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Government school in Singapore , Singapore
**Serangoon Secondary School (SSS)**, formerly known as **Serangoon English School**, is a government secondary school in Upper Serangoon View, Singapore.
History
-------
### Serangoon English School (1928-1967)
SSS started as Serangoon English School in 1928, housed in a two-storey building in Simon Road. At that time, it had only seven classes with a head-mistress and seven teachers. It was the only government co-educational school in the Colony of Singapore then and also a feeder school to Raffles Institution.
In 1937, the school added three standards, providing education up to Secondary Three in present-day terms. The students who successfully completed Standard Eight then went on to Raffles Institution and Raffles Girls' School respectively. With the formation of the first School Certificate class in 1949, the school became a full school offering education from Primary One to Cambridge School Certificate.[]
In 1958, the school became a secondary school and seven years later, the first Pre-University class was formed. This section was soon expanded to include two Pre-University One classes and two Pre-University Two classes.
### Serangoon Secondary School (1967-present)
The school shifted to Lowland Road in 1967 and also changed its name to Serangoon Secondary School. In 1976, owing to the establishment of Junior Colleges for Pre-University students, the Pre-University section of SSS was closed. In 2001, SSS moved to its present premises at 11 Upper Serangoon View.
The Parade Square at Serangoon Secondary School
SSS has numerous CCAs. It also has a niche for its uniformed groups. All of its uniformed groups have attained the gold award for the Best Unit every year from 2008 onwards.
In 2008, the principal was Mr Yeo Kuerk Heng, and the vice-principal was Mr Richard Phua.
Identity and culture
--------------------
### School crest
* Blue signifies piety and sincerity
* White embodies pure and wholesome, purity in thought, word and deed
* Orange represents strength, integrity and endurance
* 'The Eagle' symbolises self-discipline, dignity, esteem and power.
* The lamp - symbolises knowledge.
### Campus
The campus is split into blocks A to H, which surround the parade square.
**Block A:** General Office, Staff Rooms
**Block B:** Canteen, Hall
**Block C:** Library, IT Labs and Rooms, Music Room, Mobile Robotics Room
**Block D:** Chemistry/Physics/Biology Labs, Art Rooms
**Block E:** D&T Rooms, F&N Kitchens
**Blocks F, G, H:** Classrooms
Subjects offered
----------------
At the Upper Secondary Level, students get to choose the subjects they want to take, with the inclusion of some compulsory subjects.
* English Language
* Mother Tongue Language
* Third Languages
* Science
* Science (Physics, Chemistry)
* Science (Chemistry, Biology)
* Physics
* Chemistry
* Biology
* Mathematics
* Additional Mathematics
* Principle of Accounts
* Humanities (Social Studies, Geography)
* Humanities (Social Studies, History)
* History
* Computing
* Design and Technology
* Food and Nutrition
* Mobile Robotics
* Art |
Native American trail
Old Connecticut Path
in Wayland, Massachusetts
The **Old Connecticut Path** was the Native American trail that led westward from the area of Massachusetts Bay to the Connecticut River Valley, the first of the North American trails that led west from the settlements close to the Atlantic seacoast, towards the interior. The earliest colonists of Massachusetts Bay Colony used it, and rendered it wider by driving cattle along it. The old route is still followed, for part of its length, by Massachusetts Route 9 and Massachusetts Route 126.
History
-------
In lean years of the early 1630s, when the Massachusetts Bay Colony ran short of grain, Nipmuck farmers in the Connecticut River Valley loaded some of their abundant surplus maize into birch-bark backpacks and trod a familiar route to the settlements at the mouth of the Charles River, where they traded food for European goods made of copper and iron and woollen cloth. Fur traders and the exploratory party of John Oldham (1633) penetrated this first of the trails west into the continent's interior. In 1635, some settlers from Watertown took this route when they removed to Wethersfield, Connecticut.
In 1636, the dissenting minister Thomas Hooker a hundred of his congregation, and 160 cattle, followed the Old Connecticut Path in a two-weeks' journey to the Connecticut River. There they settled in a place the native Tunxis peoples called *Saukiog*, because of the blackness of its earth. They founded the English settlement of Hartford. By 1643, documents in the village of Sudbury called this trail the "Old Connecticut Path." In 1672, with the establishment of a postal system, it became the first colonial post road.
Route
-----
Long native usage had emphasized the easiest route, skirting the water meadows of the river bottoms and crossing streams at the most dependable fords. During the trip to Connecticut the Path crosses the Blackstone River, that crossing was known as the North Bridge and the Quinebaug River crossing was known as the South Bridge, both Northbridge and Southbridge were named after those well-known landmark locations.
### Massachusetts
The Path led west along the north bank of the Charles River from New Town (Cambridge) to newly settled Watertown and passed through what are now Waltham and Weston, curving southward where it entered the southeasterly section of the new town of Sudbury, now set apart as Wayland, where a section of the route still bears the name "Old Connecticut Path". At Wayland, the Bay Path, later the Boston Post Road, diverged from the Connecticut Path and headed west through Marlborough, Worcester, and Brookfield straight toward the Connecticut River. In Sudbury the Connecticut Path was known as "the road from Watertown to the Dunster Farm", since after passing along the north side of Cochituate Pond, it crossed the tract beyond that was granted to Henry Dunster, president of Harvard College, and the lands of Edmund Rice and Philemon Whale. The trail crossed the Sudbury River at "Danforth's Farm", since 1700 incorporated as Framingham, where another section (Route 126) retains the name "Old Connecticut Path", threading past the northern shore of Lake Cochituate. The Connecticut Path headed west, threading between the Charles and Sudbury rivers on its way to the Connecticut River. "From Framingham the Old Connecticut Path runs southward through South Framingham, Ashland (Megunko), Hopkinton (Quansigamog), then through Westborough and over Fay Mountain, to the praying town of Hassanamesit/Hassanamisco, now Grafton, through Sutton and then beyond to Connecticut.
### Connecticut
The Old Connecticut path entered Connecticut at the praying town of Maanexit, now Thompson, and continued into Woodstock. Past Woodstock, the path crossed Eastford, Ashford and Willington. Modern travelers can walk along portions of the path in both of those towns in places such as the Nipmuck Trail and the Fenton-Ruby Park. Continuing westward, the trail crosses Tolland, Vernon, and a small corner of Manchester, before ending at the Connecticut River. |
American rock singer-songwriter
This article is about the rock singer. For his debut album, see David Cook (album).
**David Roland Cook** (born December 20, 1982) is an American rock singer-songwriter. Cook rose to fame after winning the seventh season of *American Idol* in 2008.
Prior to *Idol*, Cook performed with multiple bands, releasing three studio albums and four live albums before releasing his first solo independent album, *Analog Heart*. After winning *American Idol*, he released his debut single "The Time of My Life", which entered the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart at number three and at number two on the *Billboard* Canadian Hot 100, selling over 1.4 million copies and being certified platinum by the RIAA. His major-label self-titled debut album was released on November 18, 2008, and has also since been certified platinum by the RIAA. The album produced two top twenty singles; "Light On" and "Come Back to Me". His second major album *This Loud Morning* was released on June 28, 2011. The album produced two singles; "The Last Goodbye" and "Fade into Me". *This Quiet Night*, Cook's first EP, was also released on June 28, 2011 and featured acoustic performances of select *This Loud Morning* album tracks.
After departing from RCA and releasing three stand-alone singles, Cook became an independent artist and released his first single "Criminals" for his fourth studio album *Digital Vein*, which was released on September 18, 2015, with the latter two ("Laying Me Low" and "Wait For Me") being featured on the album. The album produced two more singles: "Broken Windows" and "Heartbeat".
Cook released his second EP, *Chromance*, featuring a more pop-driven sound. Its lead single, "Gimme Heartbreak," was released to promote the EP. The EP entered the US Indie charts at number five. His third EP, *The Looking Glass*, was released on April 16, 2021.
Early life
----------
Cook was born in Houston, Texas, and raised in Blue Springs, Missouri. His parents are Beth Foraker and Stanley Cook. He is the middle of three brothers – the late Adam Cook being older and Andrew younger. He is of German, Irish, and English descent.
Cook's interest in music began at a young age. He began singing in second grade, when his elementary school music teacher, Mrs. Gentry, gave him a part in a school Christmas performance. He proceeded to perform in virtually every Christmas and PTA program. He received his first guitar, a Fender Stratocaster, at the age of 13.[] He also participated in choir and drama programs in middle school and high school. At Blue Springs South High School, he performed in musicals, including *The Music Man*, *West Side Story*, and *Singin' in the Rain*. In addition to this, he was an active member in the Blue Springs South High School National Forensics League (or NFL), where he qualified for the national tournament twice for Duo Interpretation, an event that relies on performance and interpretation of a literary work. He graduated from Blue Springs South High School in 2001.
He was also an avid baseball player (pitcher) during high school and once gave up a home run to Albert Pujols in an American Legion Baseball game. After an injury, he focused more on music. He earned a theater scholarship to the University of Central Missouri, but he abandoned theater after two semesters, graduating from the school in 2006 with a degree in graphic design. While in college, he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa. After his college graduation, he relocated to Tulsa, Oklahoma, to pursue a career in music, telling his mother, "I just want to give myself until I'm 26 years old to get a job."
Early music career
------------------
David Cook formed a band with his friend Bobby Kerr while at high school. The band was initially named Red Eye, later changed to Axium. He wrote his first song, "Red Hot", when he was fifteen. He was encouraged by Evan Sula-Goff of 8stops7 to make an album when he went to Cook's school to judge a contest, Mr. Jaguar, where David Cook and his band performed Guns N' Roses' "Paradise City". The band had some success when one of their songs, "Hold", was selected to be played in movie theaters across the country, and they were named one of the top 15 independent bands in the country by "Got Milk?" contest as well as the best Kansas City band in 2004. The band produced three studio albums – *Matter of Time*, *Blindsided*, and *The Story Thus Far*, as well as a number of live albums including *Alive in Tulsa*.
Axium, however, broke up in 2006 and David Cook moved to Tulsa where he joined Midwest Kings, a band he once opened for. He was the bassist for their EP *Incoherent With Desire to Move On*. Members of that band Andy Skib and Neal Tiemann later became part of David Cook's post-*Idol* band The Anthemic. He recorded and self-released a solo album *Analog Heart* in 2006. He had also recorded his second solo album (unreleased) prior to appearing on *Idol*, and was working as a bartender to support himself.
*American Idol*
---------------
Cook originally did not plan to try out for the show. He went to the auditions in Omaha, Nebraska, initially to support his younger brother (who did not make it to Hollywood) and then, prompted by mother and brother when a show producer noticed him, David auditioned himself. He performed Bon Jovi's "Livin' On a Prayer" for his audition. For his first Hollywood audition, Cook performed "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" by Bryan Adams, accompanying himself on acoustic guitar. On the second song in Hollywood, he sang "I'll Be" by Edwin McCain. Cook took advantage of the decision to allow contestants to play musical instruments. Besides his Hollywood audition, he also accompanied himself on electric guitar for his performances of "All Right Now", "Hello", "Day Tripper", "I'm Alive", "Baba O'Riley", "Dare You to Move", and "Dream Big", and on acoustic guitar for "Little Sparrow", "All I Really Need Is You", and "The World I Know". His white, left-handed Gibson Les Paul electric guitar has the letters "AC" on it; as Cook told *TV Guide*, "I have two brothers, Adam and Andrew. So, because of superstition, I put their initials on everything growing up." Starting from the Top 12-week, he also wore (and continued to wear throughout competition) an orange wristband to support a then-7-year-old fan, Lindsey Rose, with leukemia. Lindsey Rose is now many years recovered and perfectly healthy.
Another of Cook's performances, The Beatles' "Day Tripper", was credited to Whitesnake. Seattle-based band Doxology has claimed that Cook's performance of The Beatles' "Eleanor Rigby" was based on a version the band recorded over a year ago. On April 1, before performing his self-arranged rendition of Dolly Parton's "Little Sparrow" on *American Idol*, Cook told Ryan Seacrest in the interview session that his performance of "Eleanor Rigby" was based on Neil Zaza's and Doxology's versions. He also reiterated the credits of Whitesnake and Chris Cornell. Despite the controversy, critics praised Cook for choosing versions of songs that fit his vocal style. Cook's arrangements of "Happy Together", "Hello", "Little Sparrow", "Always Be My Baby", "All I Really Need Is You", "Baba O'Riley", "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing", "Dream Big" and "The World I Know" were original arrangements.
Cook won the seventh season of *American Idol* on May 21, 2008, receiving 56 percent of the votes, with 12 million votes over David Archuleta, the runner-up. Cook then sang "The Time of My Life", the winning song of the 2008 *American Idol* Songwriter's Competition. During the final show, identical commercials promoting *Guitar Hero* featured Cook and fellow finalist Archuleta mimicked the Tom Cruise scene from *Risky Business* where he dances in his underwear playing an air guitar.
### Performances
| *American Idol* season 7 performances and results |
| --- |
| Week # | Theme | Song choice | Original artist | Order # | Result |
| Audition | N/A | "Livin' on a Prayer" | Bon Jovi | N/A | Advanced |
| Hollywood | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| Top 50 | "I'll Be" | Edwin McCain |
| Top 24 (12 Men) | 1960s | "Happy Together" | The Turtles | 3 | Safe |
| Top 20 (10 Men) | 1970s | "All Right Now" | Free | 9 |
| Top 16 (8 Men) | 1980s | "Hello" | Lionel Richie | 6 |
| Top 12 | Lennon-McCartney | "Eleanor Rigby" | The Beatles |
| Top 11 | The Beatles | "Day Tripper" |
| Top 10 | Year They Were Born | "Billie Jean" | Michael Jackson | 10 |
| Top 9 | Dolly Parton | "Little Sparrow" | Dolly Parton | 2 |
| Top 8 | Inspirational Songs | "Innocent" | Our Lady Peace | 5 |
| Top 7 | Mariah Carey | "Always Be My Baby" | Mariah Carey | 6 |
| Top 6 | Andrew Lloyd Webber | "The Music of the Night" | Michael Crawford |
| Top 5 | Neil Diamond | "I'm Alive" "All I Really Need Is You" | Neil Diamond | 27 |
| Top 4 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | "Hungry Like the Wolf""Baba O'Riley" | Duran DuranThe Who | 15 |
| Top 3 | Judge's Choice (Simon Cowell)Contestant's ChoiceProducer's Choice | "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face""Dare You to Move""I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" | Peggy SeegerSwitchfootAerosmith | 369 |
| Finale | Clive Davis's ChoiceNew SongContestant's Choice | "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For""Dream Big""The World I Know" | U2David CookCollective Soul | 135 | Winner |
Post-*Idol* career
------------------
Cook performing during the American Idols Live! Tour 2008
A week following Cook's *American Idol* victory, in the *Billboard* chart week ending May 25, 2008, Cook broke several *Billboard* chart records. Most notable was his record-shattering feat of having 11 songs debut on the Hot 100 that week, beating the previous record set by Miley Cyrus (*Hannah Montana*) in 2006 when she had six songs debut on the chart. Cook's first single, "The Time of My Life" led the pack, debuting at number three on the Hot 100. Cook's eleven charting songs also gave him the most songs by one artist on the Hot 100 of any week in the Nielsen SoundScan era (which began in 1991), and the most of any era since The Beatles placed 14 songs on the chart the week of April 11, 1964. In addition, that same week Cook also broke the record for the most debuts on *Billboard'*s Hot Digital Songs chart, where he placed 14 debut entries, the record for which was previously six, set by Bon Jovi in 2007. Cook's 17 entries had a combined total of 944,000 digital downloads in the first week of selling.
Cook also signed an endorsement deal with Skechers that ran through December 2009.
Cook's photo was also featured on the cover of The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2009, along with President Barack Obama and Senator John McCain.
### 2008–2009: Major label debut and *David Cook*
Main article: David Cook (album)
Cook worked with Espionage, Ed Roland (Collective Soul), Zac Maloy (The Nixons), Jason Wade (Lifehouse), Neal Tiemann (the Midwest Kings), Kevin Griffin (Better Than Ezra), Chantal Kreviazuk, and Raine Maida (Our Lady Peace) on his self-titled, major label debut album. The album was produced by Rob Cavallo. On Ryan Seacrest's morning show, *On Air*, of KIIS-FM on September 5, 2008, the singer revealed that the CD release date would be November 18, 2008.
The first single released from the album, "Light On," premiered as an AOL Exclusive on September 23, 2008, and debuted at No. 17 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 for the week of October 18, 2008. The single was certified platinum on January 20, 2010. This was followed by a dual release of "Come Back to Me" and "Bar-ba-sol," with "Come Back to Me" being released to HAC radio stations and "Bar-ba-sol" to rock radio. The music video for "Come Back to Me" was released on April 4, 2009. His debut album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association for America (RIAA) for sales exceeding one-million units in January 2009. He was presented with his plaque while recording a performance that was aired during the April 1, 2009, episode of American Idol.
Main article: The Declaration Tour
David Cook at Moody Gardens in Galveston, Texas, as part of the Declaration tour
Cook had earlier announced via his myspace blog that two former bandmates from Midwest Kings (MWK) would join his band: Neal Tiemann as the lead guitar player, and Andy Skib on rhythm guitar and keyboard. Other members who joined later were Joey Clement (replaced later by Monty Anderson) on bass guitar, and Kyle Peek on drums and backing vocals. *The Declaration Tour* began on February 13, 2009, in Tallahassee, Florida, and was originally set to end in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on April 25, 2009. The tour however was extended twice – the first time through May 31, 2009, and then again starting from June 18, 2009, in Del Mar, California, and finally ending December 1, 2009, in Charlotte, North Carolina, after a total of 153 shows. On August 23, 2009, in an interview and at his concert in Yakima, Washington, Cook announced that the band would be known as The Anthemic.
### 2010–2011: *This Loud Morning*
Main article: This Loud Morning
Cook performing at Toad's Place, New Haven, Connecticut in September 2010
Cook began to concentrate working on this his second album after his first major tour, *The Declaration Tour,* concluded in December 2009. While on the tour, he put down some riffs and lyrical ideas, and started song-writing as a band towards the end of the tour. In an interview with Idolatry's Michael Slezak on February 8, 2010, Cook revealed that he was hard at work on his second album. He had been collaborating with Raine Maida and Chantal Kreviazuk, Matt Squire, Gregg Wattenberg, John Rzeznik, Sam Hollander and Dave Katz, Claude Kelly, Brian Howes, David Hodges, Tommy Henriksen, Steven Van Zandt, Kevin Griffin, Zac Maloy, Ryan Tedder, Jim Irvin, Jamie Houston, Ryan Star & Julian Emery and Max Martin. Besides that, he also collaborated with members of his band, The Anthemic – Neal Tiemann and Andy Skib. In an April interview with HitQuarters – recorded in March – the producer-songwriter Steve Mac said that Cook had recently visited his Rokstone Studios in London where together with Mac he had also been writing with Savan Kotecha and Andrew Frampton. He had hoped initially that a single would be ready for release in April 2010 and the album that summer. However, a producer for the album was not announced until May, and recording started in June that year with producer Matt Serletic at the helm. On March 31, 2011, Cook tweeted that the title of his new single would be The Last Goodbye and debuted on April 19, 2011. *This Loud Morning* was released on June 28, 2011. He has also stated that at the beginning his goal was to make an album that "really, really pushed the concept of dynamic".
Cook toured in support of *This Loud Morning* with a 2011 Fall Tour, co-headlining with Gavin DeGraw and with Carolina Liar in support, for 22 shows across 15 states beginning October 9, 2011, in State College, Pennsylvania, and ending November 10, 2011, in Athens, Georgia. Cook's second single, "Fade into Me", was released to coincide with the tour. Cook tweeted that there would be "more dates/info to come" In this tour, Devin Bronson replaced Neal Tiemann as the lead guitarist.
### 2012–2016: Label change, independent, and *Digital Vein*
Main article: Digital Vein
David Cook at Belly Up Tavern in San Diego, California in 2015.
On May 10, 2012, Cook performed a new song, "The Last Song I'll Write for You" on the eleventh season of *American Idol*. Before the performance, Cook confirmed to Shirley Halperin of the *Hollywood Reporter* that he was without a recording contract, having departed from RCA, and was self-releasing "The Last Song I'll Write for You". On April 30, 2013, Cook released a new single, "Laying Me Low", through XIX Recordings, the record label of *American Idol* creator Simon Fuller, although Cook shortly departed from Fuller's label.
Cook co-penned country music singer David Nail's 2014 single, "Kiss You Tonight" from his album *I'm a Fire*. On March 24, 2015, Cook signed a publishing deal with Warner/Chappell Music.
Cook's move to Nashville saw his newfound role as producer of his fourth album, often citing his move as the source of creativity. He worked with previous songwriters like Zac Maloy, Kevin Griffin, David Hodges, and Andy Skib (who also contributed as engineer). Cook also collaborated with Jerry Flowers, Earth to Andy members Andy Waldeck and Chris Reardon (with Reardon also serving as co-producer on one track – "Laying Me Low"), local Nashville writers Blair Daly and Chad Carlson, former bandmate Devin Bronson, and Steven Miller. "Criminals" was the first official single from the album released on July 31, 2015. *Digital Vein* was released on September 18, 2015, through Cook's own independent label, Analog Heart Music.
Cook promoted the album on the Digital Vein Tour throughout late 2015 and early 2016. The first half of the tour, with opening act Andrew Ripp, consisted of 33 shows in 24 states, beginning on September 30, 2015, in Phoenix, Arizona, and ending on November 21, 2015, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In this tour, Daniel Damico replaced Andy Skib and Devin Bronson as the lead guitarist and keyboardist, drummer Adam Reidelbach replaced Nick Adams, and Andy Wildrick replaced Monty Anderson as the bass guitarist.
His second single "Broken Windows" was released on February 22, 2016, and coincided with the second half of the tour. Featuring opening act Tony Lucca, the run consisted of 18 shows in 14 states, beginning on February 23, 2016, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and ending on March 19, 2016, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
### 2017–present: *Chromance*, *Kinky Boots*, and *The Looking Glass*
On March 27, 2017, Cook teased a thirty-second clip on social media with the quote "#gimmeheartbreak", indicating his new single, "Gimme Heartbreak" would be released on June 23, 2017.
An EP, *Chromance*, was released on February 16, 2018. Cook made his Broadway debut playing Charlie Price, in *Kinky Boots* on April 3, 2018, and would play a limited run through May 5. Cook returned to *Kinky Boots* for a second limited run starting July 17 to September 9, 2018. From October 25 to November 20, 2018, Cook embarked on *Acoustic Tour.*
On October 26, 2018, Cook released his stand-alone single, "Death of Me."
On June 26, 2020, he released his single, "Reds Turn Blue," from *The Looking Glass.* In an interview with *People,* Cook explains that the title is a reference to the manic highs and lows of anxiety and states that the song is "kind of a letter from my anxiety to me," after publicly announcing that he had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder two years after winning *American Idol.* On December 4, 2020, he released the second single, "Strange World", from the EP. Cook released his third single, "Fire", from the EP on March 19, 2021. Cook released his third EP, *The Looking Glass*, on April 16, 2021.
On April 29, 2022, Cook released his stand-alone single, "TABOS," (an acronym for "This'll all be over soon" from the song's chorus).
### Other performances
Cook appeared at the 2008 *Glamour* magazine Women of the Year Awards as a guest of Mary Steenburgen to surprise honoree Hillary Clinton, a fan of *American Idol*. He sang one of Clinton's favorite songs, "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face", which he also sang during the Top 3-week on *Idol*.
Cook appeared in several promotions for the November 1, 2008, episode of *Saturday Night Live*, hosted by Ben Affleck. Cook performed two songs on the program, the first "Light On" and the second "Declaration".
In 2009, Cook performed songs from his debut album for the troops during a USO tour, where he was able to visit seven bases (including Camp Liberty, Camp Phoenix, and Camp Taji in Iraq). Cook has since had the honor of performing for military personnel and their families at more than 40 military installations around the world with the USO, Armed Forces Entertainment, Navy Entertainment, and Air Force Entertainment.
On August 11, 2009, Cook performed "Starseed" with Canadian alternative rock band, Our Lady Peace at the House of Blues in Dallas, Texas.
On February 18, 2010, Cook performed with the original line-up of his band, Midwest Kings (which included Neal Tiemann and Andy Skib), in Tulsa, Oklahoma, performing songs from the band's discography.
Since his *American Idol* win, Cook attended many of the show's promotional events. On February 12, 2009, Cook appeared on the morning news program, *Good Morning America* and talked about Walt Disney World Resort's new attraction, *The American Idol Experience*, where he performed "Light On" and covered "Go Your Own Way" with fellow winner Carrie Underwood. He and all the other six winners received a mic-shaped statue from the creator of the franchise, Simon Fuller to honor them for winning the competition. On August 7, 2009, Cook performed the Fleetwood Mac hit "Little Lies" with *American Idol* season 8 winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert on ABC's Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series in Central Park. Cook performed "Lie" in a Christmas TV variety special hosted by Carrie Underwood.
Cook also made numerous returns to *American Idol*. On April 1, 2009, Cook performed "Come Back To Me" and was presented with his Platinum Album for David Cook (album). On May 20, 2009, Cook performed "Permanent" during the finale of eighth season in honor of his late brother Adam, where proceeds from the live single went to Accelerate Brain Cancer Cure (ABC2). During the March 17, 2010, episode of *American Idol*, Cook sang the Rolling Stones song "Jumpin' Jack Flash". On April 21, 2010, Cook made an appearance on Idol Gives Back. On March 7, 2011, Cook released the send-off song for the tenth season, the Simple Minds song "Don't You (Forget About Me)", played upon elimination and returned on May 24, 2011, to perform the song live. He later performed "The Last Goodbye" on the stage on April 21, 2011. He returned in the eleventh season to perform "The Last Song I'll Write for You" and once more in the twelfth season to sing "Laying Me Low". Cook mentored the top 8 finalists during "Songs from the 1980s" week in the thirteenth season. He mentored once more with two semi-finalists during the fifteenth season, dueting with C.J. Johnson on "The World I Know" and Olivia Rox on his own song "Light On". On April 7, 2016, he returned again, performing a David Bowie medley in tribute with fellow winners Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Phillip Phillips, and Nick Fradiani. During Hollywood Week of twentieth season, Cook returned to mentor contestants in the rock genre and later returned to duet with Kris Allen as part of that seasons "The Great Idol Reunion" special, which aired on May 2, 2022.
Personal life
-------------
In May 2008, Cook asked Season 2 *American Idol* alum and TV Guide Network correspondent Kimberly Caldwell for a dinner date while on the red carpet before the show's seventh-season finale. During a radio interview with XL 106.7 on October 13, 2008, Cook revealed that he and Caldwell were "still seeing each other." In a November 2008 interview with *People* magazine, Cook said his relationship with Caldwell was a "nice break from the chaos" of post-*Idol* fame. They ended their relationship in December 2008.
*People* reported on March 31, 2009, that David was canceling dates on his current tour due to "family matters". Cook's elder brother, Adam, had been diagnosed with brain cancer since 1998 and died on May 2, 2009. On May 3, 2009, at the "Race for Hope" in Washington, D.C. Cook announced the death of his brother during the awards speech, and stated that he "couldn't imagine being anywhere else right now." He finished the 5k with a time of 28 minutes. His team raised $136,376.16 for the cause. Donations were accepted through September 30, 2009. On the finale of the 8th season of *American Idol*, Cook sang his song "Permanent" in honor of his brother. Audio of the performance was made available on iTunes, and the proceeds from the sale of it were put toward brain cancer research.
Cook married longtime girlfriend, Racheal Stump, in a private ceremony in Nashville on June 20, 2015.
Influences
----------
His musical influences include Our Lady Peace, Alice in Chains, Big Wreck, Pearl Jam, Bon Jovi, Chris Cornell, The Goo Goo Dolls, Switchfoot, Collective Soul, and Michael Jackson. Immediately after winning American Idol, Cook was asked backstage by *Entertainment Weekly* who his top five favorite bands were. Our Lady Peace and Big Wreck were on this short list, as well as the Foo Fighters, Jimmy Eat World and 8stops7.
Backing band
------------
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **Current members*** Jeffrey B. Scott – lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016–present)
* Thomas Branch – drums / percussion (2019–present)
* Mike Ball – bass guitar (2017–2022, 2023-present)
| **Former members*** Joey Clement – bass guitar (2008–2009)
* Neal Tiemann – lead guitar (2008–2011)
* Kyle Peek – drums, backing vocals (2008–2011)
* Andy Skib – rhythm guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2008–2014)
* Devin Bronson – lead guitar (2011–2014)
* Monty Anderson – bass guitar (2009–2015)
* Nick Adams – drums (2012–2015)
* Daniel Damico – lead guitar, keyboards (2014–2016)
* Andy Wildrick – bass guitar (2015–2016)
* Joshua Zarbo – bass guitar (2016)
* Adam Reidelbach – drums (2015–2016)
* Donovan White - bass guitar (2022-2023)
* Jack Ivins - drums, bass guitar (2023-2024)
|
Discography
-----------
Main articles: David Cook discography and List of songs written and performed by David Cook
See also: Axium and Midwest Kings
**Studio albums**
* *Analog Heart* (2006)
* *David Cook* (2008)
* *This Loud Morning* (2011)
* *Digital Vein* (2015)
Tours
-----
**Headlining**
* The Declaration Tour (2009)
* This Loud Tour (2011)
* Fall Tour (2013)
* Navy Entertainment/AFE Tour (2013–2014)
* Winter Tour (2015)
* Digital Vein Tour (2015–2016)
* Summer Tour (2017)
* Acoustic Tour (2018)
* Summer Sessions/Fall Sounds Tour (2019)
* The Looking Glass Tour (2021)
* Summer/Fall Tour (2022)
**Co-headlining**
* American Idols LIVE! Tour 2008
* 2011 Tour with Gavin DeGraw
* Dave & Kris Go To Europe Acoustic Tour (2021) with Kris Allen
Theatre
-------
| Year | Production | Role | Dates | Location | Category |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | *Kinky Boots* | Charlie Price | April 3 – May 5, 2018 | Al Hirschfeld Theatre | Broadway |
| July 17 – September 9, 2018 |
Awards and nominations
----------------------
| Year | Presenter | Award | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Teen Choice Awards | Choice TV: Male Reality/Variety Star | Won |
| Best Presenter (Post Show) | Nominated |
| The New Music Awards | Top 40 Male Artist of the Year | Won |
| 2009 | Teen Choice Awards | Breakout Artist | Nominated |
| Album (Male Artist) | Nominated |
| Nashville Music Awards | Song of the Year – "Time of My Life" | Won |
| The New Music Awards | Top 40 Male Artist of the Year | Won |
| 2013 | Dahsyatnya Awards | Outstanding Guest Star | Nominated | |
Region in Queensland, Australia
**Central West Queensland** (abbreviated **CWQ**) is a remote region in the Australian state of Queensland which covers 396,650.2 km2. The region lies to the north of South West Queensland and south of the Gulf Country. It has a population of approximately 12,387 people. As of 2018, it is one of 16 Aged Care Planning Regions (ACPR) in Queensland.
History
-------
Barcoo River at Isisford, 2011
The first exploration by Europeans was by Major Thomas Mitchell who passed through the area in 1846. Mitchell was near Isisford on the Barcoo River when his party was lacking supplies and threatened by Aboriginals. He then decided to return to Sydney, completing a successful expedition which had explored a large area of unknown country.
Geography
---------
Farming equipment along the Landsborough Highway at Ilfracombe, 2011
Scrammy Gorge near Winton, 2011
The eastern extent of the Simpson Desert lies within the region. Haddon Corner and Poeppel Corner on the Queensland border are also located here. Bioregions in the area include the Channel Country.
Part of the Cooper Basin is located in the region. The basin contains the most significant on-shore petroleum and natural gas deposits in Australia.
At the federal level the region partly falls in the Division of Maranoa and the Division of Kennedy. Local government areas included in the region are Shire of Barcoo, Shire of Diamantina, Shire of Boulia, Shire of Winton, Longreach Region, Blackall-Tambo Region and Barcaldine Region.
### Geology
The Diamantina River's hook-shaped upper reaches have drawn scientific attention. In March 2015, Geoscience Australia reported that the river's course at and near its headwaters flows along the edge of a roughly circular crustal anomaly that might well be an impact structure. It is 130 km in diameter and lies some 60 km west of Winton; Middleton and Dagworth Station lie right in it. The asteroid impact, if indeed this is the explanation for the anomaly, would have happened roughly 300 million years ago.
### Settlements
Major towns of Central West Queensland include Longreach, Winton, Blackall and Barcaldine. Barcaldine was the location for the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, one of Australia's earliest and most important industrial disputes. The Australian Stockman's Hall of Fame is a museum located in Longreach which pays tribute to pioneers of the Australian outback. The building was completed in 1987 and opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 29 April 1988.
Smaller towns in the region include Bedourie, Birdsville, Boulia, Urandangi, Ilfracombe, Isisford, Yaraka, Jundah, Stonehenge, Windorah, Alpha, Aramac, Jericho, Tambo and Muttaburra.
The ghost town of Betoota has been designated as Australia's smallest town. Other ghost towns in the region include Scarrbury and Collingwood, both of which have vanished without a trace. There is also the depopulated town of Middleton, with only a handful of inhabitants.
### Rivers
Waterways coursing through Central West Queensland include the Barcoo River, Georgina River, Diamantina River, Thomson River, Burke River, Hamilton River and Cooper Creek.
### Protected areas
A number of national parks have been declared in the region, including Simpson Desert National Park, Cudmore National Park, Diamantina National Park, Astrebla Downs National Park, Welford National Park, Goneaway National Park, Lochern National Park and Bladensburg National Park.
Transport
---------
Major roads in the region include the Capricorn Highway and the Landsborough Highway. In the north of the region, the Kennedy Highway leads from Boulia to Cairns on the eastern coast of Australia. The Central railway line reached Longreach in 1892. Today, the Spirit of the Outback is a long-distance passenger rail service operating from Brisbane to Longreach. The region is serviced by six airports, including Longreach Airport, Winton Airport, Windorah Airport, Barcaldine Airport, Aramac Airport and Blackall Airport.
Media
-----
Through a series of powerful transmitters and less powerful repeater stations located throughout the vast region, Central West Queensland is serviced by the local ABC radio station ABC Western Queensland along with commercial stations 4LG and West FM, both owned by Resonate Broadcasting.
The Central West's local newspaper is *The Longreach Leader*, published weekly. |
1977 adventure film by Peter Yates
For other films, see Deep (disambiguation).
***The Deep*** is a 1977 adventure film based on Peter Benchley's 1976 novel of the same name. It was directed by Peter Yates, and stars Robert Shaw, Jacqueline Bisset and Nick Nolte.
Plot
----
While scuba-diving near shipwrecks off Bermuda, vacationing couple David Sanders and Gail Berke recover small artifacts, including a glass ampoule with amber-coloured liquid and also a gold medallion bearing a woman's image and the letters "S.C.O.P.N." (meaning "Santa Clara, ora pro nobis", for "Saint Clara, pray for us") and a date, 1714. An unknown sea creature suddenly grabs Gail's wood baton as she probes the wreck's crevices. Panicked, she gets loose from the strap while the baton's end is left shredded. Sanders and Berke seek advice from historian and treasure-hunter Romer Treece on the medallion's origin. He identifies the item as Spanish and takes an interest in the couple.
The dive shop clerk notices the ampoule, which in turn attracts the attention of Henri "Cloche" Bondurant, a local drug kingpin the clerk works for. When Clouche unsuccessfully tries to buy the ampoule, he begins terrorizing the couple. The ampoule contains medicinal morphine from the *Goliath*, a ship that sank during World War II with a cargo of munitions and medical supplies. The *Goliath* is off-limits to divers due to the still-live explosives. Treece concludes that a recent storm has exposed the morphine and unearthed a much older wreck containing Spanish treasure that is beneath *Goliath*.
Treece makes a deal with Cloche to retrieve the ampoules for a million dollars, which Cloche can illegally resell for over three million, while Treece secretly searches for the treasure. Cloche gives him three days to recover the morphine. Sanders, Berke and Treece make several dives to the wrecks, recovering thousands of ampoules from *Goliath* and several additional artifacts from the Spanish wreck. They also encounter a huge moray eel, which lurks inside the vessel, and was what previously attacked Berke. Adam Coffin, the only survivor from *Goliath*, joins the venture, but his loyalty shifts when he feels slighted by Treece. When Cloche's men arrive and dump bait into the water to attract sharks, Coffin tells Treece he probably fell asleep without noticing they were in trouble.
Through research in Treece's library, the trio reconstruct the lost treasure ship's history and locate a list of valuable items, including a gold pinecone filled with pearls with the letters "EF" engraved on it. The initials identifies Elisabeth Farnese, a noblewoman for whom they were made by the King of Spain. Sanders is determined to locate at least one item on the list to establish provenance, as without it the treasure has less value. Treece plans to destroy the *Goliath* to stop Clouche from obtaining the morphine. Cloche attempts to thwart them and recover the morphine himself. Cloche's henchman murders Treece's long-time friend Kevin. Adam betrays Treece and is killed by triggering Treece's booby-trap in the lighthouse tower when he tries to steal the recovered morphine stashed there. During the final dive, Cloche is killed by the giant eel and his divers die in the *Goliath's* explosion that Treece ignites. Treece recovers a gold dragon necklace that provides the treasures' needed provenance.
Cast
----
* Robert Shaw as Romer Treece
* Jacqueline Bisset as Gail Berke
* Nick Nolte as David Sanders
* Louis Gossett Jr. as Henri 'Cloche' Bondurant (Credited as Louis Gossett)
* Eli Wallach as Adam Coffin
* Dick Anthony Williams as Slake
* Earl Maynard as Ronald
* Bob Minor as Wiley
* Teddy Tucker as The Harbor Master
* Robert Tessier as Kevin
* Lee McClain as Johnson
* Colin Shaw (Robert's real-life son) as young Romer Treece
Two actors from the *Jaws* films (which were also based on a novel by Peter Benchley) appeared in this film. Robert Shaw played shark hunter "Quint" in *Jaws* in 1975, while Louis Gossett Jr. would later go on to play SeaWorld park owner "Calvin Bouchard" in *Jaws 3* in 1983. Shaw's character Romer Treece was largely inspired by Bermudian explorer Teddy Tucker who makes a cameo appearance as the Harbor Master early in *The Deep*. Tucker's own dive boat *The Brigadier* was dressed to play Treece's boat *Corsair* and it was on that vessel that Peter Benchley partly wrote *Jaws*.
Production
----------
The original concept was developed from the story of a Bermuda shipwreck, the *Constellation*, which sank in 1942, carrying ampoules of morphine among other war cargoes, such as concrete and pharmaceuticals. *Constellation* sank after possibly striking the wreckage of American Civil War blockade runner *Montana*, which Peter Benchley described as having sunk one on top of the other.
After the success of *Jaws*, Columbia Pictures purchased the rights to Benchley's next novel before its publication in 1976, hiring him to write a screen adaptation. After Peter Guber left his job at Columbia and signed a three-year distribution deal between Columbia and his new company Casablanca FilmWorks, he received *The Deep* as his company's first project. Benchley's screenplay was rewritten by Tracy Keenan Wynn and Tom Mankiewicz, while Robert Shaw and Nick Nolte rewrote much of their dialogue.
Filming began in July 1976 with open water diving sequences off Black Rock Point, Salt Island, near Peter Island, the location of the real shipwreck of the RMS *Rhone* in the British Virgin Islands. By August 1976 the production was filming land sequences on location in Bermuda. Other scenes were filmed at the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Robert Shaw was paid $650,000 plus a percentage of the profits; Bissett and Nolte were paid $200,000 each. After Shaw suggested that the film would be more realistic if the filming took place underwater, the entire cast and crew were taught how to scuba dive and filmed their scenes underwater. Although some scenes were shot in the real Caribbean Sea at depths of 80 feet, many of them would ultimately be filmed in underwater sets to eliminate the need for decompression. The film originally had an alternate opening depicting the sinking of the *Goliath* in 1943 with a cameo appearance by Benchley, but it was cut from the film.
The production was responsible for a number of technical firsts, including Al Giddings' *Petermar* camera system and the use of specially modified 5000-watt "Senior" luminaires to provide cinematic lighting underwater. The world's biggest underwater set was dug at the summit of a historic Bermuda hill formerly known as Hospital Island at Ireland Island South.
The film was marketed with a massive advertising campaign, with Columbia spending $1.3 million in television commercials and $1.5 million in print advertising. The film was marketed in *Playboy* and *Penthouse* magazine with a still of Bisset in a wet T-shirt, although plans to make a poster of this image were cancelled after Bisset threatened to sue. After the ABC Television Network released *The Making of Star Wars*, Columbia produced a similar one-hour special called *The Making of The Deep* on the CBS Television Network. Research data reported in *The New York Times* showed that the marketing of the film was so extensive that the average moviegoer viewing the film had already seen a full 15 minutes of it.
Music
-----
The film's score was composed by John Barry, who at the time was most famous for his work on the James Bond film series. In the same manner of a Bond film, Barry collaborated with a high profiled singer for the film's theme song. American singer Donna Summer teamed up with Barry for the film's signature song, titled "Down Deep Inside (Theme From The Deep)". Summer was a singer under contract to the film production company, Casablanca Record & FilmWorks. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and a hit on the U.S. Dance Chart, as well as a top-five singles hit in the UK, and a top-forty hit in the Netherlands.
### Charts
| Chart (1977) | Peakposition |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 63 |
Reception
---------
*The Deep* was released on June 17, 1977, and was well received by the public. For the first time in film history the audience saw the real underwater world filmed in Panavision. The film reportedly cost $8.5 million to market having assured promotional partners that by opening day over 200 million people would have read, seen or heard about *The Deep* more than 15 times. Upon its release, the film was noted for its opening scene of Jacqueline Bisset swimming underwater while wearing only a thin, white T-shirt and a black bikini bottom. A possibly opportunistic photo of Bisset in character taken underwater by the wreck of RMS *Rhone* was used to target the men's lifestyle market without her approval. Producer Peter Guber claimed this helped make the film a box office success, and said "That T-shirt made me a rich man!"
*The Deep* opened to $8,124,316 on 800 screens beating the opening weekend record set by *Jaws*, although it had opened on almost double the number of screens that *Jaws* had. It was the eighth-highest-grossing film of 1977 in the United States and Canada with a gross of $47.3 million. Overseas, the film was Columbia's highest-grossing film and grossed over $100 million worldwide, although Guber complained in May 1978 that he had not received any profit participation.
Vincent Canby of *The New York Times* gave the film a negative review, stating that "The story, as well as Peter Yates's direction of it, is juvenile without being in any attractive way innocent, but the underwater sequences are nice enough, alternately beautiful and chilling. The shore-based melodrama is as badly staged as any I've seen since Don Schain's *The Abductors* (1972), which is to remember incompetence of stunning degree."
Roger Ebert praised the film for its photography and presenting a romance in a new setting.
*The Deep* holds a 42% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 24 reviews. The consensus summarizes: "Narratively shallow, *The Deep* is a satisfyingly disposable thriller with commendable underwater photography."
### Awards and nominations
The film was nominated for one Academy Award and one Golden Globe Award:
| Year | Award | Category | Recipient | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | Academy Awards | Best Sound | Walter Goss, Tom Beckert, Robin Gregory, Dick Alexander | Nominated |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Original Song | Donna Summer, John Barry | Nominated |
Comic book adaptation
---------------------
* Marvel Comics: *The Deep* (November 1977) |
Unincorporated community in Illinois, United States
**Boskydell** is an unincorporated community in Makanda Township, Jackson County, Illinois, United States.
The community became known for its high-quality sandstone, mined from two nearby quarries.
History
-------
As early as 1852, surveyors for the Illinois Central Railroad discovered a very good deposit of sandstone at Boskydell. The sandstone was used to build bridges and abutments when constructing the railroad, and a siding was built to the quarry in Boskydell. As the settlement along the tracks began to grow, the siding was used as a shipping point for agricultural products and lumber. The quarry operator, Samuel Cleland, surveyed and laid out town lots in 1876 near the railroad and named the town Boskydell ("brushy valley"). A village grew around the railroad stop, and soon had a blacksmith shop, two general stores, two cream stations and a cooperage.
A post office was established in 1885. A second quarry was opened around this date.
Boskydell sandstone was valued for its warm, reddish-brown color, and was used in the construction of several prominent buildings in Illinois, including: the foundation of the Southern Illinois University in nearby Carbondale; a Methodist church in Murphysboro; the First Presbyterian Church in Carbondale; and the former First Baptist Church of Carbondale. Local gravestones were carved from Boskydell sandstone, as may be seen in Oakland Cemetery and in Woodlawn Cemetery in Carbondale. Most notably, Boskydell sandstone was used in the construction of the great columns on the north, east, and south sides of the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois. The trimmings on the front of the capitol building are also Boskydell sandstone.
In 1883, the Boskydell quarries were purchased by a stone merchant in Chicago, Mr. Rawles, who installed about forty thousand dollars' worth of modern machinery, including hoisting machines, dressing machines, steam drills, saws, and a gravity railroad from the quarries to the Illinois Central Railway.
By 1909, Boskydell had several thriving businesses including a bank, two livery stables, a rifle range, a grain warehouse, a saw mill, four grocery stores and a tonsorial parlor (barber shop). There was also a school.
Today, a scattering of residents live in the quiet community, and the quarries have been closed several years.
The Boskydell Baptist Church continues to be a center of the community, constituted in 1906 as the Boskydell Free Baptist Church with the Rev. A. J. Rendleman as pastor. |
**Rami Yagafarovich Garipov** (Bashkir: Рәми Йәғәфәр улы Ғарипов, romanized: *Rämi Yäğäfär ulı Ğaripov*, 12 February 1932 – 20 February 1977), was a national poet of Bashkortostan, writer and playwright.
Biography
---------
The national poet of Bashkortostan Rami Yagafarovich Garipov was born February 12, 1932, and in the village Arkaul Salavat district Bashkir ASSR (Bashkir Republic). He graduated from a seven-year school in his native village, then studied at Ufa secondary school No.9
Between 1950and 1955 Garipov was a student at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute (Moscow). After the Institute he worked in the editorial offices of the newspaper Council of Bashkortostan, the magazine Agidel and the editor of fiction Bashkir book publishing house. In 1959-1964 Rami Garipov lived in his native land, worked as a secretary of the Komsomol (Youth) organization of the Yuryuzan collective farm and the Sargamysh state farm of the Salavat district, and the department head of the Salavat regional newspaper.
Rami Garipov museum
Rami Garipov museum
In 1964-1966 he was a literary employee of the newspaper "Council of Bashkortostan", and in 1968-1972 Executive Secretary of Bashkortostan Kyzy magazine. Rami Garipov began to be published in 1950. The first poem was published in the journal Әthәbi Bashkortostan ’in 1950. The first book of poems "Yuryuzan" (1954) was a thesis of a student of the Literary Institute. He dedicated the collections of poems "Stone Flower" (1958), "Song of the Lark" (1964) to his native land, nature, and his countrymen. In the subsequent collections "Flight" (1966), "The Treasured Word" (1969), "Rowan" (1974), one can feel an attraction to philosophical lyrics.
Reflections on the meaning of life, on the historical fate of the people, on the spiritual connection of generations, anxiety for the future of their native language and culture - defined the essence of the poetry of R. Garipov. He often turns to Bashkir poetry, especially the Kubair genres and classical folk songs. The great merit of R. Garipov in the revival and development of these genres.
R. Garipov is also known as a master of literary translation, from the poetry of Alexandr Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Sergei Yesenin , Alexander Blok, Heinrich Heine, Rudaki, Rasul Gamzatov and others. He also translated the collections of short stories into the Bashkir language Ivan Franko "To the Light" (1959). The poet fruitfully worked on translations of the ruby Omar Khayyam. The result of his translation work was the book "My Anthology" (1991).
For the critical attitude to Soviet national politics, the talented poet R. Garipov was persecuted. Many poems remained unpublished during the life of the poet. Written in 1964, the poem "1937" was released only in 1987. Member of Union of Writers of the USSR since 1960 a, from where he was expelled for a poem about love of his native language.
Died of heart failure February 20, 1977. He was buried in Muslim Cemetery of Ufa. Rami Garipov was posthumously awarded the title People's poet of Bashkortostan (1992). Posthumously awarded the Republican Prize named after Salawat Yulayev (1988) with the wording "For the poetry works published in recent years".
His wife Nadezhda Vasilievna (Ukrainian) raised the poet’s children in the spirit of respect for the Bashkir people and the Bashkir language.
The most famous poem by Rami Garipov is "Tugan tel" ("Native language").
**The February blizzard**
Don’t believe the February blizzard.
There’s no guile in it, it never harms…
Let it ragе without some rest and sleep,
The beautiful spring is in its arms.
Everybody will live on the Earth,
Except you and me. I am not sure
How I can leave this world, my darling…
What a pity - I will not endure…
( translated by R. Yumadilova)
* At the Rami Garipov Museum in Arkaul At the Rami Garipov Museum in Arkaul
* At the Rami Garipov Museum in Arkaul At the Rami Garipov Museum in Arkaul
* At the Rami Garipov Museum At the Rami Garipov Museum
* At the Rami Garipov Museum At the Rami Garipov Museum
* At the Rami Garipov Museum At the Rami Garipov Museum
* At the Rami Garipov Museum At the Rami Garipov Museum
* At the Rami Garipov Museum At the Rami Garipov Museum
Bibliography
------------
* Works. - In 3 vols. - Ufa, 1996-1998
* Yuryuzan. Poems. - Ufa, 1954
* Stone Flower. Lyrics. - Ufa, 1958,
* Lark songs. - Ufa, 1964
* Flight. Poems. - Ufa, 1966
* The coveted word. - Ufa, 1969
* Rowan. Poems. - Ufa, 1974
* Star thoughts. Poems. - Ufa, 1979
* Snowdrop song. - Ufa, 1981 \* My anthology. Translations. - Ufa, 1990
* Alyrimkosh and Birmamkosh. Selected works. - Ufa, 1992
* Campion. Poems. - Ufa, 1969. (in Russian)
* Return. Poems and poem. / Foreword M. Karima. - Moscow, 1981.
Memory
------
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rami Garipov.
In the village Arkaulovo of the Salavat district, a house museum was opened, a bust of the poet was installed. A documentary about life and work was created.
The name of Rami Garipov is:
* Bashkir Republican Gymnasium No. 1;
* A street in the village Arkaulovo;
* In November 1990, a Rami Garipov Prize was established.
* In the city of Ufa there is a street of Rami Garipov.
* In the town of Meleuz there is Rami Garipov street
* In the village Kadyrovo Kugarchinsky district, the main street is named after the poet.
Literature
----------
* *Karim M.* Letter to Rami Garipov. - Ufa, 1960.
* *Karim M.* Face to the rising sun. - Ufa, 1960.
* *Timergalina R.* Rami Garipov. Writers of Bashkortostan. - Ufa, 1968.
* *Gainullin M. Khusainov G.* Writers of Soviet Bashkiria. - Ufa, 1988.
* `` Khusainov G *. Words of the will. About Rami Garipov. The poets. - Ufa, 1981.*
* History of Bashkir literature. In 6 volumes. - T. 5. - Ufa, 1994.
* *Bikbaev R.* The poet’s word is the poet’s conscience. - Ufa, 1997.
Links
-----
digitized works in National Library named after Akhmet-Zaki Validi of the Republic of Bashkortostan
* in the Bashkir language
other sources
* Rami, the beginning of the journey - Ravil Bikbai
* Mazhit Alkin "Strokes to the Portrait of Rami Garipov"
* Article of memory Archived 11 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine |
German painter
Johann von Schraudolph (1808-1879), by Franz Hanfstaengl
**Johann von Schraudolph** (b. Oberstdorf im Allgäu, 1808; died 31 May 1879) was a German historical painter. His brother Matthias and his son Claudius were both also painters.
As pupil and assistant of Heinrich Maria von Hess, he painted five scenes from the life of St. Boniface in the basilica at Munich: St. Boniface preaching; his consecration as bishop; the cutting down of Thor's oak; the anointing of Pepin; and the burial of St. Boniface. Hess had already tested his work in the Church of All Saints in Munich, where Schraudolph had painted scenes from the history of Moses, figures of David, Saul, etc. (which were destroyed by bombing in World War II). Some of his devotional pictures became very popular: the Virgin with the Child Jesus; St. Agnes; Christ as the Friend of children; a eucharistic service, etc.
On the recommendation of Hess he received an important commission from Ludwig I of Bavaria, namely the painting of the frescoes for the cathedral of Speyer. Although he had already travelled once through Italy under the guidance of J. Ant. Forster and had made numerous copies of the Old Masters, yet he considered it necessary to make a new journey to Rome to visit the artist Johann Friedrich Overbeck for the sake of this, his magnum opus. He made sure of the unity of the series by keeping his assistants (his brother Claudius, Hellweger, Andr. Mayer, etc.) in strict subordination to himself, by retaining for himself the designing of all the compositions for the cupola, the three choirs, and most of those for the nave, by drawing the most important cartoons and painting the most difficult pictures himself. The unifying conception of all the frescoes is the divine plan of salvation, with special reference to the Blessed Virgin and the other patron saints of the cathedral, the deacon Stephen, Pope St. Stephen, and St. Bernard. After the completion of this undertaking Schraudolph enjoyed the favour of the king, who frequently inspected the numerous oil paintings produced in Schraudolph's studio, and at times bought them for himself or the Alte Pinakothek.
Gallery
-------
* Two angels floating in the Kunstmuseum BaselTwo angels floating in the Kunstmuseum Basel
* Two angels floating in the Kunstmuseum BaselTwo angels floating in the Kunstmuseum Basel |
Sporting event delegation
**Niger** competed at the **2019 African Games** held from 19 to 31 August 2019 in Rabat, Morocco. In total, 43 athletes represented Niger in 10 sports and won two gold medals and one bronze medal. All medals were won in Taekwondo and the country finished 21st in the medal table.
Medal summary
-------------
### Medal table
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Ismael Yacouba Garba | Taekwondo | Men's -68 kg | 23 August |
| Gold | Abdoul Razak Issoufou | Taekwondo | Men's +87 kg | 21 August |
| Bronze | Tekiath Ben Yessouf | Taekwondo | Women's -57 kg | 23 August |
|
| **Medals by sport** |
| --- |
| **Sport** | 1st place, gold medalist(s) | 2nd place, silver medalist(s) | 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) | **Total** |
| Taekwondo | 2 | 0 | 1 | **3** |
| Total | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
|
3x3 basketball
--------------
Main article: 3x3 basketball at the 2019 African Games
Niger competed in 3x3 basketball in both the men's tournament and women's tournament. Both the men's team and women's team lost all their matches.
Archery
-------
Main article: Archery at the 2019 African Games
Ibrahim Hamzata Mahaman Salissou competed in the men's individual recurve event.
Adamou Saley was also scheduled to compete in the same event but he did not compete.
Athletics
---------
Main article: Athletics at the 2019 African Games
Aminatou Seyni competed in the women's 100 metres event and she reached the semifinals. She also finished in 4th place in the final of the women's 200 metres event.
Moussa Zaroumey competed in the men's 400 metres event and he finished in 29th place in the heats.
Mariama Mamoudou Ittatou competed in the women's 400 metres event and she finished in 20th place in the heats.
Boxing
------
Main article: Boxing at the 2019 African Games
Sahabi Gado Moussa, Amadou Hassane Abdoul Madjid, Harouna Nomaou Maman Sani, Sahabi Gado Aboubacar and Kimba Issaka Abdoul Kader represented Niger in boxing.
Judo
----
Main article: Judo at the 2019 African Games
Six athletes represented Niger in judo.
Karate
------
Main article: Karate at the 2019 African Games
Issoufou Labo Adamou, Aboubacar A Tinni Amadou and Goumbi Kadade Mouniratou represented Niger in karate.
Swimming
--------
Main article: Swimming at the 2019 African Games
Seydou Lancina Alassane, Mouctar Mamoudou Albachir and Moussa Mahamane Roukaya competed in swimming.
Alassane competed in the men's 50 metre backstroke and men's 50 metre freestyle events.
Albachir competed in the men's 100 metre freestyle and men's 50 metre butterfly events.
Roukaya competed in the women's 50 metre freestyle and women's 100 metre freestyle events.
Taekwondo
---------
Main article: Taekwondo at the 2019 African Games
Niger competed in Taekwondo. Ismael Yacouba Garba won the gold medal in the men's -68 kg event.
Abdoul Razak Issoufou won the gold medal in the men's +87 kg event.
Tekiath Ben Yessouf won the bronze medal in the women's -57 kg event.
Table tennis
------------
Main article: Table tennis at the 2019 African Games
Bello Fatimo was scheduled to compete in the men's singles event but he did not compete.
Volleyball
----------
Main article: Volleyball at the 2019 African Games
Niger competed in the women's beach volleyball tournament and finished in 12th place. |
Species of hummingbird
The **white-throated mountaingem** or **white-throated mountain-gem** (***Lampornis castaneoventris***) is a species of hummingbird in tribe Lampornithini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and Panama.
Taxonomy and systematics
------------------------
The white-throated mountaingem is treated as a species by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW). However, the North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy treat it and the grey-tailed mountaingem (*Lampornis cinereicauda*) as subspecies of what they call the white-throated mountain-gem.
Description
-----------
Male
Female
The grey-tailed mountaingem is about 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighs about 5 to 6 g (0.18 to 0.21 oz). It has a medium-length straight black bill, dark cheeks, and a white stripe behind the eye. Males have mostly dark bronzy green upperparts with an emerald green crown and a black to bluish black tail. Their chin and throat are white, the sides of the neck and upper breast bright green, and the lower breast and vent area dark gray. Females have entirely bright green upperparts. Their central tail feathers are dark metallic to bronze green and the outer ones paler. Their throat and belly are dark rufous and the undertail coverts are gray with white or buff edges.
Distribution and habitat
------------------------
The white-throated mountaingem is found only in the mountains of western Panama's Chiriquí Province. It inhabits the interior, edges, and shrubby clearings of oak forest and also gardens in communities near the forest. In elevation it ranges from 1,500 m (4,900 ft) up to timberline.
Behavior
--------
### Movement
The white-throated mountaingem is a year-round resident.
### Feeding
The white-throated mountaingem feeds on nectar from a variety of flowering plants. Males typically feed at epiphytes in the forest interior while females more often feed in shrubby areas. Males are territorial, defending flower patches. They are dominant over smaller hummingbirds and subordinate to larger ones like the fiery-throated hummingbird (*Panterpe insignis*). The species also feeds on small arthropods gleaned from foliage.
### Breeding
The white-throated mountaingem's breeding season spans from October to April. Its nest is a cup of fine fibers with moss and some lichen on the outside. The incubation length and time to fledging are not known.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open. | **Songs and calls**
---
Listen to white-throated mountaingem on xeno-canto |
### Vocalization
The white-throated mountaingem makes high pitched calls described as "*ziit* or *ziip*" and also "a 'sputtery, bubbly' song".
Status
------
The IUCN has assessed the white-throated mountaingem as being of Least Concern, though it has a small range and its population size and trend are unknown. It is considered common. However, "this hummingbird is potentially threatened by human activities" such as deforestation for timber and agriculture.
Further reading
---------------
* Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander F. (1990): *A guide to the birds of Costa Rica*. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
| Taxon identifiers |
| --- |
| *Lampornis castaneoventris* |
* Wikidata: Q838355
* Wikispecies: Lampornis castaneoventris
* ADW: Lampornis\_castaneoventris
* Avibase: 12399C50A4409839
* BioLib: 23996
* BirdLife: 22725795
* CoL: 3S3HG
* BOW: wtmgem1
* eBird: wtmgem1
* GBIF: 2476752
* iNaturalist: 5831
* IRMNG: 10212366
* ITIS: 555191
* IUCN: 22725795
* NCBI: 190692
* Neotropical: wtmgem1
* Species+: 10274
* Xeno-canto: Lampornis-castaneoventris
|
| *Trochilus castaneoventris* |
* Wikidata: Q41024664
* CoL: 8KDLN
* GBIF: 8902003
* ITIS: 1149817
| |
Species of butterfly
***Lethe confusa***, the **banded treebrown**, is a species of butterfly belonging to the satyr family that is found mainly in Southeast Asia and in parts of South Asia.
It is about 50–55 mm in expanse with the upper surface of wings predominantly brown in colour. The forewing has a sub-apical white band and pale spot on the apex. Underside of the hindwing has a large ocellus or and a series of spots along the margin. It is found in bamboo forests.
Description
-----------
For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.
Hindwing dentate at apex of vein 4. Upperside ground colour Vandyke brown; forewing crossed by an oblique, slightly curved, discal white band, the margins of the band more even and regular than in the female of *Lethe rohria*; beyond this are two obliquely placed preapical white spots. Hindwing uniform, ocelli of the underside showing through.
At Samsing in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India
Underside uniform brown; forewings and hindwings with subbasal, subterminal and terminal sinuous lilacine-white lines; forewing with the oblique discal white bar as on the upperside, followed by a subapical lilacine patch bearing three small ocelli in vertical order, and with a very short, oblique, white bar joining it to the costa. Hindwing with a sinuous, irregular, angulated discal lilacine-white line and a strongly arched series of black ocelli speckled with white in the centre, with an inner ochraceous, intermediate brown, and outer lilacine ring. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen dull brown; antennae ochraceous at apex.
Wingspan: 54–64 mm.
Museum specimens from Malaya, showing upperside
Range: the Himalayas, Shimla to Sikkim, Assam into Myanmar and extending to Java.
Gallery
-------
* At Samsing in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, IndiaAt Samsing in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India
* At Cameron Highlands, MalaysiaAt Cameron Highlands, Malaysia |
Burial ground of Reza Shah Pahlavi
The **mausoleum of Reza Shah** (Persian: آرامگاه رضاشاه), located in Ray south of Tehran, was the burial ground of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944), the penultimate *Shahanshah* (Emperor) of Iran. It was built close to Shah-Abdol-Azim shrine.
In addition to Reza Shah, his son, Prince Ali Reza, was also buried here. The prince who was Mohammad Reza Shah's only full brother, was a pilot and crashed in the Alborz Mountains on October 17, 1954. When the mausoleum was destroyed, no one found the prince's body.
In the early days of the Iranian Revolution in April 1980, Reza Shah's mausoleum was destroyed under the direction of Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali by Revolutionary Guards; In his memoirs, Khalkhali describes how difficult it was to destroy the building due to its solid structure. Revolutionaries were unable to find Reza Shah's dead body and suggested that Mohammad Reza Shah had taken it with him while leaving Iran, a claim which was denied by *Shahbanu* (Empress) Farah Pahlavi in an interview. On April 23, 2018, a mummified body, possibly that of Reza Shah, was found during expansion work at Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine at the site of the former mausoleum.
Construction
------------
The construction of the mausoleum began in 1948. The engineers were Mohsen Foroughi, son of Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Keyqobad Zafar and Ali Sadeq, pioneers of modern architecture in Iran. In March 1950, the work was finished.
Funeral in Tehran
### Funeral
The coffin of Reza Shah was brought back from the Kingdom of Egypt by train and then by aeroplane, making two stops, one in Mecca and the other in Medina. Then, later, his body was transferred by plane to Ahvaz, and then later by train to Tehran.
On May 8, 1951, Reza Shah's funeral took place in Ray, in which Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then *Shahanshah* (Emperor), along with the entire Pahlavi family, many ministers and Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh, participated.
Design
------
A memorial in the mausoleum, 1963
### Internal
The mausoleum and its surroundings stretched over an area of 9,000 square metres, and was 25 metres high (without the cupola on the top), that is to say, its height was 7 metres shorter than the dome of the neighbouring Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine. The architectural style was inspired by the tomb of Les Invalides in Paris, where Napoleon rests.
Inside, a circular colonnade delineated galleries and the centre of the mausoleum, where Reza Shah's sarcophagus, in İzmir blue marble, stood, beside which stood a white marble bust of Reza Shah, and a copy of the Qur'an.
### External
The mausoleum had two entrances: one opening directly onto the courtyard of the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine, the other one onto a small park enclosed by a wall. A few years later, probably in the 1970s, just before the golden jubilee of the Pahlavi dynasty, the wall was felled (or expanded), the small park was replaced by two large basins in the L-shape identifying the passage leading to the mausoleum, and a large avenue was led through all of Rey in the continuity of the passage leading to the mausoleum.
History
-------
### Under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Imperial Family at the mausoleum, 1975
Other people who buried in the mausoleum after 1951 were the assassinated Prime Minister Haj Ali Razmara, Reza Shah's valet Soleyman Behboudi, Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi, who died in a plane crash in 1954, General Fazlollah Zahedi, a former Prime Minister of Iran, and assassinated Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansour.
The mausoleum was also a place of visitation for foreign heads of state who came to Iran. Among the foreign dignitaries who visited the mausoleum were Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, in 1961, and by Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, also in the 1960s.
The mausoleum was the scene of several celebrations: the most spectacular being the golden jubilee of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1976, 50 years after the coronation of Reza Shah. Another celebration was held, while the troubles that will lead to the Iranian revolution were already beginning, on March 15, 1978, for the centenary of Reza Shah, at the same mausoleum.
### Destruction
After the seizure of power by the Islamic revolutionaries on 11 February 1979, and the fall of Shapour Bakhtiar, Khomeini and his followers settled permanently in power. The Ayatollah sought to erase by all means the remnants of the Pahlavi dynasty, and so ordered the destruction of the mausoleum, supervised by Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali.
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Abdolhassan Banisadr opposed the destruction of the mausoleum, wanting to make it a "museum of the martyrs of the Pahlavi regime", but this was refused by Khomeini and Khalkhali.
Revolutionaries destroying the mausoleum, 1980
The destruction lasted about twenty days, from April to May 1980. Ayatollah Khalkhali explained his rationale for the destruction by stating:
> "He murdered many people, including the Goharshad Mosque, because of their belief in Islam. And the people, as the people of Rey can not bear the thought that the body of such a man is so close to the mausoleum of Shah Abdol-Azim".
>
>
### Rumors about Reza Shah's dead body
Mausoleum site in 2010
It was commonly believed that when the revolutionaries opened Reza Shah's sarcophagus, they found nothing because Mohammad Reza Shah had his father's body moved elsewhere, and probably the body of the penultimate Shah of Iran is now also at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque with the remains of his son.
In their biography of the Shah, Houchang Nahavandi and Yves Bomati say that the body of Reza Shah was actually moved before the revolution, but in a secret place still today, known by few people. Shortly before his death on July 27, 1980 (36 years and 1 day after his father), Mohammad Reza Shah told a small circle of intimates a location in Iran where, if his remains were to come back someday, he would like to be buried with soldiers and officers tortured by the revolutionaries; the authors imply that this place could be the same as that where the body of Reza Shah is hidden.
But in the documentary of 2015 *From Tehran to Cairo*, centered on the exile of the Shah in January 1979 to his death in July 1980, his widow, Empress Farah, faces a moment to images of Khalkhali gloating amid ruins of the mausoleum, yet says this:
> "The story goes that the government had time to recover the body of Reza Shah the Great to put it somewhere else, hidden ... but it is not; he is still buried there".
>
>
In 2018, construction workers in southern Tehran stumbled across a mummified body believed to be Reza Shah's. An official said that the body belonged to Reza Shah and was buried in the same area.
Gallery
-------
* Under constructionUnder construction
* Under constructionUnder construction
* A stamp with mausoleum image, from 1950A stamp with mausoleum image, from 1950
* In the 1970sIn the 1970s
* Juliana of the Netherlands visiting the mausoleumJuliana of the Netherlands visiting the mausoleum
* Reza Shah's 100th birthday celebrations at the mausoleum, 1978Reza Shah's 100th birthday celebrations at the mausoleum, 1978
* Destroying the Mausoleum after Iranian RevolutionDestroying the Mausoleum after Iranian Revolution |
***Fosca*** is an opera seria in four acts by Brazilian composer Antônio Carlos Gomes to an Italian-language libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni based on Luigi Capranica [it]'s 1869 novel *La festa delle Marie*.
Performance history
-------------------
The opera premiered at La Scala in Milan on 16 February 1873. It was a failure because of a dispute between lovers of bel canto and supporters of Wagnerian music-drama. Gomes revised it in 1877, and the premiere of the new version (this time described as a melodramma) on February 7, 1878, also at La Scala, was a success.
Since then, performances of the opera, mostly in Brazil, have been rare. The most recent productions, in both cases of the revised version, were given at the Teatro Amazonas, Manaus, in May 1998, and by Wexford Festival Opera in October of the same year. In 2016, Theatro Municipal de São Paulo has made a new production of the opera, staged in December.
Roles
-----
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 16 February 1873(Conductor: Franco Faccio) | Cast of revised version, February 7, 1878(Conductor: Franco Faccio) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gajolo, *leader of a band of pirates* | bass | Ormondo Maini | Ormondo Maini |
| Fosca, *his sister* | soprano | Gabrielle Krauss | Amalia Fossa |
| Cambro, *a Venetian deserter, Gajolo's servant* | baritone | Victor Maurel | Gustavo Moriami |
| Paolo, *a Venetian prisoner of Gajolo* | tenor | Carlo Bulterini | Francesco Tamagno |
| Delia, *betrothed to Paolo* | soprano | Cristina Lamare | Adele Garbini |
| Michele Giotta, *a Venetian senator, Paolo's father* | bass | Angelo De Giuli | Carlo Moretti |
| The Doge of Venice | bass | Giovanni Tanzio | Ettore Marcassa |
| *Pirates, citizens of Venice* |
Synopsis
--------
Place: Istria and Venice
Time: The 10th century
### Act 1
*The pirates' lair near Piran*
The pirates ask Gajolo about their next raid. He is planning a kidnapping of brides who are participating in the "Feast of the Marys" at San Pietro in Venice. Cambro arrives to report that Michele Giotta, father of the pirates' prisoner, Paolo, is offering a reward for his son's return. Fosca, who loves Paolo, suggests double-crossing Giotta and claiming the money without releasing Paolo. The pirates reject this dishonourable plan. Gajolo asks Cambro to watch Fosca, and the pirates depart. Paolo, thinking he is to be executed, is brought out of his cell by Fosca. She confesses her love for him, but he rejects her: he is in love with Delia, to whom he is betrothed. Gajolo reappears with Giotta, who has paid Paolo's ransom, and, to Fosca's horror, father and son leave for Venice. Cambro asks Fosca what his reward might be if he can deliver Delia to her. She replies "I will marry you".
### Act 2
*Scene 1: Delia's house in Venice*
Paolo and Delia are to be married in an hour. Delia is worried that Paolo may have been attracted to Fosca, who nursed him when he was ill during his captivity. Paolo reassures her. Cambro, disguised as a Turkish merchant, offers to sell valuable jewellery to Delia. She declines. Paolo and Delia exchange fond farewells and depart in opposite directions in order to prepare for the wedding. Cambro looks forward to abducting Delia.
*Scene 2: A piazza in front of the church of San Pietro*
Cambro, still in disguise, tells Fosca (who is also in disguise) of Paolo's love for Delia and promises that he will avenge her. She invokes demons and rails against God. Gajolo is surprised to find Fosca at the church, but she reassures him that she is not intending to disrupt his raid. The wedding procession arrives and Fosca suddenly attacks Paolo. The pirates restrain her but she reiterates her desire for vengeance. The procession proceeds and some of the pirates carry Delia off, to Fosca's delight. Paolo is also captured, but a group of Venetian nobles overpower Gajolo.
### Act 3
*A cell in the pirates' lair*
Delia bemoans her fate and her separation from Paolo. Fosca enters and Delia recognises her as her attacker at the church. Fosca tells her that Paolo is now in her power. Delia begs her to save Paolo and offers to die in place of him or to become Fosca's slave. Fosca, moved, relents and declares that it is she who will suffer. The pirates are aghast at the capture of Gajolo. Cambro fuels Fosca's jealousy once more, and she decides that she will rescue Gajolo and honour her promise to Cambro.
### Act 4
*Scene 1: The Doge's Palace in Venice*
The Doge agrees to set Gajolo free. However, if it turns out that Fosca has killed Paolo, Gajolo must return to Venice and be executed. If he does not do so, he will be pursued to the ends of the earth.
*Scene 2: The pirates' lair*
Paolo, a prisoner again, believes that Delia is dead and longs for his own death. Fosca tells him that he must die unless Delia, whom she produces, takes poison. Delia is in two minds, but Paolo angrily rejects Fosca's proposal. She orders the pirates to kill Paolo, but at that moment Gajolo appears and demands that Paolo be freed. He reveals that when Cambro tried to murder him in Venice, he killed Cambro, and recounts his encounter with the Doge – Paolo and Delia must return to Venice or he will die. Fosca, distraught, pleads for the lovers' forgiveness. They depart, saying that they will pray for her. Fosca takes the poison intended for Delia and, as she dies, the pirates vent their anger at Venice.
The Sofia National Opera with the cooperation of the Brazilian government presented in 1996 very successful performances of Fosca, Maria Tudor and Il Guarany. They can be seen complete in YouTube.
Felix M. Galvan Bird, MD
Puerto Rico |
**Thomas McCrae** (December 16, 1870 – June 30, 1935) was professor of Medicine at Jefferson Medical College, and student and later colleague of Sir William Osler. Often quoted in medical training for his remark "more is missed by not looking than not knowing". He was the brother of John McCrae, author of "In Flanders Fields".
Early life and medical training
-------------------------------
Thomas McCrae was born in Guelph, Ontario, Canada to Lieutenant-Colonel David McCrae and Janet Simpson Eckford McCrae.
McCrae trained in medicine at the University of Toronto, obtaining his Doctorate of Medicine in 1903.
He became an assistant resident at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1895 in Baltimore, Maryland and was later joined by his brother in 1899. It was there that he became associated with Dr William Osler (later Sir William) who was the "pre-eminent medical educator of his time".
McCrae's association with Osler continued with their collaboration in *The Principles and Practice of Medicine*, an authoritative medical text at the time. McCrae was initially assistant editor, but later became the editor of this text upon Osler's death.
Later career
------------
In 1912 he became Professor of Medicine at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia.
"In 1924, he was Lumleian lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians in London. He was chairman of the Section on Practice of Medicine of the American Medical Association, 1914–1915. From 1916 to 1925 he was secretary of the Association of American Physicians and in 1930 its president."
