysis of variance revealed that MIF-1 resulted in significantly higher scores (less analgesia) compared with placebo when measured at 45 and 75 min after morphine during the immersion phase and during all four times the subjects were evaluated during the removal phase. The results indicate that MIF-1 can act in humans as an opiate antagonist.

['Adult', 'Cold Temperature', 'Double-Blind Method', 'Humans', 'MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone', 'Male', 'Morphine', 'Pain', 'Time Factors']

[['M01.060.116'], ['G01.906.595.272', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710.300', 'G16.500.750.775.710.300', 'N06.230.300.100.725.154', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710.300'], ['E05.318.370.300', 'E05.581.500.300', 'N05.715.360.325.320', 'N06.850.520.445.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D06.472.699.327.700.500', 'D12.644.400.400.700.500', 'D12.644.548.365.700.500', 'D12.776.631.650.405.700.500'], ['D03.132.577.249.562.571', 'D03.605.497.607.587', 'D03.633.400.686.607.587', 'D04.615.723.795.576.571'], ['C23.888.592.612', 'F02.830.816.444', 'G11.561.790.444'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Chloroquine-Primaquine versus Chloroquine Alone to Treat Vivax Malaria in Afghanistan: An Open Randomized Superiority Trial.

Afghanistan's national guidelines recommend primaquine (PQ) for radical treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria, but this is rarely implemented because of concerns over potential hemolysis in patients who have G6PD deficiency. Between August 2009 and February 2014, we conducted an open-label, randomized controlled trial of chloroquine (CQ) alone versus chloroquine plus primaquine (0.25 mg base/kg/day for 14 days) (CQ+PQ) in patients aged 6 months and older with microscopy confirmed P. vivax infection. In the CQ+PQ group, G6PD deficiency was excluded by fluorescent spot testing. The primary outcome was P. vivax recurrence assessed by survival analysis over one year follow-up. Of 593 patients enrolled, 570 attended at or after 14 days of follow-up. Plasmodium vivax recurrences occurred in 37 (13.1%) of 282 patients in the CQ+PQ arm versus 86 (29.9%) of 288 in the CQ arm (Cox proportional hazard ratio [HR] 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25-0.54) (intention-to-treat analysis). Protection against recurrence was greater in the first 6 months of follow-up (HR 0.082; 95% CI 0.029-0.23) than later (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.41-1.03). Five of seven patients requiring hospital admission were considered possible cases of PQ-related hemolysis, and PQ was stopped in a further six; however, in none of these cases did hemoglobin fall by ? 2 g/dL or to below 7 g/dL, and genotyping did not detect any cases of Mediterranean variant G6PD deficiency. PQ 0.25 mg/kg/day for 14 days prevents relapse of P. vivax in Afghanistan. Patient visits during the first week may improve adherence. Implementation will require deployment of point-of-care phenotypic tests for G6PD deficiency.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Afghanistan', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Antimalarials', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Chloroquine', 'Drug Therapy, Combination', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Genotyping Techniques', 'Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency', 'Humans', 'Malaria, Vivax', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Plasmodium vivax', 'Point-of-Care Systems', 'Primaquine', 'Proportional Hazards Models', 'Prospective Studies', 'Recurrence', 'Sample Size', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['Z01.252.245.500.125'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D27.505.954.122.250.100.085'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['D03.633.100.810.050.180'], ['E02.319.310'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['E05.393.442'], ['C15.378.071.141.150.480', 'C16.320.070.480', 'C16.320.565.202.402', 'C18.452.648.202.402'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C01.610.752.530.700', 'C01.920.875.700'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['B01.043.075.380.611.761'], ['N04.452.442.452.452.680', 'N04.452.515.360.652', 'N04.590.874'], ['D03.633.100.810.050.650'], ['E05.318.740.500.700', 'E05.318.740.600.700', 'E05.318.740.750.725', 'E05.318.740.998.825', 'E05.599.835.900', 'N05.715.360.750.530.650', 'N05.715.360.750.625.650', 'N05.715.360.750.695.650', 'N05.715.360.750.795.825', 'N06.850.520.830.500.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.700', 'N06.850.520.830.750.725', 'N06.850.520.830.998.912'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['C23.550.291.937'], ['E05.318.370.762', 'E05.581.500.902', 'N05.715.360.325.692', 'N06.850.520.445.762'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

A newly discovered tRNA(1Asp) gene (aspV) of Escherichia coli K12.

We report a new tRNA(1Asp) gene near the dnaQ gene, which is located at 5 min on the Escherichia coli linkage map. We named it aspV. The sequence corresponding to the mature tRNA is identical with that of the two previously identified tRNA(1Asp) genes (aspT and aspU), but there is no homology in the sequences of their 3'- and 5'-flanking regions.

['Base Sequence', 'Escherichia coli', 'Genes', 'Genes, Bacterial', 'Genetic Linkage', 'RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl']

[['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['G05.360.340.024.340'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.364.249', 'G05.360.340.358.024.249', 'G05.360.340.358.207.249'], ['G05.348'], ['D12.125.780', 'D13.444.735.757.715']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Ultrasonographic ovarian dynamic, plasma progesterone, and non-esterified fatty acids in lame postpartum dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to compare ovulation rate, number of large ovarian follicles, and concentrations of plasma progesterone (P4) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) between lame (n = 10) and non-lame (n = 10) lactating Holstein cows. The study was conducted in an organic dairy farm, and cows were evaluated by undertaking ultrasonography and blood sampling every 3 days from 30 days postpartum for a period of 34 days. Cows which became lame during the first 30 days postpartum experienced a lower ovulation rate determined by the presence of a corpus luteum (50% presence for lame cows and 100% for non-lame cows, p ? 0.05). The number of large ovarian follicles in the ovaries was 5 for lame cows and 7 for non-lame cows (p = 0.09). Compared to non-lame cows, lame cows had significantly lower (p ? 0.05) concentrations of plasma P4. Furthermore, NEFA concentrations were lower (p ? 0.05) in lame cows than in non-lame cows. It is concluded that lameness in postpartum dairy cows is associated with ovulation failure and lower concentrations of P4 and NEFA.

['Animals', 'Cattle', 'Cattle Diseases', 'Fatty Acids, Nonesterified', 'Female', 'Lameness, Animal', 'Ovarian Follicle', 'Ovulation', 'Progesterone', 'Ultrasonography']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['C22.196'], ['D10.251.310'], ['C22.510'], ['A05.360.319.114.630.535', 'A06.300.312.497.535'], ['G08.686.784.690'], ['D04.210.500.745.745.654.829', 'D06.472.334.734.623', 'D06.472.334.851.687.750'], ['E01.370.350.850']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Unveiling patterns of salary inequity: suggested measurement strategy for health care organizations.

This paper focuses on how potential race related salary inequity and racial discrimination patterns can be measured in health care organizations. Incorporating ethical principals to the measurement strategy helps conceptualize potential patterns of salary inequity. Convergent validity assessment through triangulation method allows for the measurement of parallelism, correspondence, and the affirmation of major findings. The most important benefit of the suggested strategies is the ability to assess and identify how discrimination may be occurring in organizations.

['Female', 'Health Facilities', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Minority Groups', 'Prejudice', 'Salaries and Fringe Benefits', 'Truth Disclosure', 'United States']

[['N02.278'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I01.880.853.300'], ['F01.145.813.550', 'F01.829.595'], ['N01.824.417.700', 'N04.452.677.800'], ['F01.829.401.046.800', 'I01.880.604.583.080.134.800'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Time course of the distribution of morphine in brain regions and spinal cord after intravenous injection to spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats.

Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that the analgesic and hyperthermic effects of morphine were found to be greater in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats than in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The enhanced response to morphine could not be explained on the basis of any of the pharmacokinetic parameters of morphine in the serum. In order to determine the possible contribution of altered distribution of morphine in the central nervous system in the differences in the pharmacological response to morphine in the two strains, the time course of the distribution of morphine was determined in brain regions and spinal cord after its i.v. administration. SHR and WKY rats were injected with morphine (10 mg/kg). At various times (5, 30, 60, 120 and 360 min) after the injection of morphine, brain regions (hypothalamus, cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, pons and medulla, striatum and amygdala) and spinal cord were collected. The level of morphine in the tissues was determined by using a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay method. Five minutes after morphine injection, the concentration of morphine was the highest in the spinal cord. Among the brain regions, the highest concentration of morphine was in the hypothalamus and the lowest in the amygdala. In all the brain regions and spinal cord, the concentration of morphine was significantly higher in the SHR than in the WKY rats. Similar effects were observed at 30, 60 and 120 min after morphine injection. At 360 min, the hypothalamus, cortex and spinal cord of the SHR rats had higher concentrations of morphine than the WKY rats, but the other regions did not show differences in the morphine levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

['Analgesia', 'Animals', 'Blood Pressure', 'Body Temperature', 'Brain', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Male', 'Morphine', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred SHR', 'Rats, Inbred WKY', 'Species Specificity', 'Spinal Cord', 'Tissue Distribution']

[['E03.091'], ['B01.050'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['E01.370.600.875.374', 'G07.110'], ['A08.186.211'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['D03.132.577.249.562.571', 'D03.605.497.607.587', 'D03.633.400.686.607.587', 'D04.615.723.795.576.571'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760.300', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.300'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760.390', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.390'], ['G16.824'], ['A08.186.854'], ['G03.787.917', 'G07.690.725.949']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Archenteron cells are responsible for the increase in ribosomal RNA synthesis in sea urchin gastrulae.

Paracentrotus lividus embryos were continuously labeled with P32 from hatching blastula to pluteus. The archenteron cells were then separated from the rest of the embryo and the radioactivity accumulated into the ribosomal RNA of the two cell groups measured. The results clearly indicate that the bulk of ribosomal RNA is mainly if not entirely, synthesized in this time interval by the archenteron cells.

['Animals', 'Blastocyst', 'Ectoderm', 'Embryo, Nonmammalian', 'Gastrula', 'RNA, Ribosomal', 'Sea Urchins']

[]

[]

Preoperative assessment of the infant, child, and adolescent.

The preoperative nursing assessment is a valuable tool for perioperative nurses. This article describes the pediatric history, approach to pediatric physical examination, methods of examination, and a system-by-system review of important considerations for the pediatric patient.

['Adolescent', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Medical History Taking', 'Nursing Assessment', 'Physical Examination', 'Preoperative Care']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['E01.370.510'], ['N04.590.233.508.480'], ['E01.370.600'], ['E02.760.795', 'E04.604.750', 'N02.421.585.795']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Usability of the revised NIOSH lifting equation.

Following the revision of the 1981 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lifting equation, research needs related to the new equation were outlined. Aside from epidemiological studies, the need to evaluate the usability of the 1991 NIOSH equation in realistic work environments was expressed. This paper reports on extensive experiences with training users and application of the equation in varied work settings. Qualitative results from training sessions indicated that frequency, asymmetry and duration were the parameters that required relatively longer instruction periods and resulted in the most questions. Field applications indicated that the variable nature of lifting/lowering demands found in many jobs resulted in difficulty applying the equation. Approximately 35% of 1103 lifting and lowering tasks had at least one parameter outside of acceptable ranges, while a majority of workers (62.8%) reported other manual handling tasks that are counter to assumptions made in the development of the equation. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.

['Guideline Adherence', 'Humans', 'Inservice Training', 'Lifting', 'National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.', 'Occupational Health', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Task Performance and Analysis', 'United States']

[['N04.761.337', 'N05.715.360.395'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I02.574'], ['G01.374.669'], ['I01.409.418.750.600.650.200.520', 'N03.540.348.500.500.600.650.225.520'], ['N01.400.525'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['F02.784.412.846', 'F02.784.692.746', 'F02.808.600'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Managing care: utilization review in action at two capitated medical groups.

Despite widespread concern about denials of coverage by managed care organizations, little empirical information exists on the profile and outcomes of utilization review decisions. This study examines the outcomes of nearly a half-million coverage requests in two large medical groups that contract with health plans to deliver care and conduct utilization review. We found much higher denial rates than those previously reported. Denials were particularly common for emergency care and durable medical equipment. Retrospective requests were nearly four times more likely than prospective requests were to be denied, and when prospective requests were denied, it was more likely because the service fell outside the scope of covered benefits than because it was not medically necessary.

['California', 'Group Practice, Prepaid', 'Humans', 'Insurance Claim Review', 'Insurance, Health, Reimbursement', 'Managed Care Programs', 'United States', 'Utilization Review']

[['Z01.107.567.875.580.200', 'Z01.107.567.875.760.200'], ['N04.452.758.244.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N03.219.521.576.215'], ['N03.219.521.576.343.480', 'N03.219.521.710'], ['N03.219.521.576.343.800', 'N04.590.374.410'], ['Z01.107.567.875'], ['N04.761.879', 'N05.700.900']]

['Geographicals [Z]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Fixed-interval behavior maintained by conditioned reinforcement.

The key-pecking of a pigeon was reinforced with grain on an 18-min second-order schedule. During the 18 min, a key peck which completed a 3-min fixed interval produced a stimulus of 0.5-sec duration. The first 3-min fixed interval completed after 18 min resulted in primary reinforcement. Behavior characteristic of fixed-interval schedules was produced on both the 3-min components and the 18-min schedule. This performance was shown to be enhanced whenever the 0.5-sec stimulus was also presented before the presentation of grain.

['Animals', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Columbidae', 'Conditioning, Psychological', 'Male', 'Reinforcement Schedule', 'Reinforcement, Psychology']

[['B01.050'], ['F01.145.113'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.165.150'], ['F02.463.425.179'], ['F02.463.425.770.644'], ['F02.463.425.770']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Self-assessed Oral Health Status: An Internet Survey.

The purpose of this study based on a cross-sectional internet survey was to investigate the relationship between risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and self-assessed oral health status. The participants, who comprised individuals registered with an online research company, were required to complete a self-reported questionnaire. Those answering in the affirmative to both of the following two questions were placed in the OSA-risk group, while those answering in the negative were assigned to the control group: 'Have other people noticed pauses in your breathing while you are sleeping?' and 'Do you feel excessively sleepy during the daytime?'. A total of 493 were included in the OSA-risk group and 2,560 in the control group. Among the total 3,053 respondents, the highest prevalence for OSA risk in men was in the 50-59-year age range, although this tended to level off after age 60 years. No such trend was observed in women, however. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the relationship between risk of OSA and self-assessed oral health status. Significant correlations were observed with the following parameters: difficulty in opening mouth (odds ratio [OR]: 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.647-4.311), dry mouth (OR: 2.11; CI: 1.544-2.876), bad breath (OR: 1.69; CI: 1.309-2.186), gingival bleeding (OR: 1.48; CI: 1.134-1.932), and gingival swelling (OR: 1.44; CI: 1.046-1.981). These results suggest a relationship between risk of OSA and self-assessed oral health status, indicating that treating OSA might improve oral health status. Further study is needed to demonstrate a causal relationship between OSA and self-assessed oral health status, however.

['Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Aged', 'Body Mass Index', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Dental Health Surveys', 'Diagnostic Self Evaluation', 'Female', 'Gingival Diseases', 'Gingival Hemorrhage', 'Halitosis', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Internet', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Oral Health', 'Sex Factors', 'Sleep Apnea, Obstructive', 'Tooth Mobility', 'Xerostomia']

[['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.125', 'E05.041.124.125', 'G07.100.100.125', 'N06.850.505.200.100.175'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.300', 'E06.208', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.300', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.300', 'N06.890.160'], ['E01.370.360', 'F01.752.747.792.220'], ['C07.465.714.258'], ['C07.465.625.446', 'C07.465.714.258.250', 'C23.550.414.922.500'], ['C23.888.821.475'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['L01.224.230.110.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['N01.400.535'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['C08.618.085.852.850', 'C10.886.425.800.750.850'], ['C07.465.714.898', 'G10.549.840'], ['C07.465.815.929']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]']

Liquid crystal forehead temperature strips. A clinical appraisal.

