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For other people with this last name, see Guiney.
**Patrick Robert Guiney** (15 January 1835 in Parkstown, County Tipperary, Ireland – March 21, 1877 in Boston) was an American Civil War soldier.
Early life and career
---------------------
Patrick Robert Guiney was the second and eldest surviving son of James Roger Guiney, who was descended from Jacobites, and Judith Macrae. James Guiney, impoverished after a failed runaway marriage, brought with him on his second voyage to New Brunswick his favourite child Patrick, then not six years old. After some years, Mrs. Guiney and their younger son, William, rejoined her husband, recently crippled by a fall from his horse; they settled in Portland, Maine. The young Guiney worked as a wheel boy in a rope factory, and at the age of fourteen apprenticed to a machinist in Lawrence, Massachusetts, but stayed only a year and a half before returning to Portland.
He hoped to better himself through education, and attended the public grammar school. He matriculated at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. His depleting finances caused him to leave after about a year, despite the fact that the college president offered to make some arrangement for him to stay, which offer, according to Guiney's daughter, his honor would not allow him to accept. Guiney's book-loving father having meanwhile died, he went to study for the Bar under Judge Walton, and was admitted in Lewiston, Maine, in 1856, taking up the practice of criminal law.
In politics he was a Republican. For the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, he won its first suit. In 1859 he married in the old cathedral, Boston, Janet Margaret Doyle, related to James Warren Doyle, bishop of Kildare and Leighlin. They had one son, who died in infancy, and one daughter, the poet and essayist Louise Imogen Guiney. Home life in Roxbury and professional success were cut short by the outbreak of the Civil War.
Civil War
---------
Familiar with the Manual of arms, Guiney enlisted for example's sake as a private, refusing a commission from Governor John A. Andrew until he had worked hard to help recruit the 9th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. By June 1861, Guiney was a captain. Within two years (July, 1862), the first colonel having died from a wound received in action, Lieutenant-Colonel Guiney succeeded Young to the command. He won high official praise, notably for courage and presence of mind at the Battle of the Chickahominy, or Gaines's Mill, Virginia. Here, after three successive color-bearers had been shot down, the colonel himself reportedly seized the flag, threw aside coat and sword-belt, rose white-shirted and conspicuous in the stirrups, inspired a final rally, and turned the fortune of the day.
Guiney fought in over thirty engagements, including the Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Fredericksburg, and the Battle of Chancellorsville.
The 9th Massachusetts was present at Gettysburg in second brigade first division V Corps on July 1, 1863. Col Jacob B. Sweitzer the brigade commander, detached Guiney's regiment for picket duty. Consequently, the regiment missed the second day's fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg.
In 1864, through the battle of the Wilderness, Guiney frequently had been in command of his brigade, the second brigade, first division, Fifth Corps. After many escapes from dangerous combats without serious injury, he was shot in the face by a sharpshooter at the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5, 1864. The Minié ball destroyed his left eye, and inflicted, it was believed, a fatal wound. During an interval of consciousness, however, Guiney insisted on an operation which saved his life. Guiney was honorably discharged and mustered out of the U.S. Volunteers on June 21, 1864, just before the mustering out of his old regiment.
On February 21, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Guiney for the award of the honorary grade of brevet brigadier general, to rank from March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. The U.S. Senate confirmed the award on April 10, 1866.
Postbellum
----------
Kept alive for years by nursing, he ran unsuccessfully for Congress on a sort of "Christian Socialist" platform, was elected assistant district attorney (1866–70), and acted as consulting lawyer (not being longer able to plead) on many locally celebrated cases.
His last exertions were devoted to the defeat of the corruption and misuse of the Probate Court of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, of which he had become registrar (1869–77). He died suddenly and was found kneeling against an elm in the little park near his home. General Guiney was Commandant of the Loyal Legion, Major-General Commandant of the Veteran Military League, member of the Irish Charitable Society, and one of the founders and first members of the Catholic Union of Boston. He also published some literary criticism, a few graphic prose sketches and some verse.
Sources
-------
* *Commanding Boston's Irish Ninth: the Civil War letters of Colonel Patrick R. Guiney, Ninth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry*, ed. Christian G. Samito, New York: Fordham University Press, 1998.
* Eicher, John H. and Eicher, David J. *Civil War High Commands*. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
* Hunt, Roger D. and Brown, Jack R. *Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue*. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc. 1990. ISBN 1-56013-002-4. |
Species of worms
***Sparicotyle chrysophrii*** is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of the marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. Its type-host is the gilt-head seabream (*Sparus aurata*).
Figure 2: Two specimens of the monogenean *Sparicotyle chrysophrii* viewed under the stereomicroscope isolated from the gills of farmed gilt-head seabream *Sparus aurata*.
The species was described by Van Beneden & Hesse in 1863 under the name *Microcotyle chrysophrii* and transferred to the genus *Sparicotyle* (Figure 2-4) by Mamaev in 1984.
Its morphology has been described in 2010 from specimens collected off Corsica by Antonelli et al.
It is ubiquitous and abundant in the aquatic environment, isolated from fish as ectoparasite on gill filaments. *S. chrysophrii* is specific but not limited to the gilt-head seabream (*Sparus aurata*), causing mortalities when contacted at high prevalence (61.5%) in fish cages. It has been suggested that wild fish, mostly sparids that aggregate around aquaculture fish cages, can act as the infection reservoir for the fish in cages. It has been suggested that overcrowding in fish cages can also increase its transmission.
As all monogeneans, it is hermaphroditic. Gravid specimens release eggs into the sea where they continue to develop and hatch into oncomiracidia – free swimming ciliated larva that eventually finds and attaches to the host.
An infection by *S. chrysophrii* causes lethargy due to the hypoxia, "necrosis of gill filaments" and severe anaemia, with several histopatological effects: lamellar shortening, clubbing and synechiae, proliferation of the epithelial tissue with resulting fusion of the secondary lamellae, and marked presence of chloride cell, which may lead to death.
Economic impact encompasses direct losses from the mortalities and the cost of treatment. It has been suggested that the monogenean causes an increase by >0.4 of the total feed conversion rate (FCR) of the infected gilt-head seabream, which translates in an increased feed requirement for over 50,000 tons during the production (Rigos G. unpubl. data).
Taxonomy
--------
Phylum: Platyhelminthes, class: Monogenea, order: Mazocraeidea, family: Microcotylidae, genus: Sparicotyle, species: *Sparicotyle chrysophrii.* The species was originally described by Van Beneden and Hesse in 1863 under the name *Microcotyle chrysophrii* and transferred to the genus *Sparicotyle* by Mamaev in 1984. Its morphology has been described from specimens collected off Corsica by Antonelli et al.
Life cycle
----------
All monogeneans are hermaphroditic. Gravid parasites release eggs into the sea where they continue to develop and hatch into oncomiracidia – free swimming ciliated larva. Hatching starts five days (20 °C) after deposition of the eggs and can be prolonged up to the day 10 (20 °C). Oncomiracidia can survive maximally 52 h (20 °C) in the sea water column, after which they need to find a suitable host. Eggs of *S. chrysophrii* (Figure 5) are ovoid with two tendril-like projections that allow the egg to attach to potential substrate, such as cage nets, biofouling and lamellar epithelium.
Pathology and clinical signs
----------------------------
An infection by *S. chrysophrii* causes lethargy due to the hypoxia and severe anaemia. Sitjà-Bobadilla et al. evidenced the following histopatological effects: lamellar shortening, clubbing and synechiae, proliferation of the epithelial tissue with resulting fusion of the secondary lamellae, and marked presence of chloride cells. *S. chrysophrii* causes severe pathogenicity (gill lesions, systemic anemia, lamellae fusion, sloughing of epithel cells) even at the low infection intensity (eight parasites per gill arch). De Vico et al. observed that in infected seabreams' spleen there was a dramatic increase in size and number of splenic melanomacrophage centres, suggesting increased levels of the hemosiderin (resulting from the erythrocyte's destruction) and lipofuscin, common in tissue catabolism and degenerative chronic disorders. Secondary infections with other parasites and bacteria are common for the *S. chrysophrii*-infected seabream.
Impact
------
In the experimental studies, fingerling seabream (30 g) had prevalence up to 100%, and the larger fish (150 g) 96.6%. Some authors found positive correlation between increase of sexual hormone levels and susceptibility to monogeneans, while others suggest that in the larger fish, water current passing through the gills is stronger than in the smaller fish, therefore disabling the settlement of oncomiracidia.
Diagnosis
---------
*S. chrysophrii* infection is diagnosed by examining the gills under the stereomicroscope and determining the presence of the different parasite stages.
Figure 3: Anterior end (prohaptor) of the adult monogenean *Sparicotyle chrysophrii* viewed by microscopy.
Treatments
----------
Currently, only formalin baths are regulated in some European countries. 30 min bath in formalin (300 ppm) is 100% effective for eggs, oncomiracidia and adults in *in vitro* treatments, and hydrogen peroxide (200 ppm) is 100% effective for oncomiracidia and adults.
Other control strategies
------------------------
Recommend synchronization of fish baths with net changing to lower the possibility of infection or re-infection. Regular parasite counts from gills are recommended to decide bath treatments and avoid sudden outbreaks.
Research
--------
Different aspects of monogenean biology, ecology and pathology have been investigated through the EU funded Horizon2020 Project ParaFishControl, adding greatly to the generation of new fundamental and applicable knowledge. The genome and transcriptome of *S. chrysophrii* different developmental stages has been sequenced; the gilt-head seabream response to chronic and mild infection by *S. chrysophrii* has been evaluated using RNA-seq, as well standard histology and immunohistochemistry techniques; an array of synthetic compounds and herbal extracts has been tested to infer toxicity on the adult monogenean; assessment of the transfer of the monogenean between wild and farmed fish has been done using ddRAD-seq; different techniques of *in vitro* culture have been successfully applied.
Figure 4: Mid-posterior end of the adult monogenean *Sparicotyle chrysophrii* viewed by microscopy, showing clumps of eggs within the uterus, dark-brown vitellaria gland laterally and a part of the opisthaptor (upper right corner).
Figure 5: Eggs of the adult monogenean *Sparicotyle chrysophrii* viewed by microscopy, within parasite uterus. |
British painter (1758–1810)
**John Hoppner** RA (4 April 1758 – 23 January 1810) was an English portrait painter, much influenced by Reynolds, who achieved fame as a brilliant colourist.
Early life
----------
Portrait of the Frankland sisters, 1795
Miss Mary Linwood, about 1800, John Hoppner V&A Museum no. 1439-1874
Hoppner was born in Whitechapel, London, the son of German parents – his mother was one of the German attendants at the royal palace. King George showed a fatherly interest and patronage of the young boy that gave rise to rumours, quite unfounded, that he may have been his illegitimate son.
Hoppner became a chorister at the royal chapel, but, showing strong inclination for art, in 1775 he entered the Royal Academy. In 1778 he took a silver medal for drawing from life, and in 1782 the Academy's highest award, the gold medal for historical painting, his subject being King Lear.
Career
------
Hoppner first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1780. His earliest love was for landscape, but necessity obliged him to turn to the more lucrative business of portrait painting. At once successful, he had throughout life the most fashionable and wealthy sitters, and was the greatest rival to the growing attraction of Thomas Lawrence. He rarely attempted ideal subjects, though a *Sleeping Venus*, *Belisarius*, *Jupiter and Io*, a *Bacchante* and *Cupid and Psyche* are recorded among his works. The Prince of Wales visited him especially often, and many of his finest portraits were hung in the state apartments at St James's Palace, notably those of the prince himself, the Duke and Duchess of York, Lord Rodney and Lord Nelson. His other sitters included Sir Walter Scott, the Duke of Wellington, Henry Bartle Frere and Sir George Beaumont.
According to the 1911 edition of the *Encyclopædia Britannica*:
> Competent judges have deemed his most successful works to be his portraits of women and children... He was confessedly an imitator of Reynolds. When first painted, his works were much admired for the brilliancy and harmony of their colouring, but the injury due to destructive mediums and lapse of time which many of them suffered caused a great depreciation in his reputation. The appearance, however, of some of his pictures in good condition has shown that his fame as a brilliant colourist was well-founded. His drawing is faulty, but his touch has qualities of breadth and freedom that give to his paintings a faint reflection of the charm of Reynolds.
>
>
In 1803 he published *A Series of Portraits of Ladies*, engraved after his paintings by Charles Wilkin, and in 1805 a volume of translations of Eastern tales into English verse.
Unusually Hoppner painted the background and perhaps more of a full-length portrait of Charlotte, Countess Talbot by Thomas Gainsborough in 1788, the year in which Gainsborough died. It is now in the Dunedin Public Art Gallery.
Personal life
-------------
Hoppner was a man of great social power, and had the knowledge and accomplishments of a man of the world.[]
He married Phoebe Wright, the daughter of American-born sculptor Patience Wright. They had five children, although little is known about the youngest:
* Catherine Hampden Hoppner (1784–1828), Magistrate, East India Company
* Richard Belgrave Hoppner (1786–1872), British Consul general, Venice, and friend of Byron (ref: Oxford DNB, entry on RBH in entry on John Hoppner)
* Wilson (sometimes known as William) Lascelles Hoppner (1788-?), artist
* Henry Parkyns Hoppner (1795–1833), officer of the Royal Navy, Arctic explorer, draughtsman/artist
* youngest unknown Hoppner
Death
-----
In his later years Hoppner suffered from a chronic disease of the liver. He died on 23 January 1810.
Gallery
-------
* Richard Brinsley Sheridan, c.1788Richard Brinsley Sheridan, c.1788
* Joseph Haydn, c.1791Joseph Haydn, c.1791
* Dorothea Jordan, 1791Dorothea Jordan, 1791
* George, Prince of Wales, 1792George, Prince of Wales, 1792
* Arthur Wellesley, 1795Arthur Wellesley, 1795
* William Lamb, 1796William Lamb, 1796
* Duke of Bedford, 1796Duke of Bedford, 1796
* Countess of Oxford, 1797Countess of Oxford, 1797
* Lord Paget, 1798Lord Paget, 1798
* Sir Ralph Abercromby, 1798Sir Ralph Abercromby, 1798
* Admiral Duncan, c.1798Admiral Duncan, c.1798
* Duke of Kent, c.1799Duke of Kent, c.1799
* Lord Grenville, c.1800Lord Grenville, c.1800
* Thomas Maitland, 1800Thomas Maitland, 1800
* Lady Hertford, 1800Lady Hertford, 1800
* Georgiana St Leger and her son Pascoe St Leger Grenfell c.1800Georgiana St Leger and her son Pascoe St Leger Grenfell c.1800
* Lord Nelson, c.1801Lord Nelson, c.1801
* Charles Abbot, c.1802Charles Abbot, c.1802
* Henry Blackwood, c.1806Henry Blackwood, c.1806
* Dr. Matthias Hoffman, Province House (Nova Scotia)Dr. Matthias Hoffman, Province House (Nova Scotia)
* Girl with rabbit, 1800, Städelsches KunstinstitutGirl with rabbit, 1800, Städelsches Kunstinstitut
Further reading
---------------
* Hoppner, John. *Oriental Tales* (London: J. Hatchard, 1805).
* Lee, Sidney, ed. (1891). "Hoppner, John". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 27. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 342.
* Cole, Timothy. *Old English Masters* (New York : The Century Co. 1902) p. 91 ff.
* Skipton, H. P. K. *John Hoppner* (Methuen & Co, 1905)
* McKay, William & Roberts, William. *John Hoppner* (John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1909)
* Wilson, John, John Hoppner entry in Oxford DNB. |
1995 studio album by Viva Saturn
***Brightside*** is an album by the American band Viva Saturn, released in 1995. It was the band's final album, as Restless Records chose not to release 1998's *Ships of Heaven*.
Production
----------
The album was produced by Matt Piucci and Steven Roback, former bandmates in the Rain Parade. It closes with a cover of "One for My Baby", a song made popular by Frank Sinatra; the cover first appeared on the Sinatra tribute album, *Chairman of the Board: Interpretations of Songs Made Famous by Frank Sinatra*.
Critical reception
------------------
Professional ratings| Review scores |
| --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| *The Province* | |
*Trouser Press* thought that "the somber 'String Me Out a Line' conveys aching loneliness with haunting clarity, its gentle acoustic instrumentation and quiet vocal harmonies making it *Brightside'*s most memorable track." *Stereo Review* called the album "a well-crafted slice of retro-psychedelic pop-rock." The *Stafford Post* noted the "road-friendly rockers" and "drowsy psychedelia."
*The Province* opined that, "as Piucci and Roback were members of Rain Parade, a major player in L.A.'s Paisley Underground scene of the mid-'80s, *Viva Saturn* could also be seen by both as a chance to resolve some unfinished aspects of their past... Unfortunately, *Brightside*, while attractive, is less substantial than any of their other projects." *Billboard* concluded that Piucci "is especially impressive; his stint backing Neil Young in Crazy Horse is noticeable in his taut, laconic lead work."
AllMusic wrote that "Roback's detached, nasal twang blends nicely into an atmospheric backdrop of textured guitars, piano accents and feedback." *The Rough Guide to Rock* determined that the album "continued [the Rain Parade's] journey, rediscovering the plaintive melodicism mislaid in their 1988 comeback."
Track listing
-------------
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Send a Message" | |
| 2. | "Black Cloud" | |
| 3. | "Brightside" | |
| 4. | "Here Comes April" | |
| 5. | "Abandoned Car" | |
| 6. | "String Me Out a Line" | |
| 7. | "Mourn the Light" | |
| 8. | "Distracted" | |
| 9. | "Nothing Helps" | |
| 10. | "Heart of You" | |
| 11. | "One for My Baby" | | |
Conceptual framework
The complex mass of train tracks through Clapham Junction, UK as an analogy of the complex society its infrastructure supports.**Social complexity:** The infrastructure of train tracks through the Clapham Junction railway station, UK, is analogous to the complexity of the society served by the railroad.
In sociology, **social complexity** is a conceptual framework used in the analysis of society. In the sciences, contemporary definitions of complexity are found in systems theory, wherein the phenomenon being studied has many parts and many possible arrangements of the parts; simultaneously, what is complex and what is simple are relative and change in time.
Contemporary usage of the term *complexity* specifically refers to sociologic theories of society as a complex adaptive system, however, social complexity and its emergent properties are recurring subjects throughout the historical development of social philosophy and the study of social change.
Early theoreticians of sociology, such as Ferdinand Tönnies, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber, Vilfredo Pareto and Georg Simmel, examined the exponential growth and interrelatedness of social encounters and social exchanges. The emphases on the interconnectivity among social relationships, and the emergence of new properties within society, is found in the social theory produced in the subfields of sociology. Social complexity is a basis for the connection of the phenomena reported in microsociology and macrosociology, and thus provides an intellectual middle-range for sociologists to formulate and develop hypotheses. Methodologically, social complexity is theory-neutral, and includes the phenomena studied in microsociology and the phenomena studied in macrosociology.
Theoretic background
--------------------
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In 1937, the sociologist Talcott Parsons continued the work of the early theoreticians of sociology with his work on action theory; and by 1951, Parson had developed action theory into formal systems theory in *The Social System* (1951). In the following decades, the synergy between general systems thinking and the development of social system theories is carried forward by Robert K. Merton in discussions of theories of the middle-range and social structure and agency. From the late 1970s until the early 1990s, sociological investigation concerned the properties of systems in which the strong correlation of sub-parts leads to the observation of autopoetic, self-organizing, dynamical, turbulent, and chaotic behaviours that arise from mathematical complexity, such as the work of Niklas Luhmann.
One of the earliest usages of the term "complexity", in the social and behavioral sciences, to refer specifically to a complex system is found in the study of modern organizations and management studies. However, particularly in management studies, the term often has been used in a metaphorical rather than in a qualitative or quantitative theoretical manner. By the mid-1990s, the "complexity turn" in social sciences begins as some of the same tools generally used in complexity science are incorporated into the social sciences. By 1998, the international, electronic periodical, *Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation*, had been created. In the last several years, many publications have presented overviews of complexity theory within the field of sociology. Within this body of work, connections also are drawn to yet other theoretical traditions, including constructivist epistemology and the philosophical positions of phenomenology, postmodernism and critical realism.
Methodologies
-------------
Illustration of complexity (Penrose tiling fractal)
Methodologically, social complexity is theory-neutral, meaning that it accommodates both local and global approaches to sociological research. The very idea of social complexity arises out of the historical-comparative methods of early sociologists; obviously, this method is important in developing, defining, and refining the theoretical construct of social complexity. As complex social systems have many parts and there are many possible relationships between those parts, appropriate methodologies are typically determined to some degree by the research level of analysis differentiated by the researcher according to the level of description or explanation demanded by the research hypotheses.
At the most localized level of analysis, ethnographic, participant- or non-participant observation, content analysis and other qualitative research methods may be appropriate. More recently, highly sophisticated quantitative research methodologies are being developed and used in sociology at both local and global levels of analysis. Such methods include (but are not limited to) bifurcation diagrams, network analysis, non-linear modeling, and computational models including cellular automata programming, sociocybernetics and other methods of social simulation.
### Complex social network analysis
Main article: Dynamic network analysis
Complex social network analysis is used to study the dynamics of large, complex social networks. Dynamic network analysis brings together traditional social network analysis, link analysis and multi-agent systems within network science and network theory. Through the use of key concepts and methods in social network analysis, agent-based modeling, theoretical physics, and modern mathematics (particularly graph theory and fractal geometry), this method of inquiry brought insights into the dynamics and structure of social systems. New computational methods of localized social network analysis are coming out of the work of Duncan Watts, Albert-László Barabási, Nicholas A. Christakis, Kathleen Carley and others.
New methods of global network analysis are emerging from the work of John Urry and the sociological study of globalization, linked to the work of Manuel Castells and the later work of Immanuel Wallerstein. Since the late 1990s, Wallerstein increasingly makes use of complexity theory, particularly the work of Ilya Prigogine. Dynamic social network analysis is linked to a variety of methodological traditions, above and beyond systems thinking, including graph theory, traditional social network analysis in sociology, and mathematical sociology. It also links to mathematical chaos and complex dynamics through the work of Duncan Watts and Steven Strogatz, as well as fractal geometry through Albert-László Barabási and his work on scale-free networks.
### Computational sociology
Main article: Computational sociology
The development of computational sociology involves such scholars as Nigel Gilbert, Klaus G. Troitzsch, Joshua M. Epstein, and others. The foci of methods in this field include social simulation and data-mining, both of which are sub-areas of computational sociology. Social simulation uses computers to create an artificial laboratory for the study of complex social systems; data-mining uses machine intelligence to search for non-trivial patterns of relations in large, complex, real-world databases. The emerging methods of socionics are a variant of computational sociology.
Computational sociology is influenced by a number of micro-sociological areas as well as the macro-level traditions of systems science and systems thinking. The micro-level influences of symbolic interaction, exchange, and rational choice, along with the micro-level focus of computational political scientists, such as Robert Axelrod, helped to develop computational sociology's bottom-up, agent-based approach to modeling complex systems. This is what Joshua M. Epstein calls generative science. Other important areas of influence include statistics, mathematical modeling and computer simulation.
### Sociocybernetics
Main article: Sociocybernetics
Sociocybernetics integrates sociology with second-order cybernetics and the work of Niklas Luhmann, along with the latest advances in complexity science. In terms of scholarly work, the focus of sociocybernetics has been primarily conceptual and only slightly methodological or empirical. Sociocybernetics is directly tied to systems thought inside and outside of sociology, specifically in the area of second-order cybernetics.
Areas of application
--------------------
In the first decade of the 21st century, the diversity of areas of application has grown as more sophisticated methods have developed. Social complexity theory is applied in studies of social cooperation and public goods; altruism; education; global civil society collective action and social movements; social inequality; workforce and unemployment; policy analysis; health care systems; and innovation and social change, to name a few. A current international scientific research project, the Seshat: Global History Databank, was explicitly designed to analyze changes in social complexity from the Neolithic Revolution until the Industrial Revolution.
As a middle-range theoretical platform, social complexity can be applied to any research in which social interaction or the outcomes of such interactions can be observed, but particularly where they can be measured and expressed as continuous or discrete data points. One common criticism often cited regarding the usefulness of complexity science in sociology is the difficulty of obtaining adequate data. Nonetheless, application of the concept of social complexity and the analysis of such complexity has begun and continues to be an ongoing field of inquiry in sociology. From childhood friendships and teen pregnancy to criminology and counter-terrorism, theories of social complexity are being applied in almost all areas of sociological research.
In the area of communications research and informetrics, the concept of self-organizing systems appears in mid-1990s research related to scientific communications. Scientometrics and bibliometrics are areas of research in which discrete data are available, as are several other areas of social communications research such as sociolinguistics. Social complexity is also a concept used in semiotics.
Further reading
---------------
* Byrne, David (1998). *Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences.* London: Routledge.
* Byrne, D. & Callaghan, G. (2013). Complexity theory and the social sciences: The state of the art. Routledge.
* Castellani, Brian and Frederic William Hafferty (2009). *Sociology and Complexity Science: A New Area of Inquiry* (Series: Understanding Complex Systems XV). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
* Eve, Raymond, Sara Horsfall and Mary E. Lee (1997). *Chaos, Complexity and Sociology: Myths, Models, and Theories.* Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
* Jenks, Chris and John Smith (2006). *Qualitative Complexity: Ecology, Cognitive Processes and the Re-Emergence of Structures in Post-Humanist Social Theory.* New York, NY: Routledge.
* Kiel, L. Douglas (ed.) (2008). *Knowledge Management, Organizational Intelligence, Learning and Complexity.* UNESCO (EOLSS): Paris, France.
* Kiel, L. Douglas and Euel Elliott (eds.) (1997). *Chaos Theory in the Social Sciences: Foundations and Applications.* The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI.
* Leydesdorff, Loet (2001). *A Sociological Theory of Communication: The Self-Organization of the Knowledge-Based Society*. Parkland, FL: Universal Publishers.
* Urry, John (2005). "The Complexity Turn." *Theory, Culture and Society*, 22(5): 1–14. |
Honor society
Not to be confused with Kappa Phi, a sorority.
**The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi** (or simply **Phi Kappa Phi** or **ΦΚΦ**) is an honor society established in 1897 to recognize and encourage superior scholarship without restriction as to area of study, and to promote the "unity and democracy of education". It is the fourth academic society in the United States to be organized around recognizing academic excellence, and it is the oldest all-discipline honor society. The society's motto is Φιλοσοφία Kρατείτω Φωτῶν (*Philosophía Krateítõ Phõtôn*), which is translated as "Let the love of learning rule humanity", and its mission is "to recognize and promote academic excellence in all fields of higher education and to engage the community of scholars in service to others." It is a member of the Honor Society Caucus, which is composed of four honor societies: Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma Xi, and Omicron Delta Kappa.
Membership
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Membership is by invitation only, by an established campus chapter, and is restricted to students with integrity and high ethical standards and who are ranked scholastically in the top of their class, regardless of field of study: the top 7.5 percent of second-semester university juniors and the top 10 percent of seniors and graduate students. Faculty, professional staff and alumni who have achieved scholarly distinction also might be eligible.
Phi Kappa Phi claims to have over 100,000 active members, to initiate approximately 30,000 new members annually, and to have a total of more than 1 million members since its creation, from over 300 college-based chapters in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
History
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Phi Kappa Phi Banner
Phi Kappa Phi Medallion used for graduation/recognition.
Phi Kappa Phi pin
In the late 1800s, there were only two academic societies founded and organized as honor societies, and they were discipline specific – Tau Beta Pi and Sigma Xi, which were founded in 1885 and 1886, respectively. There was also Phi Beta Kappa, a social and literary society that did not originate as an honor society when it was founded in 1776 but quickly became one for the liberal arts and sciences. Although Phi Beta Kappa was not exclusive to one discipline, it did not extend its membership beyond the liberal arts and sciences, hence the establishment of Tau Beta Pi, an honor society for engineering. Phi Beta Kappa became sufficient as an all-campus honor society for liberal arts colleges, but there was no honor society that could serve as such for the universities encompassing both liberal education and also technological and professional education, a mission to which the newly burgeoning land-grant universities of the time were dedicated. That was to change in 1897 when the first organizational meeting of *Lambda Sigma Eta* (later named Phi Kappa Phi), the nation's first all-discipline honor society, was held in Coburn Hall at the University of Maine under the leadership of undergraduate student Marcus L. Urann. In opposition to what he saw as the separateness and exclusivity promoted by the social fraternities and discipline bound honor societies, Urann wanted to create a society that was defined by inclusiveness and that unified a campus, constituted by "high rank men drawn from all classes and all groups and all societies". Those selected for invitation into the society would be the top ten students of the senior class whose rank did not fall below the 90th percentile for the four years of work at the university. In all, the society was founded by 10 senior students, two faculty members, and the university president, Abram Winegaard Harris. Urann graduated in 1897, and leadership of Phi Kappa Phi was assumed by President Harris. A year or so later, the name was changed to the Morrill Society, in honor of the sponsor of the Congressional Act which provided for land-grant universities. In 1899, the first woman was initiated into the society, Pearl Clayton Swain.
In 1900, the society became national in scope by action of the presidents of the University of Maine (the founding chapter), University of Tennessee, and Pennsylvania State University. There was considerable debate among the three existing chapters regarding the purpose and naming of the society. Pennsylvania State University's President George W. Atherton cautioned that using Greek letters to label the society would be "too much like aping other organizations", and President Charles W. Dabney of the University of Tennessee did not want to accept institutions that already had a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. Nonetheless, on June 12, 1900, the society changed its name to Phi Kappa Phi, drawing from the initial letters of the Greek words forming its motto. The year 1900 also saw the first national convention of Phi Kappa Phi, which was held in New Haven, Connecticut and attended by delegates representing the three original chapters. In 1915, Phi Kappa Phi continued to struggle to earn a reputation. The then Secretary of the organization, L.H. Pammel, pointed out that institutions that were seeking to establish a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa were often hesitant about establishing a chapter of Phi Kappa Phi. To this, the society continued to make its case:
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> Phi Beta Kappa, it was repeated time after time, represented the literary side of education such as history, literature, and economics."The Phi Kappa Phi on the other hand stands not only for the democracy of education, making no distinction between different lines of investigation, such as literature, history, science, home economics, agriculture, veterinary medicine, law, but for sound scholarship based on four years of collegiate work."
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It was later asserted that the society's aim was not to replace older societies, but to "help raise the broader educational program initiated by our government when it established the land-grant system, to appreciation of scholarly worth whether the subject matter be strictly academic or of a more vocational type."
1915 was the same year that the first issue of *The Phi Kappa Phi Journal* was published, and also the year the society established an association with the American Association for the Advancement of Science that would last until 1962. In 1919, Phi Kappa Phi still struggled with securing growth and in the spirit of "the unity and democracy of education" the leadership took the stance that "although certain honor societies like Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi are unwilling to venture out into these technical schools", Phi Kappa Phi should push to become part of those institutions. In 1922, the question of admitting African-Americans into the society was raised openly, and the leadership decided that although the constitution did not debar African-Americans, the society would not "urge the election of colored people" because the "southern institutions would resent it." Nonetheless, in 1925 the society as a whole formally took the position that it would not discriminate on color or race. Yet it would take until 1976 for Phi Kappa Phi to successfully establish a chapter at a Historically Black College or University, when one was established at Jackson State University. Also in 1925, Phi Kappa Phi would be instrumental in creating the Association of College Honor Societies (ACHS), being one of its six charter members.
In 1933, while the Philippines was still an American colony, the first chapter outside of the continental United States was founded at the University of the Philippines. About this time, president of the society Frank D. Kern stated that "integrity, moral courage, spirited discernment, and concern for human welfare" were equally important for membership in the society.
During the two world wars and into the 1960s, Society membership numbers and finances struggled. In 1963, Chapter 105 was chartered at the oldest and largest university system in the American territory of Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico. By 1969, new member numbers were triple what they were in 1960. That year, the Phi Kappa Phi Foundation was incorporated to promote academic excellence and achievement by means of scholarships and fellowships. To support first-year graduate work, the society now offers annually through the Foundation 60 Fellowships and 30 Awards of Excellence, on a competitive basis, to graduating students who have been initiated into the society and who have also been nominated by their chapters for the competition.
In a 1969 Special Convention, the motto devised in 1900, "The Love of Learning Rules all Mankind", was changed to "Let the Love of Learning Rule Mankind" due to membership insistence that the former was, in the words of one member, "the most barefaced lie that had ever been cast in bronze."
By 1971, 74 years after its founding, Phi Kappa Phi numbered 120 chapters. In the next 12 years, that number would double to 239.
Mission
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Phi Kappa Phi's mission is "to recognize and promote academic excellence in all fields of higher education and to engage the community of scholars in service to others." In honoring "those persons of good character who have excelled in scholarship, in whatever field, it will stimulate others to strive for excellence." To this end, the society insists that "in order to acquire a chapter ... an institution provide the means and atmosphere conducive to academic excellence." Furthermore, the society awards more than $1.3 million in national and local scholarships annually, as well as grants and graduate fellowships. According to Baird's Manual of College Fraternities, the aim of these awards "is not to give the recipient something which may encourage complacency, but to challenge the member to continued excellence."
According to the website of the National Association of Fellowships Advisors, "The multidisciplinary nature of Phi Kappa Phi is reflected in its Fellowship and Award of Excellence recipients. Awardees represent a variety of fields including biology, chemistry, engineering, political science, mathematics and psychology. Likewise, the professions they select are equally diverse: law, medicine, business, education, science, or the arts". This multidisciplinary nature is represented by the rays of light on the Phi Kappa Phi badge (see "Society Symbols" below). In addition, Phi Kappa Phi aims to foster community service and leadership through its grants for local and national literacy initiatives, promotion of excellence grants, and training and leadership opportunities available to its membership.
Some chapters of Phi Kappa Phi also sponsor conferences and campus speakers.
Publications
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Phi Kappa Phi publishes for its active membership a quarterly journal, *The Phi Kappa Phi Forum* and the triannual *Honor Chord e-zine*, both of which have won awards. The society also publishes the *Monthly Mentions* newsletter. Each issue of *The Phi Kappa Phi Forum* is devoted to a significant theme and addresses prominent issues of the day from an interdisciplinary perspective. The journal features articles by scholars inside and outside the academic community. In addition to timely articles, each issue of *The Phi Kappa Phi Forum* contains selected poetry and reviews of current books and periodical literature. The *Honor Chord* e-zine and *Phi Kappa Phi Newsletter* feature professional advice columns and news items of interest to members on both the national and local levels.
Notable people who have contributed to *The Phi Kappa Phi Forum* include Ronald Reagan, Bob Dole, Edward Kennedy, Jesse Jackson, Sr. Newt Gingrich, Myrlie Evers-Williams, Michael Dukakis, Thomas "Tip" O'Neill, Annette Kolodny, Warren E. Burger, Ellis Marsalis, Jr. and Molefi Kete Asante.
Organization and governance
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Phi Kappa Phi is governed ultimately by the Biennial Convention, supplemented by any interim – though rare – special conventions deemed necessary. Each chapter may send one official delegates to a convention, which is held at a major city in the United States. Between conventions, the business of the society is conducted by the board of directors, composed of 12 people, of whom 11 are elective (president, president-elect, a vice president of development, five directors, two student representatives, and the immediate past president) and one is appointive (executive director of the society). The executive director is in charge of the society's national office.
Each of the 300 active chapters of Phi Kappa Phi elect their own set of chapter officers and is governed by the chapter constitution and by-laws. Chapters are numbered chronologically based on their date of founding, with the oldest chapter at the University of Maine identified as Chapter 001.
Phi Kappa Phi is a 501(c)(3) organization under the United States Internal Revenue Code. Its national headquarters is located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
### Presidents
The following served as president of the society since its founding:
* Abram W. Harris, 1897–1903
* George E. Fellows, 1903–1911
* Edwin Erle Sparks, 1911–1919
* James S. Stevens, 1919–1924
* Louis Hermann Pammel, 1924–1927
* Clifton Roswell Gibbs, 1927–1931
* Aven Nelson, 1931–1935
* Homer LeRoy Shantz, 1935–1939
* Rufus B. von KleinSmid, 1939–1947
* Frank D. Kern, 1947–1951
* Roy M. Swinton, 1951–1956
* Charles A. Davis, 1956–1962
* Alphaeus M. Guhl, 1962–1968
* Kenneth Munford, 1968–1971
* Theodore Zillman, 1971–1972
* Albertine Krohn, 1972–1977
* Albert Fisher, 1977–1980
* John McDow, 1980–1983
* Walter Hohenstein, 1983–1986
* Roger Yoerger, 1986–1989
* Ilona M. Herlinger, 1989–1992
* Lawrence M. Sommers, 1992–1995
* E. Ann Nalley, 1995–1998
* Neil Luebke, 1998–2001
* Wendell Mackenzie, 2001–2004
* Paul J. Ferlazzo, 2004–2007
* Robert Rogow, 2007–2010
* William Bloodworth III, 2010–2012
* Diane G. Smathers, 2012–2014
* Timothy L. Hulsey, 2014–2016
* Gypsy M. Denzine, 2016–2018
* Missy Hopper, 2018-2020
* Dan Sandweiss, 2020-present
Symbols
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### The Badge
The Seal of Phi Kappa Phi The badge, which appears on the key and in the center of the society's seal, is the terrestrial globe with the sun's eight-rayed corona extending behind it. The sun represents the dissemination of truth and knowledge as light. The eight-rayed sun represents the various branches into which general education at the time was divided, and the arrangement of the rays "stood for the unity and democracy of the various branches of learning" Encompassing the globe is a band with the Greek letters Phi(Φ) Kappa(K) Phi(Φ), representing the honor society's motto, Φιλοσοφία Kρατείτω Φωτῶν (*Philosophía Krateítõ Phõtôn*). This band represents the bond of fellowship that binds all lovers of learning in a common purpose.
### The seal
The seal of the society has at its center the badge. This in turn is surrounded by a crenelated line which represents the battlements and walls of Troy as well as a technological aspect of the ancient Greek culture. In the space between this line and the periphery of the seal appear three stars just above the badge, one for each of the three original chapters. Just below the badge is the phrase "Founded 1897."
### The ribbon
The Ribbon of Phi Kappa Phi The ribbon of the society portrays the meander pattern common in Greek art, suggesting the enduring values and ideals of learning and community leadership promoted by Phi Kappa Phi.
Notable members
---------------
* H. Gardner Ackley, economist and former United States ambassador to Italy
* Jonathan S. Adelstein, former commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission
* Doris Twitchell Allen, psychologist and professor
* Stephen Ambrose, historian and professor
* Kwame Anthony Appiah, philosopher, professor, and awardee of the National Humanities Medal
* Ellis Arnall, 69th governor of Georgia
* David Baldacci, novelist
* George C. Baldwin, theoretical and experimental physicist and professor
* James Barksdale, president and CEO of Netscape Communications Corporation
* Kathleen Blanco, 54th governor of Louisiana
* William Bolcom, American composer and pianist and recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Medal of Arts, and a Grammy Award
* John R. Brazil, president of Trinity University
* William Denis Brown, III, state senator from Monroe, Louisiana (1968–1976)
* David Brubeck, jazz musician
* Lela E. Buis, author, poet and painter
* Jimmy Carter, 39th president of the United States
* Turner Catledge, senior executive of *The New York Times*
* Hillary Clinton, 67th United States Secretary of State
* Thad Cochran, United States Senator
* Mike Davis, California State Assemblyman (2006–2012), president pro tem, LA Board of Public Works Commission
* Lamar Dodd, artist
* David Herbert Donald, historian and professor
* Peter M. Donohue, president of Villanova University
* Rita Dove, Pulitzer Prize–winning poet
* Michael Dukakis, 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts
* Bob DuPuy, former president and chief operating officer of Major League Baseball
* Doug Engelbart, inventor and internet pioneer
* Leslie Erganian, author and artist
* Tim Flakoll, North Dakota State Senator and President Pro Tempore of the Senate Chairman Council of State Governments MLC
* Craig Fleener, 2013–2014 candidate for Lt. Governor of Alaska, former deputy commissioner Alaska Department of Fish & Game
* Renee Fleming, American opera singer and Grammy Award winner
* Barbara Forrest, professor of philosophy in Southeastern Louisiana University
* Henry H. Fowler, 58th United States Secretary of the Treasury
* Marye Anne Fox, chancellor of the University of California, San Diego
* Robert Gates, 22nd United States Secretary of Defense
* Ernest J Gaines, author, MacArthur Foundation fellow, and awardee of the National Humanities Medal
* Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
* Glenna Goodacre, sculptor, designer of the Vietnam Women's Memorial
* Al Gore, 45th vice president of the United States
* John Grisham, author
* Claude Hall, historian and professor
* Nathaniel Edwin Harris, 61st governor of Georgia
* Bernard A. Harris, Jr. first African American to spacewalk
* Freeman A. Hrabowski III, president of University of Maryland, Baltimore County
* Milton Stover Eisenhower, president of three major American universities
* Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa, United States Senator
* Charles W. Henderson, American military historian
* Marjorie Holt, United States Congresswoman
* Arlie Honeycutt, Miss North Carolina 2012
* William Marion Jardine, United States Secretary of Agriculture and Ambassador
* Sharon Jordan, actress
* Robert Khayat, former chancellor of the University of Mississippi
* William Allen Knowlton, Superintendent of the United States Military Academy
* Tim Kopra, NASA astronaut and former commander of the International Space Station
* Alf Landon, 26th governor of Kansas and United States Presidential Nominee
* W. Patrick Lang, author, commentator on the Middle East, Special Forces officer, and intelligence executive
* Louis LaPierre, former professor of ecology
* Jose P. Laurel, 3rd president of the Philippines and former president of the Phi Kappa Phi chapter at the University of the Philippines
* Wendy Lawrence, NASA astronaut
* Loren Legarda, Senator of the Republic of the Philippines
* Ferdinand Marcos, 10th president of the Philippines and kleptocrat
* Ellis Marsalis, jazz musician
* Ray Mabus, 75th United States Secretary of the Navy
* James A. McDivitt, commander of Gemini 4 and Apollo 9
* Robert A. McDonald, chairman, president, and CEO of Procter & Gamble
* Deborah Norville, television journalist and member of the board of directors at Viacom Corporation
* George Olah, Nobel Prize–winning chemist
* Rahul Pandit, condensed matter physicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
* Kathleen Parker, nationally syndicated columnist for *The Washington Post*
* Linus Pauling, Nobel Peace Prize and Nobel Prize in Chemistry
* Edward Perkins, former United States Ambassador and director of the United States Diplomatic Corps
* Russell Peterson, 66th governor of Delaware
* Fidel V. Ramos, 12th president of the Philippines
* Harry Reid, United States Senate Majority Leader
* Peter Rheinstein, former U.S. Food and Drug Administration official
* Mitt Romney, 70th governor of Massachusetts
* Carlos P. Romulo, president of the Fourth Session of United Nations General Assembly
* Christopher Rouse, Pulitzer Prize-winning composer
* Shlomo Sawilowsky, rabbi and professor
* Alisandra Sanchez, ghostwriter
* Edward Terry Sanford, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
* Bernadotte Everly Schmitt, Pulitzer Prize–winning historian
* Theodore Schultz, Nobel Memorial Prize–winning economist
* Robert Walter Scott, 67th governor of North Carolina
* James Graves Scrugham, 14th governor of Nevada
* Claude Shannon, the father of information theory
* Robert L. F. Sikes, United States Congressman
* Lou Anna Simon, 20th president of Michigan State University
* Chesterfield Smith, president of the American Bar Association during the Watergate scandal.