McCrae died in 1935 in Philadelphia with no children to survive him and wife Amy Marian Gwyn (1878–1959). He is described in an obituary in the Canadian Medical Association Journal as a "deep student, a fine clinician, a great teacher". McCrae is buried at Grove Cemetery in Dundas, Ontario. |
American inventor
Dr. Jules Montenier, as seen on his Stopette commercial.
**Dr. Jules Bernard Montenier** (March 23, 1895 – August 20, 1962), of Chicago, Illinois, was an American inventor and a cosmetic chemist. He founded of Jules Montenier, Inc. a cosmetics company and invented **Stopette,** an anti-perspirant that was a longtime sponsor of the CBS game show *What's My Line?*. Stopette's slogan, repeated at the beginning of the episodes Montenier's company sponsored, was "Poof! There goes perspiration." Montenier was described in the introduction segment of *What's My Line?* as "the famous cosmetic chemist."
Patents and innovations
-----------------------
Montenier held a number of patents. Arguably, his most notable patent is US Patent No. 2,230,084, a January 28, 1941 patent for Astringent Preparation. This patent dealt with solving the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride (then, as now, the best-working antiperspirant known to chemistry), by adding a soluble nitrile or a similar compound. This innovation found its way into "Stopette" antiperspirant/deodorant spray, which *Time* called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s"; a virtually identical patent was granted in the United Kingdom as GB0527439.[]
Montenier also holds a patent for the ornamental design of his "Stopette" bottle (US Design Patent D168,109), the shape of which was on the scorecards of *What's My Line?* when "Stopette" sponsored the show.
Montenier also holds a patent for the "Unitary container and atomizer for liquids" (US Patent No. 2,642,313); this was developed in 1947 when Montenier, working with engineers from the Plax Corporation, invented a commercial use for the plastic bottle. His innovation was for **"Stopette"**, an underarm deodorant dispensed by squeezing the bottle. This invention created a huge demand in the industry for the plastic bottle; for the first time, plastic was competing with glass for this type of packaging.
Montenier also holds a patent for a fanciful design for a shaving bowl (US Design Patent D143,437).
*What's My Line?*
-----------------
In the opening segment that featured Stopette, Jules Montenier, Inc. also advertised "Poof! Deodorant Body Powder" and "Finesse, the Flowing Cream Shampoo" in the same segment. In mid-1953, Dr. Montenier himself was pictured in the opening segment after the products were mentioned.
### Sponsorship of the show
During the first two episodes of *What's My Line?* in 1950, the production value was very poor. While everything that could have gone wrong did go wrong on the first show, the second show was arguably as bad. If anything, the camera work was worse. CBS liked many elements of the show, but the production value had to be improved. CBS knew that a potential sponsor could be watching the third show, so it issued an ultimatum: Either a sponsor would pick up the show, or the show would be history.
Franklin M. Heller, one of television's pioneering directors, essentially saved the show. He felt that the biggest problems with the show were too much camera movement and lens changing. Heller said, "I figured once I could get those cameramen and their flowered shirts controlled and fairly immobile, we might be able to let this show emerge."
To fix the problem, Heller changed the format of the set so that the cameras would remain stationary. He also placed moderator John Daly and the panel in different places so that the entrances and exits would not look as awkward. In addition, before the third show, Heller requested an hour rehearsal for the camera crew with mock panelists and contestants. That rehearsal gave the camera operators a better "feel" for how the show should go.
At the end of the third show, Dr. Montenier called CBS and, according to Heller, said, "I don't know what you did to it, but I'll buy it." For the next eight years, either as the sole or alternating sponsor, Stopette was the advertising face of *What's My Line?*
Bennett Cerf explained to Montenier that *What's My Line?* "ruined the poor man." Cerf said that when *What's My Line?* first started, none of the big companies wanted to sponsor the program. He said that everyone thought the program would last for a few months and die out, but the program "caught fire" in the ratings. Cerf noted that as the program spread from city to city, its advertising costs continued to rise accordingly. Montenier was very proud of the program, but he refused to have a co-sponsor. According to Cerf, Montenier stuck with *What's My Line?* until the program ruined him. At its peak, *What's My Line?* was running in nearly every city across the country. Cerf said that the advertising costs became so enormous that Montenier was unable to sell enough Stopette to make up for it. Eventually, Dr. Montenier was forced to sell, and this, according to Cerf, broke his heart. When he died, according to Cerf, cartoons appeared with the caption, "Poof! There goes Dr. Montenier!"
### Mystery Guest appearance
Montenier himself appeared on the February 12, 1956 episode of *What's My Line?* as a Mystery Guest. As he signed in, he was identified on-screen as "Dr. Jules Montenier, Creator & Manufacturer of Stopette"; his "line" was "Our Sponsor (For Past Six Years)." Prior to their guesses, the panel was given the hint that Dr. Montenier was self-employed. The panel failed to guess Montenier's line correctly; he "stumped the panel and won the game," as Mr. Daly's successor as moderator, Wally Bruner, preferred to phrase it. It turned out that the purpose of Dr. Montenier's visit was to give his belated congratulations to the show for its six years on television. Mr. Daly said that Dr. Montenier was a good sponsor because he refused to interfere with the production of the show. Dr. Montenier, in return, said that he loved the show and watched it each Sunday.
Montenier remained seated during his entire appearance, after which the program went directly to a commercial; guests on the program customarily walked in and sat next to the host and walked to greet the panelists after their appearance. The audience was not given any explanation for this change, but some viewers would have read in the newspapers that Montenier had had his left leg amputated as the result of a car crash at the end of May 1954. His wife Helen had been killed in the same accident.
### Impact on the time slot and broadcast markets
*What's My Line?* did not begin its life on Sunday nights. After Dr. Montenier's Stopette deodorant became the show's primary sponsor in March 1950, CBS moved the show from Thursdays at 8 to an alternating-week basis on Wednesdays at 9. Eventually, due largely to pressure to get higher caliber guests on the show, the show was moved back to 10:30 p.m. on Sunday nights. Since most Broadway plays closed at 10:00 p.m. at the time, this gave those actors plenty of time to get there. Dr. Montenier and his ad agency agreed with the move, and CBS agreed to reimburse the sponsor for viewers lost due to the move.
Jules Montenier, Inc.'s sponsorship of *What's My Line?* caused nearly a third of the United States not to see the show until 1956. The reason was that the company's ad agency controlled the time slot and would not buy the slot in markets where Jules Montenier's products were not sold. Notable markets that were missing the show until the late 1950s included Columbus, Georgia; Tallahassee, Florida; Savannah, Georgia; Spartanburg, South Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; Memphis, Tennessee; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Meridian, Mississippi; and Lexington, Kentucky. In 1956, Jules Montenier, Inc. was sold to Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. thereby giving the products a national market and thus enabling *What's My Line?* to be shown nationwide.
Popular culture
---------------
The *Harvard Lampoon,* forerunner of the *National Lampoon,* once had a cartoon of Montenier shooting through the top of a building, with the caption "Poof! There goes Dr. Montenier." Of this, Cerf said of Montenier, "He was a sweet man—but a bit of a fraud, you know."
Company legacy
--------------
As Cerf noted, the 1956 sale of his company to Helene Curtis broke Montenier's heart. In 1996, Unilever, the large British-Dutch corporation, purchased Helene Curtis and as of August 2016[update] retains ownership of all Helene Curtis patents, trademarks, and copyrights. |
2017 studio album by Joan of Arc
***He's Got the Whole This Land Is Your Land in His Hands*** is the twenty-second full-length album of American indie rock band Joan of Arc. It is the first album by the band to include guitarist and vocalist Melina Ausikaitis as part of the lineup. The LP is a set of eleven tracks assembled from nine hours' worth of jam session recordings. Despite following a more restrained of the band's chaotic, unconventional style, *He's Got the Whole This Land Is Your Land in His Hands* still garnered mixed responses from reviewers for said style's lack of accessibility to listeners. The album peaked number 26 and five on *Billboard*'s American Independent Albums and Heatseekers Albums charts, respectively.
Production
----------
In making the album, Joan of Arc first tried to plan out the songs, but the group was unable to come up with anything "interesting" with that method. They realized the only way they could make interesting songs was through hours-long jam sessions, but they didn't have the budget to record them in a studio. Thus, using a mobile recording device, the group recorded in several "weird spaces", such as a basketball court of a hotel, an Airbnb service, and an industrial space in West Side, Chicago. As Tim Kinsella described the sessions, "We hit Record and played, and our collective tastes emerged. And they, our tastes in the moment, were the only standards in all the expanse of the stupefying and beautiful unknown universe, that we regarded as relevant in the least." The group recorded nine hours of material that was later edited into 23 tracks. Finally, "the best 10 or 12 songs didn't end up on the record, it was the best sequence of stuff," explained Kinsella.
Composition
-----------
Drew Fortune categorized *He's Got the Whole This Land Is Your Land in His Hands* as was would happen "if the Butthole Surfers recorded a post-rock record". Some critics found the LP to be a more relaxed take on the band's otherwise chaotic and bizarre style than their previous releases, being more atmospheric and melodic than the band's previous LPs. As per usual for the band's music, the lyrical content, in the words of Fortune, "straddles the line between surrealist poet and agitator". Some reviewers noted constant tonal shifts in the lyrics, which go from "daft-but-harmless" to "lines that leave a bitter taste in the mouth", summarized *Drowned in Sound*. The lyrics have very obscure meanings, but some critics suggested the album, based on the lyrics, sound, and its title (a combination of the names of "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands" and "This Land is Your Land"), was about staying calm in a time of dissolution in a society. *He's Got the Whole This Land Is Your Land in His Hands* is the first Joan of Arc album with Melina Ausikaitis in its lineup, who "often plays the role of the band's Flavor Flav, throwing in punchlines during Kinsella's verses and backing him up in makeshift choruses," writer David Anthony summarized.
Critical reception
------------------
Professional ratings| Aggregate scores |
| --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 60/100 |
| Review scores |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| *The A.V. Club* | C- |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 6/10 |
| *Exclaim!* | 7/10 |
| *Magnet* | |
| *Pitchfork* | 3.8/10 |
| *PopMatters* | |
| *Spectrum Culture* | |
| *State* | |
| *Under the Radar* | |
Like with past Joan of Arc records, reviews for *He's Got the Whole This Land Is Your Land in His Hands* were mixed in general primarily due to the lack of accessibility of its experimental style. In a favorable review, Ian King of *PopMatters* claimed that with *He's Got The Whole*, "patience, and collaboration continue to focus and invigorate Joan of Arc." He also wrote that it was "impressive that Kinsella's hyperactive imagination has relented so little." Noting the LP's chaotic style to be more "relaxed" than previous albums by the group, *Exclaim!* labeled it "a minor gem in the Joan of Arc discography, as Kinsella gives listeners more simply by pulling back."
*Under the Radar* called it "a slow-grower, worth applying oneself too", reasoning that when it is "stripped of the discord and uncomfortable shock-factor references, the melodic interchanges can be extremely pleasant and directional. Joan of Arc knows how to build with an emotive goal, and *He's Got the Whole This Land Is Your Land In His Hands* has moments where it gives the weird a glorious grounding and juxtaposition."
An AllMusic critic stated that *He's Got the Whole* "may alienate even some of Kinsella's more patient and open-eared fans, as it sometimes wanders into a slow ramble over repetitive dissonance," but "its impulsive quality may be irresistible to a punkier sensibility, offering catharsis in its deliberate lack of polish and self-censorship." Anthony opined that *He's Got the Whole* did deserve respect for staying committed to an experimental style, but "it's often so obtuse it feels like it's not meant for anyone but its creators." Evan Rytlewski of *Pitchfork*, however, dismissed the album as a "troll manifesto" and described it as Kinsella's most "irritating" record due to its "off-putting" humor of the lyrics and its tuneless sound: "*He's Got the Whole* is presented as good fun, but it's only fun in a one-sided, "why are you hitting yourself?" sort of way."
Track listing
-------------
Derived from the iTunes Store.
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Smooshed That Cocoon" | 2:53 |
| 2. | "This Must Be the Placenta" | 3:40 |
| 3. | "Stranged That Egg Yolk" | 4:38 |
| 4. | "Full Moon and Rainbo Repair" | 4:46 |
| 5. | "Cha Cha Cha Chakra" | 2:46 |
| 6. | "Grange Hex Stream" | 3:47 |
| 7. | "Two-Toothed Troll" | 3:39 |
| 8. | "New Wave Hippies" | 2:52 |
| 9. | "Never Wintersbone You" | 2:38 |
| 10. | "F Is for Fake" | 3:50 |
| 11. | "Ta-ta Terrordome" | 4:00 |
| Total length: | 39:29 |
Personnel
---------
Derived from the album's liner notes.
* Written, edited, and assembled by Joan of Arc (Bobby Burg, Jeremy Boyle, Melina Ausikaitis, Theo Katsaounis, and Tim Kinsella)
* Recorded and mixed by Mike Lust
* Technical support by Neil Strauch
* Mastered by Carl Saff
* Cover art/layout by David Woodruff
Charts
------
| Chart (2017) | Peakposition |
| --- | --- |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 5 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 26 |
Release history
---------------
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Worldwide | January 17, 2017 | Streaming | Joyful Noise |
| January 20, 2017 |
* CD
* digital download
* vinyl
| |
American journalist and television producer (1931–2015)
**Marlene Sanders** (January 10, 1931 – July 14, 2015) was an American television news correspondent, anchor, producer and executive who worked for ABC News in the 1960s and 1970s and moved to CBS News in 1978. She was the first woman to achieve several milestones in the then male-dominated field of television news.
Shortly after joining ABC News as a correspondent in 1964, Sanders became the first woman to anchor an evening news broadcast for a major network when she substituted for the regular anchor, Ron Cochran, who had become ill. She was one of the first television newswomen to report on the Vietnam War from the field. In 1976, ABC promoted her to vice president and director of documentaries, making her one of the first women to reach upper management in the field. She also won three Emmy Awards for documentaries she produced for CBS.
Early life and education
------------------------
Sanders grew up in a Jewish family in Shaker Heights, Ohio. Her family was relatively secular, though they did attend a Reform synagogue occasionally and were well aware of ongoing issues affecting the Jewish community such as discrimination. As career options were limited at the time, Sanders moved to New York City to pursue a theater career.
Career
------
In 1955, after failing to land steady work in theater, Sanders accepted a low-level job in television news, working for Ted Yates, the producer for Mike Wallace on WNEW-TV. She became associate producer of the show and, after Wallace left, became a co-producer. This was an unprecedented achievement, as women were typically relegated to performing solely administrative functions in the newsroom.
Her career progressed from there. Sanders is credited with having helped to break down the barriers women faced in broadcasting at the time. She was one of the first television newswomen to cover the Vietnam war from the field; the first woman anchor of a nightly newscast for a major network, and the first woman vice president of the ABC News division.
Sanders began working for CBS News in 1978, where she resumed producing documentaries. She also reported on the women’s movement and the status of women in the news and reporting industry with CBS.
Sanders later became an Emmy Award–winning correspondent, writer, producer and broadcast-news executive. She was a member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors from 1998 to 2004.
Personal life
-------------
Sanders was married to television producer Jerome Toobin, who died in 1984. Their son Jeffrey Toobin (b. 1960) is a lawyer, author and former CNN legal analyst. Their second son, Mark (b. 1967), was born with Down syndrome in 1967 and lived away from the family, most recently in a group home in Connecticut.
Sanders died from cancer at the age of 84 on July 14, 2015.
Other
-----
Sanders is featured in the feminist history film *She's Beautiful When She's Angry*.
Sanders’s book (Co-written with Marcia Rock, 2-time Emmy award winning producer of NY documentaries), "Waiting for Prime Time: the women of television news" was published in 1988. |
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Yungas of Peru
The **Peruvian Yungas** comprise a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion in Peru.
Setting
-------
The Yungas are found on the eastern slopes and valleys of the Peruvian Andes. They form a transition zone between the Southwest Amazon moist forests and Ucayali moist forests at lower elevations to the east and the Central Andean puna and wet puna at higher elevations to the west.
Climate
-------
The climate in this ecoregion varies from a tropical rainforest climate in the north to a subtropical highland climate in the south. Precipitation ranges from 500 to 2,000 millimeters (19.7 to 78.7 in) per year.
Flora
-----
This ecoregion contains over 3,000 species of plants, including 200 species of orchids. Orchid genera include *Epidendrum* and *Maxillaria*. Tree ferns (*Cyathea*) and bamboo (*Chusquea*) are common. Below 2,700 metres (8,900 ft), the forest includes species such as cedar (*Cedrela*), trumpet tree (*Tabebuia*), and relatives of papaya (*Carica*). Above 3,500 metres (11,500 ft), there are scrublands and wet rocky thickets with shrubs and land orchids as well as forests of *Podocarpus* conifers.
Fauna
-----
This ecoregion contains over 200 species of vertebrates. The gallito de las rocas (*Rupicola peruviana*) is endemic.
Notable mammals include the shrew opossums (*Caenolestes*) and Kalinowski's Agouti (*Dasyprocta kalinowskii*), as well as the northern pudú (*Pudu mephistophiles*) and the hairy long-nosed armadillo (*Dasypus pilosus*).
Notable species with limited distributions found here include the horned curassow (*Pauxi unicornis*), hummingbirds (*Metallura theresiae*, *Heliangelus regalis*), the long-whiskered owlet (*Xenoglaux loweryi*) and the Marañón poison frog (*Dendrobates mysteriosus*).
Endangered and threatened species include the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (*Oreonax flavicauda*), jaguar (*Panthera onca*), ocelot (*Leopardus pardalis*), spectacled bear (*Tremarctos ornatus*), neotropical otter (*Lontra longicaudis*), colocolo (*Oncifelis colocolo*), Andean cock-of-the-rock (*Rupicola peruviana*) and cinchona (*Cinchona* sp.).
This ecoregions also has endemic species of butterflies from the genera *Dismopha*, *Callithea*, *Paridos*, and *Morpho*.
Natural areas
-------------
* Bahuaja-Sonene National Park
* Amarakaeri Communal Reserve
* Megantoni National Sanctuary
* Manú National Park
* Otishi National Park
* Nor Yauyos-Cochas Landscape Reserve
* San Matías–San Carlos Protection Forest
* Yanachaga–Chemillén National Park
* Rio Abiseo National Park
* Alto Mayo Protection Forest
* Cutervo National Park
* Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu |
French TV series or program
***Dropped*** is a French survival reality television series that was scheduled to air on TF1 in 2015. Based on the Swedish television series *Det största äventyret [sv]* (*The Greatest Adventure*), the premise of the programme is to drop celebrities into a hostile environment and leave them to fend for themselves. Filming began in February 2015, but was halted in early March following a helicopter crash that claimed the lives of ten people, including three of the contestants and five of the production crew.
History
-------
Produced by Adventure Line Productions (ALP), and developed from the Swedish reality show *Det största äventyret* (*The Great Adventure*), the format of *Dropped* involves blindfolding several sports personalities, then dropping them at a remote location where they must use their survival skills to find their way back to civilisation. Contestants are split into two teams, which must then compete against each other, and have 72 hours to reach a location where they can charge and use a mobile phone. A promotional video explains the show's premise as: "Two teams are dropped into the middle of nowhere. No food. No map. No help."
Filming of the series began in late February in Ushuaia, a city in the far southern Patagonia region of Argentina. The cast included seven French athletes—Florence Arthaud, Alain Bernard, Philippe Candeloro, Jeannie Longo, Camille Muffat, Alexis Vastine, Sylvain Wiltord—and Swiss athlete Anne-Flore Marxer.[] By Monday 9 March, the show had moved to the province of La Rioja, and filming of the first episode was complete, with Wiltord having been eliminated from the process, and returned home to Paris.
### Helicopter crash
Main article: 2015 Villa Castelli mid-air collision
At around 5.00 p.m. local time on 9 March 2015, and shortly after taking off near the town of Villa Castelli, two helicopters carrying some of the contestants and members of the film crew were involved in a mid-air collision and subsequent crash, which resulted in the deaths of all the contestants aboard both aircraft. On 10 March, the French Presidential Office confirmed the names of the deceased, which included three of the contestants, who were named as yachtswoman Florence Arthaud, Olympic swimmer Camille Muffat and Olympic boxer Alexis Vastine. The two helicopter pilots and five members of the film crew were confirmed as the other fatalities.
In the wake of the incident, TF1 halted filming on the series, and announced that the show had been postponed. The series had been scheduled to air as part of the channel's summer 2015 lineup, but speaking subsequently to TF1, the CEO of Adventure Line Productions, Franck Firmin-Guion, said that footage of the show would "not see the light of day" following the incident. ALP's website also removed the show from its list of productions.
On 10 March, French prosecutors opened a manslaughter investigation, a standard procedure when the death of a French citizen occurs overseas. Officials in Argentina also launched an investigation into the incident, led by Judge Daniel Herrera. After questioning the surviving contestants and production staff as part of his inquiry, Herrera gave them the go ahead to return home on 12 March. Alain Bernard, Philippe Candeloro, Jeannie Longo, Anne-Flore Marxer and the film crew boarded a flight from Buenos Aires on 13 March, returning to Paris the following day. They were greeted by friends and relatives, as well as the CEO of TF1, before leaving the airport separately. Forensic experts from France and Argentina announced they had officially identified the bodies of the deceased on 16 March.
The incident—the latest of a series of deaths to have occurred on film sets and reality shows—was the second fatality involving an ALP production after a contestant died of a heart attack following a challenge on the survival show *Koh-Lanta* in 2013, and consequently reignited an ongoing debate about the safety of reality television shows. Speaking to the *Los Angeles Times*, Professor Laurie Levenson of Loyola Law School suggested the accident demonstrates the dangers of the genre: "These reality shows try to outdo each other. They keep trying to push the envelope: The more dangerous the better. They do it for the entertainment value ... at some point you have to say: Is this craziness or is this entertainment?" A report by *Time* magazine's Vivienne Walt suggested a culture of low budget television prepared to take increasingly greater risks with its productions for dramatic effect may have resulted in this tragedy, and others. Musician Benjamin Biolay described the format as a "horrible TV reality show that serves up cardboard stars and then steals three wonderful athletes". |
**Roger Ekins** FRS (22 September 1926 – 26 July 2016) was a British biophysicist and professor at University College London.
He was awarded the 1998 Edwin F. Ullman Award.
Life
----
Elkins earned a PhD from Cambridge University. He revolutionized endocrinology by enabling the measurement of tiny quantities of analytes at levels so low as to be beyond chemical analysis, thus transforming endocrinology from a clinical descriptive specialty to a quantitative science. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and later received the Queen's Medal.
He was initially a researcher at the Barnato Joel Laboratory, at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, where he later headed the Department of Molecular Endocrinology. He was the inventor of saturation analysis and radioimmunoassay, creating assays for thyroxine, triiodothyronne[*check spelling*], free thyroxine, and free triiodothyronine. He established the mathematical models for competitive limited reagent immunoassays as contrasted to excess reagents typified by immunoradiometric assays. His prediction of higher sensitivity for the latter was confirmed by the creation by Daya Kishore Hazra working in Ekins laboratory in 1975 of the ultrasensitive TSH assay which revolutionized the management of thyroid diseases by allowing for diagnosis of both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism by measuring TSH, as it could differentiate low levels of hyperthyroidism from normal levels, as contrasted to the hitherto used radioimmunoassay which was less sensitive and could not differentiate low from normal levels. The thyroidal assays of thyroxine/triiodothyronine/free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine and immunometric assays for thyroid-stimulating hormone constitute today the most widely used hormonal assays in the world.
He later developed multianalyte spot assays using multiple antibodies and a Confocal microscope reading laser signals emitted by the antibody spots corresponding to different analytes. This was the prototype of array technology assays widely used in both proteomics as well as genomics.
He worked on endemic goiter and mental retardation in New Guinea.
Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson received the Nobel Prize in 1977 for their radioimmunoassay of Insulin, using methods similar to those used earlier by Roger Ekins for measuring the thyroid hormones.
References.
1.
2. Hazra DK, Ekins RP, Edwards R E: Immunoradiometric assays for Glycoprotein Hormones, in Radioimmunoassay and Related Procedures in Medicine, 1977, published by IAEA, Vienna.
3. Hazra DK: Msc Nuclear Medicine Thesis, University of London, 1975.
Death
-----
He died on 26 July 2016. |
Celebration of a girl's 15th birthday
For other uses, see Quinceañera (disambiguation).
Mexican American girls at a quinceañera celebration in Santa Fe, New Mexico
A ***quinceañera*** (also *fiesta de quinceañera*, *quince años*, *fiesta de quince años*, *quinceañero* and *quinces*) is a celebration of a girl's 15th birthday that is common in Mexican and other Latin American cultures. The girl celebrating her 15th birthday is a *quinceañera* (Spanish pronunciation: [kinseaˈɲeɾa]; feminine form of "15-year-old"). In Latin America, the term *quinceañera* is reserved solely for the honoree; in English, primarily in the United States, the term is used to refer to the celebrations and honors surrounding the special occasion.
This birthday is celebrated differently from any other as it marks the transition from childhood to young womanhood. Historically, in the years prior to their 15th birthdays, girls learned about cooking, weaving, and childbearing from the elder women in their communities in preparation for their future roles as wives. During the celebration the girl's father would present her to potential suitors.
In the past, parallel customs could be found in Southern Europe, mainly Spain and France. Today, the custom remains strongest in Mexico, its likely country of introduction during the viceregal or Mexican imperial periods. However, it is widely celebrated in Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas. The grandest parties are comparable to British and American debutante balls. The celebrations themselves vary significantly in different countries; for example, the festivities in some have taken on more religious overtones than in others. Nowadays, the *quinceañera* is also celebrated by many Latino Americans in the United States, each according to their traditions.
In Brazil, a Portuguese-speaking country, a similar celebration is called *festa de debutantes*, *baile de debutantes*, or *festa de quinze anos*. In the French Caribbean and French Guiana, it is called *fête des quinze ans*.[]
Origin
------
Contemporary festivities combine Catholic traditions from old Spain with the traditions of indigenous heritages of pre-Columbian Mexico, along with a few modern twists, and rely heavily on European influence from the period of the Second Mexican Empire. For example: In ancient Mexico, the Aztecs and other indigenous peoples had many different ceremonies to mark the passage through the various stages of life. The *quinceañera* marked a young woman's transition to adulthood, as she was presented, as a virgin, to the community for probable suitors. Other origin stories attribute quinceañera history to the Duchess of Alba in Spain, who hosted a ball at her palace and invited adolescent girls to attend in formal clothes. This tradition would continue and was reinforced when Empress Carlota of Mexico, granddaughter of the Louis Philippe I of France, threw a similar reception for her court in Mexico City—presenting young women as eligible for marriage. The traditions of the quinceañera wearing elaborate ball gowns, utilizing courtly European social customs, and ballroom dancing coincides with the styles and customs of the period of the Second Mexican Empire, which was an extension of the European royal courts of the time.
In a traditional Mexican *quinceañera*, young women and men have roles as formal *damas* and *chambelanes*, who perform special bends at the celebration, along with the *quinceañera* herself. There is also a "man of honor" who accompanies the young woman. Potential suitors present gifts to her family to make up a dowry or bridal wealth. Prior to her being given away, the women of the community participate by instructing the *quinceañera* in her duties and responsibilities, urging her to follow the correct path, by remaining true to her people and their traditions throughout her life.
Changes over the years
----------------------
A *fiesta de quince años* at the Church of San Martin in San Martín Texmelucan, Puebla, Mexico
The meaning behind the *quinceañera* has become more refined over time and has been adapted by various Latino cultures in relation to where they are living.
In rural societies, girls were considered ready for marriage once they turned 15. In the 20th century, the *quinceañera* received certain privileges associated with womanhood: permission to attend adult parties, pluck her eyebrows and shave her legs, wear makeup, jewelry and high heels. When this tradition originated, the *quinceañera* was a small party to celebrate the transition. Friends and family gathered in order to give the girl a chance to mingle with young men. Rich families celebrated *quinceañeras* with big parties and elaborate dresses. In Latin American countries, wealthy families announced *quinceañeras* in the newspapers to publicize their extravagant celebrations.
In the 1960s, as more Latinos migrated to the United States, they brought their differing national traditions with them. Once in the United States, formerly poor immigrants with good jobs were able to have big parties such as those back in their home country. Family and friends often help put on the event, for example, by making food. From a simple food and cake celebration, it has developed among wealthier families to become an occasion for a big party. Families may use event planners, and develop a celebration with a theme, to be staged with a special entrance and dances, and captured by professional photoshoots and video. Modern *quinceañera* celebrations also incorporate traditions from other cultures. Markets for event planners and *quinceañera*-related products have developed.
In specific countries
---------------------
### Cuba
In Cuba, the party may include a choreographed group dance, in which 14 couples waltz around the *quinceañera*, who is accompanied by one of the main dancers, a boy of her choice, or her boyfriend. The choreography often includes four or six dancers or escorts called experts, who are allowed to dance around the *quinceañera*. They are usually inexperienced dancers whose function is to highlight the central couple. The male dancers are also allowed to wear tuxedos in different colors.
Fifteenth-birthday celebrations were very popular in Cuba until the late 1970s. This practice partly entered Cuba via Spain, but the greatest influence was the French.[] The wealthy families who could afford to rent expensive dining rooms in private clubs or hotels of four and five stars held celebrations that were the precursors of *quinceañeras*, which they called *quinces*. These celebrations usually took place in the house of the girl or the more spacious house of a relative.
Another tradition, commonly found in Cuba, is to have 14 ladies and 14 escorts (sometimes 7 each) as a court. The escorts hold flowers (usually roses) and the ladies carry candles. As the *quinceañera* dances the waltz with her father, she blows out one candle, then picks up one rose. This continues until she has blown out all the candles and picked up all the roses. The 14 candles blown out represent her 14 previous years, and with each she makes a wish. When the time comes to cut the cake, the *quinceañera* will blow out her last candle, thus completing her 15 wishes. The flowers are given to her mother.
### Colombia
In Colombia, the *quince* starts with the arrival of the teenage girl, accompanied by her father; she is received by her mother and other relatives and friends; father and daughter dance a waltz and other tunes. The *quinceañera* birthday girl next dances with her brothers (if any) and their uncles and godparents. Then she performs the *pasodoble* and the waltz with all members of the procession (then optional dances to other music, such as merengue or pop).
For this occasion the teenager wears an evening dress in light colors or pastels, is dressed and made up slightly, and usually places a tiara in her hair and jewels on her neck and hands. All the guests dress in formal attire, including the teenager's peers.
After the first dance, the teenager and her friends have a dance. Then the festival begins with music from live bands, some famous artists, DJs, food, drink, and at one late point of the night a *la hora loca*[*clarification needed*] is carried out, in which the attendants wear masks or funny wigs and make noise with whistles and rattles while fast-tempo music is played. It is optional to make some surprise dance performed by the *quinceañera* birthday girl (alone or accompanied), and a dance that will give away her friends, cousins, and others.
The custom's social significance is such that even poor families tend to spend lavishly on a daughter's *quinceañera*. The event can cost as much as a year's wages, and many take up debt to be able to pay for it.
### French Guiana and French Caribbean
In French Guiana and the French Caribbean, the celebration is known as *fête des quinze ans*. It follows a similar structure.
### Mexico
In Mexico, the *quinceañera* is adorned with elegant jewelry and makeup. By tradition, this was to be the first time she would wear makeup in public, but in the 21st century, girls start using makeup at an earlier age. The *quinceañera* is also expected to wear a formal evening dress, traditionally a long, elegant ball gown chosen by the girl and most often, her mother, according to her favorite color and style.
A Mexican *quinceañera* celebration
In the Mexican Catholic tradition, the *quinceañera* celebration begins with a thanksgiving Mass. She arrives at church accompanied by her parents, godparents, and court of honor. The court of honor is a group of her chosen peers consisting of paired-off girls and boys, respectively known as *damas* (dames) and *chambelanes* (chamberlains). Typically, the court consists of pairs ranging from 7 to 15 *damas* and *chambelanes*. At this religious mass, a Rosary, or sometimes a necklace with a locket or pendant depicting Mexico's patron saint, the Virgin of Guadalupe, is presented to the teenager by her godparents, the necklace or rosary having been previously blessed by the priest. She is also awarded a tiara, which serves as a reminder that to her loved ones, especially her immediate family, the *quinceañera* will always be a princess. Some also see it as denoting that she is a "princess" before God and the world. After this, the girl may leave her bouquet of flowers on the altar for the Virgin Mary.
After the thanksgiving mass, guests gather for a celebratory reception where the events to honor the *quinceañera* will take place, including giving gifts. This reception may be held at the *quinceañera*'s home, at venues (such as dining halls, banquet halls, or casinos), or in some cases, in more public places, similar to a block party. During the reception, the birthday girl usually dances a traditional waltz with her father to a song chosen by both that speaks about the occasion and their relationship. Then her father passes her to the *chambelán de honor*, her chosen escort, and afterward they continue the dance with the rest of her court of honor. Often this section of the celebration is previously practiced and/or choreographed, often weeks in advance, sometimes even with months of anticipation.
The basic reception has six major parts with dances taking place while a traditional Mexican meal is served:
1. The formal entry (*La Entrada*) – A grand entrance made by the *quinceañera* once most guests have been seated.
2. The formal toast (*El Brindis*)– An optional but usually featured part of the reception, generally initiated by the parents or godparents of the birthday girl.
3. The first dance – Usually a waltz where the girl dances, starting with her father.
4. The family dance – Usually a waltz involving just the immediate relatives, the *chambelanes*, godparents, and the closest friends of the girl.
5. The preferred song (*Baile Sorpresa*) – Any modern song particularly enjoyed by the *quinceañera* is played and danced.
6. The general dance – Also usually a traditional waltz.
Traditionally, Mexican girls could not dance in public until they turned 15, except at school dances or at family events. So the waltz with her *chambelanes* is choreographed and elaborate to celebrate what was meant to be the *quinceañera*'s first public dance.
*Quinceañera* with *chambelanes*
Some families may choose to add a ceremonial components to the celebration, depending on local customs. Among them are the ceremony of the Change of Shoes, in which a family member presents the *quinceañera* with her first pair of high heel shoes; the Crowning ceremony, in which a close relative places a crown on her head; and *ceremonia de la ultima muñeca* (literally "ceremony of the last doll"), during which her father presents her with a doll usually wearing a dress similar to the *quinceañera*. The ceremony of the last doll is based on a Maya tradition; it is related to the birthday girl's later giving up of the doll as she grows into womanhood.
Once all symbolic gestures have taken place, the dinner is begun. At this point, the celebration reaches its peak; live musical groups begin playing music, keeping the guests entertained. The music is played while the guests dine, chat, mingle, and dance.
The next morning the family and closest friends may also attend a special breakfast, especially if they are staying with the family. Sometimes what is known as a *recalentado* (re-warming) takes place in which any food not consumed during the event of the night before is warmed again for a brunch type event.
The celebration of a quinceañera party is a strong tradition for the majority of Mexican people.
### Spain
European ball, c. 1774
Although the origin of the festival seems to have its cause in the ancient European aristocratic festival of the "puesta de largo" - or "Debutante ball" according to the nomenclature of foreign influence, in which young women of marriageable age were presented before society, this festival was always restricted to the upper classes in the peninsular kingdoms and in the 20th century its celebration age was delayed to coincide with the civil age of majority. Although it was exported to America, where it also took root among the popular classes, in Spain it gradually disappeared throughout the 20th century. However, the custom has been reintroduced again, although in a less formal version, as a result of Latin American immigration, whose members have applied it to their second generation. However, this version of the festival is not generally considered a custom typical of Spain, but rather exclusive to immigrants.
### United States
See also: Sweet sixteen (birthday) and Bar and bat mitzvah
Quinceañera. Santa Fe.
While in most of the United States it is customary to celebrate a sweet sixteen, a *quinceañera* is common amongst the large Mexican American population from California to Florida, as well as within the other Hispanic communities throughout the country and Puerto Rico. Quinceañeras were noted to be celebrated in the mid- to late 1970s in Los Angeles and San Diego and in the early 1980s in different parts of Texas. Though they may not have been widespread, many working-class families could afford *quinceañeras* because the *padrinos* and *padrones* pitch in for the costs. In recent years,[*when?*] *quinceañeras* have gained popularity in the United States. Books and other publications about *quinceañeras* distributed in the United States increasingly include English versions to the original works in Spanish. This shows the increasing influence of Hispanic and Latino culture within the broader American culture. The increasing popularity of the celebration has begun to lead to an uptick in retailers and businesses catering directly to young Hispanic or Latina women.
New traditions
--------------
In the 21st century, many girls create their own *quinceañera* celebrations. Whereas traditional dresses were formal and usually white dresses only and are now more varied. Also, instead of having the traditional seven *damas* and seven *chambelanes*, the *quinceañera* may pick all *damas* or all *chambelanes*. Traditionally, girls were not allowed to dance in public until turning 15, but this taboo has also receded significantly. The ceremony of the Changing of the Shoes has also been modified. Instead of wearing slippers before ceremonially exchanging them for high heels, a girl may decide to wear shoes compatible with the color and style of her dress instead of donning the traditional slippers.[]
Adult *quinceañeras*
--------------------
Since 2018, there has been a trend going around involving *quinceañeras* because nowadays there are Latin American adults celebrating their birthdays with the *quinceañera* they never had at 15. As times have changed over the years, *quinceañeras* have changed from mother-daughter dances to hiring professional dancers as chambelanes to party themes incorporating pop culture (for example a Harry Potter quince), so the parties have evolved to fit individuals' personalities and circumstances. Many Latina women celebrated their dream celebrations as adults because they never had theirs due to financial problems, pressure from parents or family emergencies. *Kirkus Reviews* calls Argentinian American author Yamile Saied Méndez's 2022 novel *Twice a Quinceañera: A Delightful Second Chance Romance* "enchanting." The story tells how "After breaking off a five-year engagement, a young woman embarks on a quest for self-love by throwing herself a Double Quinceañera for her 30th birthday." |
British crime drama television series (1981–1991)
***Bergerac*** (/ˈbɜːrʒəræk/ *BUR-zhə-rak*) is a British crime drama television series. Set in Jersey, it ran from 18 October 1981 to 26 December 1991. Produced by the BBC in association with the Australian Seven Network, and first screened on BBC1, it stars John Nettles as the title character Jim Bergerac, who is initially a detective sergeant in Le Bureau des Étrangers ("The Foreigners' Office", a fictional department dealing with non-Jersey residents), within the States of Jersey Police, but later leaves the force and becomes a private investigator.
Westward Studios executive producer Brian Constantine said the *Bergerac* reboot was in the final stages of development, and will air in 2025.
Background
----------
The series ran from 1981 to 1991. It was created by producer Robert Banks Stewart after an earlier detective series, *Shoestring,* starring Trevor Eve, came to an abrupt end. Like *Shoestring*, the series begins with a man returning to work after a particularly bad period in his life: Eddie Shoestring from a nervous breakdown; Jim Bergerac from alcoholism and from a crushed and badly-broken leg.
*Bergerac* sometimes deals with controversial topics; for example, when an old man is unmasked as a Nazi war criminal, his age raised various moral dilemmas. Supernatural elements occasionally appear in the series, and some episodes end with unpleasant twists, as in "Offshore Trades" and "A Hole In The Bucket".
The final episode filmed was the 1991 Christmas Special titled "All for Love", set partly in Bath. The final scene provides a strong hint about Bergerac's future, after Charlie Hungerford recommends Bergerac for a new position heading an expanded Bureau des Étrangers covering the whole of the Channel Islands following its success in Jersey.
The show is repeated on channels such as Alibi and Drama. On 24 February 2014, the BBC started a rerun of the series on daytime afternoons on BBC Two. The repeats concluded with series 3 to avoid showing the Haut de la Garenne location.
Episodes
--------
Main article: List of Bergerac episodes
| Series | Episodes | First aired | Last aired |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 1 | 10 | 18 October 1981 | 20 December 1981 |
| | 2 | 9 | 9 January 1983 | 6 March 1983 |
| | 3 | 10 | 3 December 1983 | 4 February 1984 |
| | 4 | 9 | 11 October 1985 | 20 December 1985 |
| | Christmas special | 26 December 1986 |
| | 5 | 8 | 3 January 1987 | 21 February 1987 |
| | Christmas special | 26 December 1987 |
| | 6 | 7 | 2 January 1988 | 13 February 1988 |
| | Christmas special | 27 December 1988 |
| | 7 | 8 | 28 January 1989 | 18 March 1989 |
| | Christmas special | 23 December 1989 |
| | 8 | 10 | 14 January 1990 | 18 March 1990 |
| | Christmas special | 26 December 1990 |
| | 9 | 10 | 5 January 1991 | 9 March 1991 |
| | Christmas special | 26 December 1991 |
Cast and characters
-------------------
### Main
* John Nettles as Detective Sergeant Jim Bergerac
* Terence Alexander as Charlie Hungerford
* Sean Arnold as Chief Inspector/Superintendent Barney Crozier (series 1–8)
* Cécile Paoli as Francine Leland (series 1)
* Deborah Grant as Deborah Bergerac
* Annette Badland as Charlotte (series 1–3)
* Celia Imrie as Marianne Bellshade (series 2)
* Louise Jameson as Susan Young (series 4–8)
* Thérèse Liotard as Danielle Aubry (series 8–9)
### Supporting
* Mela White as Diamante Lil (series 1–5)
* Lindsay Heath as Kim Bergerac (series 1–5)
* Geoffrey Leesley as Detective Constable Terry Wilson (series 1–5)
* Tony Melody as the Chief (series 1–3)
* Jonathan Adams as Dr. LeJeune (series 1–3)
* Liza Goddard as Philippa Vale (series 3–7)
* Nancy Mansfield as Peggy Masters (series 4–7)
* Jolyon Baker as DC Barry Goddard (series 4–5)
* John Telfer as DC Willy Pettit (series 6–9)
* Ben Kershaw as DC Ben Lomas (series 6–9)
Lead character and casting
--------------------------
Jim Bergerac is a complex character, presented by the series as a somewhat unorthodox police officer. He is recovering from alcoholism, partly resulting from an unpleasant divorce.
A Jersey native, he returns to the island at the start of the series after recuperating in England from ill health, dipsomania and major surgery on his leg following an accident caused by his drinking heavily prior to an attempted arrest. The accident is shown in episode two as a flashback: Bergerac was swigging brandy during a surveillance when he noticed his suspect and gave chase. He attempted to prevent the man's escape by leaping onto his boat. Under the influence of his drinking, he slipped back and his left leg was crushed against the harbour wall by the boat.
As a result of this accident, Bergerac begins episode one deemed unfit to serve, but he seeks to remain on the police force. While his status is being considered, he is key to solving a case with old colleagues in the recently formed "Bureau des Étrangers"; he is then posted to that unit and does well. By the end of the series, Bergerac has become a private detective.
As an aspect of his unorthodox behaviour, Bergerac drives a burgundy 1947 Triumph Roadster instead of an approved police vehicle.
According to a 2001 interview with Robert Banks Stewart, John Nettles was cast on his insistence. He said, "A programme like that would never get made today without having a household name, but back then I fought to have John Nettles play Bergerac because he was right for it."
### Romance
Bergerac's relationships with women are a frequent theme, often as a subplot to the main crime investigation. Bergerac's girlfriends include Francine Leland (Cécile Paoli) (who had been the fiancée of a dead colleague), Marianne Bellshade (Celia Imrie), Susan Young (Louise Jameson) and Danielle Aubry (Thérèse Liotard). He has several encounters with ex-wife Deborah (Deborah Grant), who has custody of their daughter Kim (Lindsay Heath).
Other characters
----------------
The main supporting character was Jim Bergerac's former father-in-law Charlie Hungerford (played by Terence Alexander). Charlie was a lovable rogue and would-be tycoon often involved in shady dealings, but paradoxically something of an innocent. Bergerac usually had a good relationship with him, although in the first episode, "Picking It Up", they were not on the best of terms. Charlie was involved in all but two of the 87 episodes.
Other regular characters in the series included Bergerac's ex-wife, Deborah (Deborah Grant), and his boss, Superintendent Barney Crozier (Sean Arnold), initially an inspector (promoted from sergeant immediately before the first episode) and later chief inspector. Bergerac had several sidekicks who were generally detective constables.
Bergerac had an ongoing flirtatious relationship with glamorous jewel thief Philippa Vale (Liza Goddard), who went by the nickname of the Ice Maiden (Series 3: "Ice Maiden", Series 4: "Return of the Ice Maiden", Series 5: "SPARTA", and Series 7: "Old Acquaintance").
Many well-known actors had guest roles in *Bergerac*, either before or after rising to fame. These include Philip Glenister, Julian Glover, Connie Booth, Ray Winstone, Prunella Scales, Louise Lombard, Ronald Pickup, Norman Wisdom, Charles Gray, John Forgeham, Bernard Hepton, Bill Nighy, and Steve McFadden.
Locations
---------
The series played heavily on its Jersey location. The early storylines were usually in and around Jersey with short scenes shot in England and France. In later episodes the action strayed further away from Jersey and was increasingly based in France.
As Jersey is a small island, most of the filming locations there can be tracked down with ease. Jim Bergerac and Susan Young's flat was located just above St Aubin, a few doors along from the Somerville Hotel; part of the interior was shot within another flat at Gorey, six miles away. Jim's original home in the first few series was submerged when the States of Jersey flooded the valley to create the Queen's Valley reservoir in 1991. Plans for this reservoir were referred to at the start of series four, when Bergerac was forced to seek new accommodation because of them, in the process meeting an estate agent who became his lover.
Frontage of Haut de la Garenne
One of the main locations of the series achieved later notoriety. The Bureau des Étrangers from the third season onwards was located at Haut de la Garenne, a former children's home which in February 2008 became the focus of the Jersey child abuse investigation 2008. The building, on Mont de la Garenne overlooking Mont Orgueil and the Royal Bay of Grouville, ceased being a children's home in 1983 (before the series started filming there) and was re-opened as Jersey's first and only youth hostel.
The original Bureau in the TV series was located in St Helier's Royal Square, but filming there became difficult after the first series as the pretence of filming a documentary series was spoilt by public recognition of Bergerac's Triumph.
Windward House, Jersey
Windward House, Le Mont Sohier, St Brelade (built in 1924, since demolished c.2010) with lush grounds overlooking Ouaisné and St Brelade's Bay, was a stunning location used internally and externally throughout all nine series and the Christmas specials. This pink-and-grey building with white pillared entrance first appeared in series 1, episode 6, "Portrait of Yesterday", as the home and wedding venue of the incidental characters. Windward House then reappeared from series 2, episode 1, as Charlie Hungerford's main residence, where he hosted a large garden fête, and then in almost every episode of the show—used either as part of the central plot or as a backdrop for family gatherings, drinks parties, business meetings, barbecues, marquee events, etc. The entire house was used over time, particularly the living room with French windows, dining room, conservatory and long gallery hallways. External filming regularly included the gardens, paddock, driveways, fruit gardens, greenhouse, cider press and rockery.
Noirmont Manor, Noirmont, was Charlie Hungerford's home throughout series one.
As the series ran for a decade, directors found it increasingly difficult to find locations which had not been overused. While promoting his film *White Noise* in an interview with *Xpose* magazine, director Geoffrey Sax described how he made an effort to find new locations, only to return for the actual shoot to find camera tripod marks in the ground, another director having shot there in the meantime.[] They became tourist attractions, with signs advertising "Visit Bergerac's Location" or "See Bergerac's Car".
Plot lines occasionally took the action onto the British mainland, particularly London, and Richmond Riverside figured prominently.
Home media
----------
*Bergerac* was made available on DVD by 2 Entertain / Cinema Club. The first series was released on 8 May 2006, including audio commentaries on three episodes.
Mistakes occurred in the supply of the source material for the DVD releases, which meant the episodes of series 1 and 6 were edited versions broadcast originally on UK daytime television. [] This was amended for *Bergerac: The Complete Collection*, a 27-DVD box set released in 2009 which includes all episodes in their full length.
In June 2021, the first two series became available on BritBox and series 3 to series 9 with all the Christmas special episodes became available in October 2021.
As of September 2021, seasons 1–3 and 5–9 were available to stream in the United States via Amazon Prime with a BritBox subscription.
Theme music
-----------
The *Bergerac* theme music, composed by George Fenton, featured a reggae and accordion refrain. In 1982, he won a BAFTA 'Best Original Television Music' award for the music. In 2018 a DJ known as Youngr re-recorded the track, entitled *Bergerac Remastered*, with a video shot in locations around Jersey.
Reboot
------
Writer Toby Whithouse will helm a new six-episode *Bergerac* series to be aired in 2025. Filming will take place in Jersey in Summer 2024.
In popular culture
------------------
Portions of *Bergerac*'s credits were featured in the *Black Mirror* episode "Loch Henry", where in the episode's story it is revealed that VHS recordings of *Bergerac* had been taped over with snuff films. |
Namibian educator, activist, and politician
**Ottilie Grete Abrahams** (2 September 1937 – 2 July 2018) was a Namibian educator, activist, and politician.
Personal
--------
Abrahams was born on 2 September 1937 in the Old Location township outside of Windhoek. Abrahams was the daughter of Otto Schimming and Charlotte Schimming. Her father was the first Black teacher in Namibia. Her sister Nora Schimming-Chase became the first Namibian ambassador to Germany after the independence of Namibia. Before obtaining a degree in Cape Town, she attended Trafalgar High School in District Six in Cape Town.
She and her husband Kenneth Abrahams raised four children, one daughter is the scientist and activist Yvette Abrahams, her son Kenneth Abrahams overtook the management of the Jacob Marengo School after her death. At the time of her death, she lived in the affluent suburb of Klein Windhoek. The Namibian newspaper memorialized her as the "Mother of Education."
Activism
--------
Abrahams became politically active while studying in high school and university in Cape Town, South Africa; she joined the South West Africa Student Body in 1952 and later became active in the Cape Peninsula Students Union and the Non-European Unity Movement. She and other activists formed the Yu Chi Chan Club, a secret Maoist organization. In 1985, Abrahams founded the Jacob Marengo Tutorial College in Katutura, of which she was still the principal until her death.
Politics
--------
Abrahams was active in the independence movement with several political parties. Abrahams was part of SWAPO from 1960 to 1963. She, her husband and fellow activist, Kenneth Abrahams, fellow SWAPO dissidents Emil Appolus and Andreas Shipanga formed SWAPO Democrats while in exile in Sweden. However, she left SWAPO Democrats in 1980 and later joined the Namibia Independence Party, where she served as the Secretary General and Publicity and Information Secretary. The Namibia Independence Party was part of the Namibia National Front coalition which won one seat in the 1989 election to the Constitution-writing Constituent Assembly of Namibia.
Life in exile
-------------
From 1963 until 1978 Ottilie Abrahams lived in exile with her husband and their children. They lived in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Lusaka, Zambia and for nine years in Stockholm, Sweden. With United Nations Security Council Resolution 435 they returned to Namibia in 1978. |
Civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840
The **First Carlist War** was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars. It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy: the conservative and devolutionist supporters of the late king's brother, Carlos de Borbón (or *Carlos V*), became known as Carlists (*carlistas*), while the progressive and centralist supporters of the regent, Maria Christina, acting for Isabella II of Spain, were called Liberals (*liberales*), *cristinos* or *isabelinos*. Aside from being a war of succession about the question who the rightful successor to king Ferdinand VII of Spain was, the Carlists’ goal was the return to a traditional monarchy, while the Liberals sought to defend the constitutional monarchy.
It is the largest and most deadly civil war in nineteenth-century Europe and fought by more men than the Spanish War of Independence. It might have been the largest counter-revolutionary movement in 19th-century Europe depending on the figures. Furthermore, it is considered the "last great European conflict of the pre-industrial age". The conflict was responsible for the deaths of 5% of the 1833 Spanish population—with military casualties alone amounting to half this number. It was mostly fought in the Southern Basque Country, Maestrazgo, and Catalonia and characterized by endless raids and reprisals against both armies and civilians.
Importantly, it is also considered a precursor to the idea of the two Spains that would surface during the Spanish Civil War a century later.
Background
----------
Before the start of the Carlist wars, Spain was in a deep social, economic, and political crisis as a result of mismanagement by Charles IV and Ferdinand VII, and had stagnated from the reforms and successes of Charles III of Spain.
### Demographic
Spain had only slightly more than 20 inhabitants per square kilometer in the early 19th Century, much less than other European countries. At the start of the Carlist war, the population was approximately 12.3 million people.
### Loss of the Colonies
Map of territories that became independent from Spain in said wars (blue)
While the Spanish American wars of independence began in 1808, more than two decades before the death of Ferdinand VII, the social, economic and political effects of the American conflicts still were of great significance in the peninsula. In fact, not until the start of the Carlist conflict did Spain abandon all plans of military reconquest.[] Between 1792 and 1827 the value in millions of reales of imports of goods, imports of money, and exports from the Americas had decreased by a factor of 3.80, 28.0, and 10.3 respectively.
Furthermore, various conflicts with the British and especially the Battle of Trafalgar had left the Spanish without the naval strength to maintain healthy maritime trade with the Americas and the Philippines, leading to historically low overseas revenue. Between 1792 and 1827, Spanish foreign imports decreased from 714.9 million reals to 226.2 and exports decreased from 397 million to 221.2. This economic weakness would prove crucial at restraining Spain's ability to climb out of the woes of the next decades and leading up to the Carlist wars.
### War of Spanish Independence and the Napoleonic Wars
Joaquín Sorolla:Valencians prepare to resist the invaders (1884)
While Spain had been an ally of Napoleon, this changed in 1808 after France occupied Spain and installed Joseph Bonaparte as King in place of the Bourbons. Although the high nobility accepted this change, the Spanish people did not and soon a bloody guerilla war erupted. This war lasted until 1814, and during those years Spain would be ravaged by the estimated deaths of over a million civilians out of the twelve that populated Spain at the time. Furthermore, French troops heavily looted the country, especially as the focus of the army shifted towards the French invasion of Russia.[]
### Economic
The gale after Trafalgar, depicted by Thomas Buttersworth.
In the 19th century, Spain was heavily in debt and in a dire situation economically. Various conflicts with the British and especially the Battle of Trafalgar had left the Spanish without the naval strength to maintain healthy maritime trade with the Americas and the Philippines, leading to historically low overseas revenue and ability to control the colonies.[] The *de facto* independence of many of these colonies during the Napoleonic Wars and later wars of independence further strained the royal coffers. Between 1824 and 1833 the average annual income was "barely more than half" the pre-wars' level. Additionally, the political instability further constrained Spain's ability to collect taxes—the Riego revolt meant the government could only collect 12% of its projected revenue for the first half of 1820.
Spain had been heavily looted during the Napoleonic Wars and had only managed to fight as a junior partner under British leadership, financed and even clothed by British subsidies. Nonetheless, the Spanish government would be overburned with costs needed to establish control over the country over the following decades—88% of taxes collected in February 1822 went to fund the military—which increased when Ferdinand maintained a French garrison between 1824-1828 "as a Varangian Guard" to ensure his power. In 1833, Spain's forces comprised 100,000 Royalist Volunteers, 50,000 regulars, and 652 generals.
The progressives of the Trienio had managed to secure loans from British financiers, which Ferdinand then defaulted on. This made securing further loans even harder for the fledgling Spanish economy. Some historians argue that the Pragmatic Sanction was encouraged in order to please the politically-active liberal financiers[], and in fact it was in the interest of loan repayment that the British and French protected the *cristinos* during the war. However, the former statement can be explained by the growing influence of Maria Cristina in the courts.
The castaway, also known as the smuggler, painted by Asensio Julià in 1815.
**Ferdinandine Deflation**
According to Sanchez Montero, p. 89
Furthermore, Spain was undergoing a deflatory spiral caused by both the Napoleonic War and the loss of the colonies, which left Spanish producers without the incredibly valuable market to sell their goods to as well as the Mint without the metal crucial to make coins. In order to protect the local industry, Spain established protectionist policies, which served to greatly encourage a black market. In fact, Great Britain was exporting three times as many products into Gibraltar than into the rest of Spain despite the dramatic discrepancy in population size.
Moreover, Spain's agricultural production had greatly stalled during Ferdinand's reign, partly due to the wars but also importantly due to a lack of improvements in practices and technology. The effects of poor harvests in 1803-1804 and the most "serious shortages of food in a century and a half" that resulted were exacerbated by the Peninsular War. Still, agriculture accounted for 85% of the Spanish GDP. While output had recovered to pre-war levels, the prices remained unattainable for many peasants. As most of the land was concentrated on the hands of wealthy nobles and the church who had no incentive to increase production, "vast tracks [of land] lay totally uncultivated". Areas like the Basque Country were privileged exceptions to a Spain where "the majority of the population was made up of landless workers who eeked out a miserable existence. One obstacle to increasing the productive use of land were the wide limits on noble, ecclesiastical, and town-owned lands' sale. These lands could be very profitable, such as in the case in mid-1700s Castile and León where land owned by the Church accounted for one-fourth of rent collected. All in all, unsellable land accounted for more than half of Spain's farmland, thus hiking the price of land and making it impossible for small farmers to acquire land.
In fact, many Spanish foods were invented in those times to combat the lack of food. In 1817 one finds the first reference to Spanish omelette as "…two to three eggs in tortilla for 5 or 6 [people] as our women do know how to make it big and thick with fewer eggs, mixing potatoes, breadcrumbs or whatever."
Ferdinand's governmental gridlock only further exacerbated the economic situation, as they were unable to create significant economic policies to tackle the issues or encourage internal demand. In fact, Ferdinand clashed with burghers as to how to manage the rural areas which were now extremely sparcely populated, to the shock of international observers. The sparseness of population as well as the general predicaments of Spanish labourers resulted in gross mismanagement of arable landand inability of Spain to significantly restart industrial and commercial activity after the Napoleonic War. The economic troubles were portrayed at the time as a result of moral faults in society, introduced by either the one's political enemies or the war.
### National Politics
Portrait by Vicente López y Portaña, 1830
Portrait by Vicente López Portaña, c. 1823
In 1823, the Spanish Government during the Trienio Liberal had re-instated the Spanish Constitution of 1812, which had abolished the fueros and established a parliamentary monarchy, among other changes. Ferdinand VII repealed it later in the year after he appealed to European powers of the Congress of Vienna in order to restore his absolute powers and France sent a military expedition. The decade that followed the end of the Trienio became known as the Ominous Decade, in which Ferdinand suppressed his enemies, the press, and the institutional reforms of the liberals. He also established a militia called the *Voluntarios Realistas* ("Royalist Volunteers") which peaked at 284,000 men in 1832 in order to facilitate this suppression, led by an inspector general who answered only to the King himself and funded independently by permanent tax revenues. They were recruited exclusively from conservatives and declared its aim the protection of the royals against liberal attacks.
This decade was plagued by political instability, with a large ultra-conservative revolt breaking out in 1827 and an unsuccessful British-backed liberal Pronunciamiento in 1831. Ferdinand was unable to control the situation and cycled through ministers, being described by Friedrich von Gentz in 1814: "The king himself enters the houses of his prime ministers, arrests them, and hands them over to their cruel enemies;" and in 14 January 1815: "the king has so debased himself that he has become no more than the leading police agent and prison warden of his country." This assessment seems accurate, as the king himself described himself as "a cork in a bottle of beer": as soon as that cork was removed, all the troubles of Spain would explode into the open. In addition, as part of his police state Ferdinand revived the inquisition and expanded it to have "agents in every single village in the realm."
The divide between liberals and conservatives, both unhappy with Ferdinand's reign, was further strengthened by his publication in March, 1830 of the Pragmatic Sanction, which replaced the Salic system with a mixed succession system that would allow his daughters to inherit the throne (he had no male heir). This replaced his brother Charles as next-in-succession with his first daughter Isabella, who would be born later that year in October. It was at this point that the Royalist Volunteers and police, which had become politicized towards conservatism, threatened Ferdinand's court as they might support Carlos instead of his heir. Ferdinand died a month before Isabella's third birthday, his reign considered one of the worst in Spanish history, and so the kingdom fell into a regency led first by her mother Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies.
A strong absolutist party feared that the regent Maria Christina would make liberal reforms, and sought another candidate for the throne.[] This was due to her owing her choice as Ferdinand's wife to the liberal faction of the court and Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies, wife of Ferdinand's brother Francisco and court rival of Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal, wife of Carlos. The natural choice, based on Salic Law, was Ferdinand's brother Carlos. The differing views on the influence of the army and the Church in governance, as well as the forthcoming administrative reforms paved the way for the expulsion of the Conservatives from the higher governmental circles.[] At the same time, moderate royalists and constitutionalist liberals coalesced around their support of the Pragmatic Sanction and against Carlos.
As written by one historian:
> The first Carlist war was fought not so much on the basis of the legal claim of Don Carlos, but because a passionate, dedicated section of the Spanish people favored a return to a kind of absolute monarchy that they felt would protect their individual freedoms (fueros), their regional individuality and their religious conservatism.
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This opportunistic view of Carlism is further supported by the fact that "Carlism" was first mentioned in official correspondence in 1824, both after the restoration of absolutism to Spain by the French expedition and more than 35 years after the 1789 succession discussions which Ferdinand ratified in his Sanction.
#### Crisis of 1832
Francisco Cea Bermudez, an important official during the *Trienio Liberal*, presided over the 1832-1834 cabinetBy September of 1832, it was clear that King Ferdinand would soon die. To avert a civil war, Maria Christina sent Antonio de Saavedra y Jofré to ask Carlos to serve as principal advisor during the regency and arrange a marriage between Isabella and Carlos' son Carlos Luis. Carlos refused on religious grounds. He warned her that God would punish him in the afterlife for giving away a throne that was rightfully his. On September 18, at the urging of Maria Christina who was outnumbered in Court by Carlists, Ferdinand revoked the Pragmatic Sanction. Soon afterwards, however, he regained his health and was no longer in inmediate danger of dying (though by that point rumours had been widely published abroad that he had died). This episode spurred the liberals to enact extensive personnel changes in the government, army, bureaucracy, police, and Royalist Volunteers in order to drive out the royalists who had been so close to realizing Carlos's claim to the throne. For example, in one dispatch the captain-general of Extremadura proposed the removal of 12 governors, king's lieutenants, and garrison adjutants; 1 colonel; 5 field officers of the Royalist Volunteers; 3 employees of the military treasury; 5 employees of the captain-general's office; the former chief of police; 7 employees of the treasury office; 1 artillery captain; and 3 post office employees.
Cea Bermudez's centrist government (1 October 1832 - January 1834) inaugurated the return to Spain of many exiles from London and Paris, e.g. Juan Álvarez Mendizabal (born Méndez). The rise of Cea Bermudez was followed by a closer collaboration and understanding with Spain's debtors, who in turn clearly encouraged the former's reforms and liberalization, i.e. the new liberal regime and the incorporation of Spain to the European financial system.
Basque Carlism and the *Fueros*
-------------------------------
See also: 1st Carlist War and the end of the fueros
Ferdinand the Catholic confirming the *fueros* of Biscay at Guernica in 1476
King James I of Aragon receives from Vidal de Canyelles, Bishop of Huesca, the first compilation of the *Furs d'Aragó* (the "Fueros of Aragon"), 1247
Historically, the loyalty of the Basque regions to the kings of Spain and, until the French Revolution, France depended on their upholding of traditional laws, customs, and special privileges. Their representative assemblies go back to the Middle Ages[], yet their privileges had been consistently and progressively devalued by both monarchies. While the fueros that formerly made up the Crown of Aragon and included Catalonia, Aragon, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands had been abolished in the Nueva Planta decrees of 1717, the Basques managed to maintain a relative autonomy to the rest of the Spanish Kingdom in thanks to their support of Philip V of Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession.
Cover of the Nueva Planta decrees of Catalonia
The centralisers in the Spanish government supported some of the great powers against Basque merchants from at least since the time of the abolition of the Jesuit order and the Godoy regime. First they sided with the French Bourbons to suppress the Jesuits, following the formidable changes in North America after the victory of the United States in the American Revolutionary War.[] Then Godoy sided with the British against the Basques in the War of the Pyrenees of 1793, and immediately afterwards with the French of Napoleon, also against the Basques. The British interest was to destroy, for as long as possible, Spanish commercial routes and power, which were mainly sustained by the Basque ports and merchant fleet.
The Constitution of 1812 was written without Basque input, but they agreed to it due to the ongoing war against the French.[] As one example, the 1812 Constitution was signed by Gipuzkoan representatives under the watch of a sword-wielding general Castaños, and tellingly the San Sebastián council representatives took the oath to the 1812 Constitution with the smell of smoke still wafting and surrounded by rubble.[] This Constitution abolished Basque home rule, and in the following years the *contrafueros* (literally "against fueros") removed provisions such as fiscal sovereignity and specificity of military draft. The resentment against the growing intervention of Madrid (e.g. attempts to take over Biscayan mines in 1826)[] and the loss of autonomy was considerably strong.
The Basque districts during the First Carlist War period
However, King Ferdinand VII found an important support base in the Basque Country. The 1812 Constitution of Cádiz had suppressed Basque home rule, and was couched in terms of a unified Spanish nation which rejected the existence of the Basque nation, so the new Spanish king garnered the endorsement of the Basques as long as he respected the Basque institutional and legal framework.
The *conchas* of Haro, where the Ebro passes into La Rioja forming the border with the Basque country
Most foreign observers, including Charles F. Henningsen, Michael B. Honan, or Edward B. Stephens, English writers and first-hand witnesses of the First Carlist War, spent time in the Basque districts were highly sympathetic to the Carlists, which they regarded as representing the cause of Basque home rule.[] A notable exception was John Francis Bacon, a diplomat residing in Bilbao during the Carlist siege of (1835), who also praising Basque governance, could not hide his hostility towards the Carlists, whom he regarded as "savages." He went on to contest his compatriots' approach, denied a connection between the Carlist cause and the defense of the Basque liberties, and speculated that Carlos V would be quick to erode or suppress them if he took the Spanish throne.
> The privileges of the Basque provinces are odious to the Spanish nation, of which Charles is so well aware, that if he was king of Spain next year, he would quickly find excuses for infringing them, if not their total abolition. A representative government will endeavour to raise Spain to a level with the Basque provinces, – a despot, to whom the very name of freedom is odious, would strive to reduce the provinces to the same low level with the rest.
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Modern historian Mark Lawrence agrees:
> The Pretender’s foralism was not proactive but purely in reaction to the fact that the rest of Spain (which had long been stripped of its fueros) had failed to rally to his cause. He was forced to rely on the fueros because no other wing of the Fernandine state, neither the army nor (mostly) the Church, defected to the Carlist cause. In fact, the fueros grew in importance only when military victory seemed impossible in the wake of the failed Royal Expedition, and as Carlist peace feelers voiced a growing willingness to abandon Don Carlos who, since 1834, had been the fueros’ champion.
>
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and further notes that "the powers of the fueros themselves were increasingly curtailed by the Carlist Royal Government in the name of the war effort."
The interests of the Basque liberals were divided. On the one side, fluent cross-Pyrenean trade with other Basque districts and France was highly valued, as well as unrestricted overseas transactions. The former had been strong up to the French Revolution, especially in Navarre, but the new French national arrangement (1790) had abolished the separate legal and fiscal status of the French Basque districts.[] Despite difficulties, on-off trade continued during the period of uncertainty prevailing under the French Convention, the War of the Pyrenees (1793-1795), Manuel Godoy's tenure in office, and the Peninsular War. Eventually, Napoleonic defeat left cross-border commercial activity struggling to take off after 1813.
Overseas commerce was badly affected by the end of the Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas (1785), the French-Spanish defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), independence movements in Latin America (started 1808), the destruction of San Sebastián (1813), and the eventual breakup of the Royal Philippine Company (1814). By 1826 all the grand Spanish (including the Basque) fleet of the late 18th century with its renowned Basque navigators was gone, and with it, the Atlantic vocation of the Enlightened Spain.
Notwithstanding the ideology of Basque liberals, overall supportive of home rule, the Basques and their industries were getting choked by the above circumstances and customs on the Ebro, on account of the high levies enforced on them by the successive Spanish governments after 1776.[] Many Basque merchants advocated in turn for the relocation of the Ebro customs to the Pyrenees, and the encouragement of a Spanish market. However, a majority of Basque consumers benefited from their ability to buy foreign goods without paying Spanish tariffs and participation in the contraband trade.
On Ferdinand VII's death in 1833, the minor Isabella II was proclaimed queen, with Maria Christina acting as regent. In November, a new Spanish institutional arrangement was designed by the incoming government in Madrid, homogenising Spanish administration according to provinces and conspicuously overruling Basque institutions.
> The early attempts of the Viceroy of Navarra to recruit villagers into Cristino ranks failed miserably, even when service wages were offered of double, then treble, what the Carlist insurgents promised. Coverdale summarised four factors as to why this was so: (1) traditional society was still economically viable for most of population, hence liberalism was seen a threat; (2) natural leadership strata (clergy, landowners) lived cheek by jowl with peasants and supported the Carlist cause; (3) the terrain was sufficiently abrupt and broken to prevent the use of cavalry and to facilitate small bands to escape (to change their shirts and fight another day), whilst the landscape was densely populated enough to allow regular food and supplies; and (4) the appearance of the extremely gifted guerrilla leader, Tomás de Zumalacárregui. Other parts of Spain may have had one, or some of these factors, but not all four.
>
>
In this context the additional importance of the loss of the colonies arises. The basques had traditionally emigrated to the New World in order to get better jobs and deal with their rising population in a highly mountainous region which could not support large populations. The end of this option during a period of accelerated population growth meant that the Basque region "faced a bottleneck of impoverished and underemployed men of military age who had little [to] lose by joining Carlist insurrections". It is important to note that Basque support for Carlism was "far more conditional than [historian] tradionalists, neo-traditionalists, and even Liberals believed." As Mark Lawrence writes, "it would be superficial to explain Basque Carlism as a war in defence of the fueros" but also states that "Basque Carlism is also impossible to understand without them, not least because their most outspoken defenders were to be found in Carlist ranks and their most outspoken critics amongst the Cristino Liberals."
Contenders
----------
Isabella II
Maria Christina
Carlos
The people of the western Basque provinces (ambiguously called "Biscay" up to that point) and Navarre sided with Carlos because ideologically Carlos was close to them and more importantly because he was willing to uphold Basque institutions and laws. Some historians claim that the Carlist cause in the Basque Country was a pro-*fueros* cause, but others (Stanley G. Payne) contend that no connection to the emergence of Basque nationalism can be postulated. Many supporters of the Carlists cause believed a traditionalist rule would better respect the ancient region specific institutions and laws established under historical rights. Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces held their customs on the Ebro river. Trade had been strong with France (especially in Navarre) and overseas up to the Peninsular War (up to 1813), but getting sluggish thereafter.[]
Another important reason for the massive mobilisation of the western Basque provinces and Navarre for the Carlist cause was the tremendous influence of the Basque clergy whose number per capita was double that of other regions. Basque clergy still addressed the public in their own language, Basque, unlike school and administration, institutions where Spanish had been imposed by then.[] The Basque pro-*fueros* liberal class under the influence of the Enlightenment and ready for independence from Spain (and initially at least allegiance to France) was put down by the Spanish authorities at the end of the War of the Pyrenees (San Sebastián, Pamplona, etc.). As of then, the strongest partisans of the region specific laws were the rural based clergy, nobility and lower class—opposing new liberal ideas largely imported from France. Salvador de Madariaga, in his book *Memories of a Federalist* (Buenos Aires, 1967), accused the Basque clergy of being "the heart, the brain and the root of the intolerance and the hard line" of the Spanish Catholic Church.[*when?*][]
On the other side, the liberals and moderates united to defend the new order represented by María Cristina and her three-year-old daughter, Isabella. They controlled the institutions, almost the whole army, and the cities; the Carlist movement was stronger in rural areas. The liberals had the crucial support of United Kingdom, France and Portugal, support that was shown in the important credits to Cristina's treasury and the military help from the British (British Legion or Westminster Legion under General de Lacy Evans), the French (the French Foreign Legion), and the Portuguese (a Regular Army Division under General Count of Antas). The Liberals were strong enough to win the war in two months, but an inefficient government and the dispersion of the Carlist forces gave Carlos time to consolidate his forces and hold out for almost seven years in the northern and eastern provinces.[]
As Paul Johnson has written, "both royalists and liberals began to develop strong local followings, which were to perpetuate and transmute themselves, through many open commotions and deceptively tranquil intervals, until they exploded in the merciless civil war of 1936-39."
Combatants
----------
Carlist forces
Both sides raised special troops during the war. The Liberal side formed the volunteer Basque units known as the Chapelgorris, while Tomás de Zumalacárregui created the special units known as aduaneros. Zumalacárregui also established the unit known as Guías de Navarra from Liberal troops from La Mancha, Valencia, Andalusia and other places who had been taken prisoner at the Battle of Alsasua (1834). After this battle, they had been faced with the choice of joining the Carlist troops or being executed.
The term Requetés was at first applied to just the Tercer Batallón de Navarra (Third Battalion of Navarre) and subsequently to all Carlist combatants.
The war attracted independent adventurers, such as the Briton C. F. Henningsen, who served as Zumalacárregui's chief bodyguard (and later was his biographer), and Martín Zurbano, a *contrabandista* or smuggler, who:
> soon after the commencement of the war sought and obtained permission to raise a body of men to act in conjunction with the queen's troops against the Carlists. His standard, once displayed, was resorted to by smugglers, robbers, and outcasts of all descriptions, attracted by the prospect of plunder and adventure. These were increased by deserters...
>
>
About 250 foreign volunteers fought for the Carlists; the majority were French monarchists, but they were joined by men from Portugal, Britain, Belgium, Piedmont-Sardinia, and the German states. Friedrich, Prince of Schwarzenberg fought for the Carlists, and had taken part in the French conquest of Algeria and the Swiss civil war of the Sonderbund. The Carlists' ranks included such men as Prince Felix Lichnowsky, Adolfo Loning, Baron Wilhelm Von Radhen and August Karl von Goeben, all of whom later wrote memoirs concerning the war.
Liberal forces
The Liberal generals, such as Vicente Genaro de Quesada and Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri, were often veterans of the Peninsular War, or of the wars resulting from independence movements in South America. For instance, Jerónimo Valdés participated in the battle of Ayacucho (1824).
Both sides executed prisoners of war by firing squad; the most notorious incident occurred at Heredia, when 118 Liberal prisoners were executed by order of Zumalacárregui. The British attempted to intervene, and through Lord Eliot, the Lord Eliot Convention was signed on April 27–28, 1835.