We recently compared two brands of liquid crystal temperature strips, designed for application to the forehead, Clinitemp and Fever Scan, with recently calibrated rectal and oral glass thermometers in 134 children. The Clinitemp identified as febrile nine (28%) of 33 children who had fever verified by a glass thermometer. Five of seven children less than 2 years of age with rectal temperatures of 38.9 degree C or higher were identified as afebrile by the Clinitemp. The Fever Scan identified as febrile 26 (79%) of 33 children who had fever verified by a glass thermometer. One of six children less than 2 years of age with rectal temperatures of 38.9 degree C or higher was identified as afebrile by the Fever Scan. Parents who rely on these strips to identify a fever in their children may be misled by an erroneous afebrile reading.

['Adolescent', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Crystallization', 'Fever', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Thermometers']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['E05.196.300', 'G02.171'], ['C23.888.119.344'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['E07.900']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

[A familial outbreak of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O103:H2 infection in which a calf was the suspected infectious source].

A familial outbreak of Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infection occurred in July 1996 in AKITA prefecture. Four VTEC strains harboring VT-1 and eaeA genes were isolated from three patients and a calf, breeding farm for which was located as close as 4 meters from the house where the patients lived in. All of the 4 VTEC isolates were serotyped as O63:H2 using commercially available sera kits. However, a patient isolate, EC-281, was serotyped as 0103:H2 at the International Escherichia and Klebsiella Centre. Titration and absorption tests using rabbit antisera raised against EC-281 confirmed that the serogroup of the remaining 3-VTEC isolates was also O103. Epidemiological characteristics including plasmid profile, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of the 4 VTEC isolates were completely the same, indicating that these isolates originated from a common source. These findings in conjunction with the results of epidemiological survey conducted by the Health Center suggested that a possible infectious source for this outbreak is the calf. Our present results strengthen the significance of calf as an infectious source of VTEC infection.

['Animals', 'Bacterial Toxins', 'Cattle', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Disease Outbreaks', 'Enterotoxins', 'Escherichia coli', 'Escherichia coli Infections', 'Family', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Japan', 'Male', 'Serotyping', 'Shiga Toxin 1', 'Zoonoses']

[['B01.050'], ['D23.946.123'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['N06.850.290'], ['D23.946.330'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['C01.150.252.400.310.330'], ['F01.829.263', 'I01.880.853.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['Z01.252.474.463', 'Z01.639.595'], ['E01.370.225.812.742', 'E01.370.225.875.150.125.890', 'E05.200.812.742', 'E05.200.875.150.125.890', 'E05.478.594.780'], ['D08.811.277.450.430.700.750.750.120', 'D12.776.097.275.877', 'D23.946.123.794.100', 'D23.946.330.575.120'], ['C01.973', 'C22.969']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Effect of pH on the speciation and solubility of divalent metals in human and bovine milks.

Computer models estimated the ligand speciation and solubility of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper over a pH range for low molecular weight fractions characteristic of either human or bovine milks. Above pH 4 calcium is the only metal predicted to precipitate. Most of the remaining soluble calcium, magnesium, and zinc should be complexed with citrate. The solubility of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in human and bovine milks was measured experimentally from pH 2 to 7. The solubility of all three metals decreased as the pH increased. Calcium and zinc were soluble over a narrower pH range in bovine milk than in human milk. Increasing the levels of either calcium or inorganic phosphate alone in decaseinated human milk did not affect the solubility of zinc, but when both calcium and inorganic phosphate were added at levels comparable to bovine milk the solubility of zinc decreased at the higher pH's. The decreased solubility of zinc in skimmed milks in pH's characteristic of the small intestine is likely due to coprecipitation of zinc with calcium phosphate--a reaction not predicted for milk systems from known chemical solubility product data.

['Animals', 'Biological Availability', 'Calcium', 'Caseins', 'Cattle', 'Humans', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration', 'Magnesium', 'Metals', 'Milk', 'Milk, Human', 'Solubility', 'Spectrophotometry, Atomic', 'Ultrafiltration', 'Zinc']

[['B01.050'], ['G03.787.151', 'G07.690.725.129'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['D12.776.256.159.750.207', 'D12.776.744.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.300'], ['D01.268.552.437', 'D01.268.557.500', 'D01.552.547.500'], ['D01.552'], ['A12.200.455', 'A12.790', 'G07.203.100.700', 'G07.203.300.350.525', 'J02.200.700', 'J02.500.350.525'], ['A12.200.467', 'A12.790.500', 'G07.203.100.700.500', 'G07.203.300.350.525.500', 'J02.200.700.500', 'J02.500.350.525.500'], ['G02.805'], ['E05.196.712.726.551', 'E05.196.867.826.551'], ['E04.292.975', 'E05.196.454.807', 'G01.280.807', 'G02.263.807'], ['D01.268.556.940', 'D01.268.956.906', 'D01.552.544.940']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Tobacco-Free Cigarette Smoke Exposure Induces Anxiety and Panic-Related Behaviours in Male Wistar Rats.

Smokers, who generally present with lung damage, are more anxious than non-smokers and have an associated augmented risk of panic. Considering that lung damage signals specific neural pathways that are related to affective responses, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of pulmonary injury on anxiety and panic-like behaviours in animals exposed to cigarette smoke with and without tobacco. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: a control group (CG); a regular cigarette group (RC); and a tobacco-free cigarette (TFC) group. Animals were exposed to twelve cigarettes per day for eight consecutive days. The animals were then exposed to an elevated T-maze and an open field. The RC and TFC groups presented increases in inflammatory cell inflow, antioxidant enzyme activity, and TBARS levels, and a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio was observed in the TFC group. Exposure to RC smoke reduced anxiety and panic-related behaviours. On the other hand, TFC induced anxiety and panic-related behaviours. Thus, our results contradict the concept that nicotine is solely accountable for shifted behavioural patterns caused by smoking, in that exposure to TFC smoke causes anxiety and panic-related behaviours.

['Animals', 'Anxiety', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Male', 'Maze Learning', 'Panic', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Tobacco Smoke Pollution']

[['B01.050'], ['F01.470.132'], ['F01.145.113'], ['F02.463.425.874.500'], ['F01.470.361.585'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['D20.633.937.680', 'N06.850.460.100.555']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

Interactions of cantharidin-like inhibitors with human protein phosphatase-5 in a Mg2+

The serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 5 (PP5) is a promising target for designing new antitumor drugs. This enzyme is a member of the PPP phosphatases gene family, which catalyzes a dephosphorylation reaction: a regulatory process in the signal transduction pathway that controls various biological processes. The aim of this work is to study and compare the inhibition of PP5 by ten cantharidin-like inhibitors in order to bring about contributions relevant to the better comprehension of their inhibitory activity. In this theoretical investigation, we used molecular dynamics techniques to understand the role of key interactions that occur in the protein active site; QM calculations were employed to study the interaction mode of these inhibitors in the enzyme. In addition, atoms in molecules (AIM) calculations were carried out to characterize the chemical bonds among the atoms involved and investigate the orbital interactions with their respective energy values. The obtained results suggest that the Arg275, Asn303, His304, His352, Arg400, His427, Glu428, Val429, Tyr451, and Phe446 residues favorably contribute to the interactions between inhibitors and PP5. However, the Asp271 and Asp244 amino acid residues do not favor such interactions for some inhibitors. Through the QM calculations, we can suggest that the reactional energy of the coordination mechanism of these inhibitors in the PP5 active site is quite important and is responsible for the inhibitory activity. The AIM technique employed in this work was essential to get a better comprehension of the transition states acquired from the mechanism simulation. This work offers insights of how cantharidin-like inhibitors interact with human PP5, potentially allowing the design of more specific and even less cytotoxic drugs for cancer treatments. Graphical Abstract Interactions of cantharidin-like inhibitors with human protein phosphatase-5 in a Mg2+ system.

['Cantharidin', 'Catalytic Domain', 'Cations, Divalent', 'Drug Design', 'Enzyme Inhibitors', 'Humans', 'Magnesium', 'Molecular Dynamics Simulation', 'Nuclear Proteins', 'Phosphoprotein Phosphatases']

[['D03.633.100.127.125'], ['G02.111.570.120.704', 'G02.111.570.820.709.275.750.188'], ['D01.248.497.300.333'], ['E05.290.500', 'H01.158.703.007.338.500', 'H01.181.466.338.500'], ['D27.505.519.389'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D01.268.552.437', 'D01.268.557.500', 'D01.552.547.500'], ['E05.599.595.500', 'G02.111.570.895', 'L01.224.160.500'], ['D12.776.660'], ['D08.811.277.352.650.625']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]']

[Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms with selectively detachable platinum coils].

In 14 patients (eight men, six women; mean age 58 [31-72] years) with intracranial aneurysm (basilar artery in nine, anterior branches in five) the aneurysm was occluded by electrically detachable platinum coils, advanced into the aneurysm introduced via a percutaneously introduced catheter system, under local anaesthesia and fluoroscopic control. Ten patients had acute subarachnoid haemorrhage (stage II-IV). In two patients several sessions were required before complete occlusion was achieved. In one patient, with a basilar artery aneurysm, the aneurysmal wall was perforated (angiographically demonstrated contrast-medium extravasation), but this remained clinically asymptomatic. There has been no recurrence or renewed bleeding during a follow-up period of 6-12 months. The method is a highly promising addition to the micro-neurosurgical treatment of such aneurysms. However, as long-term results are still awaited, indications for using the method should be strict and only those patients should be so treated in whom operation would be associated with a high risk or who are inoperable.

['Acute Disease', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Anesthesia, Local', 'Aneurysm, Ruptured', 'Cerebral Angiography', 'Embolization, Therapeutic', 'Evaluation Studies as Topic', 'Female', 'Fluoroscopy', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Intracranial Aneurysm', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Platinum', 'Subarachnoid Hemorrhage', 'Time Factors', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['C23.550.291.125'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E03.155.086.231'], ['C14.907.055.185'], ['E01.370.350.578.937.180', 'E01.370.350.700.060.180', 'E01.370.350.700.560.180', 'E01.370.370.050.180', 'E01.370.376.537.750.180', 'E05.629.937.180'], ['E02.520.360', 'E02.926.500'], ['E05.337', 'N05.715.360.335'], ['E01.370.350.700.225'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C10.228.140.300.510.600', 'C14.907.055.635', 'C14.907.253.560.300'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D01.268.556.690', 'D01.268.956.734', 'D01.552.544.690'], ['C10.228.140.300.535.800', 'C14.907.253.573.800', 'C23.550.414.913.850'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Comparison between mainly mucosa-supported and combined mucosa-implant-supported mandibular overdentures.

The purpose of this study is to compare mainly mucosa-supported and combined mucosa-implant-supported complete mandibular overdentures. Ten completely edentulous patients received 20 press-fit dental implants at the canine regions of the mandible. Each patient received 2 implants, which were left submerged and unloaded for 4 months. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group I patients received mandibular overdentures retained by a magnet attachment (mainly mucosa-supported overdenture). Group II patients received mandibular overdentures retained by a bar attachment (combined mucosa-implant-supported overdenture). The patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically immediately after overdenture delivery and after 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. The results showed that the mainly mucosa-supported overdentures had less bone resorption distal to the implant in comparison to the combined mucosa-implant-supported overdentures. Plaque index score was significantly high in the group treated with magnet-retained overdentures. After 18 months follow up, the group treated with combined mucosa-implant-supported overdentures showed a significant increase in gingival inflammation when compared with the other group. The type of attachment or support may affect gingival inflammation or plaque accumulation. Increased functional load may affect bone density and resorption.

['Alveolar Bone Loss', 'Dental Implantation', 'Dental Implantation, Endosseous', 'Dental Plaque', 'Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported', 'Dental Restoration Failure', 'Dental Stress Analysis', 'Denture Design', 'Denture Retention', 'Denture, Overlay', 'Female', 'Gingivitis', 'Humans', 'Jaw, Edentulous', 'Magnetics', 'Male', 'Mandible', 'Middle Aged', 'Mouth Mucosa']

[['C05.116.264.150', 'C07.465.714.354.500'], ['E04.545.550.280', 'E04.650.230', 'E06.645.550.280', 'E06.780.314'], ['E04.545.550.280.280', 'E04.650.230.500', 'E06.645.550.280.280', 'E06.780.314.310'], ['C07.793.208.377'], ['E06.780.346.706', 'E07.695.190.185'], ['E06.323.400', 'E06.780.346.725'], ['E06.308'], ['E06.780.346.760.300', 'E06.912.250'], ['E06.780.346.760.550'], ['E06.780.346.760.887', 'E07.695.190.200.215'], ['C01.408', 'C07.465.714.258.480'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C05.500.480', 'C07.320.550', 'C07.465.550.425', 'C07.793.597.425'], ['H01.671.493'], ['A02.835.232.781.324.502.632', 'A14.521.632'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A10.615.550.599', 'A14.549.512']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Determination of the full-genome sequence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) SAAS-FX17 and use as a reference to identify putative HEV genotype 4 virulence determinants.

BACKGROUND: Four major genotypes of hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, have so far been recognized. While genotypes 3 and 4 are both zoonotic, the disease symptoms caused by the latter tend to be more severe. To examine if specific nucleotide/amino acid variations between genotypes 3 and 4 play a role in determining the severity of hepatitis E disease, the complete genome of one swine HEV genotype 4 isolate, SAAS-FX17, was determined and compared with other genotype 4 and genotype 3 genomes to identify putative HEV genotype 4 virulence determinants.RESULTS: A total of 42 conformable nt/aa variations between genotype 3 and 4 HEVs were detected, of which 19 were proposed to be potential disease severity determinants for genotype 4 strains.CONCLUSIONS: One potential determinant was located in each of the 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR, 3 and 12 within ORF1 and ORF2 respectively, and 2 in the junction region.

["3' Untranslated Regions", "5' Untranslated Regions", 'Animals', 'Base Sequence', 'Genome, Viral', 'Genotype', 'Hepatitis E virus', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Nucleic Acid Conformation', 'Open Reading Frames', 'Phylogeny', 'RNA, Viral', 'Sequence Alignment', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA', 'Swine', 'Virulence']

[['D13.444.735.544.875.880', 'D13.444.735.790.878.880', 'G05.360.340.024.220.880.880', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.910.880'], ['D13.444.735.544.875.885', 'D13.444.735.790.878.885', 'G05.360.340.024.220.880.885', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.910.885'], ['B01.050'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['G05.360.340.358.840'], ['G05.380'], ['B04.450.412', 'B04.820.578.407.400'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G02.111.570.820.486', 'G05.360.580'], ['G05.360.335.760.640', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.650'], ['G05.697', 'G16.075.605', 'L01.100.697'], ['D13.444.735.828'], ['E05.393.751'], ['E05.393.760.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.880'], ['G06.930']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Chronic corticosterone administration dose-dependently modulates Abeta(1-42)- and NMDA-induced neurodegeneration in rat magnocellular nucleus basalis.

The impact of glucocorticoids on beta-amyloid(1-42) (Abeta(1-42)) and NMDA-induced neurodegeneration was investigated in vivo. Abeta(1-42) or NMDA was injected into the cholinergic magnocellular nucleus basalis in adrenalectomized (ADX) rats, ADX rats supplemented with 25%, 100%, 2x100% corticosterone pellets, or sham-ADX controls. Abeta(1-42)- or NMDA-induced damage of cholinergic nucleus basalis neurones was assessed by quantitative acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Plasma concentrations of corticosterone and cholinergic fibre loss after Abeta(1-42) or NMDA injection showed a clear U-shaped dose-response relationship. ADX and subsequent loss of serum corticosterone potentiated both the Abeta(1-42) and NMDA-induced neurodegeneration. ADX+25% corticosterone resulted in a 10-90 nM plasma corticosterone concentration, which significantly attenuated the Abeta(1-42) and NMDA neurotoxicity. ADX+100% corticosterone (corticosterone concentrations of 110-270 nM) potently decreased both Abeta(1-42)- and NMDA-induced neurotoxic brain damage. In contrast, high corticosterone concentrations of 310-650 nM potentiated Abeta(1-42)- and NMDA-triggered neurodegeneration. In conclusion, chronic low or high corticosterone concentrations increase the vulnerability of cholinergic cells to neurotoxic insult, while slightly elevated corticosterone levels protect against neurotoxic injury. Enhanced neurotoxicity of NMDA in the presence of high concentrations of specific glucocorticoid receptor agonists suggests that the corticosterone effects are mediated by glucocorticoid receptors.