* James Monroe Smith, president of Louisiana State University, 1930–1939
* Roch C. Smith, professor emeritus of French and former associate vice chancellor, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
* Theresa Sullivan, 8th president of the University of Virginia
* William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States and 10th Chief Justice of the United States
* Jim Tressel, former head football coach at Ohio State University
* Morris Udall, U.S. Representative
* Matthew VanDyke, freedom fighter and prisoner of war (POW) in the 2011 Libyan Civil War
* Frank Albert Waugh, pioneer of landscape architecture
* John Noble Wilford, Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist
* John D. Zeglis, president of AT&T and the chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of AT&T Wireless
* Jill Zimmerman, computer scientist and professor
* Julie Cantrell, editor and best-selling author |
American-Puerto Rican basketball player
**Maurice José** "**Moe**" **Harkless** (born May 11, 1993) is an American-Puerto Rican professional basketball player for the Rip City Remix of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the St. John's Red Storm before being drafted 15th overall, after his freshman season, in the 2012 NBA draft. Harkless has represented the Puerto Rican national team.
High school career
------------------
Harkless was born and adopted in New York City. He attended Forest Hills High School in Queens, before transferring to South Kent School in Connecticut prior to his senior season. He earned all-metro honors from both the *Chicago Daily News* and *New York Post* in 2008–09 and 2009–10, in addition to being named the *New York Daily News'*s Queens High School Player of the Year in 2009–10 after averaging 16.5 points and 11.5 rebounds. At South Kent in 2010–11, he averaged 27.2 points, 13.6 rebounds, 4.2 assists, 3.1 blocks, and 1.6 steals per game. He was named MVP at the 2011 Yo Mama Classic in Philadelphia.
College career
--------------
Harkless during his lone season at St. John's
Harkless played and started all 32 games during his freshman season at St. John's University in 2011–12, averaging 15.5 points, 8.6 rebounds, 1.5 assists, 1.59 steals, and 1.41 blocks in 36.1 minutes per game. He led the Red Storm in rebounding, blocked shots and minutes played, while finishing second in scoring and steals. He ranked second in the nation among freshmen in rebounding and sixth in scoring. He was named the Big East Rookie of the Year and earned All-Big East Honorable Mention. He scored in double figures 26 times and had 20-plus points seven times, including a career-high 32 points against Providence on December 27. He also recorded 11 double-doubles.
In March 2012, Harkless declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final three years of college eligibility.
Professional career
-------------------
### Orlando Magic (2012–2015)
Harkless with the Magic in December 2012
On June 28, 2012, Harkless was selected with the 15th overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft by the Philadelphia 76ers. On August 10, 2012, he was traded from Philadelphia to the Orlando Magic as part of a four-team, 12-player deal. Harkless impressed in his first NBA season, averaging 8.2 points per game and providing good defense. He scored in double figures 29 times and had 20-plus points four times, including a career-high 28 points on April 1 against the Houston Rockets. He recorded one double-double during the season, registering 19 points and a career-high 14 rebounds on February 2 against the Milwaukee Bucks. He had at least one steal in 50 games and two-or-more steals 22 times, including a career-high six steals on March 15 against the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Harkless began the 2013–14 season starting alongside Arron Afflalo and Jameer Nelson. When Victor Oladipo was inserted into the starting lineup, coach Jacque Vaughn opted to play combinations of Nelson, Oladipo, Afflalo and Tobias Harris on the wing. As a result of the backlogged situation, Harkless' minutes decreased from his rookie season. He scored in double figures 30 times and had 20+ points three times, including a season-high 22 points on January 6 against the Los Angeles Clippers and February 25 against the Washington Wizards. He had one double-double during the season, recording 12 points and a season-high 10 rebounds on March 8 against the San Antonio Spurs. He recorded at least one steal 54 times and had two-or-more steals 31 times, including a season-high five steals on March 5 against Houston. During the 2013–14 season, Harkless averaged 7.4 points, 3.3 rebounds, and 1.0 assists in 24.4 minutes per game. He improved his 3-point shooting, increasing his accuracy from 27.4 percent as a rookie to 38.3 percent in his second year.
Harkless bottomed out in 2014–15, receiving minimal playing time and creating questions about his future. He played in only a career-low 45 games during his third season in Orlando despite good health. Harkless sat behind fellow forwards Tobias Harris and Aaron Gordon during the 2014–15 season and averaged just 15 minutes per game. On March 18 against the Dallas Mavericks, Harkless started for Harris and played 36 minutes. He scored 18 points on 8-of-15 shooting, including two 3-pointers, grabbed six rebounds and recorded four steals. In the next game however against the Portland Trail Blazers, Harkless missed five of six shots and finished with just two points in 28 minutes. He made little impact the rest of the season.
### Portland Trail Blazers (2015–2019)
On July 14, 2015, Harkless was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for a 2020 second round draft pick. He worked his way up from the end of the bench to starter by the end of the 2015–16 season. Portland began to play small late in the season by inserting Harkless into the lineup. After averaging 6.4 points and 3.6 rebounds a game during the regular season, Harkless rode his inspired play into the playoffs, boosting his numbers to 11 points and 5.1 rebounds respectively. On February 10, 2016, he set season highs with 19 points and 13 rebounds in a 116–103 win over the Houston Rockets. On April 5, 2016, he recorded a season-high 20 points and a career-high 16 rebounds in a 115–107 win over the Sacramento Kings.
A restricted free agent over the summer, Harkless was expected to be re-signed, but when the Trail Blazers added Evan Turner and reacquired Allen Crabbe, it appeared Harkless would be heading elsewhere. However, on July 27, 2016, Harkless signed a four-year, $40 million contract to remain with the team. After experimenting with various lineups early in the preseason, coach Terry Stotts quickly settled back on Harkless as the starting small forward, a position he would hold on to for the majority of the season. After a scoreless, single-rebound performance on opening night against the Utah Jazz, Harkless put up 23 points and eight rebounds in the second game of the season against the Los Angeles Clippers on October 27. Harkless scored a season high-tying 23 points on November 30 against the Indiana Pacers. Harkless improved his 3-point shooting during the 2016–17 season, increasing his average from 28 percent to 35 percent. It was reported that Harkless was due a $500,000 bonus if he shot 35 percent or better from the 3-point line. Sitting at .351 with four games to go, Harkless declined to attempt a 3-pointer for the rest of the season, even sitting out one of the four games for unrelated reasons.
Harkless started the 2017–18 season as the starting small forward, before losing the spot after averaging 4.5 points and 3.8 rebounds over his first 18 games. On December 23, he scored a season-high 22 points against the Los Angeles Lakers. He found himself in and out of the rotation until an injury to Evan Turner in February saw Harkless return to the starting line-up. He appeared in 59 games in 2017–18 after surgery in late March to his left knee saw him sit out the last nine games of the regular season and two of Portland's four playoff games.
Over the first half of the 2018–19 season, Harkless missed 14 games because of his troublesome left knee. On April 9, 2019, he scored 26 points and hit a corner 3-pointer at the buzzer to lift the Trail Blazers to a 104–101 win over the Lakers.
### Los Angeles Clippers (2019–2020)
On July 6, 2019, Harkless was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers along with a protected first round pick from the Portland Trail Blazers as part of a four-team trade, in which Miami acquired Jimmy Butler and the Portland Trail Blazers acquired Hassan Whiteside.
### New York Knicks (2020)
On February 6, 2020, Harkless was traded to the New York Knicks in exchange for Marcus Morris in a three-team deal along with the Washington Wizards, with Los Angeles sending Jerome Robinson to Washington in exchange for Isaiah Thomas.
### Miami Heat (2020–2021)
On November 23, 2020, Harkless signed with the Miami Heat.
### Sacramento Kings (2021–2022)
On March 25, 2021, Harkless and Chris Silva were traded to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for Nemanja Bjelica. On August 7, 2021, Harkless re-signed with the Kings.
On July 6, 2022, Harkless was traded to the Atlanta Hawks along with Justin Holiday and a 2024 first-round draft pick in exchange for Kevin Huerter. Later in the off-season, on September 27, he was traded again to the Oklahoma City Thunder with a second-round pick for Vít Krejčí to get Atlanta under the luxury tax. Three days later, on September 30, Harkless was traded again, along with Ty Jerome, Derrick Favors, Théo Maledon and a future second-round pick, to the Houston Rockets in exchange for David Nwaba, Sterling Brown, Trey Burke, and Marquese Chriss. On October 11, he was waived.
### Rip City Remix (2023–present)
On November 26, 2023, Harkless joined the Rip City Remix of the NBA G League.
National team career
--------------------
In January 2014, Harkless declared his interest in playing for Puerto Rico at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup following a series of meetings with coach Paco Olmos. However, he later withdrew his name from contention in July 2014 in favor of preparing for the 2014–15 NBA season. A year later, he debuted for the Puerto Rican national team.
Career statistics
-----------------
Legend| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |
### NBA
#### Regular season
| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012–13 | Orlando | 76 | 59 | 26.0 | .461 | .274 | .570 | 4.4 | .7 | **1.2** | .8 | 8.2 |
| 2013–14 | Orlando | **80** | 41 | 24.4 | .464 | .383 | .594 | 3.3 | 1.0 | **1.2** | .6 | 7.4 |
| 2014–15 | Orlando | 45 | 4 | 15.0 | .399 | .179 | .537 | 2.4 | .6 | .7 | .2 | 3.5 |
| 2015–16 | Portland | 78 | 14 | 18.7 | .474 | .279 | .622 | 3.6 | .9 | .6 | .4 | 6.4 |
| 2016–17 | Portland | 77 | **69** | **28.9** | **.503** | .351 | .621 | 4.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | **.9** | **10.0** |
| 2017–18 | Portland | 59 | 36 | 21.4 | .495 | .415 | .712 | 2.7 | .9 | .8 | .7 | 6.5 |
| 2018–19 | Portland | 60 | 53 | 23.6 | .487 | .275 | .671 | **4.5** | 1.2 | 1.1 | **.9** | 7.7 |
| 2019–20 | L.A. Clippers | 50 | 38 | 22.8 | .516 | .370 | .571 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | .6 | 5.5 |
| 2019–20 | New York | 12 | 10 | 23.8 | .455 | .280 | .625 | 3.3 | **1.7** | .8 | .3 | 6.8 |
| 2020–21 | Miami | 11 | 3 | 11.3 | .385 | **.455** | .000 | 1.2 | .6 | .2 | .4 | 1.4 |
| 2020–21 | Sacramento | 26 | 20 | 24.9 | .421 | .247 | **.805** | 2.9 | 1.4 | 1.1 | .6 | 6.9 |
| 2021–22 | Sacramento | 47 | 24 | 18.4 | .459 | .307 | .714 | 2.4 | .5 | .6 | .5 | 4.6 |
| Career | 621 | 371 | 22.6 | .474 | .320 | .624 | 3.5 | .9 | .9 | .6 | 6.9 |
#### Playoffs
| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Portland | 11 | 11 | 24.7 | .427 | .341 | .480 | **5.1** | .6 | .9 | .3 | **11.0** |
| 2017 | Portland | 4 | 4 | 24.8 | .294 | .167 | **.875** | 3.3 | .8 | **1.3** | **1.3** | 7.3 |
| 2018 | Portland | 2 | 1 | **26.5** | **.538** | .333 | – | 4.0 | **2.0** | .0 | .5 | 8.0 |
| 2019 | Portland | **16** | **16** | 24.3 | .477 | .250 | .639 | 4.9 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 8.4 |
| Career | 33 | 32 | 24.6 | .436 | .289 | .609 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | .8 | 9.1 |
### College
| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011–12 | St. John's | 32 | 32 | 36.1 | .452 | .215 | .676 | 8.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 15.5 |
Personal life
-------------
Harkless is the son of Rosa Harkless. He has one sister, Shakima Harkless, and a brother, Tyler Rodgers. His maternal grandfather is from Puerto Rico. He was raised by grandmother Barbara Harkless. |
United States Army officer
**Arthur William Wermuth Jr.** (May 3, 1915 – June 13, 1981), dubbed the "One-Man Army of Bataan," was a United States Army officer during World War II and a prisoner of war from April 1942 until August 1945.
Background
----------
Wermuth was born in South Dakota, but raised in Chicago's Lakeview neighborhood at 3631 N. Janssen Avenue. His hometown during World War II was listed as Traverse City, Michigan. His father was a doctor and World War I veteran who died in 1937 and his mother was Clara Natalie Lorenz. His sister, Natalie, was a professional dancer in the Chicago in the 1940s using the stage name Talia.
Wermuth was a graduate of Northwestern Military and Naval Academy in 1932. He was an athletic youth and participated in many sports at the academy including in crew, football, track, and baseball. His teammates nicknamed him "Satch." He played guard and tackle in football and was an outfielder with a .299 batting average in baseball. In track and field he participated in shot put and discus. The student *Log Book* described him saying, "Defensively, he was a hard man to get through. Offensively, many gains were made through holes he opened."
He graduated from North Park College and Loyola University. At Loyola University, he received a Bachelor of Science in Bacteriology. Wermuth was married to Jean Wilkins, of Chicago, from June 1, 1935, until they divorced in 1947.
World War II
------------
Wermuth received his Army commission in 1936 while he was a junior at Northwestern University. He served in the infantry reserves as a second lieutenant in the Civilian Conservation Corps and was stationed near Watersmeet, Michigan. It was during this time that he learned wilderness survival skills. He entered active duty January 1941 at Fort Brady, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, where he remained until April 1941. He was promoted to Captain December 19, 1941, after the invasion of the Philippines and was one of a handful of Americans in the primarily Filipino 57th Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts. On January 5, 1942, Wermuth organized a group of 185 Filipinos into a group that became known as "suicide snipers" to counter enemy infiltration behind American lines and as a counter-sniper force. Over the next three weeks he and his force claimed over 500 enemy killed while losing 45 of its own. He was shot in the leg in January while on a successful mission to destroy a bridge and burn an enemy encampment. On February 3, he was shot in the left breast and was carried back to receive treatment. On February 15, he left the medical facility without permission and rejoined his battalion. In early April he fell down a ravine and was seriously injured on a large boulder. He awakened in Field Hospital Number 2 as it was being overrun by Japanese forces.
Wermuth received the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions in January 1942 in the Philippines. He became known as the "one-man army of Bataan" and was widely credited with over 116 kills. He also received the Silver Star and three Purple Heart decorations.
### Captivity
Wermuth's injuries forced him to remain in a Japanese hospital until May 25, 1942, when he was transported to New Bilibid Prison. His injuries spared him from the Bataan Death March. After Bilibid, he was transported via boxcar to a camp near Cabanatuan. In September, he was sent to Lipa City, Batangas and placed in charge of a 500-man work detail to construct a runway. During the construction, his crew deliberately sabotaged the runway so that it buckled under the weight of landing bombers. His injuries forced him to be sent back to Bilibid in January 1943, where he was operated in April 1943 by an American surgeon who was also in captivity. In June, he was sent back to Cabanatuan to join a farming detail. In January 1944 his detail was being worked to the point where men were collapsing in the manure. When he demanded that the Japanese commander take it easy on his men, he received a severe beating, damaging his kidneys and sending him back to a hospital.
The *Oryoku Maru* under attack at Olongapo, Luzon, December 14–15, 1944
On October 13, 1944, he was transferred back to Bilibid until December, when he boarded the "hell ship" *Oryoku Maru* as one of 1620 prisoners. Because the prison ship was unmarked, it was bombed December 15, 1944, at Olongapo in Subic Bay by aircraft from USS *Hornet* who mistook it for a troop transport, killing several hundred POWs. Wermuth survived the bombing and was transported by boxcar to San Fernando. 160 men were placed in his car and as there was no room to move or sit, were forced to stand for the duration of the 26-hour trip. According to Wermuth, the man beside him died on his feet and was held in place by the crowd for the rest of the trip since there was no room to remove the corpse. In January 1945, he was transported to Formosa aboard the *Enoura Maru*. Wermuth received his fourth Purple Heart due to the injuries sustained when bombers from the USS *Hornet* attacked *Enoura Maru*. Next he was transported to Japan, then to Pusan, Korea, then to Mukden, where his prison camp was liberated by the Russians in August 1945. When he was found, he weighed 105 pounds (48 kg), having weighed 190 pounds (86 kg) earlier in the war. Wermuth returned to the United States on the transport SS *Marine Shark*, arriving November 1, 1945, in San Francisco. On his return, he modestly credited the Filipino scouts for many of his exploits saying, "Ninety percent of the credit for what I did was due to them. They're the best soldiers in the world. I just happened to be in the right place at the right time."
Post war
--------
Shortly after the war ended, Olivia Josephine Oswald, a Filipino nurse, claimed to have married Wermuth December 7, 1941, on the rooftop of the Great Eastern hotel in Manila, though this was disputed by Wermuth. His divorce to Jean was finalized June 4, 1947, and the same day he married Patricia Steele, a 23-year-old parachutist from Denver, Colorado. He and Patricia adopted an 8 year old named David about 1956.
In 1948, Wermuth was elected Marshal of City Court in Wichita, Kansas. and subsequently arrested L. Ron Hubbard in 1951. He was appointed sheriff of Jefferson County, Colorado, by county commissioners in 1957 following the indictment and resignation of Sheriff Enlow for federal income tax evasion. Wermuth resigned as sheriff on May 1, 1962, in lieu of prosecution on an embezzlement charge and was replaced by Harold E. Bray. As sheriff of Jefferson County, Colorado, Wermuth led searches for and investigated the disappearance of Coors Brewing Company CEO and heir Adolph Coors III within his county.
Further reading
---------------
* Achen, Norman and Lee Smart. *Go With God* ISBN 1-4120-6874-6
* Holbrook, Stewart H. *None More Courageous - American War Heroes of Today*. 1942. ISBN 1-4067-4119-1
* Ramsey, Edwin Price and Stephen J. Rivele. *Lieutenant Ramsey's War: From Horse Soldier to Guerrilla Commander*. Brassey's, 1996. ISBN 1-57488-052-7. page 72. |
For other churches dedicated to St. Paul, see St. Paul's Church (disambiguation).
Church
The eastern end of the church
The eastern doorway facing West Street
The tower from the south
Interior, with stained glass window and vaulting
**St Paul's Church**, dedicated to the missionary and *Apostle to the Gentiles* Paul of Tarsus, is a Church of England parish church in Brighton, Sussex, England. It is located on West Street in the city centre, close to the seafront and the main shopping areas.
History and construction
------------------------
The site of St Paul's Church had been occupied since 1830 by a small chapel for the use of fishermen. At that time, many of the town's fishermen lived in poor housing on streets surrounding Russell Street (an area now hidden under the rear of the Churchill Square shopping centre). In 1846, Reverend Henry Michell Wagner, Vicar of Brighton since 1824, bought the chapel and some surrounding buildings for £3,000, cleared the site and appointed a builder and a designer.
St Paul's was the fourth church to have been built on the instruction of Rev. Henry Michell Wagner. His first was All Souls on Eastern Road, built between 1833 and 1834 but demolished in 1968. This was followed by Christ Church on Montpelier Road in Montpelier, near the boundary with Hove, to which King William IV, his Queen Consort Adelaide and his successor Queen Victoria had each contributed £50 towards the £4,500 cost of construction; this church was demolished in 1982. His third was the church of St John the Evangelist in Carlton Hill, on the edge of the Kemptown district; this church, which also received a £50 donation from Queen Victoria, was consecrated in 1840, and became the Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity, Brighton in 1980. St Paul's is therefore the earliest of Rev. Wagner's churches to remain in use as a place of Anglican worship.
Architecture and design
-----------------------
Brighton-based builders Cheesman & Son, as they were known at the time, were chosen to construct the building to a design by R. C. Carpenter: they had worked with Rev. Wagner since 1834, when they built a vicarage for him, and were responsible for both Christ Church and the church of St John the Evangelist. However, Rev. Wagner's intention had always been for the church to be his son Arthur's first ministry following his ordination, and Arthur asked for the design work to be undertaken by a separate designer. Arthur Wagner was 22 years old at the time the land was purchased, and was preparing to be ordained (this took place in 1850). He was a follower of the Oxford Movement (or *Tractarian Movement*), whose favoured architectural style at the time was a revival of the 14th-century aspects of Gothic architecture (see also here).
The exterior of the church consists of knapped flint dressed with Caen stone, a type of limestone also used on the Tower of London. Inside, as well as a nave and chancel, there are two vestries, an organ chamber and a small "crypt chapel" dug into sloping ground. This subsequently became a library. One of the vestries was originally built as a reading-room; it is now known as the "Fishermen's Vestry".
Opening of the church
---------------------
St Paul's church opened to the public on 18 October 1848 after approximately two years of building works. The cost of £12,000 was met by a combination of grants from various bodies and societies, public donations, Henry Wagner himself (£1,475) and other members of his family (£1,263). At the time, the practice of pew rental was still common, and although Arthur Wagner wanted his church to have free seating for all, his father Henry insisted that 460 of the 1,200 seats should be reserved for rental. (The first church in Brighton to be free throughout from the time it opened was St Bartholomew's Church, for which Arthur Wagner had the sole responsibility after it opened in 1874.)
The consecration took place on 23 October 1849, and Arthur Wagner assumed responsibility for the church in 1850 when his father presented its curacy to him in perpetuity. Rev. Arthur Wagner, held the position until his death in 1902 at the age of 77.
Subsequent developments
-----------------------
St Paul's gained its own parish in 1873, when the parishes of Brighton were reorganised. Rev. Wagner abolished pew rents at this time.
The windows of the church were originally plain glass, but Rev. Wagner commissioned a number of stained glass designs during his curacy. All of the stained glass windows in the main body of the church were designed by the renowned Gothic revival architect and designer A.W.N. Pugin just before his death in 1852, although they were constructed and installed by others. Rev. Wagner's mother, father and aunt are all commemorated in the designs, along with some important members of Brighton's Anglican community and other figures.
Alterations in 1861 included the construction of a narthex at the western end, additions to the rood screen between the chancel and the nave, and a reredos designed by Edward Burne-Jones, whose career as an artist was just beginning at this time. The reredos was designed as a triptych; in its central panel, depicting the Adoration of the Magi scene, one of the Magi is a representation of William Morris, the artist, writer and socialist activist: Morris and Burne-Jones were friends and artistic collaborators. Local Gothic revivalist George Frederick Bodley was chosen as the architect for the project as a whole.
Rev. Wagner inherited his father's wealth upon his death in 1870, and in 1873 spent more than £4,100 on a tower and bells for the church, which had lacked either a tower or a spire until that time. Cheesman & Son builders took sixteen months to build the tower, completing it in February 1875. The tower once contained change ringing bells, however they were removed after the tower became unsafe. Two bells remain in the tower, one cast in 1873 by Mears and Stainbank, and the larger of the two cast in 1853 by C & G Mears with a weight of 38 hundredweight, three quarters.
The predominantly timber octagonal spire was constructed (instead of a more traditional stone design) because of anxieties caused by the then recent collapse of the 450-year-old stone spire of Chichester Cathedral in 1861. An illustration of the church, showing the (subsequently abandoned) plans for a more traditional masonry spire design, currently (as of 2009) hangs in the "Fishermen's Vestry".
A London-based firm, James Powell and Sons, designed and constructed an octagonal brass lectern which was later donated to the church anonymously.
In the 1970s, some more changes were made to the interior fixtures of the church: a detached altar was built (featuring communion rails from a church in Edinburgh), and a set of Stations of the Cross were installed, from a church in Eastbourne undergoing demolition.
Worship and controversy in the 19th century
-------------------------------------------
From the beginning, St Paul's Church was associated with the Oxford Movement (or "Tractarian Movement") within High Church Anglicanism. Several leading figures within the movement either preached at the church at various times (Henry Manning, John Keble) or were friends and associates of Rev. Arthur Wagner (Edward Bouverie Pusey, John Henry Newman). Archdeacon Manning, as he was at the time, in fact preached the very first sermon shortly after the church opened. Services—including Holy Communion—were frequent and displayed many of the standard features of the then controversial Ritualism in the Church of England. Extreme Protestants within the Anglican Church protested strongly against this throughout the mid- to late 19th century. The existence of confessionals in the church, which became public knowledge during the 1865 murder trial of Constance Kent (who had confessed her crime to Rev. Wagner), provoked an intensely hostile reaction nationally as well as locally, with consequences ranging from debates in the House of Commons to an assault on Rev. Wagner. Similar hostility and protest were encountered during the early years of St Bartholomew's Church, whose services were similarly Anglo-Catholic and Ritualist in style.
Even Rev. Henry Wagner was critical of the extent to which Ritualist practices featured at the church. Having been invited by his son to preach there, he included in his sermon the King James Version of Matthew 17:15: *"Lord, have mercy on my son: for he is lunatick [*sic*], and sore vexed..."*.
Under Rev Arthur Wagner the Rev. Richard William Enraght ssc served as a curate at St Paul's between 1867 and 1871. Fr. Enraght’s belief in the Church of England's Catholic Tradition, his promotion of ritualism in worship, and his writings on Catholic Worship and Church–State relationships, later led him into conflict with the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874: as Vicar of Holy Trinity Church in Bordesley in 1880, he was prosecuted and imprisoned. Enraght became nationally and internationally known as a "prisoner for conscience sake". Rev Richard Enraght and Rev Arthur Wagner's memory have been honoured by bus company Brighton & Hove: a bus has been named after each.
The church today
----------------
Carved detail on the wooden spire, showing patchwork cement repairs
Structural deterioration (2014), and 1996 renovation plaques
The church is a Grade II\* listed building, meaning it is a "particularly significant building of more than local interest". As of September 2022,[update] it was one of 72 Grade II\* listed buildings, and 1,220 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove. Services are held each Sunday at 11.00am (Solemn Mass), and there is a Mass at 11.30am every Wednesday, Friday and Saturday. |
The ***Abbeville Herald*** is a weekly paper published on Thursdays in Abbeville, Alabama. Its weekly circulation is 2,297 copies.
The Abbeville Herald is a weekly newspaper in Abbeville, Alabama, USA covering local news, sports, business and community events.
History
-------
Established in 1915 under the name *Southeast Alabamian*, the paper was renamed the *Abbeville Herald* in 1918 when H.H. Golson became its publisher. Within a few years of publishing the paper, Golson entered into a public quarrel with the publisher of the Wiregrass Farmer over charges that Golson was profiteering. Golson also made news in 1925 when he decided to discontinue the practice of offering free advertising to public events that charged admission for entry.
The paper was acquired by H.C. Rodgers in 1927 but he died suddenly of pneumonia in 1929. During Rogers’ short tenure at the paper, the Abbeville Herald was roundly criticized for its ties with the Klan.
C.S. Keller, a former school principal and county agent, purchased the paper in 1935. In May 1941, C.S. Keller sold the paper back to H.H. Golson, who had previously owned the paper.
Jesse Edward Dodd Jr. was the co-publisher of the *Abbeville Herald* from 1946 to 1977, when he died at the age of 50.
Dodd's son, Edward (Eddie) Dodd III took over the paper after his father's death. In 1985, Eddie Dodd was cited in newspapers around the country when he commented for an Associated Press report that the Soviet embassy paid New York-based North American Precis Syndicate Inc. to distribute Soviet-friendly press releases. The firm sent hundreds of stories to several thousand local media entities, focusing on weekly papers like the *Abbeville Herald*. "It’s a nice package--very slick," Dodd said in the AP report, though he also reported that he typically throws away the packages he receives.
In 1983, the *Abbeville Herald* received national attention for publishing a letter criticizing Circuit Judge Billy Joe Sheffield. The letter, written by Connie Cox, criticized the judge for his handling of her divorce case and wrote the letter to warn others in the county about the judge. Judge Sheffield initially responded by holding the Cox in contempt of court and charged her with a $100 fine. The judge withdrew his order when the *Abbeville Herald* printed a sampling of letters they received from around the country, all criticizing the judge's actions. The judge was later suspended for two months without pay by an ethics panel for his contempt of court ruling. Judge Sheffield filed a 1.5 million dollar libel lawsuit against The Dothan Eagle and the *Abbeville Herald.* Judge Sheffield eventually withdrew his libel suits.
Eddie Dodd, the paper's current editor/publisher, currently serves on the Alabama Press Association's Board. |
Container for fire-starting materials with flint, firesteel, and tinder
For other uses, see Tinderbox (disambiguation).
Sheet Iron tinderboxes. English, 18th and early 19th C.
Pocket tinderbox with firesteel and flint. This type was used during the Boer War due to a scarcity of matches
A **tinderbox**, or **patch box**, is a container made of wood or metal containing flint, firesteel, and tinder (typically charcloth, but possibly a small quantity of dry, finely divided fibrous matter such as hemp), used together to help kindle a fire. A tinderbox may also contain sulfur-tipped matches.
Tinderboxes fell out of general usage when friction matches were invented.
History and use
---------------
Throughout prehistoric Europe flint and iron pyrites (commonly known as fool's gold) were struck against one another in order to create a spark for firelighting. As an example, Ötzi (the natural mummy of a man who lived some time between 3350 and 3105 BC, discovered in September 1991) was found with tinder fungus along with flint and pyrite for creating sparks.
With the development of iron ore smelting in the Iron Age, the firesteel eventually replaced pyrites. This was simply a piece of carbon steel (it is difficult to obtain sparks with ordinary iron), which was usually wrought into a 'D' shape, or an oval ring, so that it could be conveniently looped around two or three fingers for striking. The flint was sometimes chipped to provide a suitably sharp edge to obtain a spark and if necessary other hard stones, such as quartzite, chert or chalcedony could be substituted.
The charcloth was fabric made from vegetable fibre (e.g. cotton, linen, or jute) which had previously been charred via pyrolysis, giving it the low ignition temperature and slow burning characteristics suitable for use as tinder. Rotten wood, known as touchwood, was also used, as well as amadou, which was a tinder prepared from fungus steeped in potassium nitrate (saltpetre) and dried.
In use the flint was struck in a vigorous downward motion against the steel, sending a shower of sparks into the tinder which was arranged in the bottom of the box. The sparks (actually pieces of burning steel broken off by the harder flint) created very small embers as they fell onto the charcloth, the glow of which, with some gentle blowing, would be enough to ignite a sulfur tipped wooden splint. The splint could then be carried to a candle, often set in a holder on the top of the box, and finally the cloth would be extinguished with a damper to preserve it for further use. With skill, a fire could be started in under a minute, but at other times it took longer and occasionally a tiny pinch of gunpowder was added to encourage the process.
Wooden tinderbox with separate compartments for the firesteel, flint etc. and tinder. English or Welsh, 18th C.
When away from home small pocket tinderboxes were often carried, sometimes set with a burning glass (a magnifying lens) in the lid to light the tinder directly from the sun's rays. The poorer people working in the fields would obtain a light by simply striking a flint on the back of a knife onto a piece of touchpaper that they carried in their pockets.
The tinder pistol, based on the flintlock mechanism, was a more expensive alternative to the tinderbox and was in use in middle and upper-class homes in the 18th century.
In the early 19th century a more efficient tinderbox was invented with a rotating metal wheel to create the sparks and there were other more experimental devices available, such as the fire piston and the instantaneous light box.
A London street seller of matches for tinderboxes in 1821
In the 18th and early 19th century tinderboxes were in common use, but with the advent of John Walker's 'friction lights' in 1827, where a match could be struck by withdrawing it from a piece of folded glass paper, tinderboxes increasingly became obsolete. A book from 1881 notes that in 1834 a magazine editor had predicted that despite the advent of 'lucifers' (friction matches), the tinderbox would continue to be in general use in the household, but that in fact, by the time of writing, the tinderbox had become rare, expensive and was commonly seen only in museums of antiquities. Another book from 1889 describes such a tinderbox, observing that the wear patterns on the flint were the same as those on ancient prehistoric flints in the collection.
As metaphor
-----------
In conventional usage, the term "tinderbox" refers to something that is so dry that it could catch on fire with the slightest provocation, perhaps even spontaneously like a forest fire. It is also used to describe a potentially volatile or violent situation. For instance, a prison in which there is unrest and the potential for a riot could be said to be 'a tinderbox of violence'. |
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**Poetry groups and movements or schools** may be self-identified by the poets that form them or defined by critics who see unifying characteristics of a body of work by more than one poet. To be a 'school' a group of poets must share a common style or a common ethos. A commonality of form is not in itself sufficient to define a school; for example, Edward Lear, George du Maurier and Ogden Nash do not form a school simply because they all wrote limericks.
There are many different 'schools' of poetry. Some of them are described below in approximate chronological sequence. The subheadings indicate broadly the century in which a style arose.
Prehistoric
-----------
The **oral tradition** is too broad to be a strict school but it is a useful grouping of works whose origins either predate writing, or belong to cultures without writing.
Second century BC (100-200BC)
-----------------------------
China: Zenith of Han poetry, a movement away from the ancient Chinese poetry of the Classic of Poetry and the Chu Ci.
Third century (200–300)
-----------------------
China: Jian'an poetry, a poetic movement occurring during the end of the Han dynasty, in the state of Cao Wei.
China: Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a group of poets active during the late Cao Wei to early Jin dynasty era, poets incorporating the Wei-Jin Xuanxue movement.
China: Start of Six Dynasties poetry (220–589).
Fourth century (300–400)
------------------------
China: Six Dynasties poetry period (220–589).
China: Emergence of Midnight Songs poetry.
China: Orchid Pavilion Gathering of 353, which led to the publication of the Lantingji Xu and the related movement in Classical Chinese poetry.
Fifth century (400–500)
-----------------------
China: Six Dynasties poetry period (220–589).
China: Emergence of Yongming poetry (483-93) within the state of Southern Qi, a major movement within Classical Chinese poetry.
Sixth century (500–600)
-----------------------
China: End of the Six Dynasties poetry period (220–589).
China: Emergence of the brief Sui poetry movement of the Sui dynasty (581–618).
Seventh century (600–700)
-------------------------
China: Emergence of Tang poetry (618–907), and the Early Tang (初唐) and High Tang (盛唐) movements.
Eighth century (700–800)
------------------------
China: Period of Tang poetry (618–907), and the zenith of the High Tang (盛唐) movement, leading into the Middle Tang (中唐) movement.
Ninth century (800–900)
-----------------------
China: Period of Tang poetry (618–907), and the end of the Middle Tang (中唐) movement, leading into the Late Tang (晚唐) movement.
Tenth century (900–1000)
------------------------
China: Emergence of Song poetry (960–1279).
Twelfth century (1100–1200)
---------------------------
China: Emergence of Yuan poetry (1271–1368).
Thirteenth century (1200–1300)
------------------------------
The **Sicilian School** was a small community of Sicilian and mainland Italian poets between 1230 and 1266 headed by Giacomo da Lentini.
Fourteenth century (1300–1400)
------------------------------
China: Emergence of Ming poetry (1368–1644).
Fifteenth century (1400–1500)
-----------------------------
Scotland: The Makars were a diverse genere of Scottish poets who wrote during the Northern Renaissance.
Sixteenth century (1500–1600)
-----------------------------
**Mannerism** was a movement and style that emerged in the later Italian High Renaissance. Mannerism in poetry is notable for its elegant, highly florid style and intellectual sophistication. The style involved poetry of Michelangelo, Clément Marot, Giovanni della Casa, Giovanni Battista Guarini, Torquato Tasso, Veronica Franco, and Miguel de Cervantes.
**Petrarchism** was a trans-European movement of Petrarch's style followers, partially coincident with Mannerism, including Pietro Bembo, Michelangelo, Mellin de Saint-Gelais, Vittoria Colonna, Clément Marot, Garcilaso de la Vega, Giovanni della Casa, Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Joachim du Bellay, Edmund Spenser, and Philip Sidney.
Scotland: **Castalian Band**.
England: **Areopagus**.
Seventeenth century (1600–1700)
-------------------------------
The **Baroque poetry** replaced Mannerism and includes several schools, especially most artificial poetic style of the early 17th-century. It involved Giambattista Marino, Lope de Vega, John Donne, Vincent Voiture, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Georges de Scudéry, Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, John Milton, Andreas Gryphius, and Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau.
**Classical poetry** movement echoes the forms and values of classical ancient Greek and Latin literature, favouring formal, restrained forms. Major dramatist and other genres figures include Pierre Corneille, Molière, Jean Racine, John Dryden, William Wycherley, William Congreve, and Joseph Addison.
**Marinism** was Italian Baroque poetic school and techniques of Giambattista Marino and his followers was based on its use of extravagant and excessive extended metaphor and lavish descriptions. Among Giambattista Marino's followers were Cesare Rinaldi, Bartolomeo Tortoletti, Emanuele Tesauro, Francesco Pona, Francesco Maria Santinelli, and others.
***Conceptismo*** was a Baroque poetic school in the Spanish literature, a similar to the Marinism. Major figures include Francisco de Quevedo and Baltasar Gracián.
***Culteranismo*** was another Spanish Baroque movement, in contrast to *Conceptismo*, characterized by an ornamental, ostentatious vocabulary and a highly latinal syntax. It involved such poets as Luis de Góngora, Hortensio Félix Paravicino, Conde de Villamediana, and Juana Inés de la Cruz.
The **Précieuses** was a French Baroque movement, similar to the Spanish *culteranismo*. Its main features are the refined language of aristocratic salons, periphrases, hyperbole, and puns on the theme of gallant love. Poets associated with the Précieuses were Vincent Voiture, Charles Cotin, Antoine Godeau, and Isaac de Benserade.
**Metaphysical poets** was an English Baroque school using extended conceit, often (though not always) about religion. They include such figures as John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell.
**Cavalier poets** in England were Baroque royalist group, writing primarily about courtly love, called Sons of Ben (after Ben Jonson) and included Richard Lovelace with William Davenant.
The ***Pegnesischer Blumenorden*** (1644 – present) is a German Baroque literary society represented the Nuremberg Poetic School of Georg Philipp Harsdörffer and other figures.
Emergence of **Qing poetry** (1644–1912) in China.
**Danrin school** in Japan.
Eighteenth century (1700–1800)
------------------------------
The 17th-century Classicism has recurred in various **Neoclassical schools** and poets such as Voltaire and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock since the eighteenth century.
**Augustan poets** such as Alexander Pope.
The ***Sturm und Drang*** was a from 1767 till 1785 literary group, precursor to the Romanticism. Its literature often features a protagonist which is driven by emotion, impulse and other motives that run counter to the enlightenment rationalism. The key members were Johann Wolfgang von Goethe with Friedrich Schiller, among other poets Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg, Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, and Gottfried August Bürger.
Nineteenth century (1800–1900)
------------------------------
**Romanticism** started in the late 18th century Western Europe, but existed largely within the nineteenth. Wordsworth's and Coleridge's 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads is considered by some as the first important publication in the movement. Romanticism stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and the rejection of established social conventions. It stressed the importance of "nature" in language and celebrated the achievements of those perceived as heroic individuals and artists. Romantic poets include William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats (those previous six sometimes referred to as the Big Six, or the Big Five without Blake); other Romantic poets include James Macpherson, Robert Southey, and Emily Brontë.
The **Lake Poets** was a group of Romantic poets from the English Lake District who wrote about nature and the sublime. Among them were William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.
The **Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood** was a primarily English art and poetic school, founded in 1848, based ostensibly on undoing innovations by the painter Raphael. Some members were both painters and poets. Most significant figures include Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Rossetti.
The **Transcendentalists** were from the mid-19th-century American movement: poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance, independence from modern technology. It includes Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
The **Parnassians** were a group of the 1860s–1890s French poets, named after their journal, the *Parnasse contemporain*. They included Charles Leconte de Lisle, Théodore de Banville, Sully Prudhomme, Paul Verlaine, François Coppée, and José María de Heredia. Non-French parnassians were Felicjan Faleński, Alberto de Oliveira, Olavo Bilac, and others. In reaction to the looser forms of romantic poetry, they strove for exact and faultless workmanship, selecting exotic and classical subjects, which they treated with rigidity of form and emotional detachment.
**Symbolism** started in the late 19th century in France and Belgium. It included Paul Verlaine, Tristan Corbière, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stéphane Mallarmé. Alexandru Macedonski was a prominent Romanian symbolist. Symbolists believed that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could be accessed only by indirect methods. They used extensive metaphor, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. They were hostile to "plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description".
**Russian symbolism** arose enough separately from West European symbolism, emphasizing mysticism of Sophiology and defamiliarization. Its most significant poets included Alexander Blok, Valery Bryusov, and Andrei Bely.
**Modernist poetry** is a broad term for poetry written between 1890 and 1970 in the tradition of Modernist literature. Schools within it include already 20th-century Acmeist poetry, Imagism, Objectivism, and the British Poetry Revival.
The **Fireside Poets** (also known as the "Schoolroom" or "Household Poets") were a group of American poets from New England. The group is usually described as comprising Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
Twentieth century (1900–2000)
-----------------------------
The ***Mahjari*** poets (**émigré school**) was a neo-romantic movement within Arabic-language poets in the Americas (Ameen Rihani, Kahlil Gibran, Nasib Arida, Mikhail Naimy, Elia Abu Madi), that appeared at the turn of the 20th century.
The **Futurists** were an *avant-garde*, largely Italian and Russian, movement codified in 1909 by the *Manifesto of Futurism*. They managed to create a new language free of syntax punctuation, and metrics that allowed for free expression. Poets involved with Futurism Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Giovanni Papini, Mina Loy, Aldo Palazzeschi, Velimir Khlebnikov, Almada Negreiros, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Stanisław Młodożeniec, and Jaroslav Seifert.
The **Cubo-Futurists** were an avant-garde art and poetry movement within Russian Futurism in the 1910s with practice of *zaum*, the experimental visual and sound poetry. Their major figures include Velimir Khlebnikov, Aleksei Kruchyonykh, and Vladimir Mayakovsky.
The **Ego-Futurists** were another poetry school within Russian Futurism during the 1910s, based on a personality cult. Most prominent figures among them are Igor Severyanin and Vasilisk Gnedov.
The **Acmeists** were a Russian modernist poetic school, which emerged ca. 1911 and to symbols preferred direct expression through exact images. Figures involved with Acmeism include Nikolay Gumilev, Osip Mandelstam, Mikhail Kuzmin, Anna Akhmatova, and Georgiy Ivanov.
The **Imagists** were (predominantly young) modernist poets working in England and America in the early 20th century (from 1914), including F. S. Flint, T. E. Hulme, Richard Aldington and Hilda Doolittle (known primarily by her initials, H.D.). They rejected Romantic and Victorian conventions, favoring precise imagery and clear, non-elevated language. Ezra Pound formulated and promoted many precepts and ideas of Imagism. His "In a Station of the Metro" (Roberts & Jacobs, 717), written in 1916, is often used as an example of Imagist poetry:
The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.
The **Dada** avant-garde movement touted by its proponents (Jean Arp, Kurt Schwitters, Tristan Tzara) as anti-art, dada focused on going against artistic norms and conventions.
The **Imaginists** were avant-garde post-Russian Revolution of 1917 poetic movement that created poetry based on sequences of arresting and uncommon images. The major figures include Sergei Yesenin, Anatoly Marienhof, and Rurik Ivnev.
The **Proletarian poetry** is a genre of political poetry developed in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s that endeavored to portray class-conscious perspectives of the working-class. Connected through their mutual political message that may be either explicitly Marxist or at least socialist, the poems are often aesthetically disparate.
The **Harlem Renaissance** was a cultural movement in the 1920s involving many African-American writers from the New York Neighbourhood of Harlem.
The **Objectivists** were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists from the 1930s. They include Louis Zukofsky, Lorine Niedecker, Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, Carl Rakosi, and Basil Bunting. Objectivists treated the poem as an object; they emphasised sincerity, intelligence, and the clarity of the poet's vision.