The treatment of prisoners of the First Carlist War became regulated and had positive effects. A soldier of the British Auxiliary Legion wrote:
> The British and Chapelgorris who fell into their hands [the Carlists], were mercilessly put to death, sometimes by means of tortures worthy of the North American Indians; but the Spanish troops of the line were saved by virtue, I believe, of the Eliot treaty, and after being kept for some time in prison, where they were treated with sufficient harshness, were frequently exchanged for an equal number of prisoners made by the Christinos.
>
>
However, Henry Bill, another contemporary, wrote that, although "it was mutually agreed upon to treat the prisoners taken on either side according to the ordinary rules of war, a few months only elapsed before similar barbarities were practiced with all their former remorselessness."
The contenders
--------------
### Carlos, the Church, and the Nobility
Zones under Carlist military control (dark orange) and areas where they found popular support (light orange)
Carlos had refused to openly challenge either the Pragmatic Sanction nor his brother while the latter remained alive, as the "recent legitimist rising knowns as the Agraviados had taught him the wisdom of awaiting events." This may be due to nineteenth century Spain being highly politically unstable through endless pronunciamientos. His allies in the courts and important positions of the Spanish state had been purged by the liberals towards the last months of Ferdinand's life, weakening various centers of Carlist strength. Few private citizens, however, were persecuted for their political opinions during this time.
In order to strengthen public support, the Carlist created significant amounts of propaganda, both during the war and in the years leading up to it. Carlos's refusal to swear an oath to Isabel in a letter to his brother was widely published, as well as a supposed response from universities about Carlos's right to the throne and two articles published in French periodicals that also focused on the judicial right of Carlos to the throne. The pamphlets and manifestos are divided into two types: the first includes legal arguments for why Don Carlos was the sole rightful heir to the Spanish throne while the second was composed by political arguments that were often laden with heavily religious overtones.
Most of these propagandist pamphlets published before the war were printed in France by Carlist exiles who then smuggled them into Spain, and so were most widely distributed in the northern regions of the Basque Country, Navarre, Aragon, and Catalonia.
Carlos found allies in the same areas that resisted the Liberals near the end of the Trienio: primarily in upland Navarra and the Basque provinces but also in inland Catalonia, Aragon, Galicia, and Old Castille. One historian called the minor civil war between Liberals and royalists in 1823 "a geographic dress rehearsal for the Carlist War".
Nonetheless, support for Carlos was not politically uniform. Basque Carlism was socially conservative and supported their stable rural economy, whereas in the Maestrazgo and Catalonia it was more of a protest vehicle for peasants against the negative effects of urbanization and new Liberal property regulations were having on their livelihood Such regulations were threatening to abolish the *de facto* rights to use-ownership of land by peasants and move towards a more contract and cash-based system.
In addition, Carlism did not represent a rural fight against urban development, as "[urban] artisans threatened by recurrent Liberal abolition of the guilds and redundant officeholders (cesantes) could be drawn to Carlism, whilst, by contrast, villagers who had benefited from the Liberal property revolution would correspondingly turn Cristino; flight either from or to the countryside in many cases entrenched a rural (Carlist) versus urban (Cristino) divide, but as an effect rather than a cause of the conflict."
It is highly likely that there were nobles outside of the three Carlist "heartlands" that were in favour of his cause, but any public show of support would have resulted in the Cristino court banishing those nobles from Madrid and seizing their extensive lands and income. Northern nobles, simply speaking, had much less land to lose. Carlism in Cristino areas can be differentiated into civic and *faccioso* (insurgent) Carlists. The latter were often bandits looking for political cover, while civic Carlists were subject to progressively harsher treatment as the war radicalized Spanish politics.
Overall, the Carlist position can be summarized as a radical reactionary policy to restore the privileges of the church and nobles, decentralise legislative and judicial powers, and bring the monarchy to a more medieval role that was less absolutist and more dependent on nobles. "In other words, the Carlists wanted to revise not just the recent Liberal revolution but the entire eighteenth-century legacy of enlightened absolutism."
### Maria Christina, the Great Powers, and the Liberal Government
Isabella II
On the other side, the liberals and moderates united to defend the new order represented by María Cristina and her three-year-old daughter, Isabella. They controlled the institutions, almost the whole army, and the cities; the Carlist movement was stronger in rural areas. The liberals had the crucial support of United Kingdom, France and Portugal, support that was shown in the important credits to Cristina's treasury and the military help from the British (British Legion or Westminster Legion under General de Lacy Evans), the French (the French Foreign Legion), and the Portuguese (a Regular Army Division, under General Count of Antas).
#### Military
It is important to note that the liberals were just as multi-faceted as the Carlists, carrying on the factionalism that had characterized them during the Peninsular War. They disagreed in regards to military, with the *guerilleros* (patriot guerilla bands), the Bourbon army, and the National militia (a part-time citizen's force organized at a local level and "in the hands of property owners" which was written into the Constitution yet saw only "ephemeral" involvement at the end of the Napoleonic war) all favored by different politicians and at different times both before and during the war. The national militia was championed by the Liberals during the Trienio, but required a literacy test and ability to afford the uniform from those enlisted. However, they received the same privileges and immunity as the military while having as only requirement the condition of "when active in their duties" which led to significant in-fighting and an "extra-paramilitary double regime" during the Trienio.
The growing anti-militarist sentiment amongst the liberals resulted in the emergence in the Napoleonic War amongst the army of a faction that "was hostile to the whole constitutional experiment" due to the "shabby treatment" received from politicians. Conditions were not significantly better during the Ferdinandine reign, as soldiers faced late payments and inadequate rations and its Liberal officers placed on half-pay or remote garrisons by the distrustful king (many of these officers later led Rafael del Riego's *pronunciamiento*).< Note also that conscripts had no *a priori* reason to be committed to the Cristino cause, while officers had a career they were willing to sacrifice their men and military considerations for.
The Liberal generals, such as Vicente Genaro de Quesada and Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri, were often veterans of the Peninsular War, or of the wars resulting from independence movements in South America. For instance, Jerónimo Valdés participated in the battle of Ayacucho (1824).
Army organization
-----------------
### Special troops and foreign volunteers
Carlist forces
Both sides raised special troops during the war. The Liberal side formed the volunteer Basque units known as the Chapelgorris, while Tomás de Zumalacárregui created the special units known as aduaneros. Zumalacárregui also established the unit known as Guías de Navarra from Liberal troops from La Mancha, Valencia, Andalusia and other places who had been taken prisoner at the Battle of Alsasua (1834). After this battle, they had been faced with the choice of joining the Carlist troops or being executed.
The term Requetés was at first applied to just the Tercer Batallón de Navarra (Third Battalion of Navarre) and subsequently to all Carlist combatants.
The war attracted independent adventurers, such as the Briton C. F. Henningsen, who served as Zumalacárregui's chief bodyguard (and later was his biographer), and Martín Zurbano, a *contrabandista* or smuggler, who:
> soon after the commencement of the war sought and obtained permission to raise a body of men to act in conjunction with the queen's troops against the Carlists. His standard, once displayed, was resorted to by smugglers, robbers, and outcasts of all descriptions, attracted by the prospect of plunder and adventure. These were increased by deserters...
>
>
About 250 foreign volunteers fought for the Carlists; the majority were French monarchists, but they were joined by men from Portugal, Britain, Belgium, Piedmont, and the German states. Friedrich, Prince of Schwarzenberg fought for the Carlists, and had taken part in the French conquest of Algeria and the Swiss civil war of the Sonderbund. The Carlists' ranks included such men as Prince Felix Lichnowsky, Adolfo Loning, Baron Wilhelm Von Radhen and August Karl von Goeben, all of whom later wrote memoirs concerning the war.
### Treatment of prisoners
Liberal forces
Both sides executed prisoners of war by firing squad; the most notorious incident occurred at Heredia, when 118 Liberal prisoners were executed by order of Zumalacárregui. The British attempted to intervene, and through Lord Eliot, the Lord Eliot Convention was signed on April 27–28, 1835.
The treatment of prisoners of the First Carlist War in the Basque region became regulated and had temporary positive effects. A soldier of the British Auxiliary Legion wrote:
> The British and Chapelgorris who fell into their hands [the Carlists], were mercilessly put to death, sometimes by means of tortures worthy of the North American Indians; but the Spanish troops of the line were saved by virtue, I believe, of the Eliot treaty, and after being kept for some time in prison, where they were treated with sufficient harshness, were frequently exchanged for an equal number of prisoners made by the Christinos.
>
>
However, Henry Bill, another contemporary, wrote that, although "it was mutually agreed upon to treat the prisoners taken on either side according to the ordinary rules of war, a few months only elapsed before similar barbarities were practiced with all their former remorselessness." Importantly, the agreement never went into effect outside of the Basque area.
Both sides did not hesitate to execute civilians related to soldiers on the opposide side, such as in the case of Carlist general Cabrera's mother.
Prisoners would often be made to fight for their captors, with the only alternative being execution. They also served as military labor, such as in the construction of siege trains.
Prisoners also were the worst sufferers of the long forced marches that were common in the conflict. Most died of hunger or disease in the few months after being captured and were forced to scavenge for food, resorting first to unripe root crops and eventually to cannibalism. For example, during the Royal Expedition Cabrera executed a number of Cristino cannibals that were caught during the act but the prisoners could not even stand up to receive the bullets. Thankfully after some months the surviving prisoners of the expedition were exchanged between sides.
Logistics
---------
### Army conditions
Armies on both sides had difficulties securing food and medical treatment for their troops. The food situation was so bad that Wilhelm von Radhen wrote of Carlos subsisting on "a pan of fried potatoes a day".
Many wounded would be left for dead on the battlefield or taken to dirty field hospitals with high mortality rates. For example, 3/4 of the wounded Liberals in the Morella campaign died within days. Wounded soldiers, depending on the source, account for 11.1-37% of combat fatalities. However, it is hard to estimate exactly how many soldiers died due to army conditions as contemporary sources often had partisan agendas and distorted figures.
### Use of Intelligence
Carlist forces had significantly superior access to and quality of information due to their support in the regions where the conflict was fought. This allowed them to develop internal lines of communication, which were then used to devastating effect by Carlist generals. As reported by British Ambassador George Villiers, they would use spy networks and flash telegrammes to gather and communicate information. Cristino armies were often forced to use the valleys when travelling in the front lines, while Carlists were able to use hillpaths to transport troops and supplies using mule trains. Cabrera was specially known for diversions, such as driving herds of cattle to leave false footprints or luring enemies by creating false exposed flanks.
### Defenses
While permanent fortresses placed in vantage points and equipped with artillery were used, guerilla patrols and armed farmers often served to control remote hilltops and roads between villages and cities.
War
---
Basque, Catalan, and Valencian Carlist outbreaks, as well as military expeditions across the north-east of SpainThe war was long and hard, and the Carlist forces (labeled "the Basque army" by John F. Bacon) achieved important victories in the north under the direction of the brilliant general Tomás de Zumalacárregui. The Basque commander swore an oath to uphold home rule in Navarre (*fueros*), subsequently being proclaimed commander in chief of Navarre. The Basque regional governments of Biscay, Álava, and Gipuzkoa followed suit by pledging obedience to Zumalacárregui. He took to the bush in the Amescoas (to become the Carlist headquarters, next to Estella-Lizarra), there making himself strong and avoiding the harassment of the Spanish forces loyal to Maria Christina (Isabella II). 3,000 volunteers with no resources came to swell his forces.
### 1833
#### Northern front
In December, Valdes's focus on Navarre allowed the Carlists in the other Basque provinces to regroup as the secondary units he left behind only patrolled the main roads and garrisoned the principal towns of the region. As local officials were mostly Carlists, men that returned to their towns were allowed to keep their weapons and thus join the Carlist army again. In response to the developing situation, Valdes established the death penalty for a number of offenses including returning to the Carlist bands after surrendering and accepting a pardon, encouraging or commanding others to join a Carlist band, failing to surrender one's weapons or give the authorities information on arms caches, and the distribution of subversive propaganda. Authorities would also face the death penalty if they failed to collect weapons from the inhabitants under them, if they allowed Carlist recruitment, or if they allowed mail in their jurisdiction to be stolen, except when faced by overwhelming force. Those who were reasonably suspected of these crimes but could not be proved guilty were instead sentenced to four years' hard labor. These measures were relatively ineffective.
Borunda valley within Navarre, where Zumalacárregui regrouped his forces in 1835.
Meanwhile, Zumalacárregui regrouped his forces in the Borunda valley along the road between Pamplona and Vitoria, which was conveniently placed between the Urbasa and Andia ranges and provided his troops with many escape routes through which they as locals could escape much more quickly than the Carlist regular troops could follow.
### 1834
In April 1834, France, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal signed the treaty of the Quadruple Alliance. Under its terms, Pedro IV of Portugal would expel the Carlists and Miguel I from Portugal with the aid of Spanish troops and the British navy. In additional stipulations, France established stricter border controls to prevent the entry of men, weapons, and military supplies into Spain to Carlist hands. Britain also pledged arms and munitions as well as possible naval support if necessary and Portugal promised Spain all possible aid. Even though the treaty was a significant diplomatic victory and lessened the likelihood of Carlists receiving diplomatic recognition or aid from other countries, Spain did not receive much material aid from France or Britain for more than a year afterwards. With state coffers yet again empty and the *Trienio Liberal* loan issue with the financiers still not settled, Cea Bermudez's government fell.
#### Northern front
In summer 1834, Liberal (Isabeline) forces set fire to the Sanctuary of Arantzazu and a convent of Bera, while Zumalacárregui showed his toughest side when he had volunteers refusing to advance over Etxarri-Aranatz executed. The Carlist cavalry engaged and defeated in Viana an army sent from Madrid (14 September 1834), while Zumalacárregui's forces descended from the Basque Mountains over the Álavan Plains (Vitoria), and prevailed over general Manuel O'Doyle. The veteran general Espoz y Mina, a Liberal Navarrese commander, attempted to drive a wedge between the Carlist northern and southern forces, but Zumalacárregui's army managed to hold them back (late 1834).
The Lord Eliot Convention sought to end indiscriminate executions by firing squad, such as those committed at Heredia, pictured here.
### 1835
Further information: Lord Eliot Convention
In January, the liberal government of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa successfully narrowly defeated an attempted military coup d'état and then faced urban uprisings in Málaga, Zaragoza, and Murcia in the spring. The government's inability to deal with these crises as well as the lack of military success in the North forced the government to resign in June to be followed by a new government headed by former finance minister José María Queipo de Llano, 7th Count of Toreno.
In April, the British sent a mission under Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans to convince both sides to spare the lives of prisoners and of the wounded as well as tell Don Carlos he had no hope of winning the war (Carlos thought that Eliot had come to propose an agreement which would end the war). Jerónimo Valdés and Zumalacárregui agreed not to kill prisoners, exchange them on a regular basis, respect the wounded, and to not execute political prisoners without trial. However, the agreement which came to be called the Lord Eliot Convention applied only to the Basque Country (although it could be applied to the rest of the country if war spread there). This is because the Liberals argued that Carlist troops outside the Basque Country were not regular troops and thus did not fall under the purview of the treaty. The Carlists themselves did not see the terms of the Convention as applying to foreign troops on the Liberal side.
By this point in the war, Zumalacárregui had so continuously defeated the Carlists that a majority of the Liberal officers in the Reserve Army believed they would only be able to win with foreign intervention. By late May, the government reluctantly requested the French for enough troops to occupy the Basque Country and the British for increased diplomatic and naval support. Britain did not believe this was yet necessary and asked France to limit itself to strengthening its border. France thus also denied the Spanish request. In response and in the face of Carlos's near-total control of the Basque Country, Madrid asked to be allowed to recruit volunteers which was agreed to in June. Thus, the British Auxiliary Legion was created and the French Foreign Legion expanded its activities to Spain under the name of the Spanish Legion.
#### Northern front
In January, the Carlists took over Baztan in an operation where the general Espoz y Mina narrowly escaped a severe defeat and capture, while the local Liberal Gaspar de Jauregi *Artzaia* ('the Shepherd') and his *chapelgorris* were neutralized in Zumarraga and Urretxu. By May, virtually all Gipuzkoa and seigneury of Biscay were in Carlist hands. Opposing his advisers and Zumalacárregui's plan, Carlos V decided to conquer Bilbao, defended by the Royal Navy and the British Auxiliary Legion. With such an important city in his power, the Prussian or Russian Tsarist banks would give him credit to win the war; one of the most important problems for Carlos was a lack of funds.
In the siege of Bilbao, Zumalacárregui was wounded in the leg by a stray bullet. The wound was not serious, he was treated by a number of doctors, famously by Petrikillo (nowadays meaning in Basque 'quack' or 'dodgy healer' Archived 2015-01-03 at the Wayback Machine). The relationship of the pretender to the throne and the commander in chief was at least distant; not only had they differed in operative strategy, but Zumalacárregui's popularity could undermine Carlos's own authority, as in the early stages of the war, the Basque general was offered the crown of Navarre and the lordship of Biscay as king of the Basques. The injury did not heal properly, and finally General Zumalacárregui died on June 25. Many historians believe the circumstances of his death were suspicious, and have noted that the general had many enemies in the Carlist court; however, to date no further light has been shed on this point.
#### Southern front
Up until this point, the Carlists had not managed to mobilize significantly outside of guerrilla bands that served mostly to prevent the Liberals from fully mobilize against Zumalacárregui for fear of them growing out of control, particularly in Castile. In March 1835, the government created a reserve of two infantry divisions and a cavalry squadron to guard Castile from Carlist incursions as opposed to following Francisco Espoz y Mina's plan to drive away the Carlists. Furthermore, that same month when they attempted to transfer two infantry regiments to the Basque Country from Catalonia, General Manuel Llauder protested to the Secretary of War that doing so would amount to "handing ourselves to the rebels". General Llauder's purges prior to the death of Ferdinand prevented the Carlists from staging a successful uprising immediately after his death and the subsequent defeat at Battle of Mayals as well as capture and execution of General Juan Romagosa further affected the insurrectionists. Nonetheless, the popular base in Catalonia and sizeable guerrilla leaders like Rafael Tristany and Benito "Mosen Benet" Tristany were promising to the Carlists if they could properly mobilize them. In Aragon and Valencia, the successes of Liberal General Jerónimo Valdés effectively destroyed the Carlist fighting force in the area save for small dispersed bands.
In response to the continued successes of Zumalacárregui in the north, Madrid withdrew most of its troops to the south of the Ebro river partly to avoid further defeats and partly to prevent the Carlists from entering Castile.
### 1836
#### Southern front
In the south, the Carlist general Miguel Gómez Damas attempted to establish a strong position there for the Carlists, and he left Ronda on November 18, 1836, entering Algeciras on November 22. But, after Gómez Damas departed from Algeciras, he was defeated by Ramón María Narváez y Campos at the Battle of Majaceite. An English commentator wrote that "it was at Majaciete that [Narváez] rescued Andalucía from the Carlist invasion by a brilliant *coup de main*, in a rapid but destructive action, which will not readily be effaced from the memory of the southern provinces."
At Arcos de la Frontera, the Liberal Diego de Leon managed to detain a Carlist column by his squadron of 70 cavalry until Liberal reinforcements arrived.
Ramon Cabrera had collaborated with Gómez Damas in the expedition of Andalusia where, after defeating the Liberals, he occupied Córdoba and Extremadura. He was pushed out after his defeat at Villarrobledo in 1836.
Theater of operations of the Liberal Army of the North, May 1836
### 1837
Further information: Royal Expedition
Meanwhile, In the east, Carlist general Ramón Cabrera held the initiative in the war, but his forces were too few to achieve a decisive victory over the Liberal forces loyal to Madrid. In 1837, the Carlist effort culminated in the Royal Expedition, which reached the walls of Madrid, but subsequently retreated after the Battle of Aranzueque.
### 1838
After the death of Zumalacárregui in 1835, the Liberals slowly regained the initiative but were not able to win the war in the Basque districts until 1839. They failed to recover the Carlist fortress of Morella and suffered a defeat at the Battle of Maella (1838).
### 1839-40
The Embrace of Bergara put an end to the First Carlist War in the Basque Country (1839)The war effort had taken a heavy toll on Basque economy and regional public finances with a population shaken by a myriad of war related plights—human losses, poverty, disease—and tired with Carlos's own absolutist ambitions and disregard for their self-government. The moderate Jose Antonio Muñagorri negotiated as of 1838 a treaty in Madrid to put an end to war ("Peace and Fueros") leading to the Embrace of Bergara (also Vergara), ratified by Basque moderate liberals and disaffected Carlists across all the main cities and countryside.
The war in the Basque Country ended with the *Convenio de Bergara*, also known as the *Abrazo de Bergara* ("the Embrace of Bergara", *Bergara* in Basque) on 31 August 1839, between the Liberal general Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and the Carlist General Rafael Maroto. Some authors have written that General Maroto was a traitor who forced Carlos to accept the peace with little focus as to the precise context in the Basque Country.
In the east, General Cabrera continued fighting, but when Espartero conquered Morella and Cabrera in Catalonia (30 May 1840), the fate of the Carlists was sealed. Espartero progressed to Berga, and by mid-July 1840 the Carlist troops had to flee to France. Considered a hero, Cabrera returned to Portugal in 1848 for the Second Carlist War.
Aftermath
---------
Spain in 1854. It shows what areas remained with different law, tax and military draft systems after the First Carlist War, merged into a sole Spanish jurisdiction after the Third Carlist War (1876)
### Demographics
Areas not involved in the conflict were not affected demographically, but the main areas of battle were decimated. Cities such as Bilbao (which went from 15,000 to 10,234) lost between a quarter and half of its population. The worst victim was Segura de los Baños, which lost 52% of its inhabitants. Direct losses due to the conflict, especially at the national level, are harder to count due to the state of contemporary statistical records.
### Economics
The war left Spain significantly weakened. During the war, populations in conflict zones were frequently moved to fortified centers, which would destroy the ability of the first location to grow crops (due to loss of labor) and place oversized burdens on the area of the fortified center.
### Politics
See also: End of Basque home rule (Spain)
The Basques managed to keep a reduced version of their previous home rule (taxation, military draft) in exchange for their unequivocal incorporation into Spain (October 1839), now centralized, and divided into provinces.
In 1840, General Baldomero Espartero became premier and regent with the support of the Progressives in Spain. The financial and trading bourgeoisie burgeoned[*how?*], but after Carlist war the Treasury's coffers were depleted and the army pending discharge.
In 1841 a separate treaty was signed by officials of the Council of Navarre (the *Diputación Provincial*, established in 1836), such as the Liberal Yanguas y Miranda, without the mandatory approval of the parliament of the kingdom (the *Cortes*). That compromise (called later the *Ley Paccionada*, the Compromise Act) accepted further curtailments to self-government, and more importantly officially turned the Kingdom of Navarre into a province of Spain (August 1841).[]
In September 1841, Espartero's uprising had its follow-up in the military occupation of the Basque Country, and subsequent suppression by decree of Basque home rule altogether, definitely bringing the Ebro customs over to the Pyrenees and the coast. The region was gripped by a wave of famine, and many took to overseas emigration at either side of the Basque Pyrenees, to America.[]
Espartero's regime came to an end in 1844 after the moderate Conservatives gained momentum, and a settlement was found for the stand-off in the Basque Provinces.
Legacy
------
The war is often paralleled to the Spanish Civil War a century later. In the words of Mark Lawrence:
> [...] the enduring stereotype of the 'Two Spains'—which for so long was deemed central to understanding modern Spain—might have seemed an equally compelling paradigm for the First Carlist War: whereas the Spanish Civil War saw Nationalists and Republicans fighting for their respective hegemonic visions of Spain, the First Carlist War offers a comparable struggle between legitimist Carlists and modernising Liberals which took twice as long to resolve as its successor, exalted relatively more casualties, and even anticipated the International Brigades.
>
>
Paul Johnson agrees with the characterization, writing "both royalists and liberals began to develop strong local followings, which were to perpetuate and transmute themselves, through many open commotions and deceptively tranquil intervals, until they exploded in the merciless civil war of 1936-39."
### Spanish historiography
Spanish memory of the conflict is disproportionately based on the Carlist side, even when the vast majority of Spain's land and population remained Liberal throughout the conflict. A large factor in this is the official encouragement by the Spanish government at different points in its history (most recently Francoist Spain) of pro-Carlist historians. Francoist historians depicted the Carlist Wars as part of the fight between Roman Catholicism and anti-Spanish liberals that "waging war against their own people". Melchor Ferrer, for example, authored a 30 volume work on Spanish traditionalism. Marxist historians of the 70s criticized Carlism, but were not as highly influential as their Carlist counterparts. Since the fall of the Franco dictatorship, however, Spanish historiography has become much less partisan.
Carlist troops from Navarre
Chronology of battles
---------------------
Battle of Behobia, May 1837
Main article: List of battles of the First Carlist War
* + Battle of Malays (April 10, 1834) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Alsasua (April 22, 1834) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Gulina (June 18, 1834) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Alegría de Álava (October 27, 1834) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Venta de Echávarri (October 28, 1834) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Mendaza (December 12, 1834) - Liberal victory
+ First Battle of Arquijas (December 15, 1834) - Liberal victory
+ Second Battle of Arquijas (February 5, 1835) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Artaza (April 22, 1835) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Mendigorría (July 16, 1835) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Arlabán (January 16–18, 1836) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Terapegui (April 26, 1836) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Villarrobledo (September 20, 1836) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Majaceite (November 23, 1836) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Luchana (December 24, 1836) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Oriamendi (March 16, 1837) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Huesca (March 24, 1837) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Irún (May 17, 1837) - Liberal victory
+ Second Battle of Huesca (May 25, 1837) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Barbastro (June 2, 1837) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Chiva (15 July 1837) - Cristino victory
+ Battle of Villar de los Navarros (August 24, 1837) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Andoain (September 14, 1837) - Carlist victory - End of the British Auxiliary Legion as an effective fighting force
+ Battle of Aranzueque (September 1837) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Retuerta (October 4, 1837) - Liberal victory, end of the Royal Expedition
+ Battle of Maella (October 1, 1838) - Carlist victory
+ Battle of Peñacerrada (June 20–22, 1838) - Liberal victory
+ Battle of Ramales (May 13, 1839) - Liberal victory
Further reading
---------------
* Butler Clarke, H. (1906). *Modern Spain 1815-1898*. Vol. 2.
* Atkinson, William C. *A History of Spain and Portugal*. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1960.
* Brett, Edward M. *The British Auxiliary Legion in the First Carlist War 1835-1838: A Forgotten Army*. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005.
* Carr, Raymond. *Spain, 1808-1975* (1982), pp 184–95
* Chambers, James. *Palmerston: The People's Darling*. London: John Murray, 2004.
* Clarke, Henry Butler. *Modern Spain, 1815-98* (1906) old but full of factual detail online
* Holt, Edgar. *The Carlist Wars in Spain.* Chester Springs (Pennsylvania): Dufour Editions, 1967.
* Payne, Stanley G. *History of Spain and Portugal: v. 2* (1973) ch 19-21
* Webster, Charles K. *The Foreign Policy of Palmerston 1830-1841*. London: E. Bell & Sons, 1951. (2 volumes).
* Wellard, James. *The French Foreign Legion*. London: George Rainbird Ltd. 1974.
* Williams, Mark. *The Story of Spain*. Puebla Lucia (California): Mirador Publications, 1992.
### In Spanish
* Alcala, Cesar and Dalmau, Ferrer A. 1a. *Guerra Carlista. El Sitio de Bilbao. La Expedición Real (1835-1837)*. Madrid : Almena Ediciones, 2006.
* Artola, Miguel. *La España de Fernando VII*. Madrid: Editorial Espasa-Calpe, 1999.
* Burdiel, Isabel. *Isabel II*. Madrid: Santillana Ediciones, 2010.
* Bullón de Mendoza, Alfonso. *La Primera Guerra Carlista*. Madrid: Editorial Actas, 1992.
* Bullón de Mendoza, Alfonso (Editor): *Las Guerras Carlistas. Catálogo de la exposición celebrada por el Ministerio de Cultura en el Museo de la Ciudad de Madrid*. Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura, 2004.
* Clemente, Josep Carles. *La Otra Dinastía: Los Reyes Carlistas en la España Contemporanea*. Madrid: A. Machado Libros S.A. 2006.
* Condado, Emilio. *La Intervención Francesa en España (1835-1839)*. Madrid: Editorial Fundamentos, 2002.
* De Porras y Rodríguez de León, Gonzalo. *La Expedición de Rodil y las Legiones Extranjeras en la Primera Guerra Carlista*. Madrid: Ministerio de \*Defensa, 2004.
* De Porras y Rodríguez de León, Gonzalo. *Dos Intervenciones Militares Hispano-Portuguesas en las Guerras Civiles del Siglo XIX*. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa, 2001.
* Fernandez Bastarreche, Fernando. *Los Espadones Románticos*. Madrid: Edito-rial Synthesis, 2007.
* Garcia Bravo, Alberto; Salgado Fuentes, Carlos Javier. *El Carlismo: 175 Años de Sufrida Represión*. Madrid: Ediciones Arcos, 2008.
* Henningsen, Charles Frederick. *Zumalacarregui*. Buenos Aires: Espasa-Calpe Argentina, 1947.
* Moral Roncal, Antonio Manuel. *Los Carlistas*. Madrid: Arco Libros, 2002.
* Moral Roncal, Antonio Manuel. *Las Guerras Carlistas*. Madrid: Silex Ediciones, 2006.
* Nieto, Alejandro. *Los Primeros Pasos del Estado Constitucional: Historia Administrativa de la Regencia de Maria Cristina*. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 2006.
* Oyarzun, Roman. *Historia del Carlismo*. Madrid: Ediciones Fe, 1939.
* Perez Garzon, Juan Sisinio (Editor). *Isabel II: Los Espejos de la Reina*. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia, 2004.
* Pirala, Antonio. *Historia de la Guerra Civil*. Madrid: Turner SA / Historia 16, 1984. (6 Volumes).
* Romanones, Conde de. *Espartero: El General del Pueblo*. Madrid: Ikusager Ediciones, 2007.
* Urcelay Alonso, Javier. *Cabrera: el Tigre del Maestrazgo*. Madrid: Ariel, 2006.
* Vidal Delgado, Rafael. *Entre Logroño y Luchana: Campañas del General Espartero*. Logroño (Spain): Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 2004.
### In Portuguese
* J.B. (Full name unknown). "Relaçao Historica da Campanha de Portugal pelo Exercito Espanhol as Ordens do Tenente General D. Jose Ramon Rodil (1835)". Published as part of *D. Miguel e o Fim da Guerra Civil*: Testemunhos. Lisbon: Caleidoscopio Edição, 2006.
### In French
* Montagnon, Pierre. *Histoire de la Legion*. Paris: Pygmalion, 1999.
* Porch, Douglas. *La Legion Etrangere 1831-1962*. Paris: Fayard, 1994.
* Bergot, Erwan. *La Legion*. Paris: Ballard, 1972.
* Dembowski, Karol. *Deux Ans en Espagne et en Portugal, pendant la Guerre Civile, 1838-1840*. Paris: Charles Gosselin, 1841. |
Israeli film actress (born 1974)
**Orli Shoshan** (Hebrew: אורלי שושן; born July 23, 1974) is an Israeli film actress best known for her performance as the Togruta Jedi Master Shaak Ti in the 1999–2005 *Star Wars* prequel trilogy. It is believed that Shaak Ti's expertise in melee combat is in homage to Orli Shoshan, a former member of the Israeli Defense Forces and a skilled hand-to-hand combat and melee weapons artist.
Early life
----------
Orli Shoshan was born and raised in Tel Aviv, Israel. At the age of 18 she was conscripted into the Israeli Army, in which she served for almost two years. After her military service, she began working for an Israeli airline, which brought her to the United States and then to Chicago, Illinois, where she currently resides. During her employment for El Al Israel Airlines Ltd, she grew a great passion for traveling when visiting places such as India, Thailand, and Australia. Orli Shoshan grew most fond of the Australian people and way of life, so she decided to move to Sydney, Australia.
Early career
------------
In Sydney, she began her successful modeling career enjoying print work in magazines and catalogues, then on the runway as well as many television commercials. All of this eventually culminated into her acting role in the popular sci-fi franchise "Star Wars." Orli Shoshan played the exotic Togruta Jedi Master Shaak Ti in the *Star Wars* space opera films *Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones* and *Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith* in the 1999–2005 saga prequel trilogy. Shaak Ti is a popular character that can be found celebrated through many action figures, LEGO sets, comic books, and video games. While in Australia, she would work on other major television shows such as the Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show) presenting prizes and an exercise & fitness program Aerobics Oz Style.
Orli Shoshan is not only a successful model and actress, but also a fashion designer, always creating a new project for herself. While in Australia, she created a clothing line for women's sportswear called "Orli." This line was very successful and featured casual sportswear. "Orli" was sold at high end boutiques and gyms across Australia. After several years, she moved from Australia to Japan to further her modeling career. Living in Japan was a very interesting and unique time for Orli Shoshan, including being a featured guest at her very first *Star Wars* convention.
After many years of traveling the world, Orli went back to her roots and moved to Israel to attend the prestigious acting school the Studio by Yuval Carmi. Once she finished acting school, she decided to start a second fashion line, this time for lingerie called Mia Luce.
Personal life and current professional life
-------------------------------------------
Orli Shoshan currently resides in Chicago, Illinois. She is married and is a mother of two girls. She took some time off from her modeling and acting career to look after her children. She later resumed both careers and also attend many sci-fi conventions around the world. She works now in home staging and interior design. Orli has opened her website about her label called O Designs By Orli Shoshan, LLC and she is also working as a real estate agent. Concerning her model pictures, Orli works with her personal and professional photographer, Lynne Peters (Lynne Peters Photography) based also in Chicago, Illinois providing professional photography nationally in the US and internationally for celebrities, events and weddings.
Filmography
-----------
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones* | Shaak Ti | Uncredited |
| 2005 | *Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith* | Shaak Ti | Uncredited |
| |
2015 compilation album by Tenement
Professional ratings| Review scores |
| --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Punknews | |
| Salad Days | [] |
| Big Bombo | [] |
***Bruised Music, Volume 1*** is a compilation album by Appleton, Wisconsin rock group Tenement, released by Grave Mistake Records and Toxic Pop Records. It is composed of singles and rarities from the band's first four years. The album was ranked #1170 by *The Village Voice* on their 2015 Pazz & Jop critics poll.
Reception
---------
**Punknews**: "Sounding like a darker, more depressed Midwestern version of the Descendents, Tenement’s brand of pop punk is heavier, harder and better than most of their ilk."
**Rock Freaks**: "...Given the compilation nature of the album, the quality of song varies quite significantly from the more anonymous tracks to the quality songs that make Tenement worth following and checking out especially live. Those on the second half of the record are arguably catchier than on the first half, but it's still mostly a fan release and probably not suitable as the starting point to the band."
Ahead of *Bruised Music, Volume 1* 's release, *Stereogum* wrote, "Though the album cover's stark binary palette and vampire-like outstretched claws might bring to mind a Bauhaus coldness, the music owes more to Black Flag than anything remotely post-punk," calling the song Spaghetti Midwestern "a riotous portrait of suburban disillusionment, the American Dream gone awry" and Morning Mouth "a spiraling two and a half minutes of theatrical frustration".
Track listing
-------------
All compositions by Amos Pitsch except where noted.
1. "Sitcom Moms"
2. "Spaghetti Midwestern"
3. "The Fire Is Out"
4. "Summer Street, Parts 1 and 2"
5. "Best And Worst Of Times" (Hart Miller/Amos Pitsch)
6. "Pauline"
7. "Icepick"
8. "Goodnight, Rosendale"
9. "Morning Mouth"
10. "Do You Think About Him?" |
Extinct species of flamingo
***Phoenicopterus stocki***, also known as **Stock's flamingo**, is an extinct species of flamingo from the Pliocene of Chihuahua, Mexico. It was described in 1944 as a small bodied flamingo species known from assorted fragmentary remains, including bones of the tibia and the wings. The discovery of juvenile remains suggests that the locality where the fossils were found represents a shallow lagoon or mudflat that housed a breeding colony.
History
-------
The remains of *Phoenicopterus stocki* were discovered in the early 20th century by a field party of the California Institute of Technology led by Chester Stock in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. The field party uncovered nine fragments belong to a species of flamingo later described by Loye H. Miller. The type specimen of this taxon was the distal end of a left tibiotarsus, but additional material from various parts of the body have also been referred to this species. This additional material includes the proximal end of a tibia, possibly belonging to the same individual as the holotype as well as two differently sized humerus fragments. Some of the material is thought to have belonged to juvenile birds not yet capable of flight. All the material initially assigned to the species was uncovered from an area known as Arroyo de los Ponos, also known as CIT locality 289. Additional material would later be collected from the same site as well as the nearby Arroyo de los Burros.
Description
-----------
Miller described that *Phoenicopterus stocki* shares the morphology of extant *Phoenicopterus* species, but notes that the animal was much smaller, referring to it as a *pygmy*. The tibiotarsus generally agrees more with the American flamingo in its proportions, being shallower than in the greater flamingo. The intercondylar area is much more narrow than in any extant flamingo and the intercondylar notch, located on the elements distal border, is almost in the center of the condyle which sets it apart from the more recent *Phoenicopterus minutus*. The fragment of the tibia is described as distinctive by Miller, but is not included in the species diagnosis due to the uncertain relationship between it and the holotype tibiotarsus. The inner articular facet for instance does not extend as far back as in either of the Neotropic *Phoenicopterus* species, the American and the Chilean flamingo, and instead appears to be closer to the greater flamingo of Africa and Eurasia. In the same fashion the postero-axial border of this facet is shaped almost like the arc of a circle and the posterior notch shallow, both characteristics shared by the greater flamingo but neither of the neotropic species. Although Miller did not have *Phoenicoparrus* skeletons available for comparison, he compared the Pliocene material to skins of said genus and determined that *P. stocki* was smaller than either James's flamingo or the Andean flamingo. Related to the tibia, Miller notes that the ratio between its transverse diameter and the sagittal diameter is greater than in the American flamingo but smaller than in *Phoenicopterus copei*.
Both wing bones collected at the Rincón fossil locality are vastly different in size. While the larger is approximately the size of the same element in the Chilean flamingo, the smaller is outside the range of any adult flamingo known today. Miller places both specimens in *P. stocki* due to the great variability in leg to wing proportions, specifically citing Chilean flamingos and greater flamingos. Still, the possibility of a second flamingo from the locality is not discarded entirely.
A later publication by Hildegarde Howard also mentioned the small size of Stock's flamingo, writing that the species was small in size, but not as small as *Phoenicopterus minutus* from the Pleistocene of California.
Paleobiology
------------
*Phoenicopterus stocki* likely led a similar lifestyle to modern flamingos, wading through water and filtering small organisms using a specially adapted bill. Subsequently, it is inferred that the Rincón locality where the material has been found represents what used to be a shallow lagoon or mudflat during the Pliocene, a conclusion further supported by the presence of not yet volant juveniles. This would mean that flamingos not only fed at the side, but nested and raised their young there as well. Support for this hypothesis is also lend by the other bird remains found there, which generally belong to aquatic species. |
Turkish think-tank
**Freedom Research Association** (Turkish: *Özgürlük Araştırmaları Derneği*) is an Ankara-based public policy research organization (think-tank) with a mission to promote evidence-based policy-making and to help consolidate liberal institutions in Turkey. Founded in 2014, the think tank brings together distinguished political scientists, legal scholars, journalists and business people to publish original research and make an impact on public policy.
FRA produces policy papers, reports and commentaries on various public policy issues including freedom of press, freedom of association and assembly, healthcare, regulations, structural reforms, checks and balance mechanisms, democratization, public alcohol policy, tax awareness, climate change. Besides, FRA acts as a watchdog organization strongly defending individual liberties, the rule of law and free market in Turkey.
FRA operates as a roof organization for its three centers:
1. Center for Democracy and Rule of Law
2. Center for Economic Liberties
3. Center for Civil Liberties
Centers conduct extensive research on any public policy subject related to their field from an empirical and analytical point of view, publish reports and host public events.
FRA's "Online FreedomTalks" gathers academics, bureaucrats, experts and students to discuss political and economic developments. The Rule of Law Academy is a flagship project that reaches hundred of young legal practitioners every year. Also Structural Reforms in Turkey and Turkish Public Alcohol Policy Watch are among the newest projects of FRA. |
American television game show
For other uses, see Doubletalk.
***Double Talk*** is an American game show that aired on the ABC network from August 18 to December 19, 1986. The show was a Bob Stewart-produced word game which borrowed elements from Stewart's previous show *Shoot for the Stars* and his then-current editions of *Pyramid*.
*Double Talk* was hosted by actor and frequent *Pyramid* panelist Henry Polic II. Bob Hilton announced for the first two weeks, with Johnny Gilbert replacing him for the remaining sixteen.
Near the end of its run, the show was retitled *Celebrity Double Talk*. However, no format changes took place with the change in the show's title.
Gameplay
--------
### Main game
Two teams, each consisting of a contestant and celebrity competed. The object was for the team to work together and decipher puzzles that are written "in other words" style. For example, "Twice / Speak" translated to "Double Talk", the show's title. The slash represented a break in the puzzle, and each partner had to solve half of the puzzle to score. As noted above, this game play mechanic was borrowed from *Shoot For the Stars* but slightly modified for *Double Talk*.
The game board had four hidden puzzles on it, each worth ten points if correctly solved by the team in control. The controlling team could continue to solve puzzles until they solved all four puzzles on the board or made a mistake. If either partner could not solve their half, control passed to the other team, who could score five points and end the round by providing the correct response to the puzzle missed by their opponents. If the second team provided an incorrect response in their attempt to steal, play continued with the original team and any remaining unrevealed puzzles.
Round One ended after both teams played one board. In Round Two, each team again attempted four puzzles on their own board, with correct responses worth twenty points, but still only five points for a steal.
The team with the higher score at the end of Round Two won the game and played the bonus round for $10,000. If both teams were tied at the end of Round Two, the scores were reset to zero and teams attempted to solve a best-of-three puzzles by buzzing-in and responding in the same manner as before. Each puzzle solved correctly was worth ten points; otherwise, those points were awarded to the other team upon buzzing in incorrectly. Whoever scored twenty points first won the game and played the bonus round.
#### Jackpot puzzle
If a team was able to solve all four puzzles on the board, they were shown a fifth, harder puzzle. If the team solved the puzzle, the contestant won a jackpot that started at $1,000 and increased by that amount each day until won.
#### Format changes
Later, teams were only required to solve three of the four puzzles in order to obtain a chance at the Jackpot Puzzle. Additionally, after stealing a puzzle and winning five points, play continued with the original team until they had played three of the four puzzles on that board. However, missing a puzzle forfeited the chance at the Jackpot Puzzle.
### Bonus round
The bonus round saw the team work to win $10,000 by correctly figuring out the solutions of nine fill-in-the-blank style puzzles. The contestant had a choice of whether to give or receive clues.
The puzzles were displayed on nine of the ten trilons that spelled out the "Double Talk" logo on stage. The first trilon, with the "D", stayed in place and was considered a free space. The receiver saw the blank puzzles while the giver viewed the puzzle solution from an offscreen monitor. Based on the solution, the giver tried to lead the receiver to the correct answer. For example, if a puzzle was displayed as G\_\_\_\_\_ C\_\_\_\_\_ and the solution was George Carlin, the giver would mention something associated with the comedian.
Each time the receiver correctly solved a puzzle, the trilon would flip back to the corresponding letter on the logo board and play continued with the next puzzle. Passing was allowed, with the passed puzzles able to be played again if time permitted. Cluegivers were forbidden from using their hands as well as saying a word in the puzzle or otherwise giving the solution away. Doing so blocked the letter out and cost the team a chance at the $10,000.
The team had sixty seconds to flip over all nine of the remaining letters. Doing so won the contestant the $10,000. If not, the contestant received $100 for each correctly-solved puzzle (including for the unused "D" in the logo).
### Returning champions
Two complete games were played each episode, meaning that a player could win up to $20,000 each day. Players switched celebrity partners after the first game. The contestant who won more money in the bonus round returned on the next episode. If both players won the same amount of money, both players returned on the next episode to play again. Champions stayed on the show for a maximum of five days or were retired on the day they reached $50,000, whichever came first.
Broadcast history
-----------------
ABC had largely abandoned the game show genre by the time *Double Talk* debuted; the network had dropped its hour-long game show block at the end of 1985 and had not aired any game shows at all for four months before *Double Talk's* premiere. Debuting on August 18, 1986, *Double Talk* struggled in the ratings against the second half of *The Price Is Right* on CBS and *Scrabble* on NBC and failed to find an audience. The series ended its run on December 19, 1986, four months and a day after its debut. It was the last Bob Stewart-produced game show to run on ABC. It was replaced with another new game show *Bargain Hunters* in the summer of 1987. |
The Armoury
The **Armoury** (German: *Zeughaus*) in Innsbruck, Austria, is a former military arsenal that is now a museum. It lies in the Innsbruck quarter of Dreiheiligen.
History
-------
The Armoury around 1507
Maximilian I had the Armoury built from 1500 to 1505 on the Sill which was then in front of the gates of the town. It consists of two 80 x 10 m, two-storey wings and two narrow gatehouses and blocks that surround a large inner courtyard. Materiel for war was stored here and, around the Armoury, were subsidiary buildings. As well as cannon, many small arms were also stored here.
In 1503 a brass foundry was built in Mühlau.
Crucial to the choice of location was the site of the city of Innsbruck as a transport hub and the thriving copper mines of Tyrol, which had given rise to a flourishing arms industry in Innsbruck.
In 1503 housed the armory about 150 guns
Until the end of the monarchy in 1918 the place was still in use as the Armoury Barracks (*Zeughauskaserne*). It was restored in 1964/1969 and opened in 1973 as the Tyrolean State History Museum (*Tiroler Landeskundliches Museum*).
Museum
------
The inner court
Today a branch of the Tyrolean State Museum is housed in the Armoury. It offers a historical and technical collection of the cultural history of Tyrol from the early period to its most recent history.
The museum puts on special exhibitions that change periodically. In summer the inner courtyard hosts open-air cinemas and concerts.
Sources
-------
* Hartwig Neumann: *Das Zeughaus. Die Entwicklung eines Bautyps von der spätmittelalterlichen Rüstkammer zum Arsenal im deutschsprachigen Bereich vom XV. bis XIX. Jahrhundert. 2 Bde*. Koblenz 1990/91. |
2010 studio album by Far
***At Night We Live*** is the fifth and final studio album by American alternative rock band Far released on May 25, 2010. A few different pre-order packages were available, 500 of which included a limited-edition colored double LP.
The title track, according to frontman Jonah Matranga, was inspired by a dream he had, shortly following a hospital visit to see Deftones bassist Chi Cheng after he sustained severe brain trauma in a traffic accident.
Track listing
-------------
All lyrics are written by Jonah Matranga; all music is composed by Matranga and Shaun Lopez, except where noted
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Deafening" | 3:10 |
| 2. | "If You Cared Enough" | 3:37 |
| 3. | "When I Could See" | 4:27 |
| 4. | "Give Me a Reason" | 3:00 |
| 5. | "Dear Enemy" | 3:33 |
| 6. | "Fight Song #16,233,241" | 2:31 |
| 7. | "At Night We Live" | 4:26 |
| 8. | "Burns" (Matranga) | 2:27 |
| 9. | "Better Surrender" | 2:59 |
| 10. | "Are You Sure?" (Matranga, Norman C. Brannon) | 3:52 |
| 11. | "The Ghost That Kept on Haunting" | 7:49 |
| 12. | "Pony" (Unlisted hidden track) | |
The European version also contains a cover version of PJ Harvey's "Long Snake Moan" from the album *To Bring You My Love* as track No. 13, plus one yet-unknown song at No. 12. "Pony", which is a Ginuwine cover, is not listed on the European version but appears as track No. 14.
Personnel
---------
* Jonah Matranga – vocals, guitar
* Shaun Lopez – guitar
* John Gutenberger – bass guitar
* Chris Robyn – drums
Critical reception
------------------
Professional ratings| Aggregate scores |
| --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 82/100 |
| Review scores |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Alternative Press | |
| BBC | (very positive) |
The album was released to a positive reception by critics. As of August 2010, the album has received a 'Universal Acclaim' score of 82 on Metacritic.
Alternative Press stated, "It truly does feel as if they've been holding this emotion back since the day they parted and now unleashing everything in an explosion of creative energy, delivering a magnificent record that while fresh and exciting, could only be the work of far." BBC Music were equally full of praise; "At Night We Live is the best and the most confident album of their two-part career. It is also, admittedly, more commercial-sounding, but there’s no shame in that if it’s done with integrity, dignity and passion."
Allmusic were among those more reserved in their review, suggesting, "Perhaps the real issue here is that in their absence, the sound Far helped to push into the mainstream is now so common that they don’t feel as special as they once were. Fans of Far will be able to appreciate At Night We Live as a further evolution of Water & Solutions, but new listeners will have a hard time finding a fresh experience." |
American musician
Musical artist
**Mark Paul "Corky" Siegel** (born October 24, 1943) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, and composer. He plays harmonica and piano. He plays and writes blues and blues-rock music, and has also worked extensively on combining blues and classical music. He is best known as the co-leader of the Siegel-Schwall Band, and as the leader of the Chamber Blues group.
Musical career
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Siegel in 2019Siegel in 2019
Corky Siegel's professional music career began in 1964, when he met guitarist Jim Schwall. Both were studying music at Roosevelt University in Chicago. The two became a duo, performing blues music. They landed a regular gig at Pepper's Show Lounge, where well known, established blues musicians such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells, Magic Slim, and Willie Dixon would often sit in. Siegel later said "I owe my whole musical life to this experience and to those blues masters and to Johnny Pepper who had an open mind to have us beginners get up on that stage night after night." After a while the duo became a quartet, the Siegel-Schwall Band.
The Siegel-Schwall Band enjoyed increasing popularity, and by 1967 were touring nationally, playing at large rock venues like the Fillmore West and sharing the bill with famous rock bands. Between 1966 and 1974, they released ten albums. After 1974, they stopped playing concerts, but the band re-formed in 1987. They released two albums of new material. Until "Siegel-Schwall lovingly disbanded" in March 2016, they still played occasional live dates and featured drummer Sam Lay and bassist Rollo Radford; Lay played with Siegel in the Happy Year Band of 1973 which also featured Chicago blues guitarist Albert Joseph.
The idea of combining blues and classical music was first suggested by classical conductor Seiji Ozawa. Ozawa brought together the Siegel-Schwall Band and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. They first performed "Three Pieces for Blues Band and Symphony Orchestra", by William Russo in 1968. In 1973, the band and Ozawa released a recording of this work performed with the San Francisco Symphony. In 1975, Siegel and Ozawa, with the San Francisco Symphony, first performed another William Russo work, "Street Music: A Blues Concerto". A recording of this piece was released in 1979.
Inspired by his collaboration with Ozawa, Corky Siegel formed Chamber Blues in 1988. The group's music combines elements of classical, blues, and jazz. The band consists of a string quartet – two violins, a viola, and a cello – along with percussionist Frank Donaldson, and Siegel on harmonica and also sometimes doubling on piano. As of early 2019, Chamber Blues has released four albums, and still tours nationally and internationally.
Siegel has also worked on numerous other musical projects. In 2004, he was a member of the Chicago Blues Reunion band, which released the album *Buried Alive in the Blues*. In April of 2013, Siegel was inducted into the Chicago Blues Hall of Fame.
Book
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With Peter Krammer, Corky Siegel wrote a book for musicians and music students, called *Let Your Music Soar: The Emotional Connection*. It was published by Nova Vista Publishing in 2007.
Discography
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For Siegel's recordings with the Siegel-Schwall Band, see Siegel-Schwall Band.
* *Corky Siegel* – Corky Siegel (1974 – Dharma)
* *Street Music: A Blues Concerto* – San Francisco Symphony and Corky Siegel (1977 – Deutsche Grammophon)
* *Out of the Blue* – Corky Siegel (1980 – Stuff)
* *Goodbye California* – Corky Siegel (1984 – Skitzo/Frenia – re-release of *Out of the Blue*)
* *Corky Siegel's Chamber Blues* – Chamber Blues (1994 – Alligator)
* *Complementary Colors* – Chamber Blues (1998 – Gadfly)
* *Solo Flight* – Corky Siegel (1999 – Gadfly)
* *Corky Siegel's Traveling Chamber Blues Show* – Chamber Blues (2005 – Alligator)
* *Buried Alive in the Blues* – Chicago Blues Reunion (2005 – 33rd Street)
* *Different Voices* – Chamber Blues (2017 – Dawnserly)
* *More Different Voices* – Chamber Blues (2022 – Dawnserly)
* *Something Wrong* – Corky Siegel (2022 – Dawnserly)
* *Songs for Truth and Harmony* – Corky Siegel (2022 – Dawnserly) |
8th episode of the 2nd season of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
"**Necessary Evil**" is the 28th episode of the American science fiction television series *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*. It is the eighth episode of the second season.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures on *Deep Space Nine*, a space station near the planet Bajor, as the Bajorans recover from a long, brutal occupation by the imperialistic Cardassians. This episode focuses on *Deep Space Nine*′s security chief Odo, a shapeshifter of unknown origin. In this episode, an attack on the bartender Quark leads Odo to reopen an investigation into an unsolved murder dating back to the days of the Cardassian occupation. The episode features flashbacks to that time period, including the first time Odo met the Bajoran resistance fighter Kira Nerys, who is *Deep Space Nine*′s first officer during the time period in which the series is set.
Plot
----
A Bajoran woman, Vaatrik Pallra, hires Quark to retrieve a strongbox from her late husband's shop on *Deep Space Nine*. Quark opens it to find a list of Bajoran names. A stranger, Trazko, sneaks up, shoots Quark and steals the list. As Dr. Bashir tries to revive Quark, Quark's brother Rom tells Odo about the list of names, and that the box was hidden in the shop during the Occupation.
In a flashback, five years earlier, Odo is solicited by the station's Cardassian commander Gul Dukat to investigate a murder. Odo interrogates Vaatrik Pallra, the deceased's widow. She claims her husband had been having an affair with Kira Nerys. When he interviews Kira, she says that there was no intimate relationship between her and Vaatrik, and that she was interviewing for a job at Quark's bar at the time of the murder.
In the present, Rom tells Odo that one name on the list resembled "Ches'so". Odo interviews Pallra, who claims ignorance of the list of names and the name "Ches'so". She also refuses to divulge the identity of the individual who loaned the money to pay her past-due electricity bill. Kira identifies "Ches'so": a philanthropist named "Ches'sarro", who has just died.
Five years earlier, Quark admits that Kira bribed him to provide a false alibi. When Odo confronts her about it, Kira reveals that she was committing a terrorist attack on the station. Odo tells Dukat that Kira is not the culprit in the murder.
In the present, Odo deduces that the names on the list are Bajorans who collaborated with the Cardassians during the occupation, whom Pallra has been blackmailing. Trazko attempts again to kill Quark; Rom saves Quark's life by screaming, gaining the attention of security officers. Brought to DS9, Pallra denies knowing Trazko, but Odo has confirmed that she recently transferred a large sum of money into his bank account. When she declares her innocence in the murder of her husband, Odo replies, "I know."
Odo has realized that it is Kira who killed Vaatrik five years earlier. He tells Kira that he began to suspect her when she was able to identify Ches'saro so quickly. When he deduced that the list consisted of Bajoran collaborators, Odo realized that Vaatrik was a collaborator too, and now understands that Dukat chose him to investigate so as to keep distance from his collaborators. Kira, a member of the resistance, killed Vaatrik when he discovered her trying to steal the list of names. She never told Odo because she was afraid it would affect their friendship. Kira asks him if he will be able to trust her again, and he is unable to answer.
Reception
---------
When "Necessary Evil" was broadcast in November 1993, it received a Nielsen rating of 9.3 points and fifth place in its time slot.
*Tor.com* rated the episode ten out of ten, calling it "The perfect *DS9* story. Everything that’s great about the show is on display here." It was the only episode of the season to achieve that rating.
In 2016, *The Hollywood Reporter* ranked "Necessary Evil" the 19th best episode in *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*. They note this as an episode that differentiated this series from its predecessor, *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, and place the episode in the murder mystery genre.
In 2017, *Screen Rant* ranked this episode the eleventh darkest episode of the *Star Trek* franchise.
In 2018, *SyFy* recommend this episode for its abbreviated watch guide for the character Kira Nerys.
In 2019, *Tor.com* noted this as an "essential" for the character of Odo, remarking that it helps establish the character and what it was like for Odo while working for the Cardassians.
Releases
--------
It was released on LaserDisc in Japan on June 6, 1997, as part of the half season collection *2nd Season Vol. 1,* which had 7 doubled sided 12" discs. The discs had English and Japanese audio tracks.
On April 1, 2003, Season 2 of *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* was released on DVD video discs, with 26 episodes on seven discs.
This episode was released in 2017 on DVD with the complete series box set, which had 176 episodes on 48 discs. |
Not to be confused with Hyatt Regency San Francisco Airport.
Building in the United States
**Hyatt Regency San Francisco** is a hotel located at the foot of Market Street and The Embarcadero in the financial district of San Francisco, California. The hotel is a part of the Embarcadero Center development by Trammell Crow, David Rockefeller, and John Portman.
History
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The atrium of the Hyatt Regency San Francisco
The San Francisco Chronicle's architecture critic John King has described the 1973 building as a "temple of hermetic urbanism" in a "self-contained sci-fi" style that by 2016 had become "dated", albeit remaining "still visually dazzling, in a futuristic sort of way." The *Regency Club Lounge* was once the *Equinox*, a rooftop revolving restaurant, but is now a stationary elite club for certain hotel guests offering 360-degree views of the city and the bay. The atrium holds the Guinness world record (as of 2024) for the largest hotel lobby, with a length of 107 meters, width of 49 meters and height of 52 meters (15 stories).
The hotel has a large modernist sculpture *Eclipse*, by Charles O Perry that sits in the lobby.
The hotel was sold by Strategic Hotel Capital LLC, in January 2007 for close to US$200 million to Dune Capital Management and DiNapoli Capital Partners – roughly $250,000 for each of the hotel's 802 rooms. In December 2013, the hotel was purchased by Aliso-Viejo, CA-based Sunstone Hotel Investors, Inc. for $262M.
In popular culture
------------------
The Hyatt Regency's atrium lobby served as the lobby of the Glass Tower in 1974's *The Towering Inferno*. Replicas of John Portman's trademark pill-shaped elevators were built for use in the film and are featured throughout, including in an extended sequence where one is lifted from the stricken tower by helicopter. The hotel was also featured in the 1977 Mel Brooks comedy *High Anxiety*, the 1977 spy film *Telefon*, and the 1979 romantic thriller 1979 *Time After Time*.
As well as being a setting for numerous films, the lobby is itself inspired by a film. Architect John Portman has stated that its design was suggested to him by viewing the 1935 science fiction film *Things to Come*.[]
Further reading
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* Doar, D. (May 1974). "L'hôtel "Hyatt Regency" à San Francisco (Etats-Unis)". *Acier = Stahl = Steel* (in French). **39**. Centre Belgo-Luxembourgeois d’Information de l’Acier: 199–205. |
Not to be confused with the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC), or the Congolese Armed Forces (FAC) in the Republic of the Congo which are both state-run militaries.
The **Armed Forces of the Congolese People** (French: ***Forces armées du Peuple congolais***, or **FAPC**) was a rebel group based in the Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, active between approximately 2003 and 2005. It was a belligerent in the Ituri conflict. At its height, the group had approximately 2,000 to 3,000 fighters.
The FAPC was formed in March 2003. The group was supported by the Ugandan government of Yoweri Museveni which was trying to support its own interests in Eastern Congo following its formal military withdrawal from the region in 2002. Originally, the Ugandan government had supported the Union of Congolese Patriots (*Union des Patriotes Congolais*, UPC) rebel group but relations broke after the UPC sought aid from the Rwandan regime. The FAPC was founded and led by Jérôme Kakwavu, a former member of a number of rebel groups including the UPC, with the backing of Ugandan general Salim Saleh. The militia was operational around Aru, Ariwara and Mahagi along the section of the Congolese-Ugandan border to the north of Lake Albert. The region is known to have rich gold and timber resources.
Unlike most rebel groups active in Eastern Congo, the FAPC did not raid or intimidate civilian populations and instead attempted to create a state-like administration to raise money. It did not aim to overthrow the Congolese government but instead to maintain control of the border region it occupied. The group prioritised trading and cross-border smuggling in conflict minerals, especially gold, into Uganda which was worth an estimated 1–2 million United States dollars each month in 2004.
Under pressure from the United Nations MONUC peacekeeping mission, the FAPC was forced to disband. The process began on 6 March 2005 and a number of its members, including Kakwavu, were integrated into the Congolese military. A few FAPC rebels fled into exile. |
Essex-class aircraft carrier of the US Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Yorktown.
"CV-10" redirects here. For other uses, see CV10 (disambiguation).
**USS *Yorktown* (CV/CVA/CVS-10)** is one of 24 *Essex*-class aircraft carriers built during World War II for the United States Navy. Initially to have been named *Bonhomme Richard*, she was renamed *Yorktown* while still under construction, after the *Yorktown*-class aircraft carrier USS *Yorktown* (CV-5), which was sunk at the Battle of Midway. She is the fourth U.S. Navy ship to bear the name, though the previous ships were named for 1781 Battle of Yorktown. *Yorktown* was commissioned in April 1943, and participated in several campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations, earning 11 battle stars and the Presidential Unit Citation.
Decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, she was modernized and recommissioned in February 1953 as an attack carrier (CVA), and served with distinction during the Korean War. The ship was later modernized again with a canted deck, eventually becoming an anti-submarine carrier (CVS) and served for many years in the Pacific, including duty in the Vietnam War, during which she earned five battle stars. The carrier served as a recovery ship for the December, 1968, Apollo 8 space mission, the first crewed ship to reach and orbit the Moon, and was used in the 1970 film *Tora! Tora! Tora!*, which recreated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and in the 1984 science fiction film *The Philadelphia Experiment*.
*Yorktown* was decommissioned in 1970 and in 1975 became a museum ship at Patriots Point, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, where she was designated a National Historic Landmark.
Construction and commissioning
------------------------------
Work was begun on *Bonhomme Richard* when her keel was laid down on 1 December 1941 at Newport News, Virginia, by the Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company, six days before the Attack on Pearl Harbor. She was renamed on 26 September 1942 as USS *Yorktown* to commemorate the loss of USS *Yorktown* (CV-5) during the Battle of Midway in June 1942,[] and launched on 21 January 1943, sponsored by Eleanor Roosevelt. *Yorktown* was commissioned on 15 April 1943, with Captain Joseph J. Clark in command.
Service history
---------------
### World War II
Commissioning of USS *Yorktown* on 15 April 1943
*Yorktown* remained in the Naval Station Norfolk area until 21 May 1943, when she got underway for shakedown training in the vicinity of Trinidad. She returned to Norfolk on 17 June and began post-shakedown availability. The aircraft carrier completed repairs on 1 July and began air operations out of Norfolk until 6 July, when she exited Chesapeake Bay on her way to the Pacific Ocean. She transited the Panama Canal on 11 July and departed Balboa, Panama, on 12 July. The warship arrived in Pearl Harbor on 24 July and began a month of exercises in the Hawaiian Islands. On 22 August, she stood out of Pearl Harbor, bound for her first combat of the war. Her task force, TF 15, arrived at the launching point about 128 miles (206 km) from Marcus Island early on the morning of 31 August. She spent most of that day launching fighter and bomber strikes on Marcus Island before beginning the retirement to Hawaii that evening. The aircraft carrier reentered Pearl Harbor on 7 September and remained there for two days.
On 9 September, she stood out to sea, bound for the West Coast of the United States. She arrived in San Francisco on 13 September, loaded aircraft and supplies, and returned to sea on 15 September. Four days later, the aircraft carrier reentered Pearl Harbor. *Yorktown* returned to sea to conduct combat operations on 29 September. Early on the morning of 5 October, she began two days of air strikes on Japanese installations on Wake Island. After retiring to the east for the night, she resumed those air raids early on the morning of 6 October and continued them through most of the day. That evening, the task group began its retirement to Hawaii. *Yorktown* arrived at Oahu on 11 October and, for the next month, conducted air training operations out of Pearl Harbor.
#### Marshall and Gilbert Islands
Main article: Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
On 10 November, *Yorktown* departed Pearl Harbor in company with Task Force 38—the Fast Carrier Task Force, Pacific Fleet—to participate in her first major assault operation, the occupation of the Gilbert Islands. On 19 November, she arrived at the launch point near Jaluit and Mili Atoll and, early that morning, launched the first of a series of raids to suppress enemy airpower during the amphibious assaults on Tarawa, Abemama, and Makin. The next day, she sent raids back to the airfield at Jaluit; some of her planes also supported the troops wresting Makin from the Japanese. On 22 November, her air group concentrated upon installations and planes at Mili once again. Before returning to Pearl Harbor, the aircraft carrier made passing raids on the installations at Wotje and Kwajalein Atolls on 4 December. The warship reentered Pearl Harbor on 9 December and began a month of air training operations in the Hawaiian Islands.
On 16 January 1944, the warship exited Pearl Harbor once again to support an amphibious assault – Operation Flintlock, the Marshall Islands invasion. The Fast Carrier Task Force was then attached to Fifth Fleet and re-designated TF 58, with the *Yorktown* task group re-designated as Task Group 58.1 (TG 58.1). When TG 58.1 arrived at its launching point early on the morning of 29 January, carriers *Yorktown*, *Lexington*, and *Cowpens* began sending air strikes aloft at about 05:20 for attacks on Taroa airfield located on Maloelap Atoll. Throughout the day, her aircraft hit Maloelap in preparation for the assaults on Majuro and Kwajalein scheduled for 31 January. On 30 January, *Yorktown* and her sister carriers shifted targets to Kwajalein to begin softening up one of the targets. When the troops stormed ashore on 31 January, *Yorktown* aviators continued their strikes on Kwajalein in support of the troops attacking that atoll. The same employment occupied the *Yorktown* air group during the first three days in February. On 4 February, however, the task group retired to the fleet anchorage at recently secured Majuro Atoll.
#### Central Pacific raids
Over the next four months, *Yorktown* participated in a series of raids in which she ranged from the Marianas in the north to New Guinea in the south. After eight days at Majuro, she sortied with her task group on 12 February to conduct air strikes on the main Japanese anchorage at Truk Atoll. Those highly successful raids occurred on 16–17 February. On 18 February, the carrier set a course for the Marianas, and on 22 February, conducted a single day of raids on enemy airfields and installations on Saipan. That same day, she cleared the area on her way back to Majuro. The warship arrived in Majuro lagoon on 26 February and remained there. On 8 March, the carrier stood out of Majuro, rendezvoused with the rest of TF 58, and shaped a course for Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides. She reached her destination on 13 March and remained there for 10 days before getting underway for another series of raids on the Japanese middle defense line. On 30–31 March, she launched air strikes on Japanese installations located in the Palau Islands; and on 1 April, her aviators went after the island of Woleai. Five days later, she returned to her base at Majuro for a week of replenishment and recreation.
On 13 April, *Yorktown* returned to sea once more. On this occasion however, she laid in a course for the northern coast of New Guinea. On 21 April, she began launching raids in support of General Douglas MacArthur's assault on the Hollandia (currently known as Jayapura) area. That day, her aviators attacked installations in the Wakde-Sarmi area of northern New Guinea. On 22–23 April, they shifted to the landing areas at Hollandia themselves and began providing direct support for the assault troops. After those attacks, she retired from the New Guinea coast for another raid on Truk lagoon, which her aircraft carried out on 29 and 30 April. The aircraft carrier returned to Majuro on 4 May; however, two days later she got underway again, bound for Oahu. The warship entered Pearl Harbor on 11 May, and for the next 18 days, conducted training operations in the Hawaiian Islands. On 29 May, she headed back to the Central Pacific. *Yorktown* entered Majuro lagoon again on 3 June and began preparations for her next major amphibious support operation—the assault on the Marianas.
#### Marianas and Palau Islands
Main article: Mariana and Palau Islands campaign
On 6 June, the aircraft carrier stood out of Majuro with TF 58 and set a course for the Mariana Islands. After five days steaming, she reached the launch point and began sending planes aloft for the preliminary softening up of targets in preparation for the invasion of Saipan. *Yorktown* aircrews concentrated primarily upon airfields located on Guam. Those raids continued until 13 June, when *Yorktown*, with two of the task groups of TF 58, steamed north to hit targets in the Bonin Islands. That movement resulted in a one-day raid on 16 June before the two task groups headed back to the Marianas to join in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. TF 58 reunited on 18 June and began a short wait for the approaching Japanese Fleet and its aircraft.
On the morning of 19 June, *Yorktown* aircraft began strikes on Japanese air bases on Guam in order to deny them to their approaching carrier-based air and to keep the land-based planes out of the fray. Duels with Guam-based aircraft continued until mid-morning. At about 10:17, however, she got her first indication of the carrier plane attacks when a large bogey appeared on her radar screen. At that point she divided her attention, sending part of her air group back to Guam and another portion of it out to meet the raid closing from the west. Throughout the battle, *Yorktown*'s planes continued to strike the Guam airfields and intercept the carrier raids. During the first day of the Battle of the Philippine Sea, *Yorktown* aircraft claimed 37 enemy planes destroyed and dropped 21 tons of bombs on the Guam air bases.
On the morning of 20 June, *Yorktown* steamed generally west with TF 58 while search planes groped for the fleeing enemy task force. Contact was made with the enemy at about 15:40 when a pilot from *Hornet* spotted the retiring Combined Fleet units. *Yorktown* launched a 40-plane strike between 16:23 and 16:43. Her planes found Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's force at about 18:40 and began a 20-minute attack during which they went after *Zuikaku* on which they succeeded in scoring some hits. They, however, failed to sink that carrier. They also attacked several other ships in the Japanese force, though no records show a confirmed sinking to the credit of the *Yorktown* air group. On 21 June, the carrier joined in the futile stern chase on the enemy carried out by TF 58 but gave up that evening when air searches failed to contact the Japanese. *Yorktown* returned to the Marianas area and resumed air strikes on Pagan Island on 22–23 June. On 24 June, she launched a series of raids on Iwo Jima. On 25 June, she laid in a course for Eniwetok and arrived there two days later. On 30 June, the aircraft carrier headed back to the Marianas and the Bonins. She renewed combat operations on 3–4 July with a series of attacks on Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima. On 6 July, the warship resumed strikes in the Marianas and continued them for the next 17 days. On 23 July, she headed off to the west for a series of raids on Yap, Ulithi, and the Palaus. She carried out those attacks on 25 July and arrived back in the Marianas on 29 July.
On 31 July, she cleared the Mariana Islands and headed—via Eniwetok and Pearl Harbor—back to the United States. *Yorktown* arrived in the Puget Sound Navy Yard on 17 August and began a two-month overhaul. She completed repairs on 6 October and departed Puget Sound on 9 October. She stopped at the Alameda Naval Air Station from 11 to 13 October to load planes and supplies and then set a course back to the western Pacific. After a stop at Pearl Harbor from 18 to 24 October, *Yorktown* arrived back in Eniwetok on 31 October. She departed the lagoon on 1 November and arrived at Ulithi on 3 November. There, she reported for duty with TG 38.4. The task group left Ulithi on 6 November.
#### Philippines campaign
Main article: Philippines campaign (1944–1945)
On 7 November, the aircraft carrier changed operational control to TG 38.1 and, for the next two weeks, launched air strikes on targets in the Philippines in support of the Leyte invasion. Detached from the task force on 23 November, *Yorktown* arrived back in Ulithi on 24 November. She remained there until 10 December, at which time she put to sea to rejoin TF 38. She rendezvoused with the other carriers on 13 December and began launching air strikes on targets on the island of Luzon in preparation for the invasion of that island scheduled for the second week in January. On 17 December, the task force began its retirement from the Luzon strikes. During that retirement, TF 38 steamed through the center of the famous typhoon of December 1944. That storm sank three destroyers – *Spence*, *Hull*, and *Monaghan* – and *Yorktown* participated in some of the rescue operations for the survivors of those three destroyers. The warship arrived back in Ulithi on 24 December.
*Yorktown* fueled and provisioned at Ulithi until 30 December 1944, at which time she returned to sea to join TF 38 on strikes at targets in Formosa (now known as Taiwan) and the Philippines in support of the landings at Lingayen. The carriers began with raids on airfields on 3 January on the island of Formosa and continued with various targets for the next week. On 10 January, *Yorktown* and the rest of TF 38 entered the South China Sea via Bashi Channel to begin a series of raids on Japan's inner defenses. On 12 January, her planes visited the vicinity of Saigon and Tourane (now named Da Nang), Indochina, in hopes of catching major units of the Japanese fleet. Though foiled in their primary desire, TF 38 aviators still managed to rack up an exceptional[] score – 44 enemy ships, of which 15 were combatants. On 15 January, raids were launched on Formosa and Canton in China. The following day, her aviators struck at Canton again and also went to Hong Kong. On 20 January, she exited the South China Sea with TF 38 via Balintang Channel. She participated in a raid on Formosa on 21 January and another on Okinawa on 22 January before clearing the area for Ulithi. On the morning of 26 January, she re-entered Ulithi lagoon with TF 38.
#### Operations against Japan and Iwo Jima
Main article: Battle of Iwo Jima
*Yorktown* with planes of Carrier Air Group 1
*Yorktown* remained at Ulithi arming, provisioning, and conducting upkeep until 10 February. At that time, she sortied with TF 58, the 3rd Fleet becoming the 5th Fleet when Raymond A. Spruance relieved William Halsey, Jr. on a series of raids on the Japanese and thence to support the assault on and occupation of Iwo Jima. On the morning of 16 February, the carrier began launching strikes on the Tokyo area of Honshū. On 17 February, she repeated those strikes before heading toward the Bonins. Her aviators bombed and strafed installations on Chichi Jima on 18 February. The landings on Iwo Jima went forward on 19 February, and *Yorktown* aircraft began support missions over the island on 20 February. Those missions continued until 23 February at which time *Yorktown* cleared the Bonins to resume strikes on Japan proper. She arrived at the launch point on 25 February and sent two raids aloft to bomb and strafe airfields in the vicinity of Tokyo. On 26 February, *Yorktown* aircrewmen conducted a single sweep of installations on Kyūshū before TG 58.4 began its retirement to Ulithi. *Yorktown* re-entered the anchorage at Ulithi on 1 March.