['Amyloid beta-Peptides', 'Animals', 'Basal Nucleus of Meynert', 'Corticosterone', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists', 'Male', 'N-Methylaspartate', 'Nerve Degeneration', 'Neuroprotective Agents', 'Peptide Fragments', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Time Factors']

[['D12.644.024', 'D12.776.049.407.249.500', 'D12.776.543.039.500'], ['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.249.880.100'], ['D04.210.500.745.745.654.237', 'D06.472.040.585.353.237'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['D27.505.519.625.190.200', 'D27.505.696.577.190.200'], ['D12.125.067.500.400', 'D12.125.119.170.400'], ['C23.550.737'], ['D27.505.696.706.548', 'D27.505.954.427.575'], ['D12.644.541'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

Time from symptom onset to treatment and outcomes after thrombolytic therapy. GUSTO-1 Investigators.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the relations among patient characteristics, time to thrombolysis and outcomes in the international GUSTO-I trial.BACKGROUND: Studies have shown better left ventricular function and decreased infarct size as well as increased survival with earlier thrombolysis, but the relative benefits of various thrombolytic agents with earlier administration are uncertain.METHODS: We evaluated the relations of baseline characteristics to three prospectively defined time variables: symptom onset to treatment, symptom onset to hospital arrival (presentation delay) and hospital arrival to treatment (treatment delay). We also examined the relations of delays to clinical outcomes and to the relative 30-day mortality benefit with accelerated tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) versus streptokinase.RESULTS: Female, elderly, diabetic and hypertensive patients had longer delays at all stages. Previous infarction or bypass surgery was an additional risk factor for treatment delay. Early thrombolysis was associated with lower overall mortality rate (< 2 h, 5.5%; > 4 h, 9.0%), but no additional relative benefit resulted from earlier treatment with accelerated t-PA versus streptokinase (p = 0.38). Longer presentation and treatment delays were both associated with increased mortality rate (presentation delay < 1 h, 5.6% and > 4 h, 8.6%; treatment delay < 1 h, 5.4%, and > 90 min, 8.1%). As time to treatment increased, the incidence of recurrent ischemia or reinfarction decreased, but the rates of shock, heart failure and stroke increased.CONCLUSIONS: Earlier treatment resulted in better outcomes, regardless of thrombolytic strategy. Elderly, female and diabetic patients were treated later, adding to their already substantial risk.

['Aged', 'Female', 'Fibrinolytic Agents', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'Plasminogen Activators', 'Streptokinase', 'Thrombolytic Therapy', 'Time Factors', 'Tissue Plasminogen Activator', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['D27.505.519.421.750', 'D27.505.954.411.320', 'D27.505.954.502.427'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.635', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.635', 'D12.776.124.125.662'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.775', 'D12.776.124.125.662.537'], ['E02.319.913'], ['G01.910.857'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.875', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.875', 'D12.776.124.125.662.768', 'D23.119.970'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

The effects of oxcarbazepine and valproate therapies on growth in children with epilepsy.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of monotherapy with valproate or oxcarbazepine on the linear growth of children with idiopathic epilepsy.METHODS: Antiepileptic treatment with valproate or oxcarbazepine was initiated in 76 patients. These were evaluated at baseline and at 6 and 18 months after commencement of therapy to determine height standard deviations (height z-scores). Serum ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels were measured.RESULTS: In prepubertal patients receiving oxcarbazepine, height z-scores were elevated after 6 and 18 months of therapy (p = 0.008 and p = 0.001, respectively); in pubertal patients, a significant increase was noted at the 18th month of therapy (p = 0.004). In prepubertal patients receiving oxcarbazepine, serum standardized insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels were significantly higher at the 18th month of therapy compared with baseline (p = 0.005 and p = 0.004, respectively). In puber-tal patients receiving valproate, serum ghrelin levels were significantly decreased at the 18th month of therapy compared with baseline (p = 0.006).CONCLUSION: Exposure to oxcarbazepine stimulated linear growth in epileptic patients through mechanisms involving the release of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3. In contrast, expo-sure to valproate did not affect linear growth, but did lead to a decrease in serum ghrelin levels.

['Adolescent', 'Anticonvulsants', 'Body Height', 'Carbamazepine', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Epilepsy', 'Female', 'Ghrelin', 'Humans', 'Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3', 'Insulin-Like Growth Factor I', 'Male', 'Oxcarbazepine', 'Puberty', 'Valproic Acid']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

HHV-6-DNAemia related to CMV-DNAemia after liver transplantation.

In addition to cytomegalovirus (CMV), activation of other betaherpesviruses, especially human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), has been reported in liver transplant patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the posttransplant HHV-6-DNAemia in relation to CMV-DNAemia in liver transplant patients. Thirty-one adult liver allograft recipients were regularly monitored for CMV and HHV-6 during the first 3 months after transplantation. For the diagnosis of CMV infections, pp65-antigenemia assay and quantitative DNA-PCR were used. HHV-6 was demonstrated by using quantitative DNA-PCR and HHV-6 antigenemia test. Altogether 253 blood specimens of 31 recipients were analyzed. In addition, CMV and HHV-6 specific antigens were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in liver biopsy specimens in the case of graft dysfunction. Thirteen patients (40%) developed a clinically significant CMV infection, at a mean of 33 days (range 5 to 62 days) after transplantation and were treated with intravenous ganciclovir. The peak viral loads of these symptomatic CMV infections were high (CMV-DNA 34210 +/- 37557 copies/mL plasma). Six additional asymptomatic patients demonstrated significantly lower CMV-DNAemia levels (1020 +/- 1008 copies/mL, P < .05), and were not treated. Concurrently with CMV, HHV-6 DNAemia and antigenemia were detected in 17 of 19 patients, mean 11 days (range 6 to 24 days) after transplantation. HHV-6 appeared prior to CMV in most cases (12 of 17). However, the peak viral loads were low (HHV-6-DNA <1500 copies/mL blood), even in the five patients who demonstrated HHV-6 antigens on liver biopsy. All CMV infections were successfully treated with ganciclovir and the CMV DNAemia/antigenemia subsided. HHV-6 also responded to the antiviral treatment, but more slowly and less clearly. In conclusion, HHV-6 activations were common and usually associated with CMV infection in liver transplant patients. Further investigation of the clinical significance of HHV-6 DNAemia/antigenemia is necessary.

['Adult', 'Cytomegalovirus', 'Cytomegalovirus Infections', 'DNA, Viral', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Herpesvirus 6, Human', 'Humans', 'Liver Transplantation', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Postoperative Period', 'Roseolovirus Infections', 'Time Factors', 'Transplantation, Homologous']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Abnormal responses to ingested substances in murine systemic lupus erythematosus: apparent effect of a casein-free diet on the development of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZB/W mice.

To assess the development of oral tolerance to casein in NZB/W female mice, they must be bred and raised on a casein free diet. We examined the specific immune responses of the mice to the long term experimental feeding of casein. Twelve of fifteen casein free mice were still alive at 10 months of age, although by this age only 1/10 mice eating the normal diet was still alive. The casein free mice had markedly less anti-DNA antibody, their IgM to IgG antinative DNA switch was delayed and deposits of immunoreactants in the glomeruli were greatly decreased. The reason for this apparent effect of the removal of casein from the diet is unknown; however, immunostimulatory and endorphin-like regions have recently been reported in casein.

['Animals', 'Antibodies, Antinuclear', 'Caseins', 'DNA', 'Female', 'Food Hypersensitivity', 'Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic', 'Lupus Nephritis', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred NZB']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.323.204', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.323.204', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.204'], ['D12.776.256.159.750.207', 'D12.776.744.150'], ['D13.444.308'], ['C20.543.480.370'], ['C17.300.480', 'C20.111.590'], ['C12.777.419.570.363.680', 'C13.351.968.419.570.363.680', 'C17.300.480.680', 'C20.111.590.560'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.580', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.580']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]']

Polymorphisms at IL28B gene as predictors of viral relapse in genotype 4 Egyptian hepatitis C patients.

Chronic HCV is one of the commonest causes of chronic liver disease worldwide with about 15% of population infected in Egypt. Certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) lying near the IL28B gene were found to affect the spontaneous clearance as well as treatment outcome of HCV. To examine the association between different IL28B variants and the relapse of HCV infection after combined therapy with ribavirin and pegylated interferon (pegIFN). Hundered HCV genotype four patients received 1.5 mg/kg/week peginterferon alfa-2b plus 800-1400 mg/d ribavirin (weight-adjusted) for 48 weeks. IL28B polymorphisms (rs12980275, rs12979860, and 1 rs8099917) were studied in responders and relapsers at week 72. Out of 69 patients receiving treatment, 13 (18.8%) were relapsers. By stratifying patients on the basis of the IL-28/60 genotype (CC vs. CT/TT), CC patients showed lower relapse rates (2.3%) compared with CT/TT patients (46.2%) (P < 0.001). On the basis of the IL-28/75 genotype (GG vs. GA/AA), the GG patients achieved higher relapse rates (62.5%) compared with GA/AA patients (13.1%) (P = 0.004). Moreover, no statistical significant difference was observed between the TT patients compared with GG/GT patients on the basis of the IL-28/17 genotype. SNPs at IL-28/60 and IL-28/75 are possible predictors of relapse in patients receiving dual treatment.

['Adult', 'Antiviral Agents', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Drug Therapy, Combination', 'Egypt', 'Female', 'Genotype', 'Hepacivirus', 'Hepatitis C, Chronic', 'Humans', 'Interferon alpha-2', 'Interferon-alpha', 'Interferons', 'Interleukins', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Polyethylene Glycols', 'Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Recurrence', 'Ribavirin', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Young Adult']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Factors associated with stigma among caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder in the STEP-BD study.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the factors contributing to mental illness stigma among caregivers of people with bipolar disorder.METHODS: A total of 500 caregivers of patients participating in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) study were interviewed in a cross-sectional design on measures of stigma, mood, burden, and coping. Relatives and friends with bipolar disorder were assessed on measures of diagnosis and clinical status, determined by a days-well measure derived from psychiatrist ratings of DSM-IV episode status. Because patients' clinical status varied widely, separate models were run for patients who were euthymic for at least three-fourths of the past year (well group) and for those who met criteria for an affective episode for at least one-fourth of the previous year (unwell group). Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify patient, illness, and caregiver characteristics associated with caregiver stigma.RESULTS: In the unwell group, greater mental illness stigma was associated with bipolar I (versus II) disorder, less social support for the caregiver, fewer caregiver social interactions, and being a caregiver of Hispanic descent. In the well group, greater stigma was associated with being a caregiver who is the adult child of a parent with bipolar disorder, who has a college education, who has fewer social interactions, and who cares for a female bipolar patient.CONCLUSIONS: Mental illness stigma was found to be prevalent among caregivers of persons with bipolar disorder who have active symptoms as well as for caregivers of those who have remitted symptoms. Stigma is typically associated with factors identifying patients as "different" during symptomatic periods. Research is needed to understand how the stigma experienced by caregivers during stable phases of illness differs from the stigma experienced during patients' illness states.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Bipolar Disorder', 'Caregivers', 'Cost of Illness', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Depression', 'Female', 'Health Promotion', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Psychology', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Social Support', 'Stereotyping']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]']

Familial risks for nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders in siblings based on hospitalisations in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders are common diseases, but little is known about familial clustering in these diseases. This is, to our knowledge, the first systematic family study carried out on these diseases.METHODS: Familial risks for siblings who were hospitalised for nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders in Sweden were defined. A nationwide database for neurological diseases was constructed by linking the Multigeneration Register on 0-69-year-old siblings to the Hospital Discharge Register covering the years 1987-2001. Standardised risk ratios (SIRs) were calculated for affected sibling pairs by comparing them with those whose siblings had no neurological disease.RESULTS: 29,686 patients, 43% men and 57% women, were diagnosed at a mean age of 37.5 years. 191 siblings were hospitalised for these disorders, giving an overall SIR of 2.59 (95% CI 1.58 to 4.22), with no sex difference. Plantar nerve mononeuritis and carpal tunnel syndrome showed the highest familial risks: 4.82 (1.08 to 16.04) and 4.08 (2.07 to 7.84), respectively. Lateral poplitean and plantar nerve neuritis preferentially affected women, with SIRs of >8; disorders of the other cranial nerves affected only men, with an SIR of >10. Concordant trigeminal neuralgia, Bell's palsy and carpal tunnel syndrome showed familial risks, but, with the exception of Bell's palsy, they also showed correlation between spouses, implying environmental sharing of risk factors.CONCLUSIONS: The results cannot distinguish between inheritable or shared environmental factors, or their interactions, but they clearly show familial clustering, suggestive of multifactorial aetiology and inviting for aetiological research.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Cohort Studies', 'Cranial Nerve Diseases', 'Female', 'Genetic Predisposition to Disease', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Peripheral Nervous System Diseases', 'Risk Assessment', 'Risk Factors', 'Siblings', 'Sweden']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Investigation into the lignin decomposition mechanism by analysis of the pyrolysis product of Pinus radiata.

Lignin pyrolysis chemistry was investigated via the analysis of the products obtained from the fast pyrolysis of a pine wood at different temperatures. Methoxy phenols, such as guaiacols and eugenols, were produced mainly at 375 and 475°C, while non-methoxy phenols, such as alkyl phenols and pyrocatechols were dominant at 525 and 575°C. At 575°C, aromatic hydrocarbons were formed together with larger amounts of light hydrocarbon gases. When the temperature was increased from 375 and 475°C, the yield of pyrolytic lignin was increased, whereas its average molecular weight was decreased. At 525°C, smaller molecular pyrolytic lignin with a maximum concentration of phenolic hydroxyl groups was produced due to the increased secondary cracking of the reaction intermediates. On the other hand, at 575°C, larger molecular pyrolytic lignin with smaller amounts of phenolic hydroxyl groups was produced due to the increased condensation activity of the pyrolysis reaction intermediates.

['Hot Temperature', 'Lignin', 'Phenols', 'Pinus', 'Wood']

[['G01.906.595.543', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710.380', 'G16.500.750.775.710.380', 'N06.230.300.100.725.232', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710.380'], ['D05.750.078.562.180.515', 'D05.750.078.687', 'D20.538', 'D25.720.099.687', 'J01.637.051.720.099.687'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.625.875.777'], ['A18.450.500.500', 'J01.637.241.900']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Computing with synthetic protocells.

In this article we present a new kind of computing device that uses biochemical reactions networks as building blocks to implement logic gates. The architecture of a computing machine relies on these generic and composable building blocks, computation units, that can be used in multiple instances to perform complex boolean functions. Standard logical operations are implemented by biochemical networks, encapsulated and insulated within synthetic vesicles called protocells. These protocells are capable of exchanging energy and information with each other through transmembrane electron transfer. In the paradigm of computation we propose, protoputing, a machine can solve only one problem and therefore has to be built specifically. Thus, the programming phase in the standard computing paradigm is represented in our approach by the set of assembly instructions (specific attachments) that directs the wiring of the protocells that constitute the machine itself. To demonstrate the computing power of protocellular machines, we apply it to solve a NP-complete problem, known to be very demanding in computing power, the 3-SAT problem. We show how to program the assembly of a machine that can verify the satisfiability of a given boolean formula. Then we show how to use the massive parallelism of these machines to verify in less than 20 min all the valuations of the input variables and output a fluorescent signal when the formula is satisfiable or no signal at all otherwise.

['Algorithms', 'Artificial Cells', 'Computer Simulation', 'Electrons', 'Enzymes', 'Oxidative Phosphorylation', 'Photosynthesis', 'Synthetic Biology', 'Thermodynamics']

[['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['J01.637.051.479.258', 'J01.637.087.500.254'], ['L01.224.160'], ['G01.249.335', 'G01.358.500.750'], ['D08.811'], ['G02.111.665.550', 'G03.295.631', 'G03.796.550'], ['G02.111.158.937', 'G02.111.669.700', 'G02.740.921', 'G03.191.937', 'G03.493.700', 'G03.800.700', 'G15.568'], ['H01.158.273.904', 'J01.293.069.500'], ['G01.906']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

The contribution of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 to persistent thromboxane biosynthesis in aspirin-treated essential thrombocythemia: implications for antiplatelet therapy.