The "**Apollo Society**" with the magazine *Apollo* was a neo-romantic group, formed in Cairo, Egypt in 1932. Its members were Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi (founder), Ibrahim Nagi, Ali Mahmoud Taha, and Abu al-Qasim al-Shabbi.
The **Black Mountain poets** (also known as the **Projectivists**) were a group of the mid-20th-century (from the 1950) avant-garde and postmodern poets associated with Black Mountain College in the United States.
The **San Francisco Renaissance** was initiated by Kenneth Rexroth and Madeline Gleason in Berkeley in the 1950s. It included Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, and Robin Blaser. They were consciously experimental and had close links to the Black Mountain and Beat poets.
The **Beat Generation** poets or the **Beats** met in New York in the 1950s–1960s. The core group were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who were joined later by Gregory Corso.
The **New York School** was an informal group of poets active in 1950s New York City whose work was said to be a reaction to the Confessionalists. Some major figures include John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara, James Schuyler, Kenneth Koch, Barbara Guest, Joe Brainard, Ron Padgett, Ted Berrigan and Bill Berkson.
The **Concrete poetry** was an avant-garde movement started in Brazil during the 1950s, characterized for extinguishing the general conception of poetry, creating a new language called ''verbivocovisual''. its significant figures are Augusto de Campos, Haroldo de Campos, and Décio Pignatari.
**The Movement** was a group of English writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Alfred Davie, D. J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings and Robert Conquest. Their tone is anti-romantic and rational. The connection between the poets was described as "little more than a negative determination to avoid bad principles."
The "**Modernist School**", the "**Blue Star**", and the "**Epoch**" were modernist, including avant-garde and surrealism, Chinese poetic groups founded in 1954 in Taiwan and led by Qin Zihao (1902–1963) and Ji Xian (b. 1903).
**Confessional poetry** was an American movement that emerged in the late 1950s and the 1960s. They drew on personal history for their artistic inspiration. Poets in this group include Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, John Berryman, and Robert Lowell.
The **Liverpool poets**, also known as the **Mersey Beat poets**, were Adrian Henri, Brian Patten and Roger McGough from the 1960s. Their work was an English equivalent to the American Beats.
The **Hungry generation** was a group of about 40 poets in West Bengal, India during 1961–1965 who revolted against the colonial canons in Bengali poetry and wanted to go back to their roots. The movement was spearheaded by Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Samir Roychoudhury, and Subimal Basak.
The **Language poets** were American avant garde poets who emerged in the 1960s-1990s; their approach started with the modernist emphasis on method. They were reacting to the poetry of the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The poets included: Leslie Scalapino, Bruce Andrews, Charles Bernstein, Ron Silliman, Barrett Watten, Lyn Hejinian, Bob Perelman, Rae Armantrout, Carla Harryman, Clark Coolidge, Hannah Weiner, Susan Howe, and Tina Darragh.
The **British Poetry Revival** was a loose wide-reaching collection of groupings and subgroupings during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was a modernist reaction to the conservative The Movement. The leading poets included J. H. Prynne, Eric Mottram, Tom Raworth, Denise Riley, and Lee Harwood.
The **Misty Poets** are a group of Chinese poets whose style is defined by the obscurity of its imagery and metaphors. The movement was born after the Cultural Revolution, mainly from the 1970s. Leading members include Bei Dao, Duo Duo, Shu Ting, Yang Lian, Gu Cheng, and also Hai Zi.
The **Martian poets** were English poets of the 1970s and early 1980s, including Craig Raine and Christopher Reid. Through the heavy use of curious, exotic, and humorous metaphors, Martian poetry aimed to break the grip of "the familiar" in English poetry, by describing ordinary things as if through the eyes of a Martian.
The **Nuyorican poets** of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s wrote and recited dramatic poetry in Spanish, Spanglish, and English with humor and rage about social injustice, ethnic and racial discrimination, and U.S. colonialism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Leaders of the Nuyorican poetry movement include Pedro Pietri, Miguel Algarín, and Giannina Braschi. The Nuyorican movement gave rise to Poetry slams, a performing arts practice developed at open mic venues such as the Nuyorican Poets Cafe in Loisada of New York City.
The **New Formalism** is a late-20th and early 21st century movement in American poetry that promotes a return to metrical and rhymed verse. Rather than looking to the Confessionalists, they look to Robert Frost, Richard Wilbur, James Merrill, Anthony Hecht, and Donald Justice for poetic influence. These poets are associated with the West Chester University Poetry Conference, and with literary journals like *The New Criterion* and *The Hudson Review*. Associated poets include Dana Gioia, X.J. Kennedy, Timothy Steele, Mark Jarman, Rachel Hadas, R. S. Gwynn, Charles Martin, Phillis Levin, Kay Ryan, Brad Leithauser.
Alphabetic list
---------------
This is a **list of poetry groups and movements**.
* Absurdism
* Acmeist poetry
* Aestheticism
* Alabama State Poetry Society
* Apollo Society
* Arizona State Poetry Society
* Black Arts Movement
* British Poetry Revival
* Cairo poets
* Chhayavad
* Classical Chinese poetry
* Conceptismo
* Conceptual writing
* Confessional poetry
* Columbine Poets of Colorado
* Concrete poetry
* Connecticut Poetry Society
* Crescent Moon Society
* Cubo-Futurism
* Culteranismo
* Cyclic Poets
* Dada
* Danrin school
* Deep image
* Della Cruscans
* Dymock poets
* Ego-Futurism
* Expressionism
* Florida State Poets Association
* Fugitives (poets)
* Futurism (literature)
* Generation of '27
* Georgia Poetry Society
* Georgian poets
* Goliard
* Graveyard poets
* The Group (literature)
* Harlem Renaissance
* Harvard Aesthetes
* Heptanese School (literature)
* Illinois State Poetry Society
* Imaginism
* Imagism
* Iowa Poetry Association
* Impressionism
* Jindyworobak movement
* Kentucky State Poetry Society
* Lake Poets
* La Pléiade
* League of Minnesota Poets
* Liverpool poets
* Los Contemporáneos
* Louisiana State Poetry Society
* Mahjar
* Maine Poets Society
* Mannerism
* Marinism
* Massachusetts State Poetry Society
* Mississippi Poetry Society
* Missouri State Poetry Society
* Misty Poets
* Modern Chinese poetry
* Modernist poetry
* Modernist School (Taiwan)
* The Movement
* National Federation of State Poetry Societies
* Naturalism
* Négritude
* Neotericism
* Net-poetry
* Nevada Poetry Society
* New Apocalyptics
* New Mexico State Poetry Society
* New Peasant Poets
* Nijō poetic school
* North Dakota State Poetry Society
* Nuyorican Movement
* OBJECT:PARADISE
* Ohio Poetry Association
* Oregon Poetry Association
* Others (art group)
* Oulipo
* Panfuturism
* Pegnesischer Blumenorden
* Pennsylvania Poetry Society
* Petrarchism
* Poets Roundtable of Arkansas
* Poetic transrealism
* Poetry Society of Indiana
* Poetry Society of Michigan
* Poetry Society of Oklahoma
* Poetry Society of Tennessee
* Poetry Society of Texas
* Postmodernism
* Précieuses
* Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
* Realism
* Rhymers' Club
* Rochester Poets
* Scottish Renaissance
* Sicilian School
* Socialist realism
* Poetry Slam
* Sons of Ben
* South Dakota State Poetry Society
* Southern Agrarians
* Spasmodic poets
* Spectrism
* Sturm und Drang
* Surrealist poets
* The poets of Elan
* Transcendentalism
* Uranian poetry
* Utah State Poetry Society
* Vitalist poetry
* WyoPoets
Main sources
------------
* Baldick, Chris (2015). *The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms* (Online Version) (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191783234.
* Greene, Roland; et al. eds. (2012). *The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics* (4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15491-6.
* Willhardt, Mark; Parker, Alan Michael, eds. (2001). *Who's Who in Twentieth Century World Poetry*. Who's Who Series. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203991992. ISBN 0-415-16355-2.
| * v
* t
* e
Schools of poetry |
| --- |
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* Acmeism
* Akhmatova's Orphans
* Angry Penguins
* Auden Group
* The Beats
* Black Arts Movement
* Black Mountain poets
* British Poetry Revival
* Cairo poets
* Castalian Band
* Cavalier poets
* Chhayavaad
* Churchyard poets
* Conceptismo
* Confessionalists
* Créolité
* Cubo-Futurism
* Culteranismo
* Cyclic Poets
* Dada
* Deep image
* Della Cruscans
* Dolce Stil Novo
* Dymock poets
* Ecopoetry
* Ego-Futurism
* The poets of Elan
* Flarf
* Fugitives
* Garip
* Gay Saber
* Generation of '27
* Generation of the '30s
* Generation of '98
* Georgian poets
* Goliard
* The Group
* Harlem Renaissance
* Harvard Aesthetes
* Hungry generation
* Imaginism
* Imagism
* Informationist poetry
* İkinci Yeni
* Jindyworobaks
* Lake Poets
* Language poets
* Marinism
* Martian poetry
* Metaphysical poets
* Misty Poets
* Modernist poetry
* The Movement
* Négritude
* Neotericism
* New American Poetry
* New Apocalyptics
* New Formalism
* New York School
* Objectivists
* Others
* Parnassian poets
* La Pléiade
* Précieuses
* Rhymers' Club
* San Francisco Renaissance
* Scottish Renaissance
* Sicilian School
* Sons of Ben
* Southern Agrarians
* Spasmodic poets
* Sung poetry
* Surrealism
* Symbolism
* Uranian poetry
* Zutiste
|
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Portal:* icon Poetry |
German painter and graphic artist
**Brigitte Felsch-Reiff** (born Brigitte Reiff, 22 September 1925, in Weißenfels/Saale Germany, died 25 December 2015 in Halle an der Saale Germany) was a German painter and graphic artist. She created a comprehensive oeuvre of oil paintings and mixed media. She also produced a large number of lithographic prints and prints from wood cuts.
The themes of her paintings and graphic oeuvre are landscapes and still lives, as well as portraits and people. She also produced a series of religious works during the 1950s, mainly prints from wood cuts.
After completing school shortly after the start of World War II, she completed a combined housekeeping and tailor apprenticeship. In addition, she joined a painting circle in the theatre of her hometown Weißenfels, which influenced her to become an artist.
Short after the end of the war, she applied to the art school Burg Giebichenstein in Halle an der Saale for the subject of painting and graphics. She was accepted and enrolled in 1947 as a student. She joined the class of the teacher Professor Charles Crodel.
Felsch-Reiff was one of the very few women who were students in the class of Professor Charles Crodel at the art school Burg Giebichenstein Halle. This is where she met Heinz Felsch, her fellow student. They married in 1949 and had a son and two daughters.
From this time on, the couple's professional lives were closely linked and they both worked on larger scale commissions of architectural art from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. These were mainly mosaic wall friezes in lobbies of newly built hospitals and schools. There are still two of what were previously three larger wall mosaics in the lift lobbies of the Policlinic Reil in Halle. A further 17-meter long wall mosaic frieze can still be seen in a school in Braunsbedra near Halle.
Felsch-Reiff regularly spent the summer months during the late 1940s until the mid-1950s with her husband in Ahrenshoop, a little fishing village on the Baltic Sea, known for its artist community. A number of paintings, drawings and lithographic prints originate from this time and reflect the partly rough but also gentle landscapes between the sea with its dunes, cliffs and the Bodden laguna.
In 1954, she created a series of lithographic prints about the Christmas story. She stepped into the public eye for the first time with her graphic work at the ‘Frankfurter Evangelischer Kirchentag’ (Frankfurt Protestant Church Day) in 1956. In the same year she was also represented with a series of woodcuts for passion time at the exhibition of Christian Artists in Weimar.
Felsch-Reiff became part of the group of painters known as the "Hallesche Schule" (school of Halle). It was a movement of modern painting during a period from 1945 until the late 1950s under the influence of the professors of Fine Art Charles Crodel and Erwin Hahs. The term "Hallesche Schule" describes a specific regional movement rooted in classic modern art.
In the late 1970s, when their commercial work became less plentiful, she and her husband, Heinz Felsch, started to produce their own range of small ceramic medallions and ceramic jewellery, which helped to support them financially.
Felsch-Reiff carried on painting right up into her 80s.
In 1954, Felsch-Reiff became a member of the ‘Verband Bildender Künstler der DDR’ (National Association of fine Arts of the GDR).
Literatur
---------
* *Felsch-Reif,Brigitte.* In: Dietmar Eisold (Hrsg.): *Lexikon Künstler der DDR.* Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin, 2010, S. 198 |
The **Star Monoplane** was an early British aircraft built by the Star Engineering Company of Wolverhampton. A tractor configuration monoplane resembling the French Antoinette aircraft, its most remarkable feature was the arrangement of the rear control surfaces. It was exhibited at the Aero Exhibition at Olympia in London, in 1910.
Design and development
----------------------
The Star Monoplane had an uncovered triangular section fuselage of wire-braced ash, with the wings attached to the upper longerons and the pilot seated behind the trailing edge of the wing. The fuselage divided into two sections aft of the cockpit for ease of transportation. The parallel-chord wings had rounded ends and wing warping control, the wires leading to a single king-post above the wing and to the ends of the undercarriage struts, which bore twin skids, carrying two wheels on a sprung axle. The tail surfaces consisted of a cruciform arrangement of four elongated triangular surfaces starting halfway down the fuselage, ending in raked ends bearing the outer pivots of the moving surfaces, each of which was an elongated diamond shape resembling a Malay kite. These could be used conventionally as rudders and elevators or alternatively operated as linked opposing pairs, so that their operation would cause the aircraft to roll to one side or the other. It was powered by a 30 hp (22 kW) Star engine driving a 6 ft 8 in (2 m) Clarke propeller.
Trials of this arrangement were not satisfactory and, during 1911, the aircraft was extensively modified. The lower fin and moving surface was removed and the remaining surfaces' controls altered to produce the conventional arrangement of rudder and elevators. The wings were reduced in span by 5 ft (1.5 m) and the tailwheel was replaced by a skid. It was also fitted with a new 50 hp (37 kW) Star engine.
Specifications (Final form)
---------------------------
*Data from* Lewis, P *British Aircraft 1809-1914* London: Putnam, 1962.
**General characteristics**
* **Crew:** 1
* **Length:** 32 ft 6 in (9.91 m)
* **Wingspan:** 37 ft (11 m)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Star Inline 6-cylinder water cooled piston engine, 50 hp (37 kW)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed Clarke, 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) diameter
**Performance**
* **Maximum speed:** 45 mph (72 km/h, 39 kn) |
Pioneering study of the Celtic languages by Edward Lhuyd
***Archæologia Britannica*** (from Latin: *Antiquities of Britain*), the first volume of which was published in 1707, is a pioneering study of the Celtic languages written by Edward Lhuyd.
Following an extensive tour of Great Britain and Ireland lasting more than four years, Lhuyd began work on *Glossography*, the first volume of a planned four-volume set, *Archæologia Britannica*, which combined innovative methods of historical linguistics, language comparison, and field research, to establish a genetic relationship between the Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Gaulish languages. After a significant delay, the *Glossography* was finally published in 1707.
Due to Lhuyd's early death at the age of 49, the last three volumes were never produced or published, and many of Lhuyd's manuscripts and research notes were later lost, destroyed in two separate fires. As the only completed volume, the *Glossography* itself is often referred to as *Archæologia Britannica*.
Summary
-------
Lhuyd's basic argument in *Glossography* is that languages develop from a parent language by various processes of linguistic change, such as transposition of sounds or syllables, acquisition of loanwords, mispronunciation, and use of different prefixes or suffixes. For example, he notes that sounds in one language may correspond to a different sound in another language, so for instance [k] in Greek, Latin, Welsh, and Irish is changed into [h] in the 'Teutonic' (i.e. Germanic) languages.
Lhuyd understood that different orthographic conventions in different languages may hinder comparison, and introduces a *General Alphabet* to facilitate direct comparison between languages. His methodology allows a systematic study of etymology, including a focus on regular sound changes, equivalence or similarity of meaning of cognates, and shared morphology, and emphasises that the basis of comparison should be the most basic parts of a language's core vocabulary.
Lhuyd realized that the Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Gaulish languages were closely related to each other, provided a number of phonetic correspondences that define the relationship between them, and proposed a genetic relationship between the Goidelic and Brittonic languages. Building on the earlier work of George Buchanan and Paul-Yves Pezron, he categorized these languages as a *Celtic* language family sharing a common origin.
Lhuyd attempts to explain the linguistic differences in the Celtic languages using a model where Goidelic (or Q-Celtic) languages are first introduced to the British Isles from Iberia, followed by a second, later migration, of Brittonic (or P-Celtic) speakers from Gaul, a model that Barry Cunliffe describes as being "broadly accepted and discussed by historical philologists over the last 300 years."
Background
----------
'Vercingetorix Throws Down his Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar' by Lionel Royer. Caesar writes that the Gauls called themselves 'Celtae'
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the identity of the Greek *Keltoi*, and Latin *Celtae* and *Galli*, were discussed by scholars, with various national groups claiming descent from the ancient 'Celts' of antiquity, with no modern understanding of Celts as a linguistic group related to speakers of Brittonic or Goidelic languages. By the end of the sixteenth century, European intellectuals had begun to seriously debate whether Welsh and Irish, for example, were related languages. Scaliger had argued in the 1590s that these languages were unrelated. George Buchanan, on the other hand, had previously argued on philological grounds that the ancient Britons were Gaulish, and that Gaelic was also related to Gaulish, and he is often regarded as the first to recognize these languages as Celtic in the modern sense. Although several seventeenth-century writers supported this idea, the debate had not been conclusively resolved by the end of the seventeenth century.
Drawing of Lhuyd c. 1709
In 1693, Edward Lhuyd, an antiquarian, naturalist, botanist, geographer, and philologist, and recently appointed Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford, was invited to contribute to the Welsh sections of William Camden's *Brittania*, a survey of Great Britain and Ireland. His work on this revision motivated him to begin his own *magnum opus*, *Archæologia Britannica*, an envisaged comparative study of the shared characteristics of the languages, archaeology, and culture of Wales, Cornwall, Brittany, Scotland, and Ireland.
Following the publication of *Britannia* in 1695, Lhuyd published *A Design of a British Dictionary, Historical & Geographical: with an Essay entitl'd Archæologia Britannica*, seeking subscribers to fund the research, fieldwork, and eventual publication of what was initially conceived as a multi-volume work, *Archæologia Britannica or An Account of the Ancient Languages, Customs, and Monuments of the British Isles*. Following the successful publication of the *Design*, Lhuyd printed a questionnaire, *Parochial Queries*, three copies of which were distributed to every parish in Wales, providing Lhuyd with preliminary data with which to plan his fieldwork. The questionnaire asks for various types of information, including plants, minerals, stones, birds, quadrupeds, and the weather.
Tour of Celtic Countries
------------------------
With his assistants Robert Wynne, William Jones, and David Parry, Lhuyd began his "great tour", lasting from 1697 to 1701. Lhuyd and his companions travelled Britain and Ireland for four years, studying and collecting manuscripts, ancient artefacts, and fossils, describing architecture and monuments, and recording local culture and spoken languages. The four-year long tour has been described as "made under the most difficult conditions of travel, and at great cost to [Lhuyd's] health and well-being."
Lhuyd's methodology included collection of primary data from native speakers, such as asking speakers to translate terms into their native languages.
### North Wales (1696)
Lhuyd here initially conducted research from April to October of this year. Initial funding from subscribers allowed Lhuyd to go on a six-month tour. In June, Lhuyd met with Richard Richardson, with whom he studied botany in Snowdonia. Lhuyd also studied manuscripts at Bangor and Hengwrt, and visited eight or nine counties in total.
### Wales (1697–1699)
Lhuyd's etching of the trilobite Ogygiocarella debuchii, found by him near Llandeilo in 1698. Lhuyd believed it to be a "Sceleton of some flat Fish."
Having trained others to take on his duties at Oxford and collected some funding, Lhuyd, along with his three assistants, began his tour in May 1697, travelling through Gloucestershire and the Forest of Dean, and reaching Chepstow on 13 May.
After three months, Lhuyd arrived at Cowbridge, where he spent two months copying a manuscript. Lhuyd spent a total of one year in south Wales, then travelled to Cardigan, then to Hereford in August 1698. Lhuyd obtained a Welsh-Latin dictionary and hunted fossils while in Wales.
On account of their research activities during their travels in Wales, Lhuyd and his assistants were suspected of being Jacobite spies, conjurers, or tax collectors by suspicious locals. Despite this, Robert Gunther states that his numerous connections in Wales made him a "welcome enquirer everywhere."
### Ireland and Scotland (1699–1700)
From Wales, Lhuyd and his team reached Ireland in July or August 1699, landing in Dublin, then travelled to Antrim and visited Newgrange and the Giant's Causeway. They then took the ferry to Scotland in late September or October, before returning to northern Ireland by boat in January 1700, visiting Ulster, Connaught, and Munster, arriving in Killarney in July.
In the Scottish Highlands , Lhuyd recorded "the Highland Tongue" (Scottish Gaelic) from native speakers, and also describes some small ancient glass charms he found. Lhuyd remarks in a letter that he learned very little Irish from the natives, learning most of that language from books.
According to Lhuyd, he was obliged to leave Ireland sooner than intended because of the "Tories of Kil-Arni."
### Cornwall (1700–1701)
Probably directly from Ireland, or perhaps via Wales, Lhuyd arrived in Cornwall in August 1700. In Cornwall, Lhuyd was able to gather information about the Cornish language by listening to native speakers, especially the parish of St. Just, from local antiquarians such as Nicholas Boson and John Keigwin, and from three manuscripts he was able to study, Pascon agan Arluth, the Ordinalia, and Gwreans an Bys. Lhuyd's team also produced sketches and plans of antiquities and ancient monuments, including Boskednan stone circle and Chûn Castle.
According to Thomas Tonkin's account, Lhuyd and his assistants were arrested as suspected thieves, and brought in front of a justice of the peace, who then released them. Lhuyd and his team visited many places in Cornwall, including Penzance, Lambriggan, and Falmouth.
John Keigwin's reaction to Lhuyd's arrival in Mousehole is satirized in Alan Kent's Anglo-Cornish dialect play, *Dreaming in Cornish*:
> "Still, on his head he wore his periwig, even though it looked more like a geat gannet's nest than the attire of a gennelman. His face itself was prop'ly drawn, with his mouth screwed up like a duck's fert. So this was of 'un - Edward Lhuyd – a man who, despite being without drawing room and closet, looked like he had grabbed hold o' the world by the ass'ole."
>
>
### Brittany (1701)
From Falmouth, Lhuyd arrived in Saint-Malo, Brittany in January 1701. Here, Lhuyd was able to procure two seventeen-century Breton dictionaries, one of which he could only obtain in exchange for his own copy of Davies' dictionary.
In Brittany, Lhuyd and his companions were jailed on suspicion of being English spies. According to Lhuyd, after arousing the suspicion of locals, his letters and documents were seized, his pockets searched, and he was imprisoned at Brest Castle for 18 days. After authorities found nothing treasonous in the seized documents, they were released, but then forced to leave the kingdom, as war "was already declar'd against the Empire, the Dutch, and the English." He eventually returned to England in March.
### Itinerary
| Date | Location |
| --- | --- |
| 1697 |
| May | Forest of Dean |
| May 13 | Chepstow |
| June 15 | Usk |
| July 18 | St. George, near Cardiff |
| July 22 | St. Nicolas |
| August 10 | Cowbridge |
| September 22 | Lhan Dyvodwg |
| September 25 | Cowbridge |
| October 20 | Swansea |
| November 20 | Carmarthen |
| December 20 | Llandeilo |
| 1698 |
| January 4 | Tenby |
| February 19 | Scochburgh, near Tenby |
| March 26 | Caldey Island |
| April 2 | Scochburgh, near Tenby |
| May 1 | Scochburgh |
| May 20 | Pembroke |
| May 21 | Haverfordwest |
| June 19 | Narberth |
| June 28 | Llan Bedr |
| July 6 | Cardigan |
| August 3 | Hereford |
| September 19 | Hay in Brecon |
| October 18 | Newtown |
| October 26 | Montgomery town |
| November 22 | Gwersyllt |
| November 28 | Llanfyllin |
| December 23 | Dolgelheu |
| 1699 |
| January 2 | Gwersyllt |
| January 18 | Dolgelheu |
| April 4 | Dolgelheu |
| April 18 | Gogerdhan |
| May 25 | Tal y Cavan |
| June 26 | Flint |
| June | Conway |
| August 1 | Beaumaris |
| August | Dublin |
| December 15 | Bathgate, near Linlithgow |
| 1700 |
| February 1 | Londonderry |
| March 12 | Sligo |
| April | Wales |
| August 25 | Penzance |
| August 27 | Lambrigan |
| October 15 | St. Ives |
| November 3 | Plymouth |
| November 29 | Falmouth |
| 1701 |
| January 14 | St. Malo |
| January | Morlaix |
| February | Brest |
| March | Poole |
| March 10 | Oxford |
|
Proposed Volumes
----------------
As originally conceived in Lhuyd's *Design*, *Archæologia Britannica* was intended to be divided into four volumes:
* **Volume I**: "A comparison of the modern Welsh with other European languages", particularly Greek, Latin, Irish, Cornish, and Armorican (Breton).
* **Volume II**: A comparison of the customs and traditions of the Britons with those of other nations. According to the Welsh preface of volume I, this was intended to be a "Dictionary of ye history of ye Kings, Princes, Ancient nobility ye Towns, Castles Churches and Saints and of all other very remarkable men and places, of ye British nation, mention'd in ancient records"
* **Volume III**: "An account of all such monuments now remaining in Wales as are presumed to be British; and either older or not much later than the Roman Conquest."
* **Volume IV**: "An Account of the Roman antiquities there and others of later Date, during the Government of the British Princes; together with Copies of all the Inscriptions of any considerable Antiquity."
On account of Lhuyd’s early death, only the first volume, *Glossography*, was eventually published.
Publication
-----------
*Glossography* was completed in November 1703, at which time it was delivered to the printer. It was not published until 1707 however, due to a lack of suitable fonts for the complex orthography used in the volume, which consisted of an extended Latin alphabet combined with a variety of diacritics, meaning only one compositor could perform the task.
Contents
--------
### The names of the subscribers towards the author's travels; as also of those who were pleased to contribute without subscribing
Lhuyd lists here subscribers and financial contributors, mostly clergy, lawyers, physicians, clerics, and gentry. In addition to providing financial support, Lhuyd's subscribers had also been encouraged to contribute research material.
### To the right honourable Sr Thomas Mansel of Margam
Lhuyd describes the incompleteness of the work, his fatigue after five years' travels, and his experiences gathering information for AB. He expresses his hope that the book will provide a clearer understanding of the ancient languages of Britain and Ireland, and thanks Mansel for his generosity and promotion of scholarship in general.
### Preface
In the English language preface, Lhuyd explains his motivation for publishing the Glossography before the other volumes, and summarizes the contents. This chapter also contains prose and poetry in praise of the volume in Welsh, Irish, and Latin by other scholars.
### At y Kymry
In this chapter, a Welsh language preface, Lhuyd writes that, after writing Irish and Cornish prefaces, he feels obliged to address the Welsh in "our mother tongue." Lhuyd mentions his unusual orthography, stating that, as others are free to choose their own orthography, so he asks the same freedom to use his, pointing out the benefits of being able to transcribe multiple languages in a single spelling system, using single letters for each sound, and compatibility with old manuscripts.
Lhuyd then apologises for the time it has taken to produce the first volume, stating that he did not initially intend to travel for so long or in so much detail, or to write such a large essay.
Lhuyd outlines his migration model for the Celtic settlement of Britain:
> "Having now related what none have hitherto made mention of, namely, first that the old inhabitants of Ireland consisted of two nations, Gwydhelians and Scots. Secondly, that the Gwydhelians descended from the ancient Britons, and the Scots from Spain.
> Thirdly, that the Gwydhelians lived in the most ancient times not only in north Britain...but also in England and Wales. And fourthly that the said Gwydhelians of England and Wales were the inhabitants of Gaul before they came into this island."
>
>
### Title I. Comparative Etymology. Or Remarks on the Alteration of Languages
Page from Title I, showing Lhuyd's *General Alphabet*
This *Title* examines lexical and phonological correspondences in different languages, as well as semantic changes. In total this *Title* consists of 24 linguistic *Observations*, which Lhuyd later divides into 10 *Classes* in a "summary of etymology". Lhuyd attaches special emphasis to this part of the volume, and accordingly places it at the beginning of the work.
He explains that it "consists wholly of Parallel Observations relating to the Origin of Dialects, the affinity of the British with other languages, and their correspondence to one another. What I aim'd at therein, was the shewing by a collection of examples methodized, that etymology is not, as a great many, till they have considered it with some application, are apt to be perswaded, a speculation merely groundless or conjectural."
**Class I**
> "Words of the same Origin as to Sound or Pronunciation, but deviating in the sense...I use the word Deviating rather than Different or Distinct, because it implies,that in such words; same Affinity is still retain'd; and in Etymology, either an Identity or Analogy of signification, is always requir'd."
>
>
In *Observation I*, for instance, he gives *Dụrn* as an example, meaning 'fist' in Welsh and Irish, but 'hand' in Cornish and Breton.
**Class II**
> "Words Obsolete in some Dialects, Retain'd in others...An Etymologist ought to be well acquainted with the Obsolete words of the Language he is to explain, as being nearer the FountainHead; and diverse such, besides what occurr in old Manuscripts, are preserv'd in particular Countreys, tho' not admitted into Dictionaries, and for that reason Vocabularies of Local words, as that of Mr. Ray's, the Dictionaire De la Langue Tolosaine, (at the end of Goudelin's Gascoigne Poems) and suchlike; ought to be diligently perus'd."
>
>
In *Observation II*, he notes the many words in the Old Cornish Vocabulary that are no longer understood by the Cornish, but still used by the Welsh. †*Ankar* 'a hermit' from the OCV is listed with an obelus as one example.
**Class III**
> "An accidental Transposition of Letters...This is call'd an Accidental Transposition, because it proceeds from a Carelesness in Pronunciation, and distinguishes it from the next class, which is of words designedly transpos'd."
>
>
Observation III includes examples of metathesis, such as Welsh *prẏny*, Cornish *perna* 'to buy'.
**Class IV**
> "Transposition of Compounds."
>
>
In Observation IV, Lhuyd describes transposition of compounds, such as Welsh *lhẏgatcam* 'squint-eyed' and Cornish *Cabmlẏgadzhak*, which "be but their corrupt pronunciation of the same word, transpos'd."
**Class V**
> "Addition of Letters...This has partly proceeded from an Accidental mispronunciation, as, aeam for eam,&c. and partly from an Industrious Alteration of words for the easier speaking them."
>
>
Observation V describes how initial vowels may be added to the beginning of words. Observation VI describes how vowels may be added to words internally. Observation VII gives examples of labials inserted into words. Observation VIII gives examples of palatals inserted into words. Observation IX describes the addition of "lingual mutes" in various positions. Observation X describes the addition of liquids.
**Class VI**
> "Letters Omitted...This has happen'd after the same manner [as class V]."
>
>
In *Observation XI*, Lhuyd describes apheresis, syncope, and apocope, where vowels are lost initially, internally, and in word-final positions, respectively. Observations XII to XVI describe how various classes of consonantal sounds are "omitted".
**Class VII**
> "Variation of Initial Syllables...This proceeds either from the use of different prepositions or other words in Compounds; or else because some Languages retain only the simple words, and others know none but the Compounds."
>
>
*Observation XI* gives numerous examples, including Breton ⟨Ki dûr⟩, an otter, contrasting with Welsh ⟨Dẏvrᵹi⟩.
**Class VIII**
> "A Difference of Termination...In Etymological Observations we are to allow all Languages their 0wn Terminations...We see then that a Distinct Termination is no more than what the Nature or Property of each Language requires; and yet the not heeding this, when the Difference is wide, and other Alterations intervene, occasions us very often to question the Origin of words, where there is not indeed room for any Doubting."
>
>
Observation XVII contrasts word endings in Welsh, Cornish, Breton, and Irish. The many examples given include Welsh *Eira*, 'snow', at variance with Cornish *Er* and Breton *Ery𝛘*, and Welsh *Enu*, 'name', in contrast with Irish *Ainm*.
**Class IX**
> "Permutation: or Change of Letters...It may be of some use to the Curious in Etymology, if we distinguish Permutation of Letters into three sorts; which may be call'd Classical [change of letters into the same class, or the same organ of pronunciation], Idiomatal [when, from observation, at least five or six examples of primitive words a letter of one class in one language is changed into a letter of another class in another language], and Accidental [similar to the previous type, but infrequent]."
>
>
In Observation XVIII, Lhuyd goes into some detail describing vowel variations in cognate words in the Celtic languages.
Observation XIX, focussing on "the labial letters" p, b, f, v, and m, describes part of the Celtic grammatical mutation system, for example *Pen* 'head' becoming *i ben* 'his head'. Lhuyd also notes the equivalence of Welsh ⟨p⟩ with Irish ⟨c⟩ or ⟨k⟩, with examples including Welsh Pedụar 'four' and Irish Kathair, and also notes that ⟨p⟩ is a rare letter in Irish, apart from loanwords. Observations XX, XXI, and XXII catalogue a large number of sound correspondences of various types between cognate words, including the Celtic languages, but also Latin, Greek, and other languages.
**Class X**
> "Forreign words introduced by Conquest or borrow'd from those Nations with whom we have Trade and Commerce."
>
>
In *Observation XXIII*, Lhuyd notes the large number of Latin words in the Welsh, Cornish, and Breton vocabularies. He remarks that "part were doubtless brought hither by the first inhabitants; long before the Romans were a distinct people." From this supposed period, Lhuyd suggests basic vocabulary such as Welsh *Tîr*, Latin *Terra*. Lhuyd goes on to suggest that more advanced vocabulary came from the period of Roman occupation of Britain. His examples include Welsh *Kaeth* 'slave', Latin *Captivus*.
Finally, in Observation XXIV, Lhuyd describes how compounds or phrases may be translated from one language to another, or "Words Deriv'd From One Common Origin As To Signification Tho' Of No Affinity In Sound." He gives examples including Welsh Gloin Dẏu, 'a butterfly', equivalent to Cornish *Tikki Deu*, and Scottish Gaelic *Dealan de*.
### Title II. A comparative vocabulary of the original languages of Britain and Ireland
First page of Title II
This Title consists of a vocabulary arranged alphabetically with Latin headwords glossed with Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx translation equivalents, written in the phonetic transcription system devised by Lhuyd and introduced in the previous Title.
### Title. III. An Armoric grammar by Julian Manoir, Jesuit
This *Title* is a translation by Moses Williams of the Breton grammar originally written in French by Julian Maunoir.
#### Chapter I – Writing and pronunciation
Following a description of the benefits of spelling words according to how they are pronounced, this chapter goes into some detail regarding pronunciation of letters and the meaning of diacritics.
#### Chapter II – Nouns
This chapter describes the 'Armoric' definite and indefinite articles. There follows a description of the lack of grammatical declension in *Armoric*, and a synopsis of the various plural noun endings.
Having given the most common plural endings, Section 7, "Heteroclites", lists nouns which form their plurals by vowel change, removal of singulative suffixes, or other less common ways.
The chapter then gives an overview of adjectives, and the lack of declension for number, except for certain pronouns. It then describes how regular comparatives and superlatives are formed, noting certain exceptions.
#### Chapter III – Pronouns
Pronouns are given in the nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative case.
#### Chapter IV – Verbs
The verbs 'to be' and 'to have' are described, as well as their use as auxiliaries, and grammatical tense and moods.
There follows a section of active, passive, and irregular verb tables, conjugated for tense and mood.
#### Chapter V – Participles, adverbs, and prepositions
This chapter covers active and passive participles.
Some examples of Breton adverb usage are given, such as *Ar fura oll* 'the wisest of all'.
A selection of common prepositions, including *A* 'from', *Gant* 'with', and *Hep* 'without' are given, with their usage described in the next chapter.
#### Chapter VI – Syntax
The grammar describes Armoric sentence structure. Nominal sentences, for instance *Me a gar* 'I love', are described. Impersonal verbs with no nominative case before them, for example *Glao a ra* 'it rains', are also given.
The grammar notes that adjectives follow the noun they describe in Breton. Correct usage of possessive pronouns is described. The grammar describes how "nouns of number" take singular nouns, for example *Daou den* 'two men'.
Finally a number of different constructions are summarized, followed by a synopsis of the Breton mutation system.
### Title IV. An Armoric vocabulary by Julian Manoir, Jesuit
This Title, also by Lhuyd’s assistant Moses Williams, translates Julian Maunoir's Breton wordlist.
### Title V. Some Welch words omitted in Dr Davies's Dictionary
Supplement to John Davies's Welsh dictionary, *Antiquae linguae Britannicae...et linguae Latinae dictionarium duplex*.
### Title VI A Cornish grammar
Page from the Cornish Grammar. At the bottom, part of the only surviving Cornish folk tale, Dzhuan Tshei an Hordh, is transcribed on the left, with a Welsh translation on the right.
Lhuyd writes a preface in the Cornish language. He begins by apologising for the grammar to follow, being neither born in Cornwall nor having stayed there for more than four months. He states that the inhabitants of Cornwall could produce the grammar better than himself. He expresses the hope that "this poor work" might cause somebody else to produce something better. He explains how he acquired his knowledge of the Cornish language; from the inhabitants of the west of Cornwall, particularly St. Just; by the help of gentlemen antiquaries, who provided him with Cornish words; and from three manuscripts given him by the Bishop of Exeter, Sir Jonathan Trelawney, from which he says he got "the best part" of his knowledge. He describes his discovery that the manuscript labelled *Vocabularium Wallicum* was, in fact, a Cornish vocabulary.
Lhuyd describes changes in Cornish pronunciation over time based on the manuscripts he has studied, such as the development of pre-occlusion in the contemporary Cornish language, where they now "put the letter *b*, before the letter *m*", and "the letter *d*, before the letter *n*", palatalization of Old Cornish *t* and *d*, and various other phonological features which distinguish Cornish from Welsh. Lhuyd expresses his view that Cornish is closer to Breton dialects than Welsh, which he suggests is due to Breton migration into Cornwall.
#### Chapter I *Of the letters*
This section reintroduces Lhuyd's *General Alphabet*, with some additions specifically for the Cornish language.
Lhuyd then provides a discussion of the ancient manuscripts he is aware of, along with a synopsis of the orthographic variations and his interpretation of the relationship of the written word to the pronunciation in these documents.
This is followed by a synopsis of the changes in the initial consonants of words in certain grammatical contexts, a feature of the Cornish mutation system.
Lhuyd then notes some of the sound changes from earlier Cornish to the Cornish at the time; *inter alia*, the change of ⟨𝛘⟩, as he writes in his *General Alphabet*, or ⟨gh⟩ as written by medieval Cornish scribes, to ⟨h⟩, the change of most Old Cornish orthographic ⟨d⟩ to later Cornish orthographic ⟨s⟩, which he notes is now pronounced *z*, and the development of *t* to *tsh* in a few words.
Lhuyd also gives some examples of vowel insertion, for instance *†Dên* is now pronounced as *Dêan*. He also describes the development of pre-occlusion, where *b* is inserted before a "middle m" to give *bm*, and similarly *d* is inserted before a "middle n" to give *dn*.
Finally, he describes vowel loss, and the loss of certain consonants, such as initial *g*, in specific contexts.
#### Chapter II *Some further Directions for Reading old British Manuscripts*
There is then a further guide to reading ancient manuscripts, in which Lhuyd discusses how particles with grammatical function are often joined to other words in old Welsh and Cornish documents.
Lhuyd then describes the orthography of the Juvencus Manuscript. Apparently, after being allowed in to the library at Cambridge to view the manuscript in 1702, Lhuyd took a penknife to Juvencus folios 25 and 26 and stole them, leaving knife marks on adjacent folios. The folios were eventually restored to the manuscript after being found among Lhuyd's personal possessions after his death.
This is followed by a small glossary of obsolete or obscure Welsh words from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with English translation equivalents.
There follows a discussion on the differences between Welsh dialects, and between Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
#### Chapter III *Of the articles and Nouns*
Lhuyd describes the Cornish definite and indefinite articles, and certain prepositions which can be joined to the definite article. This is followed by a synopsis of noun plural endings, abstract noun suffixes, agent noun suffixes, feminine noun suffixes, masculine and feminine grammatical genders, and lenition of feminine nouns after the definite article. Lhuyd then enumerates the most common plural suffixes, along with some nouns that form plurals by vowel change, with numerous examples.
#### Chapter IV *Of the Pronoun*
In this chapter Lhuyd describes Cornish personal, possessive, relative, interrogative, and demonstrative pronouns.
#### Chapter V *Of the Verb*
Lhuyd begins this chapter by enumerating the various regular terminations of "infinitives". He then describes the main auxiliary verbs in Cornish, *Bɐz* 'to be' *ᵹîl* 'to do', and *menni* 'to will'. Lhuyd describes how tenses of other verbs are formed using these auxiliaries combined with verbal particles. This is followed by a description of the formation of active and passive verbs, then a few irregular or defective verbs.
#### Chapter VI *Of the Participle*
Lhuyd notes that there is no participle of the present tense in Cornish, and so instead uses the "infinitive" with the particle *a* prefixed.
He describes the *preterperfect* tense of verbs, being formed by addition of the suffix *-yz*, sometimes with vowel affection.
#### Chapter VII *Of the Adverb and Interjection*
Lhuyd describes the formation of adverbs with the particle *en* or *yn* before an adjective, corresponding to English '-ly', so for example the adjective *fîr* 'wise' can become an adverb, *en fîr* 'wisely'. Numerous other adverbs are here listed, categorized by their function, including adverbs of affirming, assembling, choosing, comparison, demonstration, denying, doubting, explication, number, place, quality, quantity, and time. Finally, a limited number of interjections are given.
#### Chapter VIII *Of the conjunction*
Various Cornish conjunctions are listed, categorized by functions including copulative, conditional, discretive, disjunctive, causal, exceptive, adversative, and elective.
#### Chapter IX *Of the preposition*
Having previously discussed prepositions inflected for person, Lhuyd here discusses a number of independent prepositions. He also describes various prefixes, including *gor-* 'over-', the reflexive prefix *om-* 'self-' , and the negating prefix *di-* 'without'.
#### Chapter X *Some Proprieties of Phrase with some Notes omitted in the Foregoing Chapters, and a Specimen of the modern Cornish Collated with the Welsh*
Lhuyd describes some Cornish idioms, as well as certain peculiarities of Cornish syntax and lexicon.
He also talks about the englyn, a traditional Cornish and Welsh short verse form. He speculates that this may have been the ancient verse form used by the druids. He includes the only englyn he heard while in Cornwall, along with a loose translation:
An lavar kôth yụ lavar guîr,
Bedh dɐrn rê ver, dhɐn tavaz rê hîr;
Mez dên heb davaz a gɐllaz i dîr.
*What's said of old, will always stand,*
*Too long a tongue, too short a hand;*
*But he that had no tongue, lost his land.*
This chapter includes a complete transcription of the only surviving Cornish folk tale, *Dzhûan Tshei an Hɐr* 'John of the House of the Ram.'
Finally, Lhuyd lists the parishes in west Cornwall where people still speak Cornish.
### Title VII Antiqua Britanniae lingua scriptorum quae non impressa sunt, Catalogus
A catalogue of 'British' manuscripts. This *Title* is in fact an evaluation of medieval *Welsh* manuscripts.
### Title VIII An essay towards a British etymologicon
Written by David Parry, one of Lhuyd's assistants, this Title features a section with English headwords, followed by a wordlist of Latin lemmata glossed with basic vocabulary from various European languages.