She remained in the anchorage for about two weeks. On 14 March, the carrier departed the lagoon on her way to resume raids on Japan and to begin preliminary support work for the Okinawa operations scheduled for 1 April. On 18 March, she arrived in the operating area off Japan and began launching strikes on airfields on Kyūshū, Honshū, and Shikoku.
The task group came under air attack almost as soon as operations began. At about 08:00, a twin-engine bomber, probably a Yokosuka P1Y "Frances", attacked from her port side. The ship opened fire almost immediately and began scoring hits quickly. The plane began to burn but continued his run passing over *Yorktown*'s bow and splashing in the water on her starboard side. Just seven minutes later, another Frances tried but also went down, a victim of the combined fire of the formation. No further attacks developed until that afternoon; and, in the meantime, *Yorktown* continued air operations. That afternoon, three Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" dive-bombers launched attacks on the carrier. The first two failed in their attacks and were shot in their attempts. The third succeeded in planting his bomb on the signal bridge. It passed through the first deck and exploded near the ship's hull. It punched two large holes through her side, killed five men, and wounded another 26. *Yorktown*, however, remained fully operational, and her anti-aircraft gunners brought the attacker down. She continued air operations against the three southernmost islands of Japan and retired for fueling operations on 20 March.
On 21 March, she headed for Okinawa, on which she began softening-up strikes on 23 March. Those attacks continued until 28 March when she started back to Japanese waters for an additional strike on the home islands. On 29 March, the carrier put two raids and one photographic reconnaissance mission into the air over Kyūshū. That afternoon, at about 14:10, a single "Judy" made an apparent suicide dive on *Yorktown*. The anti-aircraft guns scored numerous hits. The plane passed over the ship and crashed about 60 ft (18 m) from her portside.
#### Battle of Okinawa
*Yorktown* during the air operations in the Pacific
Main article: Battle of Okinawa
On 30 March, *Yorktown* and the other carriers of her task group began to concentrate solely on the island of Okinawa and its surrounding islets. For two days, they pounded the island in softening-up strikes. On 1 April, the assault troops stormed ashore; and, for almost six weeks, she sent her planes to the island to provide direct support for the troops operating ashore. About every three days, she retired to the east to conduct fueling rendezvous or to rearm and re-provision. The only exception to that routine came on 7 April when it was discovered that a Japanese task force built around the elusive battleship *Yamato* was steaming south for one last, desperate, offensive. *Yorktown* and the other carriers quickly launched strikes to attack that valued target. Air Group 9 aviators claimed several torpedo hits on *Yamato* just before the battleship exploded and sank. At least three 500 lb (230 kg) bomb hits on the light cruiser *Yahagi* sank her also. The pilots also made strafing runs on the escorting destroyers and claimed to have left one afire in a sinking condition. At the conclusion of that action, *Yorktown* and her planes resumed their support for the troops on Okinawa. On 11 April, she came under air attack again when a single-engine plane sped in on her. *Yorktown*'s anti-aircraft gunners brought down the plane. Sporadic air attacks continued until her 11 May departure from the Ryūkyūs, but *Yorktown* sustained no additional damage and claimed only one further kill with her anti-aircraft battery. On 11 May, TG 58.4 was detached to proceed to Ulithi for upkeep, rest, and relaxation.
*Yorktown* entered the lagoon at Ulithi on 14 May and remained there until 24 May at which time she sortied with TG 58.4 to rejoin the forces off Okinawa. On 28 May, TG 58.4 became TG 38.4 when Halsey relieved Spruance and 5th Fleet again became 3rd Fleet. That same day, the carrier resumed air support missions over Okinawa. That routine lasted until the beginning of June when she moved off with TF 38 to resume strikes on the Japanese homeland. On 3 June, her aircraft made four different sweeps of airfields. The following day, she returned to Okinawa for a day of additional support missions before steaming off to evade a typhoon. On 6–7 June, she resumed Okinawa strikes. She sent her aviators back to the Kyūshū airfields and, on 9 June, launched them on the first of two days of raids on Minami Daito Shima. After the second day's strikes, *Yorktown* began retirement with TG 38.4 toward Leyte. She arrived in San Pedro Bay at Leyte on 13 June and began replenishment, upkeep, rest, and relaxation.
#### End of the war
The warship remained at Leyte until 1 July when she and TG 38.4 got underway to join the rest of the fast carriers in the final series of raids on the Japanese home islands. By 10 July, she was off the coast of Japan launching air strikes on the Tokyo area of Honshū. After a fueling rendezvous on 11–12 July, she resumed strikes on Japan, this on the southern portion of the northernmost island Hokkaidō. Those strikes lasted from 13 to 15 July. A fueling retirement and heavy weather precluded air operations until 18 July, at which time her aviators attacked the Japanese naval base at Yokosuka. From 19 to 22 July, she made a fueling and underway replenishment retirement and then, on 24 July, resumed air attacks on Japan. For two days, planes of her air group pounded installations around the Kure naval base. Another fueling retirement came on 26 July, and on 27–28 July, her planes were in the air above Kure again. On 29–30 July, she shifted targets back to the Tokyo area before another fueling retirement and another typhoon took her out of action until the beginning of the first week in August. On 8–9 August, the carrier launched her planes at northern Honshū and southern Hokkaido. On 10 August, she sent them back to Tokyo. On 11 and 12 August, another fueling retirement and a typhoon evasion was scheduled. On 13 August, her aircraft hit Tokyo for the last time. On 14 August, she retired to fuel destroyers again; and on 15 August, Japan agreed to capitulate so that all strikes planned for that day were canceled.
From 16 to 23 August, *Yorktown* and the other carriers of TF 58 steamed around the waters to the east of Japan awaiting instructions while peace negotiations continued. She then received orders to head for waters east of Honshū where her aircraft were to provide cover for the forces occupying Japan. She began providing that air cover on 25 August and continued to do so until mid-September. After the formal surrender aboard battleship *Missouri* on 2 September, the aircraft carrier also began air-dropping supplies to Allied prisoners of war still living in their prison camps. On 16 September, *Yorktown* entered Tokyo Bay with TG 38.1. She remained there, engaged in upkeep and crew recreation through the end of the month. On 1 October, the carrier stood out of Tokyo Bay on her way to Okinawa. She arrived in Buckner Bay on 4 October, loaded passengers, and got underway for the United States on 6 October.
### Post war
Mothballed *Yorktown* at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in 1948. From front to rear *Essex*, *Ticonderoga*, *Yorktown*, *Lexington*, *Bunker Hill*, *Bon Homme Richard*
#### 1945–1955
After a non-stop voyage, *Yorktown* entered San Francisco Bay on 20 October, moored at the Alameda Naval Air Station, and began discharging passengers. She remained at the air station until 31 October at which time she shifted to Hunters Point Navy Yard to complete minor repairs. On 2 November, while still at the navy yard, she reported to the Service Force, Pacific Fleet, for duty in conjunction with the return of American servicemen to the United States. That same day, she stood out of San Francisco Bay, bound for Guam on just such a mission. She arrived in Apra Harbor on 15 November and, two days later, got underway with a load of passengers. She arrived back in San Francisco on 30 November. On 8 December, the warship headed back to the Far East. Initially routed to Samar in the Philippines, she was diverted to Manila en route. She arrived in Manila on 26 December and departed there on 29 December. She reached San Francisco again on 13 January 1946. Later that month, she moved north to Bremerton, Washington, where she was placed in reserve while still in commission, on 21 June. She remained there in that status through the end of the year. On 9 January 1947, *Yorktown* was decommissioned and was berthed with the Bremerton Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet.
In June 1952, she was ordered reactivated, and work began on her at Puget Sound. On 15 December 1952, she was placed in commission, in reserve, at Bremerton. Her conversion continued into 1953 and she conducted post-conversion trials late in January. On 20 February 1953, *Yorktown* was placed in full commission as an attack carrier (CVA), with Captain William M. Nation in command. The aircraft carrier conducted normal operations along the west coast through most of the summer of 1953. On 3 August, she departed San Francisco on her way to the Far East. She arrived in Pearl Harbor and remained there until 27 August, at which time she continued her voyage west. On 5 September, the carrier arrived in Yokosuka, Japan. She put to sea again on 11 September to join TF 77 in the Sea of Japan. The Korean War armistice had been signed two months earlier; and, therefore, the carrier conducted training operations rather than combat missions. She served with TF 77 until 18 February 1954, at which time she stood out of Yokosuka on her way home. She made a stop at Pearl Harbor along the way and then moored at Alameda once more on 3 March.
*Yorktown* after the SCB-27A conversion in 1953
After a brief repair period at Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, *Yorktown* put to sea to serve as a platform for the filming of the Academy Award-nominated short subject documentary film *Jet Carrier*. She conducted further, more routine, operations along the west coast until 1 July, at which time she headed back to the Orient. She stopped at Pearl Harbor from 8–28 July before continuing on to Manila, where she arrived on 4 August. *Yorktown* operated out of the Manila-Subic Bay area, conducting 7th Fleet maneuvers, for the duration of the deployment. She did, however, take periodic breaks from that schedule to make frequent port visits to Yokosuka; and, during the Christmas holidays, she made a liberty call at Hong Kong on the Chinese coast. In January 1955, she was called upon to help cover the evacuation of Nationalist Chinese from the Tachen Islands located near the communist-controlled mainland. *Yorktown* entered Yokosuka for the last time on 16 February 1955 but departed again on 18 February to return home. After an overnight stop at Pearl Harbor on 23–24 February, she resumed her voyage east and arrived in Alameda on 28 February.
#### 1955–1960
On 21 March 1955, she was placed in reserve while still in commission at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard where she was to receive extensive modifications—most significantly, an angled flight deck to increase her jet aircraft launching capability. She completed her conversion that fall, and on 14 October was placed back in full commission. The carrier resumed normal operations along the West Coast soon after recommissioning. That assignment lasted until mid-March 1956. On 19 March, she stood out of San Francisco Bay on her way to her third tour of duty with the 7th Fleet since her reactivation in 1953. *Yorktown* stopped at Pearl Harbor from 24 March to 9 April and then continued her voyage west. She arrived in Yokosuka, Japan, on 18 April and departed again on 29 April. The warship operated with the 7th Fleet for the next five months. During that time, she conducted operations in the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea. She also visited such places as Sasebo, Manila, Subic Bay, and Buckner Bay at Okinawa.
On 7 September, the aircraft carrier stood out of Yokosuka and pointed her bow to the east. After a non-stop voyage, she arrived back at Alameda on 13 September. She resumed west coast operations for about two months. On 13 November, she embarked upon a round-trip to Pearl Harbor, from which she returned to Alameda on 11 December. *Yorktown* resumed normal operations out of Alameda upon her return and remained so employed until March 1957. On 9 March, she departed Alameda for yet another tour of duty in the Far East. She made stops at Oahu and Guam along the way and arrived at Yokosuka on 19 April. She put to sea to join TF 77 on 25 April and served with that task force for the next three months. On 13 August, the warship departed Yokosuka for the last time, made a brief pause at Pearl Harbor, and arrived in Alameda on 25 August. On 1 September, her home port was changed from Alameda to Long Beach, California, and she was reclassified an antisubmarine warfare (ASW) aircraft carrier with the new designation CVS-10. On 23 September, she departed Alameda and, four days later, entered the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for overhaul and for modification to an ASW carrier. That yard period lasted until the beginning of February 1958.
*Yorktown*'s final flight deck configuration.
She departed the naval ammunition depot at Bangor, Washington, on 7 February and entered Long Beach five days later. For the next eight months, *Yorktown* conducted normal operations along the west coast. On 1 November, she departed San Diego to return to the western Pacific. After a stop at Pearl Harbor from 8–17 November, *Yorktown* continued her voyage west and arrived in Yokosuka on 25 November. During that deployment, the aircraft carrier qualified for the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal on three occasions. The first time came on 31 December and 1 January 1959, when she participated in an American show of strength in response to the communist Chinese shelling of the offshore islands, Quemoy and Matsu, held by Nationalist Chinese forces.
During January, she also joined contingency forces off Vietnam during internal disorders caused by communist guerrillas in the southern portion of that country. That month she earned the expeditionary medal for service in the Taiwan Strait. The remainder of the deployment—save for another visit to Vietnamese waters late in March—consisted of a normal round of training evolutions and port visits. She concluded that tour of duty at San Diego on 21 May. The warship resumed normal operations along the west coast, and that duty consumed the remainder of 1959. In January 1960, *Yorktown* headed back to the Far East via Pearl Harbor. During that deployment, she earned additional stars for her Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal for duty in Vietnamese waters at various times in March, April, May, and June. She returned to the west coast late in the summer and, late in September, began a four-month overhaul at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard.
#### 1961–1964
*Yorktown* emerged from the shipyard in January 1961 and returned to Long Beach on 27 January. On 30 March 1961 The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show Season 5 Episode 26 was filmed aboard the Yorktown to commemorate 50 years of US Navy aviation. Tennessee's guests were Joe Flynn and the Command and Crew of The USS Yorktown. Then she conducted refresher training and then resumed normal west coast operations until late July. On 29 July, the aircraft carrier stood out of Long Beach, bound once again for western Pacific. She made an extended stopover in the Hawaiian Islands in August and, consequently, did not arrive in Yokosuka until 4 September. That tour of duty in the Far East consisted of a normal schedule of anti-air and antisubmarine warfare exercises as well as the usual round of port visits. She concluded the deployment at Long Beach on 2 March 1962. Normal west coast operations occupied her time through the summer and into the fall.
On 26 October 1962, the warship left Long Beach in her wake and set a course for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, then on to Japan, Hong Kong, and the Philippines in the Far East. During that deployment, she served as flagship for Carrier Division 19. She participated in several ASW and AAW exercises, including the SEATO ASW exercise, Operation Sea Serpent. The deployment lasted until 6 June 1963, at which time the carrier set a course back to Long Beach. *Yorktown* arrived back in her home port on 18 June 1963 and resumed normal operations until the fall, then went into drydock at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard facility at Long Beach Ca. The Yorktown came out of yard in the spring of 1964. Those operations continued throughout most of 1964 as well. However, on 22 October, she pointed her bow westward again and set out for a tour of duty with the 7th Fleet. Another period of operations in the Hawaiian Islands delayed her arrival in Japan until 3 December.
#### 1965–1968
The Apollo 8 Command Module on *Yorktown*'s deck
The 1964 and 1965 deployment brought *Yorktown* her first real involvement in the Vietnam War. In February, March, and April, she conducted a series of special operations in the South China Sea in waters near Vietnam; Anti-Submarine Warfare "ASW" services for the fast carriers conducting air strikes against targets in Vietnam in support of the increased American involvement in the civil war in that country. She concluded her tour of duty in the Far East on 7 May 1965, when she departed Yokosuka, Japan, to return to the United States. The carrier arrived in Long Beach on 17 May.
For the remainder of her active career, *Yorktown*'s involvement in combat operations in Vietnam proved a dominant feature of her activities. After seven months of normal operations out of Long Beach, she got underway for the western Pacific again on 5 January 1966. She arrived in Yokosuka, Japan, on 17 February and joined TF 77 on Yankee Station later that month. Over the next five months, the aircraft carrier spent three extended tours of duty on Yankee Station providing Anti-Submarine Warfare "ASW" and sea-air rescue services for the carriers of TF 77. She also participated in several "ASW" exercises, including the major SEATO exercise, Operation Sea Imp. The warship concluded her last tour of duty on Yankee Station early in July and, after a stop at Yokosuka, Japan, headed home on 15 July. She debarked her air group at San Diego on 27 July and reentered Long Beach that same day. She resumed normal operations – carrier qualifications and "ASW" exercises – for the remainder of the year and during the first two months of 1967.
On 24 February 1967, *Yorktown* entered the Long Beach Naval Shipyard for a seven-month overhaul. She completed repairs early in October and, after refresher training, resumed normal west coast operations for most of what remained of 1967. On 28 December, she stood out of Long Beach, bound for her last tour of duty in the western Pacific. After a stop at Pearl Harbor, she arrived in the Far East late in January 1968. Instead of putting in at a Japanese port for turnover *Yorktown* headed directly to the Sea of Japan to provide "ASW" and search and rescue "SAR" support for Task Force 71, the contingency force assembled in the wake of the North Korean capture of *Pueblo*. She remained on that 'Operation Formation Star' assignment for 30 days. On 1 March, she was released for other duties, and headed for Subic Bay in the Philippines. During the remainder of the deployment, *Yorktown* did another three tours of duty with TF 77 on Yankee Station. In each instance, she provided "ASW" and "SAR" support for the fast carriers launching air strikes on targets in Vietnam. She concluded her last tour of duty in Vietnamese waters on 16 June and set a course for Sasebo, Japan, where she stopped from 19 to 21 June before heading back to the United States.
#### 1968–1975
An S-2E Tracker of VS-27 taxies away with wings folding, just after having caught the wire aboard *Yorktown* during her 1969 Atlantic deployment
*Yorktown* arrived back in Long Beach on 5 July and entered the Long Beach Naval Shipyard that same day for almost three months of repairs. She completed repairs on 30 September and resumed normal operations. Late in November and early in December, she served as a platform for the filming of another movie, *Tora! Tora! Tora!* which recreated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In December 1968, she served as one of the recovery ships for the Apollo 8 space deployment. The two missions mentioned above were conducted out of Pearl Harbor. She departed Pearl Harbor on 2 January 1969, and after a two-week stop in Long Beach, continued her voyage to join the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. Steaming around South America, the aircraft carrier arrived in her new home port—Norfolk, Virginia—on 28 February. She conducted operations along the east coast and in the West Indies until late summer. On 2 September, *Yorktown* departed Norfolk for a northern European cruise and participation in the major fleet exercise Operation Peacekeeper. During the exercise, she provided ASW and SAR support for the task force. The exercise ended on 23 September, and *Yorktown* began a series of visits to northern European ports. After a visit each to Brest, France, and Rotterdam in the Netherlands, *Yorktown* put to sea for a series of hunter/killer ASW exercises from 18 October – 11 November. She resumed her itinerary of port visits on 11 November at Kiel, Germany. After that, she stopped at Copenhagen, Denmark, and at Portsmouth, England, before getting underway for home on 1 December. She reentered Norfolk on 11 December and began her holiday leave period.
During the first half of 1970, *Yorktown* operated out of Norfolk and began preparations for inactivation. On 27 June 1970, *Yorktown* was decommissioned at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was berthed with the Philadelphia Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She remained there almost three years before her name was struck from the Navy List on 1 June 1973. During 1974, the Navy Department approved the donation of *Yorktown* to the Patriot's Point Development Authority, Charleston, South Carolina. She was towed from Bayonne, New Jersey, to Charleston in June 1975. She was formally dedicated as a memorial on the 200th anniversary of the Navy, 13 October 1975.
#### 1975–present
*Yorktown* was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.
Through most of the 1990s, *Yorktown* housed WSCI-FM, 89.3, a local public radio station, part of the South Carolina Educational Radio Network. WSCI's offices and library were inside, while its broadcast booth was in the ship's "pri-fly", primary flight control, the control tower of an aircraft carrier, overlooking the water facing the Charleston peninsula. South Carolina Educational Radio shut down WSCI's local broadcasting in 1998.
Patriots Point has continued to grow serving as an embarkation point for Fort Sumter tour boats, home to several other vessels (including the *Allen M. Sumner*-class, *Laffey*, "the ship that would not die";) as well as the Cold War Submarine Memorial, a replica of a Vietnam Support Base, and the museum of the Medal of Honor Society, which is located on *Yorktown*'s hangar deck. On 2 September 2003, *Yorktown* served as the backdrop for the formal announcement of Senator John Kerry's candidacy as he sought, and ultimately won, the Democratic nomination for President of the United States for the 2004 election.
On 9 November 2012, Marquette University was scheduled to face Ohio State University on *Yorktown*'s deck in the second annual Carrier Classic college basketball game. Over 8,000 veterans and active duty military men and women attended the game. However, the makeshift courts became too wet with condensation, delaying tip-off. The game was eventually canceled.
In 2015, Collins Engineers, Inc. estimated that $40 million worth of repairs to the ship's hull will be required in the near future. The first phase of the project was to remove old fuel from the oil tanks. Approximately 60,000 gallons has been removed as of late 2015.
Panoramic image of Yorktown at Patriots PointPanoramic image of *Yorktown* at Patriots Point
Awards
------
*Yorktown* earned 12 battle stars and the Presidential Unit Citation during World War II and five battle stars for Vietnam service.
| |
| --- |
| Presidential Unit Citation | Meritorious Unit Commendation |
| China Service Medal | AmericanCampaign Medal | Asiatic-PacificCampaign Medalwith 11 stars |
| World War IIVictory Medal | Navy OccupationService Medalwith "Asia" clasp | National DefenseService Medalwith 1 star |
| Korean Service Medal | Armed ForcesExpeditionary Medalwith 3 stars | Vietnam Service Medalwith 4 stars |
| Philippine PresidentialUnit Citation | Republic of VietnamMeritorious Unit Citation(Gallantry Cross) | PhilippineLiberation Medal |
| United NationsKorean Medal | Republic of KoreaWar Service Medal | Republic of VietnamCampaign Medal |
Further reading
---------------
* *USS Yorktown* (2 vols.) (M.T. Publishing Co.) ISBN 1-56311-064-4, ISBN 1-56311-397-X.
* Norman Friedman (et al.): *USS Yorktown (CV-10)* (Ship's Data 7). Leeward Publications, Annapolis, Maryland (USA), 1977. ISBN 0-915268-08-6.
* Stefan Terzibaschitsch: *Aircraft carriers of the US Navy*. Conway, London (UK), 1981. ISBN 0-85177-159-9.
* Ruben P. Kitchen, Jr.: *Pacific Carrier: The Saga of the USS Yorktown CV-10 in WWII* (2 vols.), The Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1980, 2002. ISBN 1-877853-63-1. |
Plant root system
For other uses, see Rootstock (disambiguation).
A **rootstock** is part of a plant, often an underground part, from which new above-ground growth can be produced. It could also be described as a stem with a well developed root system, to which a bud from another plant is grafted. It can refer to a rhizome or underground stem. In grafting, it refers to a plant, sometimes just a stump, which already has an established, healthy root system, onto which a cutting or a bud from another plant is grafted. In some cases, such as vines of grapes and other berries, cuttings may be used for rootstocks, the roots being established in nursery conditions before planting them out. The plant part grafted onto the rootstock is usually called the **scion**. The scion is the plant that has the properties that propagator desires above ground, including the photosynthetic activity and the fruit or decorative properties. The rootstock is selected for its interaction with the soil, providing the roots and the stem to support the new plant, obtaining the necessary soil water and minerals, and resisting the relevant pests and diseases. After a few weeks, the tissues of the two parts will have grown together, eventually forming a single plant. After some years, it may be difficult to detect the site of the graft although the product always contains the components of two genetically different plants.
The use of rootstocks is most commonly associated with fruiting plants and trees, and is useful for mass propagating many other types of plants that do not breed true from seed, or are particularly susceptible to disease when grown on their own roots.
Although grafting has been practiced for many hundreds of years, even in Roman times, most orchard rootstocks in current use were developed in the 20th century.
A variety of rootstocks may be used for a single species or cultivar of scion because different rootstocks impart different properties, such as vigour, fruit size and precocity. Rootstocks also may be selected for traits such as resistance to drought, root pests, and diseases. Grapevines for commercial planting are most often grafted onto rootstocks to avoid damage by phylloxera, though vines available for sale to back garden viticulturists may not be.
The rootstock may be a different species from the scion, but as a rule it should be closely related, for example, many commercial pears are grown on quince rootstock. Grafting can also be done in stages; a closely related scion is grafted to the rootstock, and a less closely related scion is grafted to the first scion. Serial grafting of several scions may also be used to produce a tree that bears several different fruit cultivars, with the same rootstock taking up and distributing water and minerals to the whole system. Those with more than three varieties are known as 'family trees'.
When it is difficult to match a plant to the soil in a certain field or orchard, growers may graft a scion onto a rootstock that is compatible with the soil. It may then be convenient to plant a range of ungrafted rootstocks to see which suit the growing conditions best; the fruiting characteristics of the scion may be considered later, once the most successful rootstock has been identified. Rootstocks are studied extensively and often are sold with a complete guide to their ideal soil and climate. Growers determine the pH, mineral content, nematode population, salinity, water availability, pathogen load and sandiness of their particular soil, and select a rootstock which is matched to it. Genetic testing is increasingly common, and new cultivars of rootstock are always being developed.
Uses in agriculture
-------------------
### AxR1
**AxR1** is a grape rootstock once widely used in California viticulture. Its name is an abbreviation for "Aramon Rupestris Ganzin No. 1", which in turn is based on its parentage: a cross (made by a French grape hybridizer named Ganzin) between Aramon, a *Vitis vinifera* cultivar, and Rupestris, an American grape species, *Vitis rupestris*—also used on its own as rootstock, "Rupestris St. George" or "St. George," referring to a town in the South of France, Saint Georges d'Orques, where it was popular.
It achieved a degree of notoriety in California when, after decades of recommendation as a preferred rootstock—despite repeated warnings from France and South Africa about its susceptibility (it had failed in Europe in the early 1900s)—it ultimately succumbed to phylloxera in the 1980s, requiring the replanting of most of Napa and Sonoma, with disastrous financial consequences. Those who resisted the urge to use AxR-1, such as David Bennion of Ridge Vineyards, saw their vineyards spared from phylloxera damage.[]
### Apple rootstock
Apple rootstocks are used for apple trees and are often the deciding factor of the size of the tree that is grafted onto the root. Dwarfing, semi-dwarf, semi-standard and standard are the size benchmarks for the different sizes of roots that will be grown, with the standard being the largest and dwarf being the smallest. Much of the world's apple production is now using dwarf rootstocks to improve efficiency, increase density and increase yields of fruit per acre. The following is a list of the dwarfing rootstock that are commonly used today in apple production:
#### Malling rootstocks
Malling 7 rootstock is slightly bigger than an M26 rootstock, and also requires staking in the first several years to establish a centre leader. This rootstock is moderately susceptible to blight and collar rot. The fruit size that M7 produces is good but not as large as an M26, or M9 rootstock. This root is highly susceptible to suckering and leaning over in its later years of life, which is very annoying and causes issues for the producer.
Malling 9 rootstock is the most common and well known dwarfing rootstock. This rootstock should be planted in a well-drained site, and requires staking for the duration of its life. This rootstock is also very susceptible to fireblight and burr knots. There have been many clones made of this rootstock, including M.9 NAKB 337, M.9EMLA and M.9. Pajam.
Malling 26 rootstock will grow a larger tree than the M9 rootstock will, and is about 40-50% the size of a standard tree. This root is considered very productive and early bearing, and requires staking in the first few years of its life.
#### Malling Merton rootstocks
The Malling-Merton and Merton-Immune rootstocks| Name | Selected year | Introduced year | Parentage |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| MM 102 | 1931 | ? | Northern Spy x M 1 |
| MM 104 | 1930-31 | 1952 | M 2 x Northern Spy |
| MM 106 | 1930-32 | 1952 | Northern Spy x M 1 |
| MM 109 | 1930-31 | 1952 | M 2 x Northern Spy |
| MM 111 | 1932 | 1952 | Northern Spy x MI 793 |
| MI 793 | | | Northern Spy x M 2 |
Malling-Merton 106 rootstock is slightly smaller than MM 111, but is a very productive tree and has early fruiting abilities. It is a great rootstock to be used in a variety of soil conditions because it is very hardy with moderate vigour. This rootstock must be planted in well-drained soils as it is susceptible to collar rot.
Malling-Merton 111 rootstock is one of the biggest and vigorous rootstocks that is used today in commercial orchards, and is about 80-90% the size of a standard-sized tree. It is generally quite winter hardy and produces few burr knots and root suckers. This rootstock is much less popular than it once was, because many commercial producers are now planting higher density orchards, which M111 is not conducive to.
#### Tree Size
Size relationships| Rootstock | Relative size in Michigan. | Relative size in England. M 16 = 100 | Relative size Lucas |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Seedling of French crab | 100 | | 100 |
| A 2 | | | 95 |
| M 1 | 58 | |
| M 2 | 66 | 46 | 62 |
| M 4 | 48 | | 67 |
| M 5 | 52 | |
| M 7 | 40 | 61 | 59 |
| M 9 | 26 | 27 | 42 |
| M 11 | | | 92 |
| M 12 | 93 | |
| M 13 | 78 | |
| M 16 | 84 | 100 |
| M 25 | 80 | 78 | 86 |
| M 26 | | 31 | 47 |
| M 27 | | | 28 |
| MM 102 | | 47 |
| MM 104 | 63 | 79 | 64 |
| MM 106 | 36 | 59 | 56 |
| MM 109 | 73 | | 84 |
| MM 111 | 70 | 83 | 75 |
#### Other rootstocks
The Geneva rootstocks | Name | Introduced year | Parentage | Size % a) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| G 11 | 1999 | M 26 x R 5 |
| G 16 | 1998 | O 3 x Malus floribunda | 35-40 |
| G 41 | 2005 | M 27 x R 5 | 30 |
| G 65 | 1991 | M 27 x Beauty Crab |
| G 202 | 2002 | M 27 x R 5 | 50 |
| G 210 | 2010 | O 3 x R 5 | 50-60 |
| G 214 | 2010 | R 5 x O 3 | 30-35 |
| G 222 | 2011 | R 5 x M 27 | 45-55 |
| G 890 | 2010 | R 5 x O 3 | 55-65 |
| G 935 | 2005 | O 3 x R 5 | 50 |
| G 969 | 2010 | R 5 x O 3 | 45-55 |
R 5 = Robusta 5, O 3 = Ottawa 3, M 27 = Malling 27, a) size compared to seedling of French crab. |
American director
**Gay Abel-Bey** is an American film director, producer, writer, editor, and academic. She currently teaches at New York University.
Early life and education
------------------------
Abel-Bey earned her B.A. from Mount Holyoke College, as well as her M.F.A. in Film from UCLA. In 1991, she made her thesis film *Fragrance*, which earned her the Dorothy Arzner Award for "high recognition of dramatic piece by a woman." While in graduate school at UCLA's School of Theater, Film, and Television, Abel-Bey taught courses in screenwriting and production. In her time at UCLA, Abel-Bey worked with ABC's Television Lighting Director Leslie Zak to produce and direct an instructional video in television lighting, and conducted a lighting seminar for film as well as producing three more instructional videos retained at the UCLA archives.
Career
------
Abel-Bey was involved with Filmex, a Los Angeles film festival, and co-hosted a retrospective for the National Film School of London. She also helped to develop a community-based documentary workshop for at-risk youth in Los Angeles via Cal State LA's media department. Additionally, Abel-Bey has produced a variety of other film projects, some of which include *Father & Son*, *Running 4 My Life*, *When It's Your Turn* for WPVI-TV, *Stone Cold Hustler*, and *Kiss Grandmother Goodbye*. *Father & Son* was awarded a Sonny Innovators Award, while *Stone Cold Hustler* was awarded a local Emmy Award in Washington, D.C. for the "Drug Free School Zone" campaign.
In 1995 Abel-Bey started teaching at New York University, and as of 2023 she continues to work there as an Academic Advisor for the Undergraduate Division of Film & Television, teaching courses in production and screenwriting. As a teaching assistant, Abel-Bey taught the Remote Television Workshop and Sports Broadcasting & Intermediate Television Production.
Filmography
-----------
| Year | Title | Contribution | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | *Daydream Therapy* | Acting role | |
| 1980 | *Happy Valentine's Day* | Director and writer | |
| 1991 | *Fragrance* | Director, producer, writer, and editor | Served as her thesis film |
**Additional works include:**
* *Father & Son*
* *Running 4 My Life*
* *When It's Your Turn*
* *Stone Cold Hustler*
* *Kiss Grandmother Goodbye*
Awards
------
* Dorothy Arzner Award
* Sonny Innovators Award
* Local Emmy Award |
British physician
**Allan Warner** (c. 1871 – 24 May 1952), was a British physician who served as Leicester's chief medical officer of health. His photographs of various stages of smallpox, taken at Leicester smallpox isolation hospital, appeared in *An Atlas of Illustrations of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Pathology* in 1901. Later, he had administrative roles at the Western Park Open Air School and acted as the medical advisor to Leicester's Mental Deficiency committee.
Early life and family
---------------------
Allan Warner was born in Finchley, Middlesex, around 1871. He married Elizabeth Maud, eight years his junior, around 1907. By 1911, they had two children, John and Mary.
Photographs
-----------
Photograph of two boys who came in contact with smallpox (*Atlas of Clinical Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology*, 1901)
Warner's photographs of various stages of smallpox, taken at Leicester smallpox isolation hospital, appeared in *An Atlas of Illustrations of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Pathology* (1901). At the time, he was Leicester's assistant medical officer of health.
Western Park Open Air School
----------------------------
Western Park Open Air School
In 1931, as Leicester's chief school medical officer of health, Warner, in the committee minutes, described the Western Park Open Air School as having a "healthy environment" that could put right a "child's nervous activity which has degenerated owing to disuse". Two years earlier he had maintained that "many health movements" had produced a "health conscience" which in turn expanded the Leicester School Medical Service. He described the aim of the school as to "so train the children that they would eventually become hardy men and women", something he felt was important for a good citizen in the interwar years. In contrast were the "overcrowded sunless rooms" of the schools in the city centre, with "stagnant humid atmosphere of the overcrowded house". This he felt "resulted in children that were "incapable of strenuous muscular action and over sensitive to pain". In one later report, Warner recited George Newman: "the existence and strength of the nation ultimately depends upon the survival of its children and their physical and mental health".
School Medical Service
----------------------
He wrote of rising costs of the School Medical Service, and that "parents with tuberculosis should be prevented from having more children". He acted as the medical advisor to Leicester's Mental Deficiency committee, and calculated that Leicester had "60 lower grade children and 300 adult defectives". He "suggested that idiots and imbeciles should be put in an institution, low-grade children could be left with the parents, and the feeble minded segregated so that they could not reproduce".
Death
-----
He died on 24 May 1952 at the Regent Road Hospital in Leicester, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife Elizabeth Maud. |
**Siegfried I** (b. before 929, d. after 961), Count of Stade, son of Lothar II, Count of Stade, and Swanhild of Saxony, brother of Henry I the Bald, Count of Stade.
After the death of their father, Lothar, in the Battle of Lenzen, Stade was ruled by Wichmann I the Elder and his sons, who controlled a relatively large cavalry force (several hundred horses) on the left bank of the Elbe. By 955, the sons of Wichmann, Wichmann II the Younger and Egbert the One-Eyed, had rebelled against Otto I, then King of Germany, and the countship of Stade reverted to the family of Lothar.
Siegfried and his brother built the castle at Harsefeld which was converted to religious uses for the Archdiocese of Bremen under the rule of Henry's son and then to a Benedictine archabbey in 1104.
The only reference to Siegfried as a count is in a charter of Otto dated 23 April 961, and it is possible that Siegfried and his brother were co-rulers at that time. It is not known whether Siegfried was married or had any children. The next known Count of Stade was Henry's son Henry II the Good, who ruled the county until his death in 1016.
Sources
-------
* Warner, David A. *Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg*, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2001
* Reuter, Timothy, *Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800-1036*, London and New York, 1992
* Bury, J. B. (editor), *The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III, Germany and the Western Empire*, Cambridge University Press, 1922 |
American food entrepreneur (b.1985)
**Robert Jakobi** (born April 7, 1985) is a Food entrepreneur. He is the former Managing Director and Co Owner of Metcalfe's Food Company, which was founded by Julian Metcalfe in 2009.
Early life and education
------------------------
Robert Jakobi grew up in London and then moved to the US to study. Jakobi attended Duke University, and then the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated in May 2007.
Career
------
### Barclays Capital
Jakobi started his career as an Analyst in Investment Banking at Barclays Capital in New York.
### Pod bites
In January 2010, whilst working in Finance, Jakobi founded a food company called Pod bites, which was a range of chocolate, and yoghurt covered edamame. He launched Pod bites in Harvey Nichols and Selfridges amongst others in March 2010.
### Metcalfe’s Food Company
Through Pod bites Robert Jakobi met Julian Metcalfe who is the Co Founder of Itsu and Pret A Manger. Jakobi approached Julian as he was keen to get Pod bites into Itsu and Pret A Manger. Jakobi became the Managing Director of Metcalfe's Food Company in October 2010.
Metcalfe's Food Company enjoyed a compound annual growth rate of over 200% in revenues between 2011 and 2014. In February 2014 the company had forecast to achieve £50 Million in sales within the next 3 years. As of December 2014, Metcalfe's Food Company were the fastest-growing, privately owned food and drink company in the UK.
### Metcalfe’s skinny
In January 2016 Diamond Foods acquired a minority stake in Metcalfe's skinny. The investment will help to maximise the growth potential of the brand in the UK and Europe.
In September 2016 the new owner of Kettle Foods Snyder's-Lance, Inc. acquired the remainder of the business.
### BOU
In April 2017 Jakobi launched BOU, a range of better-for-you bouillon cubes into the US market. AccelFoods, an investment fund focused on food and beverage startups, are the lead investor.
### Misfits Health
In August 2021 Jakobi led the Series A round of Misfits, a UK plant-based nutrition brand with a £3 Million investment. Misfits were ranked the 99th fastest growing business in Europe in the 2022 Financial Times 1000 list.
### webloom
In March 2022 Jakobi launched webloom, a growth equity HoldCo to acquire emerging, better for you consumer brands. webloom will acquire UK companies to accelerate their growth in the US.
Awards
------
In December 2013, Metcalfe's Food Company were featured as one of ten ‘Ones to Watch’ in the Sunday Times Fast Track 100. The Fast Track 100 ranks the fastest growing privately owned companies in the UK.
In April 2014, Robert Jakobi along with Julian Metcalfe were named as London & South finalists for the 2014 Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award. The award is considered one of the world's most prestigious business awards and is held in more than 145 cities and in more than 60 countries worldwide.
In May 2014, Metcalfe's Food Company were announced as one of the winners of The Santander Breakthrough 50 Awards. The awards celebrate the UK's top 50 most exciting fast-growth companies.
In July 2014, Robert was selected as one of 30 Young Guns. Young Guns celebrates annually the best 30 entrepreneurs aged 35 or under in the UK.
In December 2014, Metcalfe's Food Company were ranked at number 4 in the Sunday Times Fast Track 100.
In January 2015, Robert was selected on the Forbes 30 Under 30 in Food & Wine. In 2015 Forbes picked 600 people in 20 fields including Food & Wine.
Appearances
-----------
### One Young World
On 16 October 2014, Robert was invited by One Young World as a special delegate to head a panel on successful young entrepreneurs at their annual summit in Dublin. The panel was chaired by Barclays CEO Anthony Jenkins and also included Hailo's Jay Bregman, made.com's Julien Callede, One Fine Stay's founder Tim Davey and YouTube celebrity Michelle Phan.
The summit brings together the generations’ most passionate young people to debate issues of universal concern.
Jakobi explained that the panel was to have a particular focus on the importance of inspiring youth entrepreneurship in an interview he did with Bloomberg prior to the summit. |
David Annwn Jones
**David Annwn** (born 9 May 1953), also known as **David Annwn Jones**, is an Anglo-Welsh poet, critic, teacher, playwright, and magic lanternist.
Biography
---------
Annwn was born David James Jones in Congleton, and brought up in Cheshire. In his undergraduate years at the University of Aberystwyth, Annwn Jones edited *Dragon* poetry magazine and helped convene the Gallery Poets series at UCW Neuadd Fawr with Rose Simpson, ex-member of the Incredible String Band. In 1973, he met Robert Duncan, a future influencer on his poetry, and studied for his doctorate supervised by Jeremy Hooker.[]
Annwn taught at Wakefield College and Leeds University from 1981 to 1995, latterly becoming Head of English[*where?*]. With Peter Sansom and Graham Mort, he inaugurated the Northern Association of Writers in Education. Active as an organiser and performer, Annwn collaborated with musician John Cowey and poet Roula Pollard in running poetry/drama events at Wakefield College Theatre and convened reading tours for American writers including Robert Berthof, Black Mountain artist Basil King and Bobby Louise Hawkins.[]
From 1987–1996, Annwn worked with Frances Presley and Peterjon and Yasmin Skelt. He helped publish the work of a wide range of contemporary poets including Eric Mottram, George Mackay Brown and Lee Harwood.[] He went on to tutor undergraduate, MA Literature and Creative Writing students for Open University, mainly in Leeds and Manchester, but also in Cardiff, Dublin, Glasgow, and Greece. In August 1996, he presented a paper on Celtic Postmodernism at the ‘Assembling Alternatives" conference at the University of New Hampshire. From 1986 onwards, he was also associated with Black Mountain poet Jonathan Williams and Thomas Meyer's circle of artists meeting at their Corn Close cottage in Dentdale, going on to edit the festschrift Catgut and Blossom, publish Williams’ Metafours for Mysophobes, introduce readings at the Victoria Miro Gallery and write an online study: ‘Mustard and Evening Primrose: the Astringent Extravagance of Jonathan Williams’ metafours’.[]
An active performer and teacher, Annwn has appeared extensively on the readings circuits and at Carmarthen Arts Festival, Hay-on-Wye Alternative Poetry, Ilkley and Otley Arts Festivals, Beehive Poets, Warrington Arts and many university conferences. Part of his reading at the Other Room Experimental Poetry is available on film. He has been involved particularly with the David Jones Society, and has also given talks for the William Blake Society and the George Mackay Brown Fellowship, Orkney. 2014 saw the culmination of Annwn's six-year project: Prismatic Array involving his multi-medial responses to the work of Barbara Hepworth, Claude Cahun, Maya Deren and Dylan Thomas, culminating in readings and illustrated talks at the Hepworth Gallery, Wakefield, Leeds City Art Gallery and the Dylan Unchained centennial conference, Swansea University.[]
Since 1981, Annwn has lived in the Wakefield area of West Yorkshire.
Honors and awards
-----------------
He is a recipient of first prize in the Inter-Collegiate Eisteddfod,[] the Bunford Prize for the highest mark in English in his university year,[] the Cardiff International Poetry Prize, a Ferguson Centre award for African and Asian Studies and his study, *Sexuality and the Gothic Magic Lantern*, was nominated for the Allan Lloyd Smith Memorial Prize.
Career
------
**Islands and Poems**
A third of Annwn's doctoral thesis involved the poetry of the Orcadian writer, George Mackay Brown and, after meeting and corresponding with the poet, Annwn went on to write *The Binding Breath*, concerning the epistemological importance of island in Brown's work. Island-ness became a salient focus for his studies and Annwn went on compile *Sea Harvest*, an extensive Gazetteer of island poets, and publish Into the Blue, Poems from Åland, Robin Young's translations of Baltic islander, Carina Karlsson's poetry. A Ferguson Centre award allowed Annwn to research the work of Jean Arasanayagam, (Sri Lanka), Marjorie Evasco, (the Philippines), Hsia Yü, (Taiwan) and Angeline Yap, (Singapore). This criticism, often involving Post-colonial and Feminist critiques of identity, was published in works such as Ideya Journal of the Humanities.6 The extensive study ‘Babaylan, Witch, Sorguin’ placed Marjorie Evasco's work within a vast context of female resistance in the volume The Survival of Myth.7
Annwn went on to help Stephen Bradbury with the English versions of Hsia Yü's poetry published in Salsa (2015)
**Calligraphy and Poetry**
Annwn's work has proved popular with a wide range of contemporary calligraphers. In 2011, celebrated calligrapher, Ann Hechle wrote: I have been reading some of David Annwn's poetry [ and have loved it - so witty, erudite & complex] becoming aware, most of all, of the extraordinary range of cross-referencing going [...]. A kaleidoscope of words constantly shaken up. Annwn has worked closely with celebrated American calligrapher, Thomas Ingmire.[]
Titles include *Tabula Gratulatoria*, *Out of the air*, *seismograph jitter*, *1762011*, *Asters of Risk*, *errant inerrancies*, *Against the odds/St John's Fragment* (2014) *Going up to Sun Terrace*, *Shiva of Liquid Club*, *A pulse walks in*, *The Zorn Suite* and *Mary Shelley's Elisions*. Some of the fruits of this collaboration featured in the ‘Form and Expression’ exhibition, the Brunnier Art Museum, Iowa State University in 2014 and are the subject of the essays ‘Flying Through’ 8 and ‘Master Calligrapher’s Diodati Tribute’ 9 and in Annwn's lectures at the Letter Exchange, London and The Society of Scribes, New York.
In his study, ‘Form & Expression : the Written Word’, Bruce Nixon, art critic, writes: ‘Ingmire’s approach to calligraphy as a mode of research, typified by his relationship with Annwn, is especially intriguing. Their collaboration, which began in the early 2000s, is based on ekphrasis, a rhetorical device from antiquity, in which one art medium is described by another, thus heightening its affect for viewers or readers […]As a collaborative undertaking, it is at once conversational and deeply personal.’ 10
In 2011, Annwn was the guest poet at the Sunderland University Writing Symposium and worked with Ewan Clayton, Ann Hechle, Susan Moor, Suzanne Moore, Ayako Tani and Edward Wates. At the Writing 2015 Symposium at Bruges University in 2015, Annwn went on to work with Ewan Clayton, Lieve Cornil, Susan Skarsgard and Brody Neuenschwander, past collaborator with film-maker Peter Greenaway. An exhibition of Annwn's and Thomas Ingmire's collaborative poetry and calligraphy appeared at the California Book Club, San Francisco, 2016.
**Gothic and Gothic visuality**
In 2006, Annwn discovered Francois d’Orbay's floor-plans for the site of E-A Robertson's famous Parisian Phantasmagoria magic lantern show (1799-1804), a key influence in Gothic writings of the 19th century, including the famous work of Sheridan Le Fanu. This enabled him, with the assistance of visual artist Howard Wood, to create Phantasmagoria, a walk-through film of an evening's entertainment at the ruined convent.
He went on to write, the best-selling critical volume: Gothic Machine, Pre-cinematic Media and Film in Popular Visual Culture 1670-1910 which sold out in four months. Jerrold Hogle wrote of this study: ‘This work remains a significant advance in Gothic and cultural studies.’ This volume was followed by Sexuality and the Gothic Magic Lantern: Desire, Eroticism and Literary Visibilities from Byron to Bram Stoker (Palgrave Gothic). Annwn subsequently wrote a series of articles concerning early Gothic comics, Gothic engravings, calligraphy and dance for ‘The Gothic Imagination’ website convened by Stirling University.
Magic lantern shows include those at the Bram Stoker International Fellowship, (2012) Whitby, the Gothic Festival Manchester (2014) and, as reported in Reuters International News: a specially-devised lycanthropic lantern show at The Company of Wolves’ Conference, University of Hertfordshire (2015).
David Annwn's most recent collection of poems include Bela Fawr's Cabaret (2008) Disco Occident (2013) and Against the Odds/St John's Fragment (2015) and his multi-media plays: Harker's Bizarre and Grimani's Theatre have been performed at Whitby as part of the Bram Stoker Film Festival. Amongst his collaborative works are The Hunting of the Lizopard (with Alan Halsey), It Means Nothing to Me (with Geraldine Monk), DADADOLLZ with Christine Kennedy. He has been interviewed about his poetry many times and can be found in conversation about poetics most recently with Alan Halsey in CUSP, Recollections of poetry in transition.
Nobel Prize-winner, Seamus Heaney has written that Annwn's work is ‘wonderfully sympathetic and accurate.’ []
Bibliography
------------
**Poetry**
* Foster the Ghost (1984)
* King Saturn's Book (1987)
* The Other (1988)
* the spirit / that kiss (1993)
* Turbulent Boundaries (1999)
* The Hunting of the Lizopard (2007)
* Bela Fawr's Cabaret (2008)
* Disco Occident (2013)
* Against the Odds/St John's Fragment (2015)
* Going Up To Sun Terrace (2015)
**Prose**
* Inhabited Voices, Myth and History in the Poetry of Seamus Heaney, Geoffrey Hill and George Mackay Brown, (1984)
* Hear the Voice of the Bard! The Early Bards, William Blake and Robert Duncan, (1995)
* Arcs Through: the Poetry of Maurice Scully, Randolph Healy and Billy Mills, (2001).
* Gothic Machine (2012)
* Sexuality and the Gothic Magic Lantern: Desire, Eroticism and Literary Visibilities from Byron to Bram Stoker (2014)
**Visual works**
Annwn's portrait photographs have been used by the Simon and Schuster publishing house and his lettering has appeared in the Knot Art exhibition, Sheffield. His monotypes appear alongside Christine Kennedy's in Dadadollz and in Lava Island, dedicated to Tomas Transtromer. His long-term collaborations with artists Sean and Charlotte Mannion and Alex Ketnor, including the print-art work: Obretto, were shown at Wakefield Arts Festival in 2016. An overview of his print art appears in the Kindle version of The Dark Would. |
Private law school in Ithaca, New York
**Cornell Law School** is the law school of Cornell University, a private Ivy League university in Ithaca, New York. One of the five Ivy League law schools, it offers four law degree programs, JD, LLM, MSLS and JSD, along with several dual-degree programs in conjunction with other professional schools at the university. Established in 1887 as Cornell's Department of Law, the school today is one of the smallest top-tier JD-conferring institutions in the country, with around 200 students graduating each year.
Cornell Law alumni include business executive and philanthropist Myron Charles Taylor, namesake of the law school building, along with U.S. Secretaries of State Edmund Muskie and William P. Rogers, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel Pierce, the first female President of Taiwan, Tsai Ing-wen, federal judge and first female editor-in-chief of a law review Mary H. Donlon, former President of the International Criminal Court Song Sang-Hyun, as well as many members of the U.S. Congress, governors, state attorneys general, U.S. federal and state judges, diplomats and businesspeople.
Cornell Law School is home to the Legal Information Institute (LII), the *Journal of Empirical Legal Studies*, the *Cornell Law Review*, the *Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy*, and the *Cornell International Law Journal*.
Boardman Hall, the old Cornell Law College building, c. 1910
History
-------
Entrance to Myron Taylor Hall, Cornell Law's principal building for instruction
The Law Department at Cornell opened in 1887 in Morrill Hall with Judge Douglass Boardman as its first dean. At that time, admission did not require even a high school diploma. In 1917, two years of undergraduate education were required for admission, and in 1924, it became a graduate degree program. The department was renamed the Cornell Law School in 1925. In 1890, George Washington Fields graduated, one of the first law school graduates of color in the United States. In 1893, Cornell had its first female graduate, Mary Kennedy Brown. Future Governor, Secretary of State, and Chief Justice of the United States, Charles Evans Hughes, was a professor of law at Cornell from 1891 to 1893, and after returning to legal practice he continued to teach at the law school as a special lecturer from 1893 to 1895. Hughes Hall, one of the law school's central buildings, is named in his honor.
In 1892, the school moved into Boardman Hall, which was constructed specifically for legal instruction. The school moved from Boardman Hall (now the site of Olin Library) to its present-day location at Myron Taylor Hall in 1932. The law school building, an ornate, Gothic structure, was the result of a donation by Myron Charles Taylor, a former CEO of US Steel, and a member of the Cornell Law class of 1894. Hughes Hall was built as an addition to Myron Taylor Hall and completed in 1963. It was also funded by a gift from Taylor. Another addition to Myron Taylor Hall, the Jane M.G. Foster wing, was completed in 1988 and added more space to the library. Foster was a member of the class of 1918, an editor of the *Cornell Law Review* (then *Cornell Law Quarterly*), and an Order of the Coif graduate.
In 1948, Cornell Law School established a program of specialization in international affairs and also started awarding LL.B. degrees. In 1968, the school began to publish the *Cornell International Law Journal.* In 1991, the school established the Berger International Legal Studies Program. In 1994, the school established a partnership with the University of Paris I law faculty to establish a Paris-based Summer Institute of International and Comparative Law. From 1999 to 2004 the school hosted the Feminism and Legal Theory Project. In 2006, the school established its second summer law institute in Suzhou, China. The Clarke Program in East Asian Law and Culture was established in 2002.
Hughes Hall after 2017 renovations
In June 2012, the school embarked on a multi-year, multi-phase expansion and renovation. The first phase created additional classroom space underground, adjacent to Myron Taylor Hall along College Avenue. The second phase included the removal and digitization of printed materials from the library stacks so that the space could be converted into additional classroom and student space. The third phase involved converting Hughes Hall into office space. As a result, Myron Taylor Hall saw the addition of 40,000 square feet of underground classroom space. The renovation of Hughes Hall was completed in 2017.
Campus
------
Cornell Law is housed within Myron Taylor Hall (erected 1932), which contains the Law Library, classrooms, offices, a moot courtroom, and the Cornell Legal Aid Clinic.
Admissions
----------
Banner outside the law school's Jane M.G. Foster wing
Cornell Law School is extremely selective: the median LSAT for the 2023 entering class was 172 (98th percentile of all test takers), with 25th and 75th percentiles of 169 and 175, respectively. The median undergraduate GPA was 3.90, with 25th and 75th percentiles of 3.77 and 3.97, respectively.
For the 2021 LL.M. program, which is designed for non-U.S.-trained lawyers, 900 applications were received for the 50 to 60 openings. LL.M. students come from over 30 different countries.
Along with consideration of the quality of an applicant's academic record and LSAT scores, the full-file-review admissions process places a heavy emphasis on an applicant's statement, letters of recommendation, community and extracurricular involvement, and work experience. The application also invites a statement on diversity and a short note on why an applicant particularly wants to attend Cornell. The law school values applicants who have done their research and have particular interests or goals that would be served by attending the school versus one of its peer institutions.
Academics
---------
View of Cornell Law School from Central Avenue
Interior of Cornell Law School quad
Cornell has offered LL.M and J.S.D degrees since 1928. The joint JD/MBA (with Cornell's Johnson School of Management) has three- and four-year tracks, The JD/MILR program is four years, the JD/MPA is four years, and the JD/MRP is four years.
In addition, Cornell has joint program arrangements with universities abroad to prepare students for international licensure:
* Joint program with University of Paris (La Sorbonne) (JD/Master en Droit)
* Joint program with Humboldt University of Berlin (JD/M.LL.P)
* Joint program with Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (JD/Master in Global Business Law)
The JD/Master en Droit lasts four years and prepares graduates for admission to the bar in the United States and France. The JD/M.LL.P is three years old and conveys a mastery of German and European law and practices. The JD/Master in Global Business Law lasts three years. []
Cornell Law School runs two summer institutes overseas, providing Cornell Law students with unique opportunities to engage in rigorous international legal studies. The Cornell-Université de Paris I Summer Institute of International and Comparative Law at the Sorbonne in Paris, France offers a diverse curriculum in the historic Sorbonne and Centre Panthéon (Faculté de Droit) buildings at the heart of the University of Paris I: Panthéon-Sorbonne. Coursework includes international human rights, comparative legal systems, and international commercial arbitration. French language classes are also offered.[]
In 2006, Cornell Law School announced that it would launch a second summer law institute, the new Workshop in International Business Transactions with Chinese Characteristics in Suzhou, China. In partnership with Bucerius Law School (Germany) and Kenneth Wang School of Law at Soochow University (China), Cornell Law provides students from the United States, Europe, and China with an academic forum in which they can collaborate on an international business problem.[]
### Rankings, Reputation, and Outcomes
Cornell Law School was ranked 2nd in the 2023 *Above the Law* rankings, which prioritizes career outcomes above all other factors. The school ranked 13th in the 2023-2024 U.S. News & World Report Law School rankings.
Cornell Law is known for its large firm prowess, placing a greater portion of its J.D. graduates at big law firms than any other law school in the United States. On the public service front, Cornell Law is known for the Cornell Law Death Penalty Project; its Tenants Advocacy Practicum; and for housing the Legal Information Institute, a non-profit, public service of Cornell Law School that provides no-cost access to legal research sources online at law.cornell.edu, serving over 47 million unique visitors per year.
Approximately 92% of the Class of 2022 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment within ten months of graduation. According to Reuters, Cornell Law placed a greater portion of its 2022 graduates in associate positions at big law firms than any other law school in the United States. Of the graduating class of 2022, approximately 80% were employed at large firms with more than 250 attorneys. And in total, approximately 83% of that class obtained elite employment outcomes in the form of federal clerkships or employment at firms with more than 250 attorneys. In a comparative survey of all law schools, Cornell graduates earned the highest average salaries in the United States from 2014 through 2019, with a mean salary of over $183,000. The median private-sector salary for Cornell Law graduates is $215,000. In 2023, Law.com ranked Cornell Law #2 on its ranking of the 50 best law schools for getting an associate position at the largest 100 law firms in the country.
### Library
The Cornell Law Library is one of twelve national depositories for print records of briefs filed with the U.S. Supreme Court
The law library contains 700,000 books and microforms and includes rare historical texts relevant to the legal history of the United States. The library is one of the 12 national depositories for print records of briefs filed with the United States Supreme Court. Also, there is a large collection of print copies of the records and briefs of the New York Court of Appeals. The large microfilm collection has sets of Congressional, Supreme Court, and United Nations documents, as well as a large collection of World Law Reform Commission materials. Microfiche records and briefs for the United States Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and D.C. Circuit, and the New York State Court of Appeals are also collected. The library also has a large collection of international, foreign, and comparative law, with the main focus being on the Commonwealth of Nations and Europe. Along with this, there are also collections of public international law and international trade law. A new initiative by the library is to collect Chinese, Japanese, and Korean resources to support the law school's Clarke Program in East Asian Law and Culture.
Rare books in the library include the Samuel Thorne collection, which has 175 of some of the earliest and most rare books on law. Other significant collections include the Nathaniel C. Moak Library and the Edwin J. Marshall Collection of early works on equity and the Earl J. Bennett Collection of Statutory Material, a print collection of original colonial, territorial, and state session laws and statutory codes. Among the library's special collections are the 19th Century Trials Collection, Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection, Scottsboro Collection, William P. and Adele Langston Rogers Collection and the Chile Declassification Project.
Costs
-----
The 2022-2023, non-discounted tuition for the JD program was $74,098 per year. The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Cornell Law School for the 2022-2023 academic year was $97,618, bringing the total non-discounted cost of attendance for the J.D. class of 2025 to approximately $313,831 (assuming a total cost increase of 7% per year). According to Cornell Law's 2022 509 ABA disclosures, 86% of its students received grants or scholarships, though only 17% received grants or scholarships covering half or more of their tuition.
Initiatives
-----------
Cornell seal beneath the tower of Myron Taylor Hall
### Legal Information Institute
Cornell Law also is home to the Legal Information Institute (LII), an online provider of public legal information. Started in 1992, it was the first law site developed for the internet. The LII offers all opinions of the United States Supreme Court handed down since 1990, together with over 600 earlier decisions selected for their historic importance. The LII also publishes over a decade of opinions of the New York Court of Appeals, the full United States Code, the UCC, and the Code of Federal Regulations among other resources.
The LII is a public service of Cornell Law School that provides no-cost access to legal research sources online at law.cornell.edu, serving over 47 million unique visitors per year.
The LII also maintains Wex, a free legal dictionary and encyclopedia. Created in collaboration with legal experts, Wex has since 2020 been continuously edited and supplemented by the Wex Definitions Team, a group of supervised Cornell Law student editors. And the LII Supreme Court Bulletin is a free email- and web-based publication that intends to serve subscribers with thorough, yet understandable, legal analysis of upcoming Court cases as well as timely email notification of Court decisions.
### Publications
The school has three law journals that are student-edited: the *Cornell Law Review*, the *Cornell International Law Journal*, and the *Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy*. Additionally, the *Journal of Empirical Legal Studies* is a peer-reviewed journal that is published by Cornell Law faculty.
### Moot Court
Cornell Law students actively participate in myriad moot court competitions annually, both in the law school itself and in external and international competitions. The Langfan First-Year Moot Court Competition, which takes place every spring, traditionally draws a large majority of the first-year class. Other internal competitions include the Cuccia Cup and the Rossi Cup.
### Institutes and Programs
* Berger International Legal Studies Program
* Clarke Business Law Institute
* Clarke Center for International and Comparative Legal Studies
* Clarke Initiative for Law and Development in the Middle East and North Africa
* Clarke Program on Corporations and Society
* Clarke Program in East Asian Law and Culture
* Death Penalty Project
* Empirical Legal Studies: Judicial Statistics Project
* Global Center for Women and Justice
* Graduate Legal Studies Program
* ILR-Law School Program on Conflict Resolution
* International Comparative Programs
* Law and Economics Program
* Lay Participation in Law International Research Collaborative
* Migration and Human Rights Program
Notable people
--------------
### Alumni
Main article: List of Cornell Law School alumni
### Faculty
See also: List of Cornell University faculty
* Gregory S. Alexander, Property Law and Theory
* Cynthia Grant Bowman, Gender Equality, Women's Rights, Feminist Jurisprudence
* Michael C. Dorf, Constitutional Law (and noted legal blogger)
* William A. Jacobson, Securities Law
* Andrei Marmor, Philosophy of Law
* Eduardo Peñalver, Property and Land Use
* Annelise Riles, Comparative Law, International Law, Legal Anthropology
* Stewart J. Schwab, Employment Law
* Emily Sherwin, Jurisprudence, Property, and Remedies
* Lynn Stout, Professor of Corporate Law, Securities Regulation, Law and Economics (2012–2018)
* Robert S. Summers, Professor of Contract and Commercial Law (1969–2011)
### Deans
Following is a list of the Deans of the Cornell Law School:
* Douglass Boardman, 1887–1891
* Francis Miles Finch, 1891–1903
* Ernest Wilson Huffcut, 1903–1907
* Frank Irvine, 1907–1916
* Edwin Hamlin Woodruff, 1916–1921
* George Gleason Bogert, 1921–1926
* Charles Kellog Burdick, 1926–1937
* Robert Sproule Stevens, 1937–1954
* Gray Thoron, 1956–1963
* William Ray Forrester, 1963–1973
* Roger C. Cramton, 1973–1980
* Peter William Martin, 1980–1988
* Russell King Osgood,1988–1998
* Charles W. Wolfram, 1998–1999 (interim)
* Lee E. Teitelbaum, 1999–2003
* John A. Siliciano, 2003 (interim)
* Stewart J. Schwab, 2004–2014
* Eduardo Peñalver, 2014–2021
* Jens David Ohlin, 2021–present |
"Do not eat" redirects here. For the packet found in foods, see Oxygen scavenger.
Chemical compound
Colloidal silica gel with light opalescence
**Silica gel** is an amorphous and porous form of silicon dioxide (silica), consisting of an irregular tridimensional framework of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms with nanometer-scale voids and pores. The voids may contain water or some other liquids, or may be filled by gas or vacuum. In the last case, the material is properly called silica xerogel.
Silica xerogel with an average pore size of 2.4 nanometers has a strong affinity for water molecules and is widely used as a desiccant. It is hard and translucent, but considerably softer than massive silica glass or quartz; and remains hard when saturated with water.
Silica xerogel is usually commercialized as coarse granules or beads, a few millimeters in diameter. Some grains may contain small amounts of indicator substance that changes color when they have absorbed some water. Small paper envelopes containing silica xerogel pellets, usually with a "do not eat" warning, are often included in dry food packages to absorb any humidity that might cause spoilage of the food.
'Wet' silica gel, as may be freshly prepared from alkali silicate solutions, may vary in consistency from a soft transparent gel, similar to gelatin or agar, to a hard solid, namely a water-logged xerogel. It is sometimes used in laboratory processes, for example to suppress convection in liquids or prevent settling of suspended particles.
History
-------
Silica gel was in existence as early as the 1640s as a scientific curiosity. It was used in World War I for the adsorption of vapors and gases in gas mask canisters. The synthetic route for producing silica gel was patented in 1918 by Walter A. Patrick, a chemistry professor at Johns Hopkins University.
In World War II, silica gel was indispensable in the war effort for keeping penicillin dry, protecting military equipment from moisture damage,[] as a fluid cracking catalyst for the production of high octane gasoline, making carbon disulfide, and as a catalyst support for the manufacture of butadiene from ethanol (feedstock for synthetic rubber production).
Types
-----
* Type A – clear pellets, approximate pore diameter: 2.5 nm, drying and moistureproof properties, can be used as catalyst carriers, adsorbents, separators and variable-pressure adsorbent.
* Type B – translucent white pellets, pore diameter: 4.5–7.0 nm, liquid adsorbents, drier and perfume carriers, also may be used as catalyst carriers, cat litter.
* Type C – translucent, micro-pored structure, raw material for preparation of silica gel cat litter. Additionally dried and screened, it forms macro-pored silica gel which is used as drier, adsorbent and catalyst carrier.
Silica alumina gel - light yellow, chemically stable, flame-resistant, insoluble except in alkali or hydrofluoric acid. Superficial polarity, thermal stability, performance greater than fine-pored silica gel.
Stabilizing silica gel - non-crystalline micro-porous solid powder, nontoxic, flame-resisting, used in brewery of grains for beer to improve taste, clearness, color, and foam and for removal of non-micro-organism impurities.
Properties
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Silica gel's high specific surface area (around 750–800 m2/g (230,000–240,000 sq ft/oz)) allows it to *adsorb* water readily, making it useful as a desiccant (drying agent). Silica gel is often described as "absorbing" moisture, which may be appropriate when the gel's microscopic structure is ignored, as in silica gel packs or other products. However, material silica gel removes moisture by *adsorption* onto the surface of its numerous pores rather than by *absorption* into the bulk of the gel.
Silica gel is able to adsorb up to 37% of its own weight in moisture in high-humidity environments. This moisture can be released upon heating at 120 °C for extended periods of time. This makes it reusable multiple times with very little, if any, loss of efficiency.
Regeneration
------------
Once saturated with water, the gel may be regenerated by heating it to 120 °C (248 °F) for 1–2 hours. Some types of silica gel will "pop" when exposed to enough water. This is caused by breakage of the silica spheres when contacting the water.
Preparation
-----------
An aqueous solution of sodium silicate is acidified to produce a gelatinous precipitate that is washed, then dehydrated to produce colorless silica gel. When a visible indication of the moisture content of the silica gel is required, ammonium tetrachlorocobaltate(II) (NH4)2[CoCl4] or cobalt(II) chloride CoCl2 is added. This will cause the gel to be blue when dry and pink when hydrated. Due to a link between the cobalt chloride and cancer, it has been forbidden in Europe for use in silica gel. An alternative indicator is methyl violet which is orange when dry and green when hydrated.
Uses
----
### Desiccant
Silica gel, as beads packed in a permeable bag, is a commonly used desiccant.
See also: Desiccant
Moisture can cause mold and spoilage in many items. It can also damage electronics by causing condensation and shorten the lifespan of chemicals, like those in vitamins.[] Silica gel packets help by absorbing moisture and extending the life of these items. They can even be useful for drying out electronics that have gotten wet accidentally.
Silica gel may also be used to keep the relative humidity inside a high frequency radio or satellite transmission system waveguide as low as possible (see also *humidity buffering*). Excessive moisture buildup within a waveguide can cause arcing inside the waveguide itself, damaging the power amplifier feeding it. Also, the beads of water that form and condense inside the waveguide change the characteristic impedance and frequency, degrading the signal. It is common for a small compressed air system (similar to a small home aquarium pump) to be employed to circulate the air inside the waveguide over a jar of silica gel.
Silica gel can adsorb about 40 percent of its weight in moisture. Once saturated, you can propel the moisture off and reuse silica gel by heating it above 300 degrees F (150 C).
Silica gel is also used to dry the air in industrial compressed air systems. Air from the compressor discharge flows through a bed of silica gel beads. The silica gel adsorbs moisture from the air, preventing damage at the point of use of the compressed air due to condensation or moisture. The same system is used to dry the compressed air on railway locomotives, where condensation and ice in the brake air pipes can lead to brake failure.
Prior to widespread use of air-conditioning, salt shakers with caps containing silica gel beads to keep the salt dry enough to prevent clumping were marketed in the USA, replacing the practice of including a few grains of rice in salt shakers to effect the same drying.
Silica gel is sometimes used as a preservation tool to control relative humidity in museum and library exhibitions and storage.
Other applications include diagnostic test strips, inhalation devices, syringes, drug test kits, and hospital sanitation kits.
### Chemistry
Chromatography column
In chemistry, silica gel is used in chromatography as a stationary phase. In column chromatography, the stationary phase is most often composed of silica gel particles of 40–63 μm. Different particle sizes are used for different kinds of column chromatography as the particle size is related to surface area. The differences in particle size dictate if the silica gel should be used for flash or gravity chromatography. In this application, due to silica gel's polarity, non-polar components tend to elute before more polar ones, hence the name normal phase chromatography. However, when hydrophobic groups (such as C18 groups) are attached to the silica gel then polar components elute first and the method is referred to as reverse phase chromatography. Silica gel is also applied to aluminium, glass, or plastic sheets for thin layer chromatography.
The hydroxy (OH) groups on the surface of silica can be functionalized to afford specialty silica gels that exhibit unique stationary phase parameters. These so-called functionalized silica gels are also used in organic synthesis and purification as insoluble reagents and scavengers.
Chelating groups have also been covalently bound to silica gel. These materials have the ability to remove metal ions selectively from aqueous solutions. Chelating groups can be covalently bound to polyamines that have been grafted onto a silica gel surface producing a material of greater mechanical integrity. Silica gel is also combined with alkali metals to form a M-SG reducing agent. (See SiGNa chemistry)
Silica gel is not expected to biodegrade in either water or soil.
### Cat litter
Silica gel is also used as cat litter, by itself or in combination with more traditional materials, such as clays including bentonite. It is non-tracking and virtually odorless.
### Food additive
Silica gel, also referred to as silicon dioxide or synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), is listed by the FDA in the United States as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), meaning it can be added to food products without needing approval. Silica is allowed to be added to food in the USA at up to 2% as permitted under 21 CFR 172.480. In the EU, it can be in up to 5% concentrations. In 2018, a re-evaluation by the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food found no indications of toxicity even at the highest estimates of exposure level.
Listed uses include: anticaking agent, defoaming agent, stabilizer, adsorbent, carrier, conditioning agent, chillproofing agent, filter aid, emulsifying agent, viscosity control agent, and anti-settling agent. Silica can be found commonly in foods including baked goods, spices and herbs, dairy products, cocoa products, and more.
### Water filtration
Given the water adsorption properties of silica gel, it is used in domestic water filters. The surface structure of silica gel allows the adsorption of some minerals that are dissolved in the water, or "Ion-exchange" as it is marketed. Due to the lack of regulations for domestic water filtration products, no studies validate the manufacturer claims regarding the effectiveness of the filtration system.
### Humidity indicator (color-changing silica gel)
Main article: Humidity indicator
Indicating silica gel
Silica gel may be doped with a moisture indicator that gradually changes its color when it transitions from the anhydrous (dry) state to the hydrated (wet) state. Common indicators are cobalt(II) chloride and methyl violet. Cobalt (II) chloride is deep blue when dry and pink when wet, but it is toxic and carcinogenic, and was reclassified by the European Union in July 2000 as a toxic material. Methyl violet may be formulated to change from orange to green, or orange to colorless. It also is toxic and potentially carcinogenic, but is safe enough to have medicinal uses.
Ferric and ferrous salts, sometimes combined with small amounts of sodium hydroxide, provide a better alternative. In particular, ferric sulfate and double salts like ammonium iron(III) sulfate (iron alum), ammonium iron(II) sulfate, and potassium iron(III) sulfate all result in a color change from amber/yellow when dry to colorless/white when saturated.
Hazards
-------
Silica gel is non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-reactive and stable with ordinary usage. It will react with hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, oxygen difluoride, chlorine trifluoride, strong acids, strong bases, and oxidizers. Silica gel is irritating to the respiratory tract and may cause irritation of the digestive tract. Dust from the beads may cause irritation to the skin and eyes, so precautions should be taken. Crystalline silica dust can cause silicosis, but synthetic amorphous silica gel is indurated so does not cause silicosis. Additional hazards[*example needed*] may occur when doped with a humidity indicator. |
Bus operator in central Vermont
**Tri-Valley Transit** (formerly ACTR and Stagecoach) is the public transportation provider primarily serving Addison, Orange, and north Windsor Counties in central Vermont. Tri-Valley Transit's mission is to enhance the economic, social and environmental health of the communities it serves by providing public transportation services that are safe, reliable, accessible and affordable.
TVT became a 501(c)(3) incorporation in 2017 as the unification of Addison County Transit Resources (ACTR) of Addison County, Vermont, and Stagecoach Transportation Inc. (Stagecoach) of Orange and Northern Windsor Counties, Vermont. Stagecoach was founded in 1976 and ACTR in 1992 by community leaders who recognized that many residents were impeded by a lack of reliable transportation to work, medical appointments and essential errands.
History
-------
In the early days, services focused on elderly residents and were provided by volunteers. Today TVT offers a robust public Shuttle Bus System for everyone and a complementary Dial-A-Ride System for vulnerable residents who cannot access the Bus System. Beginning in 2002, ACTR expanded its bus routes and Dial-A-Ride capacity, growing ridership from 68,000 to more than 174,000 in 2019 and its growth necessitated building the Addison County Community Transportation Center in order to meet future community transportation needs.
Over the past two decades, TVT and ACTR have been recognized more than once nationally as a model rural system and locally for community impact. In 2014, ACTR was named the Chamber of Commerce Non-Profit of the Year, while in 2015, Executive Director Jim Moulton was named the nation’s Community Transportation Manager of the Year, and in 2016, Regional Director Bill Cunningham was named Addison County’s Person of the Year. In addition, the Community Transportation Center won awards in 2013 and 2017 for innovative green building design.
Based on ACTR’s record of responsible and highly effective community service, the VT Agency of Transportation (VTrans) asked ACTR leadership to enter into a management agreement with Stagecoach in 2014. Stagecoach was in crisis – facing bankruptcy and potential closure. During the three-year management agreement with ACTR, Stagecoach’s debt was paid off, it regained its status as the regional Medicaid Non-Emergency Medical trip provider, general public services were expanded, and community impact nearly doubled (from 61,400 rides in 2014 to nearly 112,600 in 2019). ACTR also benefitted by gaining shared staff, operational efficiencies and cost savings, and a deeper organizational foundation. In 2017, with the management agreement set to expire, the two Boards of Directors recognized the two agencies were stronger together than apart and Tri-Valley Transit was born. With long histories behind them, however, both divisions continued to operate under their original local branding while slowly building the TVT brand. In 2020, TVT began developing a new, unified logo with plans to implement within 3-6 months. In 2019, TVT provided more than 268,000 rides and was on track to deliver approximately 300,000 in 2020 before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Services
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Dial-A-Ride programs provide more than 119,000 annual rides to elders, persons with disabilities and Medicaid members. They serve people in more remote towns where Shuttle Buses are not cost efficient. 69 volunteer drivers use their own vehicles to provide rides 7 days-a-week. TVT volunteers give more than 55,000 work hours annually, an in-kind value of almost $600,000. While most trips are provided in-county, they also bring passengers to medical specialists across the state and even occasionally as far as Boston or New York City. In FY19 the Dial-A-Ride System provided 65,500 rides to Medicaid recipients and nearly 83,400 rides to the elderly and disabled. 81% of trips are to medical facilities, 16% to grocery stores or meal sites and 3% elsewhere. Surveyed riders gave TVT Dial-a-Ride a 98% approval rating.