We tested whether cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression and unacetylated COX-1 in newly formed platelets might contribute to persistent thromboxane (TX) biosynthesis in aspirin-treated essential thrombocythemia (ET). Forty-one patients on chronic aspirin (100 mg/day) and 24 healthy subjects were studied. Platelet COX-2 expression was significantly increased in patients and correlated with thiazole orange-positive platelets (r = 0.71, P < .001). The rate of TXA(2) biosynthesis in vivo, as reflected by urinary 11-dehydro-TXB(2) (TXM) excretion, and the maximal biosynthetic capacity of platelets, as reflected by serum TXB(2), were higher in patients compared with aspirin-treated healthy volunteers. Serum TXB(2) was significantly reduced by the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 added in vitro. Patients were randomized to adding the selective COX-2 inhibitor, etoricoxib, or continuing aspirin for 7 days. Etoricoxib significantly reduced by approximately 25% TXM excretion and serum TXB(2). Fourteen of the 41 patients were studied again 21 (+/- 7) months after the first visit. Serum TXB(2) was consistently reduced by approximately 30% by adding NS398 in vitro, while it was completely suppressed with 50 microM aspirin. Accelerated platelet regeneration in most aspirin-treated ET patients may explain aspirin-persistent TXA(2) biosynthesis through enhanced COX-2 activity and faster renewal of unacetylated COX-1. These findings may help in reassessing the optimal antiplatelet strategy in ET.

['Adult', 'Aspirin', 'Cyclooxygenase 1', 'Cyclooxygenase 2', 'Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors', 'Drug Therapy, Combination', 'Etoricoxib', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors', 'Pyridines', 'Sulfones', 'Thrombocythemia, Essential', 'Thromboxane A2', 'Thromboxane B2', 'Thromboxanes', 'Treatment Outcome']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]']

National emergency response programs for dental health care professionals.

BACKGROUND: Members of the established public health systems and medical community must understand that, in medical surge events, members of the dental profession and other non-traditional disaster health care personnel are an additional source of assistance in response activities.METHODS: The authors relied on hands-on experience, expert consultations, literature reviews and Web searches to identify disaster response training programs appropriate for members of the dental profession and other health care personnel.RESULTS: The authors identified multiple governmental and professional disaster training programs.CONCLUSIONS: Five key national-level programs address the training and organization of health care professionals to support a large-scale disaster program. Because of their training and skills, dental professionals would be valuable additions to these programs and could make significant contributions if natural disasters and/or terrorist events were to occur.

['Civil Defense', 'Dental Auxiliaries', 'Dentists', 'Disaster Medicine', 'Disaster Planning', 'Disasters', 'Education, Dental', 'Emergency Medical Services', 'Emergency Medicine', 'Humans', 'Life Support Care', 'Rescue Work', 'Terrorism', 'United States', 'Volunteers']

[['I01.451.227'], ['M01.526.485.067.105', 'N02.360.067.105'], ['M01.526.485.330', 'N02.360.330'], ['H02.403.230'], ['N06.230.100.035'], ['N06.230.100'], ['I02.358.274'], ['N02.421.297'], ['H02.403.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.760.440', 'N02.421.585.440'], ['N06.230.100.350'], ['I01.198.240.856.800', 'I01.880.735.900.800'], ['Z01.107.567.875'], ['M01.955']]

['Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Effect of prolonged intermittent thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration to fetal and neonatal rats.

Fetal and neonatal rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 10 microgram thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) until 7 or 14 days postnatally. At 70 days the pups were challenged with 1 microgram TRH intravenously via an indwelling jugular cannula. Basal serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations did not differ among the three groups. The mean TSH responses as determined by the mean peak TSH concentration and the total TSH response as determined by planimetry were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in pituitary TSH content following the TRH challenge among the three groups. This study suggests that the integrity of the hypothalamo--pituitary axis in adult rats cannot be affected by the repeated administration of pharmacologic doses of TRH during the perinatal period.

['Animals', 'Animals, Newborn', 'Female', 'Fetus', 'Pregnancy', 'Rats', 'Thyrotropin', 'Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone', 'Time Factors']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.282'], ['A16.378'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['D06.472.699.631.525.883', 'D12.644.548.691.525.883'], ['D06.472.699.327.740.880', 'D12.644.400.400.740.880', 'D12.644.456.837', 'D12.644.548.365.740.880', 'D12.776.631.650.405.740.880', 'D12.776.631.650.810'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

[An attempt to use ofloxacin in patients with mucoviscidosis].

The literature data and the data of the authors on the pathogenesis and pathogenetic and etiotropic therapy of mucoviscidosis are presented. The use of ofloxacin as an antibacterial agent in the complex treatment of mucoviscidosis is considered expedient. The drug was administered intravenously in a dose of 400 mg twice a day for 5 days followed by the oral use of the drug in the form of tablets according to the same scheme. The microbiological investigation of the sputum specimens revealed diagnostically significant titers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. The isolates except for one case (Ps.aeruginosa) were susceptible to ofloxacin. The treatment with ofloxacin in accordance with the above scheme resulted in a rapid improvement of the patient state: the intoxication lowered, the expectoration and the sputum viscosity decreased, the body temperature normalized by the 5th day. The drug tolerance after the intravenous and enteral administration was good. The intravenous injections of ofloxacin induced a 1.5-fold increase in the intensity of the neutrophil oxygen burst. After the drug enteral administration there was observed a 2-fold increase the intensity of the neutrophil oxygen burst.

['Administration, Oral', 'Anti-Infective Agents', 'Cystic Fibrosis', 'Humans', 'Klebsiella', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Neutrophils', 'Ofloxacin', 'Prognosis', 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'Respiratory Burst', 'Sputum', 'Staphylococcus aureus']

[['E02.319.267.100'], ['D27.505.954.122'], ['C06.689.202', 'C08.381.187', 'C16.320.190', 'C16.614.213'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['B03.440.450.425.425', 'B03.660.250.150.400'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['A11.118.637.415.583', 'A11.627.340.583', 'A11.733.689', 'A15.145.229.637.415.583', 'A15.382.490.315.583', 'A15.382.680.689'], ['D03.633.100.810.835.322.500'], ['E01.789'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625.100', 'B03.660.250.580.590.050'], ['G03.197.620', 'G04.270.620'], ['A12.200.808'], ['B03.300.390.400.800.750.100', 'B03.353.500.750.750.100', 'B03.510.100.750.750.100', 'B03.510.400.790.750.100']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Galangin, a dietary flavonol inhibits tumor initiation during experimental pulmonary tumorigenesis by modulating xenobiotic enzymes and antioxidant status.

The aim of present study was to elucidate anti-initiating efficacy of galangin against benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced lung carcinogenesis in male Swiss albino mice. Therefore, the activities of xenobiotic metabolic enzymes such as phase I and II were examined in lung as well as liver tissues (to compare the effects between target and non-target organs). Besides, the activities/levels of tissue marker enzymes, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation (LPO), cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expressions and histological observation of lungs were also analyzed. B(a)P (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered to male Swiss albino mice (20-25 g) to experimentally induce lung cancer. B(a)P-induced animals showed increased activity of phase I (Cytochrome P450, Cytochrome b5, NADPH Cytochrome P450 redcutase and NADH Cytochrome b5 reductase) drug metabolic enzymes, LPO levels, tissue marker enzymes and decreased activity of phase II metabolic enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, DT-diaphorase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase) as well as antioxidant levels. Histological examination of lungs revealed severe alveolar and bronchiolar damages in B(a)P-induced mice. Immunohistochemical and western blot analysis of CYP1A1 increased significantly in lung tissues of B(a)P-induced animals. Treatment with galangin (20 mg/kg body weight) efficiently counteracted all the above anomalies and restored cellular homeostasis. Our results demonstrate that galangin can modify xenobiotic enzymes in murine model of pulmonary tumorigenesis.

['Animals', 'Antioxidants', 'Carcinogenesis', 'Flavonoids', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Xenobiotics']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.519.217', 'D27.505.696.706.125', 'D27.720.799.047'], ['C04.697.098', 'C23.550.727.098'], ['D03.383.663.283.266.450', 'D03.633.100.150.266.450'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['D26.969']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]']

Fired ceramic inlays: a 6-year follow up.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate feldspathic ceramic inlays luted with dual-cured resin composite or glass polyalkenoate (ionomer) cement (GIC) during a 6-year follow-up.METHODS: One-hundred and eighteen Class II fired feldspathic ceramic inlays were placed in 50 patients. In each patient half of the inlays were luted with a dual-cured resin composite and the other half with a conventional glass ionomer cement. The inlays were evaluated clinically, according to modified USPHS criteria, at baseline, after 6 months and then annually over a 6-year period.RESULTS: Of the 115 inlays evaluated at 6 years, 12% in the resin composite group and 26% in the GIC group were assessed as having failed. The main reason for failure in both groups was partial fracture or total loss of the inlays. Secondary caries was found to be associated with three inlays in one high caries risk patient. One inlay was replaced because of postoperative sensitivity.CONCLUSION: A relatively high and increasing failure rate was observed over the 6-year period of the study. The failure rate was more pronounced in the GIC group.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Composite Resins', 'Dental Porcelain', 'Dental Restoration Failure', 'Female', 'Glass Ionomer Cements', 'Humans', 'Inlays', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Outcome Assessment, Health Care', 'Resin Cements']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D05.750.716.822.308', 'D25.339.816.500', 'D25.720.716.822.308', 'J01.637.051.339.816.500', 'J01.637.051.720.716.822.308'], ['D25.339.376', 'J01.637.051.339.376', 'J01.637.153.377'], ['E06.323.400', 'E06.780.346.725'], ['D25.339.291.402', 'J01.637.051.339.291.402'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E06.323.428.275', 'E06.780.346.737.500', 'E07.695.190.190.350'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['H01.770.644.145.431', 'N04.761.559.590', 'N05.715.360.575.575'], ['D05.750.716.822.730', 'D25.339.291.750', 'D25.720.716.822.730', 'J01.637.051.339.291.750', 'J01.637.051.720.716.822.730']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]']

Death from inappropriate therapy for Lyme disease.

A 30-year-old woman died as a result of a large Candida parapsilosis septic thrombus located on the tip of a Groshong catheter. The catheter had been in place for 28 months for administration of a 27 month course of intravenous cefotaxime for an unsubstantiated diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease.

['Adult', 'Candidiasis', 'Catheterization, Central Venous', 'Catheters, Indwelling', 'Cefotaxime', 'Cephalosporins', 'Diagnostic Errors', 'Fatal Outcome', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Iatrogenic Disease', 'Lyme Disease', 'Thrombosis']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C01.150.703.160'], ['E02.148.167', 'E04.100.814.529.875', 'E04.502.382.875', 'E05.157.313'], ['E07.132.500'], ['D02.065.589.099.249.190.190', 'D02.886.665.074.190.190', 'D03.633.100.300.249.190.190'], ['D02.065.589.099.249', 'D02.886.665.074', 'D03.633.100.300.249'], ['E01.354', 'N02.421.450.280'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.325', 'N01.224.935.698.201', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.325', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.325'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.291.875'], ['C01.150.252.400.536', 'C01.150.252.400.794.352.250', 'C01.920.930.513'], ['C14.907.355.830']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Use of a First Large-Sized Coil Versus Conventional Coils for Embolization of Cerebral Aneurysms: Effects on Packing Density, Coil Length, and Durable Occlusion.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of using a large-sized coil first on embolizing cerebral aneurysms compared with conventional coils.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six patients with 51 saccular intracranial aneurysms who underwent embolization with a large-sized coil first were enrolled as the large-sized coil group. There were 33 female and 13 male patients with a mean age of 56.9 ± 8.8 years. The treatment modality was coiling alone in 30 aneurysms and stent-assisted coiling in 21. Meanwhile, 50 patients with 53 intracranial aneurysms who were treated with conventional-sized coils were selected as the control conventional-sized coil group, including 36 female and 14 male patients with a mean age of 54.6 ± 5.8 years. The treatment modality was coiling alone in 29 aneurysms and stent-assisted coiling in 24 aneurysms. The occlusion rate, percent packing volume, total coil number and length, and follow-up occlusion rate were compared between the 2 groups.RESULTS: Significantly (P < 0.001) decreased percent packing volume (19.54% ± 6.44% vs. 27.39% ± 5.68%), decreased coil number (2.98 ± 1.09 vs. 6.38 ± 1.65), and length (26.20 ± 26.57 vs. 44.35 ± 35.88 cm) were achieved in the large versus the conventional coil group. At angiographic follow-up of 8 months, only 1 aneurysm (2.2%) recurred in the large coil group compared with 5 aneurysms recurrent (11.1%) in the conventional coil group.CONCLUSIONS: The use of a large-sized coil as the first one for embolizing cerebral aneurysms may be a better embolization strategy because it achieves similar initial occlusion rates, decreased packing density, decreased coil numbers and lengths, and reduced recurrence prevalence at follow-up.

['Aged', 'China', 'Cohort Studies', 'Embolization, Therapeutic', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Intracranial Aneurysm', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['Z01.252.474.164'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['E02.520.360', 'E02.926.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C10.228.140.300.510.600', 'C14.907.055.635', 'C14.907.253.560.300'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Hamartoma of the spleen: a manfestation of tuberous sclerosis.

An unusual case of tuberous sclerosis is presented in which splenomegaly and abdominal pain predominated. The clinical manifestations of the disease are discussed, and the generalized hamartonmatous nature of the diseases is emphasized.

['Adolescent', 'Blood Cell Count', 'Blood Platelets', 'Hamartoma', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Radiography', 'Splenic Neoplasms', 'Tuberous Sclerosis']

[['M01.060.057'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.107', 'E01.370.225.625.107', 'E05.200.500.195.107', 'E05.200.625.107', 'E05.242.195.107', 'G04.140.107', 'G09.188.105'], ['A11.118.188', 'A15.145.229.188'], ['C04.445'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.700'], ['C04.588.842', 'C15.604.744.680'], ['C04.445.810', 'C04.651.800', 'C04.700.700', 'C10.500.507.400.750', 'C10.562.850', 'C10.574.500.865', 'C16.131.666.507.400.750', 'C16.320.400.880', 'C16.320.700.700']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

Inverse laminoplasty for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Fifteen patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were treated by a new technique, inverse laminoplasty, and the results were evaluated clinically and radiologically.OBJECTIVE: To present the advantages of inverse laminoplasty over laminectomy for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis.SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: Laminectomy has been used widely in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Destruction of the spinal bony structure, instability, and peridural scar formation are the main problems with this procedure. To overcome these disadvantages, a practical technique is presented here.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study, 15 patients who underwent surgery with the inverse laminoplasty technique were evaluated clinically and radiologically. The Oswestry Disability Index was used for clinical assessment. L4-L5 spinal stenosis was detected in all patients. As the operative technique, the L4 lamina was elevated en bloc using a high-speed drill and rongeur. After removal of the ligamentum flavum, the roof of the foramina, and/or disc, the lamina was rotated 180 degrees, rested on facets, and reattached by use of a titanium miniplate.RESULTS: All patients improved clinically and neurologically after this procedure. The mean Oswestry Disability Score was 38.33 preoperatively and 7.0 postoperatively. The mean follow-up time was 17.3 months. Spinal canal diameters were calculated by preoperative and postoperative computed tomography, and the mean enlargement was 77.8%. No complications were observed.CONCLUSION: With this technique, the important integrity of the spinal osseous structures is preserved, and a significant enlargement of the spinal canal area is achieved. This technique prevents peridural scar formation after laminectomy caused by a mechanical barrier effect. Long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate spinal stability in these patients.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Bone Plates', 'Disability Evaluation', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Laminectomy', 'Lumbar Vertebrae', 'Lumbosacral Region', 'Male', 'Medical Illustration', 'Middle Aged', 'Neurosurgical Procedures', 'Orthopedic Procedures', 'Prospective Studies', 'Spinal Canal', 'Spinal Stenosis', 'Titanium', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E07.695.370.374', 'E07.858.442.660.460.374', 'E07.858.690.725.460.374'], ['E01.370.400'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.718.563', 'E04.188.400', 'E04.525.450', 'E04.555.350'], ['A02.835.232.834.519'], ['A01.923.176.519'], ['H02.385', 'J01.897.280.500.480', 'K01.093.410', 'L01.178.820.090.480'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E04.525'], ['E02.718', 'E04.555'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['A02.835.232.834.803'], ['C05.116.900.825'], ['D01.268.557.800', 'D01.268.956.878', 'D01.552.547.800'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog with histological evidence of preexisting inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective study of 23 cases.

The gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) syndrome in the dog is considered to be multifactorial. The medical records of 42 dogs treated for GDV between 1990 and 1994 were reviewed in an effort to evaluate the correlation between GDV and preexisting gastrointestinal disease. Twenty-three cases fit the inclusion criteria of an intestinal biopsy taken at the time of corrective surgery and a complete medical history. The microscopic jejunal changes expected from the acute vascular compromise in these animals were diffuse edema, dilatation of lymphatics with possible lymphangiectasia, mucosal degeneration, diapedesis of neutrophils, and rare hemorrhage. These changes were discounted. Of the 23 biopsies, 14 (61%) were consistent with the presence of an underlying inflammatory disease, and of these 14, 12 (86%) were accompanied by case histories of prior gastrointestinal disturbances. This study raises the possibility of an association between GDV and inflammatory bowel disease.

['Animals', 'Biopsy', 'Dog Diseases', 'Dogs', 'Edema', 'Female', 'Gastric Dilatation', 'Inflammatory Bowel Diseases', 'Intestinal Obstruction', 'Jejunum', 'Male', 'Neutrophils', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Syndrome']

[['B01.050'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['C22.268'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['C23.888.277'], ['C06.405.748.300'], ['C06.405.205.731', 'C06.405.469.432'], ['C06.405.469.531'], ['A03.556.124.684.500', 'A03.556.249.750'], ['A11.118.637.415.583', 'A11.627.340.583', 'A11.733.689', 'A15.145.229.637.415.583', 'A15.382.490.315.583', 'A15.382.680.689'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['C23.550.288.500']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']

Basal local cerebral glucose utilization is not altered after behavioral sensitization to quinpirole.

Sensitization to psychostimulants results in a behavioral response of a greater magnitude than that produced by a given single dose. Previously, we have shown that sensitization to the D(2)/D(3) dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole produces alterations in quinpirole-stimulated local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in ventral striatal and limbic cortical regions. To determine whether basal neuronal activity is altered in the sensitized animal, this study examined the effects of a sensitizing course of quinpirole on basal neuronal activity using the [(14)C]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method in rats with verified sensitization. Adult, male Long-Evans rats (n = 7 or 10/group) were subjected to 10 injections of quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline administered every 3rd day. Sensitization was verified on the basis of locomotor activity. The 2-DG procedure was performed in freely moving rats 3 days after the last quinpirole injection. LCGU was determined by quantitative autoradiography. No alterations in basal LCGU were detected in quinpirole-sensitized rats compared to those treated with saline. The present finding suggests that either the basal activity of very discrete populations of neurons is affected by sensitization to quinpirole that are not likely to be detected by the 2-DG method, or that the neurobiological changes that result in the sensitized behavioral response affect only stimulated, but not basal, neuronal activity.

['Animals', 'Autoradiography', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Binding, Competitive', 'Central Nervous System Stimulants', 'Cerebral Cortex', 'Deoxyglucose', 'Dopamine', 'Dopamine Agonists', 'Energy Metabolism', 'Glucose', 'Male', 'Motor Activity', 'Neurons', 'Quinpirole', 'Rats', 'Rats, Long-Evans', 'Receptors, Dopamine D2', 'Sensitivity and Specificity']

[['B01.050'], ['E01.370.225.750.132', 'E05.200.750.132', 'E05.799.256'], ['F01.145.113'], ['E05.196.080', 'G02.111.084', 'G02.111.570.120.309'], ['D27.505.696.282', 'D27.505.954.427.220'], ['A08.186.211.200.885.287.500'], ['D09.254.229'], ['D02.092.211.215.406', 'D02.092.311.342', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.342'], ['D27.505.519.625.150.151', 'D27.505.696.577.150.151'], ['G03.295'], ['D09.947.875.359.448'], ['F01.145.632', 'G11.427.410.698'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['D03.633.100.810.842', 'D03.633.300.802'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.500'], ['D12.776.543.750.670.300.400.500', 'D12.776.543.750.695.150.400.500', 'D12.776.543.750.720.330.400.500'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']

Hepatoblastoma.

Hepatoblastoma is a rare hepatic tumor generally presenting during the first three years of life as an enlarging abdominal mass. Other symptoms are nonspecific; however, it may be associated with hemihypertrophy, virilization, and osteoporosis. The serum bilirubin infrequently is elevated, but up to 2/3's will have elevated serum alpha fetoprotein as a tumor marker. The overall survival rate is 35% in survivors who underwent a complete resection.

['Carcinoma, Hepatocellular', 'Child, Preschool', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Radiography', 'Radionuclide Imaging']

[['C04.557.470.200.025.255', 'C04.588.274.623.160', 'C06.301.623.160', 'C06.552.697.160'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697'], ['E01.370.350.700'], ['E01.370.350.710', 'E01.370.384.730']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Effects of nitric oxide on detrusor relaxation.

PURPOSE: Recently we (1994) reported the photo-induced adequate nitric oxide (PIANO) system, in which an NO- or NO2-carrying molecule which has been photoactivated to release NO, could be exploited to investigate the role of NO in various smooth muscle functions. This study was designed to characterize the effect of nitric oxide (NO) exploiting PIANO on rat detrusor relaxation by isometric tension recording and measuring changes in cGMP content.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exposure to ultraviolet light was used (1 to 60 seconds) to evoke PIANO in the presence of streptozotocin, an NO-carrier, and N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG), an NO2-carrier. During relaxation the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content was measured by radioimmunoassay.RESULTS: Rat detrusor strips were reversibly relaxed upon NO generation via PIANO. Pyrogallol, an O2 generator, significantly (p < 0.01) diminished PIANO-mediated relaxation. During PIANO-mediated relaxation, the tissue level of cyclic GMP significantly (p < 0.05) increased over that of the control. Furthermore, methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited both the relaxation and the increase of cGMP.CONCLUSION: We concluded that rat detrusor muscle was capable of responding to NO, and these findings might lead to a treatment for bladder instability and detrusor hyperreflexia, by the use of intravesical instillation of NO donors.

['Animals', 'Arginine', 'Cyclic GMP', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Isometric Contraction', 'Male', 'Methylene Blue', 'Muscle, Smooth', 'Nitric Oxide', 'Nitric Oxide Synthase', 'Nitroarginine', 'Pyrogallol', 'Radioimmunoassay', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Streptozocin', 'Ultraviolet Rays', 'Urinary Bladder']

[['B01.050'], ['D12.125.068.050', 'D12.125.095.104', 'D12.125.142.087'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.454.160', 'D13.695.462.275', 'D13.695.667.454.160', 'D13.695.827.426.160'], ['E05.481'], ['G11.427.494.472'], ['D02.886.369.517', 'D03.633.300.783.517'], ['A02.633.570', 'A10.690.467'], ['D01.339.387', 'D01.625.550.500', 'D01.625.700.500', 'D01.650.550.587.600'], ['D08.811.682.664.500.772'], ['D12.125.068.050.587', 'D12.125.095.104.587'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.657.800'], ['E01.370.384.700', 'E05.478.566.639', 'E05.601.470.639'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['D02.065.950.594.768', 'D02.654.692.768', 'D09.408.051.900'], ['G01.358.500.505.650.891', 'G01.590.540.891', 'G01.750.250.650.891', 'G01.750.750.659', 'G01.750.770.578.891', 'G16.500.275.063.725.525.600', 'G16.500.750.775.525.600', 'N06.230.300.100.725.525.600'], ['A05.810.890']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']

Effects of the multiple sclerosis associated -330 promoter polymorphism in IL2 allelic expression.

The -330 IL2 gene promoter polymorphism has been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) [J. Neuroimmunol. 119 (2001) 101], but the basis underlying this association remains unknown to date. In the present work, we have found that IL2 promoter-luciferase constructs, transfected in Jurkat cell line, showed twofold higher levels of gene expression in the -330 G allele. However, the transcriptional effect of this polymorphism in lymphocytes showed that the G allele was related to lower expression of IL2. This difference increased in the patient group. Divergence between in vivo and in vitro influence of the -330 IL2 promoter polymorphic site suggests the existence of additional unknown polymorphisms affecting gene regulation. Our data show an increased IL2 expression among GT and TT genotypes previously associated with susceptibility to MS.

['Alleles', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Disease Susceptibility', 'Gene Expression', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Genetic Predisposition to Disease', 'Humans', 'Interleukin-2', 'Luciferases', 'Lymphocytes', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Multiple Sclerosis', 'Polymorphism, Genetic', 'Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length', 'Promoter Regions, Genetic', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Statistics, Nonparametric', 'Time Factors', 'Transcriptional Activation', 'Transfection']

[['G05.360.340.024.340.030'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['C23.550.291.687', 'G07.100.250'], ['G05.297'], ['G05.308'], ['C23.550.291.687.500', 'G05.380.355'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.276.374.465.021', 'D12.644.276.374.480.372', 'D12.776.467.374.465.021', 'D12.776.467.374.480.372', 'D23.529.374.465.155', 'D23.529.374.480.372'], ['D08.811.682.517', 'D12.776.532.510'], ['A11.118.637.555.567', 'A15.145.229.637.555.567', 'A15.382.490.555.567'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['C10.114.375.500', 'C10.314.350.500', 'C20.111.258.250.500'], ['G05.365.795'], ['G05.365.795.595'], ['G02.111.570.080.689.675', 'G05.360.080.689.675', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.750.680'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['E05.393.620.500.725'], ['E05.318.740.995', 'N05.715.360.750.760', 'N06.850.520.830.995'], ['G01.910.857'], ['G05.308.800'], ['E05.393.350.810', 'G05.728.860']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Preparation of (001)-oriented Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films and their piezoelectric applications.

Preparation of (001)-oriented Pb(Zr,Ti)O(3) (PZT) thin films and their applications to a sensor and actuators were investigated. These thin films, which have a composition close to the morphotropic phase boundary, were epitaxially grown on (100)MgO single-crystal substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. These (001)-oriented PZT thin films could be obtained on various kinds of substrates, such as glass and Si, by introducing (100)-oriented MgO buffer layers. In addition, the (001) oriented PZT thin films could be obtained on Si substrates without buffer layers by optimizing the sputtering conditions. All of these thin films showed excellent piezoelectric properties without the need for poling treatment. The PZT thin films on the MgO substrates had a high piezoelectric coefficient, d(31), of -100 pm/V, and an extremely low relative dielectric constant, epsilon(r), of 240. The PZT thin films on Si substrate had a very high d(31) of -150 pm/V and an epsilon(r) = 700. These PZT thin films were applied to an angular rate sensor with a tuning fork in a car navigation system, to a dual-stage actuator for positioning the magnetic head of a high-density hard disk drive, and to an actuator for an inkjet printer head for industrial on-demand printers.

['Electrochemistry', 'Equipment Design', 'Equipment Failure Analysis', 'Lead', 'Materials Testing', 'Membranes, Artificial', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Titanium', 'Transducers', 'Ultrasonography', 'Zirconium']

[['H01.181.529.307'], ['E05.320'], ['E05.325.192'], ['D01.268.556.435', 'D01.552.544.435'], ['E05.570'], ['D25.479', 'J01.637.051.479', 'J01.637.087.500'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['D01.268.557.800', 'D01.268.956.878', 'D01.552.547.800'], ['E07.305.812'], ['E01.370.350.850'], ['D01.268.556.950', 'D01.268.956.937', 'D01.552.544.950']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

[Severe rectal bleeding after transrectal US-guided prostate biopsy. Case report].

CASE: The Authors report their experience about a case of severe rectal bleeding after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.INTERVENTION: After correct and sure diagnosis, the patient was submitted to resolutive endoscopic haemostatic treatment (failure of haemostatic mechanical manoeuvres, emergency colonscopy, haemostasis with sclerotherapy, heat bipolar probe and Argon Plasma Coagulation).RESULTS: Complete recovery (immediate stop bleeding). Follow-up (1 year) negative.CONCLUSIONS: Rectal bleeding after prostate biopsy is a important but rare complication of prostate cancer screening, potentially lethal. Best knowledge of causes and risk factors may improve the diagnosis and standardize the treatment. The prostatic biopsy is surely the best procedure for the screening of prostate cancer in the population, associated with PSA dosage.

['Biopsy, Needle', 'Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prostate', 'Rectal Diseases', 'Rectum', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Ultrasonography']

[['E01.370.225.500.384.100.119', 'E01.370.225.998.054.119', 'E01.370.388.100.100', 'E04.074.119', 'E04.665.100', 'E05.200.500.384.100.119', 'E05.200.998.054.119', 'E05.242.384.100.119'], ['C06.405.227', 'C23.550.414.788'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A05.360.444.575', 'A10.336.707'], ['C06.405.469.860'], ['A03.556.124.526.767', 'A03.556.249.249.767'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['E01.370.350.850']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']

The peopling of Greenland: further insights from the analysis of genetic diversity using autosomal and X-chromosomal markers.

The peopling of Greenland has a complex history shaped by population migrations, isolation and genetic drift. The Greenlanders present a genetic heritage with components of European and Inuit groups; previous studies using uniparentally inherited markers in Greenlanders have reported evidence of a sex-biased, admixed genetic background. This work further explores the genetics of the Greenlanders by analysing autosomal and X-chromosomal data to obtain deeper insights into the factors that shaped the genetic diversity in Greenlanders. Fourteen Greenlandic subsamples from multiple geographical settlements were compared to assess the level of genetic substructure in the Greenlandic population. The results showed low levels of genetic diversity in all sets of the genetic markers studied, together with an increased number of X-chromosomal loci in linkage disequilibrium in relation to the Danish population. In the broader context of worldwide populations, Greenlanders are remarkably different from most populations, but they are genetically closer to some Inuit groups from Alaska. Admixture analyses identified an Inuit component in the Greenlandic population of approximately 80%. The sub-populations of Ammassalik and Nanortalik are the least diverse, presenting the lowest levels of European admixture. Isolation-by-distance analyses showed that only 16% of the genetic substructure of Greenlanders is most likely to be explained by geographic barriers. We suggest that genetic drift and a differentiated settlement history around the island explain most of the genetic substructure of the population in Greenland.

['Chromosomes, Human, X', 'Genetic Markers', 'Genetic Variation', 'Greenland', 'Human Migration', 'Humans', 'Inuits']

[['A11.284.187.520.300.325.680', 'A11.284.187.865.982.500', 'G05.360.162.520.300.325.680', 'G05.360.162.865.982.500'], ['D23.101.387', 'G05.695.450'], ['G05.365'], ['Z01.107.567.403', 'Z01.542.816.124.500', 'Z01.639.400'], ['I01.240.600.525', 'N01.224.625.525', 'N06.850.505.400.700.525'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.686.508.150.600.375.500', 'M01.686.508.150.675', 'M01.686.754.254.500.500']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Gonadal function in boys with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome treated with cyclophosphamide for short periods.