### Title IX A brief introduction to the Irish or ancient Scotish language
Based mainly on the first printed grammar of the Irish language by Froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh, with some additions.
### Title X Focloir Gaoidheilige-Shagsonach no Bearladoir Scot-Samhuil: an Irish-English dictionary
A dictionary consisting of more than ten thousand lemmata. Numerous Irish texts and dictionaries, including Risteard Pluincéad's *Vocabularium Latinum et Hibernum*, was used to compile this Title.
### Postliminary sections
Finally, the book concludes with an index, abbreviations, and a list of errata.
Reception
---------
Criticism of Lhuyd's *Glossography* began even before publication, leading Lhuyd to defend his work in the introduction. He remarks that his detractors suggested that no more than "half a dozen" or "half a score" would be interested in such a work. Lhuyd responds that an impartial critic would have to admit that there must be at least three or four hundred who would be interested.
The gentry of Wales were unimpressed, perhaps partly due to Lhuyd's orthography, which diverged greatly from the Welsh orthography of the time, and the intelligentsia of Paris were disappointed that the volume was not written in Latin. Additionally, the Glossography was a financial failure.
On the other hand, *Glossography* received praise and appreciation from contemporary English and Celtic scholars. George Hickes, in a letter to Lhuyd, wrote that "so I doubt not but it will be very satisfactory to all men, who have a genius for antiquity, and the more learned and judicious they are, the more they will approve it, and be pleased with it."
Modern linguists regard *Archæologia Britannica* as a pioneering work in the fields of linguistics and Celtic studies. David Quinn describes the work as "far ahead of its time", "sufficiently original to be the pioneer European work on the comparative philology of the Celtic language", and "one of the bases on which the scientific study of Celtic philology was re-laid a century and a half later." Bivens describes it as an important contribution to the field which attempted to systematize phonological change in Celtic languages. Alexandra Walsham describes it as a "scholarly landmark which first recognized the family relationship between the various Celtic languages". According to the Evans and Roberts edition, Glossography "gave etymology a rational basis in the conceptual framework of the seventeenth-century scientific thought and thereby set the comparative method on firmer ground." Stammerjohann describes it as "remarkable for its scope and its erudition" and a "monumental work" which exerted a "profound but covert influence on comparative philology in the 19th century", but also states that "the fanciful celtomania which became prevalent in the 18th century appears to have diminished its impact on the scientific study of language."
*Glossography* has been described as "bringing together a whole set of lexicographal achievements". It included the first comparative glossary of the Celtic languages, the first Breton-English and Irish-English dictionaries ever printed, the first description of the dialects of Scottish Gaelic to be printed, and the first time any Manx appeared in print. Additionally it provides the only description of the traditional pronunciation of the Cornish language.
Archæologia Britannica is notable for Lhuyd's use of a system of phonetic transcription, allowing easier comparison of possible cognates between languages, as well as for introducing specific criteria for establishing that two languages are related. Lyle Campbell and William Poser have praised Lhuyd's use of sound correspondence evidence in the book (including correspondences which are unsystematic), his comparison of multiple Indo-European languages, his extensive collection of cognates, description of sound changes, and his opinion that regular sound correspondences, and not chance similarities, are good evidence that languages are genetically related. They note that Lhuyd partially identified Grimm's law, before the work of Rasmus Rask and Jacob Grimm, and produced more sophisticated work than the later work of William Jones.
Lhuyd in Archæologia Britannica established that the language of the Vocabularium Cornicum was Cornish rather than Welsh, as had been previously thought. Walsham states that the included Cornish grammar and vocabulary "helped to lay foundations for the initiatives of Thomas Tonkin and Richard Polwhele and Jenner's revival efforts."
Epilogue
--------
Lhuyd died prematurely just two years after the publication of the *Glossography* in 1709, in his room at the Ashmolean Museum. His understudy, David Parry, having developed a drinking problem, died five years later in 1714. Lhuyd's manuscripts were sold by the University of Oxford in 1713 for £80, the amount of Lhuyd’s debts, to Sir Thomas Sebright. Most of the manuscripts were then auctioned by Sotheby's in 1807 and subsequently destroyed in two separate fires. |
Ecoregion on the island of Corsica
The **Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests** ecoregion, in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome, are on the island of Corsica. The ecoregion includes the high-altitude regions of Corsica's mountain ranges.
Setting
-------
The ecoregion covers an area of 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi), approximately 40% of the area of the island. The montane forests are surrounded at lower elevations by the Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests. The highest elevations in the ecoregion are Monte Cinto (2,710 m) and Monte Rotondo (2,625 m).
Flora
-----
The ecoregion is home to several distinct forest communities, which vary with elevation and exposure.
Lower elevations are occupied by forests of evergreen sclerophyll oaks, including Holm oak *(Quercus ilex)* and cork oak *(Quercus suber)*.
Middle elevations are predominantly forests of maritime pine *(Pinus pinaster)* interspersed with forests of mixed broadleaf deciduous trees, including downy oak *(Quercus pubescens)*, sessile oak *(Quercus petraea)*, english oak *(Quercus robur)*, European hop-hornbeam *(Ostrya carpinifolia)*, Italian alder *(Alnus cordata)* and sweet chestnut *(Castanea sativa)*.
At the higher elevations, forests of Corsican pine *(Pinus nigra* subsp. *salzmannii* var. *corsicana)* predominate on the warmer south-facing slopes, while silver fir *(Abies alba)* and European beech *(Fagus sylvatica)* predominate on the cooler north-facing slopes. The highest elevations are subalpine shrublands, with green alder *(Alnus viridis)*, juniper *(Juniperus communis subsp. alpina)*, sycamore maple *(Acer pseudoplatanus)*, and stands of silver birch *(Betula pendula)*.
Protected areas
---------------
2829 km² (78%) of the ecoregion's area is protected, mostly in the Regional Natural Park of Corsica. |
Neighborhood of Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
**Centro Histórico** (English: *Historic District*) is a neighborhood of the city of Porto Alegre, the state capital of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.
The neighborhood was created by Law 2022 of December 7, 1959.
* Population: 39,154 *2010*
* Area: 228 hectares
* Density: 162 hab/ha/km2
* Number of housing units 17,254
History
-------
The origins of the neighborhood are intertwined with the very formation of Porto Alegre. Its settlement began around 1732 when some families settled on the shores of Lake Guaíba, where now is located the promenade Rua da Praia. The settlers erected a tiny chapel dedicated to São Francisco das Chagas, in 1747, and around this chapel the first urbanization of the future Porto Alegre began to effectively organize itself.
In 1750, the governor of Santa Catarina, Manoel Escudeiro de Souza, received orders to send to Porto do Viamão part of the couples who were about to arrive from the Azores to colonize the south of the country. In 1751, 60 families were selected, making a total of about 300 people, who arrived at the site in January 1752. At the time, an area of 141 hectares was delimited for the consolidation of the urban center, occupying the entire peninsula.
From then on, the small city began to be reorganized to fulfill its new role. In 1774 the War Arsenal, the first Mother Church and the Governor's Palace were built, and four years later fortifications were built on the perimeter opposite the lake. In the next two decades there were already several potteries in activity, indicating a growing building activity, shipyards were already building ships to order for Rio de Janeiro, commerce in general was structured, and councilors were concerned with the beautification and cleaning of streets and public places. They also began to take shape in none of the oldest squares in Porto Alegre, such as Praça XV, Praça da Matriz and Praça da Alfândega.
During the Ragamuffin War, the center was surrounded by fortifications, but despite the population increase, the urban fabric would only grow again in 1845, with the end of the Revolution and the overthrow of the defense lines. The importance of the city's port for the circulation of people and goods throughout the Province grew accordingly, which would initiate a process of expansion of the city at the expense of the lake, with the construction of successive improvements and landfills on the coast. At the center, improvements were made to various public facilities, building fountains for water supply, modernizing public lighting, extending streets, creating new cemeteries, a new jail, nursing homes and a new Town Hall, a large opera house (Theatro São Pedro), expanding the Public Market and structuring medical care with two hospital complexes.
This acceleration, lasting until the mid-1930s, was known as the golden phase of Porto Alegre architecture, renewing the urban landscape according to the aesthetics of eclecticism, which, influenced by the prestigious German community, was quickly imitated by the elites for the construction of their new palaces. That was when some of the capital's most significant and luxurious public buildings were erected, some loaded with ethical, social and political symbolism, which were most conspicuously revealed in the allegorical decoration of the façades. Illustrative examples of this trend are the Piratini Palace, the Municipal Palace, the Public Library, the Bank of the Province, the Post Office and the Tax Office, most of them built in partnership between the architect Theodor Wiederspahn, the engineer Rudolf Ahrons and the decorator João Vicente Friedrichs, all of German origin. This urban evolution accompanied the emergence of a new bourgeois culture, stimulated by the influx of new migrants and immigrants, by the introduction of new technologies in the area of transport and engineering, and by the consolidation of a capitalist elite, which made sociability and urban spaces more complex, exclusive and diversified.
The 1950s were the heyday of the Center of Porto Alegre; it was already densely built and had Rua da Praia as the main catwalk for the elite, transformed from a wholesaler's point into an elegant shopping area, also attracting the installation of numerous cafes, patisseries, cinemas and restaurants. It has also become the preferred venue for popular gatherings at civic events and political demonstrations, sometimes witnessing scenes of collective violence. Thompson Flores, taking over City Hall in 1969, carried out a government characterized by major works, especially in the area of transport, favored by the economic boom of the Brazilian Miracle. He built large viaducts, but the technical approach to the projects as a rule disregarded the popular will in prioritizing investments and elementary aspects of urban landscaping, and in this progressive zeal, numerous old buildings disappeared, some of great historical and architectural significance. The physiognomy of the center was impoverished.
Landmarks
---------
* Praça da Matriz - Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilPraça da Matriz (Square Marechal Deodoro);
* Metropolitan Cathedral of Porto Alegre - RS, BrazilMetropolitan Cathedral of Porto Alegre;
* Piratini Palace, the seat of the state government of Rio Grande do Sul;
* São Pedro Theatre;
* Farroupilha Palace, the seat of Legislative Assembly of state of Rio Grande do Sul;
* Casa da Junta, former seat of the Legislative Assembly of the state;
* Alfândega Square;Praça da Alfândega - Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
* Rio Grande do Sul Museum of Art;
* Porto Alegre Public Market;
* Promenade Rua da Praia;
* Gasômetro;
* Buildings of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS);
* State Public Library of Rio Grande do Sul;
* Santander Cultural Museum;
* Mario Quintana Culture House
* Rio Grande do Sul Memorial Museum
* Júlio de Castilhos Museum
Modern Limits
-------------
It is limited by the Guaíba and six neighborhoods: Cidade Baixa, Farroupilha, Bom Fim, Independência, Floresta and Praia de Belas.
Starting and ending point: meeting of Loureiro da Silva Av. with João Goulart Av. on the promenade Luiz Celso Gomes Hyarup. From this point, follow João Goulart Av. along the shore of Lake Guaíba, skirting Ponta do Gasômetro, through Cais Mauá. From there, it follows a straight and imaginary line until the intersection of Castelo Branco Av. with Largo Vespasiano Júlio Veppo, to the Conceição Road Complex (tunnel, elevated, Conceição St.) until it merges into Sarmento Leite St. Finally, it follows that way to Luiz Englert St, Loureiro da Silva Av. and back to João Goulart Av. starting point. |
American businessman and film director
**Eric V. Goode** (born December 19, 1957) is an American entrepreneur, conservationist, and Emmy nominated filmmaker. He is known as the creator of the art nightclub Area, numerous hotels and restaurants, including the Bowery Hotel, the Waverly Inn, and the Hotel El Roblar in Ojai, CA. Goode is also known for being the founder of the Turtle Conservancy and Goode Films, which produced *Tiger King*.
Biography
---------
Born in Rhode Island in 1957 and raised in New York City until the age of 8, Eric V. Goode relocated with his family to California. He is the second of five children born to Marilyn Goode, a naturalist and conservationist, and Fredrick Goode, a painter and teacher. He has lived in New York City since 1977.
Eric began his career as an artist, educated at the Academy of Art University in San Francisco, and Parsons School of Design. Much of his early work was displayed in group shows with other upcoming artists of the day, the earliest in 1981 which was curated by Keith Haring. He continued to make and show his art throughout the 1980s and into the early 1990s.
In 1983, Goode formed the nightclub Area. Area was known for its constantly changing themes and collaboration with artists of the time (Andy Warhol, Jean-Michel Basquiat, David Hockney, Keith Haring, Kenny Scharf, and others). Area was Goode's first business venture where he merged art into the context of a nightclub.
In the early to mid-1990s, he directed several music videos for bands such as Nine Inch Nails and Robbie Robertson. He and Serge Becker earned a music video production award for their work on "Pinion".
Over the next two decades Goode transitioned into restaurants and hotels, many of which in collaboration with his partners Serge Becker and more recently Sean MacPherson. His most recent projects include the Ludlow Hotel and Hotel El Roblar.
During the 2010s, Eric became focused on filming various characters that lead to the creation of Tiger King, and Tiger King 2. The success of these docuseries lead to the creation of Eric's film studio, Goode Films.
Eric Goode currently lives in New York City and California.
Nightclubs, restaurants and hotels
----------------------------------
* 1981 – The Club with no Name
* 1983 – Area
* 1988 – MK
* 1989 – BC (LA)
* 1990 – Time Cafe and Fez
* 1994 – B Bar & Grill
* 2000 – The Park
* 2001 – The Maritime Hotel
* 2003 – Matsuri (closed)
* 2003 – La Bottega (closed)
* 2003 – Hiro Ballroom (closed)
* 2006 – Waverly Inn
* 2006 – Lafayette House
* 2007 – Bowery Hotel
* 2007 – Gemma
* 2008 – The Jane Hotel
* 2014 – Ludlow Hotel
* 2024 – Hotel El Roblar
Philanthropy and land preservation
----------------------------------
After a career in the hospitality business, Goode shifted his focus to wildlife philanthropy after being approached by John Behler of the Wildlife Conservation Society in 2003. Goode first created a rescue and breeding center for endangered turtles and tortoises under Behler's guidance. In 2005, Goode formed his own public charity the Turtle Conservancy. The mission of the Turtle Conservancy is to protect threatened turtles and tortoises and their habitats worldwide. Goode's conservation philosophy centers around turtles as umbrella species, whereby thousands of species are saved by protecting land for turtles and tortoises.
Since its inception, Turtle Conservancy has helped to protect over 60,000 acres of wild land around the world. The organization works to protect turtles, tortoises and other animals on five continents. Guerilla documentaries and public service announcements directed by Goode and the Turtle Conservancy have amassed millions of views across various social media platforms. These documentaries raise awareness of wildlife trafficking, habitat destruction, and the pet trade. Goode has personally donated over 30 million dollars towards wildlife conservation and land protection. His conservation work has been featured on 60 Minutes, Charlie Rose, *Racing Extinction*, The New Yorker, NPR and CNN.
Goode was recognized by the wildlife community for his efforts, with a tortoise named after him in 2016. The Goode's thornscrub tortoise (*Gopherus evgoodei*) is a desert species from Northern Mexico described by a team of American and Mexican biologists.
### South Africa
In South Africa, the Turtle Conservancy, along with its partner organizations, has purchased over 1,000 acres of the last remaining habitat for the critically endangered geometric tortoise (*Psammobates geometricus*).
### Sonora, Mexico
The Turtle Conservancy secured approximately 1,000 acres of tropical deciduous forest in southern Sonora, Mexico, for the protection of the Goode's thornscrub tortoise (*Gopherus evgoodei*).
### Durango, Mexico
The Turtle Conservancy has purchased a significant portion (over 60,000 acres) of the last remaining habitat of the Bolson tortoise (*Gopherus flavomarginatus*). The largest of the North American terrestrial reptiles, this tortoise has been known to science only since 1959.
### Palawan, Philippines
1,890 acres was secured for the protection of the critically endangered Palawan forest turtle (*Siebenrockiella leytensis*) in the Philippines.
### Other conservation projects
Other conservation projects that Eric Goode has spearheaded include:
* Goode leads conservation for the ploughshare tortoise, the world's rarest tortoise through a partnership with Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. Goode has supported conservation both in Madagascar and sits on the Angonoka Working Group Committee.
* Goode supports emerging research for turtles and tortoises by funding the Turtle Conservation Fund, Chelonian Conservation & Biology Journal, and the Turtle Survival Alliance every year since 2005.
* Goode has created a conservation center in Ojai, CA to support local education and wildlife protection.
Boards and councils
-------------------
* Board member Turtle Conservancy
* Board member Global Wildlife Conservation
* Board member Rainforest Trust
* Board member Chelonian Research Institute
* Board member Turtle Conservation Fund
* Board member International Iguana Foundation
Publications
------------
### *The Tortoise*
*The Tortoise* is an annual magazine publication of the Turtle Conservancy dedicated to the conservation of turtles and tortoises. The wide scope of the magazine reaches readers from all over the world. Its audience includes everyone from world-renowned scientists and biologists, to travelers, naturalists, ecologists and conservationists, as well as a general audience interested in wildlife preservation and environmental protection. It is not a scientific journal. It is a publication about the wonder of turtles and tortoises and about the conservation challenges they face, and it is about the people who are devoted to saving these creatures from extinction.
### *Area: 1983–1987*
In 2013, Abrams published a 360-page coffee table book on the seminal nightclub AREA, authored by Eric and Jennifer Goode. Drawing from a rich archive of material, Eric and Jennifer tell the behind-the-scenes story of the club and its people, creating an illustrated memoir of an exciting time and place in the history of New York nightlife. To accompany the launch of the book Eric collaborated with Jeffrey Deitch to curate an exhibition at The Hole gallery. The show consisted of original installations as well as pieces from many of the artists that participated or were influenced by the club.
Film and videos
---------------
### Docuseries
In 2020, Netflix premiered *Tiger King*, a seven-episode docuseries directed and produced by Eric Goode about people who own and breed lions, tigers, and other big cats. The show quickly became one of the most watched shows on the Netflix platform.
After the success of the first season, ***Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem, and Madness*** was followed up with a second season in 2021 called ***Tiger King 2***, and ***Tiger King: The Doc Antle Story*** for its third season.
### Natural history films
| Year | Documentary |
| --- | --- |
| 2005 | *John L. Behler Chelonian Center* |
| 2006 | *Galapagos Islands* |
| 2007 | *Madagascar* |
| 2008 | *The Argentine Tortoise* |
| 2009 | *In Search of the Okinawa Leaf Turtle* |
| 2010 | *The Great Tortoise Transect* |
| 2011 | *In Search of the Impressed Tortoise* |
### Music videos
| Year | Artist | Music video |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | Nine Inch Nails | "Help Me I Am in Hell" |
| 1992 | Nine Inch Nails | "Pinion" |
| 1993 | Digital Orgasm | "Time to Believe" |
| 1994 | CeCe Peniston | "Hit by Love" |
| 1994 | Terrorvision | "Oblivion" |
| 1998 | Robbie Robertson | "Unbound" |
Art
---
Most of Goode's art is created as a vitrine, or display case, with three-dimensional artwork inside. Similar to Joseph Cornell, his work incorporates many aspects of assemblage. Goode's work also has notable similarities to Damien Hirst and Jeff Vaughan, especially his tendency to represent elements of the natural world in his mixed-media installations.[]
### Exhibitions
* 1981 – Group Show curated by Keith Haring, Mudd Club
* 1987 – "Subject Object", Group Show, 56 Bleecker Gallery
* 1988 – Group Show, Bess Butler Gallery
* 1989 – One Man Show, Bess Cutler Gallery
* 1989 – "American Pie", Group Show, Bess Cutler Gallery
* 1989 – "Don't Bungle the Jungle", Group Show, Tony Shafrazi Gallery
* 1989 – "New Work, New York", Group Show, Helander Gallery
* 1990 – "Amnesty International", Group Show, Tony Shafrazi Gallery
* 2013 – "AREA: The Exhibition", Group Show, The Hole Gallery, curated by Jeffrey Deitch and Glenn O'Brien
Awards
------
* 2022 – ***Turtle Conservancy Legacy Award***, United Nations Hospitality Committee for UN Delegations (HCUND)
* 2016 – ***Behler Turtle Conservation Award*** |
Princess of Guéméné
**Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne** (Marie Louise Henriette Jeanne; 15 August 1725 – 1793) was a French noblewoman and member of the House of La Tour d'Auvergne. She was the Princess of Guéméné by marriage.
Biography
---------
Marie Louise was the first child born to Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne and his wife Maria Karolina Sobieska, granddaughter of John III Sobieski and an older sister of Clementina Sobieski, wife of James Francis Edward Stuart. She had a younger brother Godefroy Charles Henri who succeeded their father as Duke of Bouillon.
A great-granddaughter of John III Sobieski, she was also an exceptionally wealthy heiress. Because of the latter, Louis XV of France took a great personal interest in her marriage prospects.
Mademoiselle d'Auvergne was a proposed bride for Honoré III, Prince of Monaco. He was the son of the late Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco, and her consort Jacques Goyon de Matignon. Even though marriage plans were announced to the court on 26 January 1741, in the end the marriage never materialised.
Eventually, she married Jules Hercule Mériadec de Rohan, Duke of Montbazon, Prince of Guéméné.
The couple married on 19 February 1743 in Paris when Marie Louise was not yet seventeen. Jules was the son of Hercule Mériadec de Rohan, Duke of Montbazon, Prince of Guéméné (1688–1757) and Louise Gabrielle Julie de Rohan (1704–1741). Marie Louise gave birth to her son, Henri Louis, two years later.
Through her mother, Marie Louise could count Holy Roman Empress and Electress of Saxony as her cousins. Her aunt, Anne Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, had already married into the House of Rohan, which ranked as foreign princes at the court of Versailles. As such, this gave them the style of *Highness* and the right to outrank certain other members of the court.
In November 1746, Marie Louise contracted smallpox, an often deadly disease. During Mary Louise's convalescence, her family received a sympathy note from her first cousin, Charles Edward Stuart, also known as "the Young Pretender." After recovering, in August 1747, Mary Louise met Stuart. She fell passionately in love with him and they began an affair.
Adultery was widely accepted in Marie Louise's circle so long as it was done discreetly. However, as neither Marie Louise nor her husband had been unfaithful before, her mother-in-law kept a very strict eye on her because her husband was with the French army in the Netherlands. Thus, servants had been ordered, by the mother-in-law, to guard Mary Louise's virtue. This led to secret midnight coach-rides with Stuart. However, the mother-in-law had knowledge of those as well. She alerted the Paris police, who reported what went on.
After a while, Marie Louise found herself pregnant and resorted to sleeping with her returned husband to make him believe he was the father. This enraged a jealous Stuart to create a scene.
Nevertheless, Marie Louise's husband did nothing as gossip spread. In January 1748, when confronted by her father and mother-in-law, Marie Louise was forced to write Stuart and end their affair. To refute any further gossip, Stuart was allowed to visit Mary Louise and her family.
In despair, Marie Louise continued to send letters to Stuart. She threatened suicide if he didn't come to see her. He did some three months later, again in a midnight assignation, but told Marie Louise he had a new mistress, Clementina Walkinshaw. Clementina later gave birth to Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany, the only one of Stuart's children to survive infancy.
On 28 July 1748, Marie Louise gave birth to a son, who was baptised Charles Godefroi Sophie Jules Marie de Rohan. It was her mother-in-law who wrote to Charles's father, "the Old Pretender," in Rome to report the news, albeit not that the infant was his grandchild. Despite the boy being accepted as a member of the Rohan family, several genealogical books note that the Rohans fail to mention the child again. Allegedly, Charles Godefroi died around five months old, in either December 1748[] or 18 January 1749.
Marie Louise lived at least another thirty-three years and apparently was never unfaithful again. To all appearances, she was a good wife and mother to her first-born son, Henri, but never had another child after the death of her second son. She made occasional appearances at court, then later in life became religious and devoted much of her time to charity.
When she died, Marie Louise was buried in the *couvent des Feuillants* together with her second child. However, there is uncertainty as to exactly when her death occurred -- either naturally in September 1781 or on the guillotine in 1793. The latter is widely accepted.
It is through Marie Louise that the present Princes of Guéméné are pretenders to the Duchy of Bouillon.
Issue
-----
* Henri Louis Marie de Rohan, Duke of Montbazon, Prince of Guéméné (31 August 1745 – 24 April 1809) married Victoire de Rohan and had issue; she was the sister of the Princess of Condé
* Charles Godefroi Sophie Jules Marie de Rohan (28 July 1748 – December 1748) illegitimate child.
Ancestry
--------
| Ancestors of Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne |
| --- |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | 8. Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne |
| | |
| | |
| |
| | 4. Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne | |
| | |
| | | | |
| |
| | 9. Marie Anne Mancini |
| | |
| | |
| |
| | 2. Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne | |
| | |
| | | | | | |
| |
| | 10. Charles Belgique Hollande de La Trémoille |
| | |
| | |
| |
| | 5. Marie Armande Victoire de La Trémouille | |
| | |
| | | | |
| |
| | 11. Madeleine de Créquy |
| | |
| | |
| |
| | 1. **Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne** | |
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| |
| | 12. John III Sobieski |
| | |
| | |
| |
| | 6. Jakub Ludwik Sobieski | |
| | |
| | | | |
| |
| | 13. Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien |
| | |
| | |
| |
| | 3. Maria Karolina Sobieska | |
| | |
| | | | | | |
| |
| | 14. Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine |
| | |
| | |
| |
| | 7. Countess Palatine Hedwig Elisabeth Amelia of Neuburg | |
| | |
| | | | |
| |
| | 15. Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Fiction
-------
Louise is a character in the 1992 Diana Gabaldon novel *Dragonfly in Amber*, and is portrayed by Claire Sermonne in season 2 of the television adaptation, *Outlander*.
References and notes
--------------------
1. 1 2 3 d'Albert Luynes, Charles Philippe (1860). *Mémoires du duc de Luynes sur la cour de Louis XV (1735-1758) By Charles Philippe d'Albert de Luynes*. Retrieved 2010-04-21 – via Googlebooks.org.
2. ↑ *Charles Godefroi Sophie Jules Marie de ROHAN* in: gw.geneanet.org [retrieved 9 July 2015]
3. ↑ Bastién, Angelica Jade (16 April 2016). "*Outlander* Season 2, Episode 2: The Wounds We Carry". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
| * v
* t
* e
Princesses of Bouillon |
| --- |
| The generations start from Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, first sovereign Duke of Bouillon |
| 3rd generation |
* Maria Henriette, Hereditary Princess of Sulzbach
|
| 4th generation |
* Armande, Princess of Epinoy
* Anne Marie Louise, Princess of Soubise
* Marie Charlotte, Princess of Craon
|
| 5th generation |
* Marie Louise, Princess of Guéméné
|
| 6th generation |
* *none*
| |
American speed skater
This article is about the speed skater. For the people with a similar name, see Jon García (disambiguation).
**Jonathan Garcia** (born December 14, 1986) is an American speed skater. Garcia began his skating career as inline speed skater, winning his first national title in 2004. He represented the United States three times in the World Championships, winning a bronze medal in 2006. In 2007, he represented the United States at the Pan American Games before transitioning to short track speed skating on the ice.
In 2010, Garcia made the short track World Cup team, won a national title. He finished 14th at the 2010 Olympic Trials. Garcia won a second national title in 2011 before transitioning to long track speed skating. He made the World Cup team in 2012 and the World Championships in 2013. At the 2014 Olympic Trials, Garcia appeared to qualify for the team in the 500-meter sprint, only to have his time disallowed due to his failure to wear a backup timing device. The following day Garcia made the Olympic team by finishing fourth in the 1000-meter event.
Early life
----------
Jonathan Garcia was born December 14, 1986, and grew up in Katy, Texas, in the Houston metropolitan area. In 1994, he began inline skating at age 7. He graduated from Katy Taylor High School in 2005.
Sporting career
---------------
In 2004, Garcia won his first national championship in inline speed skating and was named Inline Skater of the Year. He subsequently made three world teams and won a bronze medal at the 2006 Inline World Championships in Korea. In 2007, Garcia represented the United States at the 2007 Pan American Games. He finished fifth overall in the distance contest after placing third in the 20,000-meter elimination, sixth in the 10,000 meters, and fifth in the 15,000 meters.
Jonathan Garcia and Joey Mantia warm up for an inline competition in 2007
In 2006, Garcia watched fellow Texan and former inline skater Chad Hedrick win three gold medals at the Olympics. Hendricks' wins inspired Garcia to make the transition to speed skating in hopes of making an Olympic team. To pursue his dream, Garcia moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, in 2007 to begin training on the ice. After a season of training, he decided he was best suited for short track. In 2010, he made the United States World Cup team and won the national 3000-meter title. He competed in the 2010 short track Olympic trials, finishing 14th overall. In 2011, Garcia won the national 1000-meter time trials.
In 2012, Garcia transitioned to long track speed skating amidst turmoil within the short track team. He made the long track World Cup team that same year and represented the United States at the 2013 Long Track World Sprint Championship.
As the United States Olympic Trials in December 2013, Garcia turned in time of 34.85s, 0.29 better than his personal best, in his second 500-meter race. His combined time from two skates placed him fourth, and Garcia appeared to qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics. However, he had failed to wear a transponder, which serves as a third timing device in some races, on his ankle. Garcia's time was disallowed as a result. He was granted a re-skate, but his re-skate time was good enough for only sixth place, outside qualifying position. "Today was tough, especially because I qualified that fourth spot," Garcia remarked. "I know I was good enough to be on the team. That’s something nobody can take away from me," he added. Shani Davis, who claimed the fourth spot after Garcia's disqualification remarked "I was really pulling for Garcia to pull through and make the spot, even if it knocked me off the team ... I want the best skaters to go."
Jonathan Garcia practices his short track skating
The following day, Garcia skated in the 1000-meter event where he was given "no chance" to qualify by many commentators. Garcia, however, turned in a career best 1:07.95 and moved into fourth place with several skaters remaining. No one who came after Garcia bettered his time, allowing him to qualify for the Olympics. "I was definitely doing some praying after my race," he said. "Not to sound weird or cocky, but I kind of feel like I already made the team yesterday." After qualifying, he skated a celebratory lap holding the timing transponders above his head "[you] might as well be able to make fun of yourself," he commented.
Garcia is coached by Ryan Shimabukuro. He currently competes in the 500-meter, 1000-meter, and 1500-meter long track events. He lists his turns as his greatest speed skating strength.
Personal life
-------------
As of 2013, Garcia lives in Salt Lake City. When he is not speed skating, he plays soccer competitively. Garcia lists listening to music and playing guitar as his favorite hobbies. He calls Michael Jordan his greatest influence.
Personal bests
--------------
| |
| --- |
| **Personal records** |
| **Men's speed skating** |
| Event | Result | Date | Location | Notes |
| 500 m | 35.14 | November 15, 2013 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 1000 m | 1:07.95 | December 29, 2013 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 1500 m | 1:45.99 | December 31, 2013 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 3000 m | 4:00.17 | October 5, 2013 | Pettit National Ice Center, Milwaukee | | |
Russian-Canadian rally driver
**Leonid "Crazy Leo" Urlichich** (born 2 February 1985 in Moscow, USSR) is a Russian-Canadian rally driver currently competing in the Canadian and the US national championships. He drives for a Toronto-based team Can-Jam Motorsports and has expressed ambitions to compete in the World Rally Championship.
Urlichich is notable for winning the second gravel rally he has ever finished.
Career
------
### Early career
At the age of 17 Urlichich enrolled in Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario, where he pursued a Business Administration degree. He first drove competitively while at university, at the local rally cross events in his daily-driven Subaru WRX STi.
2007 marked his first performance rally, Rallye Perce-Neige Maniwaki, held in Quebec.
### 2008-2010
2008 Black Bear rally earned Urlichich his first ever performance rally victory. Urlichich and co-driver Dave Shindle won the event after setting the fastest times on all but the last stage against more experienced Peter Thomson and Andrew Comrie-Picard.
The 2010 season was Urlichich's full season in the Canadian Rally Championship. Rally Baie-des-Chaleurs delivered his first national podium, as he finished second. Urlichich finished fifth overall in the 2010 Canadian Rally Championship.
### 2011
2011 season saw Urlichich team up with an Irish co-driver Martin Brady. The team has competed in eight events across Canada. Urlichich lost Rallye de Charlevoix to Antoine L'Estage and John Buffum (who was co-driving at this event) by one second. At the end of the season Urlichich and Brady won Rally of the Tall Pines and finished second in the Championship. David Higgins, who finished second in the event noted that the rally was one of the most difficult in his career due to the nature of stages.
### 2012
2012 was Urlichich's inaugural season in the Rally American championship in the United States. Partnered with an experienced Welsh co-driver Carl Williamson, Urlichich has won a stage at the debut Sno\*Drift rally and finished the event third, later to be penalized to sixth place due to the substrate of the catalytic converter missing. At the second rally of the year Urlichich crashed heavily into a telegraph pole, but despite serious damage to his car, he was able to finish second overall. The video of the accident went viral on YouTube getting over 1.4 million views.
Urlichich and Williamson finished second in the Canadian Championship, second in the North American Rally Cup, and fifth in the Rally America National Championship.
### 2013
Urlichich was absent from full-time competition in 2013, spending time in Europe working on a program to compete in one of the Support Categories of the World Rally Championship in 2014.
### 2014
Debut season in the WRC, in the high profile ‘Drive DMACK Fiesta Trophy’.
### 2016
Champion, Class Four, MLRC Rallycross Championship
### 2017
Canadian Rally Champion (P4WD)
### 2018
1st P4WD, Rallye Perce-Neige
### 2019
Canadian Rally Champion (P4WD)
1st P4WD, Rallye Perce-Neige
1st Overall, Rally of the Tall Pines
Co-drivers and pacenotes
------------------------
Over the years Urlichich has competed with nine different co-drivers, including a Welsh co-driver Carl Williamson, who has co-driven for Jari-Matti Latvala in the Stobart Ford World Rally Team.
Urlichich has claimed on multiple occasions that he recognizes the importance of Pacenotes in modern rallying. According to Williamson, Urlichich has developed a "rather unique Pacenote system", which was designed from scratch and uses some Finnish words.
Personality and social media
----------------------------
Urlichich is known for his passion about rallying and his quirky behavior that shows through his interviews. His public persona matches his personality, which has gained Urlichich a sizeable social media following, larger than that of any other rally driver in North America, except Ken Block and Travis Pastrana.
Other disciplines
-----------------
On July 22 and 23, 2011 Urlichich competed in the Castrol Canadian Touring Car Championship race at the legendary Mosport International Raceway, where he struggled and had to use his skills of driving on dirt during his off track excursions.
Career results
--------------
### WRC results
| Year | Entrant | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | WDC | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Leonid Urlichich | Ford Fiesta R2 | MON | SWE | MEX | POR55 | ARG | ITA | POLRet | FINRet | GERRet | AUS | FRA | ESP50 | GBR | NC | 0 |
| 2021 | Saintéloc Junior Team | Citroën C3 R5 | MON | ARC | CRO | POR | ITA | KEN | EST | BEL | GRE20 | FIN | ESP | MNZ | | NC | 0 |
### Drive DMACK Cup results
| Year | Entrant | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Pos. | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Leonid Urlichich | Ford Fiesta R2 | POR8 | POLRet | FINRet | GERRet | ESP9 | 10th | 6 |
Further reading
---------------
* Driggs, Brian (February 1, 2011). "Crazy Leo: So Crazy It Might Work". Gearbox Magazine. Retrieved 11 February 2014. |
**Ken Oringer** (born 1965 in Paramus, New Jersey) is a Boston-based chef who is a business partner of Jamie Bissonnette.
Education
---------
Oringer studied restaurant management at Bryant College in Rhode Island (class of 1987) followed by a degree from the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York. His classmates voted him Most Likely to Succeed
Career
------
His first job after graduation was at River Café in New York, followed by a pastry chef position at Al Forno in Providence, Rhode Island and as sous chef under Jean-Georges Vongerichten at the Marquis de Lafayette in Boston. Next, he briefly operated Terra Ristorante Italiano, founded by restaurateur Paul Ardaji in Greenwich, Connecticut, which won three stars from The NY Times.
In 1992, Oringer moved to San Francisco and became chef de cuisine at Silks in the Mandarin Oriental Hotel. Conde' Nast Traveler magazine listed Silks as "one of the top 20 restaurants in America." Raves followed in Gourmet.
In 1995, Oringer returned to Boston, and won praise for his work at Tosca in suburban Hingham. Within a year, the restaurant was dubbed "Best on the South Shore," and Ken was profiled on CNN. In 1997, he opened Clio in Boston's Eliot Hotel. Clio has been a Gourmet magazine Top Table. Oringer has also appeared on several Food Network shows, as guest, cook and winning contestant. Clio was closed in 2015.
He also worked as a pastry chef at Al Forno.
Other restaurants include the Japanese-fusion restaurant, Uni - which was expanded, taking over the space formerly occupied by Clio, tapas restaurant Toro, Mexican taqueria La Verdad, and the enoteca Coppa, organic restaurant Earth at Hidden Pond opened in Kennebunkport, in 2011, and a second Toro outpost in New York.
In 2016, Oringer and his partner Jamie Bissonnette opened up a "global tapas" restaurant, called Little Donkey, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Awards and honors
-----------------
After nominations in 1998 and 1999, he won The James Beard Foundation's Best Chef — Northeast Award in 2001.
In 2002, he was one of *People Magazine's* Hottest Bachelors.
Personal life
-------------
Married to wife Celine, he has two children. |
129th President of the Scottish Rugby Union
Rugby player
**Ian Barr** is a Scottish former rugby union player. He was the 129th President of the Scottish Rugby Union; the 128th person to hold the office.
Rugby Union career
------------------
### Amateur career
Barr had a number of clubs:- Esk Valley Banthams, Lasswade. West of Scotland, Stirling County, Edinburgh Academicals, Police Scotland, Selkirk, Musselburgh and Lasswade again. While at Musselburgh he suffered an injury which impacted his playing career, which made Barr finish his career at Lasswade. He also played for the East of Scotland College of Agriculture and Oatridge College.
### Administrative career
He became a President of Lasswade and held that position for 15 years.
He was elected onto the Scottish Rugby Union council in 2012. He had two years on the SRU board from 2017. He was an Ambassador for the Scotland U20 from 2013 to 2017.
He was voted a Vice-President of the Scottish Rugby Union in 2018.
Barr became the 129th President of the Scottish Rugby Union in 2020. His term in office is scheduled to be from 2020 to 2022.
### Coaching career
Barr is a qualified Strength and Conditioning Coach with the Scottish Rugby Union.
Outside of rugby union
----------------------
Barr is a farmer who has a sportsground contracting business. He also works at Midlothian Council as a spin instructor. |
***African American Communication: Exploring Identity and Culture*** is a 2003 book by Michael Hecht, Ronald L. Jackson II and Sidney A. Ribeau.
Overview
--------
The book seeks to demonstrate why and how communication in interpersonal interactions between African Americans differs from that between European Americans. The authors argue that African-American identity, communicative competence, language style and relationship formation and maintenance are strategies adopted in order to navigate a dominant European power structure than inhibits cultural authenticity and access to power. The authors' intent is to establish a starting point for research into the communication styles of African Americans and other cultural groups. The major questions the authors seek to address involve the differences in communicative experiences that are unique to African Americans, how African Americans self-define culturally, and how African Americans perceive intercultural communication. The book concludes by presenting ideas and recommendations for future scholarship, including the necessity of a non-Eurocentric perspective on African-American identities.
Critical reception
------------------
Writing in the *Southern Communication Journal*, Charlton D. McIlwain criticized the book for failing to engage with disputes over the validity of racial differences in a postmodern world and for failing to explain the motivation behind the work or how it would add to understandings of intercultural communication or African Americans' communicative experiences. However, he also noted that the book "does include some discussion of a fairly vast amount of literature", and that it had the "potential to instigate debate over the ontology of human difference." Lillie M. Fears in *Mass Communication and Society* wrote that "the authors do accomplish their goal of presenting a cultural analysis of African American communication" and that "the book, replete with information from diverse bodies of literature, is really a reader or guide that can be used by researchers seeking to better understand African American culture and communication styles, patterns, and even some basic history of African peoples in the United States." Gloria Greene in *American Speech* recommended the chapter on communicative competence "to anyone seeking better understanding of how to communicate effectively with African Americans and other cultural groups" and the book as a whole to "sociolinguists who are thinking about this or similar particular topics of communication among cultural groups." Writing in the *Journal of Language and Social Psychology*, Michael Irvin Arrington praised the authors for their "interpretive, cultural approach", and described the fifth chapter of the second edition, which focuses on intraracial and interracial relationships and friendships, as "impressive" but noted that it failed to address its multiple themes "sufficiently, settling instead for a cursory glance at each topic." Arrington also described the original edition as "groundbreaking in
its interactional approach and its subject matter". |
2000-2002 series of eight books by Jennifer Rowe (as Emily Rodda)
***Deltora Quest*** (often called ***Deltora Quest 1*** by fans) is a children's fantasy novel series written by Emily Rodda. It was first published between 2000 and 2002 in Australia by Scholastic Press. There are eight books in this series: *The Forests of Silence*, *The Lake of Tears*, *City of the Rats*, *The Shifting Sands*, *Dread Mountain*, *The Maze of the Beast*, *The Valley of the Lost* and *Return to Del* in that order. These books are followed by two other series set in the same universe: *Deltora Quest 2* (*Deltora Shadowlands* in North America), *Deltora Quest 3* (*Dragons of Deltora* in North America). Together, these three series are collectively also referred to as the *Deltora Quest* series, and occasionally the *Deltora* series by some fans.
Plot
----
The series depicts the adventures of Lief, the teenage son of a blacksmith, and the Good vs. Evil struggle of his country against its dictator. He initially lives with his parents in the city of Del, situated on the fictional island of Deltora. The main story arc takes place during a time of economic depression and political repression, under the dictatorship of the evil Shadow Lord. This is the second time that the country's welfare has been threatened by him: the Shadow Lord's previous attempt at power was foiled by the creation of a magical jeweled Belt that was able to repel his dark magic and drive him into hiding. Over time, however, he was able to infiltrate the royal cabinet and manipulate the royal family into wearing the Belt less and less. Eventually, the Shadow Lord also managed to corrupt the trade system, sever communication between major cities, and render civilians politically powerless. Having established chaos, he set his seven Ak-Baba to scatter the Belt's gemstones throughout Deltora, in "fearful places, guarded by seven terrifying guardians". The people's protection gone, the Shadow Lord assumed leadership. Lief, born soon after the beginning of this dark reign, is told of the gems on his sixteenth birthday. His father, Jarred, has reforged the damaged Belt so that the gems may be reunited. Wanting the Shadow Lord overthrown, Lief leaves home to search for the seven gems: the topaz, the ruby, the opal, the lapis lazuli, the emerald, the amethyst and the diamond, which represent each of the ancient tribes of Deltora. He is accompanied by Barda "The Beggar", a family friend who trained as a palace guard for the royal family until his mother's murder, and they are later joined by the wild forest girl Jasmine. Together the trio travel across Deltora in search of the lost gems. The locations of the gems comprise the titles of the books-with the exception of volume 8-and each gem has certain magical properties, which often assist with the quest.