Shuttle Bus routes operate 7 days-a-week in densely populated corridors, providing 167,000 rides annually. Every bus in the fleet is equipped with a wheelchair lift, two built-in child seats, seat belts and bike-carrying racks. More than half of the respondents to the 2019 bus rider survey reported a household income below poverty level. They also indicated riding the bus to access work, job training or school (71%), shopping (22%) and medical care (31%). 95% of bus riders say TVT routes get them where they need them to go on time.
Trip planning via TVT is also available on Google Maps. Bus riders may also access real-time "where's my bus" information with the Transit app on their mobile devices.
Ridership
---------
U.S. Department of Commerce indicates 38% of the region’s population lives below the poverty level, is aged 65 or older or has a disability. These groups are considered "transit-dependent" because of risk indicators for isolation and poor access to the food and medicine.
Aging Vermonters need more medical care and may become less fit to drive themselves. The region’s elderly population is growing (from 15% in 2000 to a projected 30% in 2030). Financial pressures create more transit need (VT people living in poverty rose from 9% in 2000 to 11.7% in 2010; and *U.S. News & World Report* lists Vermonters’ yearly cost of driving at $12,869/year (that’s 23% of VT’s median household income).
TVT transportation services allow them to reach all the places needed to live a healthy life. Vermont’s transit-dependent population is growing quickly (from 15% in 2000 to a projected 30% in 2030) and TVT must grow to keep pace with its needs. |
Place
**Milodraž** was a settlement in the Kingdom of Bosnia, situated on an important road connecting the towns of Visoko and Fojnica. No remains of it have been found, but royal charters and Ragusan documents confirm that one of the residences of King Tvrtko II and King Thomas was located there.
Milodraž was first mentioned in a charter Tvrtko issued to the Ragusans on 18 August 1421, in which he confirmed the grants of his predecessors. The settlement's significance was augmented by two royal weddings which took place in it: the wedding of Tvrtko II and Dorothy Garai, in July 1428, and the wedding of Thomas and Katarina Kosača, in May 1446. It is, however, most notable as the place where Mehmed the Conqueror, following the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in late May 1463, issued the Ahdname to the Bosna Argentina Franciscan friar Anđeo Zvizdović, promising religious tolerance.
Pobrđe Milodraž, the present-day village in Kiseljak, Bosnia and Herzegovina, is located in the same area as medieval Milodraž. |
Canadian philosopher, author and academic (born 1943)
For other people named Andrew Brook, see Andrew Brook (disambiguation).
**Andrew Brook** (born March 17, 1943) is a Canadian philosopher, author and academic particularly known for his writings on Immanuel Kant and the interplay between philosophy and cognitive science. Brook is Chancellor's Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Carleton University, former President of the Canadian Psychoanalytic Society, and former President of the Canadian Philosophical Association.
Biography
---------
Brook was born in Edmonton, Alberta and received a BA in 1965 and a MA in 1966 from the University of Alberta. He then attended The Queen's College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, receiving a D. Phil from Oxford in 1973 with a dissertation *On Self-Consciousness and Self-Reference* supervised by Anthony Kenny.
He then joined the faculty of Carleton University, eventually becoming Director of the Institute of Cognitive Science and Chancellor's Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science. His first book, *Kant and the Mind* was published by Cambridge University Press in 1994. He subsequently co-authored *Knowledge and Mind* with Robert Stainton (MIT Press, 2000) and has edited several books on consciousness and cognitive science.
His work has primarily focused on Kant, theories of consciousness, and the relationship between philosophy and cognitive science, and also includes environmental ethics and psychoanalytic theory. He was elected President of the Canadian Psychoanalytic Society in 2013 and won the society's Douglas Levin Prize in 1991 and Miguel Prados Prize in 1994. He has been a Carnegie Mellon Fellow at Bryn Mawr College and a visiting professor in that college's Environmental Studies Program.
Brook is married to Christine Koggel, Professor of Philosophy at Carleton University and former Harvey Wexler Professor of Philosophy at Bryn Mawr College. The couple have two sons.
Writings
--------
### *Kant and the Mind*
*Kant and the Mind* was first published in 1994 by Cambridge University Press: in 1996 a paperback edition appeared. As Brook notes in the preface, Kant and the Mind was written for two audiences. First, cognitive scientists, philosophers of mind, and students of cognition. Second, Kant scholars. The book thus has two parts: the first four chapters provide an overview of Kant's model of the mind for general audiences. The second part, written primarily for Kant scholars, attempts to justify the reading given in the first four chapters. Brook emphasizes in the book that Kant had something to offer contemporary psychology, cognitive science and philosophy of mind. he writes, "I think that the discoveries he made about the mind not only were a contribution in their time, but continue to be important now."
Brook attributes the following discoveries to Kant: 1) the mind has the ability to synthesize a single coherent representation of self and the world. 2) The mind has a unity that is necessary to produce representation. 3) The mind's awareness of itself has unique features stemming from the semantic apparatus that it uses to achieve this awareness. He also suggests that three of Kant's insights have been adopted by cognitive science: the transcendental method (inference to the best explanation), that experience requires both concepts and percepts; and his general picture of the mind as a system of concept-using functions for manipulating representations. He explains that Kant distrusted introspection as a means of revealing the structure of the mind, yet also had deep reservations about Cartesian *a priori* arguments. The theory of mind that Brook finds in Kant is not based on either approach, but instead explores what powers the mind must have in order to have experiences and representations that it has.
Brook distinguishes four kinds of awareness, two of which are also kinds of self-awareness: simple awareness (awareness of an object without being aware of being aware), awareness with recognition, awareness of one's representational states and awareness of oneself as the subject of one's representational states. He divides the latter into empirical self-awareness (being aware of one's own mental states) and apperceptive self-awareness (ASA) (being aware of oneself as the subject of those states). ASA is not awareness of oneself as an object with properties; rather, ASA is a bald reference to oneself as existing as oneself. One need not ascribe to oneself any properties whatsoever. If Brook's reading of Kant is correct, then Kant discovered ASA 200 years before contemporary theories.
In addition to these distinctions, Brook writes that Kant thought the mind is not merely the subject that has representations, but is itself a representation. ("The mind, the self, the understanding, the thing that thinks not only has representations; it is a representation.")
Not only is the mind a representation under this reading, but it is what Brook calls a global representation (the result of synthesis of a multitude of representations into a single intentional object). Brook argues that treating the mind as a global representation removes any risk of a homunculus problem (Hogan, 1996), and further argues that this global representation is the representational base for ASA.
Reviewing the book, Stevenson wrote in *The Philosophical Quarterly*, "I venture the judgement that this will be recognized as one of the most important books ever on Kant However, Eric Watkins in the *Journal of the History of Philosophy* raised concerns about the literature Brook cited and the more controversial interpretations: "Brook neglects almost entirely the relevant German scholarship on Kant's theory of mind, in the form of work by G. Prauss, W. Carl, M. Frank, G. Mohr, B. Thole and D. Sturma" (Watkins, 1995, p. 3). Watkins further criticize Brook's claims that one can be aware of the mind as it is and that the mind is a global representation, since the latter directly conflicts with Kant's view that the noumenal self is immaterial, not a representation.
### *Knowledge and Mind*
*Knowledge and Mind* is an introductory text treating both epistemology and philosophy of mind l. Robert Stainton and Brook co-authored the book which was published in 2000. Divided into three parts, the first part discusses scepticism, knowledge of the external world and knowledge of language. The second part focuses on the metaphysics of mind, as well as free-will. The third discusses knowledge of mind, naturalism and how epistemology and philosophy of mind should resonate in cognitive science.
### Other authored or edited publications
In addition to numerous scholarly papers, Brook's other publications include:
* *Dennett's Philosophy: A comprehensive assessment*, ed. with D. Ross and D. Thompson (MIT Press, 2000)
* *Self-reference and Self-awareness*, edited with Richard C DeVidi (Benjamins, 2001)
* *Daniel Dennett* (in the series, *Contemporary Philosophy in Focus*), ed. with Don Ross (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
* *Cognition and the Brain: The Philosophy and Neuroscience Movement*, ed. with Kathleen Akins (Cambridge University Press, 2005)
* *The Prehistory of Cognitive Science* (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)
He has also written the following encyclopedia entries:
* "Kant's View on the Mind and Consciousness of Self" in *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*
* "Unity of Consciousness" (with Paul Raymont) in *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*
* "Daniel Clements Dennett" in *Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, 2nd edition. Macmillan
* "Kant" in D. Chalmers et al. eds. *Encyclopaedia of the Cognitive Sciences*. Macmillan
* "Kant" in F. Keil and R. Wilson, eds. *MIT Encyclopaedia of the Cognitive Sciences*. MIT Press |
Intl Olympic committee member from Lesotho
**Matlohang Moiloa-Ramoqopo** (born November 1, 1967) is an International Olympic Committee member from Lesotho. She was a table-tennis player before she took an interest in sports administration. She was the first woman to lead a national olympic committee when she was first elected in 2009.
Life
----
Moiloa-Ramoqopo was born in 1967. In 1994 she graduated with a science degree from the University of Lesotho and went to work lecturing in Science and Engineering at the Lerotholi Polytechnic in Maseru. She left there in 1997 to teach at her alma mater and in 1999 she went to compete at table tennis at the All-Africa Games in Johannesburg.
She went to France to obtain her master's degree in Sports Organisation Management from the University of Lyon in 2007. In 2013 she took another first degree at the University of South Africa. In 2017 she became a deputy head teacher.
She was the first woman to lead a national olympic committee when she was elected to be the President of the Lesotho National Olympic Committee in 2009. She served for the four-year term and she was then reelected. In 2015 she hosted a meeting of 50 African countries as part of the African National Olympic Committee Association’s (ANOCA) "seminar of secretaries general".
In 2017 she was elected for the third time. During her presidency Lesotho won no Olympic medals which continued a trend that began in 1972 when Lesotho first competed at the games.
The country's first gold medal was at a Commonwealth Games Marathon in 1998.
She became a member of the International Olympic Committee in 2019. In 2021 she was elected to be the second vice-president of ANOCA having previously been the third V-P. ANOCA's president was Mustapha Berraf of Algeria. In the same year she was succeeded as President of Lesotho National Olympic Committee after twelve years by former vice-president Tlali Rampoona. |
1966 United States Supreme Court case
***Schmerber v. California***, 384 U.S. 757 (1966), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court clarified the application of the Fourth Amendment's protection against warrantless searches and the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination for searches that intrude into the human body. Until *Schmerber*, the Supreme Court had not yet clarified whether state police officers must procure a search warrant before taking blood samples from criminal suspects. Likewise, the Court had not yet clarified whether blood evidence taken against the wishes of a criminal suspect may be used against that suspect in the course of a criminal prosecution.
In a 5–4 opinion, the Court held that forced extraction and analysis of a blood sample is not compelled testimony; therefore, it does not violate the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The Court also held that intrusions into the human body ordinarily require a search warrant. However, the Court ruled that the involuntary, warrantless blood sample taken in this case was justified under the Fourth Amendment's exigent circumstances exception because evidence of blood alcohol would be destroyed by the body's natural metabolic processes if the officers were to wait for a warrant. In 2013, the Supreme Court clarified in *Missouri v. McNeely* that the natural metabolism of alcohol in the bloodstream is not a *per se* exigency that would always justify warrantless blood tests of individuals suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol.
In the years following the Court's decision in *Schmerber*, many legal scholars feared the ruling would be used to limit civil liberties. Other scholars, including Nita A. Farahany, Benjamin Holley, and John G. New, have suggested courts may use the ruling in *Schmerber* to justify the use of mind reading devices against criminal suspects. Because the Court's ruling in *Schmerber* prohibited the use of warrantless blood tests in most circumstances, some commentators argue that the decision was responsible for the proliferation of breathalyzers to test for alcohol and urine analyses to test for controlled substances in criminal investigations.
Background
----------
### Warrantless searches of the human body
See also: Rochin v. California and Breithaupt v. Abram
In the 1950s, the Supreme Court of the United States issued two key rulings clarifying the constitutionality of physical intrusions into the human body by police and other government agents. In *Rochin v. California*, police officers broke into the home of an individual suspected of selling narcotics and observed him place several small objects into his mouth. Officers were unable to force his mouth open, so they transported him to a local hospital where his stomach was pumped against his will. A unanimous Supreme Court held the involuntary stomach pump was an unlawful violation of substantive due process because it "shocked the conscience", and was so "brutal" and "offensive" that it did not comport with traditional ideas of fair play and decency. In 1957, the Court held in *Breithaupt v. Abram* that involuntary blood samples "taken by a skilled technician" neither "shocked the conscience" nor violated substantive due process. In *Breithaupt*, police took a blood sample from a patient suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol while he lay unconscious in a hospital. The Court held that the blood samples were justified, in part, because "modern community living requires modern scientific methods of crime detection." Additionally, the Court mentioned in dicta that involuntary blood samples may violate the constitution if officers do not provide "every proper medical precaution" to the accused.
### Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule
Until the twentieth century, courts would admit evidence at trial even if it was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Although the Supreme Court developed an exclusionary rule for federal cases in *Weeks v. United States* and *Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States*, the Court held in 1949 that the exclusionary rule did not apply to the states. In *Rochin*, the Court held that evidence obtained in a manner that "shocks the conscience" must be excluded in criminal prosecutions but the court declined to incorporate a broad exclusionary rule for all Fourth Amendment violations. By the middle of the twentieth century, many state courts had crafted their own exclusionary rules. In 1955, the California Supreme Court ruled in *People v. Cahan* that the Fourth Amendment's exclusionary rule applied in California because it was necessary to deter constitutional violations by law enforcement. In 1961, the Supreme Court of the United States relied upon *Cahan* to hold in *Mapp v. Ohio* that the exclusionary rule was incorporated to the states.
### Arrest and prosecution
On the night of November 12, 1964, Armando Schmerber and a passenger were driving home after drinking at a tavern and bowling alley in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, when their car skidded off the road and struck a tree. Schmerber and his companion were injured in the crash and taken to a hospital for treatment. When investigating police officers arrived at the hospital, they asked Schmerber to submit a sample of his blood, but Schmerber refused. Although they did not possess a search warrant, officers instructed attending physicians to take a blood sample from Schmerber. The blood sample indicated that Schmerber was intoxicated, and he was placed under arrest. The blood sample was ultimately admitted into evidence at trial, and Schmerber was convicted for driving under the influence of intoxicating liquors. Schmerber objected to the admissibility of the blood sample, claiming that the police violated his rights to due process, his right against self-incrimination, his right to counsel, and his right not to be subjected to unreasonable searches and seizures. The Appellate Department of the California Superior Court rejected Schmerber's arguments, and the California District Court of Appeal declined to review his case.
### Arguments before the Court
>
> "I think it follows if this Court holds that it's proper to withdraw the blood that is certainly just as proper to inject the Nalline if we're looking at the welfare of society and how we want to keep narcotic users off the street."
>
>
>
—Thomas M. McGurrin, counsel for Armando Schmerber, during oral argument at the Supreme Court of the United States
Schmerber submitted an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, which granted certiorari on January 17, 1966. In his brief, Schmerber argued, *inter alia*, that the warrantless blood test violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unlawful searches and seizures, as well as his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. The Los Angeles City Attorney's office represented the State of California on appeal. In their brief, the City Attorney argued that the blood test did not violate the Fourth Amendment because the seizure was conducted incident to a lawful arrest. The City Attorney also argued that admitting the sample into evidence did not violate Schmerber's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination because blood is not testimonial evidence under the Fifth Amendment. Oral arguments were held on April 25, 1966, and the Court issued its opinion on June 20, 1966.
Opinion of the Court
--------------------
In his majority opinion, Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. emphasized that "[t]he overriding function of the Fourth Amendment is to protect personal privacy and dignity against unwarranted intrusion by the State."
In his majority opinion, Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. held that Schmerber's constitutional rights were not violated when police took his blood without his consent. Relying upon the Court's holding in *Breithaupt v. Abram*, he concluded that the police did not violate Schmerber's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination because the extraction and chemical analysis of the blood sample did not involve "even a shadow of testimonial compulsion." Likewise, Justice Brennan held that the officers did not violate Schmerber's Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable seizures. Justice Brennan wrote that absent exigent circumstances, searches that involve intrusions into the human body require a search warrant. Here, the search was not justified as a search incident to arrest because weapons and contraband are not ordinarily concealed beneath the skin. However, the involuntary blood draw was justified under the Fourth Amendment's exigent circumstances exception because if the officers had waited to receive a search warrant, evidence of intoxication would have been lost through the body's natural metabolism of alcohol in the bloodstream. He wrote that the responding officer "might reasonably have believed that he was confronted with an emergency," where evidence would be destroyed if he waited to receive a warrant. Additionally, Justice Brennan cautioned that the Court's ruling was limited "only to the facts of the present record" and that "minor intrusions into an individual's body under stringently limited conditions in no way indicates that it permits more substantial intrusions, or intrusions under other conditions."
### Justice Harlan's concurrence
In his concurring opinion, Justice John Marshall Harlan II agreed that the involuntary blood sample did not implicate involuntary testimonial compulsion, but wrote separately to emphasize his opinion that the case before the Court "in no way implicates the Fifth Amendment." Additionally, Justice Harlan cited to his dissent in *Miranda v. Arizona* where he argued against a broad expansion of the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. Justice Harlan disagreed with the Court's ruling in *Miranda* and even stated that the case "represents poor constitutional law and entails harmful consequences for the country at large."
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12345==3=Dissenting opinions===
In his dissenting opinion, Justice William O. Douglas wrote that involuntary blood samples violate the right to privacy enumerated in *Griswold v. Connecticut*.
All four dissenting Justices wrote separate dissenting opinions in *Schmerber*. Chief Justice Earl Warren reiterated his dissenting opinion in *Breithaupt v. Abram*, where he argued that involuntary blood samples violate substantive due process. Justice Hugo Black authored an impassioned dissent in which he argued that the officers violated Schmerber's right against self-incrimination. He wrote, "[b]elieving with the Framers that these constitutional safeguards broadly construed by independent tribunals of justice provide our best hope for keeping our people free from governmental oppression, I deeply regret the Court's holding." Justice William O. Douglas also reiterated his dissent in *Breithaupt v. Abram*, but added that physical invasions into the human body violate the right to privacy enumerated in *Griswold v. Connecticut* and that "[n]o clearer invasion of this right of privacy can be imagined than forcible bloodletting of the kind involved here." Finally, Justice Abe Fortas wrote that the involuntary blood sample was an act of violence that violated substantive due process and that states may not resort to acts of violence when prosecuting crimes.חכיכככוןכלקק
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Subsequent developments
-----------------------
In the 1970s and 1980s, the Supreme Court revisited questions about the constitutionality of involuntary bodily intrusions in several key cases. In 1973, the Court ruled in *Cupp v. Murphy* that the police were permitted to extract a tissue sample from underneath a suspect's fingernails to recover "evanescent" physical evidence. The suspect in *Cupp* was suspected of strangling his wife and voluntarily went to a police station to answer questions. Officers noticed bloodstains under the suspect's fingernails and detained him, but did not place him under arrest. Against the suspect's wishes, the police scraped out a tissue sample from under his fingernails to retrieve the evidence. The biological material found under the suspect's fingernails was later found to have come from the victim. Citing *Schmerber*, the Court held that this warrantless search was justified under the exigent circumstances exemption of the Fourth Amendment because the search was necessary to preserve the "highly evanescent evidence" under the defendant's fingernails.
Twelve years later, the Court again revisited the topic of involuntary bodily intrusions in *Winston v. Lee*, where the Court held that the State of Virginia could not force an individual to undergo surgery to extract a bullet that may be evidence of a crime. The Court applied its previous holding in *Schmerber* to conclude that the surgery would constitute an unreasonable search under the Fourth Amendment and that a crucial factor for evaluating any bodily intrusion "is the extent to which the procedure may threaten the safety or health of the individual." Writing for the Court's majority, Justice Brennan concluded that forcing a patient to undergo major surgery intrudes too far upon individual privacy rights and that surgical intrusions "can only be characterized as severe."
In 1989, the Court ruled in *Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’ Association* that warrantless blood tests of railroad employees were reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The Court reaffirmed that the "compelled intrusio[n] into the body for blood to be analyzed for alcohol content" is a search under the Fourth Amendment, but that warrantless blood tests of railroad employees were necessary to "prevent accidents and casualties in railroad operations that result from impairment of employees by alcohol or drugs." The Court also concluded that when individuals "participate in an industry that is regulated pervasively to ensure safety," these individuals "have a reduced expectation of privacy." Because these employees had a "diminished expectation of privacy," the warrantless blood tests were permissible. Justice Thurgood Marshall and Justice Brennan wrote a dissenting opinion in which they argued that this case was distinguishable from *Schmerber* because "no such exigency prevents railroad officials from securing a warrant before chemically testing the samples they obtain."
### *South Dakota v. Neville* and self-incrimination
See also: South Dakota v. Neville
In his dissenting opinion in *South Dakota v. Neville*, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote that *Schmerber* intended to adopt a broad and liberal interpretation of the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
After the Court issued its decision in *Schmerber*, a split of authority emerged in lower courts with regard to whether the Fifth Amendment's right against self-incrimination prohibited the use of a suspect's refusal to submit to a blood test as evidence of guilt. The United States Supreme Court resolved this split in authority in *South Dakota v. Neville*, where the Court held that prosecutors could use a suspect's refusal to submit to a blood test as evidence of guilt, and the introduction of this evidence at trial does not violate the suspect's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. Writing for the Court's majority, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor concluded that "the state did not directly compel respondent to refuse the test" and that a "simple blood-alcohol test is so safe, painless, and commonplace" a suspect would not feel coerced to refuse the test. Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Thurgood Marshall, in which he argued that the Court in *Schmerber* intended to adopt a broad and liberal interpretation of the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
### *Missouri v. McNeely* and the exigent circumstances exception
See also: Missouri v. McNeely
Over time, a split of authority grew among lower courts with regard to whether the Fourth Amendment's exigent circumstances exception allowed officers to *always* conduct warrantless blood tests on individuals suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol because evidence of alcohol was being destroyed by the body's natural metabolic processes. States that recognized this *per se* exigency argued that "[o]nce police arrest a suspect for drunk driving, each passing minute eliminates probative evidence of the crime." In 2012, the Court granted review in *Missouri v. McNeely* to resolve this question. In a 5–4 opinion, the Court rejected the theory that the natural dissipation of blood alcohol constituted a *per se* exigency. Instead, the court affirmed the basic principle from *Schmerber* that absent "an emergency that justifie[s] acting without a warrant," police may not conduct warrantless blood testing on suspects. Consequently, exigency in drunk driving cases "must be determined case by case based on the totality of the circumstances."
Analysis
--------
Scholars have described *Schmerber v. California* as a landmark case and a "watershed moment" in the history of Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Likewise, John D. Castiglione described the case as "seminal for its place in the annals of Fifth Amendment jurisprudence." Constitutional law scholar Akhil Reed Amar identified *Schmerber* as a turning point in the Fifth Amendment's "distinction between words and physical evidence." Anne Marie Schubert has also argued that *Schmerber* served as the genesis for a long line of Supreme Court cases ordering the compelled production of physical evidence. Because *Schmerber* foreclosed the use of warrantless blood tests in most circumstances, some scholars, including John A. Scanlan, argue that the Court's ruling was responsible for the proliferation of breathalyzers to test for alcohol and urine analysis to test for controlled substances in criminal investigations.
### Immediate reaction
Soon after the Court's ruling, analysts predicted that the effects of the case would be "far-reaching." Some analysts feared the ruling would be used to justify "other intrusive searches." Other commentators also observed that the Court's holding in *Schmerber* seemed to "reverse direction" from the court's decision in *Miranda v. Arizona* one week earlier, where the Court enlarged protections against the police for criminal suspects. However, in his assessment of *Schmerber*, Charles L. Berry praised the decision as a "successful effort to find a practical solution to the problem of the drinking motorist." Additionally, many law journals also offered commentary of the case's significance. For example, a November 1966 article in the *Harvard Law Review* opined that Justice Brennan's majority opinion was "a good exposition of his view of the interrelationship between the fourth and fifth amendments," and a February 1967 article in the *Texas Law Review* argued that *Schmerber* "exemplifies the proposition that the fifth amendment is not absolute."
### Impact
Some legal scholars have criticized the Court's ruling in Schmerber for infringing too far upon civil liberty and privacy. E. John Wherry, Jr. former Dean of the University of Orlando School of Law, wrote that "[b]lindly following *Schmerber* as authorization for all non-consensual blood seizure for forensic purposes is, in this day and age, an outrage." Writing for the *Notre Dame Law Review*, Blake A. Bailey, Elaine M. Martin, and Jeffrey M. Thompson observed that although the Court limited the holding in *Schmerber* to the facts of the case, prior to *Winston v. Lee*, many lower courts relied upon the ruling to order criminal defendants to undergo surgery to remove bullets that may have been evidence of a crime. Other scholars have expressed concern that the Court's decision to exclude physical evidence from protections against self-incrimination may one day lead to the use of mind reading devices when prosecuting criminal suspects. For example, the *Harvard Law Review* suggested that the Court's decision may be used to justify monitoring brain waves. Additionally, in an article in the journal *Developments in Mental Health Law*, Benjamin Holley suggested that "neurotechnological lie detection" could be used in criminal prosecutions, as long as a suspect's words are not "linked with the physical manifestations sought to be introduced at trial." Likewise, in an article in the *Journal of Legal Medicine*, John G. New suggested that non-testimonial evidence gathered from electroencephalography or magnetic resonance imaging may be admissible to demonstrate a suspect's thoughts. |
Species of New World monkey
The **Atlantic titi monkey** or **masked titi** (***Callicebus personatus***) is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey, endemic to Brazil.
Distribution and general features
---------------------------------
The Atlantic titi is part of the genus *Callicebus* which is composed of thirteen species and sixteen subspecies. Some more recent classifications of titis recognise many more species, and split the genus into three separate genera. The *C. personatus* group is retained in *Callicebus*.
Three subspecies of *Callicebus personatus* have been described in scientific literature: *C.p. melanochir*, *C.p. nigrifrons*, and *C.p. personatus*, each of which has been treated as a full species by some authors. Atlantic titis are territorial, middle-sized, cebid monkeys; usually 1–2 kg in size. *C. personatus* are found primarily in the humid forests east of the Andes Mountains, specifically in the coastal, inland forests of south-eastern Brazil. The states they have been documented to dwell within include Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. Of all the *Callicebus* species, Atlantic titi monkeys have the largest geographic range except for *C. torquatus*, covering approximately 1,000 kilometers. They customarily share their living area with other monkeys such as the lion tamarin and spider monkey.
### Subspecies variations
The three subspecies of *Callicebus personatus* are products of clinical differentiation (when certain portions of the population are cut off from the parental stock due to an ecological barrier such as a river and are thus completely genetically isolated from one another). Distinctions between each of the *Callicebus* subspecies are based on coat color. The evolution of these coat colors is termed metachromism. The pigments are produced by melanocytes which deposit the pigments into the medulla of growing hair so that the hair grows with the color of that distinct pigment. The characteristic pigment of the *Callicebus* is eumelanin (dark brown or black) found in the iris, skin, and hair (usually on the forehead, crown and tail).
Diet
----
Atlantic titis are opportunistic feeders. In other words, they eat based on the abundance of food that is available to them in each season. Their food choices are not usually very selective, but they are frugivorous, usually eating fleshy fruits, seeds, and leaves.
### Geophagy
It has been documented that they can be geophagic meaning that at times they eat soil. Various hypotheses exist for their geophagic nature. These include the following:
* Dietary mineral supplementation
* Adjustment of pH balance in the stomach
* Absorption of plant toxins
* Tactile sensation in the mouth
* Physiochemical effects on the gastrointestinal tract
* Relief from infestation of internal parasites
Masked titis are tree monkeys. It is not customary to find them on the forest floor. It is speculated that they prefer to remain in the rainforest trees to avoid snake predation. They remain at least 5 meters above the ground for 99% of their daily activities. Due to their frugivorous nature, they have rarely been observed on the ground foraging for insects or small vertebrates. Instead they prefer to remain high in the tree limbs of the dense eastern Brazilian rainforest.
Because they prefer not to be on the ground, researchers have observed them eating soil found atop ant mounds. This is an added advantage to the masked titis for the following reasons:
* It is a safer location to choose soil because it allows the monkeys to scan for surrounding predators and gives them close access to the protection of the trees
* Aggregate soil is easier for them to grasp with their opposable fingers than forest floor topsoil (which is not as held together as soil that has been cemented together by leaf-cutting ants)
* There is less leaf litter and forest debris on ant mounds, thus decreasing the amount of time they are exposed to predators
Atlantic titi is a species of Espírito Santo Atlantic Forest.
For many years, researchers believed that geophagy might be used by the masked titi's as a sodium supplement as their high foliage diets were quite low in sodium. However, results of geochemical analysis of the soils eaten by *C. personatus* demonstrated that these soils did not contain high quantities of sodium. Although the soil consumed by masked titis was found to contain many different minerals in comparison to random soil samples, these minerals where not necessarily a valuable component of the titi diet. Therefore, it was concluded that soil was not a nutritionally significant portion of their diet.
Another hypothesis suggested that the soil served as an antacid. However, results of the most recent studies demonstrated that the soil consumed by the monkeys contained a very low pH compared to random soil samples. Therefore, it seems geophagy is not principally used to buffer the stomach pH levels.
In addition, because the clay molecule has a large flat structure that is ideal for toxin absorption, researchers also suggested that soil could serve to absorb the toxins acquired by the consumption of such a high quantity and variety of forest foliage. Unfortunately, more research needs to be conducted on this hypothesis to test its validity as currently no studies have been conducted on the toxicity levels in the fruit eaten by the masked titis. It is also important to note that termite mound soil was preferred by the titis in addition to the ant soil. Both the ant mound soil as well as the termite mound soil perform the same function for the monkeys, however some researchers have observed that the monkeys usually tend to prefer termite mound soil to ant mound soil when given both options. The reason for such a preference is not yet known.
Survival
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Regardless of the presence of humans in Brazilian forests, titi monkeys customarily venture to dwell in "disturbed" forests (forests that have been cut down or invaded by humans) as long as the food availability is higher than in undisturbed forests. The use of disturbed and undisturbed forest by masked titi monkeys *Callicebus personatus melanochir* is proportional to food availability. The Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil has been cut down to 5% of its original state with only 2% of that being undisturbed forest. Their existence is completely dependent on their ability to successfully reside in disturbed forests. However, titis do not seem to be aware of the difference between a disturbed and undisturbed forest. As previously mentioned, they feed opportunistically and therefore will reside in whatever forest has the most food available. As long as food is available to them (even if humans provide this food), it is feasible that the monkeys survive the deforestation of much of the Southern American rain forests.
Reproduction
------------
Atlantic titis are usually monogamous (they stay with one mate throughout their entire lifespan). They have one offspring per year. It is difficult to distinguish between the sexes externally, however Atlantic titi family dynamics indicate that the father carries the infant at all times during the nursing.
Level of daily activity
-----------------------
Two major types of activity have been observed in masked titis. The first is characterized by two feeding periods separated by a relatively long resting period. The two feeding periods are in different locations in which a significant portion of the day was spent traveling to the second location to feed. The second activity pattern contained three feeding periods also separated by resting periods. However, travel was much more evenly dispersed throughout the day in this pattern. Each feeding period lasted approximately 2–3 hours, and traveling usually consumed approximately 20% of their day.
Masked titis do have territorial displays throughout the day. The defend their territories by loud intergroup vocalizations to other groups of monkeys and to other animals in the general area. Additionally, all titi monkeys have "Dawn Calls" in the mornings in which the male and female usually duet the same song. |
American technology journalist
**Bridget Marie Carey** (born June 1984) is an American technology journalist and host of the CNET Update. She authored the nation's first social media etiquette column, Poked and previously hosted a popular online gadget review show, Bridget Carey's Tech Review. Her award-winning writing commentary on netiquette started at The Miami Herald and was syndicated nationwide until August 2011. She has since departed to tech media website CNET.
Personal
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Carey was born in Florida and raised in the Fort Lauderdale suburb of Pembroke Pines, where she graduated from Flanagan High School. In 2006, she graduated with a BS in Journalism from the University of Florida, where she led as editor at the nation's largest student-run newspaper, The Independent Florida Alligator. While there she earned several commendations, including the Elmer Emig Award and the Dean Committee's Ruth and Rae O. Weimer Award. Carey has a daughter born in early June 2016.
Career
------
Carey began her journalism career in 2006 as a reporter on the Herald's business desk. That year she became the newspaper's technology reporter and produced short video gadget reviews from her home computer's webcam, a series that quickly gained popularity with South Florida readers. In 2008, she began co-authoring Poked with fellow reporter Niala Boodhoo. Carey also wrote the newspaper's technology blog, "Cache and Carey," which was later renamed "The Digital Dish." Her tech reporting earned her the 2011 Green Eyeshade Award.
As viewership of her video reviews increased, the newspaper moved production to its in-house professional studio. The reviews were featured on WSFL-TV's morning show and PBS' Nightly Business Report. Her quirky consumer-angle gadget reviews, which displayed her affinity for sci-fi and other geek culture topics, made her a popular online personality.
While in Miami, she also appeared as a guest for news programs on WLRN-FM, the area's chief public radio station.
She left the newspaper to join CNET in New York as a senior editor in 2011. She hosted "Loaded", CNET's roundup of the day's tech news headlines. She replaced that in April 2012 with a more in-depth daily news program, CNET Update. As of the 11/30/2016 video posting, after 5 years, the CNET Update program will no longer be produced, with Carey expanding into other areas of CNET offerings. |
Chemical compound
**Senecionine** is a toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from various botanical sources. It takes its name from the *Senecio* genus and is produced by many different plants in that genus, including *Jacobaea vulgaris* (*Senecio jacobaea*). It has also been isolated from several other plants, including *Brachyglottis repanda*, *Emilia*, *Erechtites hieraciifolius*, *Petasites*, *Syneilesis*, *Crotalaria*, *Caltha leptosepala*, and *Castilleja*.
The compound is toxic and consumption can lead to liver damage, cancer, and pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis. Because of this, consumption of plants that produce it has resulted in poisonings, both in humans and in animals.
Toxicity
--------
Like other pyrrolizidine alkaloids, senecionine is toxic when ingested. The ingested molecule is a protoxin that is metabolized to its active form.
In large quantities, ingestion can lead to critical illness, including convulsions and death. Studies in rodents have shown an LD50 of 65 mg/kg. In smaller, non-lethal quantities, ingestion can lead to intoxication, although clinical signs and symptoms may not present until months after exposure depending on the level of exposure.
Ingestion can lead to both liver and DNA damage.
### Liver toxicity
The liver damage in both acute and chronic intoxication can cause hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOS), signs and symptoms of which include nausea, vomiting, hepatomegaly, and bloody diarrhea. Additionally, acute intoxication can cause hemorrhagic necrosis and liver failure, with signs and symptoms including weight loss, jaundice, depression, behavior changes, and ascites. Photosensitive dermatitis may also be seen. Other symptoms and manifestations of chronic exposure include weakness, portal hypertension, and cirrhosis.
### DNA damage
Senecionine ingestion can also induce DNA damage. Although there are few if any cases of human cancers directly linked to senecionine intoxication, rodent studies have shown that it is capable of inducing tumor formation in the liver, lung, skin, brain, spinal cord, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract.
### Diagnosis
Diagnosis of senecionine toxicity is made based on history, physical examination, and liver biopsy. Lab findings may include increased bile acid concentrations, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoproteinemia, and abnormal liver function tests (LFTs). However, it has been observed that chronically exposed animals may have normal lab values for months to years despite ongoing liver damage. Histological abnormalities on biopsy include megalocytosis, necrosis, fibrosis, and biliary hyperplasia, similar to other hepatotoxic ingestions and immune system disorders.
### Other Bioactivity
Senecionine has also been evaluated as an anti-microbial. A cocktail of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with senecionine in it has been shown to be toxic to *Fusarium* fungi at millimolar concentrations.
Treatment
---------
There are currently no known available drugs or antidotes to treat senecionine poisoning. Treatment is supportive to permit liver regeneration, which may include administration of intravenous (IV) fluids to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, IV glucose, and wound care with antibiotics if dermatitis is a presenting symptom. Additionally, albumin infusions may be used to reduce ascites. Prevention remains the best method to reduce senecionine poisonings, including avoiding consumption of senecionine-containing plants and pesticide use to kill infestations of those plants.
Biosynthesis and Chemistry
--------------------------
In *Senecio* species, biosynthesis of senecionine starts from L-arginine or L-ornithine. Because plants don't have decarboxylase enzyme for L-ornithine, it must be first converted into L-arginine. Arginine can then be readily converted to putrescine and spermidine. Next, in an NAD+-dependent reaction catalyzed by homospermidine synthase (HSS), an aminopropyl group from putrescine is transferred to spermidine to form homospermidine, releasing 1,3-diaminopropane (see biosynthesis scheme). HSS is the only enzyme that has been definitively implicated in this biosynthesis.
Homospermidine is then oxidized and subsequently cyclized to form the stereospecific pyrrolizidine backbone. The aldehyde is then reduced and then the pyrrolizidine core is desaturated and hydroxylated through yet undetermined mechanisms to form retronecine. Retronecine is acylated by senecic acid, formed from two equivalents of L-isoleucine. This step forms the *N*-oxide of senecionine, which is subsequently reduced to yield senecionine.
Senecionine has a core structure of retronecine, an unsaturated pyrrolizide, with a 12-membered lactone ring attached to the core. The nitrogen atom in the pyrrolizidine core is weakly basic with an estimated pKa of 5.9.
Biosynthesis of senecionine
Metabolism and Mechanism of Action
----------------------------------
After oral ingestion, senecionine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. When it reaches the liver, it is metabolized via three pathways: *N*-oxidation, oxidation, and ester hydrolysis. *N-*oxidation and hydrolysis are detoxification pathways, and the products of these reactions are conjugated and excreted by the kidneys. However, the *N-*oxide may be converted back into senecionine by cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) monooxygenases. Oxidation of senecionine to its respective dehydropyrrolizidine is responsible for its toxic effects.
In the toxic pathway, the 2-pyrroline in the core is desaturated via an oxidation reaction to form a pyrrolic ester. This metabolite can still subsequently be eliminated if it is conjugated to glutathione. However, this metabolite is toxic because it can act as an electrophile. It may be attacked by either DNA base pairs or by amino acid residues in liver proteins, resulting in the formation of toxic adducts, including cross-linked adducts between DNA base pairs, liver proteins, or both. These adducts can damage DNA, leading to genotoxicity and carcinogenesis, and liver enzymes and hepatocytes, leading to hepatotoxicity.
Metabolism and mechanism of action of pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. Nuc=nucleophilic protein residue or DNA base
Biology and Society
-------------------
*Danaus chrysippus* butterflies consume senecionine to repel predators through a defense mechanism and to make pheromones
The *Senecio* plants groundsel and ragwort are both common and are found in many regions, most commonly as weeds on cultivated ground. Common ragwort is especially prevalent in Europe and has been responsible for livestock poisoning and deaths when it is consumed. In Africa, Australia, and the United States, *Crotalaria* species, shrub-like herbs, have been found to be responsible for similar livestock deaths. Horses seem to be particularly vulnerable to senecionine poisoning through ingestion of ragwort. Symptoms of poisoning in horses (known as "horse staggers") include nervousness, yawning, fatigue, and unsteady gait.
Some species have evolved to leverage senecionine for their own benefit. *Danaus chrysippus* butterflies can safely consume senecionine-containing plants, making them taste very bitter and thus unpalatable to predators. This adaptation is also present in grasshoppers of the genus *Zonocerus* and the caterpillars of the Cinnabar moth. Additionally, *D. chrysippus* are able to convert senecionine to pheromones necessary for successful mating. Consequently, experiments have shown that males deprived of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including senecionine, in their diets are less successful at mating.
Senecionine-containing herbs have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hemorrhage, hypertension, and as a uterine stimulant, despite no documented evidence that it is effective for any of those conditions and overwhelming evidence of its toxicity.
In humans, bread contaminated with ragwort has caused senecionine poisonings (a condition colloquially known as "bread poisoning" in South Africa). In the West Indies, poisonings have been reported from the consumption of herbal teas made with *Crotalaria*. |
1998
2001
**Vockerode Power Plant** (also called **Elbe Power Plant**) was a lignite and later also gas-fired power plant in Vockerode, East Germany. It was built in 1937 and shut-down between 1994 and 1998.
History
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Vockerode has been the site of a power plant for almost 60 years. While the four chimneys of the plant were demolished in 2001, much of the original building still exists today. Till 2013 it was used for events and art display. Today plant is unsafe and closed to public.
The first block of the lignite-fired power plant (6 x 35 MW) was built between 1937 and 1940. After 1943 installation was begun on the world's first commercial HVDC, the Elbe Project. It was completed in 1945, but never went in service.
The power plant suffered no damage during World War II. After dismantling of the equipment during the soviet occupation the inverter hall was transformed into a workshop. A lot of equipment from the power plant was also dismantled. Between 1953 and 1959 the power plant was refurbished and a second block (12 x 36 MW) was built to provide for growing electricity demands of industry and households in the German Democratic Republic.
On July 22, 1960 an Ilyushin Il-14 plane of the GDR armed forces flying through dense fog scratched one of the chimneys and crashed. Seven people on board the plane and a worker on the ground were killed.
After 1968 the city of Dessau was supplied with heat from Vockerode Power Plant via a 15 kilometres long line. In 1971 a gas turbine power plant was built, which consisted of six 27 MW units. Between 1972 and 1974 greenhouse facilities were built on an area of 64 hectares, which were heated by the power plant, for growing tomatoes and cucumbers.
The green house facilities were shut down in 1991, and demolished in 1997. In 1994 the lignite power plant was shut down. In 1998 the gas turbine power plant was shut down and on September 22, 2001 the chimneys were demolished by explosives. In 2005 the oil tanks of the gas turbine plant were demolished.
* flagGermany portal
* iconEnergy portal
51°50′44″N 12°21′31″E / 51.845429°N 12.358632°E / 51.845429; 12.358632 |
Concept in international law
In international law, a **persistent objector** is a sovereign state which has consistently and clearly objected to a norm of customary international law since the norm's emergence, and considers itself not bound to observe the norm. The concept is an example of the positivist doctrine that a state can only be bound by norms to which it has consented.
Objection to the emergence of a norm may come in the form of statements declaring a state's position on an existing right, or action in which a state exercises an existing right in the face of an emerging norm which would threaten that right. Statements made at the time of a rule's establishment, such as in a reservation to a treaty, offer the clearest expression of a state's objection, but objections might also be expressed during treaty negotiations and even in statements by domestic lawmakers accompanying purely municipal legislation.
Judicial support for the persistent objector rule is weak. The International Court of Justice has discussed the persistent objector rule in *dicta* in two cases: the *Asylum case* (*Colombia v Peru*, [1950] ICJ 6) and the *Fisheries case* (*United Kingdom v Norway*, [1951] ICJ 3). The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights rejected an attempted assertion of the persistent objector defence in *Domingues v United States* (2002) on the ground that the prohibition against the juvenile death penalty to which the United States objected was not merely customary international law but *jus cogens*, a norm from which no derogation was permitted. However, this could also be read as confirming that a persistent objector defence may successfully overcome a norm of international human rights law which has not attained the status of *jus cogens*.
Stronger support for the rule can be found in the writings of certain jurists. The American Law Institute was historically a major contributor to developing a "comprehensive theory" of persistent objection through its 1987 *Third Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States*, part of its *Restatements of the Law* series.
Further reading
---------------
* Stein, Ted L. (1985). "The Approach of the Different Drummer: The Principle of the Persistent Objector in International Law". *Harvard International Law Journal*. **26**: 457. Retrieved 19 April 2018 – via HeinOnline.
* Kritsiotis, Dino (2010). "On the Possibilities of and for Persistent Objection". *Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law*. **21**: 121. Retrieved 19 April 2018. |
Waterford Harbour Sailing Club at Dunmore East
**Waterford Harbour Sailing Club** is situated in Dunmore East in the west side of Waterford Harbour. It is the largest sailing club in South East Ireland and has a membership of 400. The club was founded in 1934 at Dunmore East and occupies a location beside the slip in the Harbour. The present clubhouse was built in 1969 and was extended in 1974. The club is affiliated to the Irish Sailing Association. Robert Jephson is from this club and is planning on claiming first prize in the 420 junior Europeans championship with his insane sailing skills.
The club has been the venue for the Enterprise (dinghy) World Championships 1975 and the World Board Sailing Championships in 1988. In 2014 the club hosted the Topper National Championship and the Laser Leinster Championship.
History
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The club was founded in 1934 by a group of seven interested sailor/boat builders. Those present were: E. A. Gibbon in the Chair, P.A. Anderson, W. Anderson and R.T. Kelly. The first committee subsequently elected were: Major Lloyd, R.T. Kelly, P.A. Anderson, Sir Ernest Goff, Mr. Colfer, E.A. Gibbon. Proposed by R.T. Kelly, seconded by Sir Ernest Goff and passed unanimously.
Sir Ernest Goff Proposed a subscription of 10/- for Boat Owners and other members 5/- This was seconded by Mr Kelly and passed unanimously. A vote of thanks was proposed to the Mayor.
In the early days[*when?*] R. Wall Morris is credited with being the first Commodore
In 2007, the club decided to buy a 1500 sq. ft. property adjacent to main building as a dinghy store and boathouse and to provide extra clubrooms. This premises also had parking frontage at the harbour and was seen as a potentially valuable asset in the event of the planned harbour development.[] This development subsequently took place and is in use all through the year by youth and adult members, as well as having meeting rooms for use by race officers and course instructors.[]
Fleets
------
Currently[*when?*]? the most popular classes used by the club include:
Optimist (dinghy),
Topper (dinghy),
Laser (dinghy),
420 (dinghy),
Flying Fifteen,
Cruisers.[]
Visiting yachts
---------------
Visiting leisure craft on the visitors pontoon, Dunmore East
Prior to 2013, facilities for visiting yachts in the harbour were not good[*clarification needed*] but a new pontoon was placed in the Harbour by the Dept of the Marine for the use of visiting leisure craft. This is available for the months of June, July and August and the harbourmaster must be contacted to arrange overnight payment.[*tone*] |
Sandbox video game
2019 video game
***Trailmakers*** is a sandbox video game developed and published by Danish independent developer Flashbulb Games. The game is a 3D physics-based vehicle construction simulator with open world exploration elements. The game was made available for early access on Steam on 30 January 2018, and fully released on 18 September 2019 for PC and Xbox One. The game was released for PlayStation 4 on 21 May 2020.
Gameplay
--------
*Trailmakers* can be played in various game modes including adventure, sandbox, and racing. All game modes can be played in either single-player or multiplayer and the game offers modding support on PC. The camera is usually third-person, but can be changed to first-person by the player.
The game features 7 sandbox style maps, Stranded, Treasure Island, Danger Zone, Test Zone, Space Sector, Airborne, and High Seas, 2 racing style maps, Rally, and Race Island, and 2 campaign maps, Stranded, and Airborne, these use the same base maps as the sandbox maps of the same names. The game allows you to build virtually anything with drag and drop style building, from cars, planes, boats, helicopters, and even walking robots. the DLCs also add new blocks like the Rocket Engine or the upcoming Firework Launcher.
Plot
----
while the game does not initially have a storyline, the DLC expansion Airborne reveals a civilian bird like race named chirpos, who are constantly attacked by robot pirates who must be defeated by the player. in the free Space Sector map, the 2 return with the pirates setting up a heavily fortified base on the moon Nassau.
Release
-------
The game was originally released as an early access title on the Steam store on 30 January 2018 and garnered over 100,000 sales. The game was fully released for PC and Xbox One on 18 September 2019, and for PlayStation 4 on 21 May 2020. |
Book by Mahendranath Gupta
***The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna*** is an English translation of the Bengali religious text *Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita* by Swami Nikhilananda. The text records conversations of Ramakrishna with his disciples, devotees and visitors, recorded by Mahendranath Gupta, who wrote the book under the pseudonym of "M." The first edition was published in 1942.
Swami Nikhilananda worked with Margaret Woodrow Wilson, daughter of US president Woodrow Wilson. Margaret helped the swami to refine his literary style into "flowing American English". The mystic hymns were rendered into free verse by the American poet John Moffitt. Wilson and American mythology scholar Joseph Campbell helped edit the manuscript. Aldous Huxley wrote in his foreword, "...'M' produced a book unique, so far as my knowledge goes, in the literature of hagiography. Never have the small events of a contemplative's daily life been described with such a wealth of intimate detail. Never have the casual and unstudied utterances of a great religious teacher been set down with so minute a fidelity."
Nikhilananda wrote that he had written an accurate translation of the *Kathamrita*, "omitting only a few pages of no particular interest to English-speaking readers" and stating that "often literary grace has been sacrificed for the sake of literal translation." Although Nikhilananda's translation of the *Kathamrita* is the best known, the first translation published by Swami Abhedananda 35 years earlier.
Reception
---------
### The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna
Aldous Huxley likened it to James Boswell's *Life of Samuel Johnson*. The book was voted as one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by the American scholars convened by HarperCollins publishers. Scholars Lex Hixon, Swami Tyagananda, Somnath Bhattacharyya argue that the translations considered the cross-cultural factors and western decorum.
Walter G. Neevel in his 1976 essay, *The Transformation of Ramakrishna*, writes that Nikhilananda's translation are "accurate and reliable efforts...it should be possible to get as close to Sri Ramakrishna's original teachings as is possible without a knowledge of Bengali and to have an adequate degree of certainty about their meaning."
Philosopher Lex Hixon writes that the *Gospel* is "spiritually authentic" and "powerful rendering of the *Kathamrita* into dignified English." Hixon writes that an eyewitness to the teachings of Ramakrishna reported that Ramakrishna's "linguistic style was unique, even to those who spoke Bengali" and it was "not literally translatable into English or any other language." Hixon writes that Ramakrishna's "colorful village Bengali, replete with obscure local words and idioms" adds to the difficulty of translation. His "obscure local words" were interspersed with technical Sanskrit terms from "various strands of Hindu yoga and philosophy" and "extensive references" to the "complex realm of sacred history" of the Vedas, Puranas, Tantras.
Scholars Narasingha Sil and Jeffery Kripal argue that the book has been bowdlerized. Sil argues that this "standard translation of the *Kathamrta* by Swami Nikhilananda is bowdlerized, with the 'vulgar expressions' in Ramakrishna's earthy, rustic Bengali either removed or smoothed over: so that 'raman' (sexual intercourse) has become "communion" in the *Gospel*. Swami Tyagananda explains this as follows: "when a Hindu hears or reads about *ramana* with God, there is no idea of sex involved." Jeffrey Kripal argues that although Swami Nikhilananda calls the *Gospel* "a literal translation," he substantially altered Gupta's text, combining the five parallel narratives into a single volume, as well as deleting some passages which he claimed were "of no particular interest to English-speaking readers." Somnath Bhattacharyya, Swami Atmajnanananda and others discussed these concerns. Swami Tyagananda and Vrajaprana wrote that while introducing the *Kathamrita* to the Western audience of 1942, Nikhilananada considered the Western sensibilities and sought advice of his Western editorial assistants to ensure that there is no cultural *faux pas* in the manuscript. They also point out that literal translation is not always possible which may result in an inaccurate meaning.
Further reading
---------------
* Bibliography of Ramakrishna
* Tyagananda (2000). *Kali's Child Revisited or Didn't Anyone Check the Documentation?* (PDF). Boston: Swami Tyagananda. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
* Tyagananda; Vrajaprana (2010). "*The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna*: The Missing Text". *Interpreting Ramakrishna: Kali's Child Revisited*. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Retrieved 9 March 2016. |
Land operations of the War of the Pacific.
| * v
* t
* e
War of the Pacific |
| --- |
|
| Naval campaign |
| --- |
| * 1st Iquique
* Chipana
* Pisagua
* 1st Callao
* 2nd Iquique
* Punta Gruesa
* *Huáscar*
* 1st Antofagasta
* 3rd Iquique
* *Rímac*
* 2nd Antofagasta
* Punta Arenas
* Angamos
* *Pilcomayo*
* Arica
+ Naval Battle
+ Rupture
* 2nd Callao
|
| Land campaigns |
| **Loa Line and Altiplano*** Calama
* Río Grande
* Quillagua
* Tambillo
**Tarapacá campaign*** Pisagua
* Pampa Germania
* San Francisco
* Tarapacá
**Tacna and Arica campaign*** Ilo and Pacocha
* Moquegua
* Mollendo
* Los Ángeles
* Locumba
* Buenavista
* Tacna
* Arica
* Tarata
**Lynch Expedition**
**Lima campaign*** Chilca
* Yerba Buena
* Bujama
* Humay
* El Manzano
* Rinconada de Ate
* San Juan and Chorrillos
* Miraflores
* Lima
---
**Chilean occupation of Peru**
---
**Breña campaign*** San Jerónimo
* Letelier Expedition
* Sángrar
* Verrugas
* 1st Purhuay
* Calientes
* 1st Pachía
* Cieneguilla
* Motupe
* Guadalupe
* 1st Pucará
* Acuchimay
* Sierralumi
* Huaripampa
* Llocllapampa
* Chupaca
* La Oroya
* 2nd Pucará
* Concepción
* San Pablo
* Tarmatambo
* 2nd Purhuay
* Huamantanga
* Crossing of the Andes
* Huamachuco
* Izcuchaca
* 2nd Pachía
**Arequipa-Puno Line*** Arequipa
* Titicaca Lake
|
|
After the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific was resolved, the Chilean terrestrial invasion began.
Land campaign and invasion
--------------------------
Having gained control of the sea, Chile sent its army to invade Peru. Bolivia, unable to recover the Litoral Department, joined the Peruvian defense of Tarapacá
and Tacna.
### Campaign of Tarapacá
Main article: Tarapacá Campaign
Once the naval superiority was achieved, the troops of the Chilean army began the occupation of the Peruvian province of Tarapacá.
On 2 November 1879 at 7:15 began the naval bombardment and disembarkment at the small port of Pisagua and the Junin Cove, –some 500 km North of Antofagasta. At Pisagua, several landing waves Chilean troops attacked beach defenses held by Allies, and took the town. By the end of the day, the Chilean army were ashore and moving inland
From Pisagua the Chileans marched south towards the city of Iquique with 6,000[] troops and defeated on 19 November 1879 the 7,400[] allied troops gathered in Agua Santa in Battle of San Francisco/Dolores. Bolivian forces retreated to Oruro and the Peruvians to Tiliviche. Four days later, the Chilean army captured Iquique without resistance.
A detachment of 3,600[] Chilean soldiers, cavalry and artillery, was sent to face the Peruvian forces in the small town of Tarapacá. Peruvian forces started a march towards Arica to find Bolivian troops led by Hilarion Daza coming from Arica southwards, but in Camarones Daza decided to return towards Arica.
Chileans and Allies met on 27. November 1879 in the Battle of Tarapacá, where the Chilean forces were defeated, but the Peruvian forces, unable to maintain the territory, retreated further north to Arica by 18 December 1879.
About the importance of the campaign Bruce W. Farcau wrote:
"The province of Tarapacá was lost along with a population of 200,000, nearly one tenth of the Peruvian total, and an annual gross income of £28 million in nitrate production, virtually all of the country's export earnings."
giving Santiago not only an economic bonanza but also a diplomatic asset.
### Downfall of President Prado in Peru and President Daza in Bolivia
The Peruvian government was confronted with widespread rioting in Lima because of the disastrous handling of the war to date.
On 18 December 1879 the Peruvian President Mariano Ignacio Prado suddenly took a ship from Callao to Panama, allegedly with six million pesos in gold, supposedly to oversee the purchase of new arms and warships for the nation. In a statement in the newspaper *El Comercio* he turned over the command of the country to Vice President La Puerta. After a putsch and more than 300 dead Nicolás de Piérola overthrew La Puerta and took power in Peru on 23 December 1879.
Back to Arica from the aborted expedition to Iquique, on 27 December 1879 Daza received a telegram from La Paz informing him the army had overthrown him. He departed to Europe with $500,000. In Bolivia General Narciso Campero became president.
Bolivia's president Campero remained in office until the end of the war, but Pierola was recognized as president only by his occupation of Lima.
### Election of Domingo Santa Maria in Chile
During the Bolivian tax crisis of 1879, Chile voted a new Congress on schedule and in 1881 Domingo Santa María was elected as President of the Republic. He assumed the office on September 18, 1881 A new Congress was elected in on schedule in 1882.
### Campaign of Tacna and Arica
Main article: Tacna and Arica Campaign
The Battle of Arica by Juan Lepiani depicts Bolognesi's final moments.
After the failure of the peace talks the Chilean forces began to prepare for the occupation of South Peru. On 28 November 1879 Chile declared the formal blockade of Arica. Later the port Callao was also put under blockade.
A Chilean force of 600 men carried out an amphibious raid at Ilo as a reconnaissance in force, to the north of Tacna, on December 31, 1879, and withdrew the same day.
On 24 February 1880 approximately 11,000 men in nineteen ships protected by the warships *Blanco Encalada*, *Toro* and the *Magallanes* and two torpedo boats sailed from Pisagua and arrived off Punta Coles, near Pacocha, Ilo on 26 February 1880. The landing took several days and occurred without resistance The Peruvian commander, Lizardo Montero, refused to try to drive the Chileans from the beachhead, as the Chileans had expected.
On 22 March 1880 3,642 Chilean troops defeated 1,300 Peruvian troops in the Battle of Los Ángeles cutting any direct Peruvian supply from Lima to Arica or Tacna (Supply was possible only through the long way over Bolivia).
After the Battle of Los Ángeles there were three allied positions in South Peru. General Leyva's 2nd Army was at Arequipa, with some survivors of the battle at Los Angeles included. Bolognesi's 7th and 8th Division was at Arica and at Tacna was the 1st Army. All these forces were under the direct command of the Bolivian president, Campero. But they were unable to concentrate troops or even to move from their garrisons.
After crossing 40 miles (64 km) of desert, on 26 May 1880 the Chilean army (14,147 men) destroyed the allied army of 5,150 Bolivians and 8,500 Peruvians in the Battle of the Halt of the Alliance.
The need for a port near the army to supply and reinforce the troops and evacuate the wounded made the Chilean command concentrate on the remaining Peruvian stronghold of Arica. On June 7, 1880, after the Battle of Arica, the last Peruvian bastion in the Tacna Department fell.
After the campaign of Tacna and Arica, the Peruvian and Bolivian regular armies ceased to exist. Bolivia effectively dropped out of the war.
### Lackawanna Conference
Prior to the United States becoming formally involved into the matter, the united proposal of France, England, and Italy was to provide Chile with Tarapacá while they retreated their troops to the Camarones River; Chile found this solution to be acceptable.
On October 22, 1880, delegates of Peru, Chile, Bolivia, and the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America in Chile held a 5-day conference aboard the USS *Lackawanna* in Arica. The Lackawanna Conference, also called the Arica conference, attempted to develop a peace settlement for the war. Chile demanded the Peruvian Tarapacá province and the Bolivian Atacama, an indemnity of $20,000,000 gold Pesos, restoration of property taken from Chilean citizens, the return to Chile of the transport vessel *Rimac*, the abrogation of the alliance treaty between Peru and Bolivia and the formal commitment on the part of Peru not to mount artillery batteries in Arica's harbor once it was returned by Chile. Furthermore, Arica was to be limited to commercial use only. Celae planned to retain all the territories of Moquegua, Tacna, and Arica until all peace treaty conditions were satisfied. Although willing to accept the negotiated settlement, Peru and Bolivia insisted that Chile withdraw its forces from all occupied lands as a precondition for discussing peace. Having captured this territory at great expense, Chile refused to accept these terms and the negotiations failed.
### Lynch's Expedition
To show Peru the futility of further resistance against Chilean forces, on 4 September 1880 the Chilean government dispatched an expedition of 2,200 men to northern Peru under the command of Captain Patricio Lynch to collect war taxes from wealthy landowners. Lynch's Expedition arrived on 10 September to Chimbote levied taxes of $100,000 in Chimbote, $10,000 in Piata, $20,000 in Chiclayo, and $4,000 in Lambayeque in local currencies; those who did not comply had their property impounded or destroyed. On September 11, 1880, the Peruvian government made a decree that made the payment of these taxes an act of treason, but most land owners still paid the Chileans under the belief that denizens of occupied areas had to comply with the occupying army.
### Campaign of Lima
Main article: Lima Campaign
Infantry regiment of the Chilean Army, formed in Lurín, south of Lima, in January 1881
After the campaign of Tacna and Arica, the southern departments of Peru were in Chilean hands, and the allies armies were smashed, so for the Chilean government there was no reason to continue the war. However, public pressure as well as expansionist ambitions pushed the war farther north. The defeated allies not only didn't realize their situation, but despite the empty Bolivian treasury, on 16 June 1880 the National Assembly voted in favour of a continuation of the war and on 11 June 1880 was signed in Peru a document declaring the creation of the *United States of Peru-Bolivia*.
This forced both the Chilean government and its high command to plan a new campaign with the objective to obtain an unconditional capitulation at the Peruvian capital city.
The Chilean forces would have to confront virtually the entire male population of Lima defending prepared positions and supported by a formidable collection of the coastal guns of Lima, located within a few miles of the capital's arsenal and supply depots. President Pierola ordered the construction of two parallel lines of defenses at Chorrillos and Miraflores a few kilometers south of Lima. The line of Chorrillos had 10 miles (16 km) long, lying from Marcavilca hill to La Chira, passing through the acclivities of San Juan and Santa Teresa. The Peruvian forces were approximately 26,000 men strong between Arequipa and Lima.
"The Third Fort" by Juan Lepiani, one of the Peruvian strongholds in the Miraflores
A small Chilean force went ashore near Pisco, approximately 200 miles (320 km) south of Lima, and the mass of the army disembarked in Chilca only 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Lima.
On January 13, 1881 the 20,000 Chilean troops charged 14,000 Peruvian defenders in Chorrillos. During the Battle of Chorrillos, the Chileans inflicted a harsh defeat to the Peruvian army and eliminated the first defensive line guarding Lima. Two days later, on January 15, 1881, after the triumph in the Battle of Miraflores the Chilean army entered Lima.
After the battle there were fires and sackings in the towns of Chorrillos and Barranco.
#### Occupation of Lima
Main article: Occupation of Lima
Chilean army entering Lima.
During the occupation of Lima, Chilean troops systematically pillaged Peruvian public buildings, turned the old University of San Marcos into a barracks, raided medical schools and other institutions of education, and stole a series of monuments and artwork that had adorned the city. The Chilean Army plundered the contents of the Peruvian National Library in Lima and transported thousands of books (including many centuries-old original Spanish, Peruvian and Colonial volumes) to Santiago de Chile, along with much capital stock. In November 2007 3,778 books were returned to the National Library of Peru.
### Occupation of Peru
Chileans troops entered Lima on 17 January 1881. The Peruvian dictator Nicolás de Piérola retreated from the capital to try governing from the rear area, and he still refused to accept Chile's demand for territory and indemnity.
In absence of a Peruvian president who was willing to accept their peace terms, on February 22, 1881, the Chileans allowed a convention of Peruvian "notables" outside of Lima that elected Francisco García Calderón as president. Garcia Calderón was allowed to raise and arm two infantry battalions (400 men each) and two small cavalry squadrons to give more legitimacy to the provisional government.
The commander of the Chilean occupation, Vice-admiral Patricio Lynch, set down his military headquarters in the Government Palace of Peru in Lima. After the confrontations in San Juan and Miraflores, Peruvian Colonel Andrés Avelino Cáceres decided to escape to the central Andes to organize and reinitiate the Peruvian resistance to the Chilean occupation army from within the mountain range. This would come to be known as the campaign of the Breña or Sierra, which organized abundant acts of rebellion in Lima and eventually organized a widespread Peruvian resistance.
Meanwhile, in Chile the new administration under the command of Domingo Santa Maria pushed for an end to the costly war.
#### Letelier's expedition
In February 1881, the Chilean forces under the command of Lt. Col. Ambrosio Letelier started the first Expedition, with 700 men, to defeat the last guerilla bands from Huánuco (30 April) to Junín. After many losses the expedition achieved very little and came back to Lima in early July, where Letelier and his officers were court-martialed because they illegally diverted money into their own pocket.
### Campaign of the Breña or Sierra
Main article: Sierra Campaign
With apparent encouragement from the United States, Peruvians kept up the resistance for three more years in a campaign known in Peru as the campaign of the Breña. The leader of the resistance was General Andrés Avelino Cáceres (nicknamed the *Warlock of the Andes*), who would later be elected president of Peru. Cáceres's troops faced against the better equipped and armed Chilean troops with the usage of archaic weaponry such as machetes, spears, clubs, stones, and few old muskets. Under his leadership, the Peruvian militia forces strengthened with Native American *montoneros* inflicted several blows upon the Chilean army in small battles such as Pucará, Marcavalle, Concepción, and Tarmatambo, forcing Colonel Estanislao del Canto's division to return to Lima in 1882.
Chile would once again attempt to dominate the region by sending another campaign force, but the Chilean troops were defeated at the battles of Chicla and Purhuay. However, Cáceres was conclusively defeated by Colonel Alejandro Gorostiaga at the Battle of Huamachuco on 10 July 1883. Even still, without any major forces left to continue the resistance, Cáceres managed to keep Chileans on the retreat at Ayacucho. Finally, after the Peruvian victory at the Battle of San Pablo, Colonel Miguel Iglesias manages to reach a diplomatic solution with Chile on 20 October 1883 with the signing of the Treaty of Ancón, by which Peru's Tarapacá province was ceded to the victor; on its part, Bolivia was forced to cede Antofagasta. Nonetheless, the treaty would not come into official effect until 8 March 1884. During the time prior to that date, Chilean troops occupied the city of Arequipa after an uprising forced the puppet regime of Lizardo Montero to flee to La Paz, Bolivia. Afterwards, the Battle of Pachía, on 11 November 1883, forced the Chileans to retreat to Moquegua. Despite the Peruvian victory, the lack of resources and manpower forced the Peruvian advances in Tacna to stop.
#### First campaign of La Sierra
To annihilate the guerrilla, Lynch started in January 1882 a new offensive with 5,000 men first in the direction of Tarma and then southeast: Huancayo, until Izcuchaca. The Chilean troops suffered enormous hardships: cold, snow, mountain sickness (more than 5,000m). On 9 July 1882 was fought the emblematic Battle of La Concepción. The Chileans had to pull back with a loss of 534 soldiers: 154 died in combat, 277 died to disease and 103 deserted.
#### Rise of Miguel Iglesias
During the administration of James A. Garfield (Mar. 4, 1881 – Sep. 19, 1881) in the US, the anglophobic Secretary of State James G. Blaine wanted to advance the US presence in Latin America. He believed that England had prodded Chile into war on Peru to secure England's stake in the mineral wealth of the disputed areas. Blaine made a proposal that called for Chile to accept a monetary indemnity and renounce claims to Antofagasta and Tarapacá. These American attempts reinforced Garcia Calderon's refusal to discuss the matter of territorial cession. When it became known that Blaine's representative to Garcia Calderon, Stephen Hurlburt, would personally profit from the business trade-off, it was clear that Hurlburt was complicating the peace process.
Because of President Calderon's refusal to relinquish Peruvian control over Tarapacá, he was placed under arrest. Before Garcia Calderon left Peru for Chile, he named Admiral Lizardo Montero as successor. At the same time President Pierola stepped back and supported Avelino Caceres for the Presidency of Peru. Caceres refused to serve and supported Lizardo Montero instead. Montero moved to Arequipa and in this way Garcia Calderon's arrest achieved the union of the forces of Pierola and Caceres.
Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, successor to Blaine as US Secretary of State after the assassination of President Garfield, publicly disavowed Blaine's policy while abandoning any notion of intervening militarily in the dispute and recognizing Chile's right to annex Tarapacá.
On 1 April 1882 Miguel Iglesias, former Defence minister under Pierola, became convinced that the war had to be brought to an end if Peru was not to be completely devastated. He issued a manifesto, *"Grito de Montan"*, calling for peace and in December 1882 called a convention of representatives of the seven departments of northern Peru where he was elected "Regenerating President"
#### Second campaign of La Sierra
To protect and support Iglesias against Montero, on 6 April 1883, Patricio Lynch started a new offensive to drive the Montoneros from central Peru and destroy Caceres' little army. Unlike in previous plans, the Chilean troops pursued Caceres to northwest through narrow mountain passes until 10 July 1883 as the definitive Battle of Huamachuco was fought. The Peruvians were defeated. It was the last battle of the war.
### End of occupation
After the signing of the peace on 20 October 1883 with the government of Iglesias, Lizardo Montero tried to resist in Arequipa, but fortunately for Chile, the arrival of its men stampeded Montero's troops and Montero went for a Bolivian asylum.
On 29 October 1883 ended the Chilean occupation of Lima.
### Campaign of Lima
Chilean charge during the Battle of San Juan.
19 November 1880 the Chilean army landed in Pisco, and by January 1881, the Chileans were marching towards the Peruvian capital, Lima.
Regular Peruvian forces together with poorly armed people, set up to defend Lima.
With little effective Peruvian central government remaining, Chile pursued an ambitious campaign throughout Peru, especially along the coast and in the central Sierra, penetrating as far north as Cajamarca, seeking to eliminate any source of resistance.
Peruvian forces were decisively defeated in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores, and Lima fell in January 1881 to the forces of General Baquedano.
The southern suburbs of Lima, including the upscale beach area of Chorrillos, were looted by demoralized Peruvian soldiers |
2010 single by Tame Impala
"**Solitude Is Bliss**" is a song by Tame Impala, released as a single in April 2010. It was recorded during the sessions for the *Innerspeaker* album in 2009, and released as the first single from that album. The single features artwork from Australian artist Leif Podhajsky, who also created the artwork for *Innerspeaker* and the follow-up *Lonerism*. "Solitude Is Bliss" came in at number 33 in the Triple J Hottest 100 in 2010.
Composition
-----------
"Solitude Is Bliss" was written by Kevin Parker in the key of F major in a 4/4 time signature. It is based around the barre chords of D major, C major, Fadd11 and Gadd11.
The song starts off with heavily phased strumming of the above-mentioned chords on an electric guitar. A drum fill comes crashing in to provide the rhythmic accompaniment along with the bass guitar. This gives way to the verses, which feature funky, heavily rhythmic picking of the root notes of D, E, G and A. The pre-chorus features the sustained chords of A major and B flat major, with Parker's vocals jumping between the two stereo channels, due to the wide automatic double tracking.
The chorus then comes in featuring soaring vocals from Parker that have been heavily delayed and reverbed, featuring the same D major, C major, Fadd11, Gadd11 chord progression as the intro.
The verse, pre-chorus, chorus format returns again, as well as the rhythmic root note picking, before giving way to a key change to E-flat major, with the chord progression C major, B-flat major, A-flat major. Over the top of this progression, a phased guitar solo plays in the E-flat major scale.
After the solo, the bridge features a F major, B flat major, A flat major chord progression, with Parker's vocals over the top.
Another key change occurs, to E major, and the intro, chorus chord progression and strumming pattern is then transposed to the E major key, turning into a D flat major, B major, Eadd11 progression.
The chorus comes back in, and the key changes back to F major, featuring the chorus repeated until the end of the song.
Release
-------
On 1 April 2010, "Solitude Is Bliss" was released as the first single from Tame Impala's 2010 debut album *Innerspeaker*. Parker explained the decision to release it as the lead single: "It was the most uplifting pop song. It’s the most sassy, confident sounding song. I like to think of it as coked up Tame Impala. It’s quite overconfident. You know, most of my lyrics aren’t as confident as that song. It’s almost arrogant I guess, but it is intended to be extremely confident because it’s about being alone and how confident you are when you’re alone." The meaning of the song is "how awesome it can be to be inside your own head, how peaceful and enlightening it can be; good for the soul." and "like bathing in the glory of being alone, like, 'How great is this? I'm alone!'"
Music video
-----------
Frames from the music video for "Solitude Is Bliss", which represents the themes of the song
The music video for "Solitude Is Bliss" was directed by Megaforce in Kyiv, Ukraine. It features a man dancing around the carnage in an almost post-apocalyptic world where there are flaming cars and dead bodies in the streets, which is meant to represent the man's mind, post-shock. During the choruses, the man is transported back to the "real world" hustle and bustle and finds himself having to push and shove through crowds of people in suits.
The video took a bit of criticism for not fitting in with Tame Impala's psychedelic sound. Parker said "We really like how it's the opposite of what you expect... I kind of like to think of it as not the clip to the song, but if that scene was in a movie, then that song would be a really cool song to have over that scene."
Track listing
-------------
1. "Solitude Is Bliss" – 3:55
2. "Solitude Is Bliss (Canyons "Dow Jones" Mix)" – 4:22
3. "Solitude Is Bliss (Midnight Juggernauts Remix)" – 4:55
4. "Solitude Is Bliss (Mickey Moonlight T.A.M. Remix)" – 3:49
Personnel
---------
* Kevin Parker – all vocals and instrumentation, except for:
* Jay Watson – drums
Certifications
--------------
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000‡ |
| ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |
Cover versions
--------------
* British band Mark Ronson & The Business Intl. covered this song for Triple Js 'Like a Version' segment
* Australian indie pop band San Cisco covered this song on their EP *Golden Revolver*
* Owl Eyes covered this song for Triple Js 'Like a Version' |
Medical condition
**Lemierre's syndrome** is infectious thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. It most often develops as a complication of a bacterial sore throat infection in young, otherwise healthy adults. The thrombophlebitis is a serious condition and may lead to further systemic complications such as bacteria in the blood or septic emboli.