Semen analysis was undertaken in 19 men over the age of 18 years who had been treated during childhood for steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome with a single course of cyclophosphamide 3 mg/kg bodyweight for 8 weeks. A further 4 men who received two such courses of treatment were also studied. Plasma total androgens and gonadotropins were also determined. A comparison group consisted of medical students investigated as potential donors for artificial insemination. Lower ejaculate volumes and sperm densities with a higher percentage of immotile and abnormal forms were detected in patients who had received cyclophosphamide. However, the abnormalities were not severe enough to suggest infertility. Plasma total androgens were lower in the patients, but there were no differences in gonadotropic hormones. The data suggest that a course of treatment with cyclophosphamide known to influence the natural history of the nephrotic syndrome is not necessarily followed by a severe abnormality of sperm production; nevertheless, great caution is still required in the use of the drug.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Child', 'Cyclophosphamide', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Libido', 'Male', 'Nephrotic Syndrome', 'Risk', 'Sperm Motility', 'Spermatogenesis', 'Testis']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.406'], ['D02.455.526.728.650.730.243', 'D02.705.672.500.243'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F02.739.794.511'], ['C12.777.419.630.643', 'C13.351.968.419.630.643'], ['E05.318.740.600.800', 'G17.680.750', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800'], ['E01.370.225.992.812', 'E05.200.992.812', 'G04.198.750'], ['G04.152.650.624', 'G08.686.784.310.760'], ['A05.360.444.849', 'A05.360.576.782', 'A06.300.312.782']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Protracted treatment with diazepam increases the turnover of putative endogenous ligands for the benzodiazepine/beta-carboline recognition site.

DBI (diazepam-binding inhibitor) is a putative neuromodulatory peptide isolated from rat brain that acts on gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine-Cl- ionophore receptor complex inducing beta-carboline-like effects. We used a cDNA probe complementary to DBI mRNA and a specific antibody for rat DBI to study in rat brain how the dynamic state of DBI can be affected after protracted (three times a day for 10 days) treatment with diazepam and chlordiazepoxide by oral gavage. Both the content of DBI and DBI mRNA increased in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex but failed to change in the hippocampus and striatum of rats receiving this protracted benzodiazepine treatment. Acute treatment with diazepam did not affect the dynamic state of brain DBI. An antibody was raised against a biologically active octadecaneuropeptide (Gln-Ala-Thr-Val-Gly-Asp-Val-Asn-Thr-Asp-Arg-Pro-Gly-Leu-Leu-Asp-Leu-Lys ) derived from the tryptic digestion of DBI. The combined HPLC/RIA analysis of rat cerebellar extracts carried out with this antibody showed that multiple molecular forms of the octadecaneuropeptide-like reactivity are present and all of them are increased in rats receiving repeated daily injections of diazepam. It is inferred that tolerance to benzodiazepines is associated with an increase in the turnover rate of DBI, which may be responsible for the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor desensitization that occurs after protracted benzodiazepine administration.

['Animals', 'Brain', 'Chlordiazepoxide', 'DNA', 'Diazepam', 'Diazepam Binding Inhibitor', 'Kinetics', 'Male', 'Neuropeptides', 'Nucleic Acid Hybridization', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains', 'Receptors, GABA-A']

[['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['D03.633.100.079.080.150'], ['D13.444.308'], ['D03.633.100.079.080.070.216'], ['D12.644.136'], ['G01.374.661', 'G02.111.490'], ['D12.644.400', 'D12.776.631.650'], ['E05.393.661', 'G02.111.611'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.175.562', 'D12.776.157.530.400.400.100.100', 'D12.776.543.550.450.175.562', 'D12.776.543.550.450.500.100.100', 'D12.776.543.585.400.175.562', 'D12.776.543.585.400.500.100.100', 'D12.776.543.750.130.500', 'D12.776.543.750.720.200.300.300']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Dabrafenib Therapy in 30 Patients with Melanoma Metastatic to the Brain: a Single-centre Controlled Retrospective Study in Hungary.

Dabrafenib is a potent BRAF inhibitor, which showed intracranial tumor activity. The purpose of our retrospective analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of dabrafenib for patients with melanoma brain metastasis (BM). We studied 30 BRAF mutant melanoma patients with BM, who received dabrafenib after local control of the brain between 2014 and 2017. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG) was 0-2. The control arm consisted of 204 melanoma patients from our institutional melanoma database with BM and ECOG 0-2 treated with local therapies and/or chemotherapy, between 2003 and 2015. We found the intracranial disease control rate (DCR) was 83% including four (13%) complete remissions (CR), nine (30%) partial remissions (PR) and twelve (40%) stable diseases (SD) in contrast to five (17%) progressive diseases (PD). With a median follow-up of 14 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 5.5 months, and 8.8 months, respectively. If calculated from BM onset, the OS turned to be 11.8 months on the dabrafenib arm, while it was only 6.0 months in the control arm (HR = 0.45, p = 0.0014). Higher risk of progression was observed with increasing ECOG (HR =4.06, p = 0.00027) and if more than 2 extracranial organs were involved (HR = 3.4, p = 0.0077). Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was non-significantly associated with worse clinical outcome. Remarkable intracranial activity of dabrafenib in real practice was confirmed by our analysis.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Antineoplastic Agents', 'Brain Neoplasms', 'Disease-Free Survival', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hungary', 'Imidazoles', 'Male', 'Melanoma', 'Middle Aged', 'Oximes', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D27.505.954.248'], ['C04.588.614.250.195', 'C10.228.140.211', 'C10.551.240.250'], ['E01.789.800.190', 'E05.318.740.998.300', 'N04.761.559.590.800.190', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800.190', 'N05.715.360.750.795.300', 'N06.850.520.830.998.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.542.248.495'], ['D03.383.129.308'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.510', 'C04.557.580.625.650.510', 'C04.557.665.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D02.092.570.665'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Brain Structural Networks in Mouse Exposed to Chronic Maternal Undernutrition.

Brain structural connectivity is known to be altered in cases of intrauterine growth restriction and premature birth, although the specific effect of maternal nutritional restriction, a common burden in human populations, has not been assessed yet. Here we analyze the effects of maternal undernutrition during pregnancy and lactation by establishing three experimental groups of female mice divided according to their diet: control (Co), moderate calorie-protein restriction (MCP) and severe protein restriction (SP). Nutritionally restricted dams gained relatively less weight during pregnancy and the body weight of the offspring was also affected by maternal undernutrition, showing global growth restriction. We performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the offspring's brains after weaning and analyzed their connectivity patterns using complex graph theory. In general, changes observed in the MCP group were more subtle than in SP. Results indicated that brain structures were not homogeneously affected by early nutritional stress. In particular, the growth of central brain regions, such as the temporo-parietal cortex, and long integrative myelinated tracts were relatively preserved, while the frequency of short tracts was relatively reduced. We also found a differential effect on network parameters: network degree, clustering, characteristic path length and small-worldness remained mainly unchanged, while the rich-club index was lower in nutritionally restricted animals. Rich-club decrease reflects an impairment in the structure by which brain regions with large number of connections tend to be more densely linked among themselves. Overall, the findings presented here support the hypothesis that chronic nutritional stress produces long-term changes in brain structural connectivity.

['Animals', 'Brain', 'Female', 'Fetal Growth Retardation', 'Fetal Nutrition Disorders', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Neural Pathways', 'Pregnancy', 'Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects', 'Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena']

[['B01.050'], ['A08.186.211'], ['C13.703.277.370', 'C16.300.390', 'C23.550.393.450'], ['C13.703.277.677', 'C18.654.521.625'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['A08.612'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['C13.703.824.500'], ['G07.203.650.566.624', 'G08.686.784.769.600']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Influence of donor and host age on the regeneration and blood flow of splenic transplants.

After splenectomy there is an increased risk of fatal overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis, especially in children. If all alternatives to splenectomy fail, autotransplantation of splenic fragments is indicated. These fragments regenerate after a necrotic phase to small splenic nodules. Regulatory factors governing the regeneration process are largely unknown. Inbred rats were used as a model to define the influence of recipient and donor age on the regenerated mass and the blood flow of transplanted splenic fragments. These are both important factors for the protective function of the spleen. Fetal, newborn, weanling, or adult spleens were implanted into the greater omentum of newborn, weanling, or adult rats. The younger the recipient and donor, the better the regeneration and perfusion of transplants. However, these did not reach more than 40% of the normal splenic mass. In addition, no experimental group achieved more than one third of the normal splenic blood flow. There is an obvious age dependency in splenic regeneration and blood flow, but the transplants are far from attaining a normal splenic mass and perfusion.

['Age Factors', 'Animals', 'Male', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Lew', 'Regeneration', 'Spleen', 'Tissue Donors']

[['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760.280', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.280'], ['G16.762'], ['A10.549.700', 'A15.382.520.604.700'], ['M01.898']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Increased expression of glutathione reductase in macrophages decreases atherosclerotic lesion formation in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice.

OBJECTIVE: Thiol oxidative stress leads to macrophage dysfunction and cell injury, and has been implicated in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. We investigated if strengthening the glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in macrophages by overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) decreases the severity of atherosclerosis.METHODS AND RESULTS: Bone marrow cells infected with retroviral vectors expressing either enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or an EGFP-fusion protein of cytosolic GR (GR(cyto)-EGFP) or mitochondrial GR (GR(mito)-EGFP) were transplanted into low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Five weeks after bone marrow transplantation, animals were challenged with a Western diet for 10 weeks. No differences in either plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels or peritoneal macrophage content were observed. However, mice reconstituted with either GR(cyto)-EGFP or GR(mito)-EGFP-expressing bone marrow had lesion areas (P<0.009) that were 32% smaller than recipients of EGFP-expressing bone marrow. In cultured macrophages, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of GR(cyto)-EGFP or GR(mito)-EGFP protected cells from mitochondrial hyperpolarization induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein.CONCLUSION: This study provides direct evidence that the glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in macrophages plays a critical role in atherogenesis, and suggests that thiol oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to macrophage injury in atherosclerotic lesions.

['Adenoviridae', 'Animals', 'Atherosclerosis', 'Bone Marrow Cells', 'Bone Marrow Transplantation', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cytosol', 'Dietary Fats', 'Disease Models, Animal', 'Female', 'Genetic Therapy', 'Genetic Vectors', 'Glutathione', 'Glutathione Reductase', 'Humans', 'LDL-Receptor Related Proteins', 'Lipoproteins, LDL', 'Macrophages', 'Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Mitochondria', 'Oxidative Stress', 'Recombinant Fusion Proteins', 'Retroviridae', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Time Factors', 'Transduction, Genetic']

[['B04.280.030'], ['B01.050'], ['C14.907.137.126.307'], ['A11.148', 'A15.378.316'], ['E02.095.147.725.040', 'E04.936.580.040'], ['A11.251'], ['A11.284.430.214.200', 'A11.284.430.429.200', 'A11.284.835.450.200'], ['D10.212.302', 'G07.203.300.375', 'J02.500.375'], ['C22.232', 'E05.598.500', 'E05.599.395.080'], ['E02.095.301', 'E05.393.420.301'], ['G05.360.337'], ['D12.644.456.448'], ['D08.811.682.667.092'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.526', 'D12.776.543.750.710.450.500'], ['D10.532.515', 'D12.776.521.550'], ['A11.329.372', 'A11.627.482', 'A11.733.397', 'A15.382.670.522', 'A15.382.680.397'], ['G03.295.770.500', 'G04.580.550', 'G07.265.675.550'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.520.420', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.400.420'], ['B01.050.050.136.500.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.550.455', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800.500'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.564', 'A11.284.835.626'], ['G03.673', 'G07.775.750'], ['D12.776.828.300'], ['B04.613.807', 'B04.820.650'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E05.393.350.800', 'G05.728.850']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Health Care [N]']

A web service for enabling medical image retrieval integrated into a social medical image sharing platform.

Content-based visual image access is in the process from a research domain towards real applications. So far, most image retrieval applications have been in one specialized domain such as lung CTs as diagnosis aid or for classification of general images based on anatomic region, modality, and view. This article describes the use of a content-based image retrieval system in connection with the medical image sharing platform MEDTING, so a data set with a very large variety. Similarity retrieval is possible for all cases of the social image sharing platform, so cases can be linked by either visual similarity or similarity in keywords. The visual retrieval search is based on the GIFT (GNU Image Finding Tool). The technology for updating the index with new images added by users employs RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds. The ARC (Advanced Resource Connector) middleware is used for the implementation of a web service for similarity retrieval, simplifying the integration of this service. Novelty of this article is the application/integration and image updating strategy. Retrieval methods themselves employ existing techniques that are all open source and can easily be reproduced.

['Diagnostic Imaging', 'Information Storage and Retrieval', 'Internet', 'Radiology Information Systems', 'User-Computer Interface']

[['E01.370.350'], ['L01.313.500.750.280', 'L01.470'], ['L01.224.230.110.500'], ['N04.452.515.825'], ['L01.224.900.910']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Health Care [N]']

Association between use of phthalate-containing medication and semen quality among men in couples referred for assisted reproduction.

STUDY QUESTION: Does phthalate exposure from prescription drugs affect semen quality?SUMMARY ANSWER: Exposure to phthalate-containing drugs is associated with poor semen quality.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Phthalates and their metabolites have been shown to disrupt the hormone signalling in animal studies. One study has shown associations between medicinal phthalate exposure and poor semen quality, suggesting similar effects in humans.STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We included 18 515 males with poor semen quality (cases) and 31 063 males with normal semen quality (controls) registered in the Danish IVF Registry from 2006 to 2016.PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Exposure to phthalate-containing drugs was assessed from the Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics. Outcome measures were obtained at the first contact with the fertility clinic, and categorized according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The association between current use of phthalate-containing medications <90 days prior to semen sampling and reduced semen quality was analysed using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders.MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In total, 57 cases and 72 controls redeemed at least one prescription for a drug containing ortho-phthalates in the 90 days before their first semen sample, yielding an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.30 (95% CI: 0.91-1.85) for poor semen quality when compared to males exposed to phthalate-free generic drugs. Similarly, 81 cases and 78 controls exposed to a drug containing polymers had increased odds of poor semen quality (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.24-2.35). Current exposure to polymer containing products from alimentary tract and metabolism drugs was associated with the highest OR of 2.80 (95% CI: 1.63-4.84). Comparing males exposed to drugs containing ortho-phthalates or polymers with males unexposed to prescription drugs, we found adjusted ORs of 1.32 (95% CI: 0.93-1.87) and 1.73 (95% CI: 1.26-2.36), respectively. We saw no clear relationship between degree of exposure and odds of poor semen quality.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The reliance on ICD-10 based register data restricted our ability to relate phthalate exposure to detailed semen parameters. Furthermore, due to imperfections in the registry, we could only include the first semen sample and could not follow semen quality over time.WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results support the likely negative effect of phthalate exposure from medicinal drugs on semen quality. As exposures from medicinal products are readily avoidable, our findings may be of relevance to regulatory authorities.STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by Odense University Hospital, Denmark (Grant number A1003). None of the authors declare conflict of interest.

['Adult', 'Denmark', 'Environmental Exposure', 'Fertilization in Vitro', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Phthalic Acids', 'Prescription Drugs', 'Registries', 'Semen Analysis', 'Sperm Count', 'Spermatozoa']

[['M01.060.116'], ['Z01.542.816.124'], ['N06.850.460.350'], ['E02.875.800.750', 'E05.820.800.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D02.241.223.805'], ['D26.670'], ['E05.318.308.970', 'N04.452.859.819', 'N05.715.360.300.715.700', 'N06.850.520.308.970'], ['E01.370.225.992', 'E05.200.992'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.870', 'E01.370.225.992.624', 'E05.200.500.195.870', 'E05.200.992.624', 'E05.242.195.870', 'G04.140.870'], ['A05.360.490.890', 'A11.497.760']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Acyl-CoA Synthetase 5 Promotes the Growth and Invasion of Colorectal Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Acyl-CoA synthetase 5 (ACS5) has been reported to be associated with the development of various cancers, but the role of it in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not well understood. The present study aimed to explore the potential role of ACS5 in the development and progression of CRC.METHODS: ACS5 expression in CRC tissues and CRC cell lines was examined, and its clinical significance was analyzed. The role of ACS5 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion was examined in vitro.RESULTS: We found that ACS5 expression was upregulated in CRC cells and CRC tissues and that high ACS5 expression was more frequent in CRC patients with excess muscular layer and with poor tumor differentiation. Furthermore, knockdown of ACS5 in HT29 and SW480 cells significantly dampened cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis, and reduced cell migration and invasion. In contrast, the ectopic overexpression of ACS5 in LOVO and SW620 cells remarkably promoted cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis, and enhanced cell migration and invasion. Enhanced cell growth and invasion ability mediated by the gain of ACS5 expression were associated with downregulation of caspase-3 and E-cadherin and upregulation of survivin and CD44.CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that ACS5 can promote the growth and invasion of CRC cells and provide a potential target for CRC gene therapy.