### *The Forests of Silence*
Main article: The Forests of Silence
*The Forests of Silence* is the first book of the *Deltora Quest* series and acts as a sort of introduction to the series. The book is split in two parts, the first, acting like a long prologue, following the lives of Jarred and King Endon, of their childhood and adult life up to when the Shadow Lord conquers the land of Deltora and the gems are separated from the Belt. Jarred and Endon were the best of friends until the chief adviser, Prandine (the Shadow Lord's spy), framed Jarred for trying to kill Endon, forcing Jarred to flee the castle. Before he leaves, Jarred hides in the tree he and Endon played in as kids and leaves Endon a coded message telling Endon to signal if he ever needs Jarred's help. Once he escapes, Jarred learns that everything they thought they knew about the world outside the palace was a lie. The palace was surrounded by a magical mist caused by the Shadow Lord, that makes the village of Del appear a happy and prosperous place to anyone looking out at it from the castle (as the royal family never leaves the castle, the mist is very unlikely to be discovered). In actuality, the people in Del were starving and in great decline. Jarred begins his new life as a blacksmith's apprentice, later becoming a blacksmith himself. Jarred watched the palace every night for the next few years, until Endon signaled him and by then it was too late to save the gems and prevent the Shadow Lord's invasion. In the second half of the book, Lief, Barda, and Jasmine recover the first of the famed jewels, the topaz, from the Forests of Silence.
### *The Lake of Tears*
Main article: The Lake of Tears
### *City of the Rats*
Main article: City of the Rats
### *The Shifting Sands*
Main article: The Shifting Sands
### *Dread Mountain*
Main article: Dread Mountain
### *The Maze of the Beast*
Main article: The Maze of the Beast
### *The Valley of the Lost*
Main article: The Valley of the Lost
### *Return to Del*
Main article: Return to Del
Characters
----------
Main article: List of Deltora Quest characters |
Human emotional need
Not to be confused with Self-realization.
**Self-actualization**, in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, is the highest level of psychological development, where personal potential is fully realized after basic bodily and ego needs have been fulfilled. The highest level of psychological development in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is self-transcendence.
Self-actualization was coined by the organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realize one's full potential: "the tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive ... the drive of self-actualization." Carl Rogers similarly wrote of "the curative force in psychotherapy – *man's tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities* ... to express and activate all the capacities of the organism."
Abraham Maslow's theory
-----------------------
### Definition
Maslow defined self-actualization to be "self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him [the individual] to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming." He used the term to describe a desire, not a driving force, that could lead to realizing one's capabilities. He did not feel that self-actualization determined one's life; rather, he felt that it gave the individual a desire, or motivation to achieve budding ambitions. Maslow's idea of self-actualization has been commonly interpreted as "the full realization of one's potential" and of one's "true self."
A more explicit definition of self-actualization according to Maslow is "intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately of what is the organism itself ... self-actualization is growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated." This explanation emphasizes the fact that self-actualization cannot normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. While Goldstein defined self-actualization as a driving force, Maslow uses the term to describe personal growth that takes place once lower order needs have essentially been met, one corollary being that, in his opinion, "self-actualisation ... rarely happens ... certainly in less than 1% of the adult population." The fact that "most of us function most of the time on a level lower than that of self-actualization" he called the *psychopathology of normality*.
Maslow's usage of the term is now popular in modern psychology when discussing personality from the humanistic approach.
### History and development of the concept
Main article: Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Maslow's work is considered to be part of humanistic psychology, which is one of several frameworks used in psychology for studying, understanding, and evaluating personality. The humanistic approach was developed because other approaches, such as the psychodynamic approach made famous by Sigmund Freud, focused on unhealthy individuals that exhibited disturbed behavior; whereas the humanistic approach focuses on healthy, motivated people and tries to determine how they define the self while maximizing their potential. Humanistic psychology in general and self-actualisation in particular helped change our view of human nature from a negative point of view – man is a conditioned or tension reducing organism – to a more positive view in which man is motivated to realize his full potential. This is reflected in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and in his theory of self-actualization.
Instead of focusing on what goes wrong with people, Maslow wanted to focus on human potential, and how we fulfill that potential. Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfillment and change through personal growth. Self-actualized people are those who are fulfilled and doing all they are capable of. It refers to the person's desire for self-fulfillment, namely to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. "The specific form that these needs will take will of course vary greatly from person to person. In one individual it may take the form of the desire to be an ideal mother, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in still another it may be expressed in painting pictures or in inventions."
One of Abraham Maslow's earliest discussions of self-actualization was in his 1943 article "A Theory of Human Motivation" in *Psychological Review* 50, pp. 370–396.
Here, the concept of self-actualization was first brought to prominence as part of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory as the final level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic and mental needs are essentially fulfilled and the "actualization" of the full personal potential takes place.
In this treatment, self-actualization is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and is described as becoming "'fully human' ... maturity or self-actualization."
According to Maslow, people have lower order needs that in general must be fulfilled before high order needs can be satisfied: 'five sets of needs – physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization'.
As Abraham Maslow noted, the basic needs of humans must be met (e.g. food, shelter, warmth, security, sense of belonging) before a person can achieve self-actualization. Yet, Maslow argued that reaching a state of true self-actualization in everyday society was fairly rare. Research shows that when people live lives that are different from their true nature and capabilities, they are less likely to be happy than those whose goals and lives match. For example, someone who has inherent potential to be a great artist or teacher may never realize their talents if their energy is focused on attaining the basic needs of humans. As a person moves up Maslow's hierarchy of needs, they may eventually find themselves reaching the summit — self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs begins with the most basic necessities deemed "the physiological needs" in which the individual will seek out items like food and water, and must be able to perform basic functions such as breathing and sleeping. Once these needs have been met, a person can move on to fulfilling "the safety needs", where they will attempt to obtain a sense of security, physical comfort and shelter, employment, and property. The next level is "the belongingness and love needs", where people will strive for social acceptance, affiliations, a sense of belongingness and being welcome, sexual intimacy, and perhaps a family. Next are "the esteem needs", where the individual will desire a sense of competence, recognition of achievement by peers, and respect from others.
Once these needs are met, an individual is primed to achieve self-actualization.
While the theory is generally portrayed as a fairly rigid hierarchy, Maslow noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow this standard progression. For example, he notes that for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. For others, the need for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most basic needs.
### Maslow's later-career ideas
In his later work, Maslow suggested that there are two additional phases an individual must progress through before achieving self-actualization. These are "the cognitive needs," where a person will desire knowledge and an understanding of the world around them, and "the aesthetic needs," which include a need for "symmetry, order, and beauty."
Maslow also added a further step beyond self-actualization, which is self-transcendence. Self-transcendence occurs at the "very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness."
### Characteristics of self-actualizers
A *self-actualizer* is a person who is living creatively and fully using his or her potentials. It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for a person to become actualized in what they are potentially. Maslow based his theory partially on his own assumptions or convictions about human potential and partially on his case studies of historical figures whom he believed to be self-actualized, including Albert Einstein and Henry David Thoreau. He considered self-actualizing people to possess "an unusual ability to detect the spurious, the fake, and the dishonest in personality, and in general to judge people correctly and efficiently." Maslow examined the lives of each of these people in order to assess the common qualities that led each to become self-actualized. In his studies, Maslow found that self-actualizers really do share similarities. He also believed that each of these people had somehow managed to find their core-nature that is unique to them, and is one of the true goals of life. Whether famous or unknown, educated or not, rich or poor, self-actualizers tend to fit the following profile.
Maslow's self-actualizing characteristics are:[]
* *Efficient perceptions of reality.* Self-actualizers are able to judge situations correctly and honestly. They are very sensitive to the superficial and dishonest.
* *Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature.* Self-actualizers accept their own human nature with all its flaws. The shortcomings of others and the contradictions of the human condition are accepted with humor and tolerance.
* *Reliant on own experiences and judgement.* Independent, not reliant on culture and environment to form opinions and views.
* *Spontaneous and natural.* True to oneself, rather than being how others want.
* *Task centering.* Most of Maslow's subjects had a mission to fulfill in life or some task or problem 'beyond' themselves (instead of outside themselves) to pursue. Humanitarians such as Albert Schweitzer are considered to have possessed this quality.[]
* *Autonomy.* Self-actualizers are free from reliance on external authorities or other people. They tend to be resourceful and independent.
* *Continued freshness of appreciation.* The self-actualizer seems to constantly renew appreciation of life's basic goods. A sunset or a flower will be experienced as intensely time after time as it was at first. There is an "innocence of vision", like that of a child.
* *Profound interpersonal relationships.* The interpersonal relationships of self-actualizers are marked by deep loving bonds.[]
* *Comfort with solitude.* Despite their satisfying relationships with others, self-actualizing people value solitude and are comfortable being alone.
* *Non-hostile sense of humor.* This refers to the ability to laugh at oneself.
* *Peak experiences.* All of Maslow's subjects reported the frequent occurrence of peak experiences (temporary moments of self-actualization). These occasions were marked by feelings of ecstasy, harmony, and deep meaning. Self-actualizers reported feeling at one with the universe, stronger and calmer than ever before, filled with light, beauty, goodness, and so forth.
* *Socially compassionate.* Possessing humanity.
* *Few friends.* Few close intimate friends rather than many perfunctory relationships.
* *Gemeinschaftsgefühl.* According to Maslow, the self-actualizers possess "Gemeinschaftsgefühl", which refers to "social interest, community feeling, or a sense of oneness with all humanity."
### Discussion
Maslow's writings are used as inspirational resources. The key to Maslow's writings is understanding that there are no quick routes to self-actualization: rather it is predicated on the individual having their lower deficiency needs met. Once a person has moved through feeling and believing that they are deficient, they naturally seek to grow into who they are, i.e. self-actualization. Elsewhere, however, Maslow (2011) and Carl Rogers (1980) both suggested necessary attitudes and/or attributes that need to be inside an individual as a pre-requisite for self-actualization. Among these are a real wish to be themselves, to be fully human, to fulfill themselves, and to be completely alive, as well as a willingness to risk being vulnerable and to uncover more "painful" aspects in order to learn about/grow through and integrate these parts of themselves (this has parallels with Jung's slightly similar concept of individuation).
Although their studies were initially biologically centered (or focused around the more ordinary, psychological self-nature), there have been many similarities and cross-references between various spiritual schools or groups (particularly Eastern spiritual ways) in the past 40 years.
Maslow early noted his impression that "impulsivity, the unrestrained expression of any whim, the direct seeking for 'kicks' and for non-social and purely private pleasures...is often mislabelled self-actualization." In this sense, "self-actualization" is little more than what Eric Berne described as the game of '"Self-Expression"...based on the dogma "Feelings are Good"'.
Broader criticism from within humanistic psychology of the concept of self-actualization includes the danger that 'emphasis on the actualizing tendency...can lead to a highly positive view of the human being but one which is strangely non-relational'. According to Fritz Perls there is also the risk of confusing "*self*-actualizing and self-*image* actualizing...the curse of the ideal." By conflating "the *virtue* of self-actualization and the *reality* of self-actualization," the latter becomes merely another measuring rod for the "topdog" – the nagging conscience: "You tell me to do things. You tell me to be – *real*. You tell me to be self-actualized...I don't have to be that good!"
Barry Stevens remarks: "Abe Maslow was unhappy with what happened with many people when they read what he wrote about 'self-actualizing people'. What they did with it was very strange. I have received a fair number of letters saying 'I am a self-actualized person'. Maslow said that he must have left something out. Fritz (Perls) put it in. He saw that most people actualized a self-concept. This is not *self*-actualizing."
Kurt Goldstein's concept
------------------------
The term "self-actualization" was first used by the German psychiatrist Kurt Goldstein. Maslow attributed the term "self-actualization" to Goldstein in his original 1943 paper.
### Concept
'Kurt Goldstein first introduced the concept of the *organism as a whole,*' which is built on the assumption that "every individual, every plant, every animal has only one inborn goal – to actualize itself as it is."
Kurt Goldstein's book, *The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology Derived from Pathological Data in Man* (1939), presented self-actualization as "the tendency to actualize, as much as possible, [the organism's] individual capacities" in the world.
The tendency toward self-actualization is "the only drive by which the life of an organism is determined." However, for Goldstein self-actualization cannot be understood as a kind of goal to be reached sometime in the future. At any moment, the organism has the fundamental tendency to actualize all its capacities and its whole potential, as it is present in that exact moment, under the given circumstances.
### Discussion
Goldstein's work was in the context of Classical Adlerian psychotherapy, which also promotes this level of psychological development by utilizing the foundation of a 12-stage therapeutic model to realistically satisfy the basic needs. This then leads to an advanced stage of "meta-therapy", creative living, and self/other/task-actualization. Goldstein's work is also seen in the context of Gestalt therapy.
The German term used by Goldstein, translated as "self-actualization", is "Selbstverwirklichung." "Self-realization" may be a more adequate translation than the "self-actualization" used in the translation of "The Organism".
Goldstein sets this notion of self-actualization in contrast to "self-preservation" (Selbsterhaltung). "Self-actualization" for Goldstein means something that comes close to realization of one's "essence", one's identity, one's felt sense of oneself; which may in consequence mean that a person is willing to risk his or her life in order to maintain "self-actualization" (Selbsverwirklichung), the realization of his or her "essence" of the person he or she feels that she/he IS.[]
Carl Rogers' concept
--------------------
Main article: Actualizing tendencyCarl Rogers used the term "self-actualization" to describe something distinct from the concept developed by Maslow: the actualization of the individual's sense of 'self.' In Rogers' theory of person-centered therapy, self-actualization is the ongoing process of maintaining and enhancing the individual's self-concept through reflection, reinterpretation of experience, allowing the individual to recover, develop, change, and grow. Self-actualization is a subset of the overall organismic actualizing tendency, and begins with the infant learning to differentiate what is "self" and what is "other" within its "total perceptual field," as their full self-awareness gradually crystallizes. Interactions with significant others are key to the process of self-actualization:
> As a result of interaction with the environment, and particularly as a result of evaluational interaction with others, the structure of the self is formed – an organized, fluid but consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relationships of the 'I' or the 'me', together with the values attached to these concepts.
>
>
The process of self-actualization is continuous as the individual matures into a socially competent, interdependent autonomy, and is ongoing throughout the life-cycle. When there is sufficient tension between the individual's sense of self and their experience, a psychopathological state of incongruence can arise, according to Rogers, "individuals are culturally conditioned, rewarded, reinforced, for behaviors which are in fact perversions of the natural directions of the unitary actualizing tendency." In Rogers' theory self-actualization is not the end-point; it is the process that can, in conducive circumstances (in particular the presence of positive self-regard and the empathic understanding of others), lead to the individual becoming more "fully-functioning".
Criticism
---------
See also: Actualizing tendency § Criticism
Maslow early noted his impression that "impulsivity, the unrestrained expression of any whim, the direct seeking for 'kicks' and for non-social and purely private pleasures ... is often mislabelled self-actualization." In this sense, "self-actualization" is little more than what Eric Berne described as the game of "'Self-Expression' ... based on the dogma 'Feelings are Good'".
Broader criticism from within humanistic psychology of the concept of self-actualization includes the danger that 'emphasis on the actualizing tendency ... can lead to a highly positive view of the human being but one which is strangely non-relational.' According to Fritz Perls there is also the risk of confusing "*self*-actualizing and self-*image* actualizing ... the curse of the ideal." For Perls, by conflating "the *virtue* of self-actualization and the *reality* of self-actualization," the latter becomes merely another measuring rod for the "topdog" – the nagging conscience: "You tell me to do things. You tell me to be – *real*. You tell me to be self-actualized ... I don't have to be that good!" Barry Stevens remarked:
> Maslow was unhappy with what happened with many people when they read what he wrote about 'self-actualizing people'. What they did with it was very strange. I have received a fair number of letters saying 'I am a self-actualized person'. Maslow said that he must have left something out. Fritz (Perls) put it in. He saw that most people actualized a self-concept. This is not *self*-actualizing.
>
>
According to Paul Vitz, this may be connected with the charge that "Rogers and Maslow both transform self-actualization from a descriptive notion into a moral norm." However, if it is indeed as good a reality as they purport, then a certain eagerness in their communication is understandable.
In general, during the early twenty-first-century, "the usefulness of the concepts of self and self-actualization continue to attract discussion and debate." The concept has also been criticized in recent years for its Western-centrism, as it is not indicative of the values of many cultures that do not value individualism as highly.
Further reading
---------------
* Harrington, Anne: *Reenchanted Science: Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler*, Princeton University Press, 1999. (Includes a comprehensive chapter on Kurt Goldstein and his work.)
* Heylighen, Francis. (1992). A cognitive-systemic reconstruction of Maslow's theory of self-actualization. Behavioral Science, 37(1), 39–58. doi:10.1002/bs.3830370105
* Kress, Oliver (1993)."A new approach to cognitive development: ontogenesis and the process of initiation". Evolution and Cognition 2(4): 319–332.
* David, R. W. (2011). Montessori, Maslow, and Self-actualization. Montessori Life, 23(4), 16–21.
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Swedish musician
**Ted Arnbjörn Gärdestad** (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈtɛdː ˈjæ̂ːɖɛˌstɑːd]; 18 February 1956 – 22 June 1997) was a Swedish singer, songwriter, musician and actor known internationally as **Ted**. Gärdestad began his acting career in 1966 and began playing music in 1971, signing with Polar Music. Assigned with in-house producers Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, Gärdestad released his first single, "Hela världen runt," in late 1971 and worked closely with the four members of ABBA to create his debut album *Undringar* (1972). As Polar Music's best-selling solo artist (aside from ABBA), he continued to work with the group members throughout the 1970s, releasing three more albums *Ted* (1973), *Upptåg* (1974) and *Franska Kort* (1976), which were moderately successful. In 1978, Gärdestad released his first English-language album, Blue Virgin Isles, which did not have success internationally, as his predecessor albums had in his home country.
In 1979, Ted and his brother Kenneth Gärdestad played at Melodifestivalen, the competition to select Sweden's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest, with the song "Satellit." They won the competition which allowed them to represent Sweden at Eurovision held in Jerusalem. Gärdestad attempted once more to enter a song at Melodifestivalen but was unsuccessful. He left the music industry shortly thereafter, to try acting. By the 1990s, he played with other musicians such as Harpo. Gärdestad toured extensively starting in 1994 until he died by suicide in 1997. A biographical film about Gärdestad was released in 2018, called *Ted: För kärlekens skull.*
Early life
----------
Ted Arnbjörn Gärdestad was born to Arne (1923–2016) and Margit Gärdestad (née Sjöholm; 1921–2008) on 18 February 1956 in Sollentuna, Stockholm County. He was the youngest of three siblings and had two older brothers; Kjell (1944–2000) and Kenneth (1948–2018). The family lived in Sollentuna during Ted's childhood.
Career
------
### 1962–1974
Ted Gärdestad began his career as a musician in 1962, playing accordion on Swedish television at the age of six years. His debuted as an actor in 1966 when he landed a part in the television advent calendar series *En småstad vid seklets början* (*A Small Town at the Turn of the Century*). In 1970, Gärdestad had a minor role in the American film *Story of a Woman* alongside Bibi Andersson, Robert Stack and James Farentino. Gärdestad was also a promising tennis player. At 14 he ranked second in his age group in Sweden after Björn Borg, and once considered a career as a professional tennis player but instead chose a career in music. In 1971, 15-year-old Ted and his eight-year-older brother Kenneth Gärdestad contacted the record company Polar Music and showed an audition tape to Stig "Stikkan" Anderson, who would later manage the pop group ABBA. Ted was composer and singer, while Kenneth wrote lyrics to Ted's melodies, a collaboration that continued throughout Ted's career. Anderson subsequently signed Ted to the label and assigned him to in-house producers Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus.
#### Debut single
ABBA, Ted's collaborators, in 1974
In late 1971, Gärdestad released his first single, the gospel-influenced "Hela världen runt" ("All Over the World"). The follow-up single, an acoustic ballad "Jag vill ha en egen måne" ("I Want a Moon of My Own"), a song he wrote at age 12, brought him to the attention of the Swedish public. He quickly became the country's first teen idol, touring at folkparks. Andersson and Ulvaeus produced Ted's debut album *Undringar* ("*Wonderings*"), which was released on Polar Music in early 1972, with Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad providing backing vocals. All four members of ABBA continued to work with Gärdestad in throughout the 1970s. His albums *Undringar* (1972), *Ted* (1973), *Upptåg* (1974) and *Franska Kort* (1976) were produced with the same recording and production techniques, engineers (including Michael B. Tretow) and musicians, as contemporaneous ABBA recordings.
In February 1973, Gärdestad entered Melodifestivalen 1973, the competition to select Sweden's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest. The song "Oh, vilken härlig dag" ("Oh What a Lovely Day") came joint fourth. A quartet known as Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid finished third with a song called "Ring Ring (Bara du slog en signal)." Gärdestad had another attempt in Melodifestivalen 1975 with the song "Rockin' 'n' Reelin'"; Svenne and Lotta placed third with "Bang-A-Boomerang" and Gärdestad finished seventh but the song became a hit single on radio charts *Svensktoppen*, *Heta Högen* and *Kvällstoppen*. Gärdestad and his brother Kenneth returned to Melodifestivalen in 1977 and performed the song "Det bästa som finns" ("The Best of All") with Polar Music labelmate Lena Andersson. They finished eighth out of ten entries, and Gärdestad did not record the track.
### 1975–1979
By 1975, Ted had become a noted star in Sweden. He was prominently featured in teen magazines *Starlet*, *Mitt Livs Novell* and *Poster*, his love life was covered by the national newspapers, he had a fan club, and all of his albums were certificated gold and sold well in the rest of Scandinavia. Aside from Bjorn, Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid/ABBA and Anni-Frid Lyngstad he was Polar Music's best-selling artist. Stikkan had plans to launch him internationally and Ted recorded both Swedish and English versions of "Rockin' 'n' Reelin'" as well as an English version of an earlier hit, "Jag ska fånga en ängel" ("I'm Going to Catch An Angel"), with the title "Gonna Make You My Angel," the latter with lyrics by Gary Osborne; neither were a significant hit. Australian pop singer Mark Holden did, however, have a major success in Australia with "Jag ska fånga en ängel" under the title "I Wanna Make You My Lady" in 1976.
By 1977, Gärdestad was faced with a dilemma common to many child stars and teen idols; as he grew up so did his audiences. The time of teen mania and screaming crowds in the folkparks was declining and Polar in-house producers Björn and Benny, who had played an important part in his early success were now busy writing, producing and promoting ABBA and could no longer give Gärdestad or other Polar artists their full attention. 1975 resulted in the release of one single, the Melodifestivalen entry "Rockin' 'n' Reelin'." In 1976, the label released the album *Franska Kort* ("*French Cards*" – an expression for a fairly innocent type of late 19th-century pornography), only partly recorded with Björn and Benny and co-produced by Tretow and Janne Schaffer. The album produced hit singles "Angela," "Chapeau-Claque" (French for top hat), "När showen är slut" ("When the Show is Over") and "Klöversnoa," a novelty folk dance parody with Benny and Gärdestad playing accordion. The album peaked at No. 3, making it his first album not to top the Swedish charts, and it left the chart after 22 weeks, a moderate success compared to his previous releases. In 1977, ABBA and most of the Polar Music crew including musicians and sound engineers went on their first world tour, making *ABBA: The Movie* *and* recording *ABBA: The Album* – as an indirect result, Gärdestad did not release an album that year.
### International career
Stig Anderson still thought Gärdestad had some international potential, and he and his brother Kenneth travelled to Hollywood in late 1977 to record Gärdestad's first English-language album *Blue Virgin Isles*. The west coast rock orientated album featured contributions from American and English musicians including Jeff Porcaro, Steve Porcaro, Jim Keltner, David Hungate, Jay Graydon, Dr. John and John Mayall, many of whom were Gärdestad's personal idols. *Blue Virgin Isles* was released worldwide in late 1978 on Epic Records, and produced the singles "Take Me Back To Hollywood," an English version of "Chapeau-Clacque," and "Love, You're Making All The Fools". Despite the expensive production and the big push to launch Gärdestad—including promotional appearances alongside ABBA—his Swedish success did not translate internationally. In Sweden, the album peaked at No. 29 and spent one week on the chart. Thirty years after its original release, *Blue Virgin Isles* remains Gärdestad 's only studio album that has not been re-released on CD by Polar Music/PolyGram/Universal Music Group.
### 1980s
In early 1979, Ted and Kenneth Gärdestad had a fourth attempt at Melodifestivalen and won with the song "Satellit," a mid-tempo rock track whose arrangement bore resemblances to Toto's 1978 hit "Hold the Line". The similarities caused speculation of plagiarism in the Swedish media and disqualification from the contest. The connection between the two songs was that the song's producer Janne Schaffer had heard four of the future Toto members, Steve Porcaro, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate and Steve Lukather, experimenting with a guitar and bass riff during the *Blue Virgin Isles* sessions in Los Angeles, which eventually evolved into "Hold the Line." Schaffer was inspired by what he had heard when he wrote the arrangement for "Satellit," but at that point neither "Hold the Line" nor Toto's debut eponymous album had been released. Jeff Porcaro told Swedish newspaper *Aftonbladet* in February 1979: "No, it's not a rip-off, Ted did not steal our song. Those piano triplets and that bass and guitar line go back to the 1950s and the fact that we both have happened to use variations on the same theme in our songs right now is purely coincidental." Consequently, Ted represented Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest held in Jerusalem in March 1979. After having competed four times in the pre-selection before winning and with his personal connection to ABBA, hopes and expectations were high. The song scored eight points and finished seventeenth out of nineteen participating entries, making it Sweden's then-second-lowest placing in the contest. The Swedish-language single became a Top 10 hit back home in Sweden and "Satellit" is regarded as one of Ted's signature tunes. The English-language version of the track never charted and neither did the re-issue of *Blue Virgin Isles*, which included both versions, making it clear that Ted's Scandinavian audiences favoured his Swedish-language material.
After an unsuccessful return to Melodifestivalen in 1980, with "Låt solen värma dig" ("Let the Sun Warm You") with then girlfriend Annica Boller and disappointing sales of his 1981 album *Stormvarning* (#31, 2 weeks)—which was internationally released as *I'd Rather Write a Symphony* on the Polydor label in a few countries and equally overlooked—Gärdestad left the music scene at the age of 25.
### Later work
Having left the music business, Gärdestad made a brief and unsuccessful attempt at acting and shortly thereafter began exploring meditation and Eastern religions. He became involved with the Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (also known as Osho) movement and publicly renounced his earlier life. In an interview with Swedish newspaper *Aftonbladet* in mid-1983, he said he no longer wanted to be addressed as "Ted Gärdestad," his name was now **Swami Sangit Upasani**. Like all Bhagwan disciples, he wore clothes in a specific shade of orange. Gärdestad distanced himself from his friends in the music business and his family as his involvement in the movement gradually took over his life, affecting his personality. In June 1983, one month before his second child with actress Ann Zacharias was born, he unexpectedly left his family and friends and moved to the movement's headquarters in Oregon, United States. Three years later, after Rajneesh was convicted for immigration fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement of his disciples' funds and bioterror attacks on the citizens of The Dalles and subsequently deported from the US, Gärdestad's family persuaded him to move back to Sweden. His severe mental health problems became increasingly apparent.
#### Palme assassination rumours
Shortly after Gärdestad's return to Sweden in 1986, the Prime Minister of Sweden, Olof Palme, was murdered. Gärdestad was wrongly mentioned in the Swedish media as "the 33-year-old," a suspect in the investigation of the assassination, which severely affected him although Gärdestad was on vacation in Greece at the time of the murder, and although he was never questioned by the Swedish police nor was under suspicion by the authorities, the speculations and rumours followed him and his family for the rest of the 1980s. A few years later, he was again the subject of rumours accusing him of being Lasermannen, a bank robber and serial killer. The rumours affected the sensitive and already unstable former star, and Gärdestad withdrew and fell into a deep depression.
### 1990s
In the early 1990s, Gärdestad was briefly coaxed out of retirement by his friend and fellow Swedish pop singer Harpo. He joined Harpo on a concert tour and made guest appearances. In 1992, they released the duet "Lycka" ("Happiness") as a single; it garnered little attention but marked Gärdestad's return to music. Early that year he embarked on his first tour since 1978 and played a series of dates with Plura Jonsson, Tove Naess, Totta Näslund and Dan Hylander, and received overall positive reviews from the press.
In 1993, a compilation album titled *Kalendarium 1972–93* was promoted by a tour in the Swedish *folkparks*; the album and tour were successful, as was his first composition in twelve years, "För kärlekens skull" ("For Love's Sake"), which topped the *Svensktoppen* chart. The *Kalendarium* collection included a Swedish-language re-recording of the title track from *Blue Virgin Isles*, "Himlen är oskyldigt blå" ("The Sky is Innocently Blue"), which fifteen years after its original release became another *Svensktoppen* hit, and became one of his best-known songs. In early 1994, *Kalendarium 1972–93* was awarded a platinum disc. All of Gärdestad's albums from the 1970s and early 1980s, with the exception of *Blue Virgin Isles*, were re-released on CD by Polar, and a generation of Swedes who grew up listening to his music now re-discovered and re-evaluated his back catalogue as adults. His body of work has since come to be regarded as a national treasure as important as those of Evert Taube, Carl Michael Bellman and Cornelis Vreeswijk both by fans and Swedish music critics.
### Last years and death
The following year, Gärdestad released a full-length album of new material titled *Äntligen på väg* (*Finally on the Road*) on Polar, which was produced by the longtime friend Janne Schaffer. The album included contributions from ABBA drummer Per Lindvall, Björn J:son Lindh, Gladys del Pilar and Marie Bergman, and other renowned Swedish musicians. It spawned a series of singles including "Ge en sol" ("Give a Sun"), "Om du ville ha mig" ("If You Wanted Me"), "I min radio" ("On My Radio") and "Hon är kvinnan" ("She's the Woman"), all of which entered the Svensktoppen chart. The lyrics were light, harmonious and hopeful, and Gärdestad's future seemed more positive; his name was finally cleared, he remarried and he was back to making music. He made several television appearances promoting *Äntligen på väg* album and performed an acoustic concert on ZTV. He toured extensively all through 1994, 1995 and 1996. On 22 June 1997, at the age of 41, Gärdestad committed suicide by jumping in front of a train.
The only colleagues from his musical career to attend his funeral were Schaffer, J:son Lindh, Tretow, Barbro 'Lill-Babs' Svensson and Agnetha Fältskog.
Health problems
---------------
After Gärdestad's death, his brother Kenneth spoke to the press and in a book about Gärdestad's mental health problems during the last decade of his life. In the biography *Jag vill ha en egen måne*, published eight years after his brother's death, Kenneth said Gärdestad had had anxiety since his late teens, and that Kenneth had become convinced that as an adult Gärdestad had paranoid schizophrenia, which he thought had been aggravated by his time with the Bhagwan movement, the press coverage and the subsequent public persecution following the murder of Olof Palme and the Lasermannen case. In the 2005 biography on Gärdestad, Schaffer said he attended a dinner party in the late 1990s with a large number of Swedish dignitaries, including leading politicians, statesmen, representatives of the diplomatic corps, and the chief editor of Sweden's largest daily newspaper *Dagens Nyheter*, who said in front of all the prominent guests: "You know that it's your pal Ted Gärdestad who murdered Olof Palme, don't you?" Schaffer immediately left the dinner party. In the biography, Kenneth Gärdestad also said Ted's condition was never properly diagnosed during his lifetime and he did not receive the medical or psychotherapeutic treatment that could have saved his life.
Musicianship
------------
### Songwriting
Musically Ted's songs combined the heritage of the Scandinavian acoustic and narrative *visa* tradition with influences from the British-American singer-songwriter wave of the late 1960s and early 1970s, but his repertoire also included a wide variety of genre exercises including pastiches of swing, jazz, ragtime, boogie-woogie, reggae, country and western, French chanson, Swedish folk music as well as contemporary English and American pop, rock, soul and R&B. Following musicians and songwriters of their generation, both brothers were fans of the Beatles and influenced by the fact that John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote their own material and played it themselves, which was revolutionary at that time. The early Swedish albums with Ted all also contain one or two English-language tracks, usually slightly rougher and rockier than the rest of the material and many of them featuring Schaffer on electric guitars.
Lyrically the songs reflected the world of an average young teenager, no longer a child but not yet an adult, and his personal development; the dreams, hopes and desires as well as the fears and frustrations, infatuation and rejection ("När du kommer," "Räcker jag till"), existential ponderings ("Universum," "Snurra du min värld," "Gitarren och jag") alongside typical adolescent fantasies and daydreams of historical figures such as the Vikings ("Viking"), "Buffalo Bill," Goliath ("Goliat från Gat") or becoming a superhero like "The Phantom" ("Fantomen"), and naturally, as with most teenagers, also playful hints at an increased interest in the opposite sex. His Melodifestivalen entry "Oh vilken härlig dag" for instance includes phrases such as "I snuck down to the lake, to spy on you when you went skinny dipping"[*This quote needs a citation*] and "I ran naked in the blazing sun"[*This quote needs a citation*], and "And I could see what you're hiding under your skirt";[*This quote needs a citation*] a line that was considered risqué when sung by a seventeen-year-old boy in the pre-selection for the Eurovision Song Contest in 1973. Despite the fact that all lyrics were the work of Ted's eight-year-older brother Kenneth and not Ted himself, they were specifically written to reflect Ted's personality and his world, and the feelings of a teenager, not those of his older brother.
Similar to Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus during the ABBA era, Ted wrote faux-English demo lyrics when he composed his songs and it was subsequently Kenneth's task to write proper Swedish lyrics while staying true to Ted's original idea for a particular song. Kenneth spent a considerable amount of time getting the words exactly as Ted wanted them, with the right number of syllables to the bar, rhymes and alliterations emphasizing the rhythm of the music and choosing words suitable for a boy in his teens, occasionally including slang expressions. Like sound engineer Michael B. Tretow, Ted was also known for his prankish sense of humour; he was a big fan of *Monty Python's Flying Circus* and loved practical jokes, which also is reflected in the lyrics in the form of puns, word play, and double entendres. Kenneth's skills as a lyricist paradoxically resulted in the fact that some of Ted's audiences, in the 1970s and even to the present day, were under the impression that he wrote both the music and all lyrics, which Kenneth has since revealed that he only took as recognition that he had done Ted's music justice and it was the best compliment that he could get.
Legacy
------
Cover of the 2014 tribute album *För kärlekens skull – Svenska artister hyllar Ted Gärdestad*
A scholarship was set up in Gärdestad's name in 1997 to promote unsigned singer-songwriters and is awarded annually along with a tribute concert.
In 2005, a musical based around Gärdestad's songs called *Sol, vind och vatten* opened in Stockholm.[] Also in 2005, Gärdestad's brother Kenneth wrote a biography about Ted's life called *Jag vill ha en egen måne*, named after his breakthrough single. It includes extensive interviews with Gärdestad's family and close friends, including tennis player Björn Borg, actor Per Ragnar, guitarist Staffan Astner, pianist Robert Wells, sound engineer Lennart Östlund, photographer Barry B. Levine, hockey player Mats Ulander, and his former girlfriend actress Ann Zacharias.
In 2006, British bassist Andy Bell, noted founding member of Ride and former Oasis member, at the time living in Sweden and a great admirer of Ted's work, took part in the annual tribute concert held in Stockholm.
On 16 October 2006, Kenneth received a special award from SKAP, The Swedish Society of Popular Music Composers, for his "outstanding contributions to Swedish performing arts as a lyricist," in memory of his brother Ted.
### In popular culture
On 11 September 2012, Sweden's central bank, the Riksbank, announced a new series of coins to replace the 1 and 5 kronor coins which came into circulation in October 2016. The design of the coins follow the theme of Gärdestad's song, "Sol, vind och vatten" (English: "Sun, wind and water"), with the designs depicting the elements on the reverse side of the coins. This included the reintroduction of the 2 kronor coin. The coins also have a new portrait of King Carl XVI Gustaf.
On 3 January 2018, the feature film Ted – För kärlekens skull, a biopic about Gärdestad, premiered. Covering parts of his life from the breakthrough in the 1970s to his comeback in the 1990s, the film stars actor Adam Pålsson (a former singer who sings all the song parts himself) in the role as Ted, and was directed by Academy Award nominee Hannes Holm.
### Re-releases, compilations and covers
Fifteen years after his death, Gärdestad's music became increasingly popular in Sweden. Many of his songs were included on compilations and were covered by other artists and are now considered modern Swedish pop classics. His original studio albums and compilations still sold well; 2001s *Droppar av solregn* reached No. 2 and spent 47 weeks on the Swedish albums chart, and the 2004 2-CD set *Sol vind och vatten – Det bästa* peaked at No. 3 and charted for 60 consecutive weeks.
In 2000, "Jag vill ha en egen måne," "Så mycket bättre" and "Come Give Me Love" were featured in Swedish film director Lukas Moodysson's comedy drama *Tillsammans* (international title: *Together*). In 2001, Tretow and Kenneth Gärdestad took part in the production of a 4-CD box set titled *Solregn* (*Sunshowers*), a compilation of 71 tracks that includes two previously unreleased recordings.
In 2004, a line-up of Swedish artists headed by Schaffer and including Mats Ronander, J:son Lindh, Jennifer Brown and rapper Dogge Doggelito performed a ten-minute medley of Gärdestad's best-known songs as the interval act of that year's Melodifestivalen, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Ted winning the contest with "Satellit." Also in 2004, an album of covers of some of Gärdestad's songs called *Fånga En Ängel – En hyllning till Ted Gärdestad* (*Catch An Angel – A tribute to Ted Gärdestad*) was released, featuring contemporary Swedish artists including Håkan Hellström, Helen Sjöholm, Patrik Isaksson, Fredrik Kempe, Fame, Lisa Miskovsky, and Josefin Nilsson of Ainbusk. The album was released on the Anderson Records label run by Stig Anderson's daughter Marie Ledin. Country singer and fellow Eurovision contestant Jill Johnson's acoustic version of Gärdestad's 1973 Melodifestivalen entry "Oh vilken härlig dag" and Helen Sjöholm's recording of "Come Give Me Love" became radio hits and were also issued as singles.
In June 2009, Universal Music Group, the company that owns the rights to the Polar Music back catalogue, released an 8-CD, 91-track box set titled *Helt Nära Dig – Samlade Album* (*Quite Close to You – Collected Albums*). The set includes all six of Gärdestad's Swedish-language albums and *Blue Virgin Isles*, and features selected tracks from his second English-language album *I'd Rather Write a Symphony* and some non-album singles. The box set reached No. 34 on the Swedish albums chart in July 2009 and re-entered the chart a year later in July 2010, reaching No. 12.
In 2010, the track "Så mycket bättre" from Gärdestad's debut album *Undringar* was covered by the Swedish stars Lasse Berghagen, Thomas Di Leva, Plura Jonsson of Eldkvarn, Barbro "Lill-Babs" Svensson, Petter, Christer Sandelin and Petra Marklund, and was used as the theme tune to a television reality show of the same name. This resulted in renewed interest in Gärdestad's back catalogue and his original recording of the song entering the digital singles chart in Sweden in October 2010 – almost four decades after its first release.
### Caramba
In 1981, Gärdestad and ABBA's sound engineer Michael B. Tretow had a surprise hit single with the novelty track "Hubba Hubba Zoot Zoot" in Sweden, released under the anonymous group moniker Caramba on the record label Trash Records (#1 June 1981, 26 weeks on the singles chart). The liner notes to Tretow's 1999 CD compilation *Greatest Hits* carry the following dedication: "This album is dedicated to Ted Gärdestad, who should be here now, rolling on the floor in paroxysms of laughter as usual."
Discography
-----------
### Singles
* "Hela världen runt" / "Sommarlängtan," Polar Music POS 1146, 1971
* "Jag vill ha en egen måne" / "När du kommer," Polar Music POS 1155, 1972
* "Oh, vilken härlig da'" / "Sol vind och vatten," Polar Music POS 1170, 1973
* "Kaliforniens guld" / "Ramanagaram," Polar Music POS 1174, 1973
* "Come Give Me Love" / "Skolsång," Polar Music POS 1177, 1973
* "Gonna Make You My Angel" ("Jag ska fånga en ängel") / "Can't Stop the Train," Epic Records EPC S 3126 (West Germany & UK), 1974
* "Rockin' 'n' Reelin'" (Swedish version) / "Gonna Make You My Angel" Polar Music POS 1201, 1975
* "Rockin' 'n' Reelin'" (English version) / "Gonna Make You My Angel," Polar Music POS 1202, 1975
* "Take Me Back to Hollywood" / "Back in the Business," Epic Records SEPC 6976 (UK), Polydor Records 2001 843 (West Germany & The Netherlands), RCA Records 103 271 (Australia), 1978
* "Love, You're Makin' All the Fools" / "Puddle of Pain," Polar Music POS 1243, Polydor Records 2001 891 (West Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria), Discomate DSP-130 (Japan), 1978
* "Love, You're Makin' All the Fools" / "Love Lies Free," Epic Records SEPC 7477 (UK), 1978
* "Love, You're Makin' All the Fools" / "505 to Casablanca" RCA Records 103 395 (Australia), 1978
* "Satellit" (Swedish version) / "Blue Virgin Isles," Polar Music POS 1247, 1979
* "Satellite" (English version) / "Blue Virgin Isles," Polar Music POS 1248, Epic Records SEPC 7243 (UK), Polydor Records 2001 865 (The Netherlands), Carnaby (Spain), Polydor Records 2001 868 (Portugal), Carrere Records/Bagad 49476 (France), Durium DE 361 (Italy), Pan-Vox POS 1248 (Greece), Discomate DSP-128 (Japan), 1979
* "Satellite" / "Back in the Business," Polydor Records 2001 868 (West Germany, Switzerland, Austria), 1979
* "Låt solen värma dig" (duet with Annica Boller) / "Back in the Business," Polar Music POS 1261, 1980
* "Don't Treat Me This Way" / "Mindblower" ("Stormvarning"), Polydor Records 2002 003 (The Netherlands), 1980
* "How Do You Wanna Make Love" / "It's You," Polydor Records 2002 063 (Portugal), 1980
* "Låt kärleken slå rot" / "Mindblower," Polar Music POS 1275, 1981
* "Hubba Hubba Zoot Zoot" / "Donna Maya" (as Caramba), Trash Records TRAS 1, Epic EPC A1644 (UK), Toledo/Intercord Records 112 532 (West Germany), 1981
* "Hubba Hubba Zoot Zoot" / "Donna Maya" (as Caramba), RKM/Disques Vogue 310923, 12" single (France), Durium Records DEX 13018, 12" single, white vinyl (Italy), 1981
* "Hare Christmes" / "Ali Baba" (as Caramba), Trash Records TRAS 2, 1981
* "Lycka" (duet with Harpo) / "Trubaduren" (Harpo) / "Himmel" (Harpo), Warner Music CD 9031-77723-2, 1992
* "För kärlekens skull" / "Låt kärleken slå rot," Polar Music/PolyGram CD 865 552 – 2, 1993
* "För kärlekens skull" / "Låt kärleken slå rot," Polar Music/PolyGram 7" 865 552-7, 1993
* "Himlen är oskyldigt blå" / "Satellit" / "Låt kärleken slå rot," Polar Music/Polygram CD, 1993
* "Ge en sol" / "Lyckliga dagar," Polar Music/PolyGram CD 855 382-2, 1994
* "Om du ville ha mig" / "Jag bygger ett torn," Polar Music/PolyGram CD 851 314-2, 1994
* "Hon är kvinnan" / "Ruva min själ," Polar Music/PolyGram CD 853 818-2, 1995
* "Himlen är oskyldigt blå," Polar Music/Universal Music CD Polar Music/PolyGram 571 971-2, 1997
* "I'd Rather Write a Symphony" (Radio Edit) / "Lyckliga dagar," CD Polar Music/Universal Music CD 855 383-2, 2001
### Studio albums
* *Undringar*, Polar Music POLS 234, 1972
* *Ted*, Polar Music POLS 241, 1973
* *Upptåg*, Polar Music POLS 253, 1974
* *Franska Kort*, Polar Music POLS 259, 1976
* *Blue Virgin Isles*, Polar Music POLS 284, Epic Records 383 653 (UK), 1978
* *Blue Virgin Isles* (re-release with "Satellite" & "Satellit" included), Polar Music POLS 300
* *Blue Virgin Isles* (re-release with "Satellite" included), Epic Records (UK), Polydor Records (West Germany, The Netherlands & Portugal), Carnaby (Spain), RCA Records (Australia), Discomate (Japan), 1979
* *I'd Rather Write a Symphony*, Polydor Records 2344 164, (West Germany & The Netherlands), 1980
* *Stormvarning*, Polar Music POLS 310, 1981
* *Caramba*, Trash Records TRASLP 1, 1981
* *Äntligen på väg*, Polar Music/PolyGram 523 835-2, 1994
### Compilation albums
* *Spotlight*, Sonet SPCD-32, 1989
* *Ted Gärdestad Collection*, Polar Music/PolyGram 511 969-2, 1992
* *Kalendarium 1972–93*, Polar Music/PolyGram 519 052-2, 1993
* *Svenska Popfavoriter*, Karussell/PolyGram 552 270-2, 1996
* *Solregn* (4-CD box set), Polar Music/Universal Music 543 985-2, 2001
* *Droppar Av Solregn* (selected tracks from *Solregn*), Polar Music/Universal Music 549 881-2, 2001
* *15 Klassiker 1972–1981*, Polar Music/Universal Music 018 405-2, 2002
* *Sol, Vind Och Vatten – Det Bästa* (2-CD set), Polar Music/Universal Music 986 647-5, 2004
* *18 Ballader*, Polar Music/Universal Music 987105-0, 2005
* *För Kärlekens Skull* (3-CD box set), Polar Music/Universal Music, 060251734772-0 2007
* *Helt Nära Dig – Samlade Album* (8-CD box set), Polar Music/Universal Music 06025270733-0, 2009
* *4 CD Original Album* (*Undringar*, *Ted*, *Upptåg* & *Franska Kort*), Universal Music 06025276545-0, 2011
Filmography
-----------
* 1966 – *En småstad vid seklets början* (Translated: *A Small Town at the Turn of the Century*. TV advent calendar.)