Lemierre's syndrome occurs most often when a bacterial (e.g. *Fusobacterium necrophorum*) throat infection progresses to the formation of a peritonsillar abscess. Deep in the abscess, anaerobic bacteria can flourish. When the abscess wall ruptures internally, the drainage carrying bacteria seeps through the soft tissue and infects the nearby structures. Spread of infection to the nearby internal jugular vein provides a gateway for the spread of bacteria through the bloodstream. The inflammation surrounding the vein and compression of the vein may lead to blood clot formation. Pieces of the potentially infected clot can break off and travel through the right heart into the lungs as emboli, blocking branches of the pulmonary artery that carry blood with little oxygen from the right side of the heart to the lungs.[]
Sepsis following a throat infection was first described by Hugo Schottmüller in 1918. In 1936, André Lemierre published a series of 20 cases where throat infections were followed by identified anaerobic sepsis, of whom 18 died.
Signs and symptoms
------------------
The signs and symptoms of Lemierre's syndrome vary, but usually start with a sore throat, fever, and general body weakness. These are followed by extreme lethargy, spiked fevers, rigors, swollen cervical lymph nodes, and a swollen, tender or painful neck. Often there is abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting during this phase. These signs and symptoms usually occur several days to two weeks after the initial symptoms.
Symptoms of pulmonary involvement can be shortness of breath, cough and painful breathing (pleuritic chest pain). Rarely, blood is coughed up. Painful or inflamed joints can occur when the joints are involved.[]
Septic shock can also arise. This presents with low blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased urine output and an increased rate of breathing. Some cases will also present with meningitis, which will typically manifest as neck stiffness, headache and sensitivity of the eyes to light.[] Liver enlargement and spleen enlargement can be found, but are not always associated with liver or spleen abscesses. Other signs and symptoms that may occur:[]
* Headache (unrelated to meningitis)
* Memory loss
* Muscle pain
* Jaundice
* Decreased ability to open the jaw
* Crepitations are sometimes heard over the lungs
* Pericardial friction rubs as a sign of pericarditis (rare)
* Cranial nerve paralysis and Horner's syndrome (both rare)
Cause
-----
The bacteria causing the thrombophlebitis are anaerobic bacteria that are typically normal components of the microorganisms that inhabit the mouth and throat. Species of *Fusobacterium*, specifically *Fusobacterium necrophorum*, are most commonly the causative bacteria, but various bacteria have been implicated. One 1989 study found that 81% of Lemierres's syndrome had been infected with *Fusobacterium necrophorum*, while 11% were caused by other Fusobacterium species. MRSA might also be an issue in Lemierre infections. Rarely Lemierre's syndrome is caused by other (usually Gram-negative) bacteria, which include *Bacteroides fragilis* and *Bacteroides melaninogenicus*, *Peptostreptococcus spp.*, *Streptococcus microaerophile*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Streptococcus pyogenes*, and *Eikenella corrodens*.
Pathophysiology
---------------
Lemierre's syndrome begins with an infection of the head and neck region, with most primary sources of infection in the palatine tonsils and peritonsillar tissue. Usually this infection is a pharyngitis (which occurred in 87.1% of patients as reported by a literature review), and can be preceded by infectious mononucleosis as reported in several cases. It can also be initiated by infections of the ear, mastoid bone, sinuses, or saliva glands.[]
During the primary infection, *F. necrophorum* colonizes the infection site and the infection spreads to the parapharyngeal space. The bacteria then invade the peritonsillar blood vessels where they can spread to the internal jugular vein. In this vein, the bacteria cause the formation of a thrombus containing these bacteria. Furthermore, the internal jugular vein becomes inflamed. This septic thrombophlebitis can give rise to septic microemboli that disseminate to other parts of the body where they can form abscesses and septic infarctions. The first capillaries that the emboli encounter where they can nestle themselves are the pulmonary capillaries. As a consequence, the most frequently involved site of septic metastases are the lungs, followed by the joints (knee, hip, sternoclavicular joint, shoulder and elbow). In the lungs, the bacteria cause abscesses, nodulary and cavitary lesions. Pleural effusion is often present. Other sites involved in septic metastasis and abscess formation are the muscles and soft tissues, liver, spleen, kidneys and nervous system (intracranial abscesses, meningitis).
Production of bacterial toxins such as lipopolysaccharide leads to secretion of cytokines by white blood cells which then both lead to symptoms of sepsis. *F. necrophorum* produces hemagglutinin which causes platelet aggregation that can lead to diffuse intravascular coagulation and thrombocytopenia.
Diagnosis
---------
Diagnosis and the imaging (and laboratory) studies to be ordered largely depend on the patient history, signs and symptoms. If a persistent sore throat with signs of sepsis are found, physicians are cautioned to screen for Lemierre's syndrome.
Laboratory investigations reveal signs of a bacterial infection with elevated C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and white blood cells (notably neutrophils). Platelet count can be low or high. Liver and kidney function tests are often abnormal.[]
Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein can be displayed with sonography. Thrombi that have developed recently have low echogenicity or echogenicity similar to the flowing blood, and in such cases pressure with the ultrasound probe show a non-compressible jugular vein - a sure sign of thrombosis. Also color or power Doppler ultrasound identify a low echogenicity blood clot. A CT scan or an MRI scan is more sensitive in displaying the thrombus of the intra-thoracic retrosternal veins, but are rarely needed.[]
Chest X-ray and chest CT may show pleural effusion, nodules, infiltrates, abscesses and cavitations.[]
Bacterial cultures taken from the blood, joint aspirates or other sites can identify the causative agent of the disease.[]
Other illnesses that can be included in the differential diagnosis are:[]
* Q fever
* Tuberculosis
* Pneumonia
Treatment
---------
Lemierre's syndrome is primarily treated with antibiotics given intravenously. *Fusobacterium necrophorum* is generally highly susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, metronidazole, clindamycin and third generation cephalosporins while the other fusobacteria have varying degrees of resistance to beta-lactams and clindamycin. Additionally, there may exist a co-infection by another bacterium. For these reasons is often advised not to use monotherapy in treating Lemierre's syndrome. Penicillin and penicillin-derived antibiotics can thus be combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as clavulanic acid or with metronidazole. Clindamycin can be given as monotherapy.[]
If antibiotic therapy is unsuccessful, additional treatments include draining of any abscesses and ligation of the internal jugular vein where the antibiotic cannot penetrate.
There is no evidence to opt for or against the use of anticoagulation therapy. The low incidence of Lemierre's syndrome has not made it possible to set up clinical trials to study the disease.
Prognosis
---------
The mortality rate was 90% prior to antibiotic therapy. In the contemporary era, a mortality of 4% has been estimated. Since this disease is not well known and often remains undiagnosed, mortality might be much higher. Approximately 10% of those with the condition experience clinical sequelae, including cranial nerve palsy and orthopaedic limitations.
Epidemiology
------------
Lemierre's syndrome is currently rare, but was more common in the early 20th century before the discovery of penicillin. The reduced use of antibiotics for sore throats may have increased the risk of this disease, with 19 cases in 1997 and 34 cases in 1999 reported in the UK. The estimated incidence rate is 0.8 to 3.6 cases per million in the general population, but is higher in healthy young adults. The number of cases reported is increasing; however, because of its rarity, physicians may be unaware of its existence, possibly leading to underdiagnosis.
History
-------
Sepsis following from a throat infection was described by Hugo Schottmüller in 1918. In 1936, André Lemierre published a series of 20 cases where throat infections were followed by identified anaerobic sepsis, of whom 18 patients died. |
***Farley v Skinner*** [2001] UKHL 49 is an English contract law case, concerning the measure and availability of damages for distress.
Facts
-----
Mr Farley bought a large estate, Riverside House, in Blackboys, Sussex, not far from Gatwick Airport. It had a croquet lawn, a tennis court, an orchard, a paddock and a swimming pool. It cost £420,000 and after the purchase was complete on 28 February 1991, he spent £125,000 improving it. He also had a flat in London, a house in Brighton and one overseas. He hired Mr Skinner to survey the house, particularly to determine levels of aircraft noise. Skinner reported that the noise was of acceptable level, whereas in reality, at 6 am the noise was intolerable. Holding patterns formed right above the house. This distressed Mr Farley as he often spent early mornings in his garden.
The trial judge held that Mr Farley had paid no more than someone who knew of the noise, so there was no financial loss, but awarded £10,000 for distress and discomfort.
Court of Appeal
---------------
The Court of Appeal agreed with the defendant's challenge to this ruling, stating that no damages could be awarded for mere inconvenience, and physical discomfort was required to justify damages.
House of Lords
--------------
The House of Lords restored the trial judge’s award, because not being put at such inconvenience was an important term.
Lord Scott held that if Mr Farley had known about the aircraft noise he would not have bought the property. He could either claim for being deprived of the contractual benefit (*Ruxley Electronics Ltd v Forsyth*), or he could claim as having consequential loss on breach of contract (*Watts v Morrow*). He added that if there had been an appreciable reduction in the house’s market value, he could not recover both, which would have been double recovery. Although £10,000 was ‘on the high side’, the value was within the right range.
>
> ‘If the cause is no more than disappointment that the contractual obligation has been broken, damages are not recoverable even if the disappointment has led to a complete mental breakdown. But, if the cause of the inconvenience or discomfort is a sensory (sight, touch, hearing, smell, taste) experience, damages can, subject to the remoteness rules, be recovered.’
>
>
>
Referring to the departure of this case from "an ordinary surveyor's contract", Lord Clyde said it was 'the specific provision relating to peacefulness of the property in respect of the aircraft noise which makes the present case out of the ordinary'. The predominant object test was dispensed with, so it was enough that the term broken was known by both parties to have been important (it did not matter whether the purpose of the contract was to provide peace of mind). So it seems surveyors will not ordinarily be liable when a house is defective and causes distress. |
1982 film by Robert Benton
***Still of the Night*** is a 1982 American neo-noir psychological thriller film directed by Robert Benton and starring Roy Scheider, Meryl Streep, Joe Grifasi, and Jessica Tandy. It was written by Benton and David Newman. Scheider plays a psychiatrist who falls in love with a woman (Streep) who may be the psychopathic killer of one of his patients.
The film is considered as an overt homage to the films of Alfred Hitchcock, emulating scenes from many of his movies: a bird attacks one character (as in *The Birds*), a scene takes place in an auction (as in *North by Northwest*), someone falls from a height (as in *Vertigo* and a number of other films), stuffed birds occupy a room (as in *Psycho*), and an important plot point is the interpretation of a dream (as in *Spellbound*). Meryl Streep's hair is styled much like Eva Marie Saint's was in *North by Northwest*, and the town of Glen Cove features in both films. Jessica Tandy also features both in this film, and in *The Birds (1963)* as the mother of the protagonist.
Plot
----
Manhattan psychiatrist Dr. Sam Rice is visited by glamorous, enigmatic Brooke Reynolds, who works at Crispin's (a fictitious New York auction house modeled after Christie's). Brooke was having an affair with one of Rice's patients, George Bynum, who has just been murdered. Brooke asks the doctor to return a watch to Bynum's wife and not reveal the affair.
Sam is visited by NYPD Detective Joseph Vitucci but refuses to give any information on Bynum, a patient for two years. After the police warn him that he could become a target because the killer may believe he knows something, Sam reviews the case files detailing Bynum's affairs with various women at Crispin's, including Brooke. Bynum had also expressed concern, claiming a wealthy friend had once killed someone, and Bynum was the only person who knew about this. He wondered if this friend might kill again.
The police believe Bynum's killer is a woman. Sam gradually falls for Brooke but believes he is being followed. He is mugged by someone who takes his coat, whereupon the mugger is killed in the same manner as Bynum.
Sam tries to interpret clues from the case file with his psychiatrist mother, Grace, including a strange dream of Bynum's in which he finds a green box in a cabinet in a dark house and is then chased up a narrow staircase by a little girl carrying a bleeding teddy bear.
Brooke's behavior becomes increasingly suspicious. Sam tails her to a family estate on Long Island. She explains her guilt in the accidental death of her father, and claims Bynum threatened to reveal this secret if she broke off their affair.
Sam pieces together that Bynum's previous girlfriend was Gail Phillips, an assistant to Bynum at Crispin's. Gail blames Brooke for her breakup with Bynum. Gail, trying to frame Brooke, kills Det. Vitucci. Now she arrives at the estate to kill Brooke and Sam.
As they are about to leave, Brooke forgets her keys and goes back into the dark house, alone, to retrieve them, while Sam waits in his car. Gail appears in the back seat of the car and stabs Sam with a knife. Gail then chases Brooke through the house, recapitulating Bynum's dream. Brooke narrowly escapes, as Gail falls to her death over a railing. Sam is not seriously hurt and is embraced by Brooke.
Cast
----
* Roy Scheider as Dr. Sam Rice
* Meryl Streep as Brooke Reynolds
* Jessica Tandy as Dr. Grace Rice
* Joe Grifasi as Joseph Vitucci
* Sara Botsford as Gail Phillips
* Josef Sommer as George Bynum
* Rikke Borge as Heather Wilson
* Irving Metzman as Murray Gordon
* Larry Joshua as Mugger
* Tom Norton as Auctioneer
* Richmond Hoxie as Mr. Harris
* Hyon Cho as Mr. Chang
* Danielle Cusson as Girl
* John Eric Bentley as Night Watchman
* George A. Tooks as Elevator Operator
Production
----------
*Still of the Night* was filmed in and around New York City during March, 1981. Some scenes were shot at Columbia University, the Trefoil Arch and the Boathouse Cafe in Central Park, and the Museum of the City of New York.
Art dealer Arne Glimcher served as a consultant on the film and helped choreograph the auction scene (as well as playing a cameo role as an art dealer who bids against the Streep character). Thomas E. Norton, who had been a long-time executive at Sotheby's, served as a consultant for the film. (He also played the auctioneer taking bids during the Crispin's auction scene.) The auction scene was filmed in the auditorium of the International House of New York.
Reception
---------
### Box office
The film had a platform release on five screens and grossed $548,255 before going wide on 502 screens on December 17, 1982, but it disappointed with only $633,273 for the weekend. Altogether, the film made $5,979,947 domestically, on a budget of $10 million.
### Critical reaction
*Still of the Night* holds an aggregate score of 67% fresh on the website Rotten Tomatoes.
A review in *Variety* stated: "It comes as almost a shock to see a modern suspense picture that's as literate, well acted and beautifully made as *Still of The Night*. Despite its many virtues, however, Robert Benton's film [...] has its share of serious flaws, mainly in the area of plotting".
In his review for *The New York Times*, Vincent Canby explained that the screenplay "makes inescapable references to such Hitchcock classics as 'Vertigo,' 'Rear Window,' 'North by Northwest' and 'Spellbound,' among others."
In 2013, Meryl Streep stated it was one of the worst movies in which she had acted. |
This article is about the 1931 federal building in Little Rock. For the 1870s federal building in Little Rock, see Old Post Office Building and Customhouse (Little Rock, Arkansas). For the 1961 building, see Federal Building (Little Rock, Arkansas).
United States historic place
The **Richard Sheppard Arnold United States Post Office and Courthouse** is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas in Little Rock, Arkansas. Completed in 1932, in 2003 it was renamed for Court of Appeals judge Richard S. Arnold. It is located at 500 West Capitol Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 as **Little Rock U.S. Post Office and Courthouse**.
Significance
------------
After the Civil War ended, the city of Little Rock prospered as a cotton and lumber market and as the chief center of trade for Arkansas. The population had grown from 3700 in 1860 to 88,000 by 1940. During the growth period of the 1930s, the need arose for a larger post office. Thus, the United States Post Office and Courthouse in Little Rock was built in 1931–32, during one of the most difficult periods of American history, the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The passage of the Public Buildings Act of 1926 precipitated a period of building construction that was unprecedented in the United States. The Public Buildings Act specified that the office of the Supervising Architect of the Department of the Treasury would be responsible for the design and construction of all public buildings. James A. Wetmore was Acting Supervising Architect at the beginning of this period of construction. Since he retired in the early 1930s this may have been the last federal building whose construction he supervised. Though pre-dating the economic problems of the 1930s, the Public Buildings Act was the catalyst for the vast federal building program of the period and for providing jobs for thousands of construction workers around the country.
Wetmore signed the construction drawings for the design of the new postal facility in May 1931. Construction was completed by December 1932. The east wing of the building was extended to the north in 1941 with an addition designed by Louis Simon as Supervising Architect of the Treasury and W.G. Noll as Chief of Architecture. The 1941 extension replicated the exterior of the original building. The west wing of the building was extended to the north in 1987. The 1987 addition is an abstraction of the original design.
The building is located along the axis of the Arkansas State Capitol building and functions in both a visual and practical capacity to enhance the monumental quality of the state's capital city. It was renamed in honor of judge Richard Sheppard Arnold 2003. The building is symbolic of the federal presence in Little Rock and is a reminder of the growth of the federal government as evidenced in the building period of the 1930s.
Architectural description
-------------------------
The monumental five-story limestone building was designed in the Academic Greek Revival style. The original 1932 building is approximately 251' wide and 151' deep; and the east wing addition of 1941, and west wing addition of 1987, extend the depth by 114' to approximately 265'. The composition of the main elevation consists of two projecting Greek distyle pavilions at the east and west ends resting upon a two-story rusticated base. The major horizontal zones of the building are clearly differentiated. The foundation and basement are gray granite, above which rise a first floor and mezzanine level of horizontally incised, rusticated limestone veneer, above which rise three floors of smooth finished (honed), flush jointed limestone which gives a monolithic appearance, except for fenestration and pilasters as described below.
The two Greek distyle temple pavilions consist of slightly projecting pediments, each supported by a pair of three-story, fluted Doric engaged columns, resting on the rusticated two-story base. Each end of the main elevation contains a main entrance beneath a raised temple front. A frieze of alternating limestone triglyphs and terra cotta metopes extends around the west, south and east elevations of the 1932 and 1941 buildings. The terra cotta metopes are composed of various configurations of tiles creating palmette and leaf and scroll motifs. The tiles are polychrome with a buff color relief, matching the limestone, on a gold or sienna field. Each tympanum has a central spread eagle cartouche, with the eagle heads reversed in order to face each other across the building. The recessed front elevations are very planar, consisting of alternating vertical window bays and fluted engaged pilasters at the third through the fifth floors resting, like the temple fronts, on the rusticated two-story base.
Exterior ornamentation is limited to the pilasters, the window system, the frieze described above, a terra cotta fretwork band separating the rusticated base from the smooth upper floors, and a shallow projecting cornice. The window system is designed to promote verticality in the bays. The windows are three light vertical steel casements whose light colored vertical mullions are a visual design element. On the upper three floors, the windows are connected vertically by three-panel marble spandrels whose dividing rails form extensions of the window mullions. This presents an extremely vertical appearance where the two mullions extend upward continuously for three floors, separating the three story pilasters.
A 50' wide, 114' long, east wing addition was added in 1941. This addition is indistinguishable from the original building, making the east elevation appear to be a contiguous 265' elevation. In 1987 however, another similar sized wing was designed not to replicate the original. While matching the original building in height and material, the west wing has no fenestration on its outer walls, and appears as a monolithic mass extending northward from the 1932 west wing. While it picks up the horizontal fretwork band (as a slightly decorated limestone band) and the frieze (as a band of plain white pre-cast concrete), the west wing lacks any vertical elements to complement the verticality of the 1932 structure's window system and pilasters.
Internally the building plan is typical of such post office and courthouse buildings of the period. It has a rectangular footprint on the first floor to accommodate the postal function (i.e. the large open work floor). Upper floors are gradually reduced in size via an E-shaped plan on the second and third floors, and the elimination of the central leg on the fourth and fifth floors to create a U-shaped plan.
Interior spaces consist of a grand postal lobby; postal offices and work areas; double-loaded public corridors with elevator lobbies, several courtrooms including the main ceremonial courtroom on the fourth floor; standard tenant office spaces throughout; and a utilitarian basement. Each of these areas is described in detail in their respective zone descriptions.
The site is bordered on all sides by public streets and sidewalks. Grading slopes downhill from the front (SE) on Capital Street to the rear (NE) on Fourth Street. On the east elevation the grade is lowered to partially expose the granite base course and basement windows; on the west elevation the grade level was maintained at the first floor level and the basement is lighted by areaways along the west side. Landscaping generally consists of a lawn border along the west, south and east elevations with two large evergreens flanking each front entry (the easternmost tree of the east entry has been lost), and assorted shrubs at the corners. Original Deco lighting standards flank all the entries of the 1932 and 1941 elevations.
Attribution
-----------
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Part of the Fascist Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War
The **Italian occupation of Majorca** lasted throughout the Spanish Civil War. Italy intervened in the war with the intention of annexing the Balearic Islands and Ceuta and creating a client state in Spain. The Italians sought to control the Balearic Islands because of their strategic position, from which they could disrupt lines of communication between France and its North African colonies, and between British Gibraltar and Malta. Italian flags were flown over the island. Italian forces dominated Majorca, with Italians openly manning the airfields at Alcúdia and Palma, as well as Italian warships being based in the harbour of Palma.
Prior to all-out intervention by Italy, Benito Mussolini authorized "volunteers" to go to Spain, resulting in the seizure of the largest Balearic island of Majorca by a force under Fascist Blackshirt leader Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi (also known as "Count Rossi"). Sent to Majorca to act as Italian proconsul in the Balearics, Bonaccorsi proclaimed that Italy would occupy the island in perpetuity and initiated a brutal reign of terror, arranging the murder of 3,000 people accused of being communists, and emptying Majorca's prisons by having all prisoners shot. In the aftermath of the Battle of Majorca, Bonaccorsi renamed the main street of Palma de Majorca *Via Roma*, and adorned it with statues of Roman eagles. Bonaccorsi was later rewarded by Italy for his activity in Majorca.
Italian forces launched air raids from Majorca against Republican-held cities on mainland Spain. Initially Mussolini only authorized a weak force of Italian bomber aircraft to be based in Majorca in 1936 to avoid antagonizing Britain and France. However the lack of resolve by the British and French to Italy's strategy in the region, encouraged Mussolini to deploy twelve more bombers to be stationed in Majorca, including one aircraft flown by his son, Bruno Mussolini. By January 1938, Mussolini had doubled the number of bombers stationed in the Balearics and increased bomber attacks on shipping headed to support Spanish Republican forces. The buildup of Italian bomber aircraft on the island's airfields and increased Italian air attacks on Republican-held ports and shipping headed to Republican ports was viewed by France as provocative.
According to historian Manuel Aguilera, in 1937 the desperate Republican government contacted Italian diplomats through José Chapiro to negotiate Italian neutrality.
The Italian conditions were:
* Spanish Morocco
* 100 million dollars to cover Italian expenses in the war
* The colonization of the Balearic Islands with 100 000 Italians and a similar quantity in Peninsular Spain plus one or two air bases.
This last condition was the most admissible for Luis Araquistáin, the Republic ambassador to France.
In 1950, former minister Federica Montseny remembered that the government evaluated offering the Balearic or the Canary Islands to Nazi Germany.
In 1938, the Italian Ministry of Finances bought a big estate in the S'Albufera area of Majorca through a proxy society, *Celulosa Hispánica*.
After Franco's victory in the civil war, and several days after Italy's conquest in the Balkans of Albania, Mussolini issued an order on April 11 or 12 1939, to withdraw all Italian forces from Spain. Mussolini issued this order in response to Germany's sudden action of invading Czechoslovakia in 1939, in which Mussolini was aggravated by Hitler's swift success and sought to prepare Italy to make similar conquests in Eastern Europe. |
South African acarologist
**Magdalena Kathrina Petronella Smith Meyer** (9 October 1931 – 21 October 2004) was a South African acarologist who was regarded as a world authority on plant-feeding mites of agricultural importance and was known as the "mother of red-spider mites of the world". She described more than 700 new species and 25 new genera, mostly of mites of agricultural importance. Meyer was involved in the promotion of biological control of mites using predatory mites, spiders and insects.
Education
---------
Magdalena Meyer (also known as Lenie) was born on a farm near Leeudoringstad, South Africa on 9 October 1931. She matriculated from Helpmekaar High School for Girls, Johannesburg in 1948. She enrolled at Potchefstroom University in 1949 where she completed her BSc (*cum laude*) in Botany and Zoology in 1951; followed by an MSc (*cum laude*) in Zoology in 1953 and a Higher Diploma in Librarianship (*cum laude*) in 1958. Her dissertation on prostigmatic mites associated with plants in South Africa was completed in 1959, which earned her a DSc in Zoology.
*Trombidium holosericeum*, a red mite
Career
------
Meyer started working at the Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI) of the South African Agricultural Research Council (ARC), based in Pretoria. In 1964 she received a bursary from the Canadian Research Council and over the next year she visited several acarologists in Canada, the United States of America and Europe.
In 1964 she was appointed manager of the Economic Zoology (Arachnida and Nematology) subdivision at the ARC and in 1970 she became Assistant-Director of the PPRI. In 1989 she was one of the first researchers to be promoted to Specialist Scientist and in 1994, shortly before her retirement, she was appointed Senior Specialist Scientist.
Despite being retired, Meyer continued to work as an associate researcher at the PPRI. Meyer supervised 6 MSc students and 7 PhD students during her career and acted as examiner for a further 14 students.
Contributions
-------------
Meyer was instrumental in the development of acarology in Southern Africa, leading to better international understanding of some of the most economically and agriculturally important agricultural pests that belong to the Spider mite family, Tetranychidae and the flat mites Tenuipalpidae. She described more than 700 new species and 25 new genera of mites, including the genera *Capedulia*, *Coleacarus* and *Krugeria*.
In 1959 Meyer established the National Collection of Acari, which is now one of the largest mite collections in the Southern Hemisphere with more than 120,000 specimens, representing more than 47 families, 200 genera, and 1200 species, more than half of which had been collected during her time at the PPRI.
Meyer developed several techniques for the collection of mites and made important contributions to their control on various plants, including citrus, cotton, deciduous fruit, grapes, berries, vegetables, tobacco and other field crops, flowers and ornamental plants. She was involved in the dissemination of information on the control of mites and was actively involved in the registration of new miticides and in advising chemical companies on their spraying trials as well as evaluating the results thereof.
Meyer made special efforts to promote the biological control of mites using spiders, insects and predatory mites. These predatory mites were collected from several *Acacia* species.
Meyer collaborated with researchers from Costa Rica, Israel and Portugal and helped countries across the world with identification. She also advised on economically important mites on different crops to countries in southern Africa including Angola, Malawi and Zimbabwe.
Recognition
-----------
Meyer was chief editor of the editorial board of the *International Journal of Acarology* (IJA) until 1997. In 1998 the *IJA* launched the M K P Meyer fellowship in recognition of her contributions to acarology. The IJA again awarded her for the second time, in appreciation of her contributions to acarology in 2002.
Selected publications
---------------------
Meyer published more than 100 scientific papers including seven memoirs and two handbooks on mites of crops. She developed a checklist that covers the 60 economically important mite pest species in Southern Africa.
Amongst other works, Meyer co-contributed to a chapter on Acari in the *Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa* series:
* Smith Meyer, Magdalena K. P.; Loots, G. C. (1978). "Acari". *Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa*. pp. 703–718. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-9951-0\_19. ISBN 978-94-009-9953-4. ISSN 0077-0639. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)
In 1983 she initiated the first biodiversity survey of mites. From the data collected in the survey she published four papers on the mite fauna of the South African National Parks. She was also senior author of the first checklist of Acari of the Ethiopian region and published articles on mite faunas of Cameroon, the Cape Verde Islands, Costa Rica, Israel, Zimbabwe and Yemen.
* Ueckermann, E.A.; Van Harten, A. & Meyer (Smith) M.K.P. "The mites and ticks (Acari) of Yemen: an annotated check-list." in *Fauna of Arabia.* |
Historic house in Washington, D.C. United States
United States historic place
The **Commandant's Office in the Washington Navy Yard**, also known as **Building One**, **Quarters J**, or the **Middendorf Building** is the U.S. Navy's oldest active office building, which historically housed the offices of the Commandant and other officers of the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C. It sits at the south end of Dahlgren Avenue, the Yard's main road, two blocks south of the Latrobe Gate near the Anacostia River. After a renovation in 1993, it became offices for the Naval Historical Center. Since 2005, the building has been restored to its historical use as the office of the Commandant. It was likely built from 1837 to 1838 and first appeared on a Yard map in 1842. In 1973 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
-------
A building for officers' use at the Yard was first proposed in 1828 and is shown on an 1842 map. Though clear records of the construction have not been found, proposed improvements of $2,500 in 1837 and $2,000 in 1838 were made for a "Building for officers."
George Watterson described the building in 1842 in his *New Guide to Washington* as "a neat and beautiful building of brick, two-stories high, with verandas running all around it, has lately been erected as offices, for the officers and others doing business in this establishment." A trophy park just south of the building "consisted of a semi-circle of captured Naval cannons graduated from the center by size with other guns and stacks of round shot placed between this semi-circle and the office." The park was built before 1842 and eliminated about 1945.
Commandant John Adolphus Dahlgren, who was given command of the Yard just before the Civil War, gave up the Commandant's House where he had lived, for the use of the officers of the 71st New York Regiment. He then slept and dined in the room across from his office in Building One. President Abraham Lincoln often visited Dahlgren at his offices, stating, "I like to see Dahlgren. The drive to the Navy Yard is one of my greatest pleasures. When I am depressed, I like to talk with Dahlgren. I learn something of the preparations for defense, and I get from him consolation and courage."
In 1873, the building was renovated and expanded. In 1941, it became a post office and communications center. In 1948, it was remodeled to serve as officer quarters and renamed Quarters J. In 1976 the building became the Yard's visitors center and housed the Navy Sea Cadets. It returned to use as offices after a 1993 renovation. In 2005, it was restored as the Office of the Commandant of Naval District Washington.
After 1972 |
Mexico National Baseball Team former manager
**Kundy Gutierrez** is the former general manager of the Mexico National Baseball Team. He is the founder and partner of The Baseball Legends that was established in 2009 at the MLB Urban Youth Academy. Prior to working in baseball, Gutierrez was involved in development of new construction and served as a construction consultant.
Early life
----------
Gutierrez was born on July 24, 1979, in Watts, California, and raised in South Gate, California. Both parents immigrated to the United States from Mexico. Gutierrez was raised in the Mexican culture. He attended school in Westwood and West LA, attending University High School until his sophomore year, when he transferred to South Gate High School and graduated.
Gutierrez in 2005 relocated his family to Brawley, California.
Business career
---------------
Prior to baseball, Gutierrez worked as a director of construction, project manager, construction manager, purchasing manager, and on-site and off-site superintendent. He was the founder and CEO of Old School Builders, Inc. a construction company. He worked for Pacifica Companies and DR Horton for over 6 years.
Gutierrez is the founder and one of the partners, along with Cecil Fielder, of The Baseball Legends (TBL Tournaments). TBL Tournaments is known for their summer national event called Cecil Fielder Elite World Series.
Baseball career
---------------
### Mexico National Baseball Team
Gutierrez joined the front office of the Mexico national baseball team in 2015. He was hired by Alonso Perez Gonzalez, President of Federacion Mexicana de Beisbol, A.C. (FEMEBE) to structure and operate upcoming international events Premier12. When Gutierrez started with the national team, they were ranked 13 in the world through "WBSC". On his first international event, Mexico got to the final four when it had never played in a semi-final. Mexico ended up in fourth place in the Premier12 first time in their history, and they rose in the rankings from 13th to 7th.
Gutierrez's next event was the WBC Qualifier in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, where the Mexico National Baseball Team captured the title and qualified for the 2017 WBC.
In November 2016, together with the Mexican League and Mexican Pacific League, the team was invited to participate in an exhibition game versus Japan national baseball team for the Samurai Challenge. For the first time in history, the team defeated the Japan national baseball team, ending the two-game series in a 1-1.
In December 2016, they launched the Team Mexico Baseball platform to promote the game of baseball to create a transparent system to give equal opportunity to all the participants and a ranking system to help elevate the competition in Mexico as well as improving development, instruction, and scouting.
In the 2017 World Baseball Classic, Gutierrez and the Mexico national baseball team were defeated in the first round.[]
In January 2018, FEMEBE was recognized as the number 5 ranked in the world through "WBSC" The ranking is based on the 12U, 15U, 18U, 23U, and Pro Team which a point system is established for the participation of each event being the highest point event is the Premier 12.
In November 2019, Mexico returned to the 2019 WBSC Premier12, which started in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. They went undefeated in the first round, facing the Dominican Republic, United States, and Netherlands. Mexico moved on to the second round in Tokyo, Japan. During the super round, they went 2-2. Advancing to the bronze game, they faced the United States in an important game to qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The game went to an extra inning with Mexico emerging with the victory, 3-2. The national team finally qualified for an Olympics.
Personal life
-------------
Gutierrez resides in Brawley, California with his wife Yesenia, and their five children.[] |
American baseball player (born 1993)
Baseball player
**Adrian David Houser** (born February 2, 1993) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Milwaukee Brewers.
Career
------
### Amateur career
Houser attended Locust Grove High School in Locust Grove, Oklahoma. He committed to attend the University of Oklahoma to play college baseball for the Oklahoma Sooners baseball team.
### Houston Astros
The Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB) selected Houser in the second round, with the 69th overall selection, of the 2011 MLB Draft. Houser signed a contract with Houston three days after he was drafted and was subsequently assigned to the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League (GCL) Astros. After six GCL games in which he went 1–2 with a 4.03 ERA and 25 strikeouts, the Astros organization promoted Houser to the Greeneville Astros of the Appalachian League, their other Rookie ball team. Between the two teams, Houser went 2–4 in his first season of professional baseball, with a 4.31 ERA and 44 strikeouts in 12 games and 48 innings pitched. Houser spent the entire 2012 season with Greeneville as well, going 3–4 in 11 starts with a 4.19 ERA and 54 strikeouts in 58 innings.
Houser spent 2013 with the Tri-City ValleyCats where he pitched to an 0–4 record and a 3.42 ERA in 14 games (nine starts), and 2014 with the Quad Cities River Bandits where he went 5–6 with a 4.14 ERA in 25 games, 17 being starts. He started 2015 with the Lancaster JetHawks and was promoted to the Corpus Christi Hooks.
### Milwaukee Brewers
Houser with the Brewers in 2019
On July 30, 2015, the Astros traded Houser, along with Brett Phillips, Domingo Santana and Josh Hader, to the Milwaukee Brewers for Carlos Gómez and Mike Fiers. Milwaukee assigned him to the Biloxi Shuckers. In 26 games (20 starts) between Lancaster, Corpus Christi and Biloxi, he compiled a 7–5 record with a 4.43 ERA.
Houser was promoted to Milwaukee for the annual September call-ups. He made his major league debut on September 26, 2015. In 2016, Houser spent all of the season with Biloxi, going 3–7 with a 5.25 ERA in 13 starts. Houser's 2017 season was limited due to injury, and he pitched only 17.2 innings all season. He began 2018 with Biloxi.
Houser was recalled to the Brewers' major league roster on June 17, 2018, and pitched the team's game against the Philadelphia Phillies later that day. He vomited twice on the mound during that game. This would be the first of several occurrences where Houser vomited during a game. On August 11, 2019, in a game against the Texas Rangers, Houser misfielded a ground ball hit at him by Elvis Andrus. Shortly after, Houser walked towards the back of the mound, where he vomited, the second such time Houser had vomited on the mound during a game. After this, he proceeded to notch ten strikeouts and finish the game as the winning pitcher. In 2019 for Milwaukee, Houser appeared in 35 games, pitching to a 6–7 record and a 3.72 ERA with 117 strikeouts in 111.1 innings pitched. In 2020, Houser recorded a 5.30 ERA and 1-6 record with 44 strikeouts in 56.0 innings of work across 12 games.
On April 27, 2021, Houser hit his first major league home run off of Daniel Castano of the Miami Marlins. In a game against the Marlins on May 8, Houser hit his second career home run, also off of Castano. 2021 was a productive year for Houser. He appeared in 28 games and made 26 starts. Houser finished the season with a 3.22 ERA. Houser also tossed his first complete-game shutout against the Cardinals on September 4, 2021. Houser's salary for the 2022 season was decided via the arbitration process; he had asked for $3 million, and received $2.425 million. In 2022 he was 6-10 with a 4.73 ERA, and had the lowest LOB percentage in the majors (60.8%).
On November 18, 2022, Houser signed a one-year, $3.6 million contract with the Brewers, avoiding arbitration. In 2023, Houser appeared in 23 games, most of which were starts, and posted a 8-5 record and 4.12 ERA.
### New York Mets
Houser pitching for the Mets in 2024
On December 20, 2023, the Brewers traded Houser and Tyrone Taylor to the New York Mets in exchange for Coleman Crow.
Personal life
-------------
Houser is married to Megan Houser. Houser is the nephew of James Knott, a pitcher who was selected by the New York Mets in the 11th round of the 1992 MLB Draft. His older brother Michael played college baseball for Northeastern State.
Houser is a member of the Cherokee Nation. He is close friends with fellow Cherokee Nation member and MLB pitcher Ryan Helsley. |
2010 film by N. Pandian
***365 Kadhal Kadithangal*** (transl. 365 love letters) is a 2010 Indian Tamil language romantic drama film directed by N. Pandian. The film stars Yuva Karthik, Ajay and Karthika, with Karunas, Radha Ravi, Devan, Singamuthu, Bava Lakshmanan, Muthukaalai and Sampath Ram playing supporting roles. The film, produced by Salai Maitri, had musical score by Paul J. and was released on 17 September 2010.
Plot
----
The film begins with Subbu (Ajay) killing Suruli (Sampath Ram) in Kodaikanal and he starts remembering his past.
In 1992, Subbu (Yuva Karthik) was a carefree secondary school student and lived with his strict father and sawmill labourer Rasu Thevar (Radha Ravi). Jasmine who came from Madras joined his school and became his classmate, her father Williams (Devan) was a wealthy businessman. Subbu fell in love with her at first sight and he tried to woo her but Jasmine didn't reciprocate his love and she preferred to be friends with Subbu. Jasmine even helped him pass the plus two exam. At the close of the school year, Jasmine returned to Madras with her parents.
Back to the present, doctors have given up their hopes on Jasmine who is now a coma patient. Her parents are left with no options other than mercy-killing her but Subbu believes that he can bring her back to normalcy and he takes her with him.
In 1992, Rasu Thevar died after a workplace accident and Subbu ended up without money. Subbu decided to not go to college and he got his father's job. One day, Subbu found Jasmine's letter stating the address of her new home and he wrote love letters to his sweetheart every day for a year. In the meantime, Jasmine joined a college in Madras and Subbu's love letters were intercepted by her mother Elizabeth (Usha Elizabeth). Six years later, Jasmine, who had a decent job that paid well, returned to Kodaikanal for her holidays and she came to know about the love letters sent by Subbu. Jasmine was in shock that Subbu was still in love with her and she advised him to forget her. In the meantime, Suruli who was Subbu's enemy hit Jasmine with his car and she fell into a coma.
Back to the present, Williams lodges a complaint against Subbu for taking Jasmine with him and the court orders Subbu to leave her to Williams. When Williams takes her home from him, Subbu shoots himself in the head and Jasmine finally wakes up.
Cast
----
* Yuva Karthik as Teenager Subbu
* Ajay as Adult Subbu
* Karthika as Jasmine
* Karunas as Murugan
* Radha Ravi as Rasu Thevar
* Devan as Williams
* Singamuthu as Sawmill owner
* Bava Lakshmanan as Head constable
* Muthukaalai as Mental
* Sampath Ram as Suruli
* Devendran as Oomai
* Boys Rajan as Doctor
* V. M. Subburaj
* Vijay Ganesh
* Regi
* Usha Elizabeth as Elizabeth
* Minnal Deepa as Gomathi
Production
----------
N. Pandian who had directed the film *Priyam* (1996) returned with *365 Kadhal Kadithangal* under the banner of Vision 21 Creative Team Works. The director said, "This will be a heart-touching love story between a girl and boy that has extended from their school days to the present age. The school days are narrated in flashback and how the guy revives his love by writing love letters to his sweetheart every day (365 days) when he misses her". Two different actors were chosen for the lead role, Ajay did the role of the present-day youngster while debutant Yuva Karthik took on the role of young school-going student. Karthika Adaikalam will be spotted in both the roles. The film was set in backdrops of Kodaikanal so as to offer a colorful touch to the romantic story but the major portions were shot in Ooty and Kotagiri.
Soundtrack
----------
The soundtrack was composed by Paul J.. The soundtrack features 6 tracks and it was released on 13 December 2009 by T. Rajendar with Silambarasan receiving it.
All lyrics are written by Youreka
Tracklist| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cycle Devadhai" | Veeramani | 4:17 |
| 2. | "Alapara" | MK Balaji, Veeramani, Jyotish | 4:12 |
| 3. | "Kaadhal Kuruvi" | Veeramani, Mirnalini, Sunandita Nair | 3:28 |
| 4. | "Lavender Pennae" | MK Balaji, Vinaita Sivakumar | 4:08 |
| 5. | "Mudhal Mazhai" | Padmalatha, Veeramani | 4:50 |
| 6. | "Kaadhal Kuruvi" | Veeramani | 3:04 |
| Total length: | 23:59 | |
Maltese politician
**Ugo Mifsud Bonnici**, KUOM (born 8 November 1932) is a Maltese politician and was the fifth president of Malta from 1994 to 1999.
Early life, education, and family
---------------------------------
Ugo Mifsud Bonnici was born in Cospicua as the son of Professor Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici, and his wife, Maria (née Ross). He was educated at the Lyceum and the Royal University of Malta. He graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in 1952 and as a Doctor of Laws in 1955. As a lawyer, he has practised in all the Law Courts of Malta. On 3 May 1959, he married Gemma (née Bianco); the couple has three childrenː Carmelo, Anton and Jeanne-Pia.
Entry to politics
-----------------
Following in his father's footsteps, he contested the General Elections in the interests of the Nationalist Party in 1966. He was elected from the 2nd District which comprised Cospicua, Vittoriosa, Senglea, Kalkara and Fgura. He was re-elected in all subsequent General Elections that he contested. For fifteen years (1972–1987) he was the Nationalist Party's spokesman for Education. In 1977 he was also elected President of the Party's General and Administrative Councils.
Member of the Cabinet
---------------------
In 1987, the Nationalist Party was elected to Government and Bonnici was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Education. His portfolio included Education, Environment, Broadcasting, Culture, Youth, Museums and Sport. In 1990, he became Minister of Education and the Interior. Following the 1992 elections, Mifsud Bonnici was appointed Minister of Education and Human Resources.
As a Member of Parliament, he took an active interest in the updating of Malta's legislation. He was a member of numerous Select Committees including the Committee set up to draft the Constitutional changes that declared Malta a Republic. As a Minister, he worked on the drafting of important legislation such as the *Education Act*, the *Environment Act*, the *National Archives Act* and the *Occupational Health and Safety Promotion Act*. He made a strong effort to improve the standards at public schools.
Presidency
----------
He was inaugurated as President of Malta on 4 April 1994, and served his term in full, ending five years later to the day. He was succeeded by Guido de Marco in 1999.
Writings
--------
Dr. Mifsud Bonnici is a prolific writer. His articles have appeared in various newspapers; some were published in two books: *Il-Linja t-Tajba - L-Aħjar Artikli ta' Dottor Ugo Mifsud Bonnici* and *Biex il-Futur Reġa' Beda*. He also spent some years as editor of a literary magazine *Malta Letterarja*.
Honours
-------
### National Honours
* Malta : Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (1994) *"by right as a President of Malta"* |
American indie pop/alternative folk band
For other uses, see Phox.
**Phox** was an American six-piece alternative folk / indie pop band from Baraboo, Wisconsin. Active from 2011 until 2017, they released their self-titled debut LP on June 24, 2014.
History
-------
Prior to the formation of Phox, many eventual members collaborated with Zach Johnston for his album *Sonntag*, which was written in San Francisco, but recorded in Wisconsin. Some time later while Matt Holmen was playing with Davey Roberts, Matt Roberts (keys), and Jason Krunnfusz (bass) in Baraboo. The group connected once again for what was originally thought to be a one-off show at the local event, Boo Bash on May 4, 2011. The group still needed songs to play and someone to sing them. Monica Martin was asked if she'd sing some tracks from *Sonntag* and some cover songs at the event and she agreed. Moving forward, Monica wrote lyrics and melodies, and the group arranged the songs from their first two EP's and their self-titled first record release.
The band released their EP *Confetti* in early 2013, for which they created a video component for each track. 2013 also saw a Daytrotter session, positive press, a spot at South by Southwest and a national tour opening for Blitzen Trapper. The band played Lollapalooza as a last-minute addition in August 2013, drawing a large crowd despite their midday spot. In September 2013 Phox opened for The Lumineers at Apple's iTunes Festival in London. Local Wisconsin publication *Isthmus* praised Phox as one of the year's greatest musical success stories. Throughout 2015, Phox supported Paolo Nutini and The Head and the Heart, while also headlining around the U.S. non-stop. They also made their debut in New Zealand and Australia during March 2015. They were also featured on NPR Music's Tiny Desk Concert. Other notable festival stops included Coachella, Bonnaroo, Firefly, Summerfest, Sasquatch, and the inaugural Eaux Claires Music and Arts Festival where they also screened their latest mockumentary film titled, *Amor Fati*, directed by member Zach Johnston. The film was uploaded publicly to YouTube on December 24, 2015. The band signed to Partisan Records, and were managed by Foundations Artist Management. They recorded their first full-length, self-titled album at April Base – Justin Vernon's home studio in Eau Claire, Wisconsin.
Phox announced an indefinite hiatus on October 17, 2016, after which they decided to conclude their time as a band and played their farewell concert at the Al. Ringling Theatre in their hometown of Baraboo, Wisconsin, on February 4, 2017.
Members
-------
Monica Martin singing in 2014
* Monica Martin – lead vocals (2011–2017)
* Matthew Holmen – guitar, trumpet (2011–2017)
* Jason Krunnfusz – guitar, bass guitar (2011–2017)
* Davey Roberts – drums (2011–2017)
* Matteo Roberts – keyboards (2011–2017)
* Zach Johnston – banjo (2011–2015)
* Cheston VanHuss – bass guitar, clarinet, flute (2011–2013)
Discography
-----------
### Albums
* *iTunes Festival: London 2013* (2013)
* *Phox* (2014)
### Extended plays
* *Unblushing* (2012)
* *Friendship* (2012)
* *Confetti* (2013) |
**Minnesota Medical Association** (**MMA**) is a non-profit professional association representing physicians, residents, and medical students. With 10,000 members, the MMA is an advocate on health care issues at the State Capitol and in Washington, D.C. It provides a connection between physicians and lawmakers through a variety of events at the State Capitol and in legislator's home districts.
Publications
------------
The MMA keeps physicians up to date on the events and issues that affect their practice through various publications including:
* *Minnesota Medicine* is MMA's monthly journal which provides practical information as well as political, economic, and public health articles.
* The Physician Advocate is MMA's monthly news publication within Minnesota Medicine that focuses on events at the Minnesota Legislature and MMA's advocacy on behalf of physicians and their patients.
* MMA News Now is a weekly email newsletter that includes breaking health care news and links to longer articles on the MMA website.
* *The Journal-Lancet*, formerly known as "*Journal of the Minnesota State Medical Association and the Northwestern Lancet"*
History
-------
On July 23, 1853, John H. Murphy and 10 young physicians gathered at the new St. Paul courthouse for the first ever medical profession convention. This convention was the formation of the Minnesota Medical Society. The 11 young physicians voted Thomas R. Potts, previously the first Mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota, their president. John Murphy and A.E. Ames were made co-vice presidents. The group adopted a constitution and bylaws. Within this constitution was the article titled "The Objects of the Society". The objects included: the elevation of professional character; the protection of all measures… [designed] to improve health and protect the lives of the community; the advancement of medical knowledge; and the protection of the interests of its members."
**1853** – The Minnesota Medical Society is formed.
**1869** – The Minnesota Medical Society reorganizes as the Minnesota State Medical Society.
**1870** – The medical society adopts an amended constitution and bylaws, which establish a mechanism for examining prospective members for the diploma of membership in the society.
**1871** – The Minnesota State Medical Society seeks and obtains passage of a law for the registration of vital statistics.
**1872** – The Minnesota State Medical Society initiates legislation that creates a state board of health, only the third in the nation.
**1880** – The Minnesota State Medical Society admits three women physicians.
**1883** – The Minnesota State Medical Society helps overcome resistance to the new antiseptic surgery or Listerism.
**1887** – The Minnesota State Medical Society persuades the Legislature to pass the nation's first state law requiring physicians to be examined by a board of medical examiners in order to practice.
**1888** – The Minnesota State Medical Society supports the creation of the University of Minnesota's medical school.
**1891** – The first expulsion of a member from the Minnesota State Medical Society is enforced due to advertising that is considered unethical.
**1903** – The Minnesota State Medical Society changes its name to the Minnesota Medical Association.
**1918** – The MMA launches the journal *Minnesota Medicine*.
**1925** – Malpractice legislation proposed by the MMA becomes law.
**1926** – The MMA begins to encourage regular health examinations for patients.
**1928** – The MMA works with legislators to pass the Basic Science Bill, which helps set standards for the education and qualifications of practicing health care providers and allows the state to prosecute illegal practitioners and quacks.
**1940** – The MMA creates a Committee on Medical Testimony to investigate and study cases referred to it by judges who believe that false medical testimony has been deliberately given.
**1947** – The MMA begins a nonprofit prepaid medical service, Minnesota Medical Service Inc.
**1975** – The MMA successfully pushes for Minnesota's Clean Indoor Air Act—the first in the nation.
**1980** – The MMA launches its physician-owned liability company, the Minnesota Medical Insurance Exchange (however, no longer in partnership) in response to skyrocketing premiums.
**1984** – The MMA helps found the anti-tobacco group Minnesota Smoke-Free 2000.
**1986** – The MMA successfully advocates for tort reform legislation that addresses frivolous malpractice lawsuits.
**1987** – Only 14 percent of drivers wear seatbelts. The MMA successfully pushes for a law requiring seatbelt use.
**1989** – The MMA and Utah Medical Association form the Geographic Coalition to raise awareness of geographic disparities in Medicare reimbursement and work for their correction.
**1997** – The MMA convinces the Legislature to reduce the MinnesotaCare tax from 2% to 1.5%. The MMA succeeds in eliminating the $400 surcharge on physician medical licenses.
**2000** – The MMA successfully advocates for a prompt pay law.
**2003** – Gov. Pawlenty proclaims July 23, 2003, the MMA's 150th anniversary, *Minnesota Medical Association Day*.
**2004** - The MMA inaugurates its first Hispanic President and declares obesity a disease.
**2005** – The MMA released its health care reform vision, Physicians' Plan for a Health Minnesota
**2006** - The MMA brought together influential leaders in health care, business, state government, labor, education, and consumer advocacy to form an independent group, Healthy Minnesota: A Partnership for Reform.
**2007** - The MMA achieved its top public health priority with the passage of the Freedom to Breathe Act, which prohibits smoking in restaurants and bars.
**2008** - The MMA worked at the Minnesota Legislature to pass health care reform legislation that includes many aspects of the MMA's vision for health care reform. |
German Benedictine monk
**Albert Schmidt OSB** (born 1948, Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German Benedictine monk and presiding abbot of the Beuronese Congregation, an association of eighteen mostly German or German-speaking Benedictine monasteries and convents, headed by Beuron Abbey in the upper Danube Valley. This makes him the Congregation's highest ranking dignitary and a High Superior in church law terms.
Life
----
The son of a Benedictine oblate, he took his vows as a Benedictine monk in Beuron in 1967. He studied theology and philosophy and gained a theology doctorate in Rome before moving to Beuron Abbey. In 1973 he was ordained a priest and in 1992 he became student secretary at the Kolleg St. Benedikt in Salzburg. From 1997 to 2005 he was rector of the Pontifical Atheneum of St. Anselm in Rome. Since 2006 he has been editor of the Benedictine journal.
On 16 April 2008 he was made presiding abbot of the Beuronese Congregation by its 24th General Chapter, succeeding Anno Schoenen (Maria Laach Abbey). He was installed in this post by bishop Robert Zollitschon 19 April 2008 in the abbey church. His motto is *Habitare in Unum* ("to live as one", quoting Psalm 133). From 16 November 2009 to its dissolution in 2010 he was also administrator of Weingarten Abbey.
Works
-----
* *Zusätze als Problem des monastischen Stundengebets im Mittelalter*, (Beiträge zur Geschichte des alten Mönchtums und des Benediktinertums; 36), Aschendorff, Münster 1986, ISBN 3-402-03289-9.
* with Andreas Felger: *Unterwegs zum Leben. Gedanken der Benediktsregel*. Mit einem Geleitwort von Kardinal Walter Kasper, Präsenz Verlag / Beuroner Kunstverlag, Gnadenthal / Beuron 2008, ISBN 978-3-87071-184-9.
* with Christel Holl: *Davonlaufen oder dableiben. Mit Psalmen leben lernen*, Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2015, ISBN 978-3-87071-323-2. |
Museum in Washington, DC
The **National Museum of African American History and Culture** (**NMAAHC**), colloquially known as the **Blacksonian**, is a Smithsonian Institution museum located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. in the United States. It was established in 2003 and opened its permanent home in 2016 with a ceremony led by President Barack Obama.
Early efforts to establish a federally owned museum featuring African-American history and culture can be traced to 1915 and the National Memorial Association, although the modern push for such an organization did not begin until the 1970s. After years of little success, a legislative push began in 1988 that led to authorization of the museum in 2003. A site was selected in 2006, and a design submitted by Freelon Group/Adjaye Associates/Davis Brody Bond was chosen in 2009. Construction began in 2012 and the museum completed in 2016.
The NMAAHC is the world's largest museum dedicated to African-American history and culture. In 2022 it welcomed 1,092,552 visitors, and was second-most visited Smithsonian Museum, and eighth in the List of most-visited museums in the United States. The museum has more than 40,000 objects in its collection, although only about 3,500 items are on display. The 350,000-square-foot (33,000 m2), 10 story building (five above and five below ground) and its exhibits have won critical praise.
History
-------
### Early efforts
The concept of a national museum dedicated to African-American history and culture can be traced back to the second decade of the 20th century. In 1915, African-American veterans of the Union Army met at the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church in Washington, D.C. for a reunion and parade. Frustrated with the racial discrimination they still faced, the veterans formed a committee to build a memorial to various African-American achievements. Their efforts paid off in 1929, when President Herbert Hoover appointed Mary Church Terrell, Mary McLeod Bethune, and 10 others to a commission charged with building a "National Memorial Building" showcasing African-American achievements in the arts and sciences. But Congress did not back the project, and private fundraising also failed. Although proposals for an African-American history and culture museum would be floated in Congress for the next 40 years, none gained more than minimal support.
Proposals for a museum began circulating again in Congress in the early 1970s. In 1981, Congress approved a federal charter for a National Afro-American Museum in Wilberforce, Ohio. The museum, built and funded with private money, opened in 1987. In the early 1980s, Tom Mack (the African-American chairman of Tourmobile, a tourist bus company) founded the National Council of Education and Economic Development (NCEED). Mack's intention was to use the non-profit group to advance his ideas about economic development, education, and the arts in the black community. Emboldened by Congress's action in 1981, Mack began using the NCEED to press for a stand-alone African-American museum in D.C. in 1985. Mack did not collaborate with other black-led cultural foundations that were working to improve the representation of African Americans by Smithsonian and other federal institutions. Mack contacted Representative Mickey Leland about his idea for a national museum focusing on African Americans, and won his support for federal legislation in 1985. Leland sponsored a non-binding resolution (H.R. 666) advocating an African-American museum on the National Mall, which passed the House of Representatives in 1986. The congressional attention motivated the Smithsonian to improve its presentation of African-American history. In 1987, the National Museum of American History sponsored a major exhibit, "Field to Factory", which focused on the black diaspora out of the Deep South in the 1950s.
Rep. Mickey Leland, an early supporter of federal legislation for a black history museum
"Field to Factory" encouraged Mack to continue pursuing a museum. In 1987 and 1988, NCEED began lining up support among black members of Congress for legislation that would establish an independent African-American national history museum in Washington, D.C. But NCEED ran into opposition from the African American Museum Association (AAMA), an umbrella group that represented small local African-American art, cultural, and history museums across the United States. John Kinard, president of the AAMA and co-founder of the Anacostia Community Museum (which became part of the Smithsonian in 1967), opposed NCEED's effort. Kinard argued that a national museum would consume donor dollars and out-bid local museums for artifacts and trained staff. Kinard and the AAMA instead advocated that Congress establish a $50 million fund to create a national foundation to support local black history museums as a means of mitigating these problems. Others, pointing to the Smithsonian's long history of discrimination against black employees, questioned whether the white-dominated Smithsonian could properly administer an African-American history museum. Lastly, many local African-American museums worried that they would be forced to become adjuncts of the proposed Smithsonian museum. These institutions had fought for decades for political, financial, and academic independence from white-dominated, sometimes racist local governments. Now they feared losing that hard-won independence.
In 1988, Rep. John Lewis and Rep. Leland introduced legislation for a stand-alone African-American history museum within the Smithsonian Institution. But the bill faced significant opposition in Congress due to its cost. Supporters of the African-American museum tried to salvage the proposal by suggesting that the Native Indian museum (then moving through Congress) and African-American museum share the same space. But the compromise did not work and the bill died.
Rep. John Lewis, who championed the legislation for the museum after Rep. Leland's death in a plane crash in 1989
Lewis and Leland introduced another bill in 1989. Once more, cost considerations killed the bill. The Smithsonian Institution, however, was moving toward support for a museum. In 1988, an ad hoc group of African-American scholars—most from within the Smithsonian, but some from other museums as well—began debating what an African-American history museum might look like. While the group discussed the issue informally, Smithsonian Secretary Robert McCormick Adams, Jr. publicly suggested in October 1989 that "just a wing" of the National Museum of American History should be devoted to black culture, a pronouncement that generated extensive controversy. The discussions by the ad hoc group prompted the Smithsonian to take a more formal approach to the idea of an African-American heritage museum. In December 1989 the Smithsonian hired nationally respected museum administrator Claudine Brown to conduct a formal study of the museum issue.
Brown's group reported six months later that the Smithsonian should form a high-level advisory board to conduct a more thorough study of the issue. The Brown study was blunt in its discussion of the divisions within the African-American community about the advisability of a stand-alone national museum of African-American culture and history, but also forceful in its advocacy of a national museum of national prominence and national visibility with a broad mandate to document the vast sweep of the African-American experience in the United States. The study was also highly critical of the Smithsonian's ability to adequately represent African-American culture and history within an existing institution, and its willingness to appoint African-American staff to high-ranking positions within the museum.
The Smithsonian formed a 22-member advisory board, chaired by Mary Schmidt Campbell, in May 1990. The creation of the advisory board was an important step for the Smithsonian. There were many on the Smithsonian's Board of Regents who believed that "African-American culture and history" was indefinable and that not enough artifacts and art of national significance could be found to build a museum. On May 6, 1991, after a year of study, the advisory board issued a report in favor of a national museum, and the Smithsonian Board of Regents voted unanimously to support the idea. However, the proposal the regents adopted only called not for a stand-alone institution but a "museum" housed in the East Hall of the existing Arts and Industries Building. The regents also agreed to keep the Anacostia Community Museum a separate facility; to give the new museum its own governing board, independent of existing museums; and to support the proposal for a grant-making program to help local African-American museums build their collections and train their staff. The regents also approved a "collections identification project" to identify donors who might be willing to donate, sell, or loan their items to the proposed new Smithsonian museum.
### 1990s efforts
The Smithsonian Board of Regents agreed in September 1991 to draft museum legislation, and submitted their bill to Congress in February 1992. The bill was criticized by Tom Mack and others for putting the museum in a building that was too small and old to properly house the intended collection, and despite winning approval in both House and Senate committees the bill died once more. In 1994, Senator Jesse Helms refused to allow the legislation to come to the Senate floor (voicing both fiscal and philosophical concerns) despite bipartisan support.
In 1995, citing funding issues, the Smithsonian abandoned its support for a new museum and instead proposed a new Center for African American History and Culture within organization. The Smithsonian's new Secretary, Ira Michael Heyman, openly questioned the need for "ethnic" museums on the National Mall. Many, including Mary Campbell Schmidt, saw this as a step backward, a characterization Smithsonian officials strongly disputed. To demonstrate its support for African-American history preservation, the Smithsonian held a fundraiser in March 1998 for the new center which raised $100,000 (~$174,422 in 2023).
Heymann left the Smithsonian in January 1999. In the meantime, other cities moved forward with major new African-American museums. The city of Detroit opened a $38.4 million, 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m2) Museum of African-American History in 1997, and the city of Cincinnati was raising funds for a $90 million, 157,000 sq ft (14,600 m2) National Underground Railroad Freedom Center (which broke ground in 2002). In 2000, a private group—upset with congressional delays—proposed constructing a $40 million (~$67.3 million in 2023), 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) museum on Poplar Point, a site on the Anacostia River across from the Washington Navy Yard.
### Passage of federal legislation
In 2001, Lewis and Representative J. C. Watts re-introduced legislation for a museum in the House of Representatives. Under the leadership of its new Secretary, Lawrence M. Small, the Smithsonian Board of Regents reversed course yet again in June 2001 and agreed to support a stand-alone National Museum of African American History and Culture. The Smithsonian asked Congress to establish a federally funded study commission. Congress swiftly agreed, and on December 29, President George W. Bush signed legislation establishing a 23-member commission to study the need for a museum, how to raise the funds to build and support it, and where it should be located. At the signing ceremony, the president expressed his opinion that the museum should be located on the National Mall.
The study commission's work took nearly two years, not the anticipated nine months. In November 2002, in anticipation of a positive outcome, the insurance company AFLAC donated $1 million (~$1.62 million in 2023) to help build the museum. On April 3, 2003, the study commission released its final report. As expected, the commission said a museum was needed, and recommended an extremely high-level site: A plot of land adjacent to the Capitol Reflecting Pool, bounded by Pennsylvania and Constitution Avenues NW and 1st and 3rd Streets NW. The commission ruled out establishing the museum within the Arts & Industries Building, concluding renovations to the structure would be too costly. It considered a site just west of the National Museum of American History and a site on the southwest Washington waterfront, but rejected both. The commission considered whether the museum should have an independent board of trustees (similar to that of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) or a board answerable both to the Smithsonian and independent trustees (similar to that of the National Gallery of Art), but rejected these approaches in favor of a board appointed by and answerable only to the Smithsonian Board of Regents. The commission proposed a 350,000 square-foot museum that would cost $360 million to build. Half the construction funds would come from private money, half from the federal government. Legislation to implement the commission's report was sponsored in the Senate by Sam Brownback and in the house by John Lewis.
As Congress considered the legislation, the museum's location became the major sticking point. Various members of the public, Congress, and advocacy groups felt the Capitol Hill site was too prominent and made the National Mall look crowded. Alternative proposed sites included the Liberty Loan Federal Building at 401 14th Street SW and Benjamin Banneker Park at the southern end of L'Enfant Promenade. This controversy threatened to kill the legislation. To save the bill, backers of the museum said in mid-November 2003 that they would abandon their push for the Capitol Hill site. The compromise saved the legislation: The House passed the "National Museum of African American History and Culture Act" (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 108–184 (text) (PDF)) on November 19, and the Senate followed suit two days later. President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on December 16. The legislation appropriated $17 million for museum planning and a site selection process, and $15 million for educational programs. The educational programs included grants to African-American museums to help them improve their operations and collections; grants to African-American museums for internships and fellowships; scholarships for individuals pursuing careers African-American studies; grants to promote the study of modern-day slavery throughout the world; and grants to help African-American museums build their endowments. The legislation established a committee to select a site, and required it to report its recommendation within 12 months. The site selection committee was limited to studying four sites: The site just west of the National Museum of American History, the Liberty Loan Federal Building site, Banneker Park, and the Arts and Industries Building.
Siting and design competition
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Construction signs at the future site of the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C.
Construction site – January 20, 2013
On February 8, 2005, with the site selection committee still deliberating, President Bush again endorsed placing the museum on the National Mall.
The site selection committee did not issue its recommendation until January 31, 2006—a full 13 months late. It recommended the site west of the National Museum of American History. The area was part of the Washington Monument grounds, but had been set aside for a museum or other building in the L'Enfant Plan of 1791 and the McMillan Plan of 1902. The United States Department of State originally planned to build its headquarters there in the early 20th century, and the National World War II Memorial Advisory Board had considered the parcel in 1995. On March 15, 2005, the Smithsonian named Dr. Lonnie G. Bunch III to be the Director of the National African American Museum of History and Culture.
The National Museum of African American History and Culture Council (the museum's board of trustees) sponsored a competition in 2008 to design a 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) building with three stories below-ground and five stories above-ground. The building was limited to the 5-acre (20,000 m2) site chosen by the site selection committee, had to be LEED Gold certified, and had to meet stringent federal security standards. The cost of construction was limited to $500 million ($707,573,416 in 2023 dollars). The competition criteria specified that the winning design had to respect the history and views of the Washington Monument as well as demonstrate an understanding of the African-American experience. The winning design was required to reflect optimism, spirituality, and joy, but also acknowledge and incorporate "the dark corners" of the African-American experience. The museum design was required to function as a museum, but also be able to host cultural events of various kinds. Hundreds of architects and firms were invited to participate in the design competition. Six firms were chosen as finalists:
* Devrouax+Purnell and Pei Cobb Freed & Partners
* Diller Scofidio + Renfro, with KlingStubbins
* Freelon Adjaye Bond/SmithGroup
* Foster and Partners/URS Corporation
* Moody Nolan, with Antoine Predock
* Moshe Safdie and Associates, with Sulton Campbell Britt & Associates
The design submitted by the Freelon Group/Adjaye Associates/Davis Brody Bond won the design competition. The above-ground floors featured an inverted step pyramid surrounded by a bronze architectural scrim, which reflected a crown used in Yoruba culture; specifically, these three stacked trapezoidal shapes were inspired by the top of an Olowe of Ise sculpture which is now on display inside the museum.
Under federal law, the National Capital Planning Commission, the United States Commission of Fine Arts, and the D.C. Historic Preservation Commission all have review and approval rights over construction in the metropolitan D.C. area. As the design went through these agencies for approval, it was slightly revised. The building was moved toward the southern boundary of its plot of land, to give a better view of the Washington Monument from Constitution Avenue. The size of the upper floors were shrunk by 17 percent. Although three upper floors were permitted (instead of just two), the ceiling height of each floor was lowered so that the overall height of the building was lowered. The large, box-like first floor was largely eliminated. Added to the entrance on Constitution Avenue were a pond, garden, and bridge, so that visitors would have to "cross over the water" like slaves did when they came to America.
The Smithsonian estimated in February 2012 that museum would to open in 2015. Until then, the museum would occupy a gallery on the second floor of the National Museum of American History.
On June 10, 2013, media magnate Oprah Winfrey donated $12 million (~$15.5 million in 2023) to the NMAAHC. This was in addition to the $1 million (~$1.42 million in 2023) she donated to the museum in 2007. The Smithsonian said it would name the NMAAHC's 350-seat theater after her. The GM Foundation announced a $1 million (~$1.27 million in 2023) donation to the museum on January 22, 2014, to fund construction of the building and design and install permanent exhibits.
### Building design changes
The facade's 'scrim' viewed from the entrance lobby
The design of the architectural scrim which surrounds the building was changed in September 2012. The proposed building itself was a box-like structure. The three-part corona of the building's design was created by a structure only minimally attached to the building. The exterior of this structure, whose frames lean outward to create the corona, consisted of a thin screen or "scrim" perforated by geometrical patterns based on historic iron grilles found in African-American communities in Charleston, South Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana. The original design proposed that the scrim be made of bronze, which would have made the museum the only one on the National Mall whose exterior was not made of limestone or marble. Cost issues forced the architects to change this to bronze-painted aluminum in September 2012. The change was approved by the Commission of Fine Arts, but the commissioners criticized the change for lacking the warm, reflective qualities of bronze. Noted architect Witold Rybczynski also criticized the change: "The appeal of bronze is its warm golden sheen and the rich patina that it acquires over time, but uniformly painted surfaces lack these attributes, and over time they don't age, they merely flake. ... At the time of this writing, the African American museum risks compromising its original intention. In architecture, beauty sometimes really is only skin-deep."
The Smithsonian then radically changed the landscaping of the under-construction museum in summer 2013. The original design for the museum planned a wetland with flowing creek, bridges, and native plants in this area. But cost considerations led the agency to eliminate it. At first, the Smithsonian proposed a low hedge. It brought this design to the Commission of Fine Arts in April 2013, which rejected it. The Commission expressed "great concern about the possible loss of the symbolic meaning that had been skillfully woven into the design of both the landscape and the building". In July, the Smithsonian replaced the hedge with a low dull black granite wall. The Commission of Fine Arts approved that redesign, and the Smithsonian brought it to the National Capital Planning Commission. As of August 2013, the NCPC was anticipated to approve it.
Debate over the corona's finish continued into 2014 before being resolved. The Commission of Fine Arts repeatedly urged the architects to use bronze for the scrim, as it created a "shimmering, lustrous effect under many lighting conditions" and "conveyed dignity, permanence and beauty". Duranar paint was the first substitute proposed by the architects, but the commission members rejected it, noting that it had a "putty-like appearance under overcast conditions" and visually fell "far short of the beautiful poetic intention promised by the concept design". A second finish, the sprayable metal LuminOre, was rejected by the commission because it was difficult to produce in the high quality needed, and was prone to flaking and discoloration. Electroless plating and anodized aluminum were rejected because they lacked durability. A physical vapor deposition process involving a nickel-chrome plating was dismissed for not achieving the right color, luster, or warmth. In early 2014, tests were made with polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF). This coating was approved by the Commission of Fine Arts on February 20, 2014, and by the National Capital Planning Commission in April 2014.
### Construction of the museum building
The museum under construction in May 2014
NMAAHC Monumental Stair
The museum's groundbreaking ceremony took place on February 22, 2012. President Barack Obama and museum director Bunch were among the speakers at the ceremony. Actress Phylicia Rashād was the Master of Ceremonies for the event, which also featured poetry and music performed by Denyce Graves, Thomas Hampson, and the Heritage Signature Chorale.
Clark Construction Group, Smoot Construction, and H.J. Russell & Company won the contract to build the museum. The architectural firm of McKissack & McKissack (which was the first African American-owned architectural firm in the United States) provided project management services on behalf of the Smithsonian, and acted as liaison between the Smithsonian and public utilities and D.C. government agencies. Guy Nordenson and Associates and Robert Silman Associates were the structural engineers for the project.
Construction in September 2015
The NMAAHC became the deepest museum on the National Mall. Excavators dug 80 ft (24 m) below grade to lay the foundations, although the building itself will be only 70 ft (21 m) deep. The museum is located at a low point on the Mall, and groundwater puts 27.78 psi (191.5 kPa) on the walls. To compensate, 85 US gal (320 L) per minute of water were pumped out every day during construction of the foundation and below-grade walls, and a slurry of cement and sand injected into forms to stabilize the site. Lasers continually monitored the walls during construction for any signs of bulging or movement.
The first concrete for the foundations was poured in November 2012. As the lower levels were completed, cranes installed a segregated railroad passenger car and a guard tower from the Louisiana State Penitentiary on November 17, 2013. These items were so large that they could not be dismantled and installed at a later date. Instead, the museum had to be built around them. By late December 2013, construction was just weeks from finishing the five basement levels, and above-ground work was scheduled to begin in late January 2014. At that time, the Smithsonian estimated the museum would be finished in November 2015.
Guy Nordenson and Associates were the engineers for the superstructure of the museum building and long-span porch. Robert Silman Associates oversaw the engineering of the below-grade structure and exhibit structural support. The steel was fabricated by SteelFab, Inc. While the below-grade floors were made of reinforced concrete, with columns supporting each floor above, the above-grade floors were primarily exhibit space and needed to be kept column-free. To support the upper floors, four massive walls, consisting of steel frames and cast-in-place concrete infill, were constructed. Design and fabrication of the steel members of the above-ground structure required extreme precision, as the steel elements penetrated one another at more than 500 places and some beams had several hundred bolt-holes in them. All structural steel elements also had to work almost perfectly with the rebar and rebar couplers so that elements would not run into one another and yet maintain structural integrity. A system of girders around the fifth above-ground floor supported the corona. Some of these girders were so complex they required more than 180 parts. The 200 ft (61 m) long-span porch that covers the main entrance was built of long plate girders and box columns (also made of plate). A 16 in (41 cm) long steel camber beam at the midpoint helps support the porch roof. An elliptical monumental staircase runs continually between the above-ground floors. This staircase has no intermediate supports, and weighs in at more than 80,000 lb (36,000 kg). SteelFab fabricated more than 4,050 short tons (3,670 t) of structural steel for the museum in conjunction with AIW, Inc. who fabricated the architecturally exposed, and ornamental steel and bronze metal work. SteelFab received an award from the Washington Building Congress for its work. ArchDaily has reported that the museum was named the winner for the architecture category and the overall winner for the Beazley Design of the Year award for 2017. According to the award criteria set by the Design Museum in London, the NMAAHC is "further solidified as promoting or delivering change, enabling access, extending design practice, or capturing the spirit of the year." Ozwald Boateng OBE, a jury member, made a statement expressing his thoughts on the NMAAHC: "We couldn't look any further than the Smithsonian for the overall award. It is a project of beautiful design, massive cultural impact, delivers an emotional experience, and has a scale deserve of this major award."
Topping out of the museum occurred in October 2014. That same month, the Smithsonian announced that the National Museum of African American History and Culture had received $162 million in donations toward the $250 million cost of constructing its building. To bolster the fundraising, the Smithsonian said it would contribute a portion of its $1.5 billion capital campaign to help complete the structure.
The entire steel superstructure and all above-ground concrete pouring was complete in January 2015. Glass for the windows and curtain walls began to be placed that same month, with glass enclosure of the building complete on April 14, 2015. That same day, the first of the structure's 3,600 bronze-colored panels for the building's corona were installed.
A worker was severely injured at the construction site on June 3, 2015, when scaffolding on the roof collapsed on top of him. 35-year-old Ivan Smyntyna was rushed to a local hospital, where he later died.
The 350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2) building has a total of 10 stories (five above and five below ground).
### Opening
In January 2016, the Smithsonian set an opening day of September 24, 2016, for the museum's opening. President Barack Obama would dedicate the museum, which would be followed by a week of special events. The museum would open for extended hours during that week to accommodate crowds and visitors.