['Cadherins', 'Caspase 3', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Cell Movement', 'Cell Proliferation', 'Coenzyme A Ligases', 'Colorectal Neoplasms', 'Disease Progression', 'Down-Regulation', 'Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic', 'Gene Knockdown Techniques', 'HT29 Cells', 'Humans', 'Hyaluronan Receptors', 'Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins', 'Neoplasm Invasiveness', 'Survivin', 'Up-Regulation']

[['D12.776.395.550.200.200', 'D12.776.543.550.200.200', 'D23.050.301.350.200'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500.126.350.300', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200.126.350.300', 'D12.644.360.075.405.350.300', 'D12.776.476.075.405.350.300'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['G04.198', 'G07.568.500.180'], ['G04.161.750', 'G07.345.249.410.750'], ['D08.811.464.267.500'], ['C04.588.274.476.411.307', 'C06.301.371.411.307', 'C06.405.249.411.307', 'C06.405.469.158.356', 'C06.405.469.491.307', 'C06.405.469.860.180'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['G02.111.240', 'G05.308.200', 'G07.690.773.937'], ['G05.308.370'], ['E05.393.335.500'], ['A11.251.210.190.475', 'A11.251.860.180.475', 'A11.436.365'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D09.698.735.200.625', 'D12.776.395.550.200.625.144', 'D12.776.395.650.750.281', 'D12.776.543.550.200.625.144', 'D12.776.543.750.705.877.144', 'D23.050.301.350.625.144'], ['D08.811.464.938.750.210', 'D12.644.360.075.437', 'D12.776.476.075.437'], ['C04.697.645', 'C23.550.727.645'], ['D12.644.360.075.437.625', 'D12.776.167.576', 'D12.776.220.600.450.495', 'D12.776.476.075.437.625'], ['G02.111.905', 'G05.308.850', 'G07.690.773.998']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Injection of day 2 embryo culture supernatant into the uterine cavity did not improve the pregnancy rate of day 3 embryo transfer in patients who underwent in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of uterine cavity injection of day 2 embryo culture supernatant before day 3 embryo transfer in patients who are undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer.DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.SETTING: A reproductive medical centre.PATIENT(S): A total of 90 infertile women, 45 of them in the study group and 45 in the control group.INTERVENTION(S): Uterine cavity infection of day 2 embryo culture supernatant before day 3 embryo transfer.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Embryo implantation rate and pregnancy rate.RESULT(S): The pregnancy versus implantation rates in the study group and control group were 48.9% versus 44.4% and 27.3% versus 22.1%, respectively. Although both pregnancy and implantation rates in the study group were higher than those in the control group, no statistically significant differences were found in these two parameters.CONCLUSION(S): Injection of day 2 embryo culture supernatant into the uterine cavity cannot improve the implantation and pregnancy rates of day 3 embryo transfer.

['Adult', 'Algorithms', 'Culture Media, Conditioned', 'Embryo Culture Techniques', 'Embryo Implantation', 'Embryo Transfer', 'Female', 'Fertilization in Vitro', 'Humans', 'Infertility, Female', 'Injections', 'Male', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy Rate', 'Time Factors', 'Uterus', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['G17.035', 'L01.224.050'], ['D27.720.470.305.250', 'E07.206.250'], ['E05.481.500.468'], ['G08.686.784.170.104.500'], ['E02.875.800.500', 'E05.820.800.500'], ['E02.875.800.750', 'E05.820.800.750'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C13.351.500.365.700'], ['E02.319.267.530'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['E05.318.308.985.775', 'G08.686.705', 'N01.224.935.849', 'N06.850.505.400.975.775', 'N06.850.520.308.985.775'], ['G01.910.857'], ['A05.360.319.679'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]']

[Ovarian cancer--a comparison between CT diagnosis and serum tumor markers].

In 40 patients undergoing pre-treatment for an ovarian tumor, a CT scan of the pelvis and measurements of their CA 125, CA 19-9, IAP (immunosuppressive acidic antigen), and TPA (tissue polypeptide antigen were performed. The specificity and sensitivity of the CT diagnosis was found to be better than any of other tumor markers measurements. Comparison of the 4 markers showed that the CA 125 testing had the greatest sensitivity in detecting an ovarian cancer. Moreover, the sensitivity of CA 125, was better than a combination of the 4 markers. Thus, a CT scan still remains necessary for the diagnosis of an ovarian cancer.

['Antigens, Neoplasm', 'Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Neoplasm Proteins', 'Ovarian Neoplasms', 'Peptides', 'Tissue Polypeptide Antigen', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['D23.050.285'], ['D23.050.285.050', 'D23.050.550.325', 'D23.101.140.075'], ['D23.101.140'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.624'], ['C04.588.322.455', 'C13.351.500.056.630.705', 'C13.351.937.418.685', 'C19.344.410', 'C19.391.630.705'], ['D12.644'], ['D12.644.875', 'D23.050.285.840', 'D23.101.140.880'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Ribonucleotide reductase M1 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) is a key molecule for gemcitabine resistance. This study evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of RRM1 in resected specimens of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and investigated the efficacy of gemcitabine-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in relation to RRM1 expression in tumors.METHODOLOGY: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 34 consecutive Japanese patients who underwent resection of ICC. Of the 34 patients, 2 were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of gemcitabine 800mg/m2 every 2 weeks to address extrahepatic tumor extension. Expression of RRM1 in tumor specimens was assessed using immunohistochemistry and was classified as either positive or negative.RESULTS: RRM1-positive expression was detected in 19/34 (56%) tumor specimens. Two patients were treated with gemcitabine-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy; one had a tumor specimen showing RRM1-positive expression and showed a 14% tumor reduction rate (stable disease); another patient had a tumor showing RRM1-negative expression and showed a 68% tumor reduction rate (partial response). Surgical procedures planned before administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy were performed in both patients.CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine for locally advanced ICC was well tolerated and did not impair planned surgical resections. Tumor expression of RRM1 may determine the efficacy of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy for patients with ICC.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Bile Duct Neoplasms', 'Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Chi-Square Distribution', 'Cholangiocarcinoma', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Immunoenzyme Techniques', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoadjuvant Therapy', 'Ribonucleotide Reductases', 'Survival Rate', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C04.588.274.120.250', 'C06.130.120.120', 'C06.130.320.120', 'C06.301.120.250'], ['A03.159.183.158', 'A03.620.150'], ['D23.101.140'], ['E05.318.740.994.300', 'G17.820.300', 'N05.715.360.750.750.200', 'N06.850.520.830.994.300'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.450'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.478.566.350', 'E05.478.583.400', 'E05.601.470.350'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E02.186.450'], ['D08.811.682.810'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the salivary glands.

We encountered two cases of low malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma with scanty cellular atypism which originated in the parotid or submandibular gland and was characterized by marked fibrosis and eosinophilic infiltration within tumor tissue despite the predominance of the squamous component. Here we report these two cases and provide a review of the literature. We believe that clinically these two tumors with stromal fibrosis and eosinophilic infiltration have a low malignant potential, although histological examination revealed a scanty mucus-producing epithelial component. Therefore, we consider this type of tumor as a new subtype of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. A low-malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma with stromal fibrosis and eosinophilic infiltration, as described in these two cases, may be misdiagnosed as a highly malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma because of its histologically scanty mucus-producing epithelial component. The objective of this study was to clarify their differences and to discuss the rendering of an accurate histological diagnosis, the degree of malignancy in relation to prognosis prediction, and the choice of therapy. In addition, we propose regarding this type of tumor as a new subtype of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

['Adult', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Eosinophilia', 'Female', 'Fibrosis', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Lymphatic Metastasis', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Parotid Neoplasms', 'Sclerosis', 'Submandibular Gland Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D23.101.140'], ['C04.557.470.200.025.340', 'C04.557.470.590.340'], ['E01.171'], ['C15.378.553.231'], ['C23.550.355'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['C04.697.650.560', 'C23.550.727.650.560'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.588.443.591.824.695', 'C07.465.530.824.695', 'C07.465.815.470.770', 'C07.465.815.718.589'], ['C23.550.823'], ['C04.588.443.591.824.885', 'C07.465.530.824.885', 'C07.465.815.718.885', 'C07.465.815.882.500']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Round-headed spermatozoa in semen specimens from fertile and subfertile men.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of round-headed, or acrosomeless, spermatozoa, determine the percentage and evaluate the possible correlation with other semen parameters.STUDY DESIGN: Semen specimens from 114 subfertile men aged 24-53 years (mean +/- SD 33.3 +/- 6.3) and from 60 fertile men aged 24-44 years (33.1 +/- 4.2) were studied. Two semen specimens were examined from each individual, with a six- to eight-week interval. Sperm morphology was evaluated from Papanicolaou-stained smears, and the classification of abnormal sperm forms was made according to WHO guidelines.RESULTS: The percentage of round-headed spermatozoa was 2.3% +/- 0.5 in subfertile and 0.5% +/- 0.1 in fertile men. Round-headed spermatozoa existed in semen specimens from 36.8% of subfertile and 25.0% fertile men. Of subfertile men, 14.9% had round-headed spermatozoa at a higher percentage than the highest normal limit found in sperm smears from fertile men.CONCLUSION: In some subfertile men with a high percentage of round-headed spermatozoa, infertility could be attributed to the cause of this morphologic abnormality. Moreover, morphologic abnormalities in the neck were significantly more frequent in round-headed spermatozoa than in spermatozoa with normal heads.

['Acrosome', 'Adult', 'Case-Control Studies', 'Humans', 'Infertility, Male', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Semen', 'Severity of Illness Index', 'Sperm Count', 'Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic', 'Sperm Midpiece', 'Sperm Motility', 'Sperm-Ovum Interactions']

[['A05.360.490.890.820.100', 'A11.284.430.214.190.875.190.550.040', 'A11.497.760.400.100'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E05.318.372.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C12.294.365.700'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A12.200.732'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500'], ['E01.370.225.500.195.870', 'E01.370.225.992.624', 'E05.200.500.195.870', 'E05.200.992.624', 'E05.242.195.870', 'G04.140.870'], ['E02.875.800.750.700', 'E05.820.800.750.700'], ['A05.360.490.890.830', 'A11.497.760.450'], ['E01.370.225.992.812', 'E05.200.992.812', 'G04.198.750'], ['G08.686.784.277.800']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the cerebellum--a light, electron microscopic, and immunohistochemical study.

A primary cerebellar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in a six and a half year old boy is reported. Microscopy of the surgical material revealed lobules of closely packed cells with a high mitotic rate, pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm. At their periphery, the lobules merged with rounded cells with similar nuclei but more abundant cytoplasm. These areas were surrounded by interlacing fascicles of strap cells, which were occasionally multinucleated and showed cross striations. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed the primitive nature of the closely packed cells; however, occasional intermediate size filaments were present within their cytoplasm and focal basement membrane accumulation was observed. Cells with more abundant cytoplasm had large accumulations of thick and thin filaments while strap cells showed well-developed cross striations. Immunohistochemical studies (peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique) showed vimentin in the primitive cells and desmin, myoglobin and adenosine triphosphatase as the tumor cells appeared more differentiated. Immunoreaction with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein and neurofilament protein were negative. Electron microscopic and immunohistochemical studies in this case demonstrated that this was an exclusively mesenchymal tumor with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation and that the pattern of differentiation follows that seen in normal myogenesis.

['Cerebellar Neoplasms', 'Child', 'Humans', 'Immunochemistry', 'Male', 'Microscopy, Electron', 'Rhabdomyosarcoma']

[['C04.588.614.250.195.411.211', 'C10.228.140.211.500.200', 'C10.228.140.252.200', 'C10.551.240.250.400.300'], ['M01.060.406'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['H01.158.201.486', 'H01.181.122.605', 'H02.403.044.500'], ['E01.370.350.515.402', 'E05.595.402'], ['C04.557.450.590.550.660', 'C04.557.450.795.550.660']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

A medical geographical anniversary.

It is now 200 years since L. L. Finke wrote his treatise on a global medical geography, Versuch einer allgemeinen medicinisch-praktischen Geographie. It was both the most extensive book in substantive content, and the most detailed in conceptual discussion on medical geography written to that point. Although it is one of the foundation pieces of medical geography, modern day practitioners seldom refer to Finke's work. There are two main reasons for this: with the exception of two passages, the work has never been translated from the original German, and many contemporary medical geographers believe that the field only developed in the mid-twentieth century. This paper's purpose is to demonstrate that this last point is unfounded and that recognition of Finke's seminal contribution is long over-due. On the 200th anniversary of the publication of An Attempt at a General Medical-Practical Geography Finke's great achievement is honoured.

['Geography', 'Germany', 'History, 18th Century', 'Humans', 'Manuscripts, Medical as Topic']

[['H01.277.500'], ['Z01.542.315'], ['K01.400.504.875'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['L01.178.682.608.526']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]']

PRELI, the human homologue of the avian px19, is expressed by germinal center B lymphocytes.

We report the identification of a human cDNA encoding a 25 kDa protein of relevant evolutionary and lymphoid interest (PRELI). PRELI was cloned by screening a B lymphocyte-specific cDNA library with a probe generated by mRNA differential display. PRELI amino acid sequence is 85% similar to the avian px19 protein, expressed within the blood islands and in the liver during avian embryo development. PRELI and px19 contain tandem repeats (A/TAEKAK) of the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) motif, characteristic of a group of survival molecules and originally thought to be present only in plant proteins. Interestingly, PRELI expression is high in the fetal liver, a major site for B cell lymphopoiesis, while the mRNA levels in other fetal tissues such as the brain, lung, and kidney are comparatively low. At the adult stage, PRELI expression is drastically reduced in the liver but exhibits high mRNA levels in the spleen, brain, lung and kidney tissues, suggesting that PRELI expression may be important for the development of vital and immunocompetent organs. Moreover, PRELI is also highly expressed in the adult lymph nodes and peripheral blood leukocytes, further stressing that at the adult stage, PRELI expression may be important during secondary immune responses. Consistent with this hypothesis, the expression of PRELI is predominant within germinal centers (GC), a stage in which B lymphocytes are under a stressful selection pressure. Taken together these data: (i) strongly support the notion that the conserved LEA motif represents a phylogenetic link between plants and animals, (ii) reveal a novel molecule whose expression may play a role in the maturation of distinct human tissues, and (iii) suggest that PRELI expression may be important for GC B lymphocytes.

['Adult', 'Amino Acid Sequence', 'Animals', 'B-Lymphocytes', 'Blotting, Northern', 'Cell Line', 'DNA, Complementary', 'Evolution, Molecular', 'Fetus', 'Germinal Center', 'Humans', 'Mitochondrial Proteins', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Proteins', 'Quail', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Sequence Alignment', 'Viscera']

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['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

A placebo-controlled trial of isoprinosine in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Isoprinosine was used under double-blind, randomised, and placebo-controlled conditions in 52 patients with relapsing/remitting or progressive multiple sclerosis. All patients received pulsed treatment with methylprednisolone. There was no significant effect of treatment on clinical disability or the accumulation of MRI abnormalities, after correction of results for multiple comparisons. It is concluded that isoprinosine is not effective therapy for multiple sclerosis.

['Administration, Oral', 'Adult', 'Analysis of Variance', 'Double-Blind Method', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Inosine Pranobex', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Multiple Sclerosis', 'Recurrence', 'Treatment Outcome']

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['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]']

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-mediated cell death in astrocytes requires NAD+ depletion and mitochondrial permeability transition.