* 1970 – *Story of a Woman* (Italian title: *Storia di una donna*. Director: Leonardo Bercovici.)
* 1973 – *Stenansiktet* (English title: *The Stone Face*. Director: Jan Halldoff.)
Citations
---------
1. 1 2 Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, p. 32.
2. 1 2 3 Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 43–73.
3. 1 2 Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 85–99.
4. 1 2 Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 100–114.
5. 1 2 Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 120–126.
6. 1 2 Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 155–157.
7. 1 2 Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 163–173.
8. ↑ Minnessida för Arne Gärdestad på Fonus Minnesalbum
9. ↑ "Margit Sjöholm". 8 December 1921.
10. ↑ "Årsdagen: Så dog Ted Gärdestad 1997". *Expressen* (in Swedish). 21 June 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
11. ↑ "Teds väg mot självmord". *Expressen* (in Swedish). 31 August 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
12. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 11–29.
13. 1 2 Genberg, Kjell (18 November 1972). "Now Swedish Talent Conquers Sweden! (sic)". *Billboard*. Billboard Magazines. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
14. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 74–83.
15. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 74–84.
16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Steffen Hung. "Swedish Charts Portal". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
17. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, p. 116.
18. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 115–119.
19. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 140–149.
20. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 150–153, 182–184.
21. ↑ "Ted Gärdestad För kärlekens skull". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
22. ↑ "Ted Gärdestad Himlen är oskyldigt blå". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
23. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 158–163.
24. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 193–194.
25. 1 2 Schönstedt, Tommy (29 November 2004). "Psykosen som blev Teds död". *Expressen* (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 July 2014.
26. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, p. 208.
27. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 180–194.
28. ↑ Thunberg, Ida (31 August 2005). "Teds väg mot självmord". *Expressen* (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 July 2014.
29. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 194–195.
30. ↑ "Janne Schaffer hyllar vännen Ted Gärdestad". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
31. ↑ "Succéföreställningen om Ted Gärdestad har snart nypremiär med ny slagverkare". Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
32. ↑ "Ted Gärdestad-Galan med stipendieutdelningen på Liseberg, Göteborg 20/6". Blaskan.nu. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
33. ↑ Gärdestad & Liimatainen 2005, pp. 197–231.
34. ↑ "Oasisbasist hyllar Ted Gärdestad | SvD". *Svenska Dagbladet* (in Swedish). 10 October 2006. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
35. ↑ TT Spektra (18 October 2006). "Stipendium till Kenneth Gärdestad". *hd.se*. Helsingborgs Dagblad. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
36. ↑ "New coins". Sveriges Riksbank. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
37. ↑ "The new coins". Sveriges Riksbank. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
38. ↑ Kerpner, Joachim (11 September 2012). "Nya mynten hyllning till Ted Gärdestad" [New coins a tribute to Ted Gärdestad]. *Aftonbladet*. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
39. ↑ Forsström, Maria (12 February 2004). "Stjänspäckad hyllning till Ted Gärdestad". *Expressen* (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 July 2014.
40. ↑ "Helt Nära Dig – Samlade Album by Ted Gärdestad (Compilation): Reviews, Ratings, Credits, Song list". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
41. ↑ Steffen Hung. "Ted Gärdestad – Helt nära dig – Samlade album". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
42. ↑ "Det här är Så mycket bättre – Så mycket bättre". tv4.se. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
43. ↑ Steffen Hung. "Ted Gärdestad – Så mycket bättre". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
44. ↑ Steffen Hung. "Caramba – Hubba Hubba Zoot-Zoot". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
**Bibliography**
* Gärdestad, Kenneth; Liimatainen, Keijo (2005). *Jag vill ha en egen måne: boken om Ted Gärdestad* (in Swedish). Stockholm: Forum. ISBN 91-37-12733-0. SELIBR 9876123.
Further reading
---------------
* *Ted Gärdestad och musiken*, Kenneth Gärdestad, Ehrlingförlagen Sweden 2005. ISBN 91-85662-04-6
* *Topplistan: The Official Swedish Single & Album Charts*, Wille Wendt, Premium Publishing 1993, ISBN 91-971894-2-1
* Liner notes *Greatest Hits*, Michael B. Tretow, Anderson Records 1999
|
| |
| Preceded byBjörn Skifswith *"Det blir alltid värre framåt natten"* | **Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest** 1979 | Succeeded byTomas Ledinwith *"Just nu!"* |
| * v
* t
* e
Ted Gärdestad |
| --- |
| Studio albums |
* *Undringar* (1972)
* *Ted* (1973)
* *Upptåg* (1974)
* *Franska Kort* (1976)
* *Blue Virgin Isles* (1978)
* *I'd Rather Write a Symphony* (1980)
* *Stormvarning* (1981)
* *Äntligen På Väg* (1994)
|
| Compilation albums |
* *Kalendarium 1972–93* (1993)
|
| Songs |
* "Blue Virgin Isles"
* "För kärlekens skull"
* "Sol, vind och vatten"
* "Jag vill ha en egen måne"
* "Oh, vilken härlig dag"
* "Satellit"
|
| Related articles |
* Kenneth Gärdestad
* Caramba
* *Ted: För kärlekens skull*
|
| * v
* t
* e
Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest |
| --- |
| Melodifestivalen |
| Participation |
* 1958
* 1959
* 1960
* 1961
* 1962
* 1963
* 1965
* 1966
* 1967
* 1968
* 1969
* 1971
* 1972
* 1973
* 1974
* 1975
* 1977
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980
* 1981
* 1982
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986
* 1987
* 1988
* 1989
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* ~~2020~~
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* *2024*
|
| Artists |
* ABBA
* Afro-dite
* The Ark
* Arvingarna
* Alice Babs
* Robin Bengtsson
* Anna Bergendahl
* Inger Berggren
* Lars Berghagen
* Marie Bergman
* Christer Björkman
* Brita Borg
* Carola
* Chips
* Kikki Danielsson
* The Dolls
* Edin-Ådahl
* Lotta Engberg
* Malena Ernman
* Fame
* Family Four
* Forbes
* Frans
* Friends
* Ted Gärdestad
* Claes-Göran Hederström
* Herreys
* Lasse Holm
* Benjamin Ingrosso
* Cornelia Jakobs
* Jan Johansen
* Jill Johnson
* Tommy Körberg
* Tomas Ledin
* Lill-Babs
* Lill Lindfors
* Loreen
* John Lundvik
* Siw Malmkvist
* ~~The Mamas~~
* Marcus & Martinus
* Sanna Nielsen
* Tommy Nilsson
* The Nova
* One More Time
* Charlotte Perrelli
* Lena Philipsson
* Roger Pontare
* Eric Saade
* Björn Skifs
* Martin Stenmarck
* Robin Stjernberg
* Svante Thuresson
* Monica Törnell
* Tusse
* Östen Warnerbring
* Ingvar Wixell
* Måns Zelmerlöw
* Monica Zetterlund
|
| Songs |
* "Absent Friend"
* "Alla andra får varann"
* "April, april"
* "Augustin"
* "Bara hon älskar mig"
* "Beatles"
* "Boogaloo"
* "Bra vibrationer"
* "Dag efter dag"
* "Dance You Off"
* "Det blir alltid värre framåt natten"
* "Det börjar verka kärlek, banne mig"
* "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley"
* "E' de' det här du kallar kärlek?"
* "Eloise"
* "En dag"
* "En gång i Stockholm"
* "Euphoria"
* "Fångad av en stormvind"
* "Fångad i en dröm"
* "Främling"
* "Give Me Your Love"
* "Härliga sommardag"
* "Hero"
* "Heroes"
* "Hold Me Closer"
* "I Can't Go On"
* "I morgon är en annan dag"
* "If I Were Sorry"
* "Invincible"
* "It Hurts"
* "Jennie, Jennie"
* "Judy, min vän"
* "Just nu!"
* "Kärleken är"
* "Las Vegas"
* "Lilla stjärna"
* "Listen to Your Heartbeat"
* ~~"Move"~~
* "Never Let It Go"
* "Nygammal vals"
* "Popular"
* "Satellit"
* "Se på mej"
* "Sol och vår"
* "Som en dröm"
* "Som en vind"
* "Stad i ljus"
* "Stjärnorna"
* "Take Me to Your Heaven"
* "Tattoo"
* "This Is My Life"
* "Too Late for Love"
* "Undo"
* "Unforgettable"
* "Den vilda"
* "Vita vidder"
* "Voices"
* "La Voix"
* "Waterloo"
* "When Spirits Are Calling My Name"
* "The Worrying Kind"
* "You"
* "You're Summer"
|
| * Note: Entries scored out signify where Sweden did not compete
|
| * v
* t
* e
Eurovision Song Contest 1979 |
| --- |
| Countries |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Final |
* Austria
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
|
| Withdrawn |
* Turkey
|
|
| Artists |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Final |
* Black Lace
* Manuela Bravo
* Anne-Marie David
* Dschinghis Khan
* Cathal Dunne
* Elpida
* Ted Gärdestad
* Katri Helena
* Micha Marah
* Matia Bazar
* Jeane Manson
* Milk and Honey
* Betty Missiego
* Peter, Sue and Marc, Pfuri, Gorps and Kniri
* Tommy Seebach
* Christina Simon
* Anita Skorgan
* Laurent Vaguener
* Xandra
|
| Withdrawn |
* Maria Rita Epik and 21. Peron
|
|
| Songs |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Final |
* "Colorado"
* "Disco Tango"
* "Dschinghis Khan"
* "Hallelujah"
* "Happy Man"
* "Heute in Jerusalem"
* "Hey Nana"
* "J'ai déjà vu ça dans tes yeux"
* "Je suis l'enfant soleil"
* "Katson sineen taivaan"
* "Mary Ann"
* "Notre vie c'est la musique"
* "Oliver"
* "Raggio di luna"
* "Satellit"
* "Sobe, sobe, balão sobe"
* "Sokrati"
* "Su canción"
* "Trödler und Co"
|
| Withdrawn |
* "Seviyorum"
|
|
| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata |
| --- |
| International |
* ISNI
* VIAF
|
| National |
* Norway
* Spain
* Germany
* Finland
* Sweden
|
| Artists |
* MusicBrainz
| |
American gridiron football player (born 1988)
**Noel Devine** (born February 16, 1988) is a former American football running back. Devine played college football for the West Virginia Mountaineers and holds the record for career-all purpose yardage (5,761 yards).
Devine was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL) as an undrafted free agent in 2011, but was released four days later after departing the team due to personal matters. Devine spent several years playing in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and helped guide the West Virginia Roughriders of the American Arena League (AAL) to the 2019 championship.
Devine currently owns and operates DevineSpeed, LLC, a speed training business where he trains young athletes at all levels. Devine, the highest rated recruit in Mountaineer football history, was inducted into the West Virginia University (WVU) Sports Hall of Fame on October 30, 2021.
High school career
------------------
Devine went to North Fort Myers High School, the same high school attended by NFL stars Deion Sanders and Jevon Kearse. Devine rushed for 627 yards and averaged 8.6 yards per carry as a freshman. In his sophomore year, Noel had 1289 yards and 23 TDs on 206 carries, for an average of 6.3. One of the most impressive games of his 10th grade year was in the 63–7 victory over Estero High. Devine rushed for 365 yards and six touchdowns on only nine carries. Devine also returned a kickoff 84 yards for a touchdown. As a Junior, Devine rushed for 1,986 yards and 24 touchdowns on 173 carries, averaging 11.5 yards per carry. In his senior year, Devine totaled 2,148 yards and 31 touchdowns.
On October 20, 2006, Noel became the all-time leader in rushing yards for Lee County, surpassing former Mariner High School student and Tampa Bay running back Earnest Graham. Coincidentally, it was Graham's alma mater against which Devine was playing when the record was broken - he scored on a 65-yard touchdown run late in the 3rd quarter. He finished his high school career with 92 touchdowns, another Lee County record.
In the U.S. Army All-American Bowl game, he amazingly took David Green's kickoff back 88 yards before catching his big right toe on the turf and falling just short of the end zone.[]
Devine was the #3 ranked running back (and #6 prospect overall) in the nation by ESPN's 2007 Recruit Tracker. Before signing with West Virginia, he was recruited by coaches from some of the nation's other top collegiate programs, such as the University of Nebraska, University of Alabama and Florida State University.
Collegiate career
-----------------
### Freshman season
Devine got his first chance to play in the 4th quarter of West Virginia's season opener against Western Michigan. Devine showed his speed as he beat the defense to the corner as he went 23 yards after spinning off of a defender. Devine scored his first collegiate touchdown on an 8-yard run to score WVU's final score, as the #3 ranked Mountaineers beat Western Michigan 62–24. Devine finished the game with 7 carries for 44 yards and a reception for 19 yards.
In the second game of the season, Devine helped the WVU seal a 4th quarter victory over in-state rival Marshall. Devine only had 5 carries, but managed to rack up 76 yards and 2 touchdowns to help the third-ranked Mountaineers beat the Thundering Herd 48–23. Devine also had two kickoff returns for 40 yards. His longest run of the day was 39 yards.
Noel Devine (right) and Jock Sanders (9) stand on the sideline during the Mississippi State game
In the third game of the season, against Maryland, Devine had the best game of the season to that point. In the 31–14 win, Devine rushed for 136 yards on just 5 carries; a 27.2 yards average. His biggest run of the day was a 76 yards dash down the sideline to the one-yard line. On his next carry he juked out a number of defenders and spun off a facemask grab to cap off the 18-yard gain. He also had one reception for two yards and two kick returns for 47 yards. Devine took only two carries to reach 100 yards against Maryland.
In the next game against ECU, Devine had 7 rushes for 11 yards, a reception for 7 yards and a kick return for 25 yards. In the Mountaineers' first loss of the season against USF, 21–13, Devine had 4 carries for 36 yards. He also had 36 yards on two kick returns. In the 55–14 win over Syracuse, Devine was held to 13 yards on 4 carries, with 33 yards on two kick returns. Devine sat out the Mississippi State game. Against twenty-fifth-ranked Rutgers, Devine had 6 carries for 40 yards.
Against Louisville, Devine had 2 rushes for 11 yards and one reception for 4 yards. He also had 4 kick returns for 97 yards, including a 41-yarder. After the 38–31 Louisville win, rumors circulated that Devine was mad about lack of playing time and had supposedly "torn up his locker" in a fit of anger. In an article with Rivals.com, Devine dismissed the rumors saying, "If I really wanted to play I would have gone to a sorry team...I didn't expect a lot of playing time." Devine also said, "I think I have played fairly. There's people that are not playing and they're on the team and they're happy. You got a great running back ahead of you. Really, I'm not expecting a lot."
In the 28–23 road win against twenty-second-ranked Cincinnati, Devine had only 23 yards on 2 carries, including a 17-yard rush. However, had four kick returns for 86 yards, averaging 21.5 yards per return. In the Big East Championship-clinching 66–21 win over twentieth-ranked Connecticut, Devine rushed for 118 yards and a score on 11 carries, which ranked second-best on the team, trailing only quarterback Pat White.
Subsequently, the then second-ranked Mountaineers were upset 13–9 by Pittsburgh in the 100th edition of the Backyard Brawl. Devine had only 11 yards on 7 carries; a 1.6 average. However, in the 4th quarter, Devine returned a kickoff 48 yards in the final minutes of the game. But, ultimately, the Mountaineers were stopped on fourth down to end the game.
Devine would finish his freshman season in West Virginia's Fiesta Bowl win over Oklahoma. After losing Steve Slaton to a leg injury in the first quarter, Devine filled in for WVU with 105 yards on 12 carries and 2 touchdowns, including a 65-yard run which provided the final score of the game. The run broke a West Virginia bowl record for longest rush and was the second longest play from scrimmage for the Mountaineers in the season.[] He also returned 4 kickoffs for 88 yards, a 22.0 yards average, and pulled in two receptions for 47 yards.
Devine was given honorable mention for the Freshman All-American team by various sources, including SportingNews, and was awarded the team's Danny Van Etten Rookie of the Year Award by head coach Rich Rodriguez. After Rich Rodriguez left the team before the 2008 Fiesta Bowl that offseason Devine thought about transferring. He finished his freshman season with 73 carries for 627 yards and 6 touchdowns. He also added 7 receptions for 90 yards and 26 returns for 599 yards. Devine ended the season with 1,316 all-purpose yards, the 21st most in a single-season in school history. Devine also finished the year ranked tenth in the Big East in rushing yards per game and #5 in the conference in kickoff return yards.
### Sophomore season
After former head coach Rich Rodriguez left West Virginia and announced his decision to accept the head coaching job at the University of Michigan, Noel Devine considered transferring, but decided he would finish his career at West Virginia. On January 14, 2008, West Virginia starting running back Steve Slaton announced his desire to enter the NFL Draft instead of returning for his senior season. Slaton's departure meant Devine would be the probable starter for the 2008 season.
Devine and quarterback Pat White were named the #1 "scary star" of the 2008 by Rivals.com. Shortly afterwards, the Mountaineers began their first spring practice. West Virginia running backs coach, Chris Beatty, said of Devine, "He’s as quick as he looked on television...So quick and yet he has great patience and things like that. My goal is to just let him run fast and do the things he does so well." Devine also commented that he could handle at least 30 carries a game as the feature back, despite his size; which he said he wanted to jump up to 180 pounds. Head coach Bill Stewart also said that Devine maxed out at 405 pounds at the bench press during the spring.
To begin the 2008 season, Noel Devine rushed for 47 yards on 9 carries and also had 37 yards on 6 receptions in the season opening victory against the Villanova Wildcats, 48–21. In the following 24–3 loss to the ECU Pirates, Devine rushed 12 times for 94 yards (7.8 yard per carry average) and returned two kickoffs for 47 yards. In West Virginia's following 14–17 overtime loss to Colorado, Devine rushed 26 times for 133 yards and also had 11 yards on three receptions (second on the team in rushing behind quarterback Pat White).
In the 27–3 victory over Marshall, Devine rushed 14 times for 125 yards (8.9 yards per run) and his first touchdown of the season. To begin Big East play, Devine rushed 19 times for 55 yards, a 2.9 yard per carry average, in the 24–17 victory over Rutgers. In the following 17–6 victory over Syracuse, Devine rushed for 188 yards on 18 carries for a touchdown. His 188 yards was a career-high, and his 92-yard rushing touchdown in the 4th quarter not only was a career-long, but also was the second-longest rush in school and stadium history. Devine's performance in the Syracuse win won him the Big East Offensive Player of the Week honors. Following the 188-yard performance against Syracuse, Devine totaled a career-high 207 yards and a touchdown on 17 carries in the Mountaineers' 34–17 victory over Auburn. For the game, Devine recorded six runs of at least 20 yards. The two-game stretch totaled 395 yards and two touchdowns.
West Virginia then defeated #25 UCONN 35–13, the team's first road win of the season, in which Devine rushed 17 times for 60 yards - a 3.5 yard per rush average. However, West Virginia was then defeated by Cincinnati in a 26–23 overtime loss, as the Mountaineers rallied from being down 20–7 with under two minutes left in the game to tie it and send it to overtime. Devine, however, finished the game with 19 rushes for 58 yards and 6 receptions for 48 yards - a total of 106 yards of offense.
Devine and West Virginia bounced back in the following 35–21 victory over Louisville in their annual series. Devine posted his fifth 100-yard rushing game on the season with 154 yards on 13 carries. The performance included a 79-yard run, which was a school record for the longest non-touchdown run in school history. However, the Mountaineers then lost in the Backyard Brawl to Pittsburgh 19–15. Devine carried the ball 12 times for 17 yards - a 1.4 yard per carry average - and caught 3 passes for 6 yards in the loss.
Devine finished out the regular season with 17 carries for 90 yards and 3 receptions for 21 yards - 111 total yards of offense - in the 13–7 win over South Florida, however Devine did not start as head coach Bill Stewart said he was disappointed in his performance the prior week. However, Devine was named a second-team All-Big East selection following the victory.
In the Meineke Car Care Bowl victory over North Carolina, Devine rushed 13 times for 61 yards and a touchdown. He finished his sophomore season with 1,289 yards and 4 touchdowns.
### Junior season
Devine played in 13 games and started 10, leading the team in rushing with 1,465 yards, averaging 6.1 yards a carry with 13 touchdowns rushing. He finished the season as the #2 rusher in the conference and #17 nationally. He was named a unanimous all-Big East first-team selection by league coaches, Phil Steele and ESPN.com, and was named one of 16 semifinalists for the Maxwell Award, signifying the top offensive player in the nation.
On January 14, 2010, Devine announced his intention to forgo the NFL draft and returned for his senior season with the Mountaineers.
### Senior season
Prior to the season, Devine was named a preseason All-American by numerous publications, and was considered a leading contender for the Heisman Trophy.
He appeared headed for another 1,000-yard season after producing 100-yard rushing efforts in wins against Coastal Carolina, Marshall and Maryland, but a turf toe injury sustained against LSU and later an ankle injury against Louisville severely limited his production.
Devine reached the 100-yard mark just one more time against Syracuse, and finished the season with just four carries for 24 yards against Pitt, 13 carries for 31 yards against Rutgers and eight carries for 50 yards against NC State in the Champs Sports Bowl. With 122 yards rushing against the Syracuse Orange on October 23, Devine became the fourth player in Big East history to rush for 4,000 career yards, joining fellow Mountaineers Avon Cobourne and Pat White, and Rutgers' Ray Rice.
Devine finished the season with 1254 all-purpose yards; however, the injuries he suffered nagged him throughout the season, and his yards per carry average dipped considerably as a result. These injuries, combined with his lack of size and a perceived unwillingness to block, labeled him "undraftable" by many NFL teams. He was unable to participate in the NFL Combine due to his ankle injury and this further hurt his chances at being drafted.
### Career statistics
| WVU | | Rushing | | Receiving | | Kickoff Returns |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Games | Att | Yds | Avg | TD | Lg | Rec | Yds | Avg | TD | Lg | No | Yds | Avg | TD | Lg |
| 2007 | 12 | 73 | 627 | 8.6 | 6 | 76 | 7 | 90 | 12.9 | 0 | 34 | 22 | 511 | 23.2 | 0 | 48 |
| 2008 | 13 | 206 | 1289 | 6.3 | 4 | 92 | 35 | 185 | 5.3 | 0 | 17 | 3 | 63 | 21.0 | 0 | 24 |
| 2009 | 13 | 241 | 1465 | 6.1 | 13 | 88 | 22 | 177 | 8.0 | 1 | 20 | 5 | 100 | 20.0 | 0 | 26 |
| 2010 | 13 | 208 | 934 | 4.5 | 6 | 50 | 34 | 258 | 7.6 | 1 | 48 | 4 | 62 | 15.5 | 0 | 25 |
| Total | 51 | 728 | 4315 | 5.9 | 29 | 92 | 98 | 710 | 7.2 | 2 | 48 | 34 | 736 | 21.6 | 0 | 48 |
Professional career
-------------------
### Pre-draft
Pre-draft measurables| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 ft 7+1⁄2 in(1.71 m) | 179 lb(81 kg) | 29+1⁄4 in(0.74 m) | 8+5⁄8 in(0.22 m) | 4.43 s | 1.51 s | 2.54 s | 4.25 s | 6.88 s | 35.5 in(0.90 m) | 10 ft 1 in(3.07 m) | 24 reps |
| All values from NFL Combine/Pro Day |
Despite Devine's high-profile coming out of high school and subsequent successful college career, he was projected to be a seventh-round pick in the 2011 NFL Draft. His injuries, coupled with his inability to perform at the NFL Combine, prevented him from being drafted.
### Philadelphia Eagles
Devine was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as a free agent on July 26, 2011. The Eagles waived him on July 30 after he left the squad.
### Omaha Nighthawks
The Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League signed Devine on August 18, 2011.
### Montreal Alouettes
Devine signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on February 10, 2012. In six games with the Alouettes, Devine fumbled six times, including a three-fumble game on August 8 during a 38–13 loss to the Toronto Argonauts. After fumbling a punt-return in the fourth quarter, he left that game with an ankle injury. In a telephone interview with the *Montreal Gazette* on August 9, interim head coach and general manager Jim Popp suggested Devine may be released by the team, when and if he is cleared to play by the medical staff.
### Edmonton Eskimos
Devine signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the CFL on July 8, 2014.
### Spring League
Devine participated in The Spring League in 2017.
Personal life
-------------
Devine was only three months old when his father died in 1988 of complications from AIDS, and 11 years old when his mother also died of AIDS. Custody passed to his maternal grandmother, but the two were not compatible. Eventually, Noel moved in with Liz and Robert Harlow Sr, parents of one of Noel's friends. By his junior year in high school, Devine had fathered two children by two different women. He was also witness to a shooting in late 2004, in which one of his friends, 15-year-old Rashard Patterson, was killed by a shotgun blast to the chest.
Devine has a relationship with Deion Sanders, who himself is a graduate of North Fort Myers High School. At one point, Sanders planned to become Devine's legal guardian. Devine moved to Prosper, Texas, where he lived with Sanders, but after a few weeks, he took Sanders' wife's vehicle to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, where a plane ticket back to Florida awaited him. Devine and Sanders remained in contact, perhaps more so as the 2007 signing day approached, when Sanders assisted Devine in preparing to sign a letter of intent to play football in the college ranks. Sanders revealed the nature of his mentor role in Devine's decisions in his column for *The News-Press*, a Fort Myers news outlet. He had recommended that a prep school would better prepare Devine for college.
Devine was interviewed by *ESPN The Magazine* under their NEXT editions, which picks the next big athlete of the year. Devine was a nominee for the 2008 edition, along with Brandon Roy, Joba Chamberlain, Tyson Gay, Patrick Willis, and Novak Djokovic. In the interview, Devine stated that his idol is Barry Sanders, and that his best game of his career at that point was against Maryland. |
French privateer
**Jacques François Perroud** (1770 – 1822) was a French privateer, famed for his capture of the large East Indiaman *Lord Nelson* on 14 August 1803, and for his spirited defence of his 32-gun *Bellone* against the overwhelming 74-gun ship of the line HMS *Powerful* during the action of 9 July 1806.
Career
------
Perroud was born in 1770 to a family from Bordeaux. From 1796, he operated from Mauritius, captaining the privateers *Pichegrue* and the *Hasard* from 1799.
On 6 July 1799, he captured the American merchantman *Aurore*, under Captain Sutter, and brought her back to Port-Louis. The ship was requisitioned to ferry prisoners to France, and Perroud took her command, arming her with eight guns and 30 men. *Aurore* departed from Mauritius on 23 August 1799 and arrived in Lorient on 9 May 1800.
From 1801, Perroud mounted the 34-gun 8-pounder frigate *Bellone*, with a crew of over 200 men. On 14 August 1803, he met with the large East Indiaman *Lord Nelson*. Overcoming his inferiority of artillery, Perroud managed to board his opponent at his second attempt and captured her.
In the action of 9 July 1806, *Bellone* was attacked by the 74-gun ship of the line HMS *Powerful*. She attempted to flee for almost two hours, trading shots with the much more potent opponent, before striking her colours. Perroud was commended for his spirited defence against overwhelming odds; William James, notably, described Perroud's actions as "extraordinary".
From 1807, Perroud captained the *Curieux*, and from 1809 the *Confiance* (formerly the French Navy frigate *Minerve*). On 3 February 1810, *Confiance* was captured by HMS *Valiant*, under Captain John Bligh.
Perroud then captained the privateer *Phoenix*, of Bordeaux. In her he captured several prizes before HMS *Aigle* captured him after a chase of 13 hours and 134 miles. His captor spoke admiringly of Perroud's seamanship during the chase.
Citations
---------
1. ↑ Pirates & Corsairs in Mauritius Archived 2013-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
2. 1 2 3 Les Corsaires en Océan Indien
3. ↑ Familles Biberon et alliées
4. ↑ James, p. 246
5. ↑ Winfield. *British Warships in the Age of Sail*. p. 149.
6. ↑ Colledge. *Ships of the Royal Navy*. p. 227.
7. ↑ "No. 16407". *The London Gazette*. 22 September 1810. p. 1489. |
2012 cyclone
This article is about the Mediterranean subtropical storm of 2012. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Julia.
**Cyclone Julia** (also known as **Medicane Julia**) brought heavy flooding and hurricane conditions to parts of Europe, the Mediterranean region, and North Africa in February 2012. The second tropical or subtropical cyclone, second named storm, and the strongest storm of the 2011–12 Mediterranean hurricane season, Julia originated from an extratropical system that split off from its parent storm, in the western Mediterranean Sea on February 2. Despite the unfavorable conditions in the Mediterranean Sea, Julia strengthened into a powerful subtropical cyclone, with winds peaking at 61 mph (98 km/h), and a minimum pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg) on February 6. On February 7, the storm made landfall on the Peloponnesian Peninsula, and eventually dissipated over Turkey. Cyclone Julia caused at least $6.4 million (2012 USD) in damages, and resulted in at least 12 deaths. The storm also worsened the effects of the Early 2012 European cold wave across Europe and North Africa.
Meteorological history
----------------------
On January 31, 2012, an extratropical storm developed over western France, which was named *Julia* by the Free University of Berlin. Within the next couple of days, the storm moved quickly southeastward into the Mediterranean Sea, but the system split in half on February 2, with the new low pressure center developing off the east coast of Spain, which was subsequently identified as *Julia II*. Over the next couple of days, Julia II moved westward while strengthening, before absorbing the original low pressure area of *Julia I* on February 4, near Italy. The storm weakened while passing to the south of Italy, before reorganizing on February 6. Afterward, Julia began to rapidly intensify, reaching peak intensity late on February 6, with a minimum low pressure of 982 mbar (29.0 inHg) and peak sustained winds at 61 mph (98 km/h). Around the same time, the system briefly lost its cold front, and became a powerful subtropical storm. On February 7, Julia began to weaken and regained its frontal system, as the storm moved towards the Peloponnese. Later on the same day, Julia made landfall on the Peloponnese, bringing hurricane-force wind gusts and torrential rainfall. After landfall, Julia rapidly weakened, with the system becoming disorganized, while gradually moving eastward. On February 9, Julia made landfall in Turkey and began to accelerate eastward, while continuing to weaken. Julia continued to accelerate eastward over the next couple of days, before being absorbed into another extratropical system on February 11.
Preparations and impact
-----------------------
EUMETSAT satellite image of Cyclone Julia on February 6, nearing peak intensity.
On December 16, 2011, the NOAA had ceased monitoring storms in the Mediterranean Sea, possibly due to economic reasons and budget cuts. At the time of Julia's existence, no tropical cyclone agencies were known to be monitoring the system, possibly because the storm did not exist within any established basins' area of responsibility; only European weather agencies and the University of Berlin were known to have tracked the storm.
The system brought powerful tropical storm-force winds and hurricane-force gusts to parts of Italy, Crete, Greece. In addition, the storm brought heavy rainfall to widespread areas across Europe, Turkey, and North Africa, causing at least $6.4 million dollars and damages, and killing 12 people in Greece and Bulgaria. In Bulgaria and Greece, heavy rainfall from Julia, coupled with melting snow, triggered widespread flooding, and many rivers overflowing their banks. Bulgaria suffered the most damage from the storm, with $4.4 million alone incurred from losses in the country. Additionally, the Ivanovo Dam in Bulgaria burst during the deluge, flooding the village of Bisser downstream with 2.5 meters (8 feet) of water. In Bulgaria, the city of Svilengrad was also flooded after a dike collapsed near the village of Generalovo. In Greece, the hardest-hit areas were located in the northeast of the country, where Evros River burst its banks and submerged multiple villages. Cyclone Julia also worsened the effects of a major cold wave across Europe and North Africa, leading to more property damage and deaths. The storm's heavy snow caused 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the Danube River to freeze. |
Antivirus computer software
**Panda Cloud Antivirus** is an antivirus software developed by Panda Security, a free and a paid version are available. It is cloud-based in the sense that files are scanned on a remote server without using processing power of the user's machine. The cloud technology is based on Panda's Collective Intelligence. It can run constantly, providing protection against viruses and malicious websites but slowing the system to some extent, or do a system scan.
Features
--------
According to Panda Security, Panda Cloud Antivirus is able to detect viruses, trojans, worms, spyware, dialers, hacking tools, hacker and other security risks.
Panda Cloud Antivirus relies on its "Collective Intelligence" and the cloud for up-to-date information. It normally uses an Internet connection to access up-to-date information; if the Internet cannot be accessed, it will use a local cache of "the most common threats in circulation".
Reviews
-------
An April 2009 review found Panda Cloud Antivirus 1.0 to be clean, fast, simple, easy to use, and with good detection rates. The same review scored Panda 100.00% in malware detection and 100.0% in malicious URL detection. Its overall score was 100%, a strong protection factor considering it is software.
When version 1.0 was released on November 10, 2009, PC Magazine reviewed Panda Cloud Antivirus and gave it an Editor's Choice Award for Best AV.
TechRadar's review states "We think that Panda Cloud Antivirus is best viewed as a defense tool rather than a utility for cleaning up a system that's already riddled with infection."
License
-------
The free edition of Panda Cloud Antivirus is released under a license. Its usage is exclusively allowed for private households, state schools, non-governmental and non-profit organizations. |
Combinatorial algorithm
The **SMAWK algorithm** is an algorithm for finding the minimum value in each row of an implicitly-defined totally monotone matrix. It is named after the initials of its five inventors, Peter Shor, Shlomo Moran, Alok Aggarwal, Robert Wilber, and Maria Klawe.
Input
-----
For the purposes of this algorithm, a matrix is defined to be monotone if each row's minimum value occurs in a column which is equal to or greater than the column of the previous row's minimum. It is totally monotone if the same property is true for every submatrix (defined by an arbitrary subset of the rows and columns of the given matrix). Equivalently, a matrix is totally monotone if there does not exist a 2×2 submatrix whose row minima are in the top right and bottom left corners. Every Monge array is totally monotone, but not necessarily vice versa.
For the SMAWK algorithm, the matrix to be searched should be defined as a function, and this function is given as input to the algorithm (together with the dimensions of the matrix). The algorithm then evaluates the function whenever it needs to know the value of a particular matrix cell. If this evaluation takes *O*(*1*), then, for a matrix with *r* rows and *c* columns, the running time and number of function evaluations are both *O*(*c*(1 + log(*r*/*c*))). This is much faster than the *O*(*r* *c*) time of a naive algorithm that evaluates all matrix cells.
Method
------
The basic idea of the algorithm is to follow a prune and search strategy in which the problem to be solved is reduced to a single recursive subproblem of the same type whose size is smaller by a constant factor. To do so, the algorithm first preprocesses the matrix to remove some of its columns that cannot contain a row-minimum, using a stack-based algorithm similar to the one in the Graham scan and all nearest smaller values algorithms. After this phase of the algorithm, the number of remaining columns will at most equal the number of rows.
Next, the algorithm calls itself recursively to find the row minima of the even-numbered rows of the matrix. Finally, by searching the columns between the positions of consecutive even-row minima, the algorithm fills out the remaining minima in the odd rows.
Applications
------------
The main applications of this method presented in the original paper by Aggarwal et al. were in computational geometry, in finding the farthest point from each point of a convex polygon, and in finding optimal enclosing polygons. Subsequent research found applications of the same algorithm in breaking paragraphs into lines, RNA secondary structure prediction, DNA and protein sequence alignment, the construction of prefix codes, and image thresholding, among others. |
**Focus & Kalkhoff Holding GmbH** (formely *Derby Cycle GmbH*) based in Cloppenburg, Germany, is one of the three largest manufacturers of bicycles in Europe. During the 2010/11 fiscal year Derby employed 756 people. Derby Cycle has a 14% market share in Germany. Formely the *Derby Cycle AG* is listed in the Prime Standard of the regulated market of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.
Till July 2022 the holding had the name *Derby Cycle Holding GmbH*. Today the holding is owned by Pon Holdings eingestellt.
History
-------
Derby Cycle Corporation has roots in Luxembourg-based Derby International Corp. SA, a company that had purchased Raleigh Bicycle Company in April 1987. The Derby Cycle Corporation was acquired by chief Alan Finden-Crofts, former chief of Dunlop Slazenger, and attorney Ed Gottesman, from Tube Investments (TI) for £18 million, plus £14 million in assumed debt.
In 1988, Derby Group acquired the "Kalkhoff" brand from the insolvent Neue Kalkhoff Werke GmbH & Co. KG. creating the German subsidiary Derby Cycle Werke GmbH ("Derby Cycle Werke"). Kalkhoff had been founded in Oldenburg in 1919. In 1992, Derby Holding (Deutschland) GmbH was established, incorporating Derby Cycle Werke and Raleigh Fahrräder GmbH.
Derby Cycle sought U.S. bankruptcy protection on August 20, 2001. The management of Derby International, now Derby Group, acquired Derby Cycle Corporation and renamed it Raleigh Cycle Ltd.
In November 2007, Kalkhoff took over the insolvent Derby Cycle Werke's Kynast works in Quakenbrück. The initial public offering followed the successful restructuring of the Frankfurt subsidiary Finatem on 4 February 2011. The Dutch Accell Group launched a failed takeover attempt in late 2011. Instead, Derby Cycle became part of the Dutch Pon Holdings.
Pon Bicycle Group is a Dutch trading company and owns the brand Gazelle, Cervélo and Union Bicycles.
Brands
------
The following brands and trademarks are currently under the umbrella of Derby Cycle Works:
Current brands:
* Kalkhoff, premium brand of comfort bikes
* Focus, (acquired 1997) a premium brand for road and mountain bikes
* Rixe, (acquired 1998) city and trekking bikes
* Univega (acquired 2001)
* Raleigh, better known as Raleigh Germany, produced in Cloppenburg for German-speaking Europe only.
The former brands:
* Haro Designs Acquired 1988 via West Coast Cycle along with NISHIKI and Cycle Pro. (Sold Kenstone Metals 1993)
* Nishiki - (acquired 1989, sold U.S. rights to Dick's Sporting Goods in 2010)
* Raleigh (acquired 1999, sold to Accell Group in 2012) |
16th c. Ottoman historian
**Kemaleddin Mehmed** (1553 - 22 August 1621) was an Ottoman scholar.
Biography
---------
He was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, into the Taşköprü family. He was thought by his father, the well-known Ottoman historian Taşköprüzade. He also studied with Sheikh Hafiz Ahmed Bukhari and Mahmud Hudayi.
He was professor in several madrasahs. In April 1576 he was appointed professor in Unkapanı. In October 1585 he reached the rank of Haseki Madrasa. He then worked as a judge. Kemaleddin Mehmed was judge in Thessaloniki in May 1591. He was then judge of Üsküdar in Cemâziyelevvel (February 1593). He later became the judge of Aleppo, and Damascus (June 1596). He was again judge in Aleppo, and in Bursa. He was appointed judge in Cairo in the winter of 1598, but before he got there his post was changed back to Bursa. In March 1599 he became judge in Galata. In February–March 1600 he was again appointed judge in Thessaloniki. In May 1603 he was became judge in his place of birth, Istanbul.
First and last pages of Kemâleddin Efendi's translation of Al-Maqrizi's *Târîh-i Kaht-ı Mısır*
He was appointed to the Anatolian kazasker in Cemâziyelevvel 1012 (October 1603) and went to Hungary with the army. He was given the Gallipoli country as an estate in 1612. In October 1615 he became Rumelia kazasker for the second time. He remained in this position until April 1617. In January 1621 he was again named kazasker of Rumelia. During his third appointment in Rumelia, he gave a fatwa that was criticized.
Work
----
Kemâleddin Efendi produced and translated many works, some in Arabic. He translated and expanded with additions his father's work and printed the first Ottoman Encyclopedia, *Mevzuatii l-ulum*.
Among his other works there are the translations of *Risale-i Hüseyin Vâiz* and *Hadith-i Erbaîn*, written in verse and prose. They are in a uniform style and have annotations. He also produced *Kasîde-i Bür' e Tahmî* and *Sûre-i Kehf*. Another work, the *Târîh-i Sâf* is often attributed to him, however, it was actually produced by another author.
Kemaleddin had five sons. He taught his son-in-law Abdullah Efendi, who got a mulazam [*further explanation needed*] from Ebussuud Efendi. |
Members of the Volunteer Defence Corps training with a 3.7 Inch anti-aircraft gun emplaced on Kensington Golf Links in Sydney during May 1943
The following is a **list of anti-aircraft defences of Australia during World War II**. Prior to the war Australia possessed only very limited air defences. However, by late-1942 an extensive anti-aircraft defence organisation had been developed, with anti-aircraft batteries in place around all the major cities as well as the key towns in northern Australia. A total of two Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) regiments, 32 static HAA batteries, 11 Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) regiments, 16 independent LAA batteries, three anti-aircraft training regiments and one anti-aircraft training battery were formed. These units were equipped with a range of weapon systems including 3.7 inch anti-aircraft guns and 40 mm Bofors guns. In addition six American anti-aircraft battalions were stationed in Australia, operating in Fremantle, Darwin, Townsville, and Brisbane.
A number of anti-aircraft batteries were subsequently involved in dealing with the threat of Japanese air raids against northern Australia during 1942 and 1943, shooting down 29 enemy aircraft, probably destroying another 27 aircraft and damaging 32 between January 1942 and the end of 1943. Batteries in New Guinea also saw extensive action. However, as the war progressed and the threat from Japanese aircraft subsided, the manning of anti-aircraft defences in Australia was reduced to release manpower for other branches of the Army and for industry, and was increasingly taken over by Australian Women's Army Service or Volunteer Defence Corps personnel. Most batteries were disbanded between mid-1944 to late 1945.