NMAAHC officials said that construction scaffolding around the exterior of the building should come down in April 2016, at which time some of the more dust-and-humidity resistant artifacts and displays could be installed. Installation of more delicate items would wait until the building's environmental controls had stabilized the interior humidity and removed most of the dust from the air. The museum identified 3,000 items in its collections which would form 11 initial exhibits. More than 130 video and audio installations would be installed as part of these exhibits.
In January 2016, the museum announced the receipt of a $10 million gift from David Rubenstein, CEO of The Carlyle Group and a Smithsonian regent, as well as a $1 million donation from Wells Fargo. As of January 30, 2016, the museum still needed to raise $40 million toward its $270 million construction goal.
Two unique documents, both signed by President Abraham Lincoln, would be loaned to the museum for its opening. These are commemorative copies of the 13th Amendment and the Emancipation Proclamation, of which only a limited number were printed. Few of these have survived. David Rubenstein purchased both items in 2012.
In late March 2016, Microsoft announced a $1 million (~$1.24 million in 2023) donation to the museum. On March 27, the museum drew criticism for agreeing to include a small number of items from the career of actor Bill Cosby in a planned exhibit about African Americans in the entertainment industry. Women who have accused Cosby of sexual assault objected to the display. In response to the resulting controversy, the museum added the following sentence to its description of Cosby's career: "In recent years, revelations about alleged sexual misconduct have cast a shadow over Cosby's entertainment career and severely damaged his reputation."
Google donated $1 million (~$1.24 million in 2023) to the museum in early September 2016. The technology firm had previously worked with the NMAAHC to create a 3D interactive exhibit which allows visitors to see artifacts in a close-up, 360-degree view using their mobile phone. The 3D exhibit was created by designers and engineers from the Black Googler Network.
On September 16, 2016, violinist Edward W. Hardy composed and performed *Evolution - Inspired by the Evolution of Black Music* for the Congressional Black Caucus at a Google sponsored event in Howard Theatre. This event was a part of the opening of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture.
On September 23, 2016, *The Washington Post* reported that Robert F. Smith, the founder, chairman, and CEO of Vista Equity Partners, had given $20 million (~$24.9 million in 2023) to the NMAAHC. The gift was second-largest in the museum's history, exceeded only by the $21 million donated by Oprah Winfrey.
Ava DuVernay was commissioned by the museum to create a film which debuted at the museum's opening on September 24, 2016. This film, *August 28: A Day in the Life of a People* (2016), tells of six significant events in African-American history that happened on the same date, August 28. The 22-minute film stars Lupita Nyong'o, Don Cheadle, Regina King, David Oyelowo, Angela Bassett, Michael Ealy, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, André Holland and Glynn Turman. Events depicted include William IV's royal assent to the UK Slavery Abolition Act in 1833, the 1955 lynching of 14-year-old Emmett Till in Mississippi, the release of Motown's first number-one song, "Please Mr. Postman" by The Marvellettes, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech, the landfall of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the night then-senator Barack Obama accepted the Democratic nomination for president at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.
On September 24, 2016, President Barack Obama formally opened the new museum along with four generations of the Bonner family, from 99-year-old Ruth Bonner to Ruth's great-granddaughter Christine. Together with the Obamas, Ruth and her family rang the Freedom Bell (rather than cut a ribbon) to officially open the museum. The bell came from the first Baptist church organized by and for African Americans, founded in 1776 in Williamsburg, Virginia, where at the time it was unlawful for blacks to congregate or preach. During his speech at the museum's opening, Obama shed tears discussing his thoughts on visiting the museum with future grandchildren.
The total cost of the museum's design, construction, and installation of exhibits was $540 million ($685,557,404 in 2023 dollars). By the time the museum's founding fundraising campaign had ended, the NMAAHC had raised $386 million ($490,046,589 in 2023 dollars), 143 percent more than its goal of $270 million.
Attendance and timed-entry ticketing
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More than 600,000 people visited the museum in its first three months. The Smithsonian required all visitors to have a ticket to access the museum. At first, the organization used pre-purchased timed-entry tickets, combined with a limited number of same-day tickets released every morning. The timed-entry tickets allowed visitors to enter at a specific time of day, with a shorter wait in line than would be expected if everyone showed up at the same time. Patron traffic proved so heavy that the NMAAHC began offering many fewer same-day tickets, and changed their release from early morning to early afternoon.
After six months, 1.2 million people had visited the NMAAHC, making it one of the four most-visited Smithsonian museums. Patrons spent an average of six hours at the museum, twice as long as had been estimated before the museum's opening. The museum's popularity led to some problems. Visitors stood in line in the museum foyer to take an elevator down to the underground level. The exhibits start with the Middle Passage and slavery where the hallway is intentionally designed to be cramped and somewhat claustrophobic. The large number of visitors who stop to read the exhibit's signs caused dangerous overcrowding. Museum officials began to limit the number of people who could take the elevator (and thus enter the exhibit) to mitigate this problem, although this led to still longer lines in the foyer.
Smithsonian officials announced that the museum had 3 million visitors in its first full year of operation. An average of 8,000 people a day attended the museum, double the number anticipated. The museum has become an "essential stop" for tourists, and patrons are diverse and international (not just African American and domestic). The heavy attendance has caused wear and tear on the museum.
The museum reassessed the use of timed-entry passes in October 2017, and suspended the use of timed-entry ticketing on weekdays in September 2018. Overwhelming demand for entry led the museum to reinstitute the timed-entry ticketing policy for weekdays in October 2018.
By the end of 2018, the museum had received just under 5 million visitors since it opened, 1.9 million of whom visited in 2018. It was the organization's sixth most-visited museum, behind the National Portrait Gallery (2.3 million) and ahead of the National Zoo (1.8 million).
Collection and exhibits
-----------------------
Statue of Benjamin Banneker
### Web presence
In 2007, the NMAAHC became the first major museum to open on the Web before completing a physical structure. The web site included the museum's first exhibit, mounted in New York City. The site was also designed to encourage collaboration between scholars and the public. The main feature of the web-based initiative was the Memory Book application, which allowed individuals to contribute to the web site pictures, a story, or an audio application to spotlight unique experiences in African-American culture.
### Pre-opening exhibits
In January 2012, the National Museum of African American History and Culture and the National Museum of American History partnered with the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (which owns Jefferson's home, Monticello) to create a major new exhibit, "Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello: Paradox of Liberty". The exhibition opened on January 12, 2012, at the National Museum of American History, and closed on October 14, 2012. The exhibit received nationwide attention, garnering articles from sources such as the Associated Press, Huffington Post, National Public Radio, the *New York Times*, United Press International, *USA Today*, and the *Washington Post*. The 3,000 sq ft (280 m2) exhibit was created by Rex Ellis (an associate director of the NMAAHC) and Elizabeth Chew (a curator at Monticello). It was accompanied by a companion book, '*Those Who Labor for My Happiness': Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello*, by Lucia Stanton. NMAAHC director Lonnie Bunch III said that the exhibit explored one way in which slavery might be presented at the National Museum of African American History and Culture when it opens in 2015.
"Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello" also received attention for the striking statue of Jefferson that graced the exhibit entrance. The Smithsonian used a Minolta 3D scanner to create a digital image of a life-size bronze statue of Jefferson which is located at Monticello. RedEye on Demand (a subsidiary of Stratasys) used a fused deposition modeling printer, which laid down tiny layers of molten plastic to slowly build the statue. The statue was "printed" in four sections, which were then put together, detailed, and painted. Smithsonian officials were so pleased with the process that they began laying plans use it to laser image and 3D print a vast number of items in their collection, which they could then share inexpensively with the rest of the world.
Other pre-opening exhibitions include *Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing: The Apollo Theater and American Entertainment* (2010), *For All the World to See: Visual Culture and the Struggle for Civil Rights* (2010), *The Scurlock Studio and Black Washington: Picturing The Promise* (2009), and *Let Your Motto Be Resistance: African American Portraits* (2007).
### Notable items in the collection
The Smithsonian Institution listed the number of items in the museum collection in 2012 as either more than 18,000 pieces or more than 25,000 pieces. CBS News reported in May 2015 that the collection size had grown to 33,000 objects, although this had risen to more than 40,000 objects by May 2019. About 3,500 items are on display to the public.
Items obtained by the museum initially were received, conserved, and stored at the Smithsonian Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland. Dozens of permanent curatorial staff and temporary contractors accessed the items, repaired them, and conserved them in a temperature- and humidity-controlled environment. Renée Anderson, the NMAAHC's head of collections, oversaw the effort. After artifacts were selected for display, graphics and labels for each item were manufactured. Display cases for each item were also purchased, and exhibiting mounts or specially designed cases handcrafted for particularly fragile, important, or unusually sized objects. Museum officials said all artifacts and displays will be moved into the new museum in the summer of 2016, along with the museum's 175 full-time employees.
In November 2016, NBA player LeBron James donated $2.5 million (~$3.11 million in 2023) to support the museum's exhibit on the accomplishments of boxer Muhammad Ali.
As of September 2016, notable items in the collection included:
#### Pre-20th century
* Several items from the *São José Paquete Africa*, a sunken slave ship excavated off the coast of South Africa in 2015. The wreck is owned by Iziko Museums of South Africa, and items will be on long-term loan to the NMAAHC. (Finding a sunken slave ship, raising it, and displaying it at the museum had long been a dream of the museum's first director Lonnie Bunch.)
image of ashley's sack, a cloth feedsack that has been embroidered.Ashley's Sack is among the 37,000 objects at the Smithsonian related to African American community, family, the visual and performing arts, religion, civil rights, slavery, and segregation.
* A letter by Toussaint L'Ouverture, leader of the Haitian Revolution slave revolt in 1791.
* A money box used by Richard Allen, founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
* A Bible owned by Nat Turner, who led a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831.
* Historic items from black Catholic communities, including the St. Augustine Church and Sisters of the Holy Family in New Orleans.
* A slave cabin that was deconstructed and rebuilt from its original location on Edisto Island, South Carolina
* Ashley's Sack, a mid-1800s hand-embroidered feedsack gifted from a slave mother, Rose, to her nine-year-old daughter, Ashley, when Ashley was sold away.
* Feet and wrist manacles from the American Deep South used prior to 1860.
* Garments worn by African-American slaves.
* A badge from 1850, worn by an African American in Charleston, South Carolina, indicating the wearer was a slave.
* Items owned by Harriet Tubman, including eating utensils, a hymnal, and a linen and silk shawl given to her by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Related items include a photographic portrait of Tubman (one of only a few known to exist), and three postcards with images of Tubman's 1913 funeral.
* An 1874 home from Poolesville, Maryland. The dwelling was constructed by the Jones family, who were freed slaves. The Joneses later founded an all-black community nearby.
#### 20th and 21st centuries
‘Whites Only’ – Men's restroom and smoking lounge in Southern Railway Company Coach No. 1200, 1923, redesigned as a segregated car in 1940
* A railroad car from Chattanooga, Tennessee, used by African-American passengers during the Jim Crow era. Pete Claussen and Gulf & Ohio Railways (the company he founded in 1985) donated more than $222,000 to restore the car, which was built by the Pullman Company in 1922.
* The desk of Robert Sengstacke Abbott, editor-in-chief of the *Chicago Defender*, an African American newspaper founded in 1905.
* A segregated drinking fountain from the Jim Crow era with the sign "colored" (indicating it was for use by blacks only).
* Dresses and other garments by fashion designer Ann Lowe. Lowe designed clothing for the Du Pont family, Roosevelt family, and the Rockefeller family. She also designed items for wealthy etiquette expert and socialite Emily Post and her family, and created Jacqueline Bouvier's wedding dress for her 1953 marriage to John F. Kennedy.
* A recreation of part of "Mae's Millinery Shop", the hat shop begun by Mae Reeves in 1942, one of the first businesses in Philadelphia owned by an African-American woman.
* The Purple Heart and footlocker owned by James L. McCullin, a member of the Tuskegee Airmen.
* A PT-13D Stearman biplane trainer aircraft operated by the United States Army Air Forces and used in 1944 for training members of the Tuskegee Airmen.
* A sign from a bus in Nashville, Tennessee, from the Jim Crow era which indicates which seating is for blacks only.
* A guard tower and cell from the Louisiana State Penitentiary (Angola) known for much of the 20th century as a cruel, violence-prone, squalid prison where African American inmates were treated worse than slaves. NMAAHC curator Paul Gardullo said the items document how attitudes about slavery were carried over into the post-slavery prison system in the Deep South. Museum Director Lonnie Bunch acknowledged scholars' worries that the items were controversial, but said the museum's mission is to tell stories through the African-American experience. The 20 ft (6.1 m) high guard tower will be part of an exhibit on segregation, while the 6 by 9 ft (1.8 by 2.7 m) prison cell will be in a separate exhibit on places. Both items are from Camp A, the oldest section of the prison. The cell was constructed atop slave quarters.
* A King Super 20 alto saxophone custom-made for saxophonist Charlie Parker in 1947, which he played from 1947 until his death in 1955.
* Allan Rohan Crite's painting *Stations of the Cross* (1947)
* David Driskell's *Behold Thy Son* (1956)
* The glass-topped casket originally used to display and bury the body of 14-year-old Emmett Till, the victim of racially motivated torture and murder in Mississippi. Till's death served as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement.
* The dress which Rosa Parks was sewing the day she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, on December 1, 1955. Parks' action sparked the Montgomery bus boycott, and her action was one of the first incidents of civil disobedience in the Civil Rights Movement.
* A Selmer trumpet owned by jazz musician Louis Armstrong.
* Muhammad Ali's boxing gloves. Boxing headgear worn by Cassius Clay (later to be known as Muhammad Ali).
* A dress owned by actress and singer Pearl Bailey.
* A cape and jumpsuit owned by American soul singer James Brown.
* The Moog Voyager synthesizer and Akai MPC beat machine used by hip-hop producer J Dilla.
* A chef's jacket worn by Leah Chase, the New Orleans-based chef known as the Queen of Creole Cuisine.
* The "Mothership", a 1,200 lb (540 kg) aluminum and acrylic glass prop created by funk music singer George Clinton and used during performances of his bands Parliament and Funkadelic. Clinton's original "Mothership" was scrapped in 1983; this replica was crafted by Clinton in the mid-1990s and used for about five years.
* A collection of costumes designed by director and costume designer Geoffrey Holder for his 1976 musical, *The Wiz* (an adaptation of the L. Frank Baum novel, *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz*). The costumes won the Tony Award for Best Costume Design, the play won the Tony Award for Best Musical, and Holder won the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical.
* A cherry red Cadillac convertible owned by rock and roll singer Chuck Berry.
* An amplifier, speakers, and turntables used by Tony Crush a.k.a. DJ Tony Tone of the Cold Crush Brothers.
* Several paintings and pieces of terracotta sculpture from the Barnett-Aden Collection, donated by BET founder Robert L. Johnson.
* Gymnastic equipment used by artistic gymnastics champion Gabby Douglas at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Douglas was the first African American, and first non-Caucasian of any nationality, to win the women's artistic individual all-around gold medal. She was also the first American gymnast ever to win both the team and individual all-around gold at the same Olympics.
* The handcuffs used by police in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to arrest African-American Harvard University professor Henry Louis Gates Jr. in 2009.
* Hip Hop Smithsonian, a collection of photographs of hip hop artists collected by Bill Adler.
* Items from President Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign office from Falls Church, Virginia.
* A pair of hand-painted sneakers, titled "Obama 08", by artist Van Taylor Monroe.
* NBA player Kobe Bryant's uniform that he wore in the 2008 NBA Finals, the year he was named the league MVP. Bryant and his wife Vanessa were also founding donors of the museum.
#### Modern Art Installations
* Swing Low, 2016, by Richard Hunt, a monumental welded-bronze sculpture, is installed as the centerpiece of the Central Hall. The forms reference the movement evoked by the spiritual "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot". The hanging sculpture commemorates the Negro Spiritual and their place in the history of African Americans.
* Yet Do I Marvel (Countee Cullen), by Sam Gilliam is separated into five colorful panels with glassy, varnished surfaces was inspired by the poem by Countee Cullen which refers to the resilience of creativity.
* The Liquidity of Legacy, 2016, by Chakaia Booker is about the changes that shape people's lives and legacy.
Leadership
----------
Lonnie Bunch III was the museum's founding director being appointed in 2005, overseeing collections, traveling exhibitions as well as planning and building. On May 28, 2019, Bunch was elected Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He became the Smithsonian's first African-American leader. The interim director of NMAAHC was history professor Spencer Crew. Poet and professor Kevin Young was appointed director in September 2020.
Restaurant
----------
Sweet Home Café is a 400-seat, luncheon-only restaurant located inside the National Museum of African American History and Culture. Jerome Grant is the executive chef, and the restaurant is managed by Restaurant Associates in association with Thompson Hospitality. Joanne Hyppolite, NMAAHC curator for cultural expressions, oversees the restaurant as well as the museum's exhibits on foodways and cuisine. The cafeteria opened on September 24, 2016. It was named a 2017 semifinalist by the James Beard Award for Best New Restaurant.
The restaurant features four food stations, where main and side dishes, desserts, and beverages important to the African American experience or developed by African Americans may be purchased. These include the Agricultural South station, the Creole Coast station, the North States, and the Western Range. Each station offers several vegetarian entrees in addition to meat dishes.
In designing the museum, the Smithsonian was influenced by the development of the Mitsitam Café at the National Museum of the American Indian. That cafeteria had been established to acquaint museum-goers with the rich food heritage of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Mitsitam Café not only proved popular and won culinary awards, it made a substantial profit. The idea of regional food stations came from Dr. Jessica B. Harris, a food scholar who researched the food of African Americans from the colonial era to the present and presented her research to the museum's scholarly committee in 2013. Albert Lukas, a supervising chef at Sweet Home Café, traveled the United States for two years to find recipes and interview home cooks and professional chefs. A committee of chefs, curators, and historians spent another two years working out the restaurant's concept, visual design, and menu. The final menu was designed by executive chef Grant not only to showcase the kinds of food African Americans of different regions ate at different times in American history, but also to demonstrate the impact African Americans had on both home cooking and haute cuisine in the broader society.
Chef Carla Hall, co-host of the television show *The Chew*, was named a "culinary ambassador" for the restaurant. She engages in public outreach for the restaurant and museum.
Reception
---------
In a review for *The New York Times*, art critic Holland Cotter wrote, "The extremely complex narrative, with uplift and tragedy seemingly on a fixed collision course, spreads over five floors of galleries", and that it "holds some of the oldest and most disturbing material." Cotter added that "It's great that the museum mixes everything together: It means you can't just select a comfortable version of history." He concluded, "[I] hope, actually—that the museum will never be finished, or consider itself so; that its take on African-American history, which is American history, stays fluid, critical and richly confused: real, in other words."
*The Wall Street Journal'*s critic at large, Edward Rothstein, suggested that "even a full day's visit is insufficient for a careful survey. That alone is an imposing achievement". Rothstein wrote that the "museum is illuminating, disturbing, moving—and flawed". He wrote that we "see the evolution of African-American newspapers, businesses, churches and other institutions. Galleries devoted to music and sports make it plain how much African-American history and culture is simply American history and culture." He also wrote that there is a "reluctance, too, to cast doubt on one perspective or another, or to give a nuanced assessment of conflicts. The actual doctrines of Elijah Muhammad, a leader of the Nation of Islam and mentor to Malcolm X, are unmentioned. And, more troubling, the Black Panthers are characterized as if they were defensively armed social workers, a PC view of radicalism that recurs in other contexts.". Museum reviewer Diana Muir, while criticizing the Museum for repeatedly misleading visitors by failing to put facts in "comparative perspective" a deficiency that "misleads curators into making sweeping claims like the assertion in the introductory room that before 1400 "slavery was a temporary status", nevertheless concluded that "Taken as a whole, however, the NMAAHC shows that it is possible to do an identity museum well, to build a museum on a foundation of rigorous scholarship that can inform, excite, and even inspire."
The Contemplative Court
The lack of material on Justice Clarence Thomas drew criticism and prompted the introduction of a resolution by six GOP senators which argued that Thomas should have a "prominent place" in the museum.
*Los Angeles Times* architecture critic Christopher Hawthorne wrote that the museum is the "most impressive and ambitious public building to go up in Washington in a generation" and that despite "some flaws and unfortunate signs of cost-cutting, the design succeeds almost precisely to the degree that it is enigmatic and even fickle, spanning huge gulfs in the national character without being naive enough to try to close them. The building embraces memory and aspiration, protest and reconciliation, pride and shame."
In *The Plain Dealer*, Susan Glaser wrote that the museum "is really two museums in one: Its historical exhibits encompasses [*sic*] about 60 percent of the gallery space, while cultural exhibits take up the other 40 percent." She wrote that the museum is "filled with difficult truths", such as a "statue of Thomas Jefferson, author of the words 'All Men Are Created Equal,' who is depicted in front of a brick wall – and on every brick, the name of one of his 609 slaves, including at least six who were his own children." But she wrote that "[i]t was the coffin of Emmett Till that finally got to me." She describes 14-year-old Till, who was lynched for allegedly whistling at a white woman: "Though his body was severely disfigured, his mother insisted on an open casket at his funeral, hoping to show the world the effects of racial injustice. It helped ignite the civil rights movement."
Because of its lengthy name and the unpronounceable acronym NMAAHC derived from it, a few journalists, following the trend established on social media, used the nickname "the Blacksonian" for the museum, based on its content and its relationship to the Smithsonian.
*The Washington Post* architectural critic Philip Kennicott assessed the museum as its one-year anniversary, concluding that the NMAAHC has "changed the center of gravity on the Mall" and created "energy along 14th Street and Constitution Avenue NW that feels new, and welcome". Generally effusive in his praise, Kennicott found the museum to have an "allusive and mediated" feel, as opposed to the traditional "magisterial and transparent" aesthetic of most museums. He singled out the way the corona cast shadows in the interior, the dramatic way the corona framed nearby monuments and memorials, and the museum's art gallery. Kennicott was unhappy with "the jumble of elevations throughout the history galleries". The problem particularly affected the Contemplative Court (where corrosion was also affecting the ceiling less than a year later). Museum designers correctly concluded that the cramped entrance to the underground galleries would create a powerful and negative emotional reaction, he said, but the side-effect has been to create a "fundamental flaw" in the museum by creating a terrific bottleneck in visitor traffic. A 2018 exhibition review in the *Chicago Tribune* noted the museum is practically—and unexpectedly to the museum's planners—"one of the toughest tickets to get in American culture" and posited that this was "proof that the nation wanted desperately to grapple with some of the thorniest questions about the people it brought here by force".
Controversies
-------------
In mid-July 2020, the museum removed a controversial chart from their website titled "Aspects and Assumptions of Whiteness & White Culture in the United States" that had been put up on March 31. Some examples that were claimed to be part of white culture were objectivity; rational, linear thinking; emphasis on the scientific method; hard work being the key to success; delayed gratification; the nuclear family; self-reliance; and being polite. After criticism, museum officials apologized and removed the chart, explaining that it did not contribute to the discussion as planned.
Bibliography
------------
* Blakey, Michael L. (1994). "American Nationality and Ethnicity in the Depicted Past". In Gathercole, Peter; Lowenthal, David (eds.). *The Politics of the Past*. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415095549.
* Robinson, Randall (2001). *The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks*. New York: Plume. ISBN 9780525945246.
* Ruffins, Fath Davis (June 1998). "Culture Wars Won and Lost, Part II: Ethnic Museums on the Mall". *Radical History Review*: 68–79.
* Rybczynski, Witold (2013). *How Architecture Works: A Humanist's Toolkit*. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374211745.
* *Through the African American Lens: Double Exposure*. Washington D.C.: National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution. 2015. ISBN 9781907804465.
* Worth, Michael J. (2016). *Nonprofit Management: Principles and Practice*. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. ISBN 9781483375991. |
Australian teacher
**Nola Randall-Mohk** OAM is an Australian teacher who has been involved in advocating and assisting in immigration, refugee and multicultural issues in New South Wales. In 2011 she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia "For service to multicultural relations, particularly through roles with Cambodian and Khmer associations". She has worked in NSW TAFE Outreach Coordinator in South Western Sydney Institute since the 1980s.
Randall-Mohk has been the Director of Human Resources and Public Officer for the Cambodian-Australian Welfare Council of NSW since 1984. In that time she has played active roles in Migrant Resource Centres and in 2008 was appointed to the Australian Multicultural Advisory Council (AMAC).
Randall-Mohk was presented with the NSW Lifetime Achievement in Community Service Award by John Hatzistergos, Attorney General and Minister for Citizenship and Peter Primrose, Minister for Volunteering, acknowledging her commitment to meeting the educational needs of disadvantaged adults and their access to suitable vocational opportunities. |
United States criminal law
The **Criminal Alien Gang Member Removal Act** is legislation, introduced by Congresswoman Barbara Comstock (R-Va.), U.S. House Judiciary Committee Chairman Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.), Congressman Peter King (R-N.Y.), and Congressman Raúl Labrador (R-Idaho), that was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives during the 115th United States Congress to make it easier to deny admission to, or deport, aliens suspected of gang activity.
According to the Donald Trump administration, "This bill provides law enforcement with the tools they need to improve domestic security and restore public safety by denying criminal alien gang members admission to the United States." Barbara Comstock stated, "The Criminal Alien Gang Member Removal Act will give important tools to law enforcement like the Northern Virginia Regional Gang Task Force so that they can effectively do their jobs to deport alien gang members." She said, "It will ensure that when ICE positively identifies a known alien gang member, they may act immediately. We don't have to wait until these brutal killers wield their machetes or leave another body on a children's playground."
Comstock has said that she introduced the bill to target criminal gangs like MS-13.
Criticism
---------
Congressional Democrats argued, "*Under this bill, immigrants could be denied admission with little due process based on no real evidence of a gang affiliation.* The "reason to believe" standard is a low burden of proof similar to probable cause, and it does not require a conviction or even an arrest. This would allow the government to deny admission based on flimsy, circumstantial evidence." They also argued that the legislation would ensnare former gang members who have ended their involvement in criminal activity.
Immigrant rights activist Michael Kagan argued that the Bill would harm young victims, children who had been forced to join gangs under threat of violence. |
Ion channel toxin Syb-prI-1
**Syb-prII-1** is a β-type neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion *Olivierus martensii*. It reduces the activity and the expression of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8.
Sources
-------
Syb-prII-1 is a neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the Chinese scorpion *Olivierus martensii*, previously known as *Buthus martensii*.
Chemistry
---------
Syb-prII-1 is part of the family of β-scorpion toxins. This protein contains 62 amino acids and consists of three β-sheets and an α-helix, held together by four cross-linked disulfide bonds. It has 78.69% sequence identity with the neurotoxin LqhIT2.
Target and mode of action
-------------------------
Syb-prII-1 binds to the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) Nav1.8. It specifically targets receptor site 4, causing a leftward shift in the voltage dependency of both activation and inactivation. No significant effects on the voltage dependency of Nav1.9 has been observed. In addition, Syb-prII-1 inhibits the peak amplitude of Nav1.8 currents with an IC50 of 133 nM and a maximum inhibition of 52%. No significant inhibition of Nav1.9 was observed.
Syb-prII-1 also reduces the phosphorylation level of several proteins within the MAPKs pathway, which is associated with neuropathic pain. This in turn reduces the expression of Nav1.8, reducing the current even further
Therapeutic use
---------------
Syp-prII-1 exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. It also asserts an analgesic effect by partially blocking the current through Nav1.8. For this reason, this has been explored as a possible treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. |
Show jumping venue in England
50°57′46″N 0°11′47″W / 50.96278°N 0.19639°W / 50.96278; -0.19639
Competitor on Derby course, with Derby bank in the background
The **All England Jumping Course at Hickstead**, known widely as **Hickstead**, is an equestrian centre in West Sussex, England, principally known for its showjumping. It hosts two international competitions, the Al Shira'aa British Jumping Derby Meeting and the Longines Royal International Horse Show. The course was the first permanent showground for equestrian sport in the country, opening in 1960. The first Hickstead Derby was held in 1961.
Hickstead is best known as the home of British showjumping, though its major fixtures also feature other disciplines such as showing, carriage driving, scurry driving, side-saddle and arena eventing.
Over the years, the venue has expanded its operations to include other equestrian sports like dressage and arena polo, as well as hosting functions and conferences all year round.
It is located adjacent to the hamlet of Twineham, to the west of Burgess Hill and next to the main A23 road from London to Brighton.
History
-------
Hickstead Place
The All England Jumping Course was opened by Douglas Bunn, a multi-millionaire former barrister who made his money running a caravan business.
Bunn purchased a site known as Hickstead Place with the intention of creating a facility to match those in the United States and Europe. The venue opened in 1960.
It now has six arenas, permanent seating for over 5,000 spectators and 26 corporate hospitality suites. It has hosted the 1965 Ladies World Championships, the 1974 World Championships and several European Show Jumping Championships.
British Jumping Derby
---------------------
Main article: British Jumping Derby
This four-day event attracts around 40,000 spectators a year, who come to watch the skill, bravery and precision of the national and international show jumpers competing for trophies (and substantial prize money).
A highlight of the meeting is the British Jumping Derby, known as the Al Shira'aa Derby, which is a 1,195-metre course with tricky jumps, including the aptly named Devil's Dyke – three fences in short succession with a water-filled ditch in the middle and the difficult Derby Bank, a jump with 3 ft 5 in (1.04 m) rails on top and a 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) slope down the front.
>
> The British Jumping Derby is one of those events a bit like the
> Grand National where its not just the runners and riders that make the
> headlines but the course itself. It's an iconic showjumping contest, the
> like of which you won't find anywhere else in the world, no other
> course asks this much of a test of horse and rider and no other course
> creates this type of drama.
>
>
> —Clare Balding, *BBC Sport*
>
>
>
Longines Royal International Horse Show
---------------------------------------
Main article: Royal International Horse Show
The Royal International Horse Show is the official horse show of the British Horse Society and consists of both showing and showjumping events. The event is held during July each year. It is one of only three CHIO 5\* events in the world, and home to the Longines FEI Nations Cup of Great Britain and the Longines King George V Gold Cup, also known as the British Grand Prix.
Other events
------------
In 1993 the showground saw the establishment of a dressage arena and dressage programme known as **Dressage at Hickstead**. In 1998 it hosted Junior and Young Rider European Dressage Championships; and in 2003 it hosted the FEI European Dressage Championships. In 2020, Dressage at Hickstead was officially closed, but in May 2021 the main All England Jumping Course held its first British Dressage Premier League show, known as the ICE Horseboxes All England Dressage Festival.
In 2006 the All England Polo Club opened. Arena (winter) Polo is played on a 100m x 50m purpose built all weather arena. It is one of the premier Arena Polo venues in the country, and has hosted the international test match on a number of occasions.
Hickstead is also hired out to other show organisers throughout the year, including NSEA competitions, local branches of The Pony Club and British Riding Clubs, and other unaffiliated competitions. Each September, the Sunshine Tour unaffiliated championships take place there.
In 2019, Hickstead opened a huge all-weather cross-country course, which is available for hire from October to May. |
Process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein
Model of a phosphorylated serine residue
Serine in an amino acid chain, before and after phosphorylation.
**Protein phosphorylation** is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or otherwise modifying its function. Approximately 13,000 human proteins have sites that are phosphorylated.
The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins.
The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, tyrosine, and histidine. These phosphorylations play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, other amino acids can also be phosphorylated post-translationally, including arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cysteine, and these phosphorylated amino acids have been identified to be present in human cell extracts and fixed human cells using a combination of antibody-based analysis (for pHis) and mass spectrometry (for all other amino acids).
Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.
History
-------
In 1906, Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research identified phosphate in the protein vitellin (phosvitin) and by 1933 had detected phosphoserine in casein, with Fritz Lipmann. However, it took another 20 years before Eugene P. Kennedy described the first "enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins". The first phosphorylase enzyme was discovered by Carl and Gerty Cori in the late 1930s. Carl and Gerty Cori found two forms of glycogen phosphorylase which they named A and B but did not correctly understand the mechanism of the B form to A form conversion. The interconversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a was later described by Edmond Fischer and Edwin Krebs, as well as, Wosilait and Sutherland, involving a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism. It was found that an enzyme, named phosphorylase kinase and Mg-ATP were required to phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase by assisting in the transfer of the γ-phosphoryl group of ATP to a serine residue on phosphorylase b. Protein phosphatase 1 is able to catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphorylated enzymes by removing the phosphate group. Earl Sutherland explained in 1950, that the activity of phosphorylase was increased and thus glycogenolysis stimulated when liver slices were incubated with adrenalin and glucagon. Phosphorylation was considered a specific control mechanism for one metabolic pathway until the 1970s, when Lester Reed discovered that mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was inactivated by phosphorylation. Also in the 1970s, the term multisite phosphorylation was coined in response to the discovery of proteins that are phosphorylated on two or more residues by two or more kinases. In 1975, it was shown that cAMP-dependent proteins kinases phosphorylate serine residues on specific amino acid sequence motifs. Ray Erikson discovered that v-Src was a kinase and Tony Hunter found that v-Src phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins in the 1970s. In the early 1980, the amino-acid sequence of the first protein kinase was determined which helped geneticists understand the functions of regulatory genes. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the first protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) was purified and the discovery, as well as, cloning of JAK kinases was accomplished which led to many in the scientific community to name the 1990s as the decade of protein kinase cascades. Edmond Fischer and Edwin Krebs were awarded the Nobel prize in 1992 "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism".
Abundance
---------
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is abundant in both prokaryotic and even more so in eukaryotic organisms. For instance, in bacteria 5-10% of all proteins are thought to be phosphorylated. By contrast, it is estimated that one third of all human proteins is phosphorylated at any point in time, with 230,000, 156,000, and 40,000 unique phosphorylation sites existing in human, mouse, and yeast, respectively. In yeast, about 120 kinases (out of ~6,000 proteins total) cause 8,814 known regulated phosphorylation events, generating about 3,600 phosphoproteins (about 60% of all yeast proteins). Hence, phosphorylation is a universal regulatory mechanism that affects a large portion of proteins. Even if a protein is not phosphorylated itself, its interactions with other proteins may be regulated by phosphorylation of these interacting proteins.
Mechanisms and functions of phosphorylation
-------------------------------------------
Phosphorylation introduces a charged and hydrophilic group in the side chain of amino acids, possibly changing a protein's structure by altering interactions with nearby amino acids. Some proteins such as p53 contain multiple phosphorylation sites, facilitating complex, multi-level regulation. Because of the ease with which proteins can be phosphorylated and dephosphorylated, this type of modification is a flexible mechanism for cells to respond to external signals and environmental conditions.
Kinases phosphorylate proteins and phosphatases dephosphorylate proteins. Many enzymes and receptors are switched "on" or "off" by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Reversible phosphorylation results in a conformational change in the structure in many enzymes and receptors, causing them to become activated or deactivated. Phosphorylation usually occurs on serine, threonine, tyrosine and histidine residues in eukaryotic proteins. Histidine phosphorylation of eukaryotic proteins appears to be much more frequent than tyrosine phosphorylation. In prokaryotic proteins phosphorylation occurs on the serine, threonine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine or lysine residues. The addition of a phosphate (PO43-) molecule to a non-polar R group of an amino acid residue can turn a hydrophobic portion of a protein into a polar and extremely hydrophilic portion of a molecule. In this way protein dynamics can induce a conformational change in the structure of the protein via long-range allostery with other hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues in the protein.
One such example of the regulatory role that phosphorylation plays is the p53 tumor suppressor protein. The p53 protein is heavily regulated and contains more than 18 different phosphorylation sites. Activation of p53 can lead to cell cycle arrest, which can be reversed under some circumstances, or apoptotic cell death. This activity occurs only in situations wherein the cell is damaged or physiology is disturbed in normal healthy individuals.
Upon the deactivating signal, the protein becomes dephosphorylated again and stops working.[] This is the mechanism in many forms of signal transduction, for example the way in which incoming light is processed in the light-sensitive cells of the retina.
Regulatory roles of phosphorylation include:
* Biological thermodynamics of energy-requiring reactions
+ Phosphorylation of Na+/K+-ATPase during the transport of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the cell membrane in osmoregulation to maintain homeostasis of the body's water content.
* Mediates enzyme inhibition
+ Phosphorylation of the enzyme GSK-3 by AKT (Protein kinase B) as part of the insulin signaling pathway.
+ Phosphorylation of src (pronounced "sarc") tyrosine kinase by C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) induces a conformational change in the enzyme, resulting in a fold in the structure, which masks its kinase domain, and is thus shut "off".
### Membrane transport
Further information: Membrane transport
* Phosphorylation of Na+/K+-ATPase during the transport of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions across the cell membrane in osmoregulation to maintain homeostasis of the body's water content.
* ATP-binding cassette transporter
### Protein degradation
* Arginine phosphorylation by McsB kinase marks proteins for degradation by a Clp protease. The arginine phosphorylation system, which is widely distributed across Gram-positive bacteria, appears to be functionally analogous to the eukaryotic ubiquitin–proteasome system.
### Enzyme regulation (activation and inhibition)
* The first example of protein regulation by phosphorylation to be discovered was **glycogen phosphorylase**. Eddie Fisher and Ed Krebs described how phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase b converted it to the active glycogen phosphorylase a. It was soon discovered that glycogen synthase, another metabolic enzyme, is inactivated by phosphorylation.
* Phosphorylation of the enzyme GSK-3 by AKT (Protein kinase B) as part of the insulin signaling pathway.
* Phosphorylation of Src tyrosine kinase by C-terminal Src kinase inactivates Src by inducing a conformational change which masks its kinase domain.
* Phosphorylation of the H2AX histones on serine 139, within two million bases (0.03% of the chromatin) surrounding a double-strand break in DNA, is needed for repair of the double-strand break. Phosphorylation of methylpurine DNA glycosylase at serine 172 is required for base excision repair of alkylated base damage.
### Protein-protein interactions
* Phosphorylation of the cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase, a large membrane-bound, multi-protein enzyme present in phagocytic cells, plays an important role in the regulation of protein-protein interactions in the enzyme.
* Important in protein degradation.
+ In the late 1990s, it was recognized that phosphorylation of some proteins causes them to be degraded by the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. These target proteins become substrates for particular E3 ubiquitin ligases only when they are phosphorylated.
### Signaling networks
Elucidating complex signaling pathway phosphorylation events can be difficult. In cellular signaling pathways, protein A phosphorylates protein B, and B phosphorylates C. However, in another signaling pathway, protein D phosphorylates A, or phosphorylates protein C. Global approaches such as phosphoproteomics, the study of phosphorylated proteins, which is a sub-branch of proteomics, combined with mass spectrometry-based proteomics, have been utilised to identify and quantify dynamic changes in phosphorylated proteins over time. These techniques are becoming increasingly important for the systematic analysis of complex phosphorylation networks. They have been successfully used to identify dynamic changes in the phosphorylation status of more than 6,000 sites after stimulation with epidermal growth factor. Another approach for understanding Phosphorylation Network, is by measuring the genetic interactions between multiple phosphorylating proteins and their targets. This reveals interesting recurring patterns of interactions – network motifs. Computational methods have been developed to model phosphorylation networks and predict their responses under different perturbations.
### Phosphorylation of histones
Eukaryotic DNA is organized with histone proteins in specific complexes called chromatin. The chromatin structure functions and facilitates the packaging, organization and distribution of eukaryotic DNA. However, it has a negative impact on several fundamental biological processes such as transcription, replication and DNA repair by restricting the accessibility of certain enzymes and proteins. Post-translational modification of histones such as histone phosphorylation has been shown to modify the chromatin structure by changing protein:DNA or protein:protein interactions. Histone post-translational modifications modify the chromatin structure. The most commonly associated histone phosphorylation occurs during cellular responses to DNA damage, when phosphorylated histone H2A separates large chromatin domains around the site of DNA breakage. Researchers investigated whether modifications of histones directly impact RNA polymerase II directed transcription. Researchers choose proteins that are known to modify histones to test their effects on transcription, and found that the stress-induced kinase, MSK1, inhibits RNA synthesis. Inhibition of transcription by MSK1 was most sensitive when the template was in chromatin, since DNA templates not in chromatin were resistant to the effects of MSK1. It was shown that MSK1 phosphorylated histone H2A on serine 1, and mutation of serine 1 to alanine blocked the inhibition of transcription by MSK1. Thus results suggested that the acetylation of histones can stimulate transcription by suppressing an inhibitory phosphorylation by a kinase as MSK1.
Kinases
-------
Further information: Kinase
Within a protein, phosphorylation can occur on several amino acids. Phosphorylation on serine is thought to be the most common, followed by threonine. Tyrosine phosphorylation is relatively rare but lies at the head of many protein phosphorylation signalling pathways (e.g. in tyrosine kinase-linked receptors) in most of the eukaryotes. Phosphorylation on amino acids, such as serine, threonine, and tyrosine results in the formation of a phosphoprotein, when the phosphate group of the phosphoprotein reacts with the -OH group of a Ser, Thr, or Tyr sidechain in an esterification reaction. However, since tyrosine phosphorylated proteins are relatively easy to purify using antibodies, tyrosine phosphorylation sites are relatively well understood. Histidine and aspartate phosphorylation occurs in prokaryotes as part of two-component signaling and in some cases in eukaryotes in some signal transduction pathways. The analysis of phosphorylated histidine using standard biochemical and mass spectrometric approaches is much more challenging than that of Ser, Thr or Tyr. and In prokaryotes, archaea, and some lower eukaryotes, histidine's nitrogen act as a nucleophile and binds to a phosphate group. Once histidine is phosphorylated the regulatory domain of the response regulator catalyzes the transfer of the phosphate to aspartate.
Receptor tyrosine kinases
-------------------------
The AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, showing the symmetry of the dimerized receptors
While tyrosine phosphorylation is found in relatively low abundance, it is well studied due to the ease of purification of phosphotyrosine using antibodies. Receptor tyrosine kinases are an important family of cell surface receptors involved in the transduction of extracellular signals such as hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. Binding of a ligand to a monomeric receptor tyrosine kinase stabilizes interactions between two monomers to form a dimer, after which the two bound receptors phosphorylate tyrosine residues in *trans*. Phosphorylation and activation of the receptor activates a signaling pathway through enzymatic activity and interactions with adaptor proteins. Signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a receptor tyrosine kinase, is critical for the development of multiple organ systems including the skin, lung, heart, and brain. Excessive signaling through the EGFR pathway is found in many human cancers.
### Cyclin-dependent kinases
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine-threonine kinases which regulate progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. CDKs are catalytically active only when bound to a regulatory cyclin. Animal cells contain at least nine distinct CDKs which bind to various cyclins with considerable specificity. CDK inhibitors (CKIs) block kinase activity in the cyclin-CDK complex to halt the cell cycle in G1 or in response to environmental signals or DNA damage. The activity of different CDKs activate cell signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate key events in mitosis such as the G1/S phase transition. Earlier cyclin-CDK complexes provide the signal to activate subsequent cyclin-CDK complexes.
Sites
-----
There are thousands of distinct phosphorylation sites in a given cell since:
1. There are thousands of proteins in any particular cell.
2. An estimated 1/10 to 1/2 of proteins are phosphorylated in some cellular state.
3. 30–65% of proteins in humans and ~50% of proteins in yeast may be phosphorylated.
4. An estimated 230,000, 156,000, and 40,000 phosphorylation sites exist in human, mouse, and yeast, respectively.
5. Phosphorylation often occurs on multiple distinct sites on a given protein.
Since phosphorylation of any site on a given protein can change the function or localization of that protein, understanding the "state" of a cell requires knowing the phosphorylation state of its proteins. For example, generally, if amino acid Serine-473 in the protein AKT is phosphorylated, AKT is functionally active as a kinase, and if it is not phosphorylated, AKT is an inactive kinase.
Phosphorylation sites are crucial for proteins and their transportation and functions. They are the covalent modification of proteins through reversible phosphorylation. This enables proteins to stay inbound within a cell since the negative phosphorylated site disallows their permeability through the cellular membrane. Protein dephosphorylation allows the cell to replenish phosphates through release of pyrophosphates which saves ATP use in the cell. An example of phosphorylating enzyme is found in *E. coli* bacteria. It possesses alkaline phosphatase in its periplasmic region of its membrane. The outermost membrane is permeable to phosphorylated molecules however the inner cytoplasmic membrane is impermeable due to large negative charges. In this way, the *E. coli* bacteria stores proteins and pyrophosphates in its periplasmic membrane until either are needed within the cell.
Recent advancement in phosphoproteomic identification has resulted in the discoveries of countless phosphorylation sites in proteins. This required an integrative medium for accessible data in which known phosphorylation sites of proteins are organized. A curated database of dbPAF was created, containing known phosphorylation sites in *H. sapiens*, *M. musculus*, *R. norvegicus*, *D. melanogaster*, *C. elegans*, *S. pombe* and *S. cerevisiae*. The database currently holds 294,370 non-redundant phosphorylation sites of 40,432 proteins. Other tools of phosphorylation prediction in proteins include NetPhos for eukaryotes, NetPhosBac for bacteria, and ViralPhos for viruses.
### Serine and threonine
There are a large variety of serine residues, and the phosphorylation of each residue can lead to different metabolic consequences.
* Protein kinase N1 is responsible for the phosphorylation of the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF1) on serine 139 under specific conditions. Murine TRAF1 is also phosphorylated by the same kinase, which leads to the silencing of IKK/NF-κB activity. The elimination of phosphorylation on serine 139 can be achieved by the replacement of TRAF1 with an Alanine residue, which consequently leads to the improved recruitment of TBK1.
* At the serine 789 residue, FGFR1 is phosphorylated by RSK2 when the kinase is in its active form. The signaling capabilities of FGFR1 at the serine 777 site can be weakened by phosphorylation. Serine 1047 and serine 1048 have been linked to the decreased binding affinity of ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl to EFGR when they are phosphorylated.
* When serine 349 is phosphorylated, the binding affinity between protein complex p62 and the protein Keap1 is strengthened, which is linked to stress response.
* When serine 337 is phosphorylated by protein kinase A in vitro, the DNA binding efficiency of the p50 subunit of NF-κB is greatly increased.
Phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues is known to crosstalk with *O*-GlcNAc modification of serine and threonine residues.
### Tyrosine
Main article: Tyrosine phosphorylation
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a fast, reversible reaction, and one of the major regulatory mechanisms in signal transduction. Cell growth, differentiation, migration, and metabolic homeostasis are cellular processes maintained by tyrosine phosphorylation. The function of protein tyrosine kinases and protein-tyrosine phosphatase counterbalances the level of phosphotyrosine on any protein. The malfunctioning of specific chains of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatase has been linked to multiple human diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Phosphorylation on tyrosine occurs in eukaryotes, select bacterial species, and is present among prokaryotes. Phosphorylation on tyrosine maintains the cellular regulation in bacteria similar to its function in eukaryotes.
### Arginine
Arginine phosphorylation in many Gram-positive bacteria marks proteins for degradation by a Clp protease.
### Non-canonical phosphorylation on His, Asp, Cys, Glu, Arg and Lys in human cells
Widespread human protein phosphorylation occurs on multiple non-canonical amino acids, including motifs containing phosphorylated histidine (1 and 3 positions), aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, arginine, and lysine in HeLa cell extracts. Due to the chemical and thermal lability of these phosphorylated residues, special procedures and separation techniques are required for preservation alongside the heat stable 'classical' Ser, Thr and Tyr phosphorylation.
Detection and characterization
------------------------------
Antibodies can be used as powerful tool to detect whether a protein is phosphorylated at a particular site. Antibodies bind to and detect phosphorylation-induced conformational changes in the protein. Such antibodies are called phospho-specific antibodies; hundreds of such antibodies are now available. They are becoming critical reagents both for basic research and for clinical diagnosis.
Example of posttranslational modification detected on a 2D gel (spot boundaries delimited by analysis software, identification by mass spectrometry, P46462 is the protein ID in Expasy)Post-translational modification (PTM) isoforms are easily detected on 2D gels. Indeed, phosphorylation replaces neutral hydroxyl groups on serines, threonines, or tyrosines with negatively charged phosphates with pKs near 1.2 and 6.5. Thus, below pH 5.5, phosphates add a single negative charge; near pH 6.5, they add 1.5 negative charges; above pH 7.5, they add 2 negative charges. The relative amount of each isoform can also easily and rapidly be determined from staining intensity on 2D gels.
In some very specific cases, the detection of the phosphorylation as a shift in the protein's electrophoretic mobility is possible on simple 1-dimensional SDS-PAGE gels, as it is described for instance for a transcriptional coactivator by Kovacs et al. Strong phosphorylation-related conformational changes (that persist in detergent-containing solutions) are thought to underlie this phenomenon. Most of the phosphorylation sites for which such a mobility shift has been described fall in the category of SP and TP sites (i.e. a proline residue follows the phosphorylated serine or threonine residue).
Large-scale mass spectrometry analyses have been used to determine sites of protein phosphorylation. Dozens of studies have been published, each identifying thousands of sites, many of which were previously undescribed. Mass spectrometry is ideally suited for such analyses using HCD or ETD fragmentation, as the addition of phosphorylation results in an increase in the mass of the protein and the phosphorylated residue. Advanced, highly accurate mass spectrometers are needed for these studies, limiting the technology to labs with high-end mass spectrometers. However, the analysis of phosphorylated peptides by mass spectrometry is still not as straightforward as for "regular", unmodified peptides. EThcD has been developed combining electron-transfer and higher-energy collision dissociation. Compared to the usual fragmentation methods, EThcD scheme provides more informative MS/MS spectra for unambiguous phosphosite localization.
A detailed characterization of the sites of phosphorylation is very difficult, and the quantitation of protein phosphorylation by mass spectrometry requires isotopic internal standard approaches. A relative quantitation can be obtained with a variety of differential isotope labeling technologies. There are also several quantitative protein phosphorylation methods, including fluorescence immunoassays, microscale thermophoresis, FRET, TRF, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence-quenching, mobility shift, bead-based detection, and cell-based formats.
Evolution
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Protein phosphorylation is common among all clades of life, including all animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and archaea. The origins of protein phosphorylation mechanisms are ancestral and have diverged greatly between different species. In eukaryotes, it is estimated that between 30 – 65% of all proteins may be phosphorylated, with tens or even hundreds of thousands of distinct phosphorylation sites. Some phosphorylation sites appear to have evolved as conditional "off" switches, blocking the active site of an enzyme, such as in the prokaryotic metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. However, in the case of proteins that must be phosphorylated to be active, it is less clear how they could have emerged from non-phosphorylated ancestors. It has been shown that a subset of serine phosphosites are often replaced by acidic residues such as aspartate and glutamate between different species. These anionic residues can interact with cationic residues such as lysine and arginine to form salt bridges, stable non-covalent interactions that alter a protein's structure. These phosphosites often participate in salt bridges, suggesting that some phosphorylation sites evolved as conditional "on" switches for salt bridges, allowing these proteins to adopt an active conformation only in response to a specific signal.
There are around 600 known eukaryotic protein kinases, making them one of the largest eukaryotic gene families. Most phosphorylation is carried out by a single superfamily of protein kinases that share a conserved kinase domain. Protein phosphorylation is highly conserved in pathways central to cell survival, such as cell cycle progression relying on cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), but individual phosphorylation sites are often flexible. Targets of CDK phosphorylation often have phosphosites in disordered segments, which are found in non-identical locations even in close species. Conversely, targets of CDK phosphorylation in structurally defined regions are more highly conserved. While CDK activity is critical for cell growth and survival in all eukaryotes, only very few phosphosites show strong conservation of their precise positions. Positioning is likely to be highly important for phosphates that allosterically regulate protein structure, but much more flexible for phosphates that interact with phosphopeptide-binding domains to recruit regulatory proteins.
### Comparisons between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins. In eukaryotes, protein phosphorylation functions in cell signaling, gene expression, and differentiation. It is also involved in DNA replication during the cell cycle, and the mechanisms that cope with stress-induced replication blocks. Compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes use Hanks-type kinases and phosphatases for signal transduction. Whether or not the phosphorylation of proteins in bacteria can also regulate processes like DNA repair or replication still remains unclear.
Compared to the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes, studies of protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes from yeast to human cells have been rather extensive. It is known that eukaryotes rely on the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on the side chains of serine, threonine, and tyrosine for cell signaling. These are the main regulatory post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells but the protein phosphorylation of prokaryotes are less intensely studied. While serine, threonine, and tyrosine are phosphorylated in eukaryotes, histidine and aspartate is phosphorylated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In bacteria, histidine phosphorylation occurs in the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems (PTSs), which are involved in the process of internalization as well as the phosphorylation of sugars.
Protein phosphorylation by protein kinase was first shown in *E. coli* and *Salmonella typhimurium* and has since been demonstrated in many other bacterial cells. It was found that bacteria use histidine and aspartate phosphorylation as a model for bacterial signaling transduction. Serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation are also present in bacteria. Bacteria carry kinases and phosphatases similar to that of their eukaryotic equivalent and have also developed unique kinases and phosphatases not found in eukaryotes.
Pathology
---------
Abnormal protein phosphorylation has been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other degenerative disorders.
Tau protein belongs to a group of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) which help stabilize microtubules in cells, including neurons. Association and stabilizing activity of tau protein depends on its phosphorylated state. In Alzheimer's disease, due to misfoldings and abnormal conformational changes in tau protein structure, it is rendered ineffective at binding to microtubules and unable to keep the neural cytoskeletal structure organized during neural processes. Abnormal tau inhibits and disrupts microtubule organization and disengages normal tau from microtubules into cytosolic phase. The misfoldings lead to the abnormal aggregation into fibrillary tangles inside the neurons. The tau protein needs to be phosphorylated to function, but hyperphosphorylation of tau protein is one of the major influences on its incapacity to associate. Phosphatases PP1, PP2A, PP2B, and PP2C dephosphorylate tau protein *in vitro*, and their activities are reduced in areas of the brain in Alzheimer patients. Tau phosphoprotein is three to fourfold hyperphosphorylated in an Alzheimer patient compared to an aged non-afflicted individual. Alzheimer disease tau seems to remove MAP1 and MAP2 (two other major associated proteins) from microtubules and this deleterious effect is reversed when dephosphorylation is performed, evidencing hyperphosphorylation as the sole cause of the crippling activity.
### Parkinson's disease
α-Synuclein is a protein that is associated with Parkinson's disease. In humans, this protein is encoded by the SNCA gene. α-Synuclein is involved in recycling synaptic vesicles that carry neurotransmitters and naturally occurs in an unfolded form. Elevated levels of α-Synuclein are found in patients with Parkinson's disease. There is a correlation between the concentration of unphosphorylated α-Synuclein present in the patient and the severity of Parkinson's disease. Specifically, phosphorylation of Ser129 in α-Synuclein has an impact on severity. Healthy patients have higher levels of unphosphorylated α-Synuclein than patients with Parkinson's disease. The measurement of change in the ratio of concentrations of phosphorylated α-Synuclein to unphosphorylated α-Synuclein within a patient could be a marker of the disease progression. Antibodies that target α-Synuclein at phosphorylated Ser129 are used to study the molecular aspects of synucleinopathies.
Phosphorylation of Ser129 is associated with the aggregation of the protein and further damage to the nervous system. The aggregation of phosphorylated α-Synuclein can be enhanced if a presynaptic scaffold protein, Sept4, is present in insufficient quantities. Direct interaction of α-Synuclein with Sept4 inhibits the phosphorylation of Ser129. However, phosphorylation of Ser129 can be observed without synuclein aggregation in conditions of overexpression. |
Australian singer
Musical artist
**Noosha Fox** (born **Susan Traynor**, 8 December 1944) is an Australian singer. She is known as the lead singer of the band Fox, who had three UK chart hits in 1975 and 1976. She also had a number 31 hit as a solo performer with "Georgina Bailey".
Career
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Susan Traynor was born in Australia in 1944. She began her music career as a singer in Sydney-based folk rock band Wooden Horse, who moved to England in 1970 and released two LPs. After the band split up, she provided background vocals on American singer and songwriter Kenny Young's 1973 solo album, *Last Stage For Silverworld*.
She then joined Fox, the band formed by Young and Northern Irish singer-songwriter Herbie Armstrong. She adopted the stage name Noosha, a corruption of an anagram of her first name (*nussa*), and in performances wore dresses and accessories in 1920s and 1930s style. With Fox, Noosha achieved three top 20 hits on the UK Singles Chart: "Only You Can" and "Imagine Me, Imagine You" in 1975 and "S-S-S-Single Bed" in 1976. She left after their third album, *Blue Hotel*, to launch a solo career. Her first single, "Georgina Bailey", written and produced by Young, briefly entered the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart, reaching number 31 in 1977.
In 1979, Noosha Fox tried to restart her solo career with a single, "The Heat Is On", written by Florrie Palmer and Tony Ashton, on Chrysalis Records. A later version of the song, by ABBA's Agnetha Fältskog, was a European hit four years later. In 1980, Fox provided guest vocals for the songs "Perfect Strangers" and "Havana Moon" on Tim Renwick's self-titled debut album.
Fox recorded several singles in the early 1980s for the Earlobe label but none were successful, and she withdrew from the music industry. Although she did not write her own songs, her performance style has been credited with influencing Kate Bush and Alison Goldfrapp. It was reported in 2007 on BBC Radio 4's *The Music Group* that Fox was recording a solo album of electropop but it was not released.
On 1 August 2022 renowned music producer Shel Talmy released a 5-track downloadable EP of original songs by Noosha which had been recorded in 1978.[]
Personal life
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Fox has been married since 1973 to physician and academic Michael Goldacre, with whom she has four children, one of whom is Ben Goldacre, a physician and academic best known for his "Bad Science" weekly column. Ben Goldacre announced that Fox was his mother after seeing her perform "S-S-S-Single Bed" on a BBC4 repeat of *Top of the Pops*, and stated that she was working on new material.
Discography
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| Year | Title | Format | Label | Catalogue ref | Chart position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | "Georgina Bailey" / "Pretty Boy" | 7" single | GTO | GT 106 | No. 91 AUS, No. 31 UK |
| 1979 | "The Heat Is On" / "Some Enchanted Evening" | 7" single | CHRYSALIS | CHS 2337 | |
| 1979 | "Skin Tight" / "Miss You" | 7" single | CHRYSALIS | CHS 2383 | |
| 1981 | "More Than Molecules" / "Odd Peculiar Strange" | 7" single | EARLOBE | ELB S 101 | |
| 1981 | "Hot As Sun" / "The Cheapest Night" | 7" single | EARLOBE | ELB S 105 | |
Source: |
Miura in 1917
Statue of Tamaki Miura in Glover Garden, Nagasaki, Japan
**Tamaki Miura** (三浦 環, *Miura Tamaki*, née **Shibata** (柴田) February 22, 1884 – May 26, 1946), was a Japanese opera singer who performed as Cio-Cio-San in Puccini's *Madama Butterfly*.
Early life
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Miura was born the first daughter of Shibata Mōho and Shibata Towa (née Nagata) on February 22, 1884, in Tokyo, Japan. Shibata, a music lover had his daughter learn Japanese traditional dance and music. In her high school days, Miura set her mind to live a professional musician life under influence of her musical teacher Sugiura Chika, an alumna of Tokyo Music School. Just before Miura entered Tokyo Music School in 1900, she married an army medical officer Fujii Zen'ichi, whom her father Mōho had urged her to wed. They later divorced in 1907, after she graduated and started her professional career.
At Tokyo Music School, Miura learned piano, singing, and violin. When Japan held its first opera performance in 1903 at the auditorium of Tokyo Music School, Miura had a role while a student and gained a reputation. In 1904 she graduated Tokyo Music School and soon was employed with its faculty, first as an assistant and later as an associate professor. She built her musical career both as an educator and a performer.
Musical career
--------------
Tamaki made her professional operatic debut in Tokyo in 1911. In 1913 she married with a prospect young medical doctor Miura, and the next year went to Europe to perform and study along her husband. First they went to Berlin and then moved to London after Japan and Germany declared war on each other (World War I). In London she got a chance: she was first cast as Cio-Cio-San by the innovative director Vladimir Rosing as part of his *Allied Opera Season* held in May and June 1915 at the London Opera House.
In the autumn of 1915, she performed the role in America for the first time in Chicago with the Boston Opera Company.[] She also sang in St. Louis, Missouri, in October that year. Positive reviews led to further performances in both Madama Butterfly and Mascagni's *Iris* in New York City, San Francisco and Chicago, before returning to London to work with the Beecham company. In 1918 she returned to the United States where for two seasons she performed both *Madama Butterfly* and André Messager's *Madame Chrysanthème*. The latter was not well-received, being viewed as a warmed-over *Butterfly*. In 1920 she was a guest performer at opera houses in Monte Carlo, Barcelona, Florence and Rome. Upon her return to Japan from this tour, she stopped in Nagasaki in 1922 to see places connected with the opera and to give a concert.[]
In 1924, Miura returned to the United States to perform with the San Carlo Opera Company. Two years later she again went to Chicago to create the title role in Aldo Franchetti's *Namiko-San*. After this she took part in various tours and sang in Italy (March 1931 she performed at the Teatro Verdi of Pisa with the famous tenor Armando Bini, at Carani in Sassuolo, Modena in Livorno, Florence, Lucca, Pistoia, Torino, Novi Ligure, Rimini) before returning to Japan in 1932.
In 1940, Miura assisted Arai Wagorō with the production and distribution of Madame Butterfly's Illusion.
She died on May 26, 1946, in Japan.
Legacy
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Her statue, with that of Puccini, can be seen in Nagasaki's Glover Garden.
Mt. Fuji International Opera Competition of Shizuoka held by Shizuoka Prefecture has commemorated her and awarded MIURA Tamaki Special Prize. |
**George Julius Brockman** (2 January 1850 – 29 August 1912) was a prominent explorer and pastoralist in the Gascoyne and Kimberley regions of Western Australia.
Born in 1850 at Guildford, George was the seventh son of Robert Brockman and brother of Charles Samuel Brockman. Brockman's father was a settler in the Lake Bamban district near Gingin. The family moved to Mimigarra, near Moore River while Brockman was still a boy then later to a property on the Greenough River.
Brockman left home at 16 years of age and rode south to Busselton and eventually took a job at Henty station near Bunbury.
The May River and Meda River were named in 1881 by Brockman during an expedition in the Kimberley area looking for grazing land north of the Fitzroy River. He named the May after the granddaughter of John Septimus Roe, Mary Matilda (May) Thomson, and the Meda after HMS *Meda*, an Admiralty surveying vessel that charted the coastline in the area including the river mouth in 1880. Brockman applied for a 250,000-acre (101,171 ha) leasehold along the Meda which the government refused instead offering a lease for 100,000 acres (40,469 ha) for 12 years rent free. He stocked the property with 1,100 ewes, which suffered through drought followed by floods.
Brockman acquired the 800,000 acres (323,749 ha) Minilya Station in 1884 for £15,000, from his brother. The property was struck by drought in 1890, then a lean season in 1891. By 1893 good rains meant good feed and plentiful water with Brockman selling plenty of stock. The drought came again in 1895 and 1896 reducing his flock of sheep from 12,500 and his cattle from 3,000 to 10. He remained there until 1902, then sold the property to Mr. D. N. McLeod. He then travelled and bought a property in Guildford.
Brockman died on 29 August 1912 in Geraldton. |
**Autoamputation** is the spontaneous detachment (amputation) of an appendage or organ from the body. This is not to be confused with self-amputation. It is usually due to destruction of the blood vessels feeding an extremity such as the finger tips. Once the vessels are destroyed, the tissue is starved of oxygen and dies, which is often followed by gangrene.
Autoamputation is a feature of ainhum, cryoglobulinemia and thromboangiitis obliterans. In 1881, Thornton made the case of autoamputation. Autoamputation could be the result of severe cases of certain chronic wounds, such as frostbite. These chronic wounds might be due to some vascular and pathogenic conditions like Buerger disease or Reynaud's phenomenon. Also, uncontrolled diabetes can predispose one to autoamputation. However, autoamputation has been described as spontaneous. Autoamputation has often been associated with fingers and toes but other parts of the body can suffer this condition as well. There have been reported cases of ovarian autoamputation in a newborn and also in a mature ovary of adults. Autoamputation has been reported to affect the tip of fingers. Though autoamputation is often regarded as an acquired ailment, it could also be congenital. Chronic torsion or a delay in the diagnosis of acute adnexal torsion has been attributed as causes of acquired autoamputation
Types of autoamputation
-----------------------
Though its facts are being unraveled and analyzed, autoamputation can be categorized as acute, subacute or chronic. Acute autoamputation is characterized by tumor necrosis. This is accompanied by inadequate supply of blood to the heart and other body parts (ischemia) leading to the degeneration of the cells, a condition known as atropy. Chronic or subacute autoamputation is evident in the attachment of the tumor to other cells surrounding it. There is a rare possibility of the tumor detaching itself from the pedicle. When this happens, it could be parasitic. |
For other places named Pyrgos, see Pyrgos (disambiguation).
Myrtos Pyrgos
**Pyrgos** (also **Myrtos-Pyrgos**; Greek: Πύργος [στο Μύρτος]) is an archaeological site of the Minoan civilization near Myrtos in the municipality of Ierapetra on the south coast of Crete. Pyrgos provides evidence of settlements along the southern Ierapetra Isthmus. This site has had a long history due to its valuable location and geography. It is located close to the Myrtos valley and has a harbor with a nearby mountain range providing its protection. The settlement includes a courtyard, many rooms, a country house and a tomb.
History
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Pyrgos Myrtos overlooking the Libyan Sea
In 1970 the site began to be excavated by archaeologist Gerald Cadogan. It is near another Myrtos settlement called Fournou Korifi. This settlement lasted from the early Minoan period, middle Minoan period, and the Neopalatial period. The early Minoan Period lasted from 3560 BCE to 2160 BCE. The middle Minoan period includes the old and new palace period which lasted from 2160 BCE to 1600 BCE. The late Minoan period lasted from 1600 BCE to 1170 BCE.
This site was established approximately 3000 BCE with Fourno Korifi being established around the same time. They were both destroyed in a fire around 2150 BCE. Its estimated Pyrgos was resettled in 1900 BCE. From then on Pyrgos served as an administrative center and established new structures.
Archaeology
-----------
Map of Pyrgos
This Minoan settlement on the road to Ierapetra boasts several Minoan features: a drain, paved floors and footpaths and ashlar foundation blocks for its central building. Although historians may debate whether certain Minoan sites were actually administrative or exchange sites, it is widely agreed Myrtos-Pyrgos was an administrative site. Myrtos Pyrgos is used as an example of what an administrative site during the Minoan civilization looks like. Unlike other settlements, Myrtos-Pyrgos named rulers found in iconography with proof of control of exchanges and items produced. This site is also known for its central tomb and country house.
### Myrtos Pyrgos Country House
Country House
The country house was built in the Late Minoan Period and was built atop of a hill. Historians theorize the house was built to overlook all of the agriculture and be a building that rules the site. The building had in total 9 rooms. Three of the rooms are thought to be basements for the rooms above. The house is also thought to be three stories tall. Another three of the rooms are thought to be entrances meanwhile the other rooms may have been store rooms. In the artifacts historians found, there is evidence that suggests a shrine being located in the house.
### Myrtos Pyrgos Tomb
Myrtos Pyrgos Tomb
Inside the tomb, archaeologists found clay vases and cups. This suggests rituals were a practice used by the Minoans. In addition, knives, daggers, and triton shells were also found. The corpses found were thought to be all part of a certain social group as they were all male. The remains are a bit disfigured in their structure. One man has an extra long bone and a young man's skeleton was given the skull of an older man. It is unknown for what specific reason the dead were arranged in this way. While other depositions of men, women, and children were outside of the tomb, it is thought the Myrtos Pyrgos tomb was constructed for powerful figures.
Some archaeologists suggest the Minoans had an idea of a religion due to the placement of the tomb. The tomb is placed on the edge of the settlement but it is still within the settlement. This suggests the Minoans saw tombs as a gateway to the afterlife. In addition, unlike other tombs that have been found at other sites, the Myrtos Pyrgos tomb is monumental and public. This reinforces the idea of the dead in the tomb being of some significance or purpose. |
Nigerian Lawyer and Judge (1932 – 2018)
**Muhammad Mustapha Adebayo Akanbi** (11 September 1932 – 3 June 2018) was a Nigerian lawyer and judge, who served as President of the Nigerian Court of Appeal (1992–1999) and inaugural head of Nigeria's Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (2000–2005) before his death in 2018 at the age of 85.
Early years
-----------
Muhammad Mustapha Adebayo Akanbi was born on 11 September 1932 at Accra, Ghana, to Muslim parents from Ilorin in Nigeria. After completing secondary school he worked as an executive officer in the Ghana Civil Service. He was also active as a trade unionist. Moving to Nigeria, he worked in the School Broadcasting Department of the Ministry of Education.
Career
------
Akanbi obtained a scholarship to study law at the Institute of Administration, now Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, followed by legal studies in the United Kingdom. He was called to the English Bar in 1963, and was called to the Nigerian Bar in January 1964. He joined the Ministry of Justice and became a Senior State Counsel in 1968. In 1969 he set up in private practice in Kano. In 1974 he was appointed a judge of the Federal Revenue Court, and in January 1977 he was elevated to the Court of Appeal Bench. In 1992 he was made President of the Nigerian Court of Appeal, a position he held until retiring in 1999.
Muhammad Mustapha Olaroungbe Akanbi, his son was also a lawyer who became the Chairman of the Ilorin branch of the Nigerian Bar Association.
Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
----------------------------------------
In 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo appointed Akanbi as chairman of the newly established Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC). By 2004, the ICPC had failed to obtain any significant convictions, and Akanbi publicly questioned why the government had set up the ICPC and appointed competent people to run it "only to frustrate it from performing by starving it of funds". He said that another issue was that the law forbade it from investigating corrupt practices dating before the creation of the ICPC.
In March 2004, Akanbi urged parliamentarians to ratify the United Nations and the African Union Conventions Against Corruption, which would greatly assist the struggle against corruption.
As of July 2005, the ICPC charged 85 people but had only secured two corruption-related convictions. Commenting on this record, Akbani said he suspected that some judges had been paid off to toss out cases.
In September 2005 Akanbe said, "Corruption has been described as a cankerworm, a malaise that has afflicted our nation and done havoc to our corporate existence". He attributed the problem to lack of will by past military leaders to fight corruption, inconsistency in government policies, and reluctance by law enforcement agencies to arrest and prosecute "sacred cows".
In retirement
-------------
The Mustapha Akanbi Library and Resource Centre**The Mustapha Akanbi Library and Resource Centre**
Akanbi retired in 2005 on completion of the first term of office. He joined the board of the Justice and Law Enforcement Reformation Organization, a non-profit organization that aims to eradicate corruption and poverty from the perspective of the Judiciary and Law Enforcement agencies.
In 2006, Akanbi established the Mustapha Akanbi Foundation in Ilorin, Kwara State, dedicated to strengthening civil society groups, governmental agencies and private business concerns and helping them imbibe a culture of transparency and accountability.
In August 2009 he called on Nigerian Muslims to shun the ideas of the Boko Haram sect, which teaches that non-Islamic education is a sin. He said that both Western and Islamic education were germane to the development of mankind.
In November 2016, the Mustapha Akanbi Library and Resource Centre was officially unvielled by Professor Lenrie Aina as a private library which opened its vaults of resources to the public in Ilorin.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mustapha Akanbi Library and Resource Center Collections. |
Species of crustacean
***Lithodes aequispinus***, the **golden king crab**, also known as the **brown king crab**, is a king crab species native to the North Pacific. Golden king crabs are primarily found in the Aleutian Islands and waters nearer to Alaska and British Columbia; their range also extends to the Russian far east and Japan, albeit with a less dense population. Golden king crabs are the smallest of the three commercially viable Alaskan king crab species with an average weight between 5 and 8 lbs (2.3 - 3.6 kg); the other two species being the blue and red king crabs. Golden king crabs were historically caught incidentally in red king crab fisheries, but the first commercial landing took place in 1975; in 1981, the targeted pot-fishing method, a hybrid fishing method specifically for golden king crab, was developed.
Description
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The golden king crab is a North Pacific king crab, a decapod crustacean. They have five pairs of legs, the front pair carries their claws. Golden king crabs get their name from the orange-brown to golden hue of their shells, which are mostly made of calcium. Like other king crabs, golden king crabs are large and have long, spiny legs; compared with blue and red king crabs, though, they are smaller by a great deal, with a typical weight between 5 and 8 lb, and notably thinner legs. The golden king crab also has a distinctive carapace, which typically has five to nine spines on the mid-dorsal plate. Unrelated to their size, golden king crabs generally have the lowest meat-fill in proportion to their bodies compared with other Alaskan king crabs. They also have a fan-shaped tail flap located on the rear and underside of their bodies; adult female crabs brood embryos underneath their tail flaps.
Although *L. aequispinus* may be referred to as either "golden king crab" or "brown king crab", the US Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Food and Drugs part 102 section 102.50 declared that the appropriate market name for its product is "brown king crabmeat", but as of November 2017. this was overridden by section 774 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, which established the proper market name as "golden king crabmeat". Manufacturers and sellers of products containing *L. aequispinus* were granted until January 1, 2020, to make the appropriate change to product labels.
Distribution and habitat
------------------------
The primary range of the golden king crab is around the Aleutian Islands and waters surrounding southern Alaska and British Columbia, as well as the Russian far east and Japan to a lesser degree. Substantial Alaskan populations of golden king crabs occur off of the Pribilof and Shumagin Islands, Shelikof Strait, Prince William Sound, and the lower Chatham Strait in Southeastern Alaska.
Golden king crabs typically inhabit waters ranging from 300 to 1000 meters in depth. They usually avoid open sand substrates, instead favoring complex sloping and rocky habitats, often relying on boulders or structure forming sessile invertebrates such as coral or sponges for habitat. Adult golden king crabs exhibit an annual deep and back migratory pattern during which they travel to shallow waters in the late winter to molt and mate. This is followed by a return to deeper waters, where they feed and exist for most of the year. Golden king crabs often occupy deeper waters than red king crabs; within their geographical range they are the most abundant species of crab.
Reproduction and lifecycle
--------------------------
Golden king crabs exhibit 20-month asynchronous reproductive cycles during which female crabs typically brood 10,000 to 30,000 eggs underneath their fan-shaped tail flaps for roughly a year. Golden king crabs have the largest eggs of the three commercially viable king crab species. Offspring emerge as swimming larvae, but are weak and susceptible to underwater currents. Throughout their transformation into adulthood, golden king crabs undergo several physical transformations via molting. Offspring eventually settle at the bottom of the ocean in waters with a usual minimum depth of 300 ft.