Extensive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) by DNA damage is a major cause of caspase-independent cell death in ischemia and inflammation. Here we show that NAD(+) depletion and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) are sequential and necessary steps in PARP-1-mediated cell death. Cultured mouse astrocytes were treated with the cytotoxic concentrations of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or 3-morpholinosydnonimine to induce DNA damage and PARP-1 activation. The resulting cell death was preceded by NAD(+) depletion, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and MPT. Sub-micromolar concentrations of cyclosporin A blocked MPT and cell death, suggesting that MPT is a necessary step linking PARP-1 activation to cell death. In astrocytes, extracellular NAD(+) can raise intracellular NAD(+) concentrations. To determine whether NAD(+) depletion is necessary for PARP-1-induced MPT, NAD(+) was restored to near-normal levels after PARP-1 activation. Restoration of NAD(+) enabled the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential and blocked both MPT and cell death. Furthermore, both cyclosporin A and NAD(+) blocked translocation of the apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria to nuclei, a step previously shown necessary for PARP-1-induced cell death. These results suggest that NAD(+) depletion and MPT are necessary intermediary steps linking PARP-1 activation to AIF translocation and cell death.

['Animals', 'Apoptosis', 'Apoptosis Inducing Factor', 'Astrocytes', 'Flavoproteins', 'Intracellular Membranes', 'Membrane Potentials', 'Membrane Proteins', 'Mice', 'Mice, Knockout', 'Mitochondria', 'NAD', 'Permeability', 'Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases', 'Protein Transport']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

[Quality parameters of cryoprecipitates from stored blood preservation].

The investigations of a series of 281 cryoprecipitates produced from blood stored at 10 degrees C for 12-18 hours resulted in equal values as compared with those preparations from a control group of 53 preparations which had been prepared from blood maximally stored for 4 hours. Thus, international experiences could be confirmed. An improvement in the quality of erythrocyte concentrates simultaneously produced can be regarded as an additional advantage with respect to the formation of microaggregates during the time the stored blood can be made use of.

['Blood Preservation', 'Factor VIII', 'Freezing', 'Humans', 'Time Factors']

[['E02.792.833.230', 'E05.760.833.230'], ['D12.776.124.125.350', 'D12.776.811.286', 'D23.119.350'], ['G01.645.500', 'G01.906.595.272.437', 'G02.734.466'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

In vivo Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade selectively inhibits LPS-induced innate immune response and ACTH release in rat pituitary gland.

Systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration induces an innate immune response and stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We studied Angiotensin II AT(1) receptor participation in the LPS effects with focus on the pituitary gland. LPS (50 microg/kg, i.p.) enhanced, 3h after administration, gene expression of pituitary CD14 and that of Angiotensin II AT(1A) receptors in pituitary and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN); stimulated ACTH and corticosterone release; decreased pituitary CRF(1) receptor mRNA and increased all plasma and pituitary pro-inflammatory factors studied. The AT(1) receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan (1mg/kg/day, s.c. daily for 3 days before LPS) blocked pituitary and PVN AT(1) receptors, inhibited LPS-induced ACTH but not corticosterone secretion and decreased LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 to the circulation. The ARB reduced LPS-induced pituitary gene expression of IL-6, LIF, iNOS, COX-2 and IkappaB-alpha; and prevented LPS-induced increase of nNOS/eNOS activity. The ARB did not affect LPS-induced TNF-alpha and IL-1beta gene expression, IL-6 or IL-1beta protein content or LPS-induced decrease of CRF(1) receptors. When administered alone, the ARB increased basal plasma corticosterone levels and basal PGE(2) mRNA in pituitary. Our results demonstrate that the pituitary gland is a target for systemically administered LPS. AT(1) receptor activity is necessary for the complete pituitary response to LPS and is limited to specific pro-inflammatory pathways. There is a complementary and complex influence of the PVN and circulating cytokines on the initial pituitary response to LPS. Our findings support the proposal that ARBs may be considered for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.

['Adrenocorticotropic Hormone', 'Analysis of Variance', 'Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers', 'Animals', 'Autoradiography', 'Benzimidazoles', 'Corticosterone', 'Cytokines', 'Dinoprostone', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System', 'In Situ Hybridization', 'Inflammation', 'Lipopolysaccharides', 'Male', 'Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus', 'Pituitary-Adrenal System', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Radioimmunoassay', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Tetrazoles']

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['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Syntheses, calcium channel agonist-antagonist modulation activities, and voltage-clamp studies of isopropyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-pyridinylpyridine-5-carboxylate racemates and enantiomers.

A novel group of racemic isopropyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-pyridinylpyridine-5-carboxylate isomers [(+/-)-12-14] were prepared using a modified Hantzsch reaction that involved the condensation of nitroacetone with isopropyl 3-aminocrotonate and 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. Determination of their in vitro calcium channel-modulating activities using guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle (GPILSM) and guinea pig left atrium (GPLA) assays showed that the 2-pyridinyl isomer (+/-)-12 acted as a dual cardioselective calcium channel agonist (GPLA)/smooth muscle selective calcium channel antagonist (GPILSM). In contrast, the 3-pyridinyl [(+/-)-13] and 4-pyridinyl [(+/-)-14] isomers acted as calcium channel agonists on both GPLA and GPILSM. The agonist effect exhibited by (+/-)-12 on GPLA was inhibited by nifedipine and partially reversed by addition of extracellular Ca2+. In anesthetized rabbits, the 4-pyridinyl isomer (+/-)-14 exhibited a hypertensive effect that was qualitatively similar to that exhibited by the nonselective agonist Bay K 8644 and the 3-pyridinyl isomer (+/)-13, whereas the 2-pyridinyl isomer (+/-)-12 induced a hypotensive effect similar to that of the calcium channel antagonist nifedipine. Similar results were obtained in a spontaneously hypertensive rat model. In vitro studies showed that the (+)-2-pyridinyl enantiomer (+)-12A exhibited agonist activity on both GPILSM and GPLA, but that the (-)-2-pyridinyl enantiomer (-)-12B exhibited agonist activity on GPLA and antagonist activity on GPILSM. Whole-cell voltage-clamp studies using isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes indicated that (-)-12B inhibited the calcium current (ICa), that (+)-12A increased slightly ICa, and that (+/-)-12 inhibited ICa but the latter inhibition was less than that for (-)-12B. (-)-12B effectively inhibited ICa at all membrane potentials examined (-40-50 mV), whereas (+)-12A exhibited a weak agonist effect near the peak of the I-V curve. The 2-pyridinyl isomers (enantiomers) 12 represent a novel type of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel modulator that could provide a potentially new approach to drug discovery targeted toward the treatment of congestive heart failure and probes to study the structure-function relationships of calcium channels.

['3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester', 'Animals', 'Calcium Channel Agonists', 'Calcium Channel Blockers', 'Carboxylic Acids', 'Guinea Pigs', 'Heart', 'Heart Ventricles', 'Hypertension', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Male', 'Membrane Potentials', 'Muscle Contraction', 'Muscle, Smooth', 'Myocardial Contraction', 'Nifedipine', 'Pyridines', 'Rabbits', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred SHR', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Stereoisomerism', 'Structure-Activity Relationship']

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['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Is accredited social health activists' basic oral health knowledge appropriate in educating rural Indian population?

INTRODUCTION: Accredited social health activists (ASHAs) are the grassroot level health activists in the community who are involved in health education and community mobilization toward utilizing the health services.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the oral health knowledge among ASHAs working in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Five Primary Health Centers were randomly selected, and the total sample was 275. Categorical data were analyzed using Chi-square test. P ? 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.RESULTS: The mean age was 32 ± 5.11 years and mean education was 9 ± 1.329 years of schooling. ASHAs were categorized into two groups based on their education levels, i.e., Group I whose education qualification is <10th class and Group II whose education qualification is above 10th class to observe any difference in knowledge based on their education. Overall knowledge among ASHAs was poor and also it was observed that both the groups were having poor knowledge regarding dental caries, calculus, dental plaque, oral cancer, and change of tooth brush. About 69.5% of the ASHAs were approached by public with dental problems, but only a few, i.e., 15.8% have referred the patients to the nearby dentist.CONCLUSION: As we know that most of the dental diseases are preventable, there is a dire need that ASHAs should be thoroughly educated in the aspects of oral health and diseases during their training period. This not only helps in creating awareness among them but also serves the ultimate purpose of improving the oral health of rural population.

['Accreditation', 'Adult', 'Community Health Workers', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Educational Status', 'Female', 'Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice', 'Humans', 'India', 'Male', 'Oral Health', 'Rural Health Services', 'Rural Population', 'Workforce']

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['Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Disease and immunity in the pre-Spanish Philippines.

It is generally asserted that Filipino populations did not suffer the same demographic collapse that followed Spanish conquest in the Americas because they had previously acquired immunity to Old World diseases through trading contacts with Asia. This assertion is examined by trying to establish which diseases were present in the islands in pre-Spanish times and whether populations there could have acquired immunity to them. This is done through an analysis of the evidence for the presence of infections in China and Japan in particular and the existence of trading contacts with and between the Philippine islands. The likelihood of immunity being acquired is addressed first through a discussion of the physical and human geography of the islands and what is known of the epidemiology of individual diseases from modern scientific research. Second, it reviews evidence from early colonial documents and Filipino dictionaries for the presence and impact of Old World diseases in the early colonial period. The study suggests that Filipino populations had not acquired significant immunities to acute infections in pre-Spanish times, and that their limited demographic impact in the colonial period derived more from the particular geography of the islands. It suggests that in terms of its disease history, the Philippines had more in common with the Pacific islands than mainland Asia, and that the microbiological boundary between the Old World and the New is better conceived of as a broad zone.

['China', 'Colonialism', 'Disease Outbreaks', 'Disease Vectors', 'Emigration and Immigration', 'Environmental Microbiology', 'History, 16th Century', 'History, 17th Century', 'History, 18th Century', 'History, 19th Century', 'Humans', 'Immunity, Innate', 'Infections', 'Japan', 'Philippines', 'Population Dynamics', 'Topography, Medical']

[['Z01.252.474.164'], ['I01.696.116'], ['N06.850.290'], ['N06.850.335.188', 'N06.850.520.203.375'], ['I01.240.600.525.500', 'N01.224.625.525.500', 'N06.850.505.400.700.525.500'], ['H01.158.273.540.274', 'N06.850.425'], ['K01.400.475.750'], ['K01.400.504.750'], ['K01.400.504.875'], ['K01.400.504.937'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G12.450.564'], ['C01'], ['Z01.252.474.463', 'Z01.639.595'], ['Z01.252.145.671', 'Z01.639.790'], ['I01.240.600', 'N01.224.625', 'N06.850.505.400.700'], ['H01.277.500.097.500', 'H02.403.352.500']]

['Geographicals [Z]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]']

Effects of dietary eritadenine on the liver microsomal Delta6-desaturase activity and its mRNA in rats.

Eritadenine, a hypocholesterolemic factor of Lentinus edodes mushroom, has a wide range of effects on lipid metabolism such as an increase in the liver microsomal phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) concentration, a decrease in the liver microsomal Delta6-desaturase activity, and an alteration of the fatty acid and molecular species profile of liver and plasma lipids. In this study, the time-dependent effects of dietary eritadenine on several variables concerning lipid metabolism were investigated in rats to clarify the sequence of metabolic changes caused by eritadenine, with special interest in the association of the liver microsomal phospholipid profile and the activity of Delta6-desaturase. The effect of dietary eritadenine on the abundance of mRNA for Delta6-desaturase was also investigated. When the time required for a half-change of variables was estimated during the first 5 days after the change from the control diet to the eritadenine-supplemented (50 mg/kg) diet, the change rates of the variables were fastest in the following order: alteration of the liver microsomal phospholipid profile>decrease in liver microsomal Delta6-desaturase activity>alteration of the fatty acid and molecular species profiles of microsomal and plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC)>decrease in the plasma cholesterol concentration. There was a significant correlation between the Delta6-desaturase activity and liver microsomal PE concentration, but not PC concentration, or the proportion of PC and PE or the PC/PE ratio. The suppression of Delta6-desaturase activity by dietary eritadenine was accompanied by a significant reduction in the abundance of mRNA for the enzyme. These results suggest that dietary eritadenine might suppress the activity of liver microsomal Delta6-desaturase by altering the microsomal phospholipid profile, as represented by an increase in PE concentration, and that the effect of eritadenine is mediated by the regulation of gene expression.

['Adenine', 'Animals', 'Dietary Supplements', 'Hypercholesterolemia', 'Lipids', 'Male', 'Microsomes, Liver', 'Phospholipids', 'RNA, Messenger', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase', 'Time Factors']

[['D03.633.100.759.138'], ['B01.050'], ['G07.203.300.456', 'J02.500.456'], ['C18.452.584.500.500.396'], ['D10'], ['A11.284.835.540.541'], ['D10.570.755'], ['D13.444.735.544'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['D08.811.682.690.708.392.625'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Identification of runs of homozygosity affecting female fertility and milk production traits in Finnish Ayrshire cattle.

Inbreeding gives rise to continuous lengths of homozygous genotypes called runs of homozygosity (ROH) that occur when identical haplotypes are inherited from both parents. ROHs are enriched for deleterious recessive alleles and can therefore be linked to inbreeding depression, defined as decreased phenotypic performance of the animals. However, not all ROHs within a region are expected to have harmful effects on the trait of interest. We aimed to identify ROHs that unfavourably affect female fertility and milk production traits in the Finnish Ayrshire population. The estimated effect of ROHs with the highest statistical significance varied between parities from 9 to 17 days longer intervals from calving to first insemination, from 13 to 38 days longer intervals from first to last insemination and from 0.3 to 1.0 more insemination per conception. Similarly, for milk production traits ROHs were associated with a reduction of 208 kg for milk yield, 7 kg for protein yield and 16 kg for fat yield. We also found regions where ROHs displayed unfavourable effects across multiple traits. Our findings can be exploited for more efficient control of inbreeding depression, for example by minimizing the occurrence of unfavourable haplotypes as homozygous state in breeding programmes.

['Animals', 'Cattle', 'Female', 'Fertility', 'Genotype', 'Homozygote', 'Milk']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.271'], ['G08.686.210'], ['G05.380'], ['G05.380.554'], ['A12.200.455', 'A12.790', 'G07.203.100.700', 'G07.203.300.350.525', 'J02.200.700', 'J02.500.350.525']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

Spread of anti-malarial drug resistance: mathematical model with implications for ACT drug policies.

BACKGROUND: Most malaria-endemic countries are implementing a change in anti-malarial drug policy to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). The impact of different drug choices and implementation strategies is uncertain. Data from many epidemiological studies in different levels of malaria endemicity and in areas with the highest prevalence of drug resistance like borders of Thailand are certainly valuable. Formulating an appropriate dynamic data-driven model is a powerful predictive tool for exploring the impact of these strategies quantitatively.METHODS: A comprehensive model was constructed incorporating important epidemiological and biological factors of human, mosquito, parasite and treatment. The iterative process of developing the model, identifying data needed, and parameterization has been taken to strongly link the model to the empirical evidence. The model provides quantitative measures of outcomes, such as malaria prevalence/incidence and treatment failure, and illustrates the spread of resistance in low and high transmission settings. The model was used to evaluate different anti-malarial policy options focusing on ACT deployment.RESULTS: The model predicts robustly that in low transmission settings drug resistance spreads faster than in high transmission settings, and treatment failure is the main force driving the spread of drug resistance. In low transmission settings, ACT slows the spread of drug resistance to a partner drug, especially at high coverage rates. This effect decreases exponentially with increasing delay in deploying the ACT and decreasing rates of coverage. In the high transmission settings, however, drug resistance is driven by the proportion of the human population with a residual drug level, which gives resistant parasites some survival advantage. The spread of drug resistance could be slowed down by controlling presumptive drug use and avoiding the use of combination therapies containing drugs with mismatched half-lives, together with reducing malaria transmission through vector control measures.CONCLUSION: This paper has demonstrated the use of a comprehensive mathematical model to describe malaria transmission and the spread of drug resistance. The model is strongly linked to the empirical evidence obtained from extensive data available from various sources. This model can be a useful tool to inform the design of treatment policies, particularly at a time when ACT has been endorsed by WHO as first-line treatment for falciparum malaria worldwide.

['Animals', 'Antimalarials', 'Artemisinins', 'Drug Resistance', 'Drug Therapy, Combination', 'Health Policy', 'Humans', 'Lactones', 'Malaria', 'Models, Theoretical', 'Plasmodium', 'Thailand']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]']