New South Wales
---------------
* Sydney AA Group
+ 103rd HAA Regiment
+ 108th, 110th and 111th LAA Regiments
+ 1st, 7th, 9th, 15th, 20th and 25th AA Batteries
* Newcastle AA Group
+ 3rd, 7th and 18th AA Batteries
+ 22nd LAA Battery
* Kembla AA Group
+ 8th AA Battery
+ 221st LAA Battery
Victoria
--------
* Melbourne AA Group
+ 112th LAA Regiment
+ 10th, 11th and 30th AA Batteries
Queensland
----------
* South Queensland AA Group
+ 2/2nd HAA Regiment
+ 113th and 114th LAA Regiments
+ 6th, 38th AA Batteries
* North Queensland AA Group
+ 34th, 35th, 36th and 37th AA Batteries
+ 223rd, 224th and 226th LAA Batteries
South Australia
---------------
* 12th and 26th AA Batteries
Western Australia
-----------------
* Fremantle AA Group
+ 2/3rd, 109th and 116th LAA Regiments
+ 4th, 5th and 29th AA Batteries
+ 66 SL Battery
Tasmania
--------
* 13th AA Battery
Northern Territory
------------------
* Darwin AA Group
+ 2/1st LAA Regiment
+ 2nd, 14th and 22nd AA Batteries
+ 225th and 233rd LAA Batteries
New Guinea
----------
* Port Moresby AA Group
+ 23rd and 32nd AA Batteries
+ 2/4th HAA Battery
+ 2/7th, 234th and 156th LAA Batteries
* Milne Bay AA Group
+ 33rd, 23rd (det) AA Batteries |
Overview of Book of Mormon anachronisms
| |
| --- |
| Part of a series on the |
| Book of Mormon |
| |
| Origin
* Cumorah
* Golden plates
* Joseph Smith
* Emma Smith
* Oliver Cowdery
* Sidney Rigdon
* David Whitmer
* Martin Harris
* Lucy Harris
* Book of Mormon witnesses
+ Three Witnesses
+ Eight Witnesses
* Spalding–Rigdon theory
|
| Peoples
* Jaredites
* Nephites
+ Amalekites
+ Amlicites
+ Zoramites
* Lamanites
+ Anti-Nephi-Lehies
* Amulonites
|
| Persons
* Aaron
* Abinadi
* Abish
* Ammon
* Angel Moroni
* Alma the Elder
* Alma the Younger
* Akish
* Amaleki (scribe)
* Amaleki (explorer)
* Amalickiah
* Aminadab
* Ammoron
* Ammah
* Amulek
* Brother of Jared
* Captain Moroni
* Cezoram
* Coriantumr (last Jaredite king)
* Coriantumr (Nephite dissenter)
* Coriantumr (son of Omer)
* Enos
* Ether
* Gazelem
* Gideon
* Helaman
* Ishmael
* Jacob
* Jared
* Jaredite kings
* Joseph
* King Benjamin
* King Noah
* King Mosiah I
* King Mosiah II
* Laban
* Lachoneus
* Laman and Lemuel
* Lamoni
* Lehi
* Limhi
* Mormon
* Moroni
* Moron
* Moronihah
* Mulek
* Nephi
* Nehor
* Omner
* Omni
* Paanchi
* Sam
* Sariah
* Samuel the Lamanite
* Shiz
* Teancum
* Three Nephites
* Zedekiah
* Zeezrom
* Zeram, Amnor, Manti, and Limher
* Zeniff
* Zenock
|
| Books
* First Nephi
* Second Nephi
* Book of Jacob
* Book of Enos
* Book of Jarom
* Book of Omni
* Words of Mormon
* Book of Mosiah
* Book of Alma
* Book of Helaman
* Third Nephi
* Fourth Nephi
* Book of Mormon
* Book of Ether
* Book of Moroni
|
| Geography
* List
* Ammonihah
* Angola
* Ani-Anti
* Antiparah
* Bountiful
* Cumeni
* Cumorah
* Jershon
* Moron
* Nahom
* River Sidon
* Valley of Alma
* Valley of Nimrod
* Waters of Mormon
* Zarahemla
|
| Analysis
* Anachronisms
* Archaeology
* Book of Mormon and the King James Bible
* Criticism
* Historical authenticity
* Genetics
* Killing of Laban
* Linguistics
* Limited geography model
* Mosiah priority
|
| Objects
* Liahona
* Plates of Nephi
* Rameumptom
* Record of the Nephites
|
| Adaptations
* List of Book of Mormon Videos
* *How Rare a Possession*
* *The Book of Mormon Movie*
* *Passage to Zarahemla*
* Translations
|
| Other
* Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site
* Curelom and cumom
* Deseret
* Engraved metal plates
* Gadianton robbers
* Lost 116 pages
* Monetary system
* Native Americans and Mormonism
* Pacific Islanders and Mormonism
* Skin color and Mormonism
* Urim and Thummim
* Reformed Egyptian
* Record of Zeniff
* Great and abominable church
* Secret combination
* Solomon Chamberlin
* Tree of life vision
* Two thousand stripling warriors
|
| * Outline of the Book of Mormon
|
| * v
* t
* e
|
A page from the original manuscript of the Book of Mormon, covering 1 Nephi 4:38- 5:14
There are a number of words and phrases in the Book of Mormon that are anachronistic—their existence in the text of the Book of Mormon contradicts known linguistic patterns or archaeological findings.
Each of the anachronisms is a word, phrase, artifact, or other concept that did not exist in the Americas during the time period in which the Book of Mormon claims to have been written.
The list below summarizes the most prominent anachronisms, as well as perspectives of Latter Day Saint scholars and common apologetic rebuttals.
Background
----------
According to Joseph Smith, the Book of Mormon was originally engraved on golden plates, which he received in 1827 from an angel named Moroni, whom Smith identified as a resurrected former inhabitant of the American continent. Smith claimed to translate the original text of the plates into English; the book says that a portion of the text was written on the plates in "reformed Egyptian".
The Book of Mormon is said to have taken place somewhere in the Americas from c. 2500 BC to 420 AD, thus placing its events within the pre-Columbian era.
Mainstream scholarly consensus is that the book was created in the 19th century by Smith with the resources available to him, including the standard English translation of the Bible at the time, the King James Version (KJV). No manuscripts in the claimed original language of the Book of Mormon exist. No manuscripts or plates containing text similar to Egyptian or Hebrew have ever been discovered. There is a wide consensus that the archaeological record does not support the historicity of the Book of Mormon, and rather directly contradicts it.
Smith stated that "the Book of Mormon is the most correct of any book on Earth", a claim repeated in modern introductions to the book. Modern apologists affirm that "when Joseph Smith referred to the Book of Mormon as the 'most correct book' on earth, he was referring to the principles that it teaches, not the accuracy of its textual structure", and therefore readers should not expect it to be "without any errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, clarity of phrasing, [or] other such ways." Indeed, the original title page of the Book of Mormon claims that "if there are faults [in the book] they are the mistakes of men".
Latter Day Saint scholars and apologists who know about the anachronisms have tried to address them as not disconfirming to their faith. Depending on the anachronism in question, apologists attempt to: establish parallels to currently known ancient cultures, technologies, plants or animals; reframe the usage of individual words in question; question assumptions that may lead to an apparent anachronism; or point out that it is not known exactly where the Book of Mormon actually took place (and so supporting evidence simply remains to be found - see Limited geography model).
Historical anachronisms
-----------------------
### Quoting Isaiah
Further information: Book of Isaiah
Book of Mormon prophets quote chapters 48 through 54 of the Book of Isaiah after having left Jerusalem around 600 BC. Since Isaiah died around 698 BC, under traditional biblical belief, there would be no conflict. However, the evidence indicates that these chapters were not written by Isaiah, but rather by one or more other people during the Babylonian captivity, sometime between 586 and 538 BC (between 14 and 82 years after it could have been known to the Book of Mormon prophets). The few Mormons who know about this fact and still believe in the Book of Mormon has ancient provenance necessarily rely on the hold-out conservative Biblical scholars that still assert, contrary to the evidence, that Isaiah authored the entire book.
### Baptism
Baptism is mentioned as a ritual that is taught and performed among the Nephite civilization, with its first mention being taught by Nephi between 559 and 545 BC. Research by Everett Ferguson (2009) has concluded that "the date for the origin of proselyte baptism cannot be determined." The Babylonian captivity occurred subsequent to the departure of the Lehites recounted in the Book of Mormon.
Both Christian and Rabbinic baptism is rooted in the washings in Leviticus, which traditional Biblical timelines date to approximately 1445 BC although current texts are considered to date from the Persian period, which began about 539 BC. A practice similar to baptism is known to have been practiced by the Jewish Essenes between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD. The Jewish Encyclopedia written in 1906 compares Christian baptism to ancient Jewish purification and initiation rites involving immersion in water, and states that "Baptism was practised in ancient (Hasidean or Essene) Judaism".
### Dating of known historical events
The Book of Mormon chronology accounts for 600 years from the time that Lehi "came out" of Jerusalem to the birth of Jesus Christ, which contradicts the timing of known historical events. Lehi is said to have left Jerusalem in the first year of the reign of Zedekiah, which occurred in 597 BC. The date of birth of Jesus was no later than 4 BC, based on the Bible stating that it occurred during the reign of Herod the Great, who died in 4 BC.
Flora and fauna anachronisms
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See also: Archaeology and the Book of Mormon
### Horses
See also: Quaternary extinction event
There are several instances where horses are mentioned in the Book of Mormon, and are portrayed as being in the forest upon first arrival of the Nephites, "raise(d)", "fed", "prepared" (in conjunction with chariots), used for food, and being "useful unto man". There is no evidence that horses existed on the American continent during the time frame of the Book of Mormon. While there were horses in North America during the Pleistocene, and modern horses partly evolved in the Americas, fossil records show that they became extinct on the American continent approximately 10,000 years ago. Horses did not reappear in the Americas until the Spaniards brought them from Europe. They were brought to the Caribbean by Christopher Columbus in 1493, and to the American continent by Hernán Cortés in 1519. At this point then there is no convincing evidence that the horse survived until the period of the Mesoamerican civilizations.
Others, such as John L. Sorenson, believe that the word "horse" in the Book of Mormon does not refer to members of the genus *Equus* but instead to other animals such as deer or tapirs.
### Elephants
Elephants are mentioned in the Book of Ether. There is no evidence of elephants in the Americas during times associated with the Book of Mormon.
Elephants are mentioned twice in a single verse in the Book of Ether and are indicated to be at least semi-domesticated. Mastodons and mammoths lived in the New World during the Pleistocene and the very early Holocene with a disappearance of the Mastodon from North America about 10,500 years ago where recent eDNA research of sediments indicates mammoths survived in north central Siberia at least as late as 2000 BC, in continental northeast Siberia until at least 5300 BC, and until at least 6600 BC in North America. The fossil record indicates that they became extinct along with most of the megafauna towards the end of the last glacial period. The source of this extinction, known as the Holocene extinction is speculated to be the result of human predation, a significant climate change, or a combination of both factors. It is known that a small population of mammoths survived on Saint Paul Island, Alaska, up until 5725 BP (3705 BC), but this date is more than 1000 years before the Jaredite record in the Book of Mormon begins.
The main point of contention is how late these animals were present in the Americas before becoming extinct, with Mormon authors asserting that a population island of these animals continued to exist into Jaredite times.
### Cattle and cows
There are four separate instances of "cows" or "cattle" in the New World in the Book of Mormon, including verbiage that they were "raise(d)" and were "for the use of man" or "useful for the food of man." There is no evidence that Old World cattle (members of the genus *Bos*) inhabited the New World prior to European contact in the 16th century AD.
#### Apologist perspective
Apologists have also argued that the term "cattle" may be more generic than suggesting members of the genus *Bos*, and may have referred to bison, mountain goats, llamas, or other American species. (For example, Enos in the Book of Mormon tells that the Nephites raised "flocks of all manner of cattle of every kind".)[*non-primary source needed*] However, no species of bison is known to have been domesticated.
### Goats
Brocket deer
There are four mentions of the existence of goats in the Book of Mormon. The Jaredites noted goats "were useful for the food of man" (approximately 2300 BC), the Nephites did "find" "the goat and the wild goat" upon arrival (approximately 589 BC) and later "raise(d)" "goats and wild goats" (approximately 500 BC), and the goat was mentioned allegorically (approximately 80 BC).
Domesticated goats are not native to the Americas, having been domesticated in prehistoric times on the Eurasian continent. Domesticated goats are believed to have been introduced on the American continent upon the arrival of the Europeans in the 15th century,[] 1000 years after the conclusion of the Book of Mormon, and nearly 2000 years after they are last mentioned in the Book of Mormon. The mountain goat is indigenous to North America and has been hunted, and the fleece used for clothing. However it has never been domesticated, and is known for being aggressive towards humans.
#### Apologist perspective
Matthew Roper, a FARMS writer, discussed the topic of goats in his article, "Deer as 'Goat' and Pre-Columbian Domesticate". He noted that when early Spanish explorers visited the southeastern United States they found Native Americans herding tame deer:
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> In all these regions they visited, the Spaniards noticed herds of deer similar to our herds of cattle. These deer bring forth and nourish their young in the houses of the natives. During the daytime they wander freely through the woods in search of their food, and in the evening they come back to their little ones, who have been cared for, allowing themselves to be shut up in the courtyards and even to be milked, when they have suckled their fawns. The only milk the natives know is that of the does, from which they make cheese.
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Roper based his arguments on anecdotes from early Spanish colonists which called native Mesoamerican brocket deer goats: "Friar Diego de Landa noted, 'There are wild goats which the Indians call yuc.'" He quoted another friar in the late 16th century, "in Yucatán 'there are in that province ... great numbers of deer, and small goats'".
Yale anthropologist Marion Schwartz noted that in the Americas "The white-tailed deer is a good example of an animal whose solitary behavior precludes its domestication even though it prefers to live in areas that people have opened up. Deer have been tamed and herded but not truly domesticated."
### Swine
A collared peccary
"Swine" are referred to twice in the Book of Mormon, and states that the swine were "useful for the food of man" among the Jaredites. There have not been any remains, references, artwork, tools, or any other evidence suggesting that swine were ever present in the pre-Columbian New World.
#### Apologist perspective
Apologists note that peccaries (also known as javelinas), which bear a superficial resemblance to pigs and are in the same subfamily Suinae as swine, have been present in South America since prehistoric times. Mormon authors advocating the mound-builder setting for the Book of Mormon have similarly suggested North American peccaries (also called "wild pigs") as the "swine" of the Jaredites. The earliest scientific description of peccaries in the New World is in Brazil in 1547 and referred to them as "wild pigs".
Though it has not been documented that peccaries were bred in captivity, it has been documented that peccaries were tamed, penned, and raised for food and ritual purposes in the Yucatan, Panama, the southern Caribbean, and Colombia at the time of the Conquest. Archaeological remains of peccaries have been found in Mesoamerica from the Preclassic (or Formative) period up until immediately before Spanish contact. Specifically, peccary remains have been found at Early Formative Olmec civilization sites, which civilization is thought by some Mormon apologists to correlate to the Jaredites.[]
### Barley and wheat
Barley
Grains are mentioned 28 times in the Book of Mormon, including "barley" and "wheat". The introduction of domesticated modern barley and wheat to the New World was made by Europeans sometime after 1492, many centuries after the time in which the Book of Mormon is set.
#### Apologist perspective
FARMS scholar Robert Bennett offered two possible explanations for this anachronism:
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> Research on this matter supports two possible explanations. First, the terms barley and wheat, as used in the Book of Mormon, may refer to certain other New World crop plants that were given Old World designations; and second, the terms may refer to genuine varieties of New World barley and wheat. For example, the Spanish called the fruit of the prickly pear cactus a "fig," and emigrants from England called maize "corn," an English term referring to grains in general. A similar practice may have been employed when Book of Mormon people encountered New World plant species for the first time.
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Bennett also postulates that references to "barley" could refer to *Hordeum pusillum*, also known as "little barley", a species of grass native to the Americas. The seeds are edible, and this plant was part of the pre-Columbian Eastern Agricultural Complex of cultivated plants used by Native Americans. *Hordeum pusillum* was unknown in Mesoamerica, where there is no evidence of pre-Columbian barley cultivation. Evidence exists that this plant was cultivated in North America in the Woodland periods contemporary with mound-builder societies (early centuries AD) and has been carbon-dated to 2,500 years ago, although it is questionable whether it was ever domesticated. Little barley samples that date to 900 AD were also found in Phoenix, Arizona, and samples from Southern Illinois date between 1 and 900 AD.
Technology anachronisms
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See also: Archaeology and the Book of Mormon and Obsidian use in Mesoamerica
### Chariots
Inca road in Peru
The Book of Mormon mentions the presence of "chariots" in three instances, in two instances (both around 90 BC at the same location) inferring them as a mode of transportation. There is no archaeological evidence to support the use of wheeled vehicles in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Many parts of ancient Mesoamerica were not suitable for wheeled transport. Clark Wissler, the Curator of Ethnography at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, noted: "we see that the prevailing mode of land transport in the New World was by human carrier. The wheel was unknown in pre-Columbian times."
#### Apologist perspective
Wheels were used in a limited context in Mesoamerica for what were probably ritual objects, "small clay animal effigies mounted on wheels." Richard Diehl and Margaret Mandeville have documented the archaeological discovery of wheeled toys in Teotihuacan, Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, and Panuco in Mesoamerica. Some of these wheeled toys were referred to by Smithsonian archaeologist William Henry Holmes and archaeologist Désiré Charnay as "chariots". While these items establish that the concept of the wheel was known in ancient Mesoamerica, lack of suitable draft animals and a terrain unsuitable for wheeled traffic are the probable reasons that wheeled transport was never developed."
A comparison of the South American Inca civilization to Mesoamerican civilizations shows the same lack of wheeled vehicles. Although the Incas used a vast network of paved roads, these roads are so rough, steep, and narrow that they were likely unsuitable for wheeled use.[] Bridges that the Inca people built, and even continue to use and maintain today in some remote areas, are straw-rope bridges so narrow (about 2–3 feet wide) that no wheeled vehicle can fit.[] Inca roads were used mainly by chaski message runners and llama caravans. Mayan paved roads at Yucatan had characteristics which could allow the use of wheeled vehicles, but there is no evidence that those highways were used other than by people on foot and nobles who were borne on litters.
One Mormon researcher responds to the lack of evidence with a comparison to biblical archaeology, suggesting that though there are no archaeological evidences that any of the numerous ancient American civilizations used wheeled transportation, few chariot fragments have been found in the Middle East dating to biblical times (apart from the disassembled chariots found in Tutankhamun's tomb). Although few fragments of chariots have been found in the Middle East, there are many images of ancient chariots on pottery and frescoes and in many sculptures of Mediterranean origin, thus confirming their existence in those societies.[] Chariots are absent in pre-Columbian frescoes, pottery and artwork found in the New World.
Referencing the discovery of wheeled chariot "toys" in Mayan funerary settings, Mormon scholar William J. Hamblin has suggested that the "chariots" mentioned in the Book of Mormon might refer to mythic or cultic wheeled vehicles.
Mormon scholar Brant Gardner has asserted that the Book of Mormon "chariot" may be a palanquin or litter vehicle, since the Book of Mormon makes no reference to the specific use of the wheel.
### Silk
A silkworm building its cocoon
The Book of Mormon mentions the use of "silk" in the New World four times. Most modern day commercial silk comes from the cocoon of one of several Asian moths, predominantly *Bombyx mori*; this type of silk was unknown in pre-Columbian America.
#### Apologist perspective
Mormon scholar John L. Sorenson documents several materials which were used in Mesoamerica to make fine cloth equivalent to silk, some of which the Spanish actually called "silk" upon their arrival, including the fiber (kapok) from the seed pods of the ceiba tree, the cocoons of wild moths, the fibers of silkgrass (*Achmea magdalenae*), the leaves of the wild pineapple plant, and the fine hair of the underbelly of rabbits. He alleges that the inhabitants of Mexico used the fiber spun by a wild silkworm to create a fabric.
The Aztecs, Mixtecs and Zapotecs used and traded a silk material taken from the large nests made by two indigenous insects, the moth *Eucheira socialis* and the butterfly *Gloveria* *psidii*. The nests were cut and pieced together to make a fabric, rather than extracting and weaving the fiber as in modern silk. Weaving of silk from what are thought to be the same insects has been reported in more recent times, though its use in pre-Columbian times has been debated.
### Compass
The Book of Mormon also states that a "compass" or "Liahona" was used by Nephi in the 6th-century BC. The compass is widely recognized to have been invented in China around 1100 AD, and remains of a compass have never been found in America. In the Book of Alma, Alma explains to his son that "our fathers called it Liahona, which is, being interpreted, a compass".
#### Apologist perspective
Apologists counter that Liahona was, according to the narrative, created by God, and not by the Nephites. Also, unlike a normal compass, the Book of Mormon says that there was also writing on the ball that displayed instructions from God, and there was no mention of any part of it pointing to a geographic point. Recent speculation has raised the possibility of the Liahona being a form of astrolabe which are indicated to have existed during Lehi's time frame.
### Windows
The Book of Mormon describes that the Jaredite people were familiar with the concept of "windows" near the time of the biblical Tower of Babel, and that they specifically avoided crafting windows for lighting in their covered seagoing vessels, because of fears that "they would be dashed in pieces" during the ocean voyage. Transparent window panes are a more recent invention, dating to the 11th century AD in Germany.
#### Apologist perspective
FairMormon, citing translations of the Bible, notes that 'the term "window" has been used to referred to an opening through which the wind could enter and which sometimes had doors or shutters (2 Kings 13:17) or lattices (Song of Solomon 2:9) and were not made of glass, so these parts of the window could be what is referred to as being "dashed to pieces". It is also suggested that the warning in Ether may have referred to the entire vessel being "dashed in pieces" if the structure was weakened by additional openings.
### Uses of metal
The Book of Mormon mentions a number of metals, and the use of metal.
#### "Dross"
The word "dross" appears twice in the Book of Alma, dross being a byproduct of smelting metals.
In the Americas, pre-Inca civilizations of the central Andes in Peru had mastered the smelting of copper and silver at least six centuries before the first Europeans arrived in the 16th century, while never mastering the smelting of metals such as iron for use with weapon-craft. Ice core studies in Bolivia suggest copper smelting may have begun as early as 2000 BCE.
#### Apologist perspective
Though Alma 34:29 specifically references dross as an item "which the refiners do cast out" apologists argue that it had taken on broader meaning than just a by-product of smelting. It can also mean "waste matter; refuse; any worthless matter separated from the better part; impure matter".
#### Steel and iron
Three instances of "steel" in the New World are mentioned in the Book of Mormon, one early amongst the Jaredites after their arrival around 2400 BC, one immediately after the Lehi party's arrival in the New World discussing Nephi's knowledge of steel at approximately 580 BC, and one occurrence amongst the Nephites around 400 BC. Four instances of "iron" in the New World are mentioned in the Book of Mormon, one amongst the Jaredites around 1000 BC, one immediately after the Lehi party's arrival in the New World discussing Nephi's knowledge of iron at approximately 580 BC, and two of occurrence amongst the Nephites, one around 400 BC and the other around 160 BC.
#### Apologist perspective
Between 2004 and 2007, a Purdue University archaeologist, Kevin J. Vaughn, discovered a 2000-year-old iron ore mine near Nazca, Peru; however there is no evidence of smelting, and the hematite was apparently used to make pigments. He noted:
> Even though ancient Andean people smelted some metals, such as copper, they never smelted iron like they did in the Old World .... Metals were used for a variety of tools in the Old World, such as weapons, while in the Americas, metals were used as prestige goods for the wealthy elite.
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An Olmec mining colony has been identified in the Cintalapa valley in Mexico. Among items excavated were partially worked blocks of ilmenite (a form of iron oxide) and magnetite (a magnetic iron oxide) and a fragment of an iron mirror, together with tools and San Lorenzo-style ceramics. These remains date to around 950 BC. Among the products produced from this material were Olmec mirrors which were formed from polished iron, beads, and figurines At the Olmec site of Las Bocas in Puebla, Mexico a particularly fine iron mosaic mirror was recovered and dated to around 1000 BC.
In the Old World, there were two forms of ancient steeling of iron that did not involve smelting. The first is achieved through quenching and the second through carburizing iron by heating, hammering, and folding the iron in the presence of charcoal.
Additionally, apologists counter that the word "steel" may be referring to another alloy of hardened metal such as the hardened copper alloy that is translated with the word "steel" in the KJV. This alloy is in fact a hardened copper similar to bronze and not hardened iron. In addition, the second incident of steel swords may actually be the original relic swords of Shule mentioned earlier in the book, as the copper breastplates are indicated to have no corrosion,
#### Metal swords
Aztec warriors brandishing maquahuitls
The Book of Mormon makes numerous references to "swords" and their use in battle. What the swords are made of is mostly ambiguous except for two instances involving the Jaredites. The first was an early battle (around 2400 BC) involving the king Shule which used "steel" swords. When the remnants of the Jaredite's abandoned cities were discovered (around 120 BC), the Book of Mormon narrative states that some swords were brought back "the hilts thereof have perished, and the blades thereof were cankered with rust", suggesting that these swords had metal blades.
#### Apologist perspective
Though usually more resistant to oxidation than iron, copper alloys are susceptible to bronze disease in humid conditions and hardened alloys of copper can oxidize[]. It is therefore not certain that the mention of "rust" is a reference to iron oxide.
Some studies have shown that metallurgy did exist in a primitive state in Mesoamerica during the Preclassic/Formative and Classic periods (which corresponds to the time period in the Book of Mormon). These metals include brass, iron ore, copper, silver, and gold. However, the metals were never used to make swords. The closest evidence to a pre-Columbian metal blade on Mesoamerica comes from the Maya, but those artifacts were not swords, but small copper axes used as tools.
#### Cimeters
"Cimeters" are mentioned in eight instances in the Book of Mormon stretching from approximately 500 BC to 51 BC. Critics argue this existed hundreds of years before the term "scimitar" was coined. The word "cimiter" is considered an anachronism since the word was never used by the Hebrews (from which some of the Book of Mormon peoples came) or any other civilization prior to 450 AD and because metal swords are not found in the Americas in the Book of Mormon timeframe. The word 'cimeterre' is found in the 1661 English dictionary Glossographia and is defined as "a crooked sword" and was part of the English language at the time that the Book of Mormon was translated. In the 7th century, scimitars generally first appeared among the Turko-Mongol nomads of Central Asia.
#### Apologist perspective
Apologists, including Michael R. Ash, and William Hamblin of FAIR, note that the Book of Mormon does not mention the materials that the "cimiters" were made out of, and postulate that the word was chosen by Joseph Smith as the closest workable English word for the weapon used by the Nephites that was not made of metal, and was short and curved. Mormon scholar Matthew Roper has noted there are a variety of weapons with curved blades found in Mesoamerica.
Also, a possible correlate to the scimitar may be the sickle sword of ancient Egypt known as the khopesh, which was used from 3000 BC and is found on the Rosetta Stone dated to 196 BC. Eannatum, the king of Lagash, is shown on a Sumerian stele from 2500 BC equipped with a sickle sword.
#### System of exchange based on measures of grain using precious metals as a standard
The Book of Mormon details a system of measures used by the Nephite society described therein. However, the overall use of metal in ancient America seems to have been extremely limited. A more common exchange medium in Mesoamerica were cacao beans.
Linguistic anachronisms
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### Knowledge of a modified Hebrew and reformed Egyptian languages
See also: Linguistics and the Book of Mormon, Limited Geography Model (Book of Mormon), and Reformed Egyptian
Photograph of the document known as the *Caractors document*, with reformed Egyptian symbols
The Book of Mormon account refers to various groups of literate peoples, at least one of which is described as using a language and writing system with roots in Hebrew and Egyptian. Fifteen examples of distinct scripts have been identified in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, many from a single inscription. Archaeological dating methods make it difficult to establish which was earliest (and hence the forebear from which the others developed) and a significant portion of the documented scripts have not been deciphered. None of the documented Mesoamerican language scripts have any relation to Hebrew or Egyptian. The Book of Mormon describes another literate culture, the Jaredites, but does not identify the language or writing system by name. The text that describes the Jaredites (Book of Ether) refers only to a language used prior to the alleged confounding of languages at the great tower, presumably a reference to the Tower of Babel.
Linguistic studies on the evolution of the spoken languages of the Americas agree with the widely held model that the initial colonization of the Americas by *Homo sapiens* occurred over 10,000 years ago.
### Apologist perspective
FairMormon apologists argue that the Book of Mormon does not describe all of the original settlers of the Americas, but rather a subset of the larger population, who settled in a limited geographical setting. Thus, their language and writing may have had little to no impact on the culture of the rest of the population.
### "Christ" and "Messiah"
The words "Christ" and "Messiah" are used several hundred times throughout the Book of Mormon. The first instance of the word "Christ" in the Book of Mormon dates to between 559 and 545 BC. The first instance of the word "Messiah" dates to about 600 BC.
"Christ" is the English transliteration of the Greek word Χριστός (transliterated precisely as Christós); it is relatively synonymous with the Hebrew word rendered "Messiah" (Hebrew: מָשִׁיחַ, Modern: **Mashiaẖ**, Tiberian: **Māšîăḥ**). Both words have the meaning of "anointed", and are used in the Bible to refer to "the Anointed One". In Greek translations of the Old Testament (including the Septuagint), the word "Christ" is used for the Hebrew "Messiah", and in Hebrew translations of the New Testament, the word "Messiah" is used for the Greek "Christ". Any usage in the Bible of the word "Christ" can be alternately translated as "Messiah" with no change in meaning (e.g. Matthew 1:1, 16, 18). The word "Christ" is found in English dictionaries at the time of the translation of the plates so was not considered an exclusively Greek word at that time.
The Book of Mormon uses both terms throughout the book. In the vast majority of cases, it uses the terms in an identical manner as the Bible, where it does not matter which word is used:
> And now, my sons, remember, remember that it is upon the rock of our Redeemer, who is Christ, the Son of God, that ye must build your foundation; that when the devil shall send forth his mighty winds, yea, his shafts in the whirlwind, yea, when all his hail and his mighty storm shall beat upon you, it shall have no power over you to drag you down to the gulf of misery and endless wo, because of the rock upon which ye are built, which is a sure foundation, a foundation whereon if men build they cannot fall. (Helaman 5:12)
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> And after he had baptized the Messiah with water, he should behold and bear record that he had baptized the Lamb of God, who should take away the sins of the world. (1 Nephi 10:10)
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The Book of Mormon occasionally uses the word "Christ" in a way that is not interchangeable with "Messiah". For example, in 2 Nephi 10:3, the Book of Mormon prophet Jacob says an angel informed him that the name of the Messiah would be Christ:
> Wherefore, as I said unto you, it must needs be expedient that Christ—for in the last night the angel spake unto me that this should be his name—should come among the Jews (2 Nephi 10:3)
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The word "Messiah" is used in the text before this point, but from this point on the word "Christ" is used almost exclusively.[]
Richard Packham argues that the Greek word "Christ" in the Book of Mormon challenges the authenticity of the work since Joseph Smith clearly stated that, "There was no Greek or Latin upon the plates from which I, through the grace of the Lord, translated the Book of Mormon."
#### Apologist perspective
The Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research states that the word "Christ" is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word "Messiah" and that Smith simply chose the more familiar Greek word to translate the word that appeared in the language of the plates.
Hugh Nibley postulated that the word "Messiah" could have been derived from Arabic rather than Hebrew, although Arabic is not mentioned as one of the languages in which the golden plates were written.
### Greek names
Joseph Smith stated in a letter to the editor of *Times and Seasons*, "There was no Greek or Latin upon the plates from which I, through the grace of the Lord, translated the Book of Mormon." The Book of Mormon contains some names which appear to be Greek, some of which are Hellenizations of Hebrew names (e.g. Antipas, Archeantus, Esrom, Ezias, Jonas, Judea, Lachoneus, and Zenos).
### "Church" and "synagogue"
The word "church" first occurs in 1 Nephi 4:26, where a prophet named Nephi disguises himself as Laban, a prominent man in Jerusalem whom Nephi had slain:
> And he [Laban's servant], supposing that I spake of the brethren of the church, and that I was truly that Laban whom I had slain, wherefore he did follow me (1 Nephi 4:26).
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According to the Book of Mormon, this exchange happened in Jerusalem, around 600 BC. The meaning of the word "church" in the Book of Mormon is more comparable to usage in the KJV than modern English. Aside from its extensive use throughout the New Testament, the sense of *a convocation of believers* can be attached to certain wordings in the Old Testament For instance, Psalms 89:5 speaks of praising the Lord "in the congregation of the saints"; the Septuagint contains the Greek word "ecclesia" for "congregation", which is also translated as "church" in the New Testament.
A similar question regards the word "synagogue", found in Alma 16:13:
> And Alma and Amulek went forth preaching repentance to the people in their temples, and in their sanctuaries, and also in their synagogues, which were built after the manner of the Jews (Alma 16:13).
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Scholars note that synagogues did not exist in their modern form before the destruction of the temple and the Babylonian captivity. The oldest known synagogue is located in Delos, Greece, and has been dated to 150 BC. References to synagogues have been found in Egypt as early as the 3rd Century BC.
### The name "Sam" as an anachronism
Critics Jerald and Sandra Tanner and Marvin W. Cowan contend that certain linguistic properties of the Book of Mormon provide evidence that the book was fabricated by Joseph Smith.
These critics cite as a linguistic anachronism the Americanized name "Sam" (1 Nephi 2:5,17).
#### Apologist perspective
Apologists assert that it is potentially a hypocoristicon from Samuel representing the common Semitic vocable *šm* and would most likely mean "the name", "Name", or even "descendant/offspring" among other Near Eastern linguistic possibilities. Gee, Roper and Tvedtnes report that the name "Sam" is found on a bronze ring-mounted seal dated in the 7th century BC. They also note that the name "Samuel" in Hebrew is a combination of two words—*Shem* and *El*. In early Hebrew, the same letter was used for "s" and "sh" and vowels were not specified. Judges 12:6 demonstrates that the tribe of Joseph pronounced the letter that Shem began with as "s".
### The name "Isabel" as an anachronism
The name Isabel appears in the Book of Mormon at Alma 39:3. According to the Book of Mormon, Isabel lived about 74 BC. Isabel is a female name of Spanish origin. It originates as the medieval Spanish form of Elisabeth (ultimately Hebrew Elisheva). The name arose in the 12th century AD well after the Isabel in the Book of Mormon.
King James's translation
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See also: The Book of Mormon and the King James Bible
A significant portion of the Book of Mormon quotes from the brass plates, which purport to be another source of Old Testament writings mirroring those of the Bible. In many cases, the biblical quotations in the English-language Book of Mormon, are close, or identical to the equivalent sections of the KJV. Critics consider several Book of Mormon anachronisms to originate in the KJV.
### "All the ships of the sea, and upon all the ships of Tarshish"
Isaiah 2:16 is quoted in the Book of Mormon 2 Nephi 12:16, but includes a mistranslated line from the Septuagint, where the word Tarshish was mistaken for a similar Greek word for "sea" (*THARSES* and *THALASSES*). Furthermore, the added line in the Book of Mormon disrupts the synonymous parallelisms in the poetic structure of the section. As the error appeared in Septuagint the 3rd century BCE this is anachronistic to the 6th century BCE setting of 2 Nephi.
Translations of Isaiah 2:16| Book of Mormon | King James Version | Septuagint |
| --- | --- | --- |
| And upon all the ships of the sea,and upon all the ships of Tarshishand upon all pleasant pictures. | And upon all the ships of Tarshishand upon all pleasant pictures. | And upon every ship of the sea,and upon every display of fine ships. |
The Septuagint version of the verse was discussed in numerous readily available Bible commentaries in the 1820s, including ones by Adam Clarke and John Wesley.
### "Satyr"
In 2 Nephi 23:21, the Book of Mormon quotes Isaiah 13:21, which mentions a "satyr". Satyrs are creatures from Greek mythology, which are half-man, half-goat. The KJV translates Isaiah 34:14 thus:
The wild beasts of the desert shall also meet with the wild beasts of the island, and the satyr shall cry to his fellow; the screech owl also shall rest there, and find for herself a place of rest. ("וְרָבְצוּ־שָׁם צִיִּים וּמָלְאוּ בָתֵּיהֶם אֹחִים וְשָׁכְנוּ שָׁם בְּנֹות יַֽעֲנָה **וּשְׂעִירִים** יְרַקְּדוּ־")
Other English-language versions of the Bible, including the New International Version, translate the word שעיר (sa`iyr) as "wild goat"; other translations include "monkey" and "dancing devil".
### New Testament anachronisms
The Book of Mormon has 441 phrases that are seven words or longer that appear in the King James Version of the New Testament demonstrating that the Book of Mormon postdates the 1611 King James Translation of the Bible. This is problematic both because the authors of the New Testament and Book of Mormon were geographically separate, and in instances where the portions of the New Testament were quoted hundreds of years earlier. Extended quoted sections include portions of Mark 16, Acts 3, 1 Corinthians 12-13, and 1 John 3. Specific derivative sections include:
* Moroni's discourse on faith (Ether 12) is derived from the Epistle to the Hebrews (Hebrews 11).
* Alma chapter 7 and 13 discussion on Melchizedek shows reliance on Hebrews 7.
* The longer ending of Mark is almost universally rejected by scholars as not being original to the text, but is quoted in the Book of Mormon (Ether 4:18, Mormon 9:22-24).
Doctrinal anachronisms
----------------------
### Anti-Universalist rhetoric
See also: Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement
Universalism, or the doctrine that all humanity would be saved, was a prominent theology that peaked in popularity in the northeastern United States in the 1820s and 1830s. The Book of Mormon contains a number of sermons and passages that use anti-Universalist religious arguments common to that time and place, not known to have occurred in any ancient American setting. The existence of 19th century anti-Universalist arguments and rhetoric in the Book of Mormon has been pointed out as anachronistic by various scholars, including Fawn M. Brodie and Dan Vogel.
#### Apologist perspective
Terryl Givens argues that because Book of Mormon prophets were miraculously shown the peoples of the 19th century, and the audience of the Book of Mormon was people in the 19th century, that Book of Mormon prophets would have been intimately familiar with anti-Universalist rhetoric and purposefully used it to convince modern-day readers.
### Satisfaction theory of atonement
The satisfaction theory of atonement was a medieval theological development, created to explain how God could be both merciful and just through an infinite atonement, and is not known to have appeared in any ancient American setting.
Sources
-------
* Abanes, Richard (2003). *One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church*. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56858-283-2.
* Coe, Michael D. (2002). *The Maya* (6th ed.). New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28066-9.
* Roberts, B. H. ed. (1902). *History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints*. Vol. 1. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News..
* Roberts, B. H. (1992). Brigham D. Madsen (ed.). *Studies of the Book of Mormon* (second ed.). Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
* Smith, Joseph (1838). "History of the Church, Ms. A–1 (LDS Church Archives, Salt Lake City)". In Jessee, Dean C (ed.). *Personal Writings of Joseph Smith*. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book (published 2002). ISBN 1-57345-787-6.
* Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1979). *The Changing World of Mormonism*. Moody Press. ISBN 978-0-8024-1234-8.
* Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1987). *Mormonism - Shadow or Reality?*. Utah Lighthouse Ministry. ISBN 978-99930-74-43-4. |
Ground attack aircraft during the Battle of Kursk
Type of military operation
An **air offensive** is a type of military operation conducted using aircrew, airborne and strategic missile troops to allow securing of war, campaign or operational initiative, air-space superiority or ensure defeat of enemy forces through use of air-delivered ordnance, or destruction of enemy air, ground and naval forces.
The air offensive can be conducted by the air forces independently, or in coordination with the Land and Naval Services within the scope of Combined Operations. In some countries the air offensive can be conducted by the ground forces using aviation assets such as troop carrier operations during the Second World War or the post-war use of helicopters.
Air offensives, also known as the aviation offensives in Russian, are sometimes referred to by their principal type of aircraft or missile as the Air superiority offensive such as the Luftwaffe Operation Adlerangriff, bombing air offensive such as the Anglo-American air offensive against Germany from 1943 until the German surrender in 1945, assault air offensive as exemplified by the operations during the Battle of Kursk, and air-assault offensive such as Operation Shiny Bayonet by the 1st Cavalry Division during the Vietnam War.
Air offensives tend to be strategic in nature, with one of the largest conducted was by the Red Army Air Force, commencing in August 1943, when some 10,000 aircraft took part in the support of the Kursk Strategic Defensive, Orel Strategic Counter-offensive (Operation Kutuzov), Belgorod-Kharkov Strategic Counter-offensive (Operation Rumyantsev), Smolensk Strategic Offensive (Operation Surorov), Donbass Strategic Offensive and Chernigov-Poltava Strategic Offensive Operations.
Ordinarily the air offensive consists of three phases: air preparation of the offensive (including intelligence preparation of the battlefield), immediate preparation for the offensive, and offensive support operations.
Sources
-------
* Allen, Matthew, *Military helicopter doctrines of the major powers, 1945-1992: making decisions about air-land warfare*, Greenwood Press, London, 1993
* Coleman, J.D. (Maj.), editor-in-chief, *The 1st Air Cavalry Division: Vietnam August 1965 to December 1969*, Dia Nippon Printing Company, Tokyo, 1970
* Jackson, Robert, *The Red Falcons: The Soviet Air Force in action 1919-1969*, Clifton Books, London, 1970
* Kozlov, M.M. Gen. of Army, Prof. editor-in-chief, *Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 encyclopaedia* (in Russian), Soviet Encyclopaedia, Moscow, 1985.
* Schlight, John, *Help from above: Air Force Close Air Support of the Army 1946-1973*, Air Force History and Museums Program, Washington D.C. 2003 |
Stone building in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Not to be confused with Corrour Lodge, which is elsewhere in Scotland.
Corrour Bothy in October 2009
**Corrour Bothy** is a simple stone building on Mar Lodge Estate, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
It is located below Coire Odhar between The Devil's Point and Cairn Toul on the western side of the River Dee in the Lairig Ghru.
The bothy is a single room with a fireplace and chimney in its northern gable. Its dimensions are 19.6 ft (6m) by 11.8 ft (3.6m) (Tait 2006). There is a toilet in the wooden extension to the building. It is used as a mountain refuge and as a starting point for ascents of Munros including The Devil's Point, Cairn Toul, and Braeriach.
Name
----
The name *Corrour* is used as a name for the locality as well as specifically as a name for the bothy itself, the name being derived from Coire Odhar according to Watson (1975), who continues:
> ... was named after the wide Coire Odhar or dun corrie, which stretches behind the bothy from The Devils Point round to Cairn Toul
>
> — (Watson 1975, p. 145)
In Watson (1975) the author gives the local pronunciation as *Corower*, but without explanation. However in Gordon (1948) the section "Hints on Gaelic pronunciation" appears to suggest the final-vowels of *Coire* (and corrie) are dropped to give *kor*, and that the *dh* in *Odhar* are silent because they follow a vowel—giving what sounds like *kor-Oar*, or like the *cor-ower* suggested in Watson (1975).
In spite of the earlier work Watson (1975) and his understanding of Gaelic—and its local dialect—Dixon & Green (1995) suggest an alternative origin for the place name as a shelter for the *currour*, or forester's assistant.
History
-------
In Watson (1975) the author writes that the people of mar used Coirie Odhar as a summer shieling for their cattle in the early part of the nineteenth century, but in the later part "the area was kept clear for deer".