Golden king crabs are typically classified as juveniles in their first few years. After reaching sexual maturity around 4 to 5 years of age, they are classified as adults. Golden king crabs molt throughout their entire lives, and juveniles do so more frequently than adults. Due to reproductive necessity, females molt more often than their male counterparts, which can keep their shells for one to two years at a time.
Throughout their lives, golden king crabs exhibit an annual offshore "deep and back" migrational pattern, which involves male and female crabs arriving in shallow water in late winter and early spring to molt their shells and mate. When embryos hatch in late spring, they then migrate to deeper waters for feeding, wherein they are not typically found with crabs of the opposite sex nor with red or blue king crabs.
Golden king crabs consume a wide variety of species, including worms, clams, mussels, snails, sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, barnacles, algae, sponges, and even other crabs and crustaceans. Many crabs have a strong sense of smell; the golden king crab uses this to locate food. Golden king crabs are also preyed on by various fishes such as Pacific cod, halibut, and yellowfin sole, as well as sea otters. Nemertean worms have also been found to consume the embryos of golden king crabs.
Fisheries
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Due to their small size, golden king crabs are not as popular as blue or red king crab, but they are widely fished throughout Alaska, particularly in the Aleutian Islands. In comparison with other commercially viable king crabs, golden king crabs are noted as being similar in flavor, but perhaps milder and sweeter.
To protect the golden king crab stock in Alaska, several regulations have been established. Crab fishermen may only catch and harvest males of a legal size, that being 7 cm or larger laterally across the carapace. Fishing also must not coincide with mating and molting periods.
After the North Pacific Council approved stock assessments of golden king crab, state managers were allowed the authority to increase crab fishing quotas by the Alaska Board of Fish. As of 2015, in coordination with the industry, the state has conducted numerous surveys of golden king crab stock. As of August 2018, quotas for golden king crab fishing rose for the first time in 20 years. This allowed the taking of 3.9 million pounds of golden king crab east of Adak island, and 2.5 million pounds west of Adak, increases of 18 and 11%, respectively. In the following season, as of August 2019, quotas for golden king crab harvest were again increased, allowing 4.3 million pounds to be taken east of Atka island, and 2.9 million west of Atka. The raised quota represented respective increases of 12 and 15% since the previous season. The 2019 golden king crab season is the second for which the government's new stock assessment model was used. The new stock assessment model determines seasonal crab stock more thoroughly than previous methods and is unique to golden king crab. |
American independent documentary filmmaker
**Rachel Lears** is an American independent documentary filmmaker. She is the director of *Knock Down the House* (2019), a documentary film about four women running for Congress in the 2018 midterms, including Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in January 2019 and was sold to Netflix for $10 million. It was released on May 1, 2019.
Life and education
------------------
Lears graduated from Yale University in 1999, with a BA in Music before earning an MA in Ethnomusicology, an Advanced Certificate in Culture and Media, and a PhD in Cultural Anthropology from New York University. Her doctoral dissertation, titled *Between Two Monsters: Popular Music, Visual Media, and the Rise of Global Indie in 21st Century Uruguay* and published in 2012, focuses on the first generation of young Uruguayan artists to come-of-age with digital media. Lears is married to Robin Blotnick, and they have a son.
Lears has published numerous articles for *In These Times* magazine, an independent, nonprofit magazine dedicated to advancing democracy and economic justice. Published works include *Acoustic Ecology* in 2004, *What's Up Silverdocs?* in 2007, *The End of Indie?* in 2010, and *The Death and Life of Occupy* in 2012.
Lears wrote original music for The Mystery Keys, along with a variety of musicians based in New York City and Montevideo, Uruguay from 2006 to 2010. The Mystery Keys released an EP called "Dance Big People" in January 2009.
Lears has collaborated with artist Saya Woolfalk on video art projects that have screened at numerous international galleries and museums since 2008. She was also the 2013 Sundance Creative Producing Fellow during production of *The Hand That Feeds*.
Jubilee Films
-------------
Jubilee Films is a production company started by Lears and Blotnick. According to the company's website, the production house's mission is "to tell smart, nuanced, entertaining stories that transcend borders, engage audiences from all walks of life, and challenge popular assumptions".
Filmography
-----------
### *Aves de paso/Birds of Passage* (2009)
*Aves de paso (Birds of Passage)* is a film about two songwriters who live and perform in Montevideo: Ernesto Diaz, an author and percussionist from Artigas, Uruguay, and Yisela Sosa, a vocalist from Paysandu, Uruguay. Their music reflects their personal journeys of moving away from small hometowns to fulfill career aspirations.
*Aves de paso* premiered in Montevideo, Uruguay in 2009. It also received a Certificate of Outstanding Achievement in International Feature Film at the Williamsburg International Film Festival and had a national television broadcast in Brazil on Canal Futura in 2010.
### *The Hand That Feeds* (2014)
*The Hand That Feeds* (2014) chronicles Undocumented immigrant workers who spar with their employers over low wages and poor work conditions. Mahoma Lopez and other workers at a Hot & Crusty bakery café in New York City send a list of demands to the owners and attempt to unionize after a period of silence. The workers have to win an election at the National Labor Relations Board in order to become a union. Amidst growing support for the workers, they win in a 12–8 decision, but they still have to negotiate terms with management. The company settles with the union workers but then closes a month later. The workers open a makeshift coffee shop on the street in front of Hot & Crusty, while the owners look for new investors. A potential new owner, Anthony Iluzzi, comes to the storefront to meet with Mahoma. Iluzzi is open to cooperating with the workers, but the landlord begins negotiations with Pax, a rival deli chain. The workers continue to protest outside the storefront, and Pax loses interest in the space. After two months of negotiations with Iluzzi, the Hot & Crusty location reopens with an updated contract between workers and owners that includes a voice in the hiring process and other increased benefits.
The film follows various characters who are each motivated by the abusive work conditions: Mahoma Lopez, Margarito Lopez, and Gonzalo Jimenez are sandwich makers at Hot & Crusty bakery café, and Diana O. and Gretel A. are cashiers. Nastaran Mohit, Ezequiel Martinez, and others from the Laundry Workers Center join in activism for the workers, and Anthony Iluzzi comes to an agreement through negotiations as the new owner.
*The Hand That Feeds* was produced by Jubilee Films in association with Latino Public Broadcasting, Chicken & Egg Pictures, and Vineyard Point Productions, with significant contributions provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. The film was also supported by the Sundance Institute Documentary Film Program, The Cinereach Project at Sundance Institute, New York State Council on the Arts, Movement Resource Group, BRITDOC and Bertha BRITDOC Connect Fund, and New York Times Op-Docs. The film was a sponsored project of IFP and supported by Tribeca Film Institute, Good Pitch NY 2013, Sundance Creative Producing Lab and Summit 2013 and Independent Film Week Spotlight on Documentaries 2013.
*The Hand That Feeds* premiered at the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival on April 5, 2014, where it won the Audience Award for Best Feature. It also won the Audience Award at DOC NYC. It screened at the 2014 AFI Docs.
On June 21, 2016, *The Hand That Feeds* aired as Episode 19 of Season 4 of America ReFramed on the World Channel.
*The Hand That Feeds* received generally favorable reviews. It has a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Odie Henderson, writing for RogerEbert.com, said that "It has a beautiful, low-key approach that earns its cheers and tears without resorting to the manipulative or dramatic tricks of a typical feature film." Diana Clarke of *Village Voice* praised the strength of Lopez as a character, noting that he is a "singularly tender, compelling, and articulate campaigner in this high-stakes struggle for justice", while Jen Chaney of *The Dissolve* commented on Lears and Blotnick's ability to build the documentary around an ensemble cast. However, Martin Tsai of the *Los Angeles Times* considered the effort the squandering of a worthy subject. Tsai argued that the film "rarely substantiates the hardships workers and does not put their quality of life into any kind of statistical perspective", while also criticizing the film's "lighthearted digressions" and for allowing "white legal volunteers and Occupy Wall Street protesters to hijack the restaurant workers' story".
### *Knock Down the House* (2019)
*Knock Down The House* follows three congressional campaigns and one campaign for US Senate in the 2018 Democratic primaries. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez challenges Rep. Joe Crowley in New York's 14th District, Paula Swearengin challenges Senator Joe Manchin in West Virginia, Amy Vilela challenges Steven Horsford in Nevada's 4th district, and Cori Bush challenges Lacy Clay in Missouri's 1st District. The film shows these four women run their insurgent campaigns in attempts to take on establishment Democrats.
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez became a political star as a result of the 2018 midterms. She ran as a challenger in a district that hadn't had a democratic primary in at least 20 years. Joe Crowley was known as an influential figure in the Democratic political machine in New York and in Washington. Ocasio-Cortez's energy and organizing effort led to a 57-43 upset victory on June 26, 2018, which nearly guaranteed a victory in the general election in the heavily Democratic district. The four women work in coordination with Justice Democrats and Brand New Congress, organizations that work to provide alternative paths to leadership so that working people have representation in Congress.
Lears started working on a project about insurgent Democrats after Donald Trump's 2016 election victory. She reached out to Brand New Congress and Justice Democrats to find "charismatic female candidates who weren't career politicians, but had become newly galvanized to represent their communities".
Lears raised $28,111 for the project via Kickstarter. Lears and Robin Blotnick used grant money and Kickstarter funds to follow each candidate for two weeks before their respective primary. Blotnick would edit the film while they were traveling and shooting in Las Vegas and St. Louis. *Knock Down the House* was supported by The Doc Society, IDA Enterprise Documentary Fund, Artemis Rising Foundation, Chicago Media Project, Wavelength Productions. Perspective Fund, Threshold Foundation's High Impact Documentary Funding Circle, the Gucci Tribeca Documentary Fund, Solidaire Action Fund, and Puffin Foundation. *Knock Down the House* is a sponsored project of IFP, with distribution advisory services from Cinetic Media.
The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival and was released on May 1, 2019. At Sundance, it won the Festival Favorite Award. The film also screened at the True/False Film Fest, the Athena Film Festival, SXSW, Full Frame Documentary Film Festival, and Hot Docs International Documentary Festival.
*Knock Down the House* holds an approval rating of 99% based on 108 reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has an average score of 85 of 100, based on 11 critic reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim".
Richard Roeper of the *Chicago Sun-Times* praised the "excellent job of weaving in the stories of the three equally impressive candidates" and called Ocasio-Cortez "the unquestioned star of the stirring and inspirational documentary". Kenneth Turan of the *Los Angeles Times* noted that Lears "captured lightning in a bottle and now shows us the very genuine person behind the media firestorm". Kate Erbland of *IndieWire* praised the film's climactic moments, observing that the conclusion "has all the joy of anything written for the big screen, the kind of crowd-pleasing, fist-pumping, jaw-dropping final sequence of events that prove how much more compelling real-life can be than its fictionalized counterparts".
### *To the End* (2022)
*To the End* focuses on the effects of climate change. It features Ocasio-Cortez, Varshini Prakash, the co-founder of the Sunrise Movement, Alexandra Rojas, executive director of the Justice Democrats, and Rhiana Gunn-Wright, the climate policy director for the Roosevelt Institute. The film debuted at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival and was presented at the Tribeca Film Festival in June 2022. |
**Evelyn Elizabeth Patricia Bark**, CMG OBE (1900 - 1993) was a leading member of the British Red Cross.
Biography
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Bark was born on 26 December 1900.
Bark joined a Voluntary Aid Detachment at the outbreak of WWII. In 1944 she moved to the Foreign Relations Department and then to the British Red Cross Commission in Europe which entered the newly liberated areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. She was one of the first to enter the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp,
By first helping cut the mortality rate, and then establishing a tracing service for the survivors which evolved into the International Committee of the Red Cross's International Tracing Service. She stayed in Germany until 1949, including organising the Bad Pyrmont Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre.
Evelyn Bark returned to London, eventually becoming Director of International Affairs, and helped establish Red Cross and Red Cresecent societies across the world, responding to successive crises. In 1956 she co-ordinated relief for Hungarian refugees in Austria for the League of Red Cross Societies.
She was awarded an OBE in 1952. On 23 January 1964 she was the subject of an episode of *This Is Your Life*.[] After the Order of St Michael and St George was opened to women in 1965, she became the first female CMG in the 1967 New Year Honours.
Bark died on 7 June 1993. |
Finnish Economic Depression
This article is about the 1991–93 recession in Finland. For the worldwide impact, see early 1990s recession.
The **early 1990s depression in Finland** was one of the worst economic crises in Finland's history, even worse there than the 1930s Great Depression.
The depression of 1991–1993 had a deep effect on the economy of Finland throughout the 1990s, especially in terms of employment but also in culture, politics and the general sociopolitical atmosphere. The gross national product decreased by 13%, and the unemployment rate rose from 3.5% to 18.9%.
Since then, despite an overall recovery, unemployment has been persistent, and Finland has never returned to the state of nearly full employment that had existed before the crisis.
Causes
------
See also: Finnish banking crisis of 1990s
A market "bubble" was created by the paper industry in Finland in the late 1980s, the collapse of which was a contributor to the 1990s recession. This picture shows a paper factory in Jakobstad.
An underlying cause was the economic policy of the 1980s. Finland experienced a strong economic boom throughout the 1980s that dragged on and "overheated" the economy, leading to the corrective contraction of the depression. One reason was a change in Finnish banking laws in 1986 to allow Finnish companies to seek credit more easily from foreign banks, which was considerably less expensive than Finnish domestic credit. That led to a large-scale search for foreign loan sources, which helped to undermine the strength of the Finnish central bank. Additionally, consumer credit regulation was drastically relaxed, and the consumer loan portfolio increased dramatically, at times by more than 100% per year. Those factors led to the strong short-term growth and in turn unsustainably increased both commercial and residential property values as well as the amount of money in the national economy. Stock and real estate bubbles created an environment in which large short-term profits were posted, leading to an artificially-inflated appearance of great wealth in the economy. The term "casino economy" was used to describe the use of loans to get very rich very quickly on paper by exploiting those bubbles.
The huge devaluation that occurred in November 1991 increased the debts of Finnish companies holding foreign loans in foreign currencies. They did not properly scale with the devaluation that the Kouri–Porter model had shown as early as in 1974. It was not followed in Finland in connection with the freeing of money market. However, foreign currency loans were only 15% of all loans.
The collapse of the Soviet Union also played an important role, as it had represented 15–20% of Finland's foreign trade. Thus, a key Finnish export market disappeared nearly overnight. The rising price of oil in 1973 and 1979 and the increase of car use in Finland had also raised the level of the bilateral trade with the Soviet Union. Oil itself often had been used as currency for international trade between the two countries.
Furthermore, political decisions based on the strength of the Finnish mark weakened the international competitiveness of Finnish industry. In particular, much of the Finnish economy was reliant on the paper industry, which also experienced an overproduction worldwide.
Results
-------
Consumption and investment fell in both the public and the private sector as a consequence of the depression. The number of company bankruptcies rose greatly, and the bankruptcies and the weak economy caused mass unemployment. Unemployment from 1992 to 1997 was consistently over 12% and went as high as 36.7% in construction industry during year 1994. Smaller banks ended up absorbed by big ones because they had difficulty maintaining profitability as a result of risky loans made to companies that went bankrupt, resulting in a nationwide bank crisis.
The budget deficit of the state of Finland was several percentage points of the GNP. Furthermore, Finland's sovereign credit rating was downgraded.
Economic policy
---------------
Paavo Lipponen served as the Prime Minister of Finland after the depression.
The liquidity of the banking system of Finland weakened as a consequence of the bank crisis. The government answered it by guaranteeing in 1991 the debts taken by the Finnish banks. To help the export industry, Finland performed devaluations in 1991 and 1992 and so entrepreneurs who had taken foreign currency loans found themselves in a financially-disadvantageous position.
To save the banks, the state deposit insurance fund (bad bank), OHY Arsenal, was established and divided among loan-making banks. The largest recipients were the savings bank group Suomen Säästöpankki and Säästöpankkien keskusosakepankki (SKOP), a bank owned by small local savings banks. The remaining banks also received financial support. The savings bank group was liquidated and divided among the Osuuspankki Group, KOP, Postipankki and Yhdyspankki. In 1994, KOP had to merge with Yhdyspankki to form Merita Bank, which was later merged with Nordea.
National government and municipal spending were strongly cut to guarantee the liquidity of the country. That weakened social services and other things. In 1995, then prime minister Lipponen continued to operate under austerity measures, which had restricted government expenditures even for a period after the depression had formally ended.
The Finnish economy began to gradually recover in the mid-1990s. The depression of the early 1990s was mainly localised in the Nordic countries, and each nation's economic difficulty had a reverberating effect for the others. In other parts of the world, the economy grew as normal, and Finland indeed recovered quite fast, especially with export-led economic growth after Finland's local financial matters had been settled. The guiding star was the conglomerate Nokia, which focused its efforts on mobile telephony and grew into a world market leader in less than a decade. |
For other uses, see The Killer in Me (disambiguation).
13th episode of the 7th season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer
"**The Killer in Me**" is the 13th episode of the seventh and final season of the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*. The episode aired on February 4, 2003 on UPN.
Plot
----
Giles prepares to take all of the Potentials – except Kennedy, who is sick with the flu – on a trip to the desert to meet the First Slayer. Buffy goes to check on Spike, who is determined to remain chained in the basement until they know the First Evil is through with him. Suddenly, Spike begins to writhe in pain as his chip begins firing randomly without provocation. As Buffy and Spike talk about the potential causes of the chip's glitches, Buffy realizes that she will have to contact the people who implanted the chip in the first place: the Initiative.
After failing to reach Riley Finn on the phone, Buffy and Spike go to the Initiative's abandoned base to look for the painkilling drugs that were used on Spike during his captivity there three years before, when the chip was implanted, and for documentation on the chip. Buffy and Spike wander through the remains of the Initiative, finding many dead soldiers and demons. Inside the Initiative's base, Buffy and Spike are attacked by a demon. During the fray, Buffy is wounded by the demon and when Spike tries to help, his chip fires and renders him ineffectual. As the demon grabs Spike and tries to drag him away, Buffy battles with and finally kills the demon. As she crouches down by Spike to see if he is okay, lights turn on, revealing a group of soldiers. Their leader explains that Riley received Buffy's message, and they are there to help Spike. An examination confirms that Spike's chip is killing him, and Buffy must decide whether to repair the chip or remove it.
When Willow goes upstairs to bring Kennedy some tea, she finds that Kennedy is not actually sick, and is instead dressed for a "mission" which she says requires Willow's assistance, involving drinks at The Bronze where they get to know each other. After leaving the bar and returning home, Kennedy gives Willow an end-of-date kiss, with a surprising effect: Willow takes on the appearance of Warren Mears. Panicking, Willow rushes downstairs; on seeing her, the others recoil, partly because they know that the First has appeared to Andrew as Warren. Buffy hits "Warren", showing that "he" cannot be the First, who is incorporeal. When Willow threatens to tell some embarrassing old stories about Xander, the gang provisionally accept her claim.
As Willow and Kennedy attempt to break the spell, Robson, a Watcher, calls Buffy's house from England and reports that Giles may have been killed by a Bringer who had attacked him in London several weeks before. The Scoobies become alarmed when none of them can remember seeing Giles touch or carry anything since his return; no one has hugged him, and he is not driving the car to the desert. Xander, Anya, Dawn, and Andrew all go to the desert to find Giles and, in the case of danger, stop him from hurting the Potentials. Giles is tackled to the ground by the others, who are all pleased to find that he has a solid form and thus is not the First – or dead.
Willow and Kennedy meet with the Wiccan group at the UC Sunnydale, which now includes Amy. Willow runs away as she realizes she is starting to behave like Warren. Kennedy tries to follow, but Willow puts up a magical barrier to keep her away. After the meeting, Kennedy returns to the lecture hall to find Amy packing up as the rest of the group has left. Amy comments on Kennedy's concern for Willow, and draws Kennedy's suspicion when she mentions that Kennedy is a Potential, a fact that neither Kennedy or Willow had mentioned. Willow, increasingly dominated by the Warren persona, goes to buy a gun of the same model that killed Tara and wounded Buffy.
Kennedy confronts Amy, accusing her of causing the "Warren" problem. Amy reveals that she put a hex on Willow, whose effect is determined by the victim's subconscious. She did it because Willow murdered a man and remained beloved – crowning Amy's envy of Willow's relatively easy successes in magic. Amy then teleports Kennedy to the backyard of Buffy's house, where Willow starts to reenact Warren's attack on Buffy that resulted in Tara's death, but Kennedy talks her down. Willow tearfully explains that when Kennedy kissed her she let go of Tara's memory for a moment, making her truly dead. Then Kennedy kisses Willow again, breaking the spell and restoring Willow to normal.
Production details
------------------
### Writing
Each scene with Willow/Warren was filmed twice - once with Alyson Hannigan playing Willow and again with Adam Busch as Warren. Which actor performed the scene first depended upon how "Willow" Warren was supposed to be. That is, when Willow first changes into Warren she acts more or less like Willow; in these early scenes Hannigan would act first so that Busch could somewhat mimic her performance. In later scenes when Warren's personality is more prominent Busch would act first. Because of this decision to use both actors, filming the Willow scenes took much longer than usual. In an interview with the BBC, Elizabeth Anne Allen says, "everything had to be so exact." She explains that if Alyson or Adam "gestured or moved their head differently from the other person, they had to do the take over again. So that one scene took us a day and a half to shoot."
Anthony Stewart Head was not allowed to touch anything while onscreen for several episodes prior to this one, in order to set up the suspicion that Giles might actually be the First. According to the DVD commentary for this episode, this was apparently quite a pain for all involved. When asked why he set up this misdirection, Joss Whedon says it was "to make people wonder. Just to have a little fun in the sense of pulling a mystery... an exercise, something to spice things up." Whedon wanted to play off the "creepy" idea that "we don't know where the bad guy is, we don't know where he's coming from. Our trusted mentor could be the bad guy."
In the DVD commentary, director David Solomon notes that Iyari Limon had to do a lot of kissing in this episode. He says she joked that her lips hurt after having to do long kisses with both Alyson Hannigan and Adam Busch.
Cultural references
-------------------
* When Kennedy is teleported into Buffy's backyard she says to herself, "that was a hell of a thing," a reference to *Galaxy Quest*, mimicking Tony Shalhoub's understated attitude to being teleported for the first time.
* When Buffy and Spike are discussing a solution to Spike's chip's malfunctions, Spike says "Who you gonna call?" making a knowing reference to *Ghostbusters*.
Continuity
----------
### Arc significance
* What Willow says when she first enters Buffy's backyard with the gun is similar to, though not exactly what Warren says before he shoots Buffy in "Seeing Red". Willow says, "You think you could just do that to me? That I'd let you get away with it?" while Warren says, "You think you could just do that to me? You think I'd let you get away with *that*?"
* The largely unseen vision quest is implied to be the same as Buffy underwent in "Intervention."
* In this episode the issue of Willow grieving for Tara is directly addressed. It also helps progress the Kennedy/Willow relationship by featuring their first kiss.
* This episode marks the final appearance of The Initiative, and the removal of Spike's chip.
* This is the last episode where Tara is mentioned, however she is mentioned again in the comics.
* This episode marks the eighth and final appearance of Elizabeth Anne Allen as Amy.
* Later, in *Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight'*s "The Long Way Home, Part 4", it is revealed that Amy and Warren (who had survived through Amy) concocted this revenge plan together.
Continuity issue
----------------
* In the penultimate episode of Season 4, "Primeval," the government overseers rule that the former Initiative base would be filled with cement to hide evidence of its existence, but in this episode Buffy and Spike find they had not done so.
Critical reception
------------------
*Vox*, ranking it at #110 of all 144 episodes on their "Worst to Best" list, writes, "Many of season seven’s most significant missteps involve one of two things: trying to find atonement for Willow in the wake of her dark choices at the end of season six, and her new girlfriend, Kennedy, who’s not a terribly interesting character. Here’s an episode where those two things collide, when Kennedy and Willow kiss — and Willow transforms into Warren, the man who killed her last girlfriend. There’s something interesting here about living with guilt from past relationships, but it could have used another draft." |
Creek in Pennsylvania
**Mahanoy Creek** is a 51.6-mile-long (83.0 km) tributary of the Susquehanna River in Northumberland and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania. There are at least 35 sources of acid mine drainage in the creek's watershed. Anthracite was mined in the upper part of the Mahanoy Creek watershed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Mahanoy Creek's tributaries include Schwaben Creek, Zerbe Run, Little Mahanoy Creek, Shenandoah Creek, and North Mahanoy Creek. Little Mahanoy Creek and Schwaben Creek are two streams in the watershed that are unaffected by acid mine drainage. Schwaben Creek has a higher number and diversity of fish species than the main stem.
There are two passive treatment systems in the Mahanoy Creek watershed by the Mahanoy Creek Watershed Association. Coal mining has been done in the watershed since the 19th century and continues to some extent in the 21st century. The watershed is in the Western Middle Anthracite Coal Field.
Course
------
Mahanoy Creek in Girardville
Mahanoy Creek in East Cameron Township, Northumberland County
Mahanoy Creek's source is in strip mines in the eastern part of Schuylkill County, near Buck Mountain. It heads west for a short distance before crossing under Pennsylvania Route 54 and entering Mahanoy City, where it picks up the tributary North Mahanoy Creek. Mahanoy Creek continues westward, heading into Mahanoy Township again, and goes through more strip mines. It begins paralleling Bear Ridge for several miles, passing the communities of St. Nicholas and Boston Run before entering Gilberton. In Gilberton, the creek passes under Pennsylvania Route 924 and goes through by the former Mahanoy Plane. Upon leaving Mahanoy Township, the creek enters Butler Township. Soon after entering this township, the creek passes through Girardville, picking up Shenandoah Creek. It parallels Pennsylvania Route 54 for some distance into Ashland. Upon leaving Ashland, the creek stops paralleling Pennsylvania Route 54 and turns south through a gap in Ashland Mountain, leaving behind the strip mines. At Gordon, it picks up Little Mahanoy Creek and then turns west again, meandering out of Butler Township. The creek then briefly meanders through Barry Township before passing into Eldred Township. It flows on the northern side of a mountain in Weiser State Forest. Upon leaving Eldred Township, the creek enters Northumberland County.
Mahanoy Creek enters Northumberland County in East Cameron Township. It flows westward for a number of miles through a valley with Line Mountain to the south and Mahanoy Mountain to the north. The creek passes under Pennsylvania Route 125 in this valley. The creek passes into West Cameron Township, flowing west and goes through the township for several miles. It then flows into Little Mahanoy Township. After a short distance, it leaves behind the Line Mountain/Mahanoy Mountain valley and picks up Zerbe Run. Mahanoy Creek then turns southwest and passes by Dornsife before cutting through a gap between Little Mountain and Line Mountain and exiting Little Mahanoy Township. At this point, the creek enters Jackson Township and picks up Schwaben Creek, its last tributary, after some distance. Mahanoy Creek then meanders west to its mouth on the Susquehanna River north of Herndon and ten miles south of Sunbury.
### Tributaries
Main article: List of tributaries of Mahanoy Creek
Mahanoy Creek's tributaries include Little Mahanoy Creek, Schwaben Creek, Shenandoah Creek, Waste House Run, North Mahanoy Creek, and Zerbe Run. There are also several unofficially named tributaries with local names, such as "Big Run" and "Big Mine Run". Only Schwaben Creek and Little Mahanoy Creek are unaffected by acid mine drainage.
North Mahanoy Creek starts in unpolluted springs on Locust Mountain and meets the main stem in Mahanoy City. There are strip mines in this tributary's watershed. Shenandoah Creek, whose tributaries include Kehley Run and Lost Creek, also begins on Locust Mountain and its watershed has an area of 11.6 square miles. Shenandoah Creek is contaminated by sewage and mine drainage. The tributary Little Mahanoy Creek starts in Frackville and its watershed has an area of 11.6 square miles. No mining has been done in this watershed.
Hydrology
---------
There are large quantities of dissolved iron and aluminum in the waters of Mahanoy Creek. Additionally, there are trace amounts of various metals, including cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead, sulfates, manganese, and beryllium. There are traces of numerous other metals in the waters, but their concentrations conform to drinking water standards.
Out of the 35 or more acid mine drainage sources in the Mahanoy Creek watershed, the four most significant ones are the Locust Gap Tunnel, the Packer #5 Breach, the Packer #5 Borehole, and the Girard Mine seepage. The 15 most significant sources have discharges of between 29,200 liters per minute and 680 liters per minute. The pHs of the sources range from 3.9 to 6.7. The iron concentrations at these sites ranges from 2.1 to 18 milligrams per liter. The concentrations of manganese ranges from 0.95 to 6.4 milligrams per liter.
The pH of the stream itself ranges from 3.6 to 8.4, while the pH of the abandoned mine drainage ranges from 2.9 to 7.4. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in Mahanoy Creek ranges from 2.5 to 13.1 milligrams per liter, while the concentration in the watershed's abandoned mine drainage ranges from 0.1 to 9.7 milligrams per liter. The dissolved iron concentration in the stream ranges from under 0.01 milligrams per liter to 6.8 milligrams per liter. The dissolved iron concentration in the abandoned mine drainage ranges from 0.01 to 33 milligrams per liter. The amount of dissolved aluminum in the creek ranges from 0.01 to 8.9 milligrams per liter and the concentration in the abandoned mine drainage ranges from under 0.01 to 17 milligrams per liter. The dissolved manganese concentration in the stream water ranges from 0.01 to 9.2 milligrams per liter and in the abandoned mine drainage it ranges from under 0.01 to 9.7 milligrams per liter.
The concentration of dissolved sulfates in the waters of Mahanoy Creek ranges from 4 to 597 milligrams per liter. In the abandoned mine drainage in the creek's watershed, it ranges from 18 to 787 milligrams per liter. The dissolved nitrates concentration in the stream waters ranges from less than 0.01 to 6 milligrams per liter. The concentration in the abandoned mine drainage ranges from less than 0.01 to 0.4 milligrams per liter. In the stream water, the concentration of dissolved phosphorus ranges from less than 0.01 to 0.3 milligrams per liter. In the abandoned mine drainage, the range is 0 to 139 milligrams per liter.
The concentration of arsenic is above 0.2 micrograms per liter at most sites in the Mahanoy Creek watershed. The maximum concentration is 7 micrograms per liter. The concentration of barium is above 10 micrograms per liter at all sites in the watershed, and the maximum concentration is 75 micrograms per liter. The beryllium concentration is above 0.05 micrograms per liter at most sites in the watershed, and in some places is as high as 16 micrograms per liter. The cadmium concentration is above 0.02 micrograms per liter in most sites and can be up to 4 micrograms per liter. The maximum chromium concentration is 9 micrograms per liter. Most sites have a concentration of at least 0.02 micrograms per liter of cobalt, with a maximum concentration of 530 micrograms per liter. Most sites have a concentration of at least 0.5 micrograms per liter of copper, with a maximum concentration of 150 micrograms per liter. The lead concentration is above 0.05 micrograms per liter in most sites and can be up to 6.4 micrograms per liter.
The maximum nickel concentration in Mahanoy Creek is 895 micrograms per liter and the maximum silver concentration is 0.9 micrograms per liter. The concentration of thallium does not exceed 0.02 micrograms per liter and the concentration of vanadium does not exceed 1 microgram per liter. The maximum concentration of zinc is 3.2 milligrams per liter.
Some water from the Shamokin Creek watershed enters the Mahanoy Creek watershed via various mine tunnels, mainly the Doutyville, Helfenstein, the Locust Gap, and the Centralia Mine discharges. Water from Mahanoy Creek also flows through mine tunnels into Shamokin Creek. The discharge of the creek at various locations ranges from 0 to 320 cubic feet per second. The discharge of acid mine drainage in the creek ranges from 0 to 17.2 cubic feet per second. In 2001, the discharge was typically found to be higher in March than in August.
While there are sewage-treatment plants in the larger communities in the Mahanoy Creek watershed, there are also leaky sewage disposal systems that discharge sewage into the stream's tributaries. The creek experiences atmospheric disposition, a type of runoff.
Geology and geography
---------------------
Mahanoy Creek in East Cameron Township
The watershed of Mahanoy Creek is in the Ridge and Valley Appalachians. The lower part of the creek's watershed is in the Northern Shale Valleys and Slopes Ecoregion. The Mahanoy Creek watershed is part of a synclinorium that runs from the northeast to the southwest, running between Hunter and Shenandoah. Rock formations in the watershed include the Pottsville Group and the Llewellyn Formation. These are found on the northern side of the creek's valley.
There are 24 coal beds from the Pennsylvanian subperiod, which are part of the Llewellyn Formation and the Pottsville Formation. The coal beds are 0.6 feet (0.18 m) to 8.3 feet (2.5 m) thick. Mining of these coal beds has been done at depths of over 2,500 feet (760 m) underground. There are significant silt deposits on the creek downstream of Ashland. In the watershed, there are a number of close-to-parallel ridges and valleys. These tend to be oriented in the same direction as the creek itself, east to west. The highest elevation in the Mahanoy Creek watershed is 2,090 feet (640 m) above sea level in the eastern part of the watershed, not far from Delano. The lowest elevation in the watershed is 420 feet (130 m) at the mouth. The elevations of the ridges tend to be between 1,400 feet (430 m) and 1,800 feet (550 m) above sea level, while the valleys are between 600 feet (180 m) and 800 feet (240 m) lower.
The stream bed of Mahanoy Creek has an iron crust near Girardville, but some fish live in that area.
Minerals in the acid mine drainage areas of the Mahanoy Creek watershed include goethite, ferrihydrite, schwertmannite, amorphous aluminum-hydroxysulfates, quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, and gypsum. Red shale of the Mauch Chunk Formation is found in a substantial part of the watershed. The main rock types in the watershed are interbedded sedimentary rock, which occupies 70 percent of the watershed, and sandstone, which occupies 30 percent.
A number of seeps, boreholes, and mine tunnels contribute water to Mahanoy Creek throughout large sections of the watershed. Mined areas in the upper part of the watershed have been said to "resemble a moonscape". There are numerous large spoil piles in the upper one-third of the watershed. Some buildings the Mahanoy Creek valley are damaged by subsidence due to underground mining.
Watershed
---------
Mahanoy Creek near the Dornsife Gap
Mahanoy Creek looking upstream near its mouth, from Pennsylvania Route 147
The area of Mahanoy Creek's watershed is 157 square miles (407 square kilometers). The watershed is in Schuylkill, Northumberland, and Columbia County. 42 square miles (109 square kilometers) are located in the Western Middle Anthracite Field. There are at least 35 sources of acid mine drainage in the watershed. The watershed has a population of close to 45,000 people as of July 2009. A tract of land in the Mahanoy Creek watershed has been converted by the Mahanoy Creek Watershed Association into a wetland known as "The Swamp". It serves as a passive treatment system. This organization has also performed cleanups of the creek at Ashland, Girardville, and Helfenstein. The main stem of the creek is divided into several basins. One basin is the Upper Basin, which is drained by Mahanoy Creek and its tributaries upstream of Shenandoah Creek. It has an area of 21.8 square miles. Another basin is the Ashland Basin, which is drained by Mahanoy Creek and its tributaries between Shenandoah Creek and Big Run, not including the Little Mahanoy Creek watershed. The Ashland basin has an area of 17.7 square miles. The next basin downstream is the Middle Basin, which drains the area where the creek flows between Mahanoy Mountain and Line Mountain, ending at Zerbe Run. This basin has an area of 38.7 square miles. The final basin of Mahanoy Creek is the Lower Basin, which is drained by Mahanoy Creek downstream of Zerbe Run. This basin has an area of 42.7 square miles.
The Mahanoy Creek watershed is 66 percent forested land, 21 percent agricultural land, 9 percent barren mined land, and 4 percent developed land. However, the upper part of Mahanoy Creek is 50 percent forested land, 44 percent mined land, 5 percent developed land, and less than 1 percent agricultural land. There are six boroughs in the upper part of the watershed. There are a total of 28 municipalities in the watershed.
The eastern edge of the Mahanoy Creek watershed is marked by Locust Mountain and Vulcan Hill. The southern edge is formed by Broad Mountain, Fisher Ridge, and Line Mountain. The northern edge is formed by Little Mountain, Locust Mountain, and Mahanoy Mountain. The drainage system of the watershed is a trellis pattern, a dentritic pattern, or an angular drainage pattern.
The streams in the Mahanoy Creek watershed tend to meander relatively little, but the main creek meanders somewhat between Gordon and Lavelle and near its mouth.
Mahanoy Creek's headwaters are close to the edge of the Susquehanna River watershed, near the Schuylkill River watershed.
History
-------
### Early history and naming
Mahanoy Creek's name comes from a corruption of the Delaware Indian word *mahoni* or *maghonioy*. The former word means "lick". The area was owned by the Iroquois before European settlers arrived. The community of Mahanoy City is named after Mahanoy Creek.
### Modern history
Nathan Beach and several other people filed an application for 34 lots at the headwaters of Mahanoy Creek in 1794.
The Danville and Pottsville Railroad had a terminus in Girardville, a community of Mahanoy Creek, by 1834. The Mahanoy Creek Navigation Company formed on March 22, 1827. The Mahanoy Creek Canal ran from the Susquehanna River to the coal mines in the upper part of Mahanoy Creek. A canal running from Chester County and Lancaster County to Pittsburgh with a course going through Mahanoy Creek was planned by 1832.
In the late 19th century, a company piped waste from the production of illuminating gas (for gas lighting) into Mahanoy Creek. In Gilberton, Mahanoy Creek used to be underground, but surfaced before 1940.
Anthracite was mined in the upper part of the Mahanoy Creek watershed from 1840 until 1950. However, farming was also done in the western part of the watershed in the early 20th century. Most of the deep mines ceased operation by 1960. Surface mines instead continued mining operations in the watershed. A total of 12 million short tons of anthracite were mined in the creek's watershed in 1917. This was 12% of the anthracite yield of the state of Pennsylvania in that year. In the 1910s, there were 40 washeries and collieries that drained into the creek. Large amounts of culm also flowed into it during this time. The layer of coal silt on the banks of the creek was 40 feet (12 m) by 1940. Several mines remain active in the 21st century, but they mostly reprocess coal waste.
At least one covered bridge crosses Mahanoy Creek. It is called the Mahanoy Creek Bridge. It was built in 1940 in Northumberland County and is 152.9 feet (46.6 m) in length. Two passive treatment systems have been installed in the creek's watershed by the Mahanoy Creek Watershed Association. They are the Mahanoy Creek Aerobic Wetlands, which were created in 2000; and the Bolich Property Wetlands, which were created in 2006.
Biology
-------
In the fall of 2000, twelve species of fish were observed during electrofishing. They included eastern blacknose dace, northern hognosed suckers, shiners, smallmouth bass, and rock bass.
An October 2001 survey of Mahanoy Creek identified two species of fish each at Ashland and Girardville. There were 20 individuals at the latter location and 22 at the former. There were also 13 species and 134 individuals at Gowen City, and 14 species and 545 individuals at the creek's mouth. Additionally, 1003 individuals and 20 species of fish were observed at the mouth of the tributary Schwaben Creek. White Suckers were found at each of the aforementioned sites. Other fish species found on Mahanoy Creek and Schwaben Creek include the swallowtail shiner, the rosyface shiner, the river chub, the banded darter, and the shield darter. Brown trout, longnose dace, and eastern blacknose dace have also been observed in the watershed. Historically, deer came to the creek to consume salt.
There are second-growth forests near Kehly Run, a tributary of Mahanoy Creek.
Recreation
----------
The Pennsylvania State Game Land Number 84 is located immediately south of Mahanoy Creek between Helfenstein and Dornsife. The Sen. James J. Rhoades Nature Trail is a walking trail along the creek in Barry Township. It was dedicated to James J. Rhoades on May 8, 2010. Catch and release fishing of smallmouth bass and largemouth bass is permitted on the creek. |
American rock band
**The Orwells** are an American rock band from Elmhurst, a suburb west of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The members include Mario Cuomo (vocals), Dominic Corso (guitar), Grant Brinner (bass), and Henry Brinner (drums). Their debut album *Remember When* was released in August 2012. The band is known for their song "Who Needs You", which was performed on the *Late Show with David Letterman* and was featured in an Apple commercial for the iPad Air 2.
History
-------
### *Remember When*
The Orwells formed when all the members attended York High School in Elmhurst, Illinois. The band was discovered in late 2011 by Aquarium Drunkard blogger Justin Gage, who signed them to his Autumn Tone label imprint. They graduated high school early in 2013 to pursue their musical career.
The Orwells were named as one of the overlooked artists of 2012 in MTV's annual list. Their single "Mallrats (La La La)" was also reviewed by music website *Pitchfork*. They performed at Lollapalooza in August 2013. On November 5, 2013, The Orwells appeared on *Later... with Jools Holland*. On November 22, 2013, Arctic Monkeys announced that The Orwells would be their support at nine American concerts in January and February 2014.
### *Disgraceland* and *Terrible Human Beings*
On March 24, 2014, The Orwells announced their new studio album *Disgraceland* through social media outlets. The album was released on June 3, 2014, and includes singles such as "Who Needs You" and "Dirty Sheets".
The song "Who Needs You" was featured on the August 6, 2013, episode of NPR's *All Songs Considered*. Co-host Bob Boilen said "You can't say The Orwells without saying 'young'" and called the song his summer anthem.
The Orwells performed on *Late Show with David Letterman* January 15, 2014. Their performance was enthusiastically received, so much that Letterman and others called for an encore. The band did not respond, partly because guitarist Matt O'Keefe had broken all of his strings and physically could not play. After waiting for the Orwells, the house band reprised the Orwells' song and Paul Shaffer parodied the way that Mario Cuomo had lain on his back, thrashing.
On September 25, 2014, the band was featured on an episode of *Adam Devine's House Party*, performing their single "Who Needs You".
On December 7, 2014, the prospering note[*clarification needed*] "Who Needs You" was found in an Apple Inc. commercial for the iPad Air 2, "Change is in the Air." This track was also to be later found in a Rockstar Games video game, "Grand Theft Auto V" on the Indie Rock station, "Vinewood Boulevard Radio".
The Orwells' third album *Terrible Human Beings* was released on February 17, 2017, containing the singles "Buddy" and "They Put a Body in the Bayou". The album's title was chosen because according to band members, "back in Chicago, we do not have the best reputation around town" and "we're not the most liked boys on the block, for whatever reason that might be."
### Accusations of sexual abuse and disbandment
On August 29, 2018, the Orwells announced that they had disbanded. In the days prior, sexual abuse allegations had been raised on Reddit and Twitter against Cuomo and the Brinner brothers. The range of allegations include rape, statutory rape, and sending unsolicited nude photos. The Orwells issued a statement to *Paste* magazine denying the claims. On September 10, 2018, *Consequence of Sound* published a series of allegations made by nine women who accused members of the band of serious instances of sexual abuse. One accusation claimed that "The Orwells’ abuse was not only a well-known scene secret, but it was something that happened to so many women WITHIN the scene."
### Post-split and fourth album
On June 15, 2019, Mario Cuomo released the self-titled fourth studio album by The Orwells onto his YouTube channel, with a statement reading "Hey everybody. I could not wait any longer for this record to be heard. Sorry it has taken so long but it would have taken even longer if I didn’t make the decision to self release this album. Self recorded, self titled, self released. The Orwells." The album's cover is blank and contains just the band's name and text reading "We had an album cover we wanted to use, but after getting dropped by our label we can no longer afford to use it. So instead you can stare at this blank square."
### Reunion
On March 1, 2023, the Orwells announced their return with the double single "Bar Fly / Friendly Fire". The band released a statement saying "Almost five years ago, we were falsely accused of inappropriate conduct by a group of people we had never met. Their untrue but sensational rumors led us to take a break to address the situation. We saw no choice but to take legal action and filed a business tort and defamation suit. We are satisfied with the progress in our case and will keep you posted."
Musical influence
-----------------
Several band members have expressed a love for the Supremes in interviews.
The lead singer, Mario Cuomo, is heavily influenced by six distinctly different performers; Iggy Pop, Jay Reatard, Julian Casablancas, Cole Alexander and Jared Swilley of the Black Lips, Pelle Almqvist of the Hives, and Tyler, The Creator—particularly Tyler's talk about skipping class, disobeying parents, and going to record. Mario is quoted saying that, "It like spoke to me even more than any other music I was listening to. I think if it wasn’t for him, I probably wouldn’t have had the balls to drop out or even be in a band."
Band members
------------
* Mario Cuomo – vocals (2009–2018, 2023–present)
* Dominic Corso – guitar, backing vocals (2009–2018, 2023–present)
* Matt O'Keefe – guitar, backing vocals (2009–2018)
* Grant Brinner – bass guitar (2009–2018, 2023–present)
* Henry Brinner – drums (2009–2018, 2023–present)
* Caleb Tucker – guitar (2023–present)
Discography
-----------
### Studio albums
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Remember When* | * Released: August 7, 2012
* Label: Autumn Tone Records
* Formats: 12" vinyl, Compact Disc, digital download
|
| *Disgraceland* | * Released: June 3, 2014
* Label: Canvasback/Atlantic
* Formats: 12" vinyl, Compact Disc, digital download
|
| *Terrible Human Beings* | * Released: February 17, 2017
* Label: Canvasback/Atlantic
* Formats: 12" vinyl, Compact Disc, digital download
|
| *The Orwells* | * Released: June 15, 2019
* Label: Self-released
* Formats: 12" vinyl, digital download
|
| *Friendly Fire* | * Released: December 25, 2023
* Label: Self-released
* Formats: 12" vinyl, digital download
|
### Extended plays
| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Other Voices* | * Released: June 30, 2013
* Label: National Anthem (ANTHEM0011)
* Formats: 10" vinyl, digital download
|
| *Who Needs You* | * Released: September 10, 2013
* Label: National Anthem (ANTHEM0013)
* Formats: 10" vinyl, digital download
|
### Other releases
* *Head Ep* (2010) [unofficial]
* *Head Lp* (2010) [unofficial]
* *Oh! Well* (2011) [unofficial] |
Experiment at Fermilab
This article is about the Fermilab experiment. For other uses, see Doughnut (disambiguation).
Schematic overview of the DONUT detector
**DONUT** (**Direct observation of the nu tau**, E872) was an experiment at Fermilab dedicated to the search for tau neutrino interactions. The detector operated during a few months in the summer of 1997, and successfully detected the tau neutrino. It confirmed the existence of the last lepton predicted by the Standard Model. The data from the experiment was also used to put an upper limit on the tau neutrino magnetic moment and measure its interaction cross section.
Principle
---------
In DONUT, protons accelerated by the Tevatron were used to produce tau neutrinos via decay of charmed mesons. After eliminating as many unwanted background particles as possible by a system of magnets and bulk matter (mostly iron and concrete), the beam passed through several sheets of nuclear emulsion. In very rare cases one of the neutrinos would interact in the detector, producing electrically charged particles which left visible tracks in the emulsion and could be electronically registered by a system of scintillators and drift chambers.
Using the electronic information, possible neutrino interactions were identified and selected for further analysis. This meant photographically developing the emulsion sheets so any traces left by particles passing through them would show up as a small black dot. By connecting these dots across subsequent sheets, the path that each particle had taken was reconstructed and likely neutrino interactions identified. The characteristic properties of neutrino interactions were that several tracks suddenly appeared without any leading up to them. The tau neutrino was identified by one of those tracks showing a "kink" after a few millimeters, indicating decay of a tau lepton.
Result
------
In July 2000, the DONUT collaboration announced the first observation of tau neutrino interactions. This result was based on only four events, but the signal was far in excess of the expected background (0.34±0.05 events), and has a p-value of 4×10−4, around 3.5 sigma. This falls below the normal standard of proof, but was generally accepted because the particle was expected to be there. The final report of 2008 identifies 9 tau neutrino events from a total sample of 578 neutrino events.
Its significance lies in the fact that the tau neutrino had so far remained the only particle of the Standard Model that had not been directly observed except for the Higgs boson.
Other than the result itself, DONUT also allowed validation of new techniques for high energy neutrino detection, notably the *Emulsion Cloud Chamber*, in which nuclear emulsion sheets are interspersed with layers of iron, leading to an increase in the number of interactions. |
Not to be confused with Deep Bay.
Residential in Hong Kong Island, Southern
Deep Water Bay Beach.
View of Brick Hill and Ocean Park across Deep Water Bay.
**Deep Water Bay** is a bay and residential area on the southern shore of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. The bay is surrounded by Shouson Hill, Brick Hill, Violet Hill and Middle Island. As per Forbes (July 2015), with 19 of the city's richest billionaires, it is reputed to be the "wealthiest neighborhood on earth".
Beneath Violet Hill is Deep Water Bay Beach, one of many beaches of Hong Kong. The bay is reachable by Island Road, a road connecting Repulse Bay and Wong Chuk Hang.
Deep Water Bay is the landing point for SEA-ME-WE 3, TGN-IA and TVH submarine telecommunications cables.
History
-------
Originally, the bay was called Heong Kong Bay, as shown in a British map from 1841. A village with the name Heong Kong lay to its north in what is now Shouson Hill, which can still be seen in a map from 1845, when the bay was already known under the name Deep Water Bay.
At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Deep Water Bay was only 8.
Deep Water Bay Beach
--------------------
Main article: Deep Water Bay Beach
Less known to tourists than the adjacent Repulse Bay, Deep Water Bay Beach is nonetheless very popular among local people. Seaview Promenade, on the east side of Deep Water Bay, connects it with Repulse Bay via a path which allows joggers and walkers alike to exercise alongside the seashore while admiring the stunning sea view. On the west side, Mills & Chung Path connects Deep Water Bay with Wong Chuk Hang.
Changing rooms, shower facilities and barbecue pits are available under the management of the Leisure and Cultural Services Department.
Deep Water Bay residential area
-------------------------------
Deep Water Bay is among the most exclusive residential areas of Hong Kong as per Forbes and Forbes Life. Nineteen of the city's richest billionaires reside within the area, amongst them a net aggregate worth of $123 billion (as of August 2015). Its residents have included property, casino, shipping and oil tycoons including Li Ka Shing, Cheng Yu-tung, Joseph Lau, Robert Kuok and Lui Che Woo. All of the Kwok brothers live within Deep Water Bay, as well as the e-commerce tycoon, Joseph Tsai.
Education
---------
Deep Water Bay is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 18. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and Hong Kong Southern District Government Primary School.
Conservation
------------
Deep Water Bay Valley was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 2008.
Transportation
--------------
Buses No. 6A, 6X or 260 from Central's Exchange Square, 65 from North Point Ferry, 73 from Cyberport & Aberdeen, 973 from Tsim Sha Tsui and green minibuses 40 and 52 have stops at Deep Water Bay. |
Municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
**Heimbach** is an *Ortsgemeinde* – a municipality belonging to a *Verbandsgemeinde*, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Baumholder, whose seat is in the like-named town.
Geography
---------
### Location
The municipality lies in the Westrich, an historic region that encompasses areas in both Germany and France, on the like-named brook, the Heimbach, in the Nahe valley between the towns of Idar-Oberstein, Baumholder and the district seat, Birkenfeld. Heimbach is at the western edge of the *Verbandsgemeinde* of Baumholder.
### Neighbouring municipalities
Heimbach borders in the north on the municipalities of Nohen and Reichenbach, in the east on the municipality of Ruschberg, in the south on the municipalities of Berglangenbach and Leitzweiler and in the west on the municipality of Hoppstädten-Weiersbach.
### Constituent communities
Also belonging to Heimbach are the outlying homesteads of Altwieserhof, Bahnhof Heimbach (Nahe), Gladerbacherhof, Heimbacherhof and Steibericherhof.
History
-------
In 1268, *Heymbach* had its first documentary mention. It had been previously thought to be one from 1494. For centuries, Heimbach belonged to Lorraine. In 1783 Heimbach was sold to Palatinate-Zweibrücken by the Saxe-Coburg government. It was ruled by the French from 1798 to 1814. During this time it was in the Department of Sarre. After the Napoleonic Wars, it became part of the Principality of Lichtenburg, which belonged to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1814–1825), Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1825–1834), and Prussia (1834–1871). Under Prussian rule, it was part of the District of Sankt Wendel. After German Unification in 1871, it remained part of Prussia until the Second World War. After the war, it was part of the District of Baumholder until 1970 when it became part of the District of Birkenfeld.
### Population development
| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1871 | 679 |
| 1905 | 794 |
| 1939 | 1332 |
| 1950 | 1427 |
| 1961 | 1645 |
| 1970 | 1773 |
| 1981 | 1401 |
| 1985 | 1437 |
| 1990 | 1434 |
| 1995 | 1394 |
| 2000 | 1351 |
| 2005 | 1270 |
| 2009 | 1234 |
Politics
--------
### Municipal council
The council is made up of 16 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 25 May 2014, and the honorary mayor as chairman.
The municipal election held on 25 May 2014 yielded the following results:
| | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | SPD | CDU | FWG | **Total** |
| 2014 | – | 6 | 10 | 16 seats |
| 2009 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 16 seats |
| 2004 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 16 seats |
### Mayor
Heimbach’s mayor is Jürgen Saar (FWG).
### Coat of arms
The German blazon reads: **Oberer Teil der Schildhälfte: Auf schwarzem Grunde befindet sich ein rotbewehrter gezungter und gekrönter wachsender (halber) goldener Löwe. – Unterer Teil der Schildhälfte: Auf grünem Grunde befindet sich ein dreigeteilter silberner Wellenbalken. Darüber ein silbernes Zweibalken- oder Deichselkreuz.**
The municipality’s arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Per fess sable issuant from the line of partition a demilion Or armed, langued and crowned gules and vert a pall reversed wavy above which the Cross of Lorraine, both argent.
The lion refers to the parts of the municipal area once held by the Counts of Palatine Zweibrücken. The cross with two crossbars recalls the time when the Duchy of Lorraine held sway in Heimbach. The "pall reversed" (that is, upside-down Y shape) symbolizes the coming together of the Reichenbach and the Unnerbach to form the Heimbach.
Culture and sightseeing
-----------------------
### Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments:
* Hauptstraße – two single-arch sandstone-block bridges built at right angles onto each other (*Heimbach-Brücke* and *Unnerbach-Brücke*)
* Bridge, west of the village at Heimbach (Nahe) railway station – three-arch sandstone-block bridge across the Nahe, before 1860
In the Catholic church, Way of the Cross paintings by Gottwald have been uncovered. The Catholic church belongs to the parochial community of Baumholder, Hoppstädten-Weiersbach, Heimbach and Rückweiler.
Economy and infrastructure
--------------------------
### Transport
#### Road
To the south runs the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier). The nearest interchanges are Birkenfeld (Exit 4, 7 km to the west) and Freisen (Exit 5, 10 km to the east). *Bundesstraße* 41 runs to the northwest of Heimbach and there is access at Idar-Oberstein and near Birkenfeld.
The following highways run through Heimbach:
* *Landesstraße* (State Road) 169 (Hauptstraße)
+ East to Ruschberg and Baumholder
+ West to Hoppstädten-Weiersbach
* *Landesstraße* 347 (Unnerstraße)
+ Southeast to Fohren-Linden
* *Kreisstraße* (District Road) 60 (Am Lindenhübel and In der Ihlsbach)
+ Southwest to Leitzweiler
#### Rail
Heimbach BahnhofHeimbach (Nahe) station
At the railway station in Heimbach itself, there were no passenger service between 1981 and 2014. For that, the station Heimbach (Nahe), lying 2 km west of the main centre on the river Nahe, on the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen–Saarbrücken), which was built through this region in 1859, was used. However, the Heimbach (Nahe)–Baumholder was reactivated on 14 December 2014. This spur is 9 km long and enters the village at the Scheidwald Tunnel. It was built in 1912.
### Education
In Heimbach, one kindergarten is to be found. Until 1971, there were a Catholic *Volksschule* and an Evangelical school at both of which the ninth-class *Hauptschulabschluss* could be earned. The Catholic *Volksschule* was then converted into a non-denominational primary school and the Evangelical school was dropped altogether. Beginning with the fifth class, the village’s children must go to school in Baumholder or Birkenfeld, or less often Freisen.
Famous people
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* Otto Witte (16 October 1872 – 13 August 1958) was once a resident of Heimbach. When Albania gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire, Witte claimed to have passed himself off as the "King of Albania" for five days and that he had actually been crowned. |
***Melantho*** was built in Philadelphia in 1812. The War of 1812 broke out as she was on her first voyage and the British captured her that September. She became a merchantman and then a whaler, making two whaling voyages to Timor before she was last listed in 1826.
Capture
-------
HMS *Spartan* was part of Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron when on 17 September 1812 she captured *Melantho*, as *Melantho* was returning from Chile and bound to Baltimore. *Spartan* sent *Melantho* into Halifax, Nova Scotia, where the Vice admiralty court condemned her in prize. *Spartan* shared the prize money with *Statira*, *Acasta*, *Nymphe*, *Orpheus*, *Maidstone*, *Aeolus*, and *Emulous*.
*Melantho*, William Davidson, master, had a cargo of 229 tons of copper, nine bales of furs, and $43,000 at the time of her capture. On his return to the United States Davidson gave an interview in which he criticized the British treatment of the crews of the vessels they had captured.
Merchantman
-----------
*Melantho* entered *Lloyd's Register* in 1814 (published in 1813), with J.B. Gooch, master, Munnings, owner, and trade London–East Indies. The 1815 volume of the *Register of Shipping* showed her master changed from Gooch to J.Herd, and her trade changed from London–India to London–Cape of Good Hope.
| Year | Master | Owner | Trade | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1820 | EckleyEvans | Silver & Co.Whiting | London–Île de France | *Lloyd's Register* |
| 1821 | Evans | Whiting | London–South Seas | *Lloyd's Register* |
|
Whaler
------
**First whaling voyage (1820-1823):** Captain Henry Gardner sailed from England on 11 June 1820, bound for Timor. *Melantho* returned to England on 31 March 1823 with 380 casks of whale oil, and fins (baleen).
**Second whaling voyage (1823-1826):** Captain Nathaniel Pease Folger sailed from England on 15 July 1823, bound for Timor and the Japans. In September 1825 *Melantho* visited Pitcairn Island after having whaled at Timor and off the coast of Japan. She returned to England on 24 March 1826 with 380 casks of whale oil. During the voyage Noah Folger replace Nathaniel as master, and H. Gordon replaced Noah.
Fate
----
*Melantho* was last listed in Lloyd’s Register in 1826. She continued to be listed in the *Register of Shipping* into 1830, but in both cases the information was stale as it showed Folgar, master, and Nockles, owner.
Citations
---------
1. 1 2 3 4 5 British Southern Whale Fishery database – Voyages: *Melantho*.
2. 1 2 3 *Register of Shipping* (1815), Seq. №926.
3. ↑ Hackman (2001), p. 298.
4. 1 2 Vice-Admiralty Court (1911), p. 139.
5. ↑ "No. 17138". *The London Gazette*. 21 May 1816. pp. 964–5.
6. ↑ *Baltimore American* of December 15. "Disgraceful Treatment of American Captains and Other Prisoners of War, by the British at Halifax." *National Intelligencer* [Washington, District Of Columbia] 17 Dec. 1812: n.p. 19th Century U.S. Newspapers. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.
7. ↑ *Lloyd's Register* (1814), Supple. pages "M", Seq.№27. |
French chess player **Gilles Andruet**, the son of former rally driver Jean-Claude Andruet, was murdered on 22 August 1995. He was drugged before being beaten to death.
Background
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In 1993, Gilles Andruet was using a martingale betting system that he had designed to win at blackjack. The system used Andruet's memory, his mathematical prowess, and the card-counting method devised by American player Ken Uston to its advantage.
In his first year of using the martingale, Andruet won a lot of money and played increasingly often in casinos around the world, both out of enjoyment for the game and for the financial opportunities on offer. He drew attention to himself through his provocative personality and ended up on casinos’ radars. He was ultimately banned from casino blackjack, being referred to as the "Demon of the Game". Unable to play blackjack, he switched to roulette. However, his exceptional memory and mathematical abilities did not give him an advantage in roulette, and he lost much more than he won. His friends tried in vain to dissuade him from playing. In order to sustain his lifestyle, he started consuming and selling drugs, including heroin and cannabis. This led to the large amount of money won at blackjack rapidly evaporating, and he entered into the vicious cycle of gambling addiction. He spent more money than he had, took out loans that he could not repay, was banned from holding a bank account (known as *interdit bancaire* – literally "bank-barred" – in France), became homeless, and his lifestyle became increasingly chaotic and vulnerable.
On 4 August 1995, Andruet received a notary’s cheque of 398,000 francs as an advance on an aunt's inheritance. As he was banned from holding a bank account, he was unable to cash the cheque, so he asked his casino acquaintances for help. Joseph Liany – a former businessman whom Andruet had met at the casino in Enghien-les-Bains, on the outskirts of Paris, and who was also a frequent gambler – offered Andruet help through his son Franck. With Frank Liany as a guarantor and proxy, Andruet was able to open a bank account at Moroccan bank Chaabi (a subsidiary of the Banque Populaire du Maroc), where he cashed his cheque.
Murder
------
At around 11 p.m. on 21 August 1995, Gilles Andruet drove his car to a branch of the L’Entrecôte restaurant chain in Paris to meet Yolanda, a friend who worked as a waitress there. Three men were in the car with him.
Gilles Andruet's body was discovered by a market trader in the early hours of 22 August 1995, wrapped in a white mattress protector and half submerged in the river Yvette in Saulx-les-Chartreux, in the Essonne département south of Paris. Andruet had been drugged with morphine and Rohypnol – known as a date-rape drug – before repeatedly being hit with a baseball bat. His car was abandoned a few miles away from where his body was found. There were multiple bloodstains in the car boot, while a photocopy of the inheritance cheque was found in the glove compartment. In 2001, mitochondrial DNA was found on a hair on the mattress protector in which Andruet's body had been wrapped. The DNA was a match to an undetermined person in the Liany family. On 25 August 1995, Franck Liany emptied Andruet's bank account.
### Suspects
Franck Liany was a waiter at *Golf de l’Étoile*, a sports club and bar-restaurant near the Arc de Triomphe in central Paris. Sacha Rhoul, the manager of the club, was his cousin: Liany's father and Rhoul's mother are siblings.
One night in December 1995, Loïc Simon, a waiter at the sports club, openly complained of having received only 30,000 francs of the promised 50,000 from Joseph Liany for beating to death with a baseball bat a chess player who owed gambling debts to Liany. On 14 August 1996, shortly after confessing to murdering Gilles Andruet, Simon committed suicide by hanging. Yolanda, the waitress whom Andruet was meeting on the night of his death, gave a witness testimony confirming that Joseph Liany was one of the passengers in Andruet's car. Following her statement, Yolanda suffered persistent anonymous phone calls in which death threats were made to her and her child. These calls continued even after she changed her telephone number and made it unlisted.
Legal proceedings
-----------------
### First trial (2003)
The first trial was held in November 2003. Sacha Rhoul was not called and did not attend. Rhoul's cousin, Franck Liany, was charged with receiving a murder weapon, while Rhoul's uncle, Joseph Liany, was charged with the murder of Gilles Andruet. Both defendants pleaded not guilty and blamed each other. 18 witnesses were called, many of whom are believed to have been threatened – they displayed unusual memory lapses or submitted medical certificates excusing them from attending court. Regardless, Franck Liany was found guilty of receiving a murder weapon and sentenced to 7 years’ imprisonment. Joseph Liany was found guilty of murder and sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment. The latter's conviction rested on witness statements and mitochondrial DNA extracted from the hair found on the mattress protector. Only Joseph Liany appealed his conviction.
### Retrial of Joseph Liany (2006)
Joseph Liany appealed against his conviction and was granted a retrial in March 2006 at the Court of Assizes of the Val-de-Marne département. Sacha Rhoul was tried in absentia, found guilty and sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment. Despite this, it appeared that Rhoul was living freely in France at the time.
Joseph Liany's defence relied solely on the fact that the mitochondrial DNA could also belong to Sacha Rhoul, Joseph's nephew. This was enough reasonable doubt to see Joseph Liany acquitted, to the despair of Jean-Claude Andruet, Gilles’ father. |
Indian actor
**Tiku Talsania** (born 7 June 1954) is an Indian actor, who works in the Bollywood industry. Apart from acting in films and television serials, he also performs as a freelance theatre artist, working for Gujarati theatre.
Career
------
### Television
Tiku has acted in a number of television serials starting with *Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi* in 1984, followed by hit TV serials in 1990s like *Ye Duniya Ghazab Ki*, Zamana Badal Gaya and Ek Se Badh Kar Ek.
He acted in many successful serials until the very recent *Uttaran*. He was last seen on the SAB TV's Sitcom *Sajan Re Phir Jhooth Mat Bolo*.
### Films
Tiku started his Bollywood career with Rajeev Mehra's *Pyaar Ke Do Pal* in 1986. He continued to play his role as comedian in movies such as *Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin*, *Umar 55 Ki Dil Bachpan Ka*, *Bol Radha Bol*, *Andaz Apna Apna* and *Mr. Bechara* from 1991 to 1996. Breaking from his comedian roles, he donned the cap of a serious character in the movie *Waqt Hamara Hai* in 1993.
He then acted in a number of commercially successful movies such as *Ishq* in 1997, *Jodi No.1* in 2001 and up until *Partner* in 2007. He received critical acclaim for his role in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's *Devdas*. Tiku, who played the role of the protagonist Devdas's caretaker Dharamdas, said that he was confident that his role would get noticed.
Talsania continued to work in films such as Dhamaal and Special 26 with minor roles, as having primary focus on television serials.
Personal life
-------------
Talsania married Deepti, with whom he has two children, a son, Rohan Talsania and a daughter, actress Shikha Talsania, who has acted in films like *Veere Di Wedding*, *Coolie No. 1* and *I Hate Luv Storys.*
Filmography
-----------
Main article: Tiku Talsania filmography |
American judge (1917–2012)
Not to be confused with Robert L. Carter (Illinois judge).
**Robert Lee Carter** (March 11, 1917 – January 3, 2012) was an American lawyer, civil rights activist and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Personal history and early life
-------------------------------
Carter was born on March 11, 1917, in Caryville, Florida. As part of the Great Migration of southern blacks moving north, his mother Annie Martin Carter took him, when he was six weeks old, and his siblings, to Newark, New Jersey, where his father, Robert L. Carter Sr. worked.[] However, his father died when he was a year old. Nonetheless, the family stayed in Newark, and his mother worked as a laundress to support her family, helped by her eldest daughter, who worked as a seamstress until marrying when Carter was 12.[] Carter began high school at Barringer High School in Newark.
The family moved to East Orange, New Jersey during Carter's high school years, where Carter's activism began after he read that a state court had ruled against racially discriminatory practices such as that high school's only allowing black students to use the swimming pool on Fridays, and entered the pool with white students, defying a teacher's threats. The school chose to close down its pool rather than integrate it. Carter graduated at age 16 from East Orange High School after having skipped two grades.
Carter earned an Artium Baccalaureus degree in political science from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1937 and his Bachelor of Laws from Howard University School of Law in 1940, both on scholarship and from predominantly black institutions. Carter earned his Master of Laws from Columbia Law School in 1941, after writing an influential master's thesis that would later define the NAACP's legal strategy on the right to freedom of association under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Carter joined the United States Army Air Corps a few months before the United States entered World War II. Experiences such as a white captain's welcoming him to the Augusta, Georgia station by telling him that they did not believe in educating black people, made Carter militant. Nonetheless, Carter completed Officer Candidate School and received a commission as lieutenant. As the only black officer at Harding Field in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Carter integrated the officer's club, to the consternation of many. He then transferred to Columbus, Ohio, but continued to face hostility based on his race.
In 1946, Carter married Gloria Spencer (who died in 1971) and had two sons: John W. Carter, who became a justice of the New York Supreme Court in the Bronx, and David Carter.
Civil rights advocate
---------------------
Carter being awarded honorary degree by Fordham Law School, dean William Treanor. November 2004
In 1944, as Carter's wartime service ended, he began working at the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund ("LDF"), and the following year he became an assistant special counsel at the LDF. By 1948 Carter had become a legal assistant to Thurgood Marshall. He worked on a number of major school desegregation cases, including *Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma* (1948), *Sweatt v. Painter* (1950) and *McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents* (1950). Later, he argued on behalf of Oliver Brown, the plaintiff in one of the five school desegregation cases consolidated into *Brown v. Board of Education* upon reaching the U.S. Supreme Court. Carter advocated bringing in psychological research by Kenneth and Mamie Clark on the deleterious effects that segregated schools had upon minority students' learning and development, which the unanimous court later relied upon in overturning *Plessy v. Ferguson* and deeming public school segregation unconstitutional. He subsequently worked on *Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County*, challenging a Virginia school board's attempt to avoid the desegregation required by *Brown*.
In 1956, after the separation of LDF from the NAACP, Carter succeeded Thurgood Marshall as the general counsel of the NAACP. He argued and won *NAACP v. Alabama* (1958), which blocked Alabama's attempts to gather NAACP membership lists, and *Gomillion v. Lightfoot* (1960), which found that Alabama's racial gerrymandering of an electoral district in Tuskegee violated the 15th Amendment. However, he was disappointed in 1961 when Marshall chose Jack Greenberg, a white attorney, as his successor as LDF's President and Director-Counsel over him. Nonetheless, Carter argued and won *NAACP v. Button* (1963), in which the Supreme Court struck down a Virginia statute restricting public interest litigation. Like *NAACP v. Alabama*, the *Button* decision eliminated a tool of massive resistance employed by some Southern states in response to *Brown*, and applied the First Amendment theories Carter began developing as a student at Columbia Law School. In all, while working for the NAACP and LDF, Carter argued 22 cases before the Supreme Court, winning 21 of them.
### Civic and legal involvement
Carter was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, and a co-founder of the National Conference of Black Lawyers. He served as a member of numerous bar and court-appointed committees, and was associated with a very wide array of educational institutions, organizations and foundations.[]
### Resignation from NAACP
In 1968, Carter, along with his entire legal staff, resigned in protest from the NAACP after the organization fired attorney Lewis M. Steel for criticizing the Supreme Court in a *The New York Times Magazine* piece. Carter believed that the NAACP board fired Steel because it felt the legal department was taking on cases that were too controversial. Carter then worked at Columbia University's Urban Center, and joined the New York law firm of Poletti, Freidin, Prashker, Feldman & Gartner.
Judicial career
---------------
On June 15, 1972, upon the recommendation of United States Senator Jacob Javits, President Richard Nixon nominated Carter to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge Thomas Francis Croake. The United States Senate confirmed Carter on July 21, 1972, and he received his commission on July 25, 1972. He assumed senior status on December 31, 1986, and continued serving in that capacity until his death on January 3, 2012.
### Notable cases
As a judge, Carter handled litigation concerning the merger of the National Basketball Association and the American Basketball Association, as well as settled a basketball antitrust lawsuit and presided over several cases involving basketball stars.[] Carter also handled cases involving discrimination against black and Hispanic applicants to the New York City police force.[]
Later life and legacy
---------------------
Carter wrote numerous law review articles and essays on civil rights and discrimination in the United States, often focusing on school segregation; he also wrote about his longtime friends and colleagues Thurgood Marshall and Charles Hamilton Houston. In 2004, the NAACP awarded Carter its Spingarn Medal. In November of the same year, Fordham University School of Law awarded Carter an honorary Doctor of Laws degree recognizing his civil rights achievements.[] In 2005, Carter published a memoir of his experience as a civil rights advocate, *A Matter of Law*, with a preface by historian John Hope Franklin. In 2010, Patricia Sullivan interviewed Carter as part of the Civil Rights History project. His papers are at the Library of Congress.
### Death
Carter died in a Manhattan hospital on January 3, 2012, of complications of a stroke, and was survived by both sons, a grandchild, and his sister Alma Carter Lawson. |
Greek water polo player
**George Mavrotas** (Greek: Γιώργος Μαυρωτάς; born 4 April 1967 in Athens, Greece) is a former member of the Greek Parliament, while also being a retired Greek water polo player and associate professor in the School of Chemical Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens. In July 2019 he was designated as General Secretary of Sport in the Greek Government.
Career
------
Mavrotas played in five consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country from 1984 to 2000. He is, jointly with Spaniard Chiqui Sans, the fifth athlete to compete in water polo at five Olympics, after Briton Paul Radmilovic, Hungarian Dezső Gyarmati, Italian Gianni De Magistris, and Spaniard Manuel Estiarte. He is, jointly with shooter Agi Kassoumi, the fourth Greek to compete at five modern Olympics, after shooters Ioannis Theofilakis and Alexandros Theofilakis and sailor Tasos Bountouris.
Mavrotas played 511 times for the Greece men's national water polo team (a national record for team sports) and is among a few water polo players worldwide who have participated in five Olympic Games, just one behind the sport legend Manuel Estiarte. His major career achievements is the second place in the 1997 World Cup as captain of the national team, and the first place in the European Cup of Cup Winners also in 1997, with his club Nautical Club of Vouliagmeni. In 1999, he participated in the world selection team. From 2003 to 2009, he was member of the Greek Anti-Doping Organization (ESKAN). Mavrotas is now following an academic career, as an associate professor in the School of Chemical Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens with expertise in Operational Research.
In January 2015 he was elected as member of the Greek Parliament with the pro-European, reforming party "To Potami" (The River).
In addition to his athletic career, in 1990 he completed his studies at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) at the School of Chemical Engineering. In 2000 he received his doctorate from the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) in the field of operational research. In December 2003 he began his academic career at the Laboratory of Industrial & Energy Economics at the School of Chemical Engineering of the NTUA, and today he is associate professor.
Since 1994 he has been married to Fani Stathakopoulou and has two sons, Leonidas and Aris.
In 2010 he wrote the novel "Theorem of Seven" containing a number of autobiographical details and focuses on the importance of friendship, collective effort, victory and defeat.
In 2014 he returned to active action and played in the A1 championship with the Hydraikos team.
In 2014 he was a candidate for the European Parliament with The River.
On 25 January 2015 he was elected a member of the Greek Parliament (the Attica Region) of the River (To Potami).
From January 2018 until June 2019, he was chairman in the Subcommittee on Education, Youth and Sport of the Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe
In July 2019 he was designated as Secretary General of Sport in the Greek Government.
In June 2021 he was elected chairman of the Follow-Up Committee of the Macolin Convention against the manipulation of sport competitions of the Council of Europe.
Notes and references
--------------------
1. ↑ He was an MP for the Attica constituency with The River (Greece) |