### Deer watchers
The original bothy was built in 1877 to house a deer watcher during the summer, and it housed several including Charles Robertson, John Macintosh, and Frank Scott before the estate stopped using the bothy in the 1920s. In Gordon (1948) the author gives some detail about its occupation by deer watchers, continuing:
> The bothy on the opposite side of the Dee to the Tailors' Stone is known as the Corrour Bothy, receiving its name from the corrie behind it. In the lifetime of the Duke of Fife, a deer-stalker or deer-watcher lived in the bothy from July to October. When I first knew the Cairngorms an old watcher named Charles Robertson, a great character, inhabited the bothy, and was succeeded by John Macintosh
>
> — (Gordon 1948, p. 316)
An even earlier mention, from 1901, gives an account of passing Corrour Bothy:
> At mid-day we were abreast of Glen Geusachan, and Charlie Robertson saluted us from the door of his hut (Corrour) as we passed on the opposite side of the Dee. We thereafter made tracks across the glen, and, fording the Dee, prepared for the ascent of Cairn Toul
>
> — Skea (1901), p. 272
### Open bothy
Later in Watson (1975) the author writes that the last watcher at Corrour Bothy was Frank Scott who left in 1920. After then it then became a 'famous open bothy' with a visitor book being left there in 1928 by the Rucksack Club of University College, Dundee.
In 1949 the bothy was reconstructed by members of the Cairngorm Club, with help from a wide range of individuals and other mountaineering clubs (Taylor (1950), (Watson 1975), (Tait 2006)).
Archaeologically, the site is complicated: close to the bothy there are stones in the ground that appear to have formed part of some earlier construction, perhaps the remains of the summer shieling-huts. In Dixon & Green (1995) the authors write that they found "the remains of a hut with stone-footings, which is set into the grassy slope a short distance south-east of the present hut."
Present
-------
In Tait (2006) the author refers to the bothy's origin, its reconstruction in 1949 by the Cairngorm Club, and the fact that it is maintained by the Mountain Bothies Association. The subject of (Tait 2006) is the acquisition of full planning permission by the Mountain Bothies Association to add an extension to the bothy to house toilet facilities. A composting toilet has been installed in the extension at the south gable end of the bothy.
Gallery
-------
* Corrour Bothy Corrour Bothy
* Bridge over Dee at Corrour Bothy Bridge over Dee at Corrour Bothy
* The Dee near Corrour Bothy The Dee near Corrour Bothy
* Corrour Bothy Corrour Bothy
Sources
-------
* Dixon, P.J.; Green, S.T. (1995). *Mar Lodge Estate Grampian : An Archaeological Survey*. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, Edinburgh.
* Gordon, Seton (1948). *Highways and Byways in the Central Highlands*. MacMillan & Co. Ltd, London, England.
* Skea, William (1901). "Article title unknown". *Cairngorm Club Journal*. Aberdeen: Cairngorm Club (17).
* Tait, Andrew (2006). "Report On Called-In Planning" (PDF). Cairngorms National Park Authority.
* Taylor, G.A (1950). "The Reconstruction of Corrour Bothy". *Cairngorm Club Journal*. **XVI** (87).
* Watson, Adam (1975). *The Cairngorms*. Edinburgh: The Scottish Mountaineering Trust. |
Live music venue in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA
The **Hotel Café** is a live music venue located off an alley on the Cahuenga Boulevard strip in Hollywood, California, United States, that has become known for helping to establish the careers of new singer-songwriters in the 2000s. The venue began as a coffee shop, but has gained a reputation as an intimate performance space featuring acoustic-based songwriters, such as John Mayer, Adele, Brandy Norwood, Damien Rice, Anna Nalick, Sara Bareilles, Katy Perry, Ingrid Michaelson, Tony Lucca, Priscilla Ahn, Charlotte Martin, Emi Meyer, Laura Jansen and Meiko. The venue has become its own brand, with its Hotel Café Tour, a record label, and two albums, *Live at the Hotel Café, Volume 1*, and *The Hotel Café Presents...Winter Songs*, that are downloadable via the iTunes Store.
History
-------
When The Hotel Café opened in 2000, it operated as a coffee shop where singer-songwriters came to perform their material for small audiences. Co-owner Maximillian Mamikunian has noted that in the venue's early days, turning a profit was challenging, as the cafe's steamers and blenders could only be run between songs so as not to drown them out. Today, the venue's main room still has its five original elevated bar tables running along a hallway linking the front and back of the club, as well as six dinner tables set immediately in front of the stage. In 2004, the club acquired space next door and underwent expansion for eight months.
The Hotel continues to host live music seven nights a week, from touring national acts to up-and-coming locals. Past notable performances have included: Adele, Brandy Norwood, The Lumineers, Chris Martin of Coldplay, Mac Miller, Billie Eilish, Dave Chappelle, Haim, Bruno Mars, Lord Huron, Hozier, John Mayer, Mumford and Sons, Ray Lamontagne, Damien Rice, Katy Perry, Sara Bareilles, Ingrid Michaelson, Gary Clark Jr. Fitz and the Tantrums, Ed Sheeran, Pete Townshend, Laura Marling, Imogen Heap, Billy Corgan, Lucinda Williams, Leonard Cohen, Weezer, Alanis Morissette, Tenacious D, Bruno Mars, Sia and many others.
### Significant activity
Since 2004, the club has curated an annual group musical tour. Past featured artists have included Sara Bareilles, Meiko, Rachael Yamagata, Brooke Fraser, and many others. Most stops are in the United States, but past tours have also included performances in Norway and Switzerland.
In October 2008, The Hotel Cafe concluded talks with iTunes that paved the way for official *Live from The Hotel Café* downloads that debuted the following month. Also in October of the same year, an album of four Hotel Café regulars was featured and offered for sale at over 2,100 Starbucks locations. The club's eponymous record label has seen success with *The Hotel Café Presents...Winter Songs* and *Live at the Hotel Café, Volume 1.* Other artists, including Matt Hires, have recorded live albums at the club under other record labels. John Mayer has also played surprise shows at the cafe and has tried out new songs before their album release.
The Hotel Café's website, like the venue itself, has served as a source for new artists to be tapped by music enthusiasts and industry professionals alike. *Grey's Anatomy* music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas has used both the website and club itself as sources for discovering artists and songs she uses on the show. Meiko, an artist who hit the No. 1 folk spot on iTunes in August 2008, was discovered by Patsavas via The Hotel Café, as was the English singer-songwriter Adele. Another artist favored by Patsavas for use on *Grey's Anatomy*, Greg Laswell, has praised the club for its "rare" environment and has become one of its regulars. |
***The Michigan Every Three Weekly***, also known simply as ***The Every Three Weekly***, is a student publication at the University of Michigan modeled after the satirical news publication *The Onion*. Named as an homage to student newspaper *The Michigan Daily*, *The Every Three Weekly* contains fictional news articles that satirize local, national, and international events and public figures. *The Every Three Weekly* is funded by the University of Michigan's University Activities Center and began regular publication in 1999.
History
-------
*The Every Three Weekly* was started by a group of engineering students at the University of Michigan. In what they felt was a lack of observational humor concerning the university, they developed the newspaper in hopes that it would find like-minded readers.
In fall 2014, the "Every Three Weekly" launched its first regular spin-off format, "The Click House," which is intended as a parody of websites like BuzzFeed and Upworthy. It is modeled after The Onion's spin-off, ClickHole.
Regular features
----------------
Regular features of the publication include but are not limited to:
* National News
* Campus News
* World News
* Campus Voices
* Opinion
* Around the Nation
* The Click House (in the style of *The Onion'*s ClickHole)
* The Infograph
* Backcover Story or Infographic
Notoriety
---------
The paper is a favorite among students on campus. In 2014 and 2015, "The Every Three Weekly" was named "Best Overall Literary Publication" in the University of Michigan's Arts@Michigan Accolade Awards, and in 2015 also won "Best Publication Design."
Controversies
-------------
RUSH ME3W: *Every Three Weekly* official Greek Letters (2009)
*The Michigan Every Three Weekly* has seen controversy in recent years due to the subjects that it chooses to lampoon. As found by the 1969 U.S. Supreme Court case, "Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District" and the 2001 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit case "Kincaid v. Gibson", public schools cannot censor a student publication, reduce its funding or discipline its editors for the purpose of controlling content.
In 2005, following the printing of a story about student athletes headlined "Phelps To Major In Pussy", Executive Associate Athletic Director Michael Stevenson said he felt obligated to approach the publication and the UAC executive board, which controls the newspaper's funding. Stevenson was quoted as saying, "I think that that kind of satire is unbecoming to any student at the University," Stevenson said. "It adds nothing to our campus community to have that kind of discussion." UAC President Mark Hindelang, however, had no plans to forcefully censor *The Every Three Weekly*, citing U.S. Supreme Court precedent.
The publication found controversy in 2007 when the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan sought to silence the publication's satirical stories about their own students, the back-and-forth emails between University officials leaked to the staff of the paper. Among the emails included one citing several black students who were offended by a fake front-page story on Proposal 2 in the magazine's November issue headlined "White Students with Black-Sounding Names Rejoice at Passage of Proposal 2." The Business School succeeded in removing all publications distributed within their own grounds, but this was halted when it was pointed out that any school paper can be handed out on campus without restriction. In the end, a spokesperson for the paper apologized to the Business School for the situation and no further actions were taken against the paper.
Among others include the recent flare-up involving the local chapter of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, located nearby on State Street. After being clearly acknowledged in an article mocking the unhealthy living standards of their house, the fraternity claimed libel against the paper and sought to have the paper apologize for its intention. As a result of this, now all school references must be done with anonymity or must involve school figures that have entered the public domain (e.g. former University President Mark Schlissel).
In the final issue of the Fall 2010 semester, the paper ran a story entitled, "Mall Santa Tells Child Exactly What He Wants For Christmas", a satirical piece highlighting a fictional mall Santa that had pedophiliac tendencies. While no actual expletives or direct references were used, the newspaper was met with resistance, criticism, and claims to copyright/child-rights infringement from the local mall in Ann Arbor: Briarwood Mall. This was because the paper mistakenly included the mall's name in the article, which goes against the paper's policy of not using local businesses in name. A quick Google search with the keywords "briarwood", "mall", and "santa" allowed for the E3W's article to appear as high as the third result (most likely due to the paper's connection with the University of Michigan and its ranking on Google). It is believed by the staff of the paper that this probably confused some local citizens interested in merely looking up the real, non-fictional Santa Claus, but were instead led to an article lampooning Santa. After a few tense exchanges between the paper and the Briarwood Mall, to which University officials had to get involved to defend the paper, it was decided to keep the article online but to merely remove any references to the mall.
Notable alumni
--------------
* Megan Ganz, writer for Community and Modern Family
* Yoni Brenner, New Yorker author and screenwriter
* Brian Cook, MGoBlog founder. |
High-pressure laminate producer in Malaysia
**Maica Laminates Sdn Bhd** is the first high-pressure laminate (HPL) manufacturer in Malaysia. It is one of the earliest local-foreign joint venture manufacturing companies in Penang.
History
-------
Maica Laminates was formed in 1968 as a joint venture between a Malaysian investor and a premier Japanese manufacturer, Aica Kogyo. Aica Kogyo is certified as an 'Aichi Quality Company', which the Aichi Prefecture has certified as "superior manufacturing companies within the prefecture".
The company's products are exported worldwide. The company has several OEM customers in the local and foreign market.[]
Maica's main sales arm in Malaysia is Maica Corporation, incorporated in 1982, and to date comprises eight sales and distribution branches in the two countries. Their manufacturing company also handles OEM and export markets.[]
The company achieved ISO 9002 in 1995, and upgraded in the year 2003 to ISO 9001:2000. In 2009, the company renewed its ISO certification, this time to the new ISO 9001:2008. It has not one, but two ISO certifications, one from UKAS and another from Standard Malaysia. All certificates based on Maica Laminates official website and printed company profiles.
Products
--------
Maica products consist of High-Pressure Laminates and Compact laminates. Under these two categories, high pressure decorative laminates may also be custom-print products that do not conform to the standard designs, which is especially catered to interior designers and architects inspired to have customized designs in their works. There are also chemical grade products which are commonly used in laboratories.
Quality certificates
--------------------
Maica Laminates products have received various certifications related to the high-pressure laminates and compact laminates products and industry. These include the European Standard EN438 and some other certifications for anti-bacteria, anti-fungi, termite resistance, and chemical resistance.
Since 2008, Maica has obtained two "green" certificates for its laminate products, the Singapore Green Label certificate which is one of the recognized Ecolabel under the Global Ecolabelling Network, and GREENGUARD.
Awards
------
* November 2006 - 2 awards by the Institute of Interior Designers: The Industry Service Excellence Award and The Interior Products Award
* 2008: Silver award for the Open Booth Category at Malaysia’s Interior Lifestyle Showcase, Putra World Trade Centre (PWTC).
* 2009: Silver Award, Best Booth Award, Open Booth Category in 2009. |
Phenomena that occur when a superconductor is in contact with a non-superconductor
This article is about the proximity effect in superconductivity. For other uses, see Proximity effect (disambiguation).
Plot showing superconducting electron density versus depth in normal and superconducting layers with two coherence lengths, \xi and \xi \_{n}.
**Proximity effect** or **Holm–Meissner effect** is a term used in the field of superconductivity to describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor. Typically the critical temperature T\_{c} of the superconductor is suppressed and signs of weak superconductivity are observed in the normal material over mesoscopic distances. The proximity effect is known since the pioneering work by R. Holm and W. Meissner. They have observed zero resistance in SNS pressed contacts, in which two superconducting metals are separated by a thin film of a non-superconducting (i.e. normal) metal. The discovery of the supercurrent in SNS contacts is sometimes mistakenly attributed to Brian Josephson's 1962 work, yet the effect was known long before his publication and was understood as the proximity effect.
Origin of the effect
--------------------
Electrons in the superconducting state of a superconductor are ordered in a very different way than in a normal metal, i.e. they are paired into Cooper pairs. Furthermore, electrons in a material cannot be said to have a definitive position because of the momentum-position complementarity. In solid state physics one generally chooses a momentum space basis, and all electron states are filled with electrons until the Fermi surface in a metal, or until the gap edge energy in the superconductor.
Because of the nonlocality of the electrons in metals, the properties of those electrons cannot change infinitely quickly. In a superconductor, the electrons are ordered as superconducting Cooper pairs; in a normal metal, the electron order is gapless (single-electron states are filled up to the Fermi surface). If the superconductor and normal metal are brought together, the electron order in the one system cannot infinitely abruptly change into the other order at the border. Instead, the paired state in the superconducting layer is carried over to the normal metal, where the pairing is destroyed by scattering events, causing the Cooper pairs to lose their coherence. For very clean metals, such as copper, the pairing can persist for hundreds of microns.
Conversely, the (gapless) electron order present in the normal metal is also carried over to the superconductor in that the superconducting gap is lowered near the interface.
The microscopic model describing this behavior in terms of single electron processes is called Andreev reflection. It describes how electrons in one material take on the order of the neighboring layer by taking into account interface transparency and the states (in the other material) from which the electrons can scatter.
Overview
--------
As a contact effect, the proximity effect is closely related to thermoelectric phenomena like the Peltier effect or the formation of pn junctions in semiconductors. The proximity effect enhancement of T\_{c} is largest when the normal material is a metal with a large diffusivity rather than an insulator (I). Proximity-effect suppression of T\_{c} in a spin-singlet superconductor is largest when the normal material is ferromagnetic, as the presence of the internal magnetic field weakens superconductivity (Cooper pairs breaking).
Research
--------
The study of S/N, S/I and S/S' (S' is lower superconductor) bilayers and multilayers has been a particularly active area of superconducting proximity effect research. The behavior of the compound structure in the direction parallel to the interface differs from that perpendicular to the interface. In type II superconductors exposed to a magnetic field parallel to the interface, vortex defects will preferentially nucleate in the N or I layers and a discontinuity in behavior is observed when an increasing field forces them into the S layers. In type I superconductors, flux will similarly first penetrate N layers. Similar qualitative changes in behavior do not occur when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the S/I or S/N interface. In S/N and S/I multilayers at low temperatures, the long penetration depths and coherence lengths of the Cooper pairs will allow the S layers to maintain a mutual, three-dimensional quantum state. As temperature is increased, communication between the S layers is destroyed resulting in a crossover to two-dimensional behavior. The anisotropic behavior of S/N, S/I and S/S' bilayers and multilayers has served as a basis for understanding the far more complex critical field phenomena observed in the highly anisotropic cuprate high-temperature superconductors.
Recently the Holm–Meissner proximity effect was observed in graphene by the Morpurgo research group. The experiments have been done on nanometer scale devices made of single graphene layers with superimposed superconducting electrodes made of 10 nm Titanium and 70 nm Aluminum films. Aluminum is a superconductor, which is responsible for inducing superconductivity into graphene. The distance between the electrodes was in the range between 100 nm and 500 nm. The proximity effect is manifested by observations of a supercurrent, i.e. a current flowing through the graphene junction with zero voltage on the junction. By using the gate electrodes the researches have shown that the proximity effect occurs when the carriers in the graphene are electrons as well as when the carriers are holes. The critical current of the devices was above zero even at the Dirac point.
Abrikosov vortex and proximity effect
-------------------------------------
Here is shown, that a quantum vortex with a well-defined core can exist in a rather thick normal metal, proximized with a superconductor. |
Person who helps others shop
For the film, see Personal Shopper.
A **personal shopper** is a person who helps others shop by giving advice and making suggestions. They are often employed by department stores and boutiques, although some are freelance or work exclusively online. Their focus is usually on clothes, although the number of non-clothing stores – such as furniture retailers – that offer personal shopping services is on the rise.
There are no formal educational requirements to become a personal shopper, though most outlets recommend related retail experience.
A personal shopper is typically employed by the store itself, which means that payment for the service is not required. Other stores will charge a small fee to use their personal shoppers and the amenities that come along with the service. Personal shoppers can also be known as fashion stylists, shop assistants, or sales assistants.
Some personal shoppers operate without affiliation on a freelance basis, including private client event styling and closet organizing. Outside of agencies, personal shoppers can be found on auction websites such as eBay where they auction their services to obtain customized items such as men and women's clothing collections.[] |
For the concept in topology, see Baire space.
Concept in set theory
In set theory, the **Baire space** is the set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers with a certain topology. This space is commonly used in descriptive set theory, to the extent that its elements are often called "reals". It is denoted by **N****N**, or ωω, or by the symbol {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}} or sometimes by ωω (not to be confused with the countable ordinal obtained by ordinal exponentiation).
The Baire space is defined to be the Cartesian product of countably infinitely many copies of the set of natural numbers, and is given the product topology (where each copy of the set of natural numbers is given the discrete topology). The Baire space is often represented using the tree of finite sequences of natural numbers.
(This space should also not be confused with the concept of **a** Baire space, which is a certain kind of topological space.)
The Baire space can be contrasted with Cantor space, the set of infinite sequences of binary digits.
Topology and trees
------------------
The product topology used to define the Baire space can be described in one of two equivalent ways: in terms of a basis consisting of cylinder sets, or of a basis of trees.
### Cylinder set basis
The basic open sets of the product topology are cylinder sets. These can be characterized as:
If any finite set of natural number coordinates I={*i*} is selected, and for each *i* a particular natural number value *v**i* is selected, then the set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers that have value *v**i* at position *i* is a basic open set. Every open set is a countable union of a collection of these.
Using more formal notation, one can define the individual cylinders as
{\displaystyle C\_{n}[v]=\{(a\_{1},a\_{2},\cdots )\in \omega ^{\omega }:a\_{n}=v\}}
for a fixed integer location *n* and integer value *v*. The cylinders are then the generators for the cylinder sets: the cylinder sets then consist of all intersections of a finite number of cylinders. That is, given any finite set of natural number coordinates {\displaystyle I\subseteq \omega } and corresponding natural number values {\displaystyle v\_{i}} for each {\displaystyle i\in I}, one considers the finite intersection of cylinders
{\displaystyle \bigcap \_{i\in I}C\_{i}[v\_{i}]}
This intersection is called a *cylinder set*, and the set of all such cylinder sets provides a basis for the product topology. Every open set is a countable union of such cylinder sets.
### Tree basis
An alternative basis for the product topology can be given in terms of trees. The basic open sets can be characterized as:
If a finite sequence of natural numbers {*w**i* : *i* < *n*} is selected, then the set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers that have value *w**i* at position *i* for all *i* < *n* is a basic open set. Every open set is a countable union of a collection of these.
Thus a basic open set in the Baire space is the set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers extending a common finite initial segment *σ*. This leads to a representation of the Baire space as the set of all infinite paths passing through the full tree ω<ω of finite sequences of natural numbers ordered by extension. Each finite initial segment *σ* is a **node** of the tree of finite sequences. Each open set is determined by a countable union *S* of nodes of that tree. A point in Baire space is in an open set if and only if its path goes through one of the nodes in its determining union. Conversely, each open set corresponds to a subtree *S* of the full tree ω<ω, consisting of at most a countable number of nodes.
The representation of the Baire space as paths through a tree also gives a characterization of closed sets as complements of subtrees defining the open sets. Every point in Baire space passes through a sequence of nodes of ω<ω. Closed sets are complements of open sets. This defines a subtree *T* of the full tree ω<ω, in which the nodes of *S* defining the open set are missing. The subtree *T* consists of all nodes in ω<ω that are not in *S*. This subtree *T* defines a closed subset *C* of Baire space such that any point *x* is in *C* if and only if *x* is a path through *T*. Conversely, for any closed subset *C* of Baire space there is a subtree *T* which consists of all of ω<ω with at most a countable number of nodes removed.
Since the full tree ω<ω is itself countable, this implies the closed sets correspond to any subtree of the full tree, including finite subtrees. Thus, the topology consists of clopen sets. This implies that the Baire space is zero-dimensional with respect to the small inductive dimension (as are all spaces whose base consists of clopen sets.)
The above definitions of open and closed sets provide the first two sets {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Sigma } \_{1}^{0}} and {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Pi } \_{1}^{0}} of the boldface Borel hierarchy.
### Box topology
Cartesian products also have an alternate topology, the box topology. This topology is much finer than the product topology as it does not limit the indicator set {\displaystyle I=\{i\in \omega \}} to be finite. Conventionally, Baire space does not refer to this topology; it only refers to the product topology.
Weight
------
The above definition of the Baire space generalizes to one where the elements {\displaystyle x\_{i}} of the countably infinite sequence {\displaystyle (x\_{1},x\_{2},\cdots )} are chosen from a set {\displaystyle D(\kappa )} of cardinality {\displaystyle \kappa }. Such a space is called a **Baire space of weight {\displaystyle \kappa }** and can be denoted as {\displaystyle B(\kappa )}. With this definition, the Baire spaces of finite weight would correspond to the Cantor space. The first Baire space of infinite weight is then {\displaystyle B(\aleph \_{0})}; it is homeomorphic to {\displaystyle \omega ^{\omega }} defined above.
Metric
------
Given two sequences {\displaystyle x=(x\_{1},x\_{2},\cdots )} and {\displaystyle y=(y\_{1},y\_{2},\cdots )}, a metric {\displaystyle \rho (x,y)} may be defined as {\displaystyle \rho (x,y)=1/k} where {\displaystyle k} is the least integer such that {\displaystyle x\_{k}\neq y\_{k}.} With this metric, the basic open sets of the tree basis are balls of radius {\displaystyle 1/k}.
A metric space {\displaystyle X} embeds into the Baire space {\displaystyle B(\kappa )} if and only if {\displaystyle X} poses a base {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} of clopen sets, where the cardinality of {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}} is less than or equal to {\displaystyle \kappa }.
Properties
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The Baire space has the following properties:
1. It is a perfect Polish space, which means it is a completely metrizable second countable space with no isolated points. As such, it has the same cardinality as the real line and is a Baire space in the topological sense of the term.
2. It is zero-dimensional and totally disconnected.
3. It is not locally compact.
4. It is universal for Polish spaces in the sense that it can be mapped continuously onto any non-empty Polish space. Moreover, any Polish space has a dense Gδ subspace homeomorphic to a Gδ subspace of the Baire space.
5. The Baire space is homeomorphic to the product of any finite or countable number of copies of itself.
6. It is the automorphism group of a countably infinite saturated model {\displaystyle M} of some complete theory {\displaystyle T}.
Relation to the real line
-------------------------
The Baire space is homeomorphic to the set of irrational numbers when they are given the subspace topology inherited from the real line. A homeomorphism between Baire space and the irrationals can be constructed using continued fractions. That is, given a sequence of natural numbers {\displaystyle (a\_{0},a\_{1},a\_{2},\cdots )\in \omega ^{\omega }}, we can assign a corresponding irrational number greater than 1
{\displaystyle x=[a\_{0};a\_{1},a\_{2},\cdots ]=a\_{0}+{\frac {1}{a\_{1}+{\frac {1}{a\_{2}+\cdots }}}}}
Using {\displaystyle x\mapsto {\frac {1}{x}}} we get another homeomorphism from {\displaystyle \omega ^{\omega }} to the irrationals in the open unit interval {\displaystyle (0,1)} and we can do the same for the negative irrationals. We see that the irrationals are the topological sum of four spaces homeomorphic to the Baire space and therefore also homeomorphic to the Baire space.
From the point of view of descriptive set theory, the fact that the real line is connected causes technical difficulties.[*why?*] For this reason, it is more common to study Baire space. Because every Polish space is the continuous image of Baire space, it is often possible to prove results about arbitrary Polish spaces by showing that these properties hold for Baire space and are preserved by continuous functions.
ωω is also of independent, but minor, interest in real analysis, where it is considered as a uniform space. The uniform structures of ωω and **Ir** (the irrationals) are different, however: ωω is complete in its usual metric while **Ir** is not (although these spaces are homeomorphic).
The shift operator
------------------
The shift operator on Baire space, when mapped to the unit interval of the reals, becomes the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator {\displaystyle h(x)=1/x-\lfloor 1/x\rfloor }. That is, given a sequence {\displaystyle (a\_{1},a\_{2},\cdots )}, the shift operator *T* returns {\displaystyle T(a\_{1},a\_{2},\cdots )=(a\_{2},\cdots )}. Likewise, given the continued fraction {\displaystyle x=[a\_{1},a\_{2},\cdots ]}, the Gauss map returns {\displaystyle h(x)=[a\_{2},\cdots ]}. The corresponding operator for functions from Baire space to the complex plane is the Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator; it is the transfer operator of the Gauss map. That is, one considers maps {\displaystyle \omega ^{\omega }\to \mathbb {C} } from Baire space to the complex plane {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }. This space of maps inherits a topology from the product topology on Baire space; for example, one may consider functions having uniform convergence. The shift map, acting on this space of functions, is then the GKW operator.
The Haar measure of the shift operator, that is, a function that is invariant under shifts, is given by the Minkowski measure {\displaystyle (...)'}. That is, one has that {\displaystyle (TE)'=E'}, where *T* is the shift and *E* any measurable subset of ωω. |
**Iain William Leonard Osborne** FRSA (born 1957) is one of the world's eminent digital marketers. Osborne was the first marketing director at Yahoo! Europe, where he popularised the usage of the nascent World Wide Web. Later, Osborne was co-founder and managing director at chello broadband, which he grew from startup to being the leading broadband ISP outside North America, creating a new vision for and transformation of the world's digital economies. Awards include Best New Media Brand, Best European ISP, Internet Superstar and Ground Breaker Award - International Marketing Innovator of the year.
Early life and education
------------------------
Osborne was born in Ayr in 1957 to Matthew and Anne Osborne and grew up in Ayrshire on the west coast of Scotland. He attended Belmont Academy before going on to study Social Sciences at The University of Edinburgh receiving a B.Sc. in 1978. He studied German Commercial Law at London School of Economics on a scholarship from Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst. He then went on to post-graduate studies in European Marketing and Languages at Heriot-Watt University in 1979. Later in his career, he attended INSEAD, France, on a Courtaulds Scholarship.
Career
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After postgraduate, he joined the graduate training programme of Clarks in 1979. He since held various senior sales and marketing positions in Bata Retail Europe, L'Oreal, Courtaulds PLC before joining Hilton as Director of Product and Brands in 1990.
### Internet Years
In 1997, Osborne joined startup Yahoo! Europe management as the first Marketing Director.
During this time and on a startup budget, Yahoo! grew to become the most popular Internet Brand and website across Europe. Osborne and Heather Killen conducted and presented the industry's first European consumer research on Internet Users that ultimately established the commercial potential of Online Advertising in Europe.
Osborne went on to become co-founder and managing director of Chello Broadband NV, the first commercial ISP to introduce high speed Broadband Internet Access in 6 European countries. Also at chello, he led some of the very early research into broadband usage and its impact on changing lifestyles in Europe.
Osborne founded Innovater BV that in 2003 led the launch of WiFi across Europe on behalf of the Industry Association Wi-Fi Alliance of Redwood, CA.
Subsequently, in 2003, he founded VONOS, a company dedicated to Voice and Video over broadband services. He later joined XS4ALL to run the VoIP digital telephony services. |
Estonian politician
Linda Eenpalu, by Ants Laikmaa (1938)
**Linda Marie Eenpalu** (born **Linda Marie Koplus**, until 1935 named **Einbund**; 20 September 1890 – 4 June 1967) was an Estonian politician. She was a member of the National Constituent Assembly (1937) and a Member of the Second Chamber of the National Council (1938) and the first of her gender in both of these positions. She was a well-known women's rights activist. She was married to politician Kaarel Eenpalu, who was prime minister in 1938–1939.
Biography
---------
Eenpalu studied in Tartu in 1911–1912. She was a librarian at Tartu Public Library Society in 1913–1914, at a high school for girls in 1919–1920 and as a teacher at a high school in Stockholm in 1920–26. She was a co-founder of the Estonian Female Student's Society (1911), member of the central committee of the Estonian Women's Club from 1928, Chairperson of the Central Society of the Estonian Rural Women in 1929–1940 and a member of the National Economic Council in 1935–1938. In 1937, she was a member of the national housing department, and in 1938–1940 she was the only female member of the Second Chamber of the National Council.[]
She was arrested in 1941 and deported to Tomsk Oblast, where she remained until 1956. |
For other uses, see Curragh (disambiguation).
**The Curraghs** or **Ballaugh Curraghs** are a wetland in Ballaugh parish in the north-west of the Isle of Man. The area has a rich and varied biodiversity and is also the location of the Curraghs Wildlife Park, a zoo and nature reserve that incorporates the wetlands.
History
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During the last ice age the area was covered in sheets of ice. When this ice retreated, a depression was left at the bottom of the northern hills and the wetlands were formed in this basin.
Over the years the land has been used to graze animals and grow hay, one of the few exploitable crops suited to the conditions of the wetlands. The Curraghs has also been a valuable resource for humans, as well as providing aesthetic appeal; the area is rich in peat, which was used as a fuel in the island's homes. The nearby village of Kirk Michael was a great consumer of the peat in the Curraghs.
It was the exploitation of peat that made the land slightly drier than it is today. When the practice of peat cutting was discontinued, the ditches in the area filled with water and bogs were formed.
In the 1930s, the Manx government intended to make a profit by growing New Zealand flax on the Curraghs. This plan failed, but in the 1950s the government pressed ahead with another plan to drain the Curraghs, so that the area could be extensively farmed. However, with the land 15 m above sea level, it was decided that it was not economically viable to drain the wetlands.
In 1963, much of the area came under the control of the Manx government, and two years later the 26-acre (11 ha) Curraghs Wildlife Park was opened. In 1990, protection of the government-controlled area was transferred to Manx National Heritage; and in 2006 about 477 acres, or 193 hectares, of the Curragh became a designated Ramsar site. This refers to an organisation devoted to conserving important areas of wetland worldwide.
Ecosystem
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### Fauna
The area is deemed important as it is inhabited by the second-largest roost of hen harriers in Europe; a bird that descends on the area during the winter months. Other birds include peregrine falcons, merlins, robins, willow warblers, song thrushes and dunnocks among others. There is also a subspecies of wren, possibly unique to the island.
The area is also notable for its diversity of butterflies, and the Wildlife Park, whilst home to over 100 animals from around the world (including pelicans, gibbons, otters and penguins), also features a butterfly walk, an opportunity for visitors to see the insects in an environment designed for them. One notable species is the orange tip.
Ballaugh Curraghs has a persistent breeding colony of wild wallabies, said to be the largest in the British Isles, descended from two that escaped from the wildlife park some years ago. They seem to occupy a similar ecological niche to hares.
### Flora
A Sphagnum bog, not located at the Curraghs
The Curraghs are a tapestry of scrubland, including willow and bog myrtle scrub. Sphagnum moss, a common species, is responsible for the high levels of peat in the area. The peat and wetland topography of the area combine to create a series of bogs. The abundance of peat has had a direct effect on the island's human inhabitants over the years, with the peat being used as fuel in people's homes.
The Curraghs are also home to six different species of orchid, including the heath spotted orchid.
Etymology
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In Manx Gaelic, a *curragh* refers to the willow scrub habitat found in the Isle of Man. |
Herzegovinian Serb poet-diplomat and academic
**Jovan Dučić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Дучић, pronounced [jǒʋan dûtʃitɕ]; 15 February 1872 – 7 April 1943) was a Bosnian Serb poet-diplomat and academic.
He is one of the most influential Serbian lyricists and modernist poets. Dučić published his first collection of poetry in Mostar in 1901 and his second in Belgrade in 1908. He also wrote often in prose, writing a number of literary essays, studies on writers, letters by poets from Switzerland, Greece and Spain and the book *Blago cara Radovana* for which he is most remembered when it comes to his writing.
Dučić was also one of the founders of the *Narodna Odbrana*, a nationalist non-governmental organization in the Kingdom of Serbia and he was a member of the Serbian Royal Academy.
Biography
---------
### Early life and diplomacy
Jovan Dučić was born on 17 February 1871 in Trebinje, at the time part of Bosnia Vilayet within the Ottoman Empire.
In Trebinje he attended primary school. He moved on to a high school in Mostar and trained to become a teacher in Sombor. He worked as a teacher in several towns before returning to Mostar, where he founded (with writer Svetozar Ćorović and poet Aleksa Šantić) a literary magazine called *Zora* (Dawn).
Dučić's openly expressed Serbian patriotism caused difficulties with the authorities – at that time Bosnia and Herzegovina was *de facto* incorporated into the Austro-Hungarian Empire – and he moved abroad to pursue higher studies, mostly in Geneva and Paris. He was awarded a law degree by the University of Geneva and, following his return from abroad, entered Serbian diplomatic service in 1907. Although he had previously expressed opposition to the idea of creating a Yugoslavia, he became the new country's first ambassador to Romania (in 1937). He had a distinguished diplomatic career in this capacity, serving in Istanbul, Sofia, Rome, Athens, Cairo, Madrid and Lisbon. Dučić spoke several foreign languages and wrote travelogues based on some of his diplomatic posts which were published in his work *Cities and Chimeras*, such as his time in Egypt where he served as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes's first chargé d'affaires in that country.
### Poetry
Dučić (left) with fellow Serbian poet-diplomat Milan Rakić
It was as a poet that Dučić gained his greatest distinctions. He published his first book of poetry in Mostar in 1901 and his second in Belgrade, 1908. He wrote prose as well: several essays and studies about writers, *Blago cara Radovana* (*Tsar Radovan's treasure*) and poetry letters from Switzerland, Greece, Spain and other countries.
Like Šantić, Dučić's work was initially heavily influenced by that of Vojislav Ilić, the leading Serbian poet of the late 19th century. His travels abroad helped him to develop his own individual style, in which the Symbolist movement was perhaps the greatest single influence. In his poetry he explored quite new territory that was previously unknown in Serbian poetry. He restricted himself to only two verse styles, the symmetrical dodecasyllable (the Alexandrine) and hendecasyllable—both French in origin—in order to focus on the symbolic meaning of his work. He expressed a double fear, of vulgarity of thought, and vulgarity of expression.
### Personal life
In the autumn of 1893, during the party in the newly built hotel Drina in Bijeljina, a young and ambitious teacher Dučić met recent School of Commerce graduate Magdalena Živanović. They got engaged with on 5 November 1893, and their correspondence continued even Dučić's departure from Bijeljina to Mostar to teach from 1895 to 1899.
A part of the correspondence is kept safe up to this day, as well as the letter which Dučić's friend and poet Aleksa Šantić redirected to Magdalena on 6 April 1901. year asking for help in collecting a subscription for his songs. Ljiljana Lukić, a retired professor, keeps a personal copy of the correspondence between Dučić and Magdalena.
Professor Ljiljana Lukić states that Dučić lived for a short time in the house of Magdalena Nikolić who lived with her sister. After break up with Dučić, Magdalena shouted that she would never leave home again. "Like a novel heroine, she lived by her memories and the only happy moments she had was in reading the letters and songs of the man she loved", as Professor Lukić concludes. Dučić's secret fiancé left in the amanet the following words to be written after her death on the monument, which are still read today on the Bijeljina graveyard: Maga Nikolić-Živanović, 1874–1957, the poet herself and first inspiration of poet Jovan Dučić.
Twenty years before Magdalena's death, while Dučić was the authorized minister of Kingdom of Yugoslavia, a request was received that testifies of the deep trace which Dučić left in Bijeljina. Singing society Srbadija asked the minister to help in building a home for the needs of society.
The Embassy of Serbia in Hungary is in the house which Jovan Dučić received from a Hungarian woman, and then donated it to the state.
### Exile, death and legacy
Dučić on a 2021 stamp of Serbia
Statue of Dučić in Trebinje
Dučić's grave site in the Hercegovačka Gračanica monastery in Trebinje
Dučić went into exile in the United States in 1941 following the German invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia, where he joined his relative Mihajlo (Michael) in Gary, Indiana. From then until his death two years later, he led a Chicago-based organization, the Serbian National Defense Council (founded by Mihailo Pupin in 1914) which represented the Serbian diaspora in the US. During these two years, he wrote many poems, historical books and newspaper articles espousing Serbian nationalist causes and protesting the mass murder of Serbs by the pro-Nazi Ustaše regime of Croatia. In Yugoslav school anthologies immediately after
WWII he had been declared persona non grata and widely viewed as a Serbian chauvinist.
He died on 7 April 1943. His funeral took place at the Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church in Gary, Indiana and he was buried in the Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Monastery cemetery in Libertyville, Illinois. He expressed a wish in his will to be buried in his home town of Trebinje, a goal which was finally realized when he was reburied there on 22 October 2000 in the newly built Hercegovačka Gračanica monastery.
His *Acta Diplomatica* (Diplomatic Letters) was published posthumously in the United States (in 1952) and in the former-Yugoslavia (in 1991).
The Jovan Dučić Award is awarded for achievements in poetry and it is awarded every year during the manifestation "Dučić's Night" in Trebinje.
He was elected a member of Parnassos Literary Society.
Orders and decorations
----------------------
Three orders given to Jovan Dučić for his work, Museum of Herzegovina in Trebinje
* Member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
* Order of St. Sava, I class, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
* Order of the Yugoslav Crown, I rank, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
* Order of the Redeemer, II rank, Greece
* Order of the Nile, the great officer rank, Egypt
* Order of the Crown of Italy, the broad sash rank, Kingdom of Italy
* Order of the Star of Romania, I rank, Kingdom of Romania
* Order of the White Lion, the commander cross rank, Czechoslovakia
* Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary, the grand cross rank, Kingdom of Hungary
Works
-----
* Pjesme, knjiga prva, izdanje uredništva Zore u Mostaru, 1901.
* Pesme, Serbian Literary Guild, Kolo XVII, knj. 113. Beograd, 1908.
* Pesme u prozi, Plave legende, pisano u Ženevi 1905. Beograd, 1908.
* Pesme (štampa "Davidović"), Beograd, 1908.
* Pesme, izdanje S. B. Cvijanovića, Beograd, 1911.
* Sabrana dela (I-V), Biblioteka savremenih jugoslovenskih pisaca, Beograd, Narodna prosveta
```
* Knj. I Pesme sunca (1929)
* Knj. II Pesme ljubavi i smrti (1929)
* Knj. III Carski soneti (1930)
* Knj. IV Plave legende (1930)
* Knj. V Gradovi i himere (1930)
```
* Sabrana dela, Knj. VI Blago cara Radovana: knjiga o sudbini, Beograd, izdanje piščevo, 1932.
* Gradovi i himere, (Putnička pisma), Serbian Literary Guild, Kolo XLII, Knj. 294. Beograd, 1940.
* Federalizam ili centralizam: Istina o "spornom pitanju" u bivšoj Jugoslaviji, Centralni odbor Srpske narodne odbrane u Americi, Čikago, 1942.
* Jugoslovenska ideologija: istina o "jugoslavizmu", Centralni odbor Srpske narodne odbrane u Americi, Čikago, 1942.
* Lirika, izdanje piščevo, Pitsburg, 1943.
* Sabrana dela, Knj. X Jedan Srbin diplomat na dvoru Petra Velikog i Katarine I – Grof Sava Vladislavić – Raguzinski, Pitsburg, 1943.
* Sabrana dela, Knj. VII-IX (Odabrane strane), selected by J. Đonović and P. Bubreško. Izdanje Srpske narodne odbrane u Americi, Čikago, 1951.
* Sabrana dela, (edited by Meša Selimović and Živorad Stojković), Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1969.
* Sabrana dela, (edited by Meša Selimović and Živorad Stojković. Pregledao i dopunio Živorad Stojković), BIGZ, Svjetlost, Prosveta, Beograd-Sarajevo, 1989.
Sources
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* Jovan Skerlić, *Istorija nove srpske književnosi* (Belgrade, 1921) pages 456–458. |
The **National Security Higher Education Advisory Board** (NSHEAB) was created by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Director Robert S. Mueller III on December 15, 2005. Operated by the FBI and paneled by approximately 20 American university presidents and chancellors, the expressed purpose of the board is "to foster outreach and to promote understanding between higher education and the Federal Bureau of Investigation." The board also facilitates communication between universities and federal authorities on "national priorities pertaining to terrorism, counterintelligence, and homeland security."
Aims
----
Since its creation NSHEAB has brought university and FBI officials together to discuss weapons of mass destruction, bioterrorism, threats to university research facilities, and "the promotion of strategic national security partnerships with academia [in] the United States." NSHEAB has also been a forum within which Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) has encouraged universities to engage in "high-risk/high-payoff" research intended to "provide the United States with an overwhelming intelligence advantage over future adversaries."
>
> The National Security Higher Education Advisory Board is a part of "IARPA's mission to invest in high-risk/high-payoff research programs that have the potential to provide the United States with an overwhelming intelligence advantage over future adversaries."
>
>
>
– *FBI National Press Release*, 2009
A stated goal of NSHEAB is to prevent the theft of sensitive research conducted at American universities. Some other topics discussed at NSHEAB meetings have included cyber security, campus shootings, and export regulations, as well as domestic terrorism.
NSHEAB meets approximately three times yearly. Some meetings have included briefings by invited speakers from other federal agencies, such as the Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the United States Coast Guard, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Commerce, and the Department of Defense.
NSHEAB is currently chaired by Lou Anna K. Simon, president of Michigan State University. Notable members of NSHEAB include or have included former United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, MIT president Susan Hockfield, Vanderbilt University chancellor Nicholas S. Zeppos, and U.C. Davis chancellor Linda P.B. Katehi.
Criticism
---------
Some academics have expressed concern over the collaboration between FBI and university officials due to the agency's past investigations of individuals in the academic community in the 1960s. NSHEAB's work and the increased cooperation between federal authorities and academia is facilitated by the political framework brought about by the war on terror